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The Asphalt Jungle

The Asphalt Jungle is a 1950 American heist film noir directed and co-written by John Huston, and starring Sterling Hayden and Louis Calhern, with Jean Hagen, James Whitmore, Sam Jaffe, John McIntire, and Marilyn Monroe in one of her earliest roles. Based on the 1949 novel of the same name by W. R. Burnett, it tells the story of a jewel robbery in a Midwestern city.

Produced and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the film was released on May 12, 1950. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay, and Huston won a National Board of Review Award for his direction. At the 1950 Venice Film Festival, Huston was nominated for the Golden Lion and Sam Jaffe won the Best Actor Award.

Retrospective reviews of the film have been highly positive, with several critics describing it as one of the most influential works in the crime film genre, and one of John Huston's best films. The film spawned a television series of the same name, which aired on ABC in 1961.

In 2008, The Asphalt Jungle was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
When criminal mastermind Erwin "Doc" Riedenschneider is released from prison after seven years, he visits a bookie named Cobby in an unnamed Midwestern river city. Doc needs $50,000 to hire three men—a safecracker, a driver, and a hooligan—to pull off a huge jewel robbery. Cobby arranges a meeting between Doc and Alonzo Emmerich, a high-living society lawyer and known fixer. Doc tells Emmerich he estimates the theft will yield a cache worth half a million dollars or more. Emmerich agrees to front the money and find a fence. After they leave, Emmerich finds his young girlfriend Angela asleep on the couch.

Later Emmerich confesses he is broke to his private detective Bob Brannom. Sent to collect debts owed Emmerich to raise money to pay for the stolen jewels, Brannom comes up empty. Desperate, Emmerich inveigles the thug to help him double-cross the others, proposing a scheme for him to abscond with the gems.

Doc secures Louie Ciavelli as his "box man". Ciavelli only trusts Gus Minissi, a hunchbacked diner owner, to be the getaway driver. Last hired is chronically gambling-strapped tough Dix Handley, a hulking Kentucky hayseed known to Gus. Dix tells Doll Conovan—who is in love with him—of his dream to buy back the horse farm that his family lost after a terrible year that included his father's death and a prized colt breaking its leg.

To access the jewelry store, Ciavelli hammers through a brick wall, deactivates an alarm to admit Doc and Dix, and uses home-brewed nitroglycerine to blow open the safe. Things then begin to go drastically wrong. The concussion of the explosion triggers several burglar alarms in the area. The volatile Dix slugs a security guard on rounds. The guard drops his revolver, which goes off and wounds Ciavelli in the belly. The men get away unseen, but a police manhunt begins.

Ciavelli insists that Gus take him home. Gus's wife wants him taken to the hospital, where his critical gunshot wound will be recognized and reported. Instead, Gus sends for a trusted but illicit doctor.

Doc and Dix arrive at Emmerich's, but see through Emmerich's attempt to stall them. Realizing this, Brannom draws a gun, but is killed by Dix, who receives a flesh wound in his side. Doc scolds a morose Emmerich for his foolish plan and tells him to offer the loot to the jeweler's insurance company for 25% of its value since peddling it with the heat on is out of the question.

Emmerich dumps Brannom's body in the river. The police find the list of debtors on Emmerich's letterhead on the corpse. When they question him, Emmerich lies about his whereabouts and claims he spent the night with his mistress, Angela Phinlay.

Under pressure from police commissioner Hardy, police lieutenant Ditrich—a corrupt cop on Cobby's payroll—beats the bookie into confessing everything in a vain attempt to save himself from becoming ensnared.

Hardy then arrests Emmerich at Angela's home and threatens her with jail for providing Emmerich with an alibi. When the police allow Emmerich to leave the room to phone his invalid wife, he shoots himself dead.

After Gus is arrested, he attacks Cobby in the jail, warning him that he will end up in the morgue. The police go to Ciavelli’s to arrest him; they kick in the door, only to find his funeral in progress.

In Doll's apartment, Doc offers Dix some of the stones but he refuses; he just wants to go back home to Kentucky. Doll then gets Dix a car and insists on going along.

Doc persuades a taxi driver to drive him to Cleveland, a multi-hour ride. They stop first at a roadside diner, where Doc becomes entranced by a pretty young woman dancing to jukebox tunes. Because of the delay, a lustfully oblivious Doc is recognized by two policemen, who arrest him after finding the stolen jewels hidden in his overcoat.

Suffering from blood loss, Dix passes out at the wheel. He's taken to a doctor, who phones the local police to report a gunshot wound. Dix regains consciousness, pulls out an IV and escapes.

At a press conference, Hardy notes that 3 of the 7 suspects have died, 3 others have been arrested, and the one on the loose is a hardened killer "without human feeling."

Back at the wheel, the rolling green fields of Bluegrass country pass as Dix deliriously rambles about the sprightly colt he loved as a boy. Arriving at his childhood pasture he stumbles in and collapses. Doll runs for help, while horses gather to nuzzle the dying man.

Cast

 * Source:

Production
The film was an adaptation by director John Huston and screenwriter Ben Maddow of the 1949 novel by crime writer W. R. Burnett. It was backed by the major film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where it was green-lighted by production chief Dore Schary, over the objections of studio head Louis B. Mayer. From the publication of Burnett's first novel, Little Caesar in 1929, Burnett had a strong track record of books that were adapted into films shortly after publication. Huston and Ben Maddow wrote the adaptation, which emphasized the crooks' story and reduced the police procedural aspect. Burnett was consulted as the shooting script was being written, and he approved the final version. The studio allowed the production a relatively free hand.

Writer Ben Maddow said "a lot of the power [of the movie] was due to the fact that these were New York actors who all knew one another and were trying to outdo one another—and who were stimulants to one another. There was nobody who had a name of any consequence... Most of Huston's talent came in the choice of casting, which most directors will tell you anyway, in moments of frankness. It could have been quite a banal film if badly cast. Imagine Van Johnson or somebody else in the leading part! But it was not an important film, so it was easier to cast."

Production on The Asphalt Jungle took place from October 21, 1949, to late December of that year. Location shooting took place in Lexington and Keeneland, Kentucky and in Cincinnati, Ohio.

In shooting the film, Huston was influenced by European neorealist films such as Open City (1945) and Bicycle Thieves (1948). He combined the naturalism of that genre with the stylized look of film noir and Hollywood crime films. When the film was complete, Louis B. Mayer said: "It's trash. That Asphalt Pavement thing is full of nasty, ugly people doing nasty things. I wouldn't cross the street to see a picture like that."

The Production Code Administration's main concerns with the script were the detailed depiction of the heist and the fact that the character of the corrupt lawyer Emmerich seemed to cheat justice by killing himself. Neither the studio nor the censors interfered significantly with the script, however, and both the heist and the suicide featured in the final cut. The latter scene was re-written: the original had Emmerich finishing a suicide note, while the revision has him stall after writing an endearing salutation to his wife, crumple the note, and become visibly extremely agitated about the decision to kill himself before an abrupt cutaway to an offscreen shot being heard.

Huston's first choice for the role played by Marilyn Monroe was Lola Albright, who was not available. Huston brought in Monroe for a screen test, and rehearsed for it with her in his office. He wasn't convinced that she was right for the part, and dismissed her, but changed his mind when he watched her leave the room. According to film noir authority Eddie Muller, Huston later said that Monroe was "one of the few actresses who could make an entrance by leaving the room." The role was a breakout for her.

Both Huston and star Sterling Hayden, a World War II hero who had fought alongside Yugoslav Partisans and had joined the American Communist Party upon returning to the U.S., were members of the Committee for the First Amendment, which opposed the blacklisting of alleged communists active in the film industry during the Red Scare.

Box office
According to MGM records the film made $1,077,000 in the US and Canada and $1,060,000 overseas resulting in a profit of only $40,000.

Critical response
A contemporary review in Photoplay stated: "This brutally frank story of crime and punishment in a Midwestern city was directed by two-time Academy Award winner, John Huston—son of the late Walter Huston. John's pictures are usually grim (The Treasure of the Sierra Madre), but always dramatic and exciting. This time he exposes the behind-the-scenes details of the robbery of a jewelry store... This picture is packed with stand-out performances... There's a beautiful blonde, too, name of Marilyn Monroe, who plays Calhern's girl friend, and makes the most of her footage."

At the time of its release The New York Times said of the film: "Louis Calhern as the big lawyer who tries to pull a double cross and muffs it is exceptionally fluid and adroit and Sterling Hayden is sure-fire as a brazen hoodlum who just wants to go back home. Likewise Sam Jaffe does wonders as a cool-headed mastermind, James Whitmore is taut as a small 'fixer' and John McIntire is crisp as a chief of police. But, then, everyone in the picture—which was produced incidentally, by M.G.M.—gives an unimpeachable performance. If only it all weren't so corrupt."

In 1988 the Criterion Collection critic Peter Heath Becker admired Huston's technique:

"Through his experience as a painter, [Huston] learned to frame an image, and throughout the film, he uses one shot where other directors might have needed three. He dispenses with editing flourishes and over-dramatic lighting and opts instead for sustained, well-composed shots. By balancing elements in the foreground and background of his images, Huston frames events and responses at once, without cutting between them."

On today's review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 97% based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Asphalt Jungle is an expertly told crime story with attention paid to the crime and characters in equal measure."

