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Rick Jones (character)

Rick Jones is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as a sidekick and friend to the Hulk, Captain America, Mar-Vell / Captain Marvel, Rom the Spaceknight, and Genis-Vell / Captain Marvel.

The character has been an active participant in many significant Marvel Universe story lines including the Kree–Skrull War and the Destiny War. He later acquired powers, causing his learning capabilities to be greatly increased. He decided to direct his new ability towards communications technology, and ended up becoming a hacktivist known as the Whisperer.

Publication history
Rick Jones was created in 1962 by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby and first appeared in Hulk #1 (May 1962).

Fictional character biography
Rick Jones was born in Scarsdale, Arizona. He lost his parents at a young age and grew up in an orphanage. Later, he accepted a dare to drive out to a bomb testing ground in New Mexico. As luck would have it, the gamma bomb designed by Dr. Robert Bruce Banner was being tested. Banner pushed Rick into a protective trench, saving his life, but absorbing the gamma rays that transform Banner into the Hulk. Rick thus became the sole confidant of the Hulk's true identity.

Early days with the Hulk and the Avengers
Jones' guilt over causing the incident (and lack of any other place to go) led him to stay close to Dr. Banner and the Hulk alter ego. In one story, he even gained mental control over Hulk. Eventually, the dangerous unpredictability of Hulk forced Rick to keep his distance.

Later, Rick formed the Teen Brigade, a loose network of teenagers with ham radios throughout the United States. The first Teen Brigade played a role in the origin of the Avengers when the Norse god Loki tampered with the Teen Brigade's radio transmission. Originally, the Teen Brigade intended to bring the Fantastic Four together to battle the Hulk, but instead brought Iron Man, Ant-Man, Wasp, and Thor together to form the Avengers.

After the Hulk's departure from the team, Rick became an honorary Avenger. He alerted the team to the Hulk's presence when they began searching for Hulk. He became close to the recently revived Captain America although his guilt led him to leave the Avengers and seek out Banner and Hulk on his own.

Captain America rescued Rick from one of Hulk's rampages, and after that Rick became Captain America's sidekick, briefly taking the title and uniform of Bucky, Captain America's long-dead junior partner. This was on Jones' own insistence, over Captain America's guilty objections, noting that others have also lost partners and that it was time to move on. Rick's brief time as Bucky gave him the training to survive around superheroes to this day.

When Rick believed Hulk to be dead (although Hulk had actually been sent to the future), he revealed the truth of Banner's condition to Col. Glenn Talbot, thus inadvertently making Banner a wanted fugitive by the US Military.

Captain Mar-Vell
After being neglected by Captain America, Rick became fed up with the Captain's ego. After talking with Edwin Jarvis, Rick decided to leave the Avengers for good. Rick joined with the Kree Captain Mar-Vell when he finds himself drawn to the mystical Nega-Bands. Donning the Bands, he is immediately linked to Captain Marvel. Once joined, one of the two remains in a protective bubble in the Negative Zone. After either the person not in the Negative Zone strikes the Nega-Bands together or a certain amount of time passes, the two switch places. Rick and Mar-Vell go on various adventures encountering many different heroes, such as the Hulk, Namor, and Captain America.

Rick and Mar-Vell play a critical part in the Kree–Skrull War. Rick is freed from the Negative Zone through a portal in the Fantastic Four headquarters. Mar-Vell is released from the Negative Zone while Rick is still in the regular world without the use of the Nega-Bands. The bond between the two is broken. At the height of the conflict, the Kree Supreme Intelligence briefly unleashes the Destiny Force from within Rick. Rick uses his new-found ability to summon images of various Golden Age heroes. While at full power, Rick single-handedly stops both the Kree and Skrull fleets long enough to put an end to the conflict. Injuries that Rick sustains lead Mar-Vell to willingly bond with Rick to save his life. Shortly after this the Captain Marvel series was re-launched and we found that Rick was not able to contain the energy of Mar-Vell. He was then bombarded with photonic energy, which saved him and enabled him to contain Mar-Vell safely. A consequence of this was that Mar-Vell gained the ability to absorb energy in addition to the nega-band energies to boost his strength and could fly with the photonic energy now.

Rick and Mar-Vell serve as a duo for several years while Rick pursues his musical career and love life. Eventually, the two are again freed from their bond while aiding the Avengers against the Super-Adaptoid. Rick then parts company with Mar-Vell. Rick begins to spend his time with the Hulk again and briefly forms a new Teen Brigade, after which Rick finds himself again teamed with Mar-Vell, though not merged with him as they deal with a legacy left by the Mad Titan Thanos. Sometime after, Mar-Vell dies of cancer that he received when he was exposed to a deadly nerve gas stolen by the villain Nitro. Note: Mar-Vell collapsed from the gas and was comatose until he was given an antidote to the gas. However, despite the antidote, Mar-Vell still developed cancer and there was some momentary concern that the link Rick shared with him could have caused himself to contract the condition. Rick was at Mar-Vell's bedside when he died.

Venturing with Rom
After Mar-Vell's death, Rick began to team with the Hulk again. Guilt over causing Banner to be hit with the gamma rays made Rick decide to expose himself to gamma rays in an attempt to become another Hulk-like being that could stop the Hulk. However this plan backfired and Rick was dying of gamma poisoning until Banner cured him. However, this too led to the consequence of Rick developing a form of blood cancer.

Rick was going to undergo a massive blood transfusion to treat this ailment when the hospital was attacked by monsters created by the Dire Wraiths. Rick was saved by the Spaceknight Rom and began to team with Rom despite the fact that Rick was slowly dying. Upon the final defeat of the Wraiths, Rom banished them all to Limbo and then bade farewell to Rick Jones and Earth. Shortly after Rom left, Rick Jones met the alien called The Beyonder, who cured Jones of his cancer.

Reunion with the Hulk
Shortly after the encounter with the Beyonder, Rick once again teamed with the Hulk. This time, the Hulk had been split into two beings, Banner and Hulk, but the experiment was a failure and both were dying. General Ross tried to stop the process of remerging the two, and Rick intervened only to be dumped into the chemical nutrient bath that was fusing Banner and the Hulk again. This resulted in Rick somehow becoming a Hulk-like creature of his own and he took off into the desert on a savage rampage. Rick would be human by day and be his own green-skinned near mindless Hulk at night.

With the Vision's help, Banner and the Hulk are made whole again, but, both are weak and still dying. As a result of a Nutrient Bath developed by Doc Samson, Banner/Hulk is reverted from Green Hulk into the Grey Hulk. During this time, Rick as Hulk battled the Grey Hulk, Zzzax, the Hulkbusters, and the Outcasts. The Grey Hulk is manipulated by Sam Sterns, along with Banner, into siphoning the radiation from Rick into Sterns. Sterns is then turned back into the Leader, drastically altering his appearance, and Rick is cured of his Hulk transformations.

Rick stays with Banner, the Grey Hulk, Betty Banner, and Clay Quartermain for several months as they travel the country looking for a government supply of gamma bombs. The group splits after the Hulk's apparent death at the Leader's hands. Rick's psionic potential is later released by Moondragon against Atlantean invaders.

Rick authors the book "Sidekick", an autobiography of his time with super-heroes. While on a book tour, he meets Marlo Chandler without realizing that she had only recently broken up with the Hulk (then acting as a Las Vegas thug with the alias Mr. Fixit). Rick is kidnapped by a Skrull vessel and the Hulk aids in Rick's rescue. This starts another period with Rick and the Hulk, this time with Marlo and Betty.

Encounters with death
Rick came in touch with death in several ways during this time with the Hulk. First, Rick dies at the hands of Thanos, along with half of the universe, when Thanos uses the Infinity Gauntlet to impress Death. Rick and the others are brought back in ensuing events. Rick remembers meeting several deceased rock stars.

Rick assisted the Hulk many times during his tenure with the Pantheon. During this time, he guns down an insane killer, but is still wracked with remorse. Over time he bonds with Wolfsbane of X-Factor, who also killed another insane murderer during the same debacle; he even ends up inviting her to his wedding.

Another major encounter with death occurs when Jackie Shorr (who is revealed to be a demented serial killer) comes into his life and claims to be his mother. This claim has not been proven, but she insists that those she killed and left mummified in her basement were substitutes for Rick, and that he is her real son. Shorr is discovered to be insane, but not until after she kills Marlo by stabbing her with a kitchen knife. A horrified Rick refuses Reed Richards's offer to carry out a DNA test, saying that he does not want to know, especially if she is truly his mother.

Rick attempts to bring Marlo back using a resurrection device known as the "deus ex machina" that the Leader developed, but the Hulk, believing that the Leader's efforts are part of a bigger villainous plan, destroys the equipment part way through the process. Marlo is left in a catatonic state. Rick's care eventually helps Marlo return to full health despite the intervention of many other well-meaning friends and family, including Marlo's brothers and Captain America.

Shortly after Marlo is revived, the two become engaged and quickly marry. Neither of them realizes, however, that a portion of Death remains in Marlo. This piece of Death attracted many strange visitors to the wedding, including Mephisto and Death herself.

The married couple soon finds success in a popular talk show, Keeping Up with the Joneses, but it is cut short when Rick is crippled by a Banner-less Hulk, that made a deal to work for Apocalypse and become his Horseman "War" if he would remove the shrapnel from the Hulk's brain. The injury confines Rick to a wheelchair and the debilitation strains his relationship with Marlo. The strain increases with the death of Betty Banner by radiation poisoning to the point that the couple split shortly thereafter.

Rick joins Dr. Banner again after he returns to Earth and merges with the separated Hulk. His serious health problems force him to be brought by the Avengers to the now-captive Supreme Intelligence for aid, which marks the beginning of the Destiny War, as Kang the Conqueror's rejection of his apparent destiny to become Immortus results in Rick's access to the mysterious 'Destiny Force' being used to draw in a team of seven Avengers from different points in time to act as his protectors. Over the course of these events, Rick's injury is healed when he is able to channel the Destiny Force into himself, and after the final battle with the powerful Time Keepers, he is joined with Genis-Vell (the recently endowed Captain Marvel and son of Mar-Vell), due to a temporal paradox involving the future Genis-Vell linking with Rick to save his life.

