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List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States

Canada and the United States have one land dispute over Machias Seal Island (off the coast of Maine), and four other maritime disputes in the Arctic and Pacific. Although they share the longest international border in the world, the two countries have a long history of disputes about the border's demarcation (see Canada–United States border).

Current disputes

 * Machias Seal Island—about 8.1 ha—and North Rock (Maine and New Brunswick), located in what is known as the "Grey Zone" (about 717 km2 in size), is occupied by a Canadian lighthouse but claimed by the United States and visited by U.S. tour boats. The area is patrolled by the Canadian and US Coast Guard, but only the Canadian Coast Guard occupies the lighthouse. The unresolved maritime boundary breaks into two elements: the sovereignty of the island and the location of the maritime boundary taking into account who is the rightful owner of the island.
 * Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington state and British Columbia): At the mouth of the strait, both countries declared fishing zones in 1977. Each country used a mildly differing method to define an equidistant water boundary.  The two separate water areas in dispute amount to about 51.5 km2.
 * Yukon–Alaska dispute, Beaufort Sea (Alaska and Yukon) Canada supports an extension into the sea of the land boundary between Yukon and Alaska. The U.S. does not but instead supports a line equidistant concerning the coastline. Such a demarcation means that a minor portion claimed by Canada as Northwest Territories Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is also claimed by the US because the EEZ boundary between Northwest Territories and Yukon follows a straight north-south line into the sea. The U.S. claims would create a triangular-shaped EEZ for Yukon/Canada. The disputed area is about 21,440 km2 in size.  The precise translation of a phrase in the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825, which was written in French, is part of the issue.  The convention makes reference to the 141st Meridian "in its prolongation as far as the Frozen ocean." The authentic text is in French: "dans son [sic] prolongation jusqu’à la Mer Glaciale." The precise question is the interpretation that should be given to the preposition "jusqu’à." Specifically, is it inclusive or exclusive of the object to which the preposition relates?
 * Northwest Passage: Canada claims the passage as part of its "internal waters" belonging to Canada, while the United States regards it as an "international strait" (a strait accommodating open international traffic). The Canadian Coast Guard and Royal Canadian Navy have commissioned a new ice breaker along with multiple offshore patrol ships to guard and patrol the waters.
 * Dixon Entrance (Alaska and British Columbia) contains two water areas that are mutually claimed by Canada and the U.S. A line known as the "A-B" Line was defined in a 1903 arbitration decision on the Alaska/British Columbia boundary. The court specified the initial boundary point (Point "A") at the northern end of Dixon Entrance and designated Point "B" 72 NM to the east. Canada relies on the "A-B" line as rendering nearly all of Dixon Entrance as its internal waters. The U.S. does not recognize the "A-B" line as an official boundary, instead regarding it as allocating sovereignty over the land masses within the Dixon Entrance, with Canada's land south of the line. The U.S. regards the waters as subject to international marine law, and in 1977 it defined an equidistant territorial line throughout Dixon Entrance, mainly to the south of the "A-B" line. The intersecting lines create four separate water areas with differing claim status. The two areas south of the "A-B" line (about 2789 km2 and 51.5 km2 in size) are claimed by both countries.  The other two water areas are north of the "A-B" line and are not claimed by either country.  The two unclaimed areas are about 72 km2 and 1.4 km2 in size.  In addition, Nunez Rocks is a low-tide elevation (LTE) ("bare at half-tide" ) that lies south of the "A-B" Line, surrounded by the sea territory claimed by the U.S. The United States has not ratified the Law of the Sea Treaty, although it adheres to most of its principles as customary international law. Under the treaty, LTEs may be used as basepoints for a territorial sea, and the U.S. uses Nunez Rocks as a basepoint. As a non-signatory, however, nothing is preventing the U.S. from claiming areas beyond the scope of the Law of the Sea Treaty. The fact remains that, for about half of each day, above-water territory that Canada regards as Canadian is surrounded by sea territory that the U.S. has declared to be American.

Historical disputes

 * Alaska boundary dispute (Alaska/British Columbia and Yukon) lasted 1821 to 1903
 * Atlin District
 * Bering Sea Arbitration lasted 1881 to 1893.
 * Aroostook War (Maine/New Brunswick), a bloodless dispute that lasted from 1838 to 1839, leading to the Webster–Ashburton negotiations.
 * Republic of Madawaska (Maine/New Brunswick), putative state in 1827, within the territory that became part of New Brunswick in 1842.
 * Oregon boundary dispute (Columbia District and New Caledonia/Oregon Country)
 * Pig War (Colony of Vancouver Island/Washington Territory) took place in 1859
 * Republic of Indian Stream (New Hampshire/Lower Canada) unrecognized state from 1832 to 1835. Now part of New Hampshire.

Coordinates

 * Machias Seal Island 44.50278°N, -67.10278°W
 * North Rock 44.53778°N, -67.08694°W
 * Strait of Juan de Fuca 48.29944°N, -124.04944°W
 * Dixon Entrance 54.36667°N, -132.33333°W
 * Beaufort Sea 72.02778°N, -137.04167°W


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Bathurst Island (Nunavut)

Bathurst Island is one of the Queen Elizabeth Islands in Nunavut, Canada. It is a member of the Arctic Archipelago. The area of the island is estimated at 16042 km2, 115 to 117 mi long and from 63 mi to 72 mi to 92.9 mi wide, making it Canada's 13th largest island. It is located between Devon Island and Cornwallis Island in the east, and Melville Island in the west. Four small islands of Cameron, Vanier, Massey and Alexander lie in its northwest.