Television series
The film spawned a television series of the same name, starring Jack Warden, Arch Johnson, and William Smith, which ran for thirteen episodes in the spring and summer of 1961 on ABC. The series, though, resembled the film in name only, except for one episode, "The Professor", which was constructed as a sequel to the feature. Beyond this, none of the characters in the film appeared in the television scripts, and the plots were devoted to the exploits of the major case squad of the New York Police Department. One of the most notable features of the series is the theme song, written by Duke Ellington.

Legacy
Over time The Asphalt Jungle has become to be regarded as one of the more influential crime films of the 1950s. According to the AFI Film Catalog, "is widely regarded by film critics as one of John Huston's best."

Burnett's novel The Asphalt Jungle was the basis of M-G-M's western film The Badlanders (1958) directed by Delmer Daves, as well as Cairo (1963) starring George Sanders, followed by the blaxploitation film Cool Breeze (1972), directed by Barry Pollack.

The Asphalt Jungle further developed the crime thriller subgenre of caper films. The 1955 French film Rififi, which critics such as Leonard Maltin have labeled as the best heist film ever, drew much inspiration from The Asphalt Jungle.

In 2008, The Asphalt Jungle was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Colorization dispute
The movie was the subject of a film colorization lawsuit and controversy in France. Turner Entertainment entered into an agreement with the French television channel, La Cinq, to broadcast the colorized movie. John Huston's heirs objected, filing a lawsuit against broadcasting this version. On November 23, 1988, The Asphalt Jungle was prohibited from being broadcast in France. On July 6, 1989, La Cinq won on appeal, broadcasting the film on August 6, 1989. Finally in Turner Entertainment Co. v. Huston, on May 28, 1991, the Court of Cassation cancelled the judgment delivered on July 6, 1989, stating that colorizing the movie transformed the original artwork enough to potentially transgress the author's moral rights.

title: The Asphalt Jungle


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Relient K (album)

Relient K is the debut studio album by American rock band Relient K. Many of the tracks are newer versions of those found on their 1998 demo All Work & No Play. Typical of early Relient K albums, the lyrics use pop culture references for teaching and to illustrate Biblical principles. As of late 2006/early 2007, this album has sold around 400,000 copies.

Personnel
Relient K
 * Matt Thiessen – lead vocals, guitars
 * Matt Hoopes – guitars, backing vocals
 * Brian Pittman – bass guitar
 * Stephen Cushman – drums, backing vocals

Production
 * Todd Collins – executive producer
 * Joey Elwood – executive producer
 * Toby McKeehan – executive producer
 * Mark Lee Townsend – producer, recording
 * Russ Long – mixing at The Carport (Nashville, Tennessee)
 * Erik Wolf – mastering at Wolf Mastering (Nashville, Tennessee)
 * Mike McGlaflin – A&R
 * Kerri McKeehan-Stuart – photography
 * Brad Talbott – design, layout
 * Timothy Eddings – management

Notes and miscellanea

 * At the end of "Hello McFly", Toby McKeehan (tobyMac) calls Matt Thiessen, telling him that a song about Marilyn Manson will never be on a CD put out by Gotee Records (the call is followed by "My Girlfriend", a song about Marilyn Manson). McKeehan is the president of Gotee Records, and the one who signed Relient K to a record deal after hearing their demo.
 * The hidden track after "K Car" is entitled "Punk Rock Picnic" - Relient K's "Call Us Rock Stars" with various quotes dubbed over and then music from a polka concert at the end.
 * The song "anchorage" is the only Relient K song to begin with a lowercase letter, and is the first Relient K song that has absolutely no vocals.
 * Pre-release copies of the album feature a short track called "Ed Sullivan" which was excluded from the release version, likely due to licensing issues, as it is in fact a brief parody of the same song from the film Bye Bye Birdie.
 * In the song "K Car", the line, "and Brandon Ebel just gave us a call", references the founder of the Christian record label Tooth & Nail Records.
 * Drummer Stephen Cushman provides the screaming vocals on "Softer to Me", as well as some lead vocals on "Wake Up Call".

Pop culture and Biblical references

 * "Hello McFly" refers to the Back to the Future trilogy, in which the main character was named Marty McFly. The song is about the inability to change one's past.
 * "Charles in Charge" was a cover of the theme from the TV series of the same name.
 * "17 Magazine" refers to the magazine of the same name.
 * "Nancy Drew" refers to the series of children's mysteries with the main character of the same name. This song also mentions The Hardy Boys, the brother series to Nancy Drew.
 * "K Car" refers to Plymouth's Reliant K, based on the K Car platform, for which the band is named.
 * At the end of the polka music that makes up the second half of the hidden track, the man playing that just finished playing the polka music asks the audience if they've heard his song on the radio about the Cleveland Browns. It also features a recording of a Reliant K starting up in the intro.
 * "My Girlfriend" draws parallels to 1 Peter, where the Devil is portrayed as a Lion waiting to devour lives. It also references rocker Marilyn Manson and his song "The Beautiful People".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Relient K (album)


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The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story)

"The Snows of Kilimanjaro" is a short story by American author Ernest Hemingway first published in August 1936, in Esquire magazine. It was republished in The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories in 1938, The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories in 1961, and is included in The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: The Finca Vigía Edition (1987).

Plot
The story opens with a paragraph about Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, whose western summit is called in Masai the "House of God." There, we are told, lies the frozen carcass of a leopard near the summit. No one knows why it is there at such altitude.

The reader is introduced to Harry, a writer dying of gangrene, and Helen, who is with him on safari in Africa. They are stranded in the camp, because a bearing in their truck's engine burnt out. Harry's situation makes him irritable, and he speaks about his impending death in a matter-of-fact, sarcastic way that upsets Helen. He quarrels with her over minute things, from whether he should drink a whiskey and soda, to whether she should read to him. Helen is obviously concerned for his welfare, but Harry's frustration makes him talk unpleasantly towards her.

Harry then begins to ruminate on his life experiences, which have been many and varied, and on the fact that he feels he has never reached his potential as a writer because he has chosen to make his living by marrying wealthy women. In italicized portions of the text that are scattered throughout the story, Hemingway narrates some of Harry's experiences in a stream-of-consciousness style. Harry's first memories consist of traveling around Europe following a battle: hiding a deserter in a cottage, hunting and skiing in the mountains, playing cards during a blizzard, and hearing about a bombing run on a train full of Austrian officers.

Harry then falls asleep and wakes in the evening to find Helen returning from a shooting expedition. He meditates on how she really is thoughtful and good to him, and how she is not to blame that his talent as a writer has been destroyed. Helen, he remembers, is a rich widow who lost her husband and a child, was bored by a series of lovers, and eventually "acquired" Harry because "she wanted some one that she respected with her"; she loves Harry "dearly as a writer, as a man, as a companion and as a proud possession", while Harry makes it clear that he does not love her. Harry then recalls how he developed gangrene two weeks earlier: they had been trying to get a picture of some waterbuck, and Harry scratched his right knee on a thorn. He had not applied iodine right away, and the wound got infected; because all other antiseptics ran out, he used a weak carbolic solution that "paralyzed the minute blood vessels", thus the leg developed gangrene.

As Helen returns to drink cocktails with Harry, they make up over their quarrel. Harry's second memory sequence then begins. He recalls how he once patronized prostitutes in Constantinople "to kill his loneliness", pining for the very first woman he fell in love with, with whom he quarreled in Paris and broke up. Harry had a fight with a British soldier over an Armenian prostitute, and then left Constantinople for Anatolia, where, after running from a group of Turkish soldiers, "he had seen the things that he could never think of and later still he had seen much worse". Then Harry recalls that upon his return to Paris, his then-wife inquired about a letter that was actually from Harry's first love—a reply to the letter he wrote to that woman (mailed to New York, asking to write to his office in Paris) while being in Constantinople.

Helen and Harry eat dinner, and then Harry has another memory—this time of how his grandfather's log house burned down. He then relates how he fished in the Black Forest, and how he lived in a poor quarter of Paris and felt a kinship with his poor neighbors. Next, he remembers a ranch and a boy he turned in to the sheriff after the boy protected Harry's horse feed by shooting and killing a thief. Harry ponders: "That was one story he had saved to write. He knew at least twenty good stories from out there and he had never written one. Why?". Then he felt once again that he'd prefer to be in a different company rather than with Helen, as the "rich were dull". Next, his thoughts wander to beating the fear of death, and the limits of being able to bear pain. He remembers an officer named Williamson who was hit by a bomb, and to whom Harry subsequently fed all his morphine tablets. Harry considers how he does not have to worry about pain in his current condition.

As Harry lies on his cot remembering, he feels the overwhelming presence of death and associates it with the hyena that has been spotted running around the edge of the campsite. He is unable to speak. Helen, thinking that Harry has fallen asleep, has him moved into the tent for the night. Harry dreams that it is morning, and that a man called Compton has come with a plane to rescue him. He is lifted onto the plane (which has space only for him and the pilot) and watches the landscape go by beneath him. Suddenly, he sees the snow-covered top of Mt. Kilimanjaro, and knows that is where he is bound. Helen wakes up in the middle of the night to a strange hyena cry, and finds Harry unresponsive on his cot. It is not specified whether or not Harry is already dead.