Captain Marvel (Genis-Vell)
Rick's bond with Genis works in about the same way as his bond with Mar-Vell. The biggest difference is that the two switch in and out of the Microverse rather than the Negative Zone. Genis-Vell's unique birth and accelerated aging makes him the opposite of Rick: full of power but without experience. They compensate for each other's weaknesses with Rick taking on the role of mentor. He helped Genis learn to control his Cosmic Awareness and accept his role as a superhero. As Rick's confidence grew, he also attempted to rekindle his romance with Marlo.

It was not until this point that Marlo's connection with Death is finally revealed. Thanos aids in separating the two, but Rick is prematurely aged and loses an arm in the process. He is later yanked back in time to the Destiny War, where he aids his younger self in the conflict leading to his bond with Genis.

Marlo tries to aid the elderly Rick the way he had helped her when she was catatonic. Rick's pride, however, just causes more problems. The Supreme Intelligence attempts and fails to restore Rick to his normal condition, but he is spontaneously restored to his normal age and health shortly thereafter. Rick believes this was divine aid while Genis believes it was a delayed reaction to the Supreme Intelligence's procedure. No definitive explanation has yet been determined.

For a while, Rick and Genis are yanked back and forth through time. Rick encounters two older versions of himself: one an aging collector surviving under the rule of the Maestro; the other a super-villain named Thanatos. The super-villain Rick was in the process of creating the "ultimate Rick Jones". He is stopped by the elder Rick's ability to wield Thor's hammer, Rick having been judged worthy for things the present Rick had yet to do and things that Thanatos would never achieve.

Rick and Marlo again split when Marlo becomes romantically involved with Moondragon. Shortly after, Genis goes insane when his cosmic awareness reaches its peak. Rick's attempts to continue as Genis' guide are fairly unsuccessful. Genis becomes a callous, homicidal maniac believing himself a god. Rick's friend even destroys the universe just to rebuild it with Rick and Genis as sole survivors.

In the rebuilt reality, Genis again loses his mind. Rick develops an ability to mentally attack Genis through their psychic bond (although the pain is reciprocal). For a time, Genis uses this same link to control Rick. He goes as far as 'convincing' Rick to kill himself on a whim. Genis brings Rick right back to life just as easily.

In part due to Rick's influence, Genis' madness calmed to a point where he was able to maintain a veneer of sanity, albeit with some unpredictability. He creates a recording studio for Rick that allows for fame and fortune at the sake of Internet-based sales of a song written for Marlo. The same song also acts as a catalyst for the two to reunite, with Marlo ending her relationship with Moondragon.

At the end of the series, it is revealed that Rick has a "comic awareness" that the Captain Marvel comic series was coming to an end. He pushed for several of the loose ends of the series to be resolved: Rick and Genis were separated again, and Rick was reunited with Marlo at last report. This ability was primarily created for the needs of this one issue, and it seems unlikely that it will see future usage.

Runaways
Rick was revealed to be the mysterious benefactor of Excelsior. The group is composed of former teenage superheroes dedicated to reforming other super-powered kids from following down the same path. Their first targets are the underage Runaways patrolling Los Angeles in the wake of the supervillain power vacuum since the defeat of the Runaways' evil parents, The Pride, who once controlled the city. Rick tells Excelsior that he wanted the Runaways back in foster care because he did not want them to go through the same experiences he went through.

Fallen Son: Death of Captain America
Rick served as one of the pallbearers at the memorial service for Captain America, along with Ben Grimm, Ms. Marvel, The Falcon, T'Challa and Tony Stark. When Sam Wilson (The Falcon) made his inspirational speech, he mentioned that Rick would know what it's like to have called Captain America a partner. Jones replied by saying "Right on."

World War Hulk
Rick re-connects with the Hulk during the World War Hulk mini-series. He seeks out the Hulk and attempts to talk him down, telling his friend that, while he recognized that the Illuminati had been out of line in their decision to exile him to Sakaar and their apparent involvement with the deaths of thousands of innocent people on that planet, including the Hulk's wife and unborn child, his current blind quest for vengeance was not him, using Hulk's willingness to protect innocent people caught in the fight between him and a Zom-possessed Doctor Strange as proof that the Hulk was still a hero rather than a man blindly seeking vengeance. After the Hulk's climactic battle with the Sentry resulted in him reverting to Bruce Banner, one of the Hulk's associates, Miek (who witnesses and did not prevent the true cause of the deaths on Sakaar which was not the humans), impales Rick through the chest to provoke Bruce into turning back into the Hulk. Rick is seen being loaded into an ambulance.

Becoming A-Bomb
In the aftermath of "World War Hulk", a new Red Hulk emerged, brutally beating and then shooting the Abomination to death. After this occurred, Jones escaped from a secret base in Alaska that had been destroyed in a "Hulk-like" manner. Following this, Red Hulk confronts Jones at Gamma Base, where Bruce Banner is being held. In defense, Jones inexplicably transforms into a creature resembling the Abomination, calling himself A-Bomb. During the fight, the base security measures activate, and giant android harpies (with the face of Betty Ross) attack the two, and attempt to remove them from the base. A-Bomb manages to disable one mid-flight, and they both crash to earth, the robot exploding as it does.

A-Bomb joined with several heroes including the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, She-Hulk and the Hulk to help stop an impending earthquake in San Francisco, which was caused by Red Hulk. After the Red Hulk was defeated, A-Bomb reverted to Rick. He attempted to reveal who Red Hulk really was, but was shot and dragged away by Doc Samson. In The Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #600 it is revealed the reason Doc Samson shot Rick Jones is because he now has multiple personality syndrome. It's also revealed that MODOK was involved in Rick's new condition. After Red Hulk drained the gamma energy from Hulk, A-Bomb had enough intelligence to get Bruce Banner to safety. In The Incredible Hulk vol. 2 #604, A-Bomb was shown to be fully healed, participating along with Korg as Skaar's sparring partner to prepare him for the time when the Hulk will return. In the same issue, Rick was reunited with Marlo, who was transformed by the Leader into Harpy, whom Bruce mistakes for Betty Ross.

It was eventually revealed that Rick was transformed into A-Bomb by the Intelligencia under command of the Leader and MODOK. Using the Abomination's blood they changed him to become their weapon, but soon learned that he could not be controlled as easily as they planned. Instead, they gave him one simple command with a certain trigger—kill Bruce Banner. Suspecting this, Bruce was able to trigger Rick at an earlier time of his choosing and talk him down, thus preventing Rick from being triggered in the future when his plans were to be carried out.

During the Chaos War storyline, A-Bomb and Korg assist the Hulks in fighting Abomination, a Zom-possessed Doctor Strange, and the forces of Amatsu-Mikaboshi. It is later revealed that Rick is able to change between A-Bomb and his normal form.

When a new Hulk persona emerges as the result of an attempt to assassinate Bruce Banner and efforts to save his life using the Extremis virus, this new Hulk, calling himself "Doc Green", decides that gamma-powered superhumans are a threat to humanity that must be eliminated. Deriving a cure for others' gamma mutations from his own physiology, Green seeks out Rick as his first target. Though Rick resists transforming into A-Bomb to defend himself, Green is apparently successful in permanently reverting Rick to human form. Afterward, Rick seeks out Betty (who had been revived from death by Intelligencia and transformed into the Red She-Hulk the same way Rick was transformed into A-Bomb), ostensibly to warn her about Doc Green's intentions. When Green arrives and Betty assaults him as the Red She-Hulk, she finds herself reverting to normal involuntarily and realizes that Rick had dosed her with Green's cure during a meal they had shared earlier. Rick admits to anxieties over the possibility of losing control of his transformation, and an addiction to the "rush" of being A-Bomb. However, he was unwilling to aid Doc Green in curing Betty until Doc Green informed him that Betty, acting under orders from a watchdog group called The Order of the Shield, was behind the attempt on Banner's life. Rick is left behind with the equally powerless Betty as Doc Green continues on his mission.

Working as Whisperer
As a side effect of losing his Hulk abilities, Rick briefly gains the ability to learn any task at lightning speed. He uses this ability to become a master hacktivist known as the Whisperer during the "Avengers: Standoff!" storyline and secretly aids the new Captain America. He uncovers a plot by Maria Hill called Project Kobik, which uses shattered Cosmic Cube remains to create a new cube. Phil Coulson's group learns about Pleasant Hill and Rick's involvement. Deathlok, Daisy Johnson, and Jemma Simmons investigated Rick' house and discovered a hidden escape route. They follow Rick through the Morlock Tunnels and apprehend him. During an interrogation at the S.H.I.E.L.D. Battlecarrier, the New Avengers arrived to retrieve Jones from S.H.I.E.L.D. It turns out that the New Avengers were contacted by Rick through a pre-recorded video that was to be sent to them in the event that the alien nanobots he ingested noticed him being unconscious. The New Avengers invading the S.H.I.E.L.D. Battlecarrier to retrieve Jones prompts The Pentagon into retaliating by unleashing a monster called the American Kaiju on the New Avengers. In the aftermath of the events that transpired at Pleasant Hill, Steve Rogers offers Rick the chance to join S.H.I.E.L.D. as part of his reparations for his hacktivism.

During the "Secret Empire" storyline, a hacker named Rashaun Lucas is entrusted with key data by Rick Jones that Jones says will prove the truth about Captain America, who at the time was reprogrammed by Red Skull's clone using the powers of Kobik into being a Hydra sleeper agent. Captain America later sentences a captive Rick Jones to death by firing squad.