The island is low-lying with few parts higher than 330 m in elevation. The highest point is 412 m at Stokes Mountain in the Stokes Range. This in turn forms part of the Arctic Cordillera mountain system. Good soil conditions produce abundant vegetation and support a more prolific wildlife population than other Arctic islands.

The island contains both the International Biological Program site Polar Bear Pass and Qausuittuq National Park.

History
The island was first inhabited by Independence I culture native peoples around 2000 BC. They were followed by Independence II, Pre-Dorset, and Dorset cultures. Brooman Point Village on the eastern coast of Bathurst Island was the site of Thule native tribes around AD 1000, conceivably during a warmer climate episode. No modern Inuit resided there at the time of European discovery in the 1800s. But Inuit in the region likely knew of its abundant wildlife, and possibly travelled there on hunting trips. William Edward Parry was the first European to discover the island in 1819, charting its southern coast. It was named for Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst, British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies 1812–1827. Robert Dawes Aldrich charted much of its west coast in 1851, while George Henry Richards and Sherard Osborn charted its north coast in 1853.

The Earth's North Magnetic Pole tracked northwards across Bathurst and Seymour Islands during the 1960s and 1970s. The Canadian National Museum of Natural Sciences, led by renowned Arctic biologist Stewart D. Macdonald, Curator of Vertebrate Ethology, established a permanent High Arctic Research Station there in 1973. Located on the Goodsir River in Polar Bear Pass, the station was staffed seasonally until the 1980s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bathurst Island (Nunavut)


text: Category:Barbadian athletes

title: Category:Barbadian athletes


text: Category:Barbadian sportspeople

title: Category:Barbadian sportspeople


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Stephen Dobyns

Stephen J. Dobyns (born February 19, 1941) is an American poet and novelist born in Orange, New Jersey.

Life
Dobyns was born on February 19, 1941, in Orange, New Jersey, to Lester L., an Episcopal minister, and Barbara Johnston Dobyns. Dobyns was raised in New Jersey, Michigan, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. He was educated at Shimer College, transferred to and graduated from Wayne State University in 1964, and received an MFA from the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa in 1967. He has worked as a reporter for the Detroit News.

He has taught at various academic institutions, including Sarah Lawrence College, the Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers, the University of Iowa, Syracuse University, and Boston University.

In 1995, as a professor of English at Syracuse University, he was accused of sexual harassment after an incident in which he also threw a drink at his accuser and made a rude remark about her in front of numerous witnesses. Syracuse University suspended him for two years, after which he resigned. Francine Prose defended him—as did university professor/writers Tobias Wolff, Hayden Carruth, and Agha Shahid Ali.

Works
Dobyns has written 24 novels in a variety of genres, as well as 14 poetry collections and two non-fiction works about the craft of poetry.

In much of his work, Dobyns uses the ridiculous and the absurd as vehicles to introduce more profound meditations on life, love, and art. His journalistic training has strongly informed this voice.

His poetry has won numerous accolades, including a Lamont Poetry Selection (Concurring Beasts), a National Poetry Series selection (Black Dog, Red Dog), and a Melville Cane Award (Cemetery Nights).

His novel Cold Dog Soup (1985) has been made into two films, the American Cold Dog Soup and the French Doggy Bag. The Two Deaths of Señora Puccini (1988) was made into the 1995 film Two Deaths. The movie Wild Turkey is based on a short story by Dobyns.

He has written many detective stories about a private detective named Charlie Bradshaw who works out of Saratoga Springs in upstate New York. Bradshaw is unusual as a private eye protagonist, an ordinary man who was once a police officer. All the books have the word "Saratoga" in the title.

In the comic novel The Wrestler's Cruel Study (1993), the protagonist roams through a modern cityscape governed by fairy-tale rituals, searching for his missing fiancée. He is alternately aided or hindered by a Friedrich Nietzsche-quoting manager and his Hegelian nemesis, to find that his wrestling matches are choreographed by a shadowy organization that enacts their various Gnostic theological debates through the pageantry and panoply of the ring. He eventually learns to resolve his own dualistic nature and determine who he is despite the role he plays.

The Church of Dead Girls (1997) is a novel about a small town's hysterical response to the mysterious disappearance of three of its teenaged girls.

Boy in the Water (1999) is a novel about events in a secluded private school in the United States.

Jenny Hilborne wrote in New York Journal of Books that The Burn Palace (2013) "is an intriguing fictional mystery set in the town of Brewster, Rhode Island, and includes elements of the supernatural, satanism, and other alternate religions, including neo-pagans, Wicca, and witchcraft...mysterious and engaging . . .”

Is Fat Bob Dead Yet? was named one of Publishers Weekly's Best Mysteries of 2015.

Poetry

 * Concurring Beasts (1972)
 * Griffon: Poems (1976)
 * Heat Death (1980)
 * The Balthus Poems (1982)
 * Black Dog, Red Dog (1984). ISBN 0-03-071077-4
 * Cemetery Nights (1987). ISBN 0-14-058584-2
 * Body Traffic (1990)
 * Velocities: New and Selected Poems, 1966-1992 (1994). ISBN 0-14-058651-2
 * Common Carnage (1996)
 * Pallbearers Envying the One Who Rides (1999). ISBN 0-14-058916-3
 * The Porcupine's Kisses (2002)
 * Mystery, So Long (2005)
 * Winter's Journey (Copper Canyon Press, 2010)
 * The Day's Last Light Reddens the Leaves of the Copper Beech (BOA Editions, 2016)