Adaptation
A film adaptation of the short story, directed by Henry King, written by Casey Robinson, and starring Gregory Peck as Harry, Susan Hayward as Helen, and Ava Gardner as Cynthia Green (a character invented for the film) appeared in 1952. The film's ending does not mirror the story's ending.

title: The Snows of Kilimanjaro (short story)


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The Creepy EP

The Creepy EP is the second EP by American rock band Relient K. It contains two songs from their later full-length release, The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek, and four exclusive tracks. This EP, along with Relient K's other early EPs, is out of print.

Track listing
All songs written by Matt Thiessen except "Those Words Are Not Enough", written by Matt Hoopes

 * 1) "Pressing On" – 3:31
 * 2) "Those Words Are Not Enough" – 4:49
 * 3) "Operation" – 2:32
 * 4) "Softer to Me (Acoustic)" – 4:12
 * 5) "Jefferson Airplane (Demo)" – 3:56
 * 6) "Pressing On (Back Porch Acoustic)" – 6:59

Personnel

 * Matt Thiessen – lead vocals, guitar, piano
 * Matt Hoopes – guitar, backing vocals
 * Brian Pittman – bass
 * Dave Douglas – drums, backing vocals

Creepy EP

title: The Creepy EP


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Category:Maps

This category and its subcategories are for articles about, and images of, particular geographically based maps. For other types of maps, such as mathematical mappings, please use another category, such as Category:Technical drawing or Category:Diagrams. For genealogical maps see: Category:Family trees.

Articles about mapping are found in Category:Cartography, which includes the Category:Map types.

title: Category:Maps


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Talk:Squat toilet

Regional preferences
We have run a qualitative survey on where squat toilets are common and have produced a summary report, see here on the SuSanA discussion forum. I will take key results from the survey and include them in this article soon. If anyone knows of better sources where regional differences between squatting and sitting toilets have been compiled, please bring them to my attention. EvM-Susana (talk) 16:21, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * They would need to published in a good WP:RS to merit inclusion. Alexbrn (talk) 16:25, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Information about which country has squat toilets and which doesn't is not health related information. So I think a well written report report based on a qualitative survey is better than nothing and would merit inclusion as a source. It is useful for the readers to have an idea of where squat toilets are common and where they are not (and such information can be improved over time once a start has been made). As I said before, if someone knows high quality sources for this, please include them. If not, then having such a survey compilation is far better than nothing at all, in my opinion. At least the source of the information is traceable in this case. EvM-Susana (talk) 16:45, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

I really don't see why you are against including this information in the article: +++++ Regional preferences: Squat toilets are commonly found in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, but can also occasionally be found in some European and Latin American countries. In certain regions, including Japan, Korea, China, and Southern Africa (except for South Africa), squat toilets are found in about equal amounts as sitting toilets.[citation needed] Squat toilets are not common in Central and Northern Europe, North America, Australia.

In Latin and South America, toilets that use water for flushing (flush toilets) are nearly always of the sitting type, whereas toilets that do not use water for flushing (pit latrines and urine-diverting dry toilets) may be of either type, i.e. to be used in a sitting or a squatting position.[citation needed] +++++++

Any resident of the mentioned regions or any traveller there can easily confirm the information provided! Also, note this has been in the article already for a long time. Not every topic has the luxury of peer-reviewed papers, newspaper articles and so forth to draw on - but it is basically common knowledge which can easily be verified by anyone living in that country.EvM-Susana (talk) 16:48, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's not health information - but the normal WP:PAGs still apply. We need to be summarizing 'accepted knowledge' ... and if material is not found in secondary sources it is unlikely to be such. We are a tertiary publication, not a secondary one. Alexbrn (talk) 16:51, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Some things are simply common knowledge (for residents of a certain country) and also no danger to anyone if it needs adjustment in future. For example it is common knowledge (for a German) that Germany has no squat toilets, and it is common knowledge for someone living in India that they are common there. So if I add in the article a sentence about the absence of squat toilets in Germany you want me to find a source for that before you would allow me to add that sentence? It's probably mentioned in some newspaper article somewhere, so you really request that I first run a full Google search to find an article about it? It may not even exist because why would a newspaper article write about something that doesn't exist in Germany (squat toilets) - just as an example. I think for a Wikipedia reader it is useful to know in which regions squat toilets are common and where they are not common. There is no "danger" of providing wrong information here (unlike with information which is on health for example). To make the information that I intend to provide more reliable, I even ran a detailed survey over the course of several weeks (which took me quite some time to do! Wasted time because it would not count as a "reliable source" anyhow?). - Well, let's see what others have to say about this issue. EvM-Susana (talk) 17:05, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * If something is so obvious that no publication ever has mentioned it, then why should Wikipedia? Your primary research would not count as reliable unless assessed by a secondary authority. Original research is of little use: I have (for example) never seen a single squat toilet in CJK (I have in France). My original observation would be no more acceptable than yours. We are meant to be skimming the top off accepted knowledge, not pioneering new areas. Alexbrn (talk) 17:37, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

What is CJK? And yes, they exist in (Southern) France, I will (would) mention that. What's "obvious" is always relative. For an Indian, it is "obvious" that squat toilets exist, how they are used, anal cleansing with water... For a person from the U.S., this is not at all obvious! As you know yourself, a lot of the articles are very U.S. centric. One should never take for granted that everyone knows what you think is obvious. A reader from India might find it a useful fact to know that Germany doesn't have squat toilets. If you are going to delete every single sentence that is not connected with a reference (and a secondary one from a reputable source!) then you have a lot of deleting to do, particularly in the field of sanitation where a lot of the knowledge is in the grey literature or in people's heads. Just take a look at the articles on toilet and on flush toilet and you will find a lot of sentences and information that is there without a reference. I thought Wikipedia is there to make the sum of human knowledge accessible to all. Not to make only that knowledge accessible that has been assessesed by a secondary authority. As Wikipedia has many readers and editors if there is a wrong statement about where squat toilets are used or not used, then this should be quite quickly corrected by the mass of other editors. Anyhow, we are probably at a stale mate here. I would really like to hear the opinions of other editors. Let's put a straight forward question: Can I re-insert this sentence in the article: "Squat toilets are commonly found in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, but can also occasionally be found in some European and Latin American countries."? We can add "citation needed" to the end of the sentence, I would have absolutely no problem with that. Then if someone has the time, they can search the internet and find the missing citation. It probably exists somewhere, but I don't have the time right now to search for it. EvM-Susana (talk) 20:38, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * CJK = China, Japan & Korea. If you want to insert text it needs to be verifiable, so a supporting source is required. Alexbrn (talk) 20:49, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Never heard of the abbreviation CJK before. Yes, you probably didn't see squat toilets in China because probably you didn't travel to the rural areas. This is another aspect that we will mention on the page (backed up with the survey results and local knowledge): that squat toilets are more common in rural areas, less common in urban areas and that there is a trend to fewer squat toilets in some countries due to the feeling that sitting toilets are more "modern". The same issue about geographical occurrence you by the way find here on the page for bidet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidet#Geographical_occurrence --> the countries are mentioned but the need for more citations is also mentioned. For me, that is a perfectly good way of doing things. The reader knows: when I read this, I shall treat the information with care (as with anything on Wikipedia!). And if I find a good reference (of if I have time on my hands to search further), I will add it. I would like to do it in the same way for the geographical occurence for squat toilets. Just because we haven't yet found a superb supporting source, doesn't mean we cannot make some general statements, especially if I have a survey amongst a group of sanitation experts to back this up. EvM-Susana (talk) 21:36, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I certainly don't wish to become involved in this argument but thought I would add a morsel of information about China. In 2011 I travelled by train half way across China - from Dunhuang to Beijing. The train carriages had a flushing squat toilet at one end of each carriage and an upright flushing toilet at the other end. Hope this is of some small interst. Sincerely, John Hill (talk) 21:52, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi John Hill, thanks for your note, interesting! As a Wikipedia reader (and editor), would you find it useful and justifiable to have information about the geographical spread of squat toilets in this article even with minimal in-line citations? EvM-Susana (talk) 22:28, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Sure - so long as the information is clearly marked as being without documentary support, is not controversial, and is replaced with supported information when that becomes available. If ALL information in the Wikipedia has to be supported by information published in recognised sources we are going to find it extremely difficult to write coherent, flowing articles and they will soon be overburdened with quotations and references. John Hill (talk) 22:42, 7 August 2015 (UTC)
 * It is controversial, as I suspect it may simply be wrong. WP:V is a policy we are obliged to follow, and all material in Wikipedia must be attributable to a reliable, published source. If in doubt this could be raised at WP:NORN? Alexbrn (talk) 04:46, 8 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Whilst it might be hard to prove that in certain countries "squat toilets are found in about equal amounts as sitting toilets", it is relatively easy to prove that squat toilets are common in the above mentioned regions from the literature.
 * "Squatting type toilet still commonly used in Japan"
 * "Much of the world's population including Japan, China and the Middle East use an Eastern style toilet whereby one squats over a hole or bowl embedded in the floor"
 * "fixed in-ground commodes (squat toilets) common in many parts of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa; these require the individual to squat on bent knees over an opening level with the ground"
 * "In parts of Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, and several other Asian countries, squat toilets are still prevalent"
 * Clearly this is not controversial and requiring references for things which are plainly obvious is a pointless exercise. OK, fine add a ref need if you really think that this would help, but removing the whole line is an extreme edit, and suggesting that something cannot be true because one has never seen them is just disruptive. JMWt (talk) 10:21, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