Revival as Subject B
After his death, Rick Jones was buried at Severin Memorial Cemetery. The Immortal Hulk takes Doc Samson there to prove that he, Bruce Banner, Betty Ross, and Rick Jones are all connected to one constant theme: resurrection. They find Rick Jones' grave dug up and his body missing. In the U.S. Hulk Operations' Shadow Base Site B, Rick Jones' corpse is used for gamma experiments by scientists led by Charlene McGowan and his whole body is covered in gamma energy, which resurrects him as an Abomination/A-Bomb-like creature with two faces and many finger-like structures surrounding his face called "Subject B". Using a camera placed inside Rick's head, the U.S. Hulk Operations dispatched Subject B to Reno, Nevada to draw out Hulk. After Subject B killed two bystanders, Hulk appeared to fight it thinking that it was a form of Abomination. He discovered that it was actually Rick as his two faces spoke short and tortured sentences. Hulk had no other choice but to fight Rick's Subject B form. During the fight, Subject B shot acid at Hulk that dissolved part of his flesh and negated his ability to heal. Upon melting Hulk's limbs, Betty Ross' Harpy form appeared and ripped open Hulk to consume his heart. This caused Rick Jones' Subject B to attack Betty Ross' Harpy. Hulk revives enough to regenerate his limbs and punch Subject B. Harpy then continues her attack on Subject B and rips at his stomach to prevent him from emitting acid. During the fight between Subject B and Harpy, Hulk got Jackie McGee to safety as two War-Wagons sent by Reginald Fortean arrive. When in the air, Harpy dropped Subject B onto one of the War-Wagons. After destroying the War-Wagons, Hulk ripped open Subject B's body to discover that it was a shell containing an emaciated Rick in his human form. With Rick in tow, Hulk, Harpy, and Jackie fled the area upon Hulk seeing Gamma Flight approaching. Some days later, Rick was still emaciated and speaking broken words until a burst of energy awakens and restores him. Using what he had learned while being experimented on, Rick directed Hulk, Harpy, and Jackie McGee toward the U.S. Hulk Operations' base at Groom Lake in Area 51. When Doc Samson and Gamma Flight confronted General Fortean at the U.S. Hulk Operations' base, Hulk, Rick, Harpy, and Jackie also show up as both sides see that General Fortean has merged with the Subject B body. While Hulk and Gamma Flight fight General Fortean and the U.S. Hulk Operations' soldiers, Rick assisted Harpy and Jackie McGee where they found the gamma mutate Delbert Frye in a room with scientist and Charlene McGowan who tearfully accepted responsibility for what happened to Rick and Delbert. This caused Rick to spare her life.

Soon after, however, it is revealed that Rick's body is in fact a puppet controlled by The Leader. During Hulk's photo op following the repairs of Georgeville, Iowa which was wrecked during Hulk's fight with the Avengers, Leader controlled Rick Jones into overflowing Hulk with gamma energy to kill him which caused an explosion. Rick protected the people from the explosion, but was mutated into an elongated form with extra arms and legs in the process. Using Rick, Leader watched Hulk's fight with Gamma Flight. When Titania noticed that Rick made an unintelligent comment, Leader controlled Rick into knocking her down causing Absorbing Man to fight Hulk some more. Then Leader allows Rick to be teleported to Shadow Base just as he planned.

Powers and abilities
Rick Jones is an athletic man who previously had no powers. He received special training in combat and gymnastics by Captain America, making him a highly skilled martial artist. Rick is also a self-taught folk/rock 'n' roll singer, guitarist, and harmonica player.

One time, Rick wielded the Destiny Force: a powerful ability utilized during a Kree–Skrull War storyline. Focusing this power allowed him to perform amazing feats, such as summoning various members of the Avengers from past, present and future. Although, its generally random unless another controlling influence, Libra is assisting him.

Rick's latent psionic potential had been once unleashed by the Kree Supreme Intelligence, but he is unable to utilize it at will. He was also able to shift dimensional positions with Mar-Vell, and later Genis-Vell for a time.

After he was held captive by the Intelligencia and subjected extreme experiments on him, Rick gains the ability to transform into a blue-skinned creature resembling the Abomination with immense physical attributes (even the Red Hulk only causes superficial damage), but stunting his speech patterns similar to the classic Hulk persona. His scales can change color to blend in these surroundings. Following experimentation by MODOK, Rick's human persona became dominant after the price of trapping him in A-Bomb form. Bruce speculates in this second storyline that is actually a deliberate, albeit subconscious, action on Rick's part stemming from his fear of allowing others to get hurt, because he might do more harm than good. The Hulk's encouragement let him to remain as A-Bomb so he would always be ready for more heroics. Thanks to the Hulk, Rick now transforms himself at will while maintaining his full intelligence and personality. Unfortunately, he lost these A-Bomb powers when the Hulk, under a new persona called "Doc Green," decided to eliminate almost all gamma-mutated people. He injected A-Bomb with the dose of his cure, which made Rick completely human once more.

The consequence of these side effects from his A-Bomb form have affected Rick's brain. According to himself, he can now pick up natural skills lightning-fast. His mind was like a sponge and Rick directed it through communications, thus becoming an expert in security hacking.

As Subject B, Rick has superhuman strength, enhanced durability, regeneration, fingernail claws, and toxikinesis. This highly corrosive poison from his hands or two mouths could dissolve flesh and negate healing factors. The amount of acid depends on how much he consumes.

When he got separated from Subject B's body, Rick obtained new powers - gamma manipulation and levitation.

Accolades

 * In 2015, Entertainment Weekly ranked Rick Jones 18th in their "Let's rank every Avenger ever" list.
 * In 2021, CBR.com ranked Rick Jones 1st in their "10 Strongest Marvel Sidekicks" list.
 * In 2021, CBR.com ranked Rick Jones 8th in their "10 Smartest Marvel Sidekicks" list.
 * In 2022, Collider included Rick Jones in their "10 Strongest Superhero Sidekicks in Marvel Comics" list.
 * In 2022, Newsarama ranked Rick Jones 8th in their "Best superhero sidekicks of all time" list.

Marvel 2099
In the series Spider-Man 2099, Thanatos first appears in 2099 chasing a confused, amnesiac man known as the Net Prophet. He is later revealed to be an alternate Rick Jones who had stayed with the Supreme Intelligence after the Kree–Skrull War. Thanatos wants to merge various Ricks into an "Ultimate Rick Jones". He is defeated by the Rick Jones of the present and the Rick of the Future Imperfect timeline.

The Incredible Hulk: Future Imperfect
In the dystopian alternate future seen in the miniseries The Incredible Hulk: Future Imperfect, in which the Hulk has become the insane megalomaniac known as the Maestro after two nuclear wars, the elderly Rick Jones is the near-senile and crippled leader of the last bastion of resistance against the Maestro. He lives in a museum of artifacts that had belonged to various deceased superhumans. He uses a time machine to send his followers led by his granddaughter Janus back in time to recruit the Hulk to defeat the Maestro. During the ensuing conflict, Rick is killed, and before the Hulk returns to his own time period, he spreads Rick's ashes over Captain America's shield before throwing it away, hoping for another adventure.

House of M
In the House of M storyline, Private Genis-Vell stumbles upon a tombstone that stated that Rick Jones died at a young age from some unknown tragic accident.

The Last Avengers Story
In the future time period seen in The Last Avengers Story, Rick Jones has created a super-hero vault to hold important artifacts and information. It is raided by Ultron in a bid to kill the Avengers.

Ultimate Marvel
A young Rick Jones is introduced in Ultimate Marvel during Ultimate Origins, where the Ultimate Watchers announce to the Fantastic Four that they "will now pick a herald to help you with your new world order." They choose young Rick, who develops superpowers in his backyard in Queens.

Six months after Ultimatum, Rick wakes up in a hospital from a coma induced by the surge of energy given to him by the Watchers. Rick's mother thinks her son is a mutant and confides in her neighbor, May Parker. May tells Peter, Bobby, and Johnny to "suit up" and go talk to Rick. When they confront Rick, he is startled and accidentally uses his newfound powers to teleport himself and Spider-Man to a restaurant in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Even more scared, Rick says he wants to go home, at which point he teleports them back to New York. When Bobby tells Rick it is okay to be a mutant, Rick exclaims that he is not a mutant and that he was given his powers by a "floating eye". Johnny recalls over a half a year prior when he and the former Fantastic Four were investigating the appearance of the Watchers. He tells Rick that he must be the herald the Watchers had chosen.

Learning this, Rick is too upset and reluctant to accept the Watchers' mysterious role and wants to travel to Project Pegasus to demand the Watcher Uatu, who was previously kept there, remove his powers. Despite Johnny Storm's protest, Rick teleports everyone to Project Pegasus and discovers it is being attacked by the Serpent Squad. Rick and his allies fight the Serpent Squad, and Rick successfully controls his powers and defeats the Squad. Returning to New York, Rick realizes that he actually enjoys having superpowers and chooses to take the superhero alias Nova. Rick decides to go on a self-discovery journey to understand what his role is for the world. He would return to duty following the death of Spider-Man.

During Cataclysm/Hunger, a returning Nova teleports to Hala, the next planet the merged Galactus being is attacking. Captain Mahr Vell is fatally wounded by Galactus, and with his last breath tells Rick to use his armor to activate a powerful weapon to finally destroy Galactus. Rick wears the suit and becomes the new Captain Marvel. With his augmented powers, Rick defends the Kree arks. Captain Marvel transports himself and Galactus away and activates the armor's weapon, which should kill the cosmic entity. During the attack, Rick blows a "hole between universes" and appears outside Earth-1610. The Watcher accompanies Captain Marvel and tells him that while the attack did not kill Galactus, who is now heading Earth, it is no longer his problem, and that he will soon see a new threat. He returns with the Future Foundation when they are accidentally teleported to this space between universes. After Iron Man deduces Rick's teleportation abilities are only limited by the locations he can visualize, Rick visualizes Earth, which is enough for them to safely teleport back to their home

Television

 * Rick Jones appears in The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Paul Soles.
 * Rick Jones appears in The Incredible Hulk (1982), voiced by Michael Horton. This version is blonde, wears a cowboy hat, and has a girlfriend named Rita.
 * Rick Jones appears in the Fantastic Four episode "Nightmare in Green", voiced by Benny Grant.
 * Rick Jones appears in The Incredible Hulk (1996), voiced by Luke Perry. In the three-part episode "Darkness and Light", he falls into a radiation-saturated nutrient bath that transforms him into a teenage Hulk. He is later cured after the Leader absorbs his power to restore his own.
 * Rick Jones appears in the Iron Man: Armored Adventures episode "Uncontrollable", voiced by Andrew Francis.
 * Rick Jones / A-Bomb appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., voiced by Seth Green. After developing levitating cameras to film the Hulk's heroic exploits in the style of a reality TV show, he is exposed to gamma energy during the Hulk's fight with Annihilus, causing Rick to physically mutate into A-Bomb while retaining his mind. Rick subsequently joins forces with the Hulk, She-Hulk, Red Hulk, and Skaar to form the "Agents of S.M.A.S.H."
 * Rick Jones / A-Bomb appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man four-part episode "Contest of Champions", voiced again by Seth Green.
 * Additionally, a Marvel Noir-inspired incarnation of Rick Jones, who serves as a member of Joe Fixit's gang and calls himself A-Bombardier, appears in the episode "Return to the Spider-Verse" Pt. 3, also voiced by Green.