Fiction

 * A Man of Little Evils (1973) ISBN 0-689-10567-3
 * Dancer With One Leg (1983)
 * Cold Dog Soup (1985)
 * A Boat Off the Coast (1987)
 * The Two Deaths of Senora Puccini (1988). ISBN 0-14-023579-5
 * The House on Alexandrine (1990). ISBN 0-8143-2183-6
 * After Shocks/Near Escapes (1991)
 * The Wrestler's Cruel Study (1993). ISBN 0-393-03511-5
 * The Church of Dead Girls (1997). ISBN 0-8050-5103-1
 * Boy in the Water (1999). ISBN 0-312-97522-8
 * Eating Naked [SS] (2000). ISBN 0-312-27829-2
 * The Burn Palace (2013). ISBN 0-399-16087-6
 * Is Fat Bob Dead Yet? (2015). ISBN 978-0-399-17145-1

Charlie Bradshaw series

 * Saratoga Longshot (1976). ISBN 0-14-025196-0
 * Saratoga Swimmer (1981). ISBN 0-14-006357-9
 * Saratoga Headhunter (1985). ISBN 0-14-015606-2
 * Saratoga Snapper (1986). ISBN 0-670-81059-2
 * Saratoga Bestiary (1988). ISBN 0-670-82024-5
 * Saratoga Hexameter (1990)
 * Saratoga Haunting (1993)
 * Saratoga Backtalk (1994). ISBN 0-393-03659-6
 * Saratoga Fleshpot (1995). ISBN 0-393-03805-X
 * Saratoga Strongbox (1998). ISBN 0-670-87692-5
 * Saratoga Payback (2017). ISBN 0399576576

Nonfiction

 * Best Words, Best Order: Essays on Poetry (1996)
 * Next Word, Better Word: The Craft of Writing Poetry (2011)

title: Stephen Dobyns


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Eando Binder

Eando Binder is a pen name used by two mid-20th-century science fiction authors, Earl Andrew Binder (1904–1966) and his brother Otto Binder (1911–1974). The name is derived from their first initials (E and O Binder). Under the Eando name, the Binders wrote some published science fiction, including stories featuring a heroic robot named Adam Link. The first Adam Link story, published in 1939, is titled "I, Robot".

Overview
By 1939, Otto had taken over all of the writing, leaving Earl to act as his literary agent. Under his own name, Otto wrote for the Captain Marvel line of comic books published by Fawcett Comics (1941–1953) and the Superman line for Detective Comics (1948–1969), as well as numerous other publishers, with credited stories numbering over 4400. The pen-name Eando Binder is also credited with over 160 comic book stories.

Otto Binder was born in Chicago and moved to New York in 1936. He worked as a literary agent for Otis Adelbert Kline for a year, then became a free-lance writer. He sold his first story in 1930 and 129 more during the next decade. He lived in Englewood, New Jersey, from 1944 until he moved to Chestertown in 1968. Otto Binder attended Crane College in Chicago and told Amazing Stories he was once "an amateur chemist with a home laboratory."

He wrote comic-book scripts, novels, and magazine articles. His books included Riddles of Astronomy, Careers in Space, and Mankind, Child of the Stars.

He was a member of the Journal of American Literature, the American Rocket Society, the American Interplanetary Society, the National Space Flight Association, and the Aerospace Writers Association.

He died October 14, 1974, and was survived by his wife, Ione; a brother, Jack, and two sisters, Marie Hackstock of Chicago and Teresa Samuelson of Estes Park, Colorado.

Earl Binder worked as a mechanical parts inspector for a "large industrial concern" during the 1930s.

title: Eando Binder


text:
Bay Ferries

Bay Ferries Limited, or simply, Bay Ferries, is a ferry company operating in eastern Canada and is headquartered in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is a subsidiary of Northumberland Ferries Limited and a sister company to the defunct Bay Ferries Great Lakes Limited.

Bay Ferries began operations in 1997 upon being awarded the operating licenses for ferry routes in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine which were being discontinued by federal Crown corporation Marine Atlantic as part of cost-cutting measures.

Bay of Fundy
Bay Ferries operates the ferry service across the Bay of Fundy between Saint John, New Brunswick, and Digby, Nova Scotia, using the vessel MV Fundy Rose.

This ferry service is a continuation of steamship service dating to the 19th century, expanded upon by the Dominion Atlantic Railway in the early 20th century and subsequently the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The service originally operated from dockside rail facilities at Long Wharf in Saint John and the current public wharf in Digby.

The current terminals in Saint John and Digby were constructed in 1969 by the federal government under an agreement with Canadian Pacific (CP) and the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. CP was to build a new ferry, the MV Princess of Acadia (built in 1971), the federal government would construct and own the new ferry terminals, and the provincial governments would construct new roads to link the terminals with the respective highway networks. If CP ever encountered an operating loss, it was agreed that the federal government would take over responsibility for the service.

The service became unprofitable for CP in 1974 and the federal government stepped in, providing an operating subsidy to maintain the service. In 1976, the service (and the vessel Princess of Acadia) were transferred to Canadian National Railway and in 1977 was grouped under a separate subsidiary CN Marine. In 1986 this subsidiary was made a separate Crown corporation, Marine Atlantic.

Bay Ferries has continued to operate the year-round service since 1997, using Princess of Acadia until 2015 and then Fundy Rose. The vessels, along with the ferry terminals, are owned by the Government of Canada. The crossing time is approximately 3 hours.