Thanks, JMWt! At Alexbrn, what did you mean by this sentence?: "It is controversial, as I suspect it may simply be wrong." What do you suspect to be wrong? The statement about the equal numbers? OK, that can be made more vague, no problem. If I have to find a secondary source reference for any statement whatsoever about where squat toilets are common and where not, then I might as well give up editing this and other pages. I would rather have a page that gives interesting information (with a tag that more citations are needed) than a page that leaves a blank space about geographical occurrence of squat toilets! We are not discussing here live and death type information of very high relevance. EvM-Susana (talk) 11:42, 8 August 2015 (UTC)
 * This ref says squat toilets are common in many Asian countries
 * This ref says "still somewhat common in public restooms in southern and eastern Europe" and "highly popular in Southeast Asia"
 * This ref discusses the changing prevalence in China and the uneven distribution
 * This one some of the changes in toilets in Japan
 * And another
 * Lonely planet also provides this general knowledge in print  Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 13:52, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

OK, that's great, thanks. When someone has the time, please add this into the main article. I doubt though that you will find much "high quality" sources for lesser known countries liked Cameroon or Ghana. Keeping in mind we are not talking about flush toilets here but about the defecation posture, i.e. squatting or sitting. This is actually not a medical issue but a cultural one. When I get around to it, I will add information accordingly, trying as best as possible to use good references. EvM-Susana (talk) 20:14, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

 * These additional references that had been unearthed by others above have now been included in the article. Thanks. EvM-Susana (talk) 13:28, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

Using standard headings
Thanks for your copy editing work, User:Reify-tech. However, I would like to stick to the standard headings as much as possible - see Manual of Style for sanitation-related articles: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(Sanitation) This helps people for quick reads of new articles. You removed the standard heading "Society and culture" - I would like to put that back in. EvMsmile (talk) 05:57, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

splashing
re:
 * They have a lower risk of soiling clothing (urine is less likely to splash on shoes and bottom parts of trousers).

Couldn't this risk from squat toilets by averted by some kind of raised guard against the heel and inner foot to protect the shoes/pants? Are there no models which do that? ScratchMarshall (talk) 06:48, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

New Research in 2018
Does anyone think these studies from 2018 are worth incorporating?

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30645917 Diverticular disease and posture during defecation : a prospective comparative study.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30346317 Implementation of a Defecation Posture Modification Device: Impact on Bowel Movement Patterns in Healthy Subjects. Jonathan108 (talk) 20:23, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm undecided. Are these studies big enough to warrant inclusion? I thought we were meant to focus on meta studies. The second paper in particular had only a very small study group. EMsmile (talk) 04:16, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

Potentially confusing sentence
The first clause doesn't support the second, in my opinion: "The waterless trough reduces the risk of splash-back of water during defecation, which means that sitting toilets are generally preferred in many instances." I don't doubt that sitting toilets are generally preferred, I'm just not sure how a reduced risk of splash-back with NON-sitting toilets would lead people to prefer sitting toilets. Am I missing something? Thanks. ThePedanticPrick (talk) 18:59, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with you and have deleted that sentence. EMsmile (talk) 00:20, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Squat toilet


text:
Blue Skies, Broken Hearts...Next 12 Exits

Blue Skies, Broken Hearts...Next 12 Exits is the second studio album by the American pop punk band The Ataris. It was released on Kung Fu Records on April 13, 1999. The album cover is the neon sign for the Blue Skies Mobile Park in Santa Barbara, California, taken by Roe. In December 1999, the band went on a midwest/west coast tour with MxPx.

Reception
Cleveland.com ranked "San Dimas High School Rules" at number 44 on their list of the top 100 pop-punk songs.

Track listing

 * "My Hotel Year" was originally recorded from the band's previous EP Look Forward to Failure, and was re-recorded for the album as an acoustic version.

Personnel

 * The Ataris
 * Kris Roe – Lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Michael Davenport – Bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Patrick Riley – Lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Chris Knapp - Drums

 * Artwork
 * Grace Walker – Art Direction
 * Kris Roe – Design & Layout, photography
 * Patrick Riley – Design & Layout
 * Larry Mills – Live photography

 * Production
 * Joey Cape – Producer, mixing
 * Angus Cooke – Engineer
 * Jason Livermore – Mixing at The Blasting Room, Ft. Collins, CO

 * Management
 * Alan Mintz – Legal Representation


text:
Category:Dystopian novels

Please see the article dystopia for discussion of definition. Note that there is no one definition of dystopia that is agreed upon by all, as the term is usually used to refer to something much more specific than simply a nightmare world or an unpleasant future. Entries should only be added to these category if their article clearly states that they are dystopian.

title: Category:Dystopian novels


text:
Yoho

Yoho or Yo Ho may refer to:

 * Yoho Ahoy, British children's television series
 * Yoho National Park in British Columbia, Canada
 * Yoho Lake in New Brunswick, Canada
 * Yoho Mall in Yuen Long, Hong Kong
 * Yoho Town in Yuen Long, Hong Kong
 * Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me), the theme song for the Pirates of the Caribbean attractions at Disney theme parks
 * USS Yo Ho (SP-463), a patrol vessel that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919

People with the surname

 * Mack Yoho, American football player
 * Monte Yoho, American southern rock and country musician
 * Ted Yoho, American politician

title: Yoho


text:
Curtain wall (architecture)

A curtain wall is an exterior covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, instead serving to protect the interior of the building from the elements. Because the curtain wall façade carries no structural load beyond its own dead load weight, it can be made of lightweight materials. The wall transfers lateral wind loads upon it to the main building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building.

Curtain walls may be designed as "systems" integrating frame, wall panel, and weatherproofing materials. Steel frames have largely given way to aluminum extrusions. Glass is typically used for infill because it can reduce construction costs, provide an architecturally pleasing look, and allow natural light to penetrate deeper within the building. However, glass also makes the effects of light on visual comfort and solar heat gain in a building more difficult to control. Other common infills include stone veneer, metal panels, louvres, and operable windows or vents.

Unlike storefront systems, curtain wall systems are designed to span multiple floors, taking into consideration building sway and movement and design requirements such as thermal expansion and contraction; seismic requirements; water diversion; and thermal efficiency for cost-effective heating, cooling, and interior lighting.

History

Historically, buildings were constructed of timber, masonry, or a combination of both. Their exterior walls were load-bearing, supporting much or all of the load of the entire structure. The nature of the materials resulted in inherent limits to a building's height and the maximum size of window openings.

The development and widespread use of structural steel and later reinforced concrete allowed relatively small columns to support large loads. The exterior walls could be non-load bearing, and thus much lighter and more open than load-bearing walls of the past. This gave way to increased use of glass as an exterior façade, and the modern-day curtain wall was born.

Post-and-beam and balloon framed timber structures effectively had an early version of curtain walls, for their frames supported loads that allowed the walls themselves to serve other functions, such as keeping weather out and allowing light in. When iron began to be used extensively in buildings in late 18th-century Britain, such as at Ditherington Flax Mill, and later when buildings of wrought iron and glass such as The Crystal Palace were built, the building blocks of structural understanding were laid for the development of curtain walls.

Oriel Chambers (1864) and 16 Cook Street (1866), both built in Liverpool, England, by local architect and civil engineer Peter Ellis, are characterised by their extensive use of glass in their facades. Toward the courtyards they boasted metal-framed glass curtain walls, which makes them two of the world's first buildings to include this architectural feature. Oriel Chambers is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the earliest such building. The extensive glass walls allowed light to penetrate further into the building, utilizing more floor space and reducing lighting costs. Oriel Chambers comprises 43000 sqft set over five floors without an elevator, which had only recently been invented and was not yet widespread. The Statue of Liberty (1886) features a thin, non-load-bearing copper skin. Extensive use of glass became required for large factory buildings to allow light for manufacture, sometimes making it seem like they had all glass facades.

An early example of an all-steel curtain wall used in the classical style is the Kaufhaus Tietz department store on Leipziger Straße, Berlin, built in 1901 (since demolished).

Some of the first curtain walls were made with steel mullions, and the polished plate glass was attached to the mullions with asbestos- or fiberglass-modified glazing compound. Eventually silicone sealants or glazing tape were substituted for the glazing compound. Some designs included an outer cap to hold the glass in place and to protect the integrity of the seals. The landmarks of curtain wall design as it came to dominate construction were the very different systems used by the United Nations Headquarters and the Lever House completed in 1952.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's curtain wall is one of the most important aspects of his architectural design. Mies first began prototyping the curtain wall in his high-rise residential building designs along Chicago's lakeshore, achieving the look of a curtain wall at 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments. He finally perfected the curtain wall at 900–910 Lake Shore Drive, where the curtain is an autonomous aluminum and glass skin. After 900–910, Mies's curtain wall appeared on all of his subsequent high-rise building designs, including the Seagram Building in New York.

The widespread use of aluminium extrusions for mullions began during the 1970s. Aluminum alloys offer the unique advantage of being able to be easily extruded into nearly any shape required for design and aesthetic purposes. Today, the design complexity and shapes available are nearly limitless. Custom shapes can be designed and manufactured with relative ease. The Omni San Diego Hotel curtain wall in California, designed by architectural firm Hornberger and Worstel and developed by JMI Realty, is an example of a unitized curtain-wall system with integrated sunshades.