Film

 * Rick Jones was originally intended to appear in Hulk (2003), but was replaced by Harper (portrayed by Kevin Rankin), Bruce Banner's colleague.
 * Rick Jones was originally planned to appear in The Incredible Hulk (2008), but was written out by Edward Norton. Despite this, Jones is briefly mentioned during the opening credits.

Video games

 * Rick Jones appears in The Incredible Hulk film tie-in game, voiced by Jon Curry. This version serves as an ally of the Hulk after he saved him from the Enclave and works with him to stop them.
 * Rick Jones / A-Bomb appears as an NPC in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Rick Jones / A-Bomb appears as a playable DLC character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Will Friedle and Steve Blum respectively.
 * Rick Jones / A-Bomb appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance.
 * Rick Jones / A-Bomb appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers, voiced by Robbie Daymond.
 * Rick Jones / A-Bomb appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.

title: Rick Jones (character)


text:
Lunatic Harness

Lunatic Harness is the fourth studio album by English electronic music producer Mike Paradinas under the stage name μ-Ziq. It was released on 30 June 1997 in the United Kingdom on the Planet Mu label, and on 29 July 1997 in the United States on the Astralwerks label. It was rereleased with bonus tracks from the My Little Beautiful and Brace Yourself singles in 2022 for its 25th anniversary.

Critical reception
A retrospective Apple Music editorial review describes Lunatic Harness as "the prettiest album to come out of the mid-'90s 'drill 'n' bass' movement", noting that Paradinas eschewed the abrasiveness of similar works by Squarepusher and Aphex Twin in favor of "atmospheres of ethereal color and shimmering melody", bringing the album "closer to pop music than anything Paradinas had previously attempted".

In 2013, Spin named Lunatic Harness one of the 20 best Astralwerks albums. In 2017, Pitchfork placed it at number 27 on its list of "The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lunatic Harness


text:
William Frederick Meggers

William Frederick Meggers (July 13, 1888 – November 19, 1966) was an American physicist specialising in spectroscopy.

Born in Clintonville, Wisconsin, he had to combine his early schooling with working on the family farm, but earned a scholarship to Ripon College, receiving a bachelor's degree in physics in 1910 and working as a research assistant. After a few years at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1914 he joined the National Bureau of Standards, and while working there earned his PhD from Johns Hopkins University. His work in spectrochemistry is generally credited to have sparked interest in the field in the United States, leading to him being dubbed the Dean of American spectroscopists.

In 1947 he received the Frederic Ives Medal. He was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1953. Since 1970, the Optical Society of America has awarded the William F. Meggers Award for outstanding work in spectroscopy.

In 1965, Dr. Meggers and his wife, Edith R. Meggers, donated their coin and stamp collections to the American Institute of Physics, for the express purpose of establishing a biennial award program for the improvement of physics teaching at the high school level. Awards have been presented since 1994.

The Meggers crater on the Moon is named in his honor.

His daughter and oldest child was Betty J. Meggers, who also received her doctorate and became a noted archeologist at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, specializing in South American pre-Columbian archeology. He also had two sons, William F. Meggers Jr. (1924-2000) and John C. Meggers (1928-1966).

There are two awards named in his honor: The Optical Society's William F. Meggers Award and the Applied Spectroscopy William F. Meggers Award.

Archival collections

 * William F. Meggers papers, 1917-1966, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
 * William F. Meggers addition to papers, 1870-1973 (bulk 1906-1966), Niels Bohr Library & Archives
 * William F. Meggers home movies [motion picture, 1927-1959, Niels Bohr Library & Archives ]

title: William Frederick Meggers


text:
Talk:Fozzie Bear

Wocka Rapper?
Isnt there a rapper named Waka Flocka? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.17.70.6 (talk) 04:25, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Validation
Validation of article performed by WIKICHECK. February 8, 2006 5:43pm. WikiCheck 22:43, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Conflict
The article for [Frank Oz] states that he is the source of Fozzie's name.

 * The article for Frank Oz has now been corrected. (For future reference, there's a FAQ on the official Henson site that has a section about the origin of Fozzie's name.) --Paul A 04:15, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Fozzie's creation
Is there a reference that says who specifically created Fozzie? —tregoweth 21:38, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

Removed Content
Removed this unencyclopedic coment from the article, could be rephrased into useful info.

There is a hilarious running joke about Fozzy - whenever he takes of his trademark hat (which is rarely), he is revealed to have a balding pate by the shape of his head - implying a baldness despite a full coat of hair !

--The_stuart 02:04, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Question
Shouldn't this article be merged with the article Fozzy Bear? I'm not sure if there's even a difference between either of the articles!

--Alice2 02:22, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Wocka Wokka Wacka?
"Wakka wakka wakka" was recently changed to "Wocka Wocka Wocka" but does anyone have a cite so we can know for sure? Maybe an original script from the show or a movie? Searching on Google isn't very helpful (G.D. that Pac-Man!) Ewlyahoocom 23:42, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It's written as "Wocka Wocka" in all of the Muppet Show storybooks, including Muppet Madness (1980), The Case of the Missing Hat (1982), and If You Were Fozzie (1995). Toughpigs 15:54, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Just to be 100% clear on this: do you mean it always appears as "Wocka Wocka" (2 Wocka's), or does it vary? Ewlyahoocom 00:21, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * He says it three times. I admit I've seen it written Wakka, but never in the storybook which I'm fine in accepting as canon.  Someone can note its twice use in books if they really feel compelled, but its definitely thrice when spoken.  LOL, sometimes I can't believe the subjects of discussion :-) --Bobak 18:37, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Origin of his name?
I've heard he was named Fozzie because of Frank Oz's name (F. Oz), but this article suggests otherwise.

Fair use rationale for Image:Fozzie.jpg
Image:Fozzie.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:21, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Current image
We need an image that sums up the character not one where he is in 'disguise'. This goes for all Muppets characters. something like this one (but licensed) http://www.drinkatwork.com/FozzieBear.jpg —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.128.56.228 (talk) 00:10, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Hollywell home for the mentally ill citation?
"Hence also sounds a bit like Henson but expert Robin Todd says this is merely a coincidence, currently Dr. Todd is in Hollywell home for the mentally ill."

Will someone, please, explain? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.144.97.119 (talk) 02:56, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Mr. T tatooed Fozzie? Fozzie pitys the fool!?
couldn't find another mention of this in my (admittedly limited) search. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.104.4.111 (talk) 20:37, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Fozzie Bear
As much as i like Fozzie Bear and humour, there does not seem to be any reason to keep the section title Extraordinary history. I will change it to the more common History. Warmest Regards, :)—thecurran Speak your mind my past 11:00, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fozzie Bear


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Continuity porn

Dictdef. - UtherSRG 12:58, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Huh. That's not what I would've thought it meant.  Delete.  Exploding Boy 13:01, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. - Kenwarren 13:22, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Obscure jargon, and not at all what I was imagining, mores the pity.Ianb 13:23, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Yeah, I thought it was some kind of tantra thing. Geogre 14:18, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete- it's an incoherent dicdef of obscure jargon with no context- can we delete it a couple of extra times, just for fun? -FZ 17:25, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. C'mon guys, let the comic-book geek types have their fun--they'll come back and write articles on quantum mechanics if we make them feel welcome. jengod 18:05, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if tagged as stub. Otherwise it is a Dictdef. Arevich 21:54, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only 34 Google hits (on exact phrase in quotes) searching on the web, and (more damning) only 53 searching "groups" (USENET). Dpbsmith 00:41, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC) P. S. I find it very annoying that the article does not identify the "certain television discussion forums'' in which the term is said to be used. (I just edited it a bit, by the way, because I could not stand the misspelling "popularitized" and once I had it open for editing I couldn't resist tinkering some more). Despite pride of editorship, (who said "after they pee in it, editors always think it tastes better?" Heinlein, maybe?) I still vote delete. Dpbsmith 00:52, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Appears itself to be an in-joke by an anon. The article itself says refers to a form of in-joke, and I feel quite out of it. Unencyclopedic IMO. Andrewa 03:15, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If it was used on discussion forums, it would show up on google. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:09, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:36, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I recognise the concept, but not the term - it's a neologism, and therefore not worthy of inclusion. Average Earthman 17:55, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  Bacchiad 21:57, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: obscure neologism. -Sean Curtin 03:04, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: It surely must be an expression on the rise since, Google is now showing 62 hits for what Dpbsmith found 34 just a few days ago, or perhaps he was using strict filtering?---Dittaeva 14:00, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to continuity—it's a real term, been around a few years, but doesn't need to be discussed separately.


text:
Talk:Japanese kitchen

Questions and suggestions
Revth, I realize that this is work in progress. Nevertheless, some questions and suggestions:
 * 1) The sayings should probably go into their own section. I find mentioning them in the introductory paragraph a bit distracting.
 * I think it's needed there as it seems from materials I collected to write this article that both "Kamado" and "Daidokoro" was used together right up to Meiji and sometime after that. Still writing so I might move it down.  Revth 15:50, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Can the timing be made a bit more precise? The Jomon period is pretty large... And can we put some rough year indications after all the Japanese periods, please? For someone (like me) who doesn't know what timespan these periods encompass the text doesn't give a clear idea of when which developments occurred.
 * Done. Revth 15:50, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) "As the stoves became more sophisticated..." leaves me wondering in what way they did become more sophisticated.
 * It should have been "safer" and now it is. I'm looking for a picture or a drawing that I can add to better explain that. Revth 15:50, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Did I get the Asaido description right? It seems to me that it's some kind of early biological filter, and that water had to flow through it in order to get filtered.
 * "Water flowed onto an asaido from nearby spring" is how I belive it was so that is probably correct. The problem is, I have never seen an Asaido myself even in a drawing and not exactly sure what that is.   Revth 15:50, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) What do you mean by the "fringe" of a Kakekanahe? Were these somehow hung into holes? Is "fringe" actually the right word, or did you mean a "rim"?
 * It may be a "rim". Well, imagine a saucer type UFO and the bottome of a "Kakekanahe" is shaped like that. Revth 15:50, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) What is a Takigi?
 * The description was added, and I think I will later move this list into something like "List of Historic Cooking Tools" because I think this is not exactly about the kitchen. Revth 15:50, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Are you going to cover different kitchen styles? Such as e.g. a hashiri moto in a Kyoto machiya? The fact that part of  the corridor serves as a kitchen appears quite noteworthy to me. (Yes, I realize that this is a later period than what you've covered so far.)
 * Yes, it will come just after what I wrote today. Revth 15:50, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) The naming of the article is a bit non-standard (missing blank). How about moving it to Kitchen (Japan) or even Japanese kitchen?