Operating Subsidies
Although the federal government owns the ferry terminals and vessels, the operation of this inter-provincial ferry service had been one of the few in Canada which was unsubsidized. On June 30, 2006, Bay Ferries announced plans to discontinue the Princess of Acadia service effective October 31, 2006 citing a 25% decrease in passenger totals since 1998. The announcement met with widespread opposition, with a group of local business owners, concerned citizens and ferry company employees organizing a "Save The Ferry" committee to help save the service. Over 130 jobs would be directly terminated as well as hundreds (possibly thousands) indirectly.

The federal government, which still owns the vessel and terminals, as well as the provincial government of Nova Scotia and municipalities on both sides, looked at possible solutions. The Nova Scotia government and Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency offered a combined $6 million to subsidize the service, with additional funding expected from New Brunswick. A number of subsequent government agreements since 2006 have provided operating subsidies to help keep the ferry in service. The most recent subsidy agreement in 2014 came shortly after an announcement that the federal government would purchase a replacement vessel for Princess of Acadia. This new vessel, Fundy Rose was acquired in late 2014 and entered service between Saint John and Digby in July 2015.

Gulf of Maine
Bay Ferries operated ferry service across the Gulf of Maine from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, to Bar Harbor, Maine, and from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, to Portland, Maine, using a high speed catamaran ferry service using the marketing name "The Cat".

This ferry route was initiated in 1955 by the Government of Canada at the insistence of tourism operators and fish exporters in southwestern Nova Scotia. Throughout the 19th century and early 20th century, steamship service from Yarmouth to New York City, Boston and Portland, Maine, had been provided by various operators, lastly the Dominion Atlantic Railway, subsequently Canadian Pacific Railway. The resurrected service in 1955 saw new ferry terminals constructed in Yarmouth and Bar Harbor and used the newly commissioned ferry MV Bluenose, named after Nova Scotia's famous racing schooner Bluenose.

The service was operated by Canadian National Railways (later Canadian National Railway) and in 1977 was included in the CN reorganization which created CN Marine. In 1982 a newer vessel MV Stena Jutlandica was purchased and renamed MV Bluenose (replacing the previous vessel). In 1986 CN Marine became Marine Atlantic which continued to operate the service, although it was scaled back to a seasonal May–October operation by the mid-1990s. Since the Gulf of Maine service operated to the United States, the vessel was not owned by the Government of Canada and was solely the responsibility of CN and later Marine Atlantic.

Following government-mandated service cutbacks to Marine Atlantic in the mid-1990s, Bay Ferries was formed as a subsidiary of Northumberland Ferries Limited and successfully bid for the right to operate the Yarmouth-Bar Harbor route. Upon taking control of the operation in 1997, Bay Ferries continued to operate the MV Bluenose that year, after which it was sold.

Bay Ferries entered into a purchase agreement in late 1997 with Incat in Hobart, Australia, for the Incat 046, a wave-piercing catamaran ferry operating on the Melbourne-Devonport service by TT-line) under the brand name "Devil Cat." Upon acquisition of the vessel in 1998, Bay Ferries began using the term "The Cat" for its Yarmouth-Bar Harbor service in logos on the vessel and in Bay Ferries marketing material. "The Cat" is merely the marketing name for the ferry service operated by Bay Ferries, and not the name of the vessel, which remains HSC INCAT 046. The introduction of HSC INCAT 046 to the Gulf of Maine met with great publicity and interest among Canadian and American media as this was the first, and currently the fastest (41 knots), large-capacity high-speed ferry in North America, cutting the trip time between the two ports from six hours on a conventional vessel to less than three hours. In 2002, Incat 046 was sold and The Cat replaced it.

The high speed ferry operated between the ports in 2 hours and 30 minutes, compared with a crossing time of over 6 hours using a conventional ferry vessel. The service was seasonal and did not operate during the late fall, winter and early spring when severe ocean storms could inhibit crossings, although the conventional vessels were year-round services for many years.

The Government of Canada maintains ownership of the ferry terminals in Yarmouth (through Transport Canada) and Bar Harbor (through Marine Atlantic Inc.) but has leased the management and operating rights to Bay Ferries.

In spring 2005 rival Gulf of Maine ferry operator Scotia Prince Cruises announced that it was cancelling its Portland, Maine-Yarmouth service offered by a conventional vessel, M/S Scotia Prince, as a result of toxic mould problems at its ferry terminal in Portland, the old Portland Marine Terminal. The city of Portland was in the process of constructing a replacement ferry terminal, but it assumed that financial difficulties would prevent Scotia Prince Cruises from returning to the Yarmouth service and entered into discussions with Bay Ferries about expanding its Gulf of Maine service to include Portland, in addition to Bar Harbor. An announcement was made in late summer that Bay Ferries would include "The Cat" service to both ports from Yarmouth beginning in 2006 using HSC INCAT 059.

Beginning with the 2006 and continuing into the 2007 operating seasons, the Government of Nova Scotia provided an annual $1.5 million subsidy to Bay Ferries due to declining passenger revenue and increased fuel expenditures. The subsidy was increased by the provincial government for the 2008 operating season to $6.0 million to account for rising costs and further declines in revenue. It is unknown how much of a subsidy was provided for the 2009 operating season but it is believed to surpass the 2008 amount. The company has received subsidies totaling $18.9 million since the fall of 2007.

On December 18, 2009 Bay Ferries announced that it was ending its Gulf of Maine service from Yarmouth to Bar Harbor and Portland after the Government of Nova Scotia ended the subsidies, resulting in approximately 120 jobs being lost. Bay Ferries had been seeking approximately $6.0 million for the 2010 operating season but the provincial government declined, citing financial difficulty. The disposition of HSC INCAT 059 is unknown.