Stick systems
The vast majority of ground-floor curtain walls are installed as long pieces (referred to as sticks) between floors vertically and between vertical members horizontally. Framing members may be fabricated in a shop, but installation and glazing is typically performed at the jobsite.

Ladder systems
Very similar to a stick system, a ladder system has mullions which can be split and then either snapped or screwed together consisting of a half box and plate. This allows sections of curtain wall to be fabricated in a shop, effectively reducing the time spent installing the system onsite. The drawbacks of using such a system is reduced structural performance and visible joint lines down the length of each mullion.

Unitized systems
Unitized curtain walls entail factory fabrication and assembly of panels and may include factory glazing. These completed units are installed on the building structure to form the building enclosure. Unitized curtain wall has the advantages of: speed; lower field installation costs; and quality control within an interior climate-controlled environment. The economic benefits are typically realized on large projects or in areas of high field labor rates.

Rainscreen principle
A common feature in curtain wall technology, the rainscreen principle theorizes that equilibrium of air pressure between the outside and inside of the "rainscreen" prevents water penetration into the building. For example, the glass is captured between an inner and an outer gasket in a space called the glazing rebate. The glazing rebate is ventilated to the exterior so that the pressure on the inner and outer sides of the outer gasket is the same. When the pressure is equal across this gasket, water cannot be drawn through joints or defects in the gasket.

Design concerns
A curtain wall system must be designed to handle all loads imposed on it as well as keep air and water from penetrating the building envelope.

Loads
The loads imposed on the curtain wall are transferred to the building structure through the anchors which attach the mullions to the building.

Dead load is defined as the weight of structural elements and the permanent features on the structure. In the case of curtain walls, this load is made up of the weight of the mullions, anchors and other structural components of the curtain wall, as well as the weight of the infill material. Additional dead loads imposed on the curtain wall may include sunshades or signage attached to the curtain wall.
 * Dead load

Wind load is a normal force acting on the building as the result of wind blowing on the building. Wind pressure is resisted by the curtain wall system since it envelops and protects the building. Wind loads vary greatly throughout the world, with the largest wind loads being near the coast in hurricane-prone regions. For each project location, building codes specify the required design wind loads. Often, a wind tunnel study is performed on large or unusually-shaped buildings. A scale model of the building and the surrounding vicinity is built and placed in a wind tunnel to determine the wind pressures acting on the structure in question. These studies take into account vortex shedding around corners and the effects of surrounding topography and buildings.
 * Wind load

Seismic loads in a curtain wall system are limited to the interstory drift induced on the building during an earthquake. In most situations, the curtain wall is able to naturally withstand seismic and wind induced building sway because of the space provided between the glazing infill and the mullion. In tests, standard curtain wall systems are typically able to withstand up to 3 in of relative floor movement without glass breakage or water leakage.
 * Seismic load

Snow loads and live loads are not typically an issue in curtain walls, since curtain walls are designed to be vertical or slightly inclined. If the slope of a wall exceeds 20 degrees or so, these loads may need to be considered.
 * Snow load

Thermal loads are induced in a curtain wall system because aluminum has a relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion. This means that over the span of a couple of floors, the curtain wall will expand and contract some distance, relative to its length and the temperature differential. This expansion and contraction is accounted for by cutting horizontal mullions slightly short and allowing a space between the horizontal and vertical mullions. In unitized curtain wall, a gap is left between units, which is sealed from air and water penetration by gaskets. Vertically, anchors carrying wind load only (not dead load) are slotted to account for movement. Incidentally, this slot also accounts for live load deflection and creep in the floor slabs of the building structure.
 * Thermal load

Accidental explosions and terrorist threats have brought on increased concern for the fragility of a curtain wall system in relation to blast loads. The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, has spawned much of the current research and mandates in regards to building response to blast loads. Currently, all new federal buildings in the U.S. and all U.S. embassies built on foreign soil must have some provision for resistance to bomb blasts.
 * Blast load

Since the curtain wall is at the exterior of the building, it becomes the first line of defense in a bomb attack. As such, blast resistant curtain walls are designed to withstand such forces without compromising the interior of the building to protect its occupants. Since blast loads are very high loads with short durations, the curtain wall response should be analyzed in a dynamic load analysis, with full-scale mock-up testing performed prior to design completion and installation.

Blast resistant glazing consists of laminated glass, which is meant to break but not separate from the mullions. Similar technology is used in hurricane-prone areas for impact protection from wind-borne debris.

Air infiltration
Air infiltration is the air which passes through the curtain wall from the exterior to the interior of the building. The air is infiltrated through the gaskets, through imperfect joinery between the horizontal and vertical mullions, through weep holes, and through imperfect sealing. The American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) is an industry trade group in the U.S. that has developed voluntary specifications regarding acceptable levels of air infiltration through a curtain wall.

Water penetration
Water penetration is defined as water passing from the exterior of the building to the interior of the curtain wall system. Sometimes, depending on the building specifications, a small amount of controlled water on the interior is deemed acceptable. Controlled water penetration is defined as water that penetrates beyond the inner most vertical plane of the test specimen, but has a designed means of drainage back to the exterior. AAMA Voluntary Specifications allow for controlled water penetration while the underlying ASTM E1105 test method would define such water penetration as a failure. To test the ability of a curtain wall to withstand water penetration in the field, an ASTM E1105 water spray rack system is placed on the exterior side of the test specimen, and a positive air pressure difference is applied to the system. This set up simulates a wind driven rain event on the curtain wall to check for field performance of the product and of the installation. Field quality control and assurance checks for water penetration has become the norm as builders and installers apply such quality programs to help reduce the number of water damage litigation suits against their work.

Deflection
One of the disadvantages of using aluminum for mullions is that its modulus of elasticity is about one-third that of steel. This translates to three times more deflection in an aluminum mullion compared to a similar steel section under a given load. Building specifications set deflection limits for perpendicular (wind-induced) and in-plane (dead load-induced) deflections. These deflection limits are not imposed due to strength capacities of the mullions. Rather, they are designed to limit deflection of the glass (which may break under excessive deflection), and to ensure that the glass does not come out of its pocket in the mullion. Deflection limits are also necessary to control movement at the interior of the curtain wall. Building construction may be such that there is a wall located near the mullion, and excessive deflection can cause the mullion to contact the wall and cause damage. Also, if deflection of a wall is quite noticeable, public perception may raise undue concern that the wall is not strong enough.

Deflection limits are typically expressed as the distance between anchor points divided by a constant number. A deflection limit of L/175 is common in curtain wall specifications, based on experience with deflection limits that are unlikely to cause damage to the glass held by the mullion. Say that a given curtain wall is anchored at 12-foot (144 in) floor heights. The allowable deflection would then be 144/175 = 0.823 inches, which means the wall is allowed to deflect inward or outward a maximum of 0.823 inches at the maximum wind pressure. However, some panels require stricter movement restrictions, or certainly those that prohibit a torque-like motion.

Deflection in mullions is controlled by different shapes and depths of curtain wall members. The depth of a given curtain wall system is usually controlled by the area moment of inertia required to keep deflection limits under the specification. Another way to limit deflections in a given section is to add steel reinforcement to the inside tube of the mullion. Since steel deflects at one-third the rate of aluminum, the steel will resist much of the load at a lower cost or smaller depth.

Deflection in curtain wall mullions also differs from deflection of the building structure, whether concrete, steel, or timber. Curtain wall anchors must be designed to allow differential movement between the building structure and the curtain wall.

Strength
Strength (or maximum usable stress) available to a particular material is not related to its material stiffness (the material property governing deflection); it is a separate criterion in curtain wall design and analysis. This often affects the selection of materials and sizes for design of the system. The allowable bending strength for certain aluminum alloys, such as those typically used in curtain wall framing, approaches the allowable bending strength of steel alloys used in building construction.

Thermal criteria
Relative to other building components, aluminum has a high heat transfer coefficient, meaning that aluminum is a very good conductor of heat. This translates into high heat loss through aluminum (or steel) curtain wall mullions. There are several ways to compensate for this heat loss, the most common way being the addition of thermal breaks. These are barriers between exterior metal and interior metal, usually made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These breaks provide a significant decrease in the thermal conductivity of the curtain wall. However, since the thermal break interrupts the aluminum mullion, the overall moment of inertia of the mullion is reduced and must be accounted for in the structural analysis and deflection analysis of the system.

Thermal conductivity of the curtain wall system is important because of heat loss through the wall, which affects the heating and cooling costs of the building. On a poorly performing curtain wall, condensation may form on the interior of the mullions. This could cause damage to adjacent interior trim and walls.

Rigid insulation is provided in spandrel areas to provide a higher R-value at these locations.

Thermally-broken mullions with double- or triple-glazed IGUs are often referred to as "high-performance" curtain walls. While these curtain wall systems are more energy-efficient than older, single-glazed versions, they are still significantly less efficient than opaque (solid) wall construction. For example, nearly all curtain wall systems, thermally-broken or otherwise, have a U-value of 0.2 or higher, which is equivalent to an R-value of 5 or lower.

Infills
Infill refers to the large panels that are inserted into the curtain wall between mullions. Infills are typically glass but may be made up of nearly any exterior building element. Some common infills include metal panels, louvers, and photovoltaic panels. Infills are also referred to as spandrels or spandrel panels.