Lupo 13:00, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * This is in a very rough draft and I'm not exactly sure how each facts should be stated or even presented yet. Informations will be added and they would be reorganized.  So please wait a little bit more ;) Revth 13:25, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I know. I just thought asking my questions up front might help more than waiting until you'd be done. Also, if you do have on-line resources in English, French, German, Italian, or Spanish, I could help, too. However, I can't read Asian languages :-( Lupo 13:32, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * As it is, lots of people are interested in other topics, like anime and technology staff, that there are many site with those informations. But I haven't seen a site that has a detailed information on even a modern Japanese kitchen.  There is a Japaese saying that "A kitchen is a woman's castle" and it seems no one had ever even tried going inside it.  A Japanese kitchen outwardly resembles an American or Europian kitchen so people probably said, "Oh, the only difference is the rice cooker." and forgot about it.

 * Well, even anime and manga is actually helpful in studying Japanese kitchens. If you had a friend who is an anime otaku, ask him to let you see several anime like Doraemon, Sazaesan, and Card Captor Sakura where average Japanese homes can be seen and check when they were released. Changes are very intersting. Revth 16:29, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * On the how this article should be named, do change it to something more in line with other articles. I had planned on the original title as only a temporary one. Revth 13:28, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok. Moved it to Japanese kitchen, with both the aforementioned links as redirects. Lupo 14:08, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! But I was really surprised to see the redirect when I hit the save page button :) Revth 15:05, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry for that, I somehow didn't think you were working on the article and interpreted your comment as a permission to do it right away. Anyway, I did some more copyediting and added some more infos summarized from JAANUS, an extremely helpful web site! Lupo 19:43, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Project Assessment
There's obviously a ton more that could be added here (or spunoff into separate articles), but for now this is an excellent start and an interesting read. Thanks! LordAmeth 21:31, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

"Typical Japanese Kitchen" picture
It looks like the "Typical Japanese Kitchen" picture is actually a modern Dutch kitchen? I was uploaded by a user from the Netherlands and has a Bogena pet product on the counter. I actually looked at the picture and though "Wow, kitchens in Japan look *exactly* like they do in Europe." Does anyone have a picture of an actual Japanese kitchen? Aoleson 05:24, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

This picture has been removed as it is not a correct representation of a typical Japanese kitchen. I have lived in Japan for seven years and a typical kitchen here is a sink, small counter space and a two burner stove. Typical Japanese kitchens have much lower counter spaces than in this photo. The kitchen in this photo is either from a very new and, most likely, expensive house (depending on the area - a kitchen like this in Tokyo would cost a small fortune but would be cheaper in rural areas), it is a photo of a kitchen tailor made to Western tastes or it is not a photo of a Japanese kitchen. I have updated the article with a self-made photo of a typical modern Japanese kitchen. Acronyc (talk) 18:52, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Historical photos
A photo or two of historical kitchens would be very helpful. -- Beland (talk) 14:53, 6 November 2010 (UTC)
 * you could reference some of these Historical kitchens in Japan --Traveler100 (talk) 19:08, 6 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Added two of the historical photos from the gallery suggested by Traveler100. Geoff  Who, me?  17:38, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Unsource material and some false statements.
Hi everybody,

I'm a regular contributor for the french wikipedia, and I mainly contribute to the french japanese cuisine category, and recently I decided to write something about historical aspect of japanese kitchen. I took a look at the current article in english, and it really strongly lacks of sources, so I've decided to try to find some interesting sources in order to build the french version of it.

Finding good online sources is quite tedious, but some sources I already found, such as this thesis exists, and so far what I found out is that it contradicts at least some statements of the article. For example, it states that the location (inside main building or in a separate one) mainly depends on the geographic location and topography of the area (at the cold north : inside in order to benefit from the warm ; outside at south of Japan). Within the house, it also appears that kitchen may be separated from the hall or not, and that cooking may be separated in two separate places (doma and hall).

The wikipedia article also totally ignore the 4 class division of society and its impact on the house structure, and by so, it is quite harsh to know exactly which housing this article deals with.

Moreover, its japanese counterpart does not share much content with the actual english page. However, it is compatible with the english historical part, since it does say (but not source) that the actual kitchen, as a separate place, is a concept that arise during Heian period.

So my two cents on this article so far is that it really need to include good source - or to be strongly refactored. Cheers,

Altmine (talk) 16:08, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Japanese kitchen


text:
Lobelioideae

Lobelioideae is a subfamily of the plant family Campanulaceae. It contains 32 genera, totalling about 1200 species. Some of the larger genera are Lobelia, Siphocampylus, Centropogon, Burmeistera and Cyanea.

They are perennials, sometimes annuals, ranging in form from herbs to small trees. Most species are tropical in distribution, but in total this subfamily occurs almost worldwide, being absent only from Arctic regions, central Asia and the Near East. The subfamily is particularly diverse in Hawaii, where well over 100 species of Hawaiian lobelioids have radiated from a single introduction.

This subfamily was formerly given family rank as Lobeliaceae, under a somewhat different circumscription.

The leaves are simple and alternate. The plants have milky sap. The flowers are bilaterally symmetric with five lobes and stamens. The corolla tube opens along the upper side with two lobes above and three below, and the stamens join together in the tube.

title: Lobelioideae


text:
WebGUI

WebGUI is an open-source content management system written in Perl and released under the GNU General Public License.

The system permits non-technically minded users to arrange content in pages and layouts, containing 'Assets' (applets) which permit website visitors to view and interact with various types of data from basic Articles to full-blown Content management system and custom applications.

In July 2014, Scott Walters proposed a project on Kickstarter to bring the nascent Version 8 rewrite to a formal release with a supporting free software community. Version 8 is, according to the Kickstarter project page, "a massive modernization effort that reworked core to use Moose, Plack, Try::Tiny" along with a general code cleanup. The project achieved its crowd funding goal on July 16, 2014.

Introduction
WebGUI (pronounced web-GOO-E) is a system that gives web administrators the ability to manage the appearance and features available in the user interface to fit each user's skill level. Its users and groups system allows control over content editing and viewing privileges, and the versioning and workflow systems allow for content approval hierarchies and tracking of content as it moves through the site. Everything in WebGUI is a template which allows for customization, while keeping the site content and style separate.

The system was originally built as an application framework by creator Plain Black Corporation to support their customer development work, but a majority of its current independent users utilize it as a CMS with the modules with which it ships.

History
In 1999 a development project called Web Done Right began in an effort to create a web application framework. Over the next several years, Web Done Right evolved and eventually became WebGUI. WebGUI and its parent company Plain Black Corporation were launched to the public in 2001.

Features
The WebGUI software can be used for:
 * Web-based Administrative Interface
 * WYSIWYG Rich Text Editor
 * Workflow Engine
 * Versioning
 * E-Commerce
 * User Management
 * Group Management
 * Search engine friendly URLs
 * Internationalization

Architecture
WebGUI is built as an application framework, and has a pluggable architecture to aid in the extensibility of applications. Developers can create custom applications and functionality that match an organization's processes. A pluggable macro architecture allows for even more extensibility and flexibility. WebGUI's modular design allows code to be easily accessed, changed, and replaced.

WebGUI is a mod_perl application but there is a project codenamed PlebGUI to port WebGUI to PSGI, the Perl Web Server Gateway Interface, which enables deployment using CGI, FastCGI, mod_perl, et al.

Built in applications
With WebGUI, users can create: In addition, there are many user contributed applications available.
 * Online shops that accept credit cards.
 * Forums (Flat, Nested, and Threaded views)
 * SQL Reports (Drill down and hierarchical queries enabled)
 * Polls
 * Classifieds
 * Web Log (blogs)
 * Photo Galleries
 * News Listings
 * FAQs
 * Link Directories
 * Job Postings
 * User Contributions
 * Syndicated News (includes aggregation)
 * Events Calendars
 * Surveys
 * Self-Grading Tests
 * Articles
 * Search Engines
 * Web Services Front End
 * Matrix Comparison Systems
 * Weather Data
 * Stock Data
 * Dashboard (My Page)
 * In/out Boards
 * Project Management
 * Time Tracking

Themes
WebGUI comes with a number of built in themes, and additional themes are freely available in the add-ons section of the WebGUI website. Everything in WebGUI is a template, and templates are accessed through the admin user interface.

Translation
WebGUI has a translation server that allows anyone to contribute translated terms for any field label in the user interface. These translations can then be applied to a site and users can manage content in their native languages. WebGUI contains Dutch, German, English and Spanish translations.

Licensing
WebGUI is licensed under GNU General Public License, which means it is free to download and use.