As of June, 2010, HSC INCAT 059 could often be seen docked at its former terminal in Bar Harbor. It has since been purchased by Taiwan and is now called Hai Xia Hao and is a passenger / vehicle ferry operated by Fujian Cross Strait Ferry between Taichung and Pingtan Island.

Ferry service between Maine and Nova Scotia was nonexistent during the following years. During the 2014 and 2015 seasons, a separate company, Nova Star Cruises, operated a cruiseferry between Portland and Yarmouth, though the company closed at the end of the 2015 season and the vessel was sold.

In March 2016, only a few months after the closure of Nova Star Cruises, Bay Ferries Limited announced that it had reached an agreement with the U.S. Maritime Administration and the U.S. Navy for a multi-year charter of a new high-speed catamaran, HST-2. The vessel will be operated for a passenger/vehicle ferry service between Portland, Maine and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. The vessel will continue to be named HST-2, but the service and vessel will be branded as The CAT to align with the previous branding. The vessel underwent a refit at a shipyard in South Carolina and the service started on June 15, 2016.

In late 2018, Bay Ferries announced plans to change the ferry’s port in Maine from Portland to Bar Harbor. Service along this new route was originally expected to begin in summer 2019, but was delayed due to construction work at the Bar Harbor marina. Service was then cancelled during both the 2020 and 2021 seasons due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CAT resumed Bar Harbor service for the 2022 season.

Trinidad and Tobago
Beginning on January 10, 2005, Bay Ferries started operating HSC INCAT 059 under a wet charter to provide a ferry service in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago chartered the vessel and a Bay Ferries crew for six months to service the country's ferry route considered a 'sea bridge' between the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.

Under the terms of the charter, the government agreed to pay Bay Ferries US$23,800 per day to ferry persons, goods, and vehicles between the two islands. The HSC INCAT 059 (still using its service trademark "The Cat") was taken from its seasonal layup to the Caribbean before returning to the Gulf of Maine for its regular six-month summer schedule. During the winter of 2003-2004 HSC INCAT 059 briefly tested a route between Florida and the Bahamas.

The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has been in the process of trying to purchase a fast ferry to serve the inter-island route all year long. The other vessel used by Bay Ferries in Trinidad and Tobago service during May–October is the HSC INCAT 046, now known as the "Lynx" from New Zealand and formerly used by Bay Ferries on the Gulf of Maine before the INCAT 059 (See above).

On April 21, 2005 HSC INCAT 059 became an indispensable link between the two islands after a Tobago Express aircraft had problems with its landing gear over the 'air bridge' route. The entire Tobago Express fleet was grounded for several days pending inspections to the fleet and citizens were left depending fully on the high speed ferry service.

During the 2004-2005 winter season HSC INCAT 059 ferried almost 175,000 passengers and a total of about 25,000 vehicles between the islands.

The Government of Trinidad and Tobago announced that HSC INCAT 059 would return to offer inter-island service in November 2005 until the following May. The government has since purchased two new Incat fast ferries, the 91m Incat 046 and the 98m T&T Spirit (Incat 060) which are currently managed by Bay Ferries Management Limited

title: Bay Ferries


text:
Chartwell

Chartwell is a country house near Westerham, Kent, in South East England. For over forty years it was the home of Sir Winston Churchill. He bought the property in September 1922 and lived there until shortly before his death in January 1965. In the 1930s, when Churchill was out of political office, Chartwell became the centre of his world. At his dining table, he gathered those who could assist his campaign against German re-armament and the British government's response of appeasement; in his study, he composed speeches and wrote books; in his garden, he built walls, constructed lakes and painted. During the Second World War, Chartwell was largely unused, the Churchills returning after he lost the 1945 election. In 1953, when again prime minister, the house became Churchill's refuge when he suffered a debilitating stroke. In October 1964, he left for the last time, dying at his London home, 28 Hyde Park Gate, on 24 January 1965.

The origins of the estate reach back to the 14th century; in 1382, the property then called Well-street was owned by William-at-Well. It passed through various owners and in 1836 was auctioned, as a substantial brick-built manor. In 1848, it was purchased by John Campbell Colquhoun, whose grandson sold it to Churchill. The Campbell Colquhouns greatly enlarged the house and the advertisement for its sale at the time of Churchill's purchase described it as an imposing mansion. Between 1922 and 1924, it was rebuilt and extended by the society architect Philip Tilden. From the garden front, the house has extensive views over the Weald of Kent, "the most beautiful and charming" Churchill had ever seen, and the determining factor in his decision to buy the house.

In 1946, when financial constraints forced Churchill to consider selling Chartwell, it was acquired by the National Trust with funds raised by a consortium of Churchill's friends led by Lord Camrose, on condition that the Churchills retained a life-tenancy. After Churchill's death, Lady Churchill surrendered her rights to the house and it was opened to the public by the Trust in 1966. A Grade I listed building, for its historical significance rather than its architectural merit, Chartwell has become among the Trust's most popular properties; 232,000 people visited the house in 2016, the fiftieth anniversary of its opening.