Glass
Float glass is by far the most common curtain wall glazing type. It can be manufactured in an almost infinite combination of color, thickness, and opacity. For commercial construction, the two most common thicknesses are 1/4 in monolithic and 1 in insulating glass. 1/4 inch glass is typically used only in spandrel areas, while insulating glass is used for the rest of the building (sometimes spandrel glass is specified as insulating glass as well). The 1 inch insulation glass is typically made up of two 1/4-inch lites of glass with a 1/2 in airspace. The air inside is usually atmospheric air, but some inert gases, such as argon or krypton, may be used in order to offer better thermal transmittance values. In Europe, triple-pane insulating glass infill is now common. In Scandinavia, the first curtain walls with quadruple-pane have been built.

Larger thicknesses are typically employed for buildings or areas with higher thermal, relative humidity, or sound transmission requirements, such as laboratory areas or recording studios. In residential construction, thicknesses commonly used are 1/8 in monolithic and 5/8 in insulating glass.

Glass may be used which is transparent, translucent, or opaque, or in varying degrees thereof. Transparent glass usually refers to vision glass in a curtain wall. Spandrel or vision glass may also contain translucent glass, which could be for security or aesthetic purposes. Opaque glass is used in areas to hide a column or spandrel beam or shear wall behind the curtain wall. Another method of hiding spandrel areas is through shadow box construction (providing a dark enclosed space behind the transparent or translucent glass). Shadow box construction creates a perception of depth behind the glass that is sometimes desired.

Stone veneer
Thin blocks (3 to 4 in) of stone can be inset within a curtain wall system. The type of stone used is limited only by the strength of the stone and the ability to manufacture it in the proper shape and size. Common stone types used are: calcium silicate, granite, marble, travertine, limestone, and engineered stone. To reduce weight and improve strength, the natural stone may be attached to an aluminum honeycomb backing.

Panels
Metal panels can take various forms including stainless steel, aluminum plate; aluminum composite panels consisting of two thin aluminum sheets sandwiching a thin plastic interlayer; copper wall cladding, and panels consisting of metal sheets bonded to rigid insulation, with or without an inner metal sheet to create a sandwich panel. Other opaque panel materials include fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) and terracotta. Terracotta curtain wall panels were first used in Europe, but only a few manufacturers produce high quality modern terracotta curtain wall panels.

Louvers
A louver is provided in an area where mechanical equipment located inside the building requires ventilation or fresh air to operate. They can also serve as a means of allowing outside air to filter into the building to take advantage of favorable climatic conditions and minimize the usage of energy-consuming HVAC systems. Curtain wall systems can be adapted to accept most types of louver systems to maintain the same architectural sightlines and style while providing desired functionality.

Windows and vents
Most curtain wall glazing is fixed, meaning that there is no access to the exterior of the building except through doors. However, windows or vents can be glazed into the curtain wall system as well, to provide required ventilation or operable windows. Nearly any window type can be made to fit into a curtain wall system.

Fire safety
Firestopping at the perimeter slab edge, which is a gap between the floor and the curtain wall, is essential to slow the passage of fire and combustion gases between floors. Spandrel areas must have non-combustible insulation at the interior face of the curtain wall. Some building codes require the mullion to be wrapped in heat-retarding insulation near the ceiling to prevent the mullions from melting and spreading the fire to the floor above. The firestop at the perimeter slab edge is considered a continuation of the fire-resistance rating of the floor slab. The curtain wall itself, however, is not ordinarily required to have a rating. This causes a quandary as compartmentalization (fire protection) is typically based upon closed compartments to avoid fire and smoke migrations beyond each engaged compartment. A curtain wall by its very nature prevents the completion of the compartment (or envelope). The use of fire sprinklers has been shown to mitigate this matter. As such, unless the building is sprinklered, fire may still travel up the curtain wall, if the glass on the exposed floor is shattered from heat, causing flames to lick up the outside of the building.

Falling glass can endanger pedestrians, firefighters and firehoses below. An example of this is the 1988 First Interstate Tower fire in Los Angeles, California. The fire leapfrogged up the tower by shattering the glass and then consuming the aluminum framing holding the glass. Aluminum's melting temperature is 660 °C, whereas building fires can reach 1,100 °C. The melting point of aluminum is typically reached within minutes of the start of a fire.

Fireman knock-out glazing panels are often required for venting and emergency access from the exterior. Knock-out panels are generally fully tempered glass to allow full fracturing of the panel into small pieces and relatively safe removal from the opening.

Maintenance and repair
Curtain walls and perimeter sealants require maintenance to maximize service life. Perimeter sealants, properly designed and installed, have a typical service life of 10 to 15 years. Removal and replacement of perimeter sealants require meticulous surface preparation and proper detailing.

Aluminum frames are generally painted or anodized. Care must be taken when cleaning areas around anodized material as some cleaning agents will destroy the finish. Factory applied fluoropolymer thermoset coatings have good resistance to environmental degradation and require only periodic cleaning. Recoating with an air-dry fluoropolymer coating is possible but requires special surface preparation and is not as durable as the baked-on original coating. Anodized aluminum frames cannot be "re-anodized" in place but can be cleaned and protected by proprietary clear coatings to improve appearance and durability.

Stainless steel curtain walls require no coatings, and embossed, as opposed to abrasively finished, surfaces maintain their original appearance indefinitely without cleaning or other maintenance. Some specially textured matte stainless steel surface finishes are hydrophobic and resist airborne and rain-borne pollutants. This has been valuable in the American Southwest and in the Mideast for avoiding dust, as well as avoiding soot and smoke staining in polluted urban areas.

title: Curtain wall (architecture)


text:
General Lee (disambiguation)

General Lee commonly refers to the Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee.

General Lee may also refer to:

People

 * Albert Lindley Lee (1834–1907), Union Army brigadier general
 * Benjamin Lee (general) (1774–1828), North Carolina State Militia brigadier general in the American Revolutionary War
 * Charles Lee (general) (c. 1732–1782), Continental Army major general
 * Edward M. Lee (fl. 1860s), Union Army brevet brigadier general
 * Edwin Gray Lee (1836–1870), Confederate States Army brigadier general, cousin of Robert
 * Fitzhugh Lee (1835–1905), Confederate States and United States Army major general, nephew of Robert
 * George Washington Custis Lee (1832–1913), Confederate States Army major general, son of Robert
 * Harry Lee (United States Marine) (1872–1935), U.S. Marine Corps general
 * Harry Lee (sheriff) (1932–2007), U.S. National Guard general
 * Henry Lee III (1756–1818), U.S. Army major general during the Whiskey Rebellion, father of Robert E. Lee
 * James Madison Lee (1926–2017), U.S. Army general
 * John C. H. Lee (1887–1958), U.S. Army lieutenant general during World War II
 * Robert Merrill Lee (1909–2003), U.S. Air Force general
 * Stephen D. Lee (1833–1908), Confederate States Army lieutenant general
 * William C. Lee (1895–1948), U.S. Army major general during World War II
 * William Henry Fitzhugh Lee (1837–1891), Confederate States Army major general, son of Robert
 * William Lee (American judge) (died c. 1823), Georgia Volunteer Militia brigadier general

Fictional

 * General Tani, a Takeshi's Castle character known as General Lee in the UK and Indian versions

Other

 * M3 Lee, medium tank used in World War II
 * General Beauregard Lee, the name for one of the groundhogs that predicts the weather on the American holiday known as Groundhog Day
 * General Lee (car), a fictional automobile driven by Bo and Luke Duke in the 1979–1985 American television series The Dukes of Hazzard.
 * "The General Lee" (song), a 1981 song by Johnny Cash for The Dukes of Hazzard soundtrack

title: General Lee (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Moink/archive291105

Old talk archives:
 * Aug 11, 2004: User talk:Moink/archive110704
 * May 10, 2004: User talk:Moink/archive100504
 * Mar 16, 2004: User talk:Moink/archive160304

Kenneth Alan

 * Kenneth Alan's case it now in arbitration. See Requests for arbitration/Kenneth Alan. You may wish to add comment to Requests for arbitration/Kenneth Alan/Evidence Mintguy (T) 14:16, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hey, where'd you go?
You're missed, friend. :-) I hope you're vacationing or taking some time to focus on grad school, and not leaving us?  If anything is going on that I can help out with, please let me know.  It would be good to see you around again.  Best wishes, Jwrosenzweig 15:19, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Very nice to see you dropped in. I hope everything is all right?  Given that you're a friend (as we've noted before) and my occasional alter ego (or am I yours?), I hope you know you could count on me to help out if anything around here was causing you enough stress to be absent?  Best wishes and have a great autumn -- hope to see you here again soon, Jwrosenzweig 22:33, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mediation Committee application
Hi, just a note to say that Grunt has applied to join the mediation committee. There is a vote at Mediation_Committee if you want to participate. (if you are still around - and I hope you are!) Regards -- sannse (talk) 22:16, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
It could just be me, but recent edits to this article seem to me to say way too much about how great MIT is, and seem to be moving it in the direction of being a bland PR puff job. I'd appreciate it if previous contributors would keep an eye on this article and make sure it reflects a reasonable consensus about what "neutrality" means. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 19:44, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yay!
Glad to see you're back :) -- I thought you had quit. →Raul654 17:46, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi -- nice to see you! BCorr | Брайен 17:48, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Dit-dit-ditto... +sj +