System requirements

 * Application Server: mod_perl
 * Database: MySQL
 * Operating System: Any
 * Programming Language: Perl
 * Root Access: Yes
 * Shell Access: Yes
 * Web Server: Apache

WebGUI runtime environment
To ease the installation of WebGUI's requirements, Plain Black distributes them inside of the WebGUI Runtime Environment (WRE). The WRE includes everything needed to run WebGUI, excepting some Perl modules that versions of WebGUI released after the WRE may require. The WRE is pre-compiled by Plain Black for their list of supported systems, and members of the community submit WRE binaries for other systems.

In addition to the requirements, the WRE includes tools to administer WebGUI servers. The 0.8 version of the WRE introduced the WRE Console, which is a GUI tool (viewed with a web browser) to set up and manage WebGUI sites.

Mascot
Gooey, the purple octopus is the mascot of WebGUI. It was created by Darci Gibson.

Reception
A 2019 review by staff at Business.com noted WebGUI's collaboration features and community support as among its useful features, and ability to customize each user's interface depending on their skill level.

title: WebGUI


text:
Push (professional wrestling)

In professional wrestling, a push is an attempt by the booker to make a wrestler win more matches and become more popular or more reviled with the fans depending on whether they are a heroic character ("face") or a villain ("heel"). It is not uncommon for a push to be accompanied by a turn or a change in the wrestler's gimmick. This is essentially the opposite of a burial, which in contrast to the high profile of a push is typically done with little or no fanfare. Sometimes the fans generate the push for a wrestler themselves when their approval for the wrestler's work generates a positive reaction from them that is not anticipated.

History
In the Memphis territory, Nick Gulas began to push his son George to a main event spot despite having little in-ring experience and no athletic background. The fans quickly turned on him and the promotion, but Nick Gulas continued to push him despite the negative backlash and financial losses. In the end, Nick's insistence on keeping his son at the top of the card led to a hostile split of the territory.

A push can also be attributed to a political shift in the promotion's offices. Cowboy Bill Watts, whose promotions always consisted of an African-American main event heroic character, began pushing Ron Simmons, a midcarder, to main event status and eventually to the WCW World Heavyweight Championship upon being put in charge of World Championship Wrestling (WCW) at the same time he controversially pushed his son Erik into the wrestling scene.

In WWE, following the fallout from the Signature Pharmacy scandal, smaller and less muscular wrestlers such as CM Punk and Jeff Hardy began to get pushed and Vince McMahon confirmed the paradigm shift by mentioning that today's fans are drawn by charisma and not size.

In WWE, when the company was being built around fan favorite John Cena, shedding his edgy, freestyle rapping anti-establishment persona which was popular in favor of a more motivational "against all odds" one, was met with a negative reaction by the fans to the point where he became one of the most booed wrestlers in the promotion.

title: Push (professional wrestling)


text:
Royal Astronomy

Royal Astronomy is the fifth studio album by English electronic music producer Mike Paradinas under the stage name μ-Ziq, released on 26 July 1999 by Hut Records and Astralwerks.

Critical reception
Jon Dolan of Spin described Royal Astronomy as Paradinas' "most ambitious work to date: a bold stab at classicism steeped in lush orchestrations that can be anything from sweetly elegiac to darkly bizarre—as if the embattled soul conducting the musicians is being torn between millennial nightmares and wistful visions of empires past." Sarah Zupko of PopMatters called it "the most advanced and adventurous work of his career."

NME named Royal Astronomy the 38th best album of 1999.

title: Royal Astronomy


text:
1995–96 Heineken Cup

The 1995–96 Heineken Cup was the first edition of the Heineken Cup, which was to become the annual rugby union European club competition for clubs from the top six nations in European rugby. Competing teams, from France, Ireland, Italy, Wales and, for the only time to date, Romania (teams from England and Scotland were not permitted to enter the competition by the RFU and SRU respectively), were divided into four pools of three, in which teams played each other only once, meaning one home and one away game per team. The winners of the pools qualified for the knock-out stages.

Background
The Five Nations Committee met in December 1994 to discuss proposals for a multi-national European club competition. It was proposed that the top four teams in Wales, England, France, Ireland and Scotland would compete. Welsh, English and French clubs had welcomed the idea, but the RFU were concerned that it might devalue the Courage League. In May 1995, the Committee gave the go-ahead for a pilot European Cup tournament to be held in the autumn of 1995, and a full competition to follow in 1996. Clubs from England, Wales, France and provincial or divisional sides from Ireland and Scotland, and possibly the top club from Romania, would be invited to compete.

However, English and Scottish teams would be unable to participate as it was too late to change their domestic league schedules to accommodate the new competition. The IRFU confirmed that Ireland would enter provincial teams, as their clubs were unlikely to be strong enough for the competition. They were initially offered two places, but Tom Kiernan, Ireland's representative on the organising committee, was able to secure a third. The three places would go to the top three teams in the 1994 IRFU Interprovincial Championship, Munster, Ulster and Leinster. The three Welsh teams would be the top two in the Welsh Premier Division, Cardiff and Pontypridd, and the winners of the WRU Challenge Cup, Swansea. France entered the top two teams in the 1994-95 French championship, Toulouse and Castres, and cup runners-up Bègles-Bordeaux.

In October, ITV secured the UK TV rights for the competition in a three-year deal, and Dutch brewing company Heineken was announced as the competition's sponsor.

Pool stage
The twelve teams were arranged into four pools of three, with each team playing the other team in their pool once. Two points were awarded for a win, and one point for a draw. The four pool winners qualified for the knockout stage.

Final
The 1996 Heineken Cup Final was the final match of the 1995–96 Heineken Cup, the inaugural season of Europe's top club rugby union competition. The match was played on 6 January 1996 at the Arms Park in Cardiff. The match was contested by Cardiff of Wales and Toulouse of France. Toulouse won the match 21–18 after extra time; they took the lead with two tries in the first 10 minutes, but the kicking of Adrian Davies kept Cardiff level. With the scores at 15–12 as the clock ticked past 80 minutes, Davies stepped up again and slotted over a penalty to take the game to extra time. Christophe Deylaud restored Toulouse's lead with another penalty shortly after the game restarted, before Davies tied the scores up again. Then, going into the final few seconds of extra time, the referee penalised Cardiff for using hands in the ruck; Deylaud slotted the resulting penalty to seal Toulouse's victory.

title: 1995–96 Heineken Cup


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Bilious Paths

Bilious Paths is the sixth studio album by the British IDM producer μ-Ziq, released on Planet Mu in 2003.

Critical reception
John Bush of AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5, writing, "Highlights abound, but this is definitely one for those used to the blend of heavy innovation and occasional inanity to be found on nearly every μ-Ziq record." Matt Gonzales of PopMatters wrote, "Bilious Paths is further proof that μ-Ziq is an indisputable giant in the IDM world, even if few people can see him."

title: Bilious Paths


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Triple J Unearthed

Triple J Unearthed is an Australian digital radio station and online music discovery platform. It is a sister station of Triple J, owned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

Unearthed began in 1995 as a regional talent competition open to unsigned musicians. In 2006, the Unearthed website was launched as a way for local artists to have their music heard by the station's team and listeners. As of 2023, the platform hosts over 170,000 tracks from over 85,000 independent musicians. Its success led to the launch of a dedicated digital radio station in 2011, which only plays Australian music uploaded to the site.

Cited as a "revolutionary idea" that "arguably changed the entire Australian music landscape," the Unearthed brand has been responsible for discovering some of Australia's most celebrated musical acts, including Flume, Missy Higgins, Vance Joy, Gang of Youths and Grinspoon. The network continues to host initiatives to progress independent artists in the industry, including Unearthed High, an annual award given to high school musicians to have their work recorded professionally.

Talent competition (1995–2005)
In July 1995, Triple J launched its regional Unearthed competition, asking independent musicians to send in their demos. The winner's track would be professionally recorded and played on the station. Over the years, several now-notable Australian artists had been discovered through the initiative, including Missy Higgins (2001), Killing Heidi (1996) and Grinspoon, the first winners in 1995. As of 2006, Triple J had travelled to over 43 regions around Australia and "unearthed" over 100 bands, most of which had gone on to independently release albums and score distribution deals.

Website (2006–present)
In 2006, former Triple J manager Linda Bracken ideated an online platform that would allow unsigned musicians to be heard by the station's team, as well as by listeners. She was inspired by the similar New Music Canada initiative by CBC Radio 3. "The future of a band's success in Australia shouldn't rely on someone's ability to hire a publicist and an A&R guy." With funding from the Australia Council for the Arts, Bracken and software engineer Ann Chesterman – who saw the idea as "being at the heart of the ecosystem of Australian music" – built a prototype for the Unearthed website. The site's launch, on 9 August 2006, marked "a new beginning" for the Unearthed brand. Thousands of tracks were uploaded within the first week of the site being online. By 2010, about 100 songs were being uploaded onto the Unearthed website every day. As of 2023, it hosts over 170,000 tracks from over 85,000 independent musicians.

In 2021, the website received its first major redesign since its initial launch.

Digital radio station (2011–present)
Seeing the success of the website, Unearthed executive producer Stephanie Carrick and ABC Music director Chris Scaddan ideated with creating a dedicated digital radio station to accompany the online platform. It was launched on 5 October 2011, on digital radio in the five major Australian capital cities, and via the Unearthed website.

Unearthed High
Every year since 2008, Triple J Unearthed has held a competition aimed at musicians and bands in high school. The winner receives mentoring, recording opportunities and airplay on Triple J. Recent acts to have found success with the initiative include Hockey Dad (2014), The Kid Laroi (2018), Genesis Owusu (2015) Japanese Wallpaper (2014) and Gretta Ray (2016).

Celebrating 15 years of the competition in 2023, Triple J held a one-night, all-ages concert during Vivid Sydney featuring notable past entrants, including Lastlings and Teen Jesus and the Jean Teasers.

Indigenous opportunities
As an extension of Unearthed High, the Indigenous Initiative commemorates the best First Nations artist. Notable past winners have included Aodhan (2019), Becca Hatch (2017) and Tia Gostelow (2016). The network also holds an annual competition open to Indigenous Australian artists, with the winner selected to play at the National Indigenous Music Awards. Past winners have included Thelma Plum, Baker Boy, Alice Skye and Dallas Woods. Unearthed has also run a number of First Nations specific competitions that has seen artists added to festivals such as First & Forever and Treaty Day Out.