Early history to 1922
The earliest recorded mention of the land dates to 1362 when it was sold by a William At-Well. The origin of the name is the Chart Well, a spring to the north of the current house, Chart being an Old English word for rough ground. The site had been built upon at least as early as the 16th century, when the estate was called Well Street. Henry VIII was reputed to have stayed in the house during his courtship of Anne Boleyn at nearby Hever Castle. Elements of the Tudor house are still visible; the Historic England listing for Chartwell notes that 16th- (or possibly 17th-) century brickwork can be seen in some of the external walls. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the house was used as a farmhouse and its ownership was subject to frequent change. On 22 September 1836, the property was auctioned at Cheapside, advertised as "a suitable abode for a genteel family". In 1848 it was purchased by John Campbell Colquhoun, a former MP; the Campbell Colquhouns were a family of Scottish landowners, lawyers and politicians. The original farmhouse was enlarged and modified during their ownership, including the addition of the stepped gables, a Scottish baronial genuflection to the land of their fathers. By the time of the sale to Churchill, it was, in the words of Oliver Garnett, author of the 2008 guidebook to the house, an example of "Victorian architecture at its least attractive, a ponderous red-brick country mansion of tile-hung gables and poky oriel windows". Tilden, in his "highly unreliable" memoirs, True Remembrances, wrote of "creating Chartwell out of the drabness of Victorian umbrageousness".

1922 to 1939
Churchill first saw Chartwell in July 1921, shortly before the house and estate were to be auctioned. He returned the same month with his wife Clementine, who was initially attracted to the property, although her enthusiasm cooled during subsequent visits. In September 1922, when the house had failed to sell at auction, he was offered it for £5,500. He paid £5,000, after his first offer of £4,800, made because "the house will have to be very largely rebuilt, and the presence of dry rot is a very serious adverse factor", was rejected. The seller was Captain Archibald John Campbell Colquhoun, who had inherited the house in June 1922 on the death of his brother. Campbell Colquhoun had been a contemporary of Churchill's at Harrow School in the 1880s. On completion of the sale in September 1922, Churchill wrote to him; "I am very glad indeed to have become the possessor of "Chartwell". I have been searching for two years for a home in the country and the site is the most beautiful and charming I have ever seen". The sale was concluded on 11 November 1922.

The previous 15 months had been personally and professionally calamitous. In June 1921, Churchill's mother had died, followed three months later by his youngest child, Marigold. In late 1922, he fell ill with appendicitis and at the end of the year lost his Scottish parliamentary seat at Dundee.

Philip Tilden, Churchill's architect, began work on the house in 1922 and the Churchills rented a farmhouse near Westerham, Churchill frequently visiting the site to observe progress. The two-year building programme, the ever-rising costs, which escalated from the initial estimate of £7,000 to over £18,000, and a series of construction difficulties, particularly relating to damp, soured relations between architect and client, and by 1924 Churchill and Tilden were barely on speaking terms. Legal arguments, conducted through their respective lawyers, continued until 1927. Clementine's anxieties about the costs, both of building and subsequently living at Chartwell also continued. In September 1923 Churchill wrote to her, "My beloved, I beg you not to worry about money, or to feel insecure. Chartwell is to be our home (and) we must endeavour to live there for many years." Churchill finally moved into the house in April 1924; a letter dated 17 April to Clementine begins, "This is the first letter I have ever written from this place, and it is right that it should be to you".

In February 1926, Churchill's political colleague Sir Samuel Hoare described a visit in a letter to the press baron Lord Beaverbrook; "I have never seen Winston before in the role of landed proprietor, ... the engineering works on which he is engaged consist of making a series of ponds in a valley and Winston appeared to be a great deal more interested in them than in anything else in the world". As Hoare's presence indicated, Churchill's holidays were very rarely pure vacations. Roy Jenkins, in his study, The Chancellors, contrasted Churchill's approach to holidaying with that of his then boss, Stanley Baldwin. "Churchill went to Chartwell or elsewhere to lengthen the stride of his political work, but not greatly to reduce its quantity; far from shutting himself off, he persuaded as many as possible of his colleagues and henchmen to visit him, to receive his ever-generous hospitality." In January 1928, James Lees-Milne stayed as a guest of Churchill's son Randolph. He described an evening after dinner; "We remained at that round table till after midnight. Mr Churchill spent a blissful two hours demonstrating with decanters and wine glasses how the Battle of Jutland was fought. He got worked up like a schoolboy, making barking noises in imitation of gunfire, and blowing cigar smoke across the battle scene in imitation of gun smoke". On 26 September 1927, Churchill composed the first of his Chartwell Bulletins, which were lengthy letters to Clementine, written to her while she was abroad. In the bulletins, Churchill described in great detail the ongoing works on the house and the gardens, and aspects of his life there. The 26 September letter opens with a report of Churchill's deepening interest in painting; "Sickert arrived on Friday night and we worked very hard at various paintings ... I am really thrilled ... I see my way to paint far better pictures than I ever thought possible before".

Churchill described his life at Chartwell in the later 1930s in the first volume of his history of the Second World War, The Gathering Storm. "I had much to amuse me. I built ... two cottages, ... and walls and made ... a large swimming pool which ... could be heated to supplement our fickle sunshine. Thus I ... dwelt at peace within my habitation". Bill Deakin, one of Churchill's research assistants, recalled his working routine. "He would start the day at eight o'clock in bed, reading. Then he started with his mail. His lunchtime conversation was quite magnificent, ...absolutely free for all. After lunch, if he had guests he would take them round the garden. At seven he would bathe and change for dinner. At midnight, when the guests left, then he would start work ... to three or four in the morning. The secret was his phenomenal power to concentrate." In his study of Churchill as author, the historian Peter Clarke described Chartwell as "Winston's word factory".