"Terrorism" straw poll
Moink, there is a straw poll going on at Straw poll on use of the term "terrorist" on whether or not to use the term "terrorist" to describe the 9/11 attacks. I'd be interested in hearing your view on the subject. – Quadell (talk) (help)  23:11, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

Boston gathering
Hi moink, there's another Boston meetup being planned this month; I hope you can make it. (see Meetup/Boston). +sj + 21:20, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hate Groups and NRMs
Care to comment on the dispute about Hate_group?. That section is now in RfC. Thanks. --Zappaz 01:19, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Could someone please start mediating? - Andre Engels 16:02, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

No need to deactivate your admin status
but it's generally good to slide back in slowly and make sure the rules didn't change out from under you, IMO. —Morven 00:34, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

Welcome back pt 2
Theresa - welcome back (again) - we missed you :) →Raul654 00:32, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)

Good to see you around again. --Michael Snow 04:06, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Welcome back once again! I feared we'd lost you -- it is good to know your absence wasn't directly caused by us here (though it sounds like the semester was quite rough! You have my sympathies). In case you hadn't seen, I've fled the ArbCom and am now serving as your colleague on the MC. If you get any time and feel inclined, any advice about how to mediate, what works, what doesn't is more than welcome. Best wishes, Jwrosenzweig 21:04, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hey there! A belated welcome back from me, too. I was just thinking that I hadn't seen you around in a while, and then saw your question on the Reference Desk. I wouldn't worry about the inactive admin thing. The only thing I can think of that's changed recently is some additions to Candidates for speedy deletion. Isomorphic 23:25, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mediation meeting
Template:Mediation-meeting Please edit the side box here (be brief) to update when you might be able to attend. Thanks. -==SV 22:05, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Local beans
Planning some Boston meetups over the coming weeks: tomorrow (Sunday) at Asmara, and two weeks later in (place tbd)... would love to see you. unifiedly, +sj +  20:27, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

about your (great) artical on lift
you said u wanted to make it easy for anyone to understand u so let me congratulate u on doing just that

the problem is u failed diddent mention some of the mesuaring units i just asumed that since u mesured preasure in kg per m2 that u where using the metric system but my calculations leads me to suspect otherwise

i assumed that vingsurfus where in m2 and velosity in km per hour and lift in kilos

im not really sure how u can get back in touch with me so if u could update the lift-page with the correct units i would be one happy wannabenerd!

thanks a lot Jesper

I'm a new voter
Welcome, ! I noticed that you placed a vote on wp:vfd. Participation in the community is encouraged, of course, but your status as a brand new user means that your vote might not be counted. Please understand that this is a common practice on Wikipedia, and that it is necessary to prevent deliberate misuse of our voting systems. Straw polls on Wikipedia are meant to measure community consensus, and should not necessarily be taken as literal one-member one-vote voting. However, please do make further contributions to Wikipedia, and express your opinion on policy matters.
 * moink 16:47, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Didnt see it, sorry
self-castration while interesting in its own right, unless its historically significant in relation to larger events, shouldnt be in the lead. You know, if this event caused his downfall as Pope it would be notable. Stbalbach 03:27, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

disrupting wikipedia policy vote
You voted once for the policy at Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. Despite a 75% support that vote was rejected by the minority. A new vote has been called with a two week limit at Wikipedia talk:Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. Please take a moment to participate. Thanks. - Tεx  τ  urε  16:55, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Oh where, oh where has my Moink gone?
Moink - where have you wandered off to? →Raul654 01:37, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Busking
I don't know any famous buskers, but here's a tidbit for MrMoink: Buskers in the London Underground have to get a licence from Transport for London (who run it). This entails their having to audition (the standard is very high), and after that they get a designated slot. I think they're not allowed to play anywhere or anywhen else. Some more info at. I guess you could ask the London photo dweebs (User:CGP, User:ChrisO, User:Ed g2s, User:Jdforrester, User:MykReeve, User:Secretlondon, and User:Worldtraveller) to take you a busker-in-the-underground image (maybe even the digeridoo guy). -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 18:55, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Testing a link
Votes for deletion/Booger (2nd nomination) Ok, that worked... why can't I get it to work elsewhere!!! AHHHHHH! moink 06:54, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Harry Potter Trolling
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Harry_Potter_trolling&curid=2595156&diff=23084096&oldid=22941190

Lets see, the votes were 16 delete, 4 merge, and 3 keep. One keep vote was an anon, another an unsigned vote. Thus, you get 16D to 5Non Delete votes. That's a definite consensus to me... R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:43, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Votes for undeletion. Please vote eh? ;) R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 23:25, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Hey, I wasn't thinking. I kinda feel like a dick for doing that man. I'm sorry. What do you think of the deletion review idea though? -- Phroziac (talk) 21:16, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. As for that proposal, [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Extreme lesbian support! :) -- Phroziac (talk) 21:32, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Hey
Just popped in to say I love your "how I became a Wikipedian..." story on your userpage. Best · Katefan0(scribble) 21:41, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Boston shenanigans
Hello Moink, long time... what are you up to? There's a meetup in Cambridge two mondays from now, with a special guest visit from the Museum of Science, and a proposal to have Wikimania in Boston next year... let me know if you're interested in either. +sj +  07:52, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Sycophancy
Hello, person with whom I've never interacted. Simply saying that I've appreciated your input in discussions regarding admin behavior on VfU and the like. brenneman (t) (c) 12:27, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hey, Moink. Thanks for the cucumber! You guessed my gender right. I'm still quite fresh to this whole admin thing, so I suppose I have learnt that I must tread extra-extra-carefully when I decide to delete close-cut AfDs. (Though, honestly, I didn't expect any inflammation over that one; I'd have written out my reasoning if I had.) That was my first proper 'encounter' on AN/I — I usually quietly watch from the sidelines — I think that looking for community opinion one way or the other is far the better thing to do. Anyway, thanks again. -Splash talk 15:13, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Mike Kinkella
Moink, you recently closed Articles for deletion/Mike Kinkella, and I don't disagree with this conclusion, but I would like to ask that you temporarily undelete this as it is being referenced during the RFA for DESiegel in a discussion of whether DES overstepped his bounds in nominating articles for speedy.

If you don't object to undeleting it for that purpose, I'll make sure it is deleted at the end of the RFA. Dragons flight 00:30, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Since you seem to be unavailable right now, I am going to go ahead and temporarily undelete this. If you have a problem with my doing so, feel free to leave me a message.  Dragons flight 01:43, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Amsterdam...
I posted a comment on your user page to keep the discussion together. Hope you don't mind. - Mgm|(talk) 15:53, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

AFD
I'll be responding to this thread on my talk page. --Phroziac(talk) 16:32, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Blocking
Greetings! Noticed you chiming in on the Brian0918 blocking discussion, and thought I would tell you that my own approach to blocking was very much shaped by a post you made a while ago -- I don't even remember where it was, but I'm pretty sure it was you -- on why you use multiple warnings before blocking. Just thought I might say hello and let you know you're not writing into a vacuum. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:57, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Deletion Review
Hi. You were involved in the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Votes for undeletion which looked to establish a Deletion Review process in place of VfU. There is now a discussion about how we might construct the mechanics of such a process. The current proposal suggests that debates be relisted on AfD if there is a majority of editors wanting to overturn the debate (usually on procedural grounds) and that the alternative result be implemented if it is supported by three-quarters of editors. Please call by Wikipedia talk:Votes for undeletion/Deletion review proposal when you can to discuss. Thanks. Tito xd (?!?) 02:01, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Comment
Would you like to rephrase what you wrote?. No. --Calton | Talk 07:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Let me clarify my answer: "'Hell no, I will not rephrase my answer because everything in it was perfectly true and appropriate." Is that clear enough?

And in response to your comment on my Talk Page, I would like to point out that my mother is not dead yet and I am not accepting applications for her replacement. And it might be considered a less-than-brilliant management technique to candidly ask for advice (while, you know, insulting the target) on a public, highly trafficked page: you didn't think I'd notice, or was it merely a passive-aggressive stunt get in your digs? If the former, I'm thinking that you're not very good at card games ("Hey guys, is having four of the aces a good thing?"), but I'll give you the benefit of the doubt because the latter is just too horrible to contemplate. Certainly I was willing to give you the benefit of the doubt in my reply until I read that.

As for your comment itself, I'm not sure what I find most annoying about it: the cheap middle-management technique of praise followed by criticism (you followed that advice, I see), the chirpy yet condescending tone, the eye-rollingly obvious communication lessons, or the outright inaccuracies/misrepresentations at the heart of your finger-wagging.

Let's deal with the last one, shall we? What newbies, exactly, have I been biting and frightening off? Can you name one? I seriously doubt it.

But let's stretch the definition to include some recent "targets", starting with that gasbag GordonWatts. Do you have the faintest inkling of what a blot on Wikipedia this guy is? When I said he was dishonest, incompetent, and fanatical, I wasn't employing any hyperbole: skim the Talk pages of the Terri Schiavo article (including the archives), Jimbo Wales's talk pages, GordonWatts's own page and talk page, and, especially, his abortive attempt at becoming an admin (go here first, it'll include links to examples of the others) to see his single-issue fanaticism; his disrespect for consensus, NPOV, and basic policy; his persistent argumentation and wikilawyering; and his intellectual dishonesty and reinterpretations of reality (the "incompetence" part admittedly takes some digging: buried in one of the Terri Schiavo archives is User:FuelWagon's research into how Gordon bobbled a perfectly simple legal motion in pursuit of his obsession and how Gordon was trumpeting this as if it were a great legal victory). This guy doesn't deserve civility; he deserves to be shown the door.