Festival lineup additions
Triple J often holds competitions that see a winning Unearthed artist join a major music festival's lineup. In the past, winners have performed at Splendour in the Grass, Groovin' the Moo, Falls Festival, Big Day Out, Laneway Festival and A More Perfect Union.

Artist collaboration competitions
Unearthed occasionally run competitions where winning artists can work with renowned producers or songwriters. In 2023, Flume released a half-finished track, and Unearthed artists were encouraged to share how they would complete the song to win – the final track, produced by Blacktown rapper Isaac Puerile, received national airplay. The same year, Unearthed artists were given the opportunity to work with award-winning songwriter Sarah Aarons.

In the past, these competitions have also seen entrants remix songs from Lorde and DMA's, as well as creating "DIY supergroups" out of samples from notable artists provided by Triple J.

COVID-19 grants
In June 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, Unearthed handed out 16 grants to artists on the platform valued at $7,000 each, to record new music, produce music videos and promote their work.

Impact
Writing for online magazine Tone Deaf in 2022, Holley Gawne wrote Triple J has been "so successful ... in boosting the profiles of some of the industry’s biggest and brightest." Triple J music director Ruby Howe said Unearthed "was a pretty revolutionary idea."

Notable alumni
In its first form as a regional talent competition, Unearthed discovered then-local musicians Missy Higgins and Sophie Koh, and bands Grinspoon, Killing Heidi and Sick Puppies.

The launch of the website led to the rise of hundreds of more artists and according to The Music, "arguably changed the entire Australian music landscape." Flume, one of the "world's most prominent producers" according to Rolling Stone, debuted with a single on Unearthed titled "Possum" in 2011. Brisbane indie pop band Ball Park Music began uploading to the site in 2008, while Gang of Youths uploaded a demo as well as their debut single "Evangelists" in 2013.

When a then-unsigned Vance Joy uploaded "Riptide" to the platform, Howe said his team played the track "about 100 times on Unearthed radio" prior to its enormous success – the track is now certified 16× platinum and ended up polling at number one in the Hottest 100 of 2013.

title: Triple J Unearthed


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Pillsbury (brand)

The Pillsbury Company is a US-based company that was one of the world's largest cake manufacturers and producers of grain and other foodstuffs until it was bought by General Mills in 2001. Antitrust law required General Mills to sell off some of the products, so the company kept the rights to refrigerated and frozen Pillsbury branded products, while dry baking products and frosting were sold to the Orrville, Ohio–based Smucker company under license. Brynwood Partners agreed to purchase Pillsbury's dry baking and frosting assets from Smuckers for 375 million in July 2018. In September 2018, the sale was completed along with other brands including Martha White and Hungry Jack.

Founding and early development
C.A. Pillsbury and Company was founded in 1869 by Charles Alfred Pillsbury and his uncle John S. Pillsbury. The company was second in the United States (after Washburn-Crosby) to use steel rollers for processing grain. The finished product required transportation, so the Pillsburys assisted in funding railroad development in Minnesota.

In 1889, Pillsbury and its five mills on the banks of the Mississippi River were purchased by a British company. The company also tried to purchase and merge with the Washburn Crosby Company (a precursor of General Mills), but the principals at Washburn prevented the takeover.

In 1923, the Pillsbury family reacquired "Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company, Limited" which subsequently was incorporated in 1935 as "Pillsbury Flour Mills Company".

1950s
In 1949, the company introduced a national baking competition, which came to be known as the Pillsbury Bake-Off; it was nationally broadcast on CBS for many years and resulted in a series of successful cookbooks that helped market Pillsbury brands.

Only seven products used the Pillsbury name in 1950, but the company began adding to its product line. The early 1950s brought the acquisition of Ballard & Ballard Company and the beginning of packaged biscuit dough, which would become one of the company's most important and profitable product lines in later decades. The company began advertising heavily on television. In 1957, Pillsbury commissioned a TV commercial jingle (from its advertising agency Leo Burnett) with the main lyrics "Nothin' says lovin/Like somethin' from the oven/And Pillsbury says it best". The jingle became a well-known signature of the company and was used, with modifications, for at least 20 years.

Later corporate acquisitions included restaurants such as Burger King, Steak and Ale, Bennigan's, Godfather's Pizza, Häagen-Dazs, and Quik Wok, plus popular grocery store food brands such as Green Giant.

1960s–1970s
Advertising company Leo Burnett created Pillsbury's Doughboy in 1965.

In the 1960s, Pillsbury added Sweet* 10 made with cyclamate, which became the most popular artificial sweetener. In 1964, Pillsbury introduced Funny Face Drink Mix with the names Goofy Grape, Rootin' Tootin' Raspberry, Freckle Face Strawberry, Loud Mouth Lime, Chinese Cherry (later Choo-Choo Cherry), and Injun Orange (later Jolly Olly Orange). Lefty Lemon followed in 1965, along with other flavors. The Funny Face characters, as well as the Funny Face brand were created in 1963 by Hal Silverman, a Creative Director at Campbell Mithun Advertising. When cyclamate was banned, Sweet* 10 and Funny Face were eliminated, resulting in a $4.5 million loss. Both products were re-introduced after changes, and the drinks became available sweetened and unsweetened.

Another drink mix introduced in 1966 was Moo Juice, a flavored powder that when combined with milk in a shaker, produced a milkshake. Moo Juice was also created by Hal Silverman. Its TV commercial featured a talking animation of the product's cartoon cow head mascot voiced by comedian Frank Fontaine. Moo Juice was short-lived, as its milkshakes tended to be thin compared to similar products such as Borden's Frosted and Birds Eye's Thick and Frosty.

Among the other kid foods that Silverman created for Pillsbury was Nugget Town, chocolate flavored nuggets that came in eight different, collectable packages that when popped open and folded made into a whole western town. The TV commercial featured comedian Buddy Hackett as the voice of the town's little bear sheriff. Also, there was Gorilla Milk—"...you'll go ape for Gorilla Milk, a glass in the morning and you'll swing all day"—a protein additive that turned milk into an instant breakfast. This product, aimed at teenagers, was not successful going against Carnation Instant Breakfast.

That decade, Pillsbury also created Space Food Sticks to capitalize on the popularity of the space program. Space Food Sticks were developed by Robert Muller, the inventor of the HACCP standards used by the food industry to ensure food safety.

When NASA astronaut Scott Carpenter launched into space on Mercury capsule Aurora 7 in 1962, he was carrying with him the first solid space food – small food cubes developed by Pillsbury's research and development department. Taking Pillsbury scientists more than a year to develop, space food cubes were followed by other space-friendly foods, such as cake that was not crumbly, relish that could be served in slices and meat that needed no refrigeration.

Pillsbury acquired the Burger King fast food chain in 1967. Pillsbury bought out Green Giant in 1979.

1980s and after
The Pillsbury Company bought Häagen-Dazs in 1983. Then in 1985, Pillsbury acquired Diversifoods, the largest Burger King franchisee in the U.S. and parent company of Godfather's Pizza. In 1988, Pillsbury sold the Godfather's Pizza chain to a management-led group as part of the company's restructuring moves.

In 1989, the British company Grand Metropolitan (later Diageo) purchased the food maker, and during this ownership period the company divested itself of all production and distribution facilities (contracting these functions to other companies), making itself simply a marketing entity for its own brands (Pillsbury, Green Giant, Old El Paso, Totino's, etc.) Pillsbury sold all of their restaurant brands and exited the business completely by the late 1990s. In 1999, Pillsbury and Nestlé merged their U.S. and Canadian ice cream operations into a joint venture called Ice Cream Partners.

In 2001 Nestlé exercised its contractual right to buy General Mills' interest in Ice Cream Partners, which included the right to a 99-year license for the Häagen-Dazs brand. Pursuant to that license, the Dreyer's subsidiary of Nestlé produced and marketed Häagen-Dazs products in the United States and Canada.

In 2001, Diageo sold Pillsbury to General Mills. The baking products division was sold to International Multifoods Corporation, which was later acquired by Smucker's.

Notable achievements
Pillsbury once claimed to have the largest grain mill in the world at the Pillsbury A-Mill overlooking Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River in Minneapolis. The building had two of the most powerful direct-drive waterwheels ever built, each putting out 1200 horsepower (900 kW). The Pillsbury A-Mill was converted to artist lofts by the Dominium company in 2016.

In 1960, Robert J. Keith, then Vice President of Pillsbury, published an article titled the "Marketing Revolution" in the leading marketing journal, Journal of Marketing. The article, which was based on Keith's personal recollections, set out the way that the Pillsbury Company had evolved. He pointed out that the company had shifted from a focus on production in the 1860s to sales focus in the 1930s through to a consumer focus in the 1950s. The characteristics of these three distinct eras in Pillsbury's evolution include: the production oriented era from 1869-1930s – characterized by a "focus on production processes"; the sales oriented era from the 1930s to the 1950s – characterized by investment in research to develop new products and advertising to persuade markets of product benefits and the marketing oriented era from the beginning of the 1950s – characterized by a focus on the customer's latent and existing needs.

In addition, Keith hypothesized that a marketing control era was about to emerge. Although Keith's article explicitly documented Pillsbury's evolution, the article appears to suggest that the stages observed at Pillsbury constitute a normal evolutionary path (production→sales→marketing) for most large organizations. Marketing scholars quickly picked up on Keith's evolutionary stages for marketing organizations and it was integrated into marketing texts and became "'accepted wisdom.'' One content analysis of 25 introductory and advanced texts found that Keith's eras were reproduced in all but four.