In the opinion of Robin Fedden, a diplomat, and later Deputy General Secretary of the National Trust and author of the Trust's first guidebook for Chartwell, the house became "the most important country house in Europe". The historian Graham Stewart, in his study of Tory Party politics, Burying Caesar, described it as "a sort of Jacobite court of St Germain". A stream of friends, colleagues, disgruntled civil servants, concerned military officers and foreign envoys came to the house to provide information to support Churchill's struggle against appeasement. At Chartwell, he developed what Fedden calls, his own "little Foreign Office ... the hub of resistance". The Chartwell visitors' book, meticulously maintained from 1922, records 780 house guests, not all of them friends, but all grist to Churchill's mill. An example of the latter was Sir Maurice Hankey, Clerk of the Privy Council, who was Churchill's guest for dinner in April 1936. Hankey subsequently wrote, "I do not usually make a note of private conversations but some points arose which gave an indication of the line which Mr Churchill is likely to take in forthcoming debates (on munitions and supply) in Parliament". A week later, Reginald Leeper, a senior Foreign Office official and confidant of Robert Vansittart, visited Churchill to convey their views on the need to use the League of Nations to counter German aggression. Vansittart wrote, "there is no time to lose. There is indeed a great danger that we shall be too late".

Churchill also recorded visits to Chartwell by two more of his most important suppliers of confidential governmental information, Desmond Morton and Ralph Wigram, information which he used to "form and fortify my opinion about the Hitler Movement". Their sharing of data on German rearmament was at some risk to their careers; the military historian Richard Holmes is clear that Morton's actions breached the Official Secrets Act. Chartwell was also the scene of more direct attempts to prepare Britain for the coming conflict; in October 1939, when reappointed First Lord of the Admiralty on the outbreak of war, Churchill suggested an improvement for anti-aircraft shells; "Such shells could be filled with zinc ethyl which catches fire spontaneously ... A fraction of an ounce was demonstrated at Chartwell last summer".

In 1938, Churchill, beset by financial concerns, again considered selling Chartwell, at which time the house was advertised as containing five reception rooms, nineteen bed and dressing rooms, eight bathrooms, set in eighty acres with three cottages on the estate and a heated and floodlit swimming pool. He withdrew the sale after the industrialist Henry Strakosch agreed to take over his share portfolio, which had been hit heavily by losses on Wall Street, for three years and pay off significant associated debts. In September 1938, the Russian Ambassador, Ivan Maisky, made his first visit and recorded his impressions of Chartwell: "A wonderful place! A two-storey house, large and tastefully presented; the terrace affords a breathtaking view of Kent's hilly landscape; ponds with goldfish of varying size; a pavilion-cum-studio with dozens of paintings - his own creations - hanging on the walls; his pride and joy, a small brick cottage which he was building with his own hands". His impression of his host was somewhat less favourable; asked what special occasion would lead Churchill to drink a bottle of wine dating from 1793 from his cellar, Churchill had replied - "We'll drink this together when Great Britain and Russia beat Hitler's Germany". Maisky's unspoken reaction was recorded in his diary, "Churchill's hatred of Berlin really has gone beyond all limits!"

1939 to 1965
Chartwell was mostly unused during the Second World War. Its exposed position in a county so near to German-occupied France meant it was vulnerable to a German airstrike or commando raid. As a precaution the lakes were covered with brushwood to make the house less identifiable from the air. A rare visit to Chartwell occurred in July 1940, when Churchill inspected aircraft batteries in Kent. His Principal Private Secretary at the time, Eric Seal, recorded the visit; "In the evening the PM, Mrs C and I went off to Chartwell. One of the features of the place is a whole series of ponds, which are stocked with immense goldfish. The PM loves feeding them". The Churchills instead spent their weekends at Ditchley House, in Oxfordshire, until security improvements were completed at the Prime Minister's official country residence, Chequers, in Buckinghamshire. At dinner at Chequers, in December 1940, John Colville, Churchill's assistant private secretary recorded his master's post-war plans, "He would retire to Chartwell and write a book on the war, which he had already mapped out in his mind chapter by chapter".

Chartwell remained a haven in times of acute stress—Churchill spent the night there before the fall of France in 1940. Summoned to London by an urgent plea from Lord Gort for permission to retreat to Dunkirk, Churchill broadcast the first of his wartime speeches to the nation; "Arm yourselves, and be ye men of valour...for it is better for us to perish in battle than to look upon the outrage of our nation..." He returned again on 20 June 1941, after the failure of Operation Battleaxe to relieve Tobruk, and determined to sack the Middle East commander, General Wavell. John Colville recorded Churchill's deliberations in his diary; "spent the afternoon at Chartwell. After a long sleep the P.M. in a purple dressing gown and grey felt hat took me to see his goldfish. He was ruminating deeply about the fate of Tobruk and contemplating means of resuming the offensive". Churchill continued to pay occasional, short, visits to the house; on one such, on 24 June 1944, just after the Normandy landings, his secretary recorded that the house was "shut up and rather desolate".

Following VE Day, the Churchills first returned to Chartwell on 18 May 1945, to be greeted by what the horticulturalist and garden historian Stefan Buczacki describes as, "the biggest crowd Westerham had ever seen". But military victory was rapidly followed by political defeat as Churchill lost the June 1945 general election. He almost immediately went abroad, while Clementine went back to Chartwell to begin the long process of opening up the house for his return—"it will be lovely when the lake camouflage is gone". Later that year, Churchill again gave thought to selling Chartwell, concerned by the expense of running the estate. A group of friends, organised by Lord Camrose, raised the sum of £55,000 which was passed to the National Trust allowing it to buy the house from Churchill for £43,800. The excess provided an endowment. The sale was completed on 29 November. For payment of a rent of £350 per annum, plus rates, the Churchills committed to a 50-year lease, allowing them to live at Chartwell until their deaths, at which point the property would revert to the National Trust. Churchill recorded his gratitude in a letter to Camrose in December 1945, "I feel how inadequate my thanks have been, my dear Bill, who (...) never wavered in your friendship during all these long and tumultuous years".