Or maybe you were worried about RoyBoy, who nominated an article for deletion and then immediately deleted the AfD listing. Of course, he came to ME about it, not vice versa, so if he didn't want my opinion he shouldn't have asked for it. I would think you would consider that a bad idea -- oh, wait you do.

Let's cut to the chase: if you've got a problem with me, file an RFC, document your charges directly instead of hiding behind vague, passive-aggressive generalities, and stand behind them. But save the lectures for someone who thinks your opinion has value. Clear? --Calton | Talk 05:27, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia Story
Liked the story a great deal, partially because it involves a bridge behaving badly; and because I forget how I was introduced to Wikipedia... so I guess I can adopt that story as my own for the time being. I took the liberty of fixing the Tacoma Narrows Bridge redirect, hope to be seeing more of ya... out there. - RoyBoy 800 06:12, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Spiders vs Housefly
Hi. You closed this afd as delete, but don't seem to have pushed the button on the article itself. —Cryptic (talk) 08:40, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

User categorisation
Please see Category:Wikipedians in Massachusetts for info on the continuing project of user categorisation --Vidkun 21:08, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moink/archive291105


text:
The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek

The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek (often shortened to Anatomy) is the second full-length album released by the Christian rock band Relient K. It was released on August 28, 2001, and peaked at No. 158 on the Billboard 200. On June 26, 2006, the album was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000 units in the United States. The cover of the original release is similar to that of the 1999 Ramones release Hey Ho! Let's Go: The Anthology.

The album continues the band's liberal use of pop culture references (such as the song "I'm Lion-O," which is about the popular TV series Thundercats). Song themes range from pop culture to Christian themes—growth in faith ("Pressing On"), backsliding ("What Have You Been Doing Lately?"), worship ("Those Words Are Not Enough," "For the Moments I Feel Faint," and "Less Is More") —and social themes—such as racism and persecution ("Failure to Excommunicate"), judgementalism ("Down in Flames")—to making excuses or blaming others for one's own faults ("Maybe It's Maybeline"). There is also a song about one's experiences in high school ("Sadie Hawkins Dance").

Gotee Records released a "Gold Edition" of this album on October 31, 2006, along with the release of a "Gold Edition" of Two Lefts Don't Make a Right...but Three Do on the same day. The Gold Edition of this album has remixed and remastered in a style similar to Mmhmm (the album was remixed by the same people who mixed Mmhmm) and it has a music video for the song "Pressing On".

Track listing

 * Track 2 & 7, and all "First Three Gears" bonus tracks, originally from The Creepy EP.

Credits
Relient K
 * Matt Thiessen – lead vocals, guitars, acoustic piano
 * Matt Hoopes – guitars, backing vocals
 * Brian Pittman – bass
 * Dave Douglas – drums, backing vocals

Additional personnel
 * Rob Roy Fingerhead – nylon guitar, slide guitar
 * Madalena Burle Marx – cello
 * Ann Smith – viola
 * Cory Smith – violin
 * Heather Walker – violin
 * Crystal Brezovsky – French horn
 * Scott Cannon – gang vocals
 * Kyle Hudson – gang vocals
 * Kevan Peden – gang vocals

Production

 * Joey Elwood – executive producer
 * Toby McKeehan – executive producer
 * Mark Lee Townsend – producer, recording
 * F. Reid Shippen – mixing at The Castle (Nashville, Tennessee)
 * Dan Shike – mix assistant
 * Randy LeRoy – editing and assembling at Final Stage (Nashville, Tennessee)
 * Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York City, New York)
 * Mike McGlaflin – A&R
 * Aaron Marrs – creative design
 * John Falls – photography
 * Alabaster Arts – management

References to popular culture
The last line of "Pressing On" is from The Mary Tyler Moore Show theme. "Maybe It's Maybeline" (deliberately misspelled, much like the band's name) refers to the popular Maybelline line of beauty products and its tag line.

title: The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek


text:
Lake Timiskaming

Lake Timiskaming  or Lake Temiskaming (Lac Témiscamingue) is a large freshwater lake on the provincial boundary between Ontario and Quebec, Canada. The lake, which forms part of the Ottawa River, is 110 km in length and covers an area of almost 295 km2. Its water level ranges between 175 m and 179 m above sea-level, with a mean annual average of 178.4 m. The lake is in places up to 216 m deep. There are several islands on the lake, notably Mann and du Collège Islands.

The name is from the Algonquin Temikami or Temikaming, meaning "deep body of water with rapid winds”

There are 30 species of fish in Lake Timiskaming, the best known are northern pike, sturgeon, lake trout, walleye, smallmouth bass, bullhead, carp, burbot, perch, and whitefish.

The lake was shaped during the last ice age when glaciers carved into the rock. It is also the remnants of a huge basin called Lake Ojibway, which existed about 9,500 years ago.

For the trading post and some history see Fort Témiscamingue.

Timiskaming Graben
Lake Timiskaming is located within an ancient major rift valley that extends several hundred miles to the north-east called the Timiskaming Graben. It is the northern extension of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, which is part of the Saint Lawrence rift system. There have been recent earthquakes along the rift valley, the most recent being in 2000. There are numerous faults in the area and has produced cliffs such as Devil's Rock, just 5 km south of Haileybury and is dated to be 2.2 billion years old. There are known kimberlite pipes within the rift valley that are considered to be diamondiferous.

title: Lake Timiskaming


text:
AAL

AAL or Aal may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Aal (film), a 2014 Tamil thriller
 * Against All Logic, pseudonym of musician Nicolas Jaar (born 1990)
 * Animals as Leaders, a progressive metal band (formed 2007)
 * Arjen Anthony Lucassen (born 1960), Dutch musician
 * Johannes Aal (c. 1500 – 1553), Swiss Roman Catholic composer and dramaturg

Aviation

 * Adelaide Airport Limited, owners of the Adelaide Airport
 * Australian Air League, Australian Air Cadet Organisation
 * AAL, ICAO airline designator for American Airlines
 * AAL, IATA airport code for Aalborg Airport in Aalborg, Denmark
 * AAL, Above Aerodrome Level, sometimes referred to as AAE - Above Aerodrome Elevation

Finance and law

 * Aid Association for Lutherans, one of the companies that formed Thrivent Financial for Lutherans in 2002
 * Attorney at law
 * Australian Academy of Law
 * Anglo American plc, AAL is the London Stock Exchange stock code for the large mining enterprise
 * American Airlines Group, AAL is the NASDAQ stock code for the airline holding company

Places

 * Aal (Kocher), a river in Aalen, Germany
 * Ål, Buskerud, Norway

Politics

 * Aboriginal Advancement League, an Aboriginal organisation in Melbourne
 * Aborigines' Advancement League of South Australia, usually AALSA but often referred to as AAL within the state
 * Australian Aborigines' League, a precursor to the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League (now Aboriginal Advancement League, see above)

Science, technology and mathematics

 * Abstract algebraic logic, in mathematics
 * ATM Adaptation Layers, to compute information transfer
 * Automated Anatomical Labeling, a digital atlas of the human brain

Other uses

 * Aal, a reddish dye from the roots of the East Indian mulberry shrubs Morinda citrifolia and Morinda tinctoria
 * Anterior Axillary Line, vertical line along the anterior axillary (underarm) fold
 * Ambient Assisted Living programme, of the European Commission
 * American Arena League, an indoor football league
 * Afade language, spoken in Cameroon and Nigeria (ISO 639-3: )

title: AAL


text:
Isotopy

Isotopy may refer to:

Mathematics

 * Homotopy, a continuous path of homeomorphisms connecting two given homeomorphisms is an isotopy of the two given homeomorphisms in homotopy
 * Regular isotopy of a link diagram, an equivalence relation in knot theory
 * Ambient isotopy (or h-isotopy), two subsets of a fixed topological space are ambient isotopic if there is a homeomorphism, isotopic to the identity map of the ambient space, which carries one subset to the other
 * Isotopy of quasigroups. See Quasigroup.
 * Isotopy of loops, a triple of maps with certain properties.
 * Isotopy of an algebra, a triple of maps with certain properties.

Semiotics

 * Isotopy, a repetition of a basic meaning-trait (seme); the direction taken by an interpretation of the text

title: Isotopy


text:
The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything (song)

"The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything" is a single released by Christian rock band Relient K. It is a cover of the song of the same name written by Michael Nawrocki and Kurt Heinecke that was originally performed by the cast of VeggieTales in the video Very Silly Songs! (1997). It was later included in several other videos and in the 2004 audio album, Veggie Rocks!. Relient K's version was used in trailers for VeggieTales movie The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie which was released on January 11, 2008. The song also briefly plays before "Rock Monster", when the cast is being credited.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything" 2:37 (The version release on "Veggie Rocks!" is 2:14 )
 * 2) "Breakdown" (Performed by Larry the Cucumber)" 2:19

Performers

 * Matt Thiessen - guitar, backing vocals
 * Matt Hoopes - guitar, backing vocals
 * Brian Pittman - bass guitar
 * Dave Douglas - lead vocals, drums