Keith's notion of distinct eras in the evolution of marketing practice has been widely criticized described as "hopelessly flawed". Specific criticisms of Keith's tripartite periodization include that:
 * It ignores historical facts about business conditions
 * It mis-states the nature of supply and demand
 * It cites the growth of marketing institutions

Systematic studies carried out since Keith's work have failed to replicate his periodization. Instead, other studies suggest that many companies exhibited a marketing orientation in the 19th century and that the business schools were teaching marketing decades before Pillsbury adopted a marketing-oriented approach. Jones and Richardson also investigated historical accounts of marketing practice and found evidence for both the sales and marketing era during the so-called production era and concluded that there was no "marketing revolution". Keith's eras have become known, somewhat cynically, as the standard chronology. In spite of such criticisms, Keith's descriptions of the different eras continue to influence marketing thought.

title: Pillsbury (brand)


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Yangge

Yangge is a form of Chinese folk dance developed from a dance known in the Song dynasty as Village Music (村田樂). It is very popular in northern China and is one of the most representative form of folk arts. It is popular in both the countryside and cities in northern China. It is especially popular among older people. Crowds of people will go out into the street in the evening and dance together in a line or a circle formation.

Some dancers dress up in red, green, or other colorful costumes, and typically use a red silk ribbon around the waist. They will swing their bodies to music played by drum, trumpet, and gong. More people will join in as they see Yang Ge going on and dance along. Some dancers use props like the waistdrum, dancing fan, fake donkey, or litter. In different areas Yangge is performed in different styles, but all types express happiness.

In the 1940s, the Chinese Communist Party launched the new yangge movement where the dance was adopted as a means of rallying village support. The dance was simplified into a pattern of three-quick-steps forward, one-step-backward, pause and repeat. This version of the dance incorporated socialist elements, for example the leader of the dance group would hold a sickle instead of umbrella, and it is also known as "Struggle Yangge" or "reform yangge".

Struggle (Reform) Yangge and the Chinese Communist Party
The new struggle yangge had roots in the traditional folk rite yangge that was performed in the rural parts of Northern China prior to the Japanese invasion of 1937. The folk rite was performative and was often associated with New Year’s celebrations, incorporating spirited dance, garish costumes, and loud music. The dance troupe was led by a leader dancer known as santou (umbrella head) and consisted of dancers, ranging from a few dozen to more than one hundred dancers. Simple plays were enacted during the dance, mostly about everyday life in rural China. The songs that accompanied the folk rite were conversations between young men and women about love or congratulatory greetings, and the swinging movements of the dances were generally sexually suggestive.

The struggle yangge that was popularized by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in urban settings from 1949 to 1951 was a political instrument used to communicate the socialist ideals of the CCP to the people. In fact, the dance limited artistic freedom and improvisation with specific guidelines that the dance must adhere to including: prohibition of male performers to dress as women; elimination of any flirtatious or erotic moves; forbiddened the portrayal of ghosts, deities, Buddhist monks, and Daoist priests (elements that were common in rural yangge); no vulgarity or negative portrayals of the working class in the dances, and dancers were not permitted to wear excessive makeup. The power of the struggle yangge came from the dance’s simplicity and visibility, aimed at reaching a larger and wider audience. Unlike rural yangge with its complex and vast dance patterns, struggle yangge utilized simpler dance moves such as Double Cabbage Heart (spiraling move) and Dragon Waves Its Tail (snakelike movement) to, as one yangge dancer puts it, “to express an exuberant mood and to invite as many people as possible to share in the joy”.

Struggle yangge’s purpose was to tell a story about the success of the CCP developments, of how the Communists came to power, about the valor and strength of the People’s Liberation Army, the undying support of the Chinese people, the righteous leadership of the CCP, and the bright socialist future of China. The story was told in three musical performances, consisting of song and dance, with the production of these performances in chronological order to achieve maximum impact. The first was The Great Yangge of the Celebration of Liberation (庆祝解放大秧歌), which told the war of liberation from the Nationalists. The second piece was The Great Musical of Long Live the People’s Victory (人民胜利万岁大歌舞), which illustrated the remembrance of the people’s victory in the revolution. The last musical was The Great Yangge of Building the Motherland (建设祖国大秧歌), which depicts the construction of a new socialist country under the leadership of the CCP. The production of each performance was elaborate and complex, with shows lasting four to five hours.

Types
There are two major types of yangge, one is Stilt Yangge which is performed on stilts, the other is Ground Yangge which is more common and is performed without stilts. Another version of the yangge is the village play, an anthology of which was published by Sidney D. Gamble in 1970, based on transcriptions made by Li Jinghan as part of the Ding Xian Experiment's surveys in the 1930s.

The Yangge drama or Yangge opera (秧歌剧) usually consists of a quatrain of seven stanzas or long and short sentences. An example is the founding piece of the China National Opera when it was founded in Yan'an in 1942, which was with a performance of a Yangge drama Brothers and Sisters Opening up the Wasteland (兄妹开荒). The Yangko owed something to normal huaju spoken drama, but with dance, and songs added.

North Shaanxi
The dance may be in large groups of a dozen to a hundred people, or in two or three-person groups. The dancers move from location to location, visiting different parts of the town. The leader of the procession of dancers is called the santou or "Umbrella" who wields an umbrella to lead the movement of the group. He also sings, usually improvised, while the others will repeat his last line. Various characters may appear in the procession, such as the two comic characters Big-Headed Monk and Liu Cui (柳翠), and the Eight Immortals. The procession first follows the santou in a single file to form a large simple circle, and later then forms other more intricate patterns.

Shandong
The Shandong yangge is thought to be the purest forms of yangge. There are three major types of yangge in the Shandong province, the Haiyang yangge, Jiaozhou yangge, and the guzi (鼓子 "drum") yangge. In guzi yangge each dancer takes one of five roles - "Umbrella", "Drum", "Stick", "Flower", "Clown" - the first three are named after the props the dancer holds, while the fourth refers to a female dancer.

Liaoning
In Liaoning and Beijing, a popular form is the stilt yangge where the dancers perform on stilts. There are many types of stilt yangge, for example "Jietang" is a group dance performed in the street; "Jiaxiang" involves the formation of a pyramid of different poses; "Dachang" is group dance done in a large open air space; and "Xiaochang" characterized by its love-story plot.

Northeast China
The performers of Manchurian Yangge in Northeast China usually wear traditional Manchu clothes of the area. The movement is free and brisk, imitating the valor of a tribe excelling in horsemanship and marksmanship.

title: Yangge


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Trent Bridge

Trent Bridge Cricket Ground is a cricket ground mostly used for Test, One-Day International and county cricket located in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England, just across the River Trent from the city of Nottingham. Trent Bridge is also the headquarters of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. As well as international cricket and Nottinghamshire's home games, the ground has hosted the Finals Day of the Twenty20 Cup twice and will host the final of the One-Day Cup between 2020 and 2024.

In 2009, the ground was used for the ICC World Twenty20 and hosted the semi-final between South Africa and Pakistan. The site takes its name from the nearby main bridge over the Trent and it is also close to Meadow Lane and the City Ground, the football stadiums of Notts County and Nottingham Forest.

History
Trent Bridge was first used as a cricket ground in the 1830s. The first recorded cricket match was held on an area of ground behind the Trent Bridge Inn in 1838. Trent Bridge hosted its first Test match in 1899, with England playing against Australia.

The ground was first opened in 1841 by William Clarke, husband of the proprietress of the Trent Bridge Inn and himself captain of William Clarke's All-England Eleven. He was commemorated in 1990 by the opening of the new William Clarke Stand, which incorporates the Rushcliffe Suite.

In 1950, an electronically operated scoreboard was installed at this venue, then the world's largest at any cricket stadium.

Ground
Trent Bridge is considered to be one of the most beautiful grounds in world cricket. Trent Bridge's pavilion, kept within the architectural parameters of its 1889 foundation, is thought of as one of the most renowned trademarks of cricket because it faces the wicket at an angle. Recent developments include the £7.2 million Radcliffe Road Cricket Centre, opened in 1998 and the state of the art £1.9 million Fox Road stand, which has received awards for its architectural excellence. The latter includes a modernistic aircraft-wing roof and was opened in 2002 despite a conflict with a small group of local residents over the lack of sunlight that this would cause to their properties.

Commencing in 2007, Trent Bridge has undergone redevelopment with the construction of a new stand to replace the Parr Stand and West Wing and the addition of one to five rows of extra seating at the front of several of the other stands. This increased capacity from 15,358 to 17,500, and the work was completed in time for the 2008 Test match against New Zealand. The stand was officially opened on 5 June by Prince Philip. The stand continued to be officially called the 'New Stand' for a number of years, also being referred to as the Bridgford Road Stand, before being renamed the Smith Cooper Stand in a sponsorship deal from March 2016.

Bowling takes place from the Stuart Broad End (named the Pavilion End until September 2023 with the official renaming on 18 July 2024) and the Radcliffe Road End, with the wickets laid square of the Fox Road, William Clarke and Smith Cooper Stands.

Test matches
In Test matches held at the Trent Bridge, the highest team total is 658 for 8 declared, scored by England against Australia in 1938. The lowest team total is 60, scored by Australia against England in 2015, Stuart Broad took figures of 8/15 during this innings including claiming his 300th Test wicket with the dismissal of Chris Rogers. The highest individual innings was made by Denis Compton when he scored 278 against Pakistan in 1954. Sachin Tendulkar passed the 11,000-run mark in the second Test in 2007. In 2013, Australia's Ashton Agar achieved the highest Test score by a number 11 batter.

In Tests, the leading run-scorers at the venue are Mike Atherton (1,083 runs), Denis Compton (955 runs) and Graham Gooch (936 runs). The leading wicket-takers are James Anderson (73 wickets), Stuart Broad (46 wickets) and Alec Bedser (41 wickets).

One Day International matches
In 2016, England broke the record for highest One Day International (ODI) score when they made 444/3 against Pakistan at the ground. They bettered this score on the same ground two years latter when making 481/6 against Australia.

In ODIs, the leading run-scorers here are Eoin Morgan (471 runs), Alex Hales (441 runs), and Jos Buttler (439 runs). The leading wicket-takers are James Anderson (16 wickets), Stuart Broad (14 wickets) and Waqar Younis (12 wickets).

Football
Trent Bridge has a history of hosting football matches. Notts County Football Club played their important games at the ground from the 1860s, and moved there permanently in 1883 when Nottingham Forest left. However, games early and late in the season had to be played elsewhere due to the cricket and Notts County finally left in 1910, moving to Meadow Lane.

Trent Bridge also hosted an international match, England beating Ireland 6–0 on 20 February 1897.

title: Trent Bridge