In 1953, Chartwell became Churchill's refuge once more when, again in office as prime minister, he suffered a debilitating stroke. At the end of a dinner held on 23 June at 10 Downing Street, for the Italian Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi, Churchill collapsed and was barely able either to stand or to speak. On the 25th, he was driven to Chartwell, where his condition deteriorated further. Churchill's doctor Lord Moran stated that "he did not think the Prime Minister could possibly live over the weekend". That evening Colville summoned Churchill's closest friends in the press, Lord Beaverbrook, Lord Camrose and Brendan Bracken who, walking the lawns at Chartwell, agreed to try to ensure a press blackout to prevent any reporting of Churchill's condition. Colville described the outcome, "They achieved the all but incredible success of gagging Fleet Street, something they would have done for nobody but Churchill. Not a word of the Prime Minister's stroke was published until he casually mentioned it in the House of Commons a year later". Secluded and protected at Chartwell, Churchill made a remarkable recovery and thoughts of his retirement quickly receded. During his recuperation, Churchill took the opportunity to complete work on Triumph and Tragedy, the sixth and final volume of his war memoirs, which he had been forced to set aside when he returned to Downing Street in 1951.

On 5 April 1955, Churchill chaired his last cabinet, almost fifty years since he had first sat in the Cabinet Room as President of the Board of Trade in 1908. The following day he held a tea party for staff at Downing Street before driving to Chartwell. On being asked by a journalist on arrival how it felt no longer to be prime minister, Churchill replied, "It's always nice to be home". For the next ten years, Churchill spent much time at Chartwell, although both he and Lady Churchill also travelled extensively. His days there were spent writing, painting, playing bezique or sitting "by the fish pond, feeding the golden orfe and meditating". Of his last years at the house, Churchill's daughter, Mary Soames, recalled, "in the two summers that were left to him he would lie in his 'wheelbarrow' chair contemplating the view of the valley he had loved for so long".

Catherine Snelling served Churchill as one his last secretaries. In the oral histories of a number of such secretaries compiled by the Churchill Archive, she recalled the dwindling number of visitors Churchill received at the house in his later years. They included Clementine’s cousin, Sylvia Henley, Violet Bonham Carter, daughter of H. H. Asquith and a lifelong friend, Harold Macmillan and Bernard Montgomery. On 13 October 1964, Churchill's last dinner guests at Chartwell were his former principal private secretary Sir Leslie Rowan and his wife. Lady Rowan later recalled, "It was sad to see such a great man become so frail". The following week, increasingly incapacitated, Churchill left the house for the last time. His official biographer Martin Gilbert records Churchill was, "never to see his beloved Chartwell again". After his death in January 1965, Lady Churchill relinquished her rights to the house and presented Chartwell to the National Trust. It was opened to the public in 1966, one year after Churchill's death.

National Trust: 1966 to the present
The house has been restored and preserved as it looked in the 1920–30s; at the time of the Trust's purchase, Churchill committed to leaving it, "garnished and furnished so as to be of interest to the public". Rooms are decorated with memorabilia and gifts, the original furniture and books, as well as honours and medals that Churchill received. Lady Churchill's long-time secretary, Grace Hamblin, was appointed the first administrator of the house. Earlier in her career, Miss Hamblin had undertaken the destruction of the portrait of Churchill painted by Graham Sutherland. The picture, a gift from both Houses of Parliament on Churchill's 80th birthday in 1954, was loathed by both Churchill and Lady Churchill and had been stored in the cellars at Chartwell before being burnt in secret.

The opening of the house required the construction of facilities for visitors and a restaurant was designed by Philip Jebb, and built to the north of the house, along with a shop and ticket office. Alterations have also been made to the gardens, for ease of access and of maintenance. The Great Storm of 1987 caused considerable damage, with twenty-three trees being blown down in the gardens. Greater destruction occurred in the woodland surrounding the house, which lost over seventy per cent of its trees.

Chartwell has become among the National Trust's most popular properties; in 2016, the fiftieth anniversary of its opening, 232,000 people visited the house. In that year the Trust launched the Churchill's Chartwell Appeal, to raise £7.1M for the purchase of hundreds of personal items held at Chartwell on loan from the Churchill family. The items available to the Trust include Churchill's Nobel Prize in Literature awarded to him in 1953. The citation for the award reads, "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values". The medal is displayed in the museum room on the first floor of Chartwell, at the opposite end of the house to the study, the room where, in the words used by John F. Kennedy when awarding him honorary citizenship of the United States, Churchill "mobilized the English language and sent it into battle".

Architecture and description
The highest point of the estate is approximately 650 feet above sea level, and the house commands views across the Weald of Kent. The view from the house was of crucial importance to Churchill; years later, he remarked, "I bought Chartwell for that view."

Exterior
Churchill employed the architect Philip Tilden, who worked from 1922 to 1924 to modernise and extend the house. Tilden was a "Society" architect who had previously worked for Churchill's friend Philip Sassoon at his Kent home, Port Lympne, and had designed Lloyd George's house, Bron-y-de, at Churt. The architectural style is vernacular. The house is constructed of red brick, of two storeys, with a basement and extensive attics. The 18th-century doorcase in the centre of the entrance front was purchased from a London antiques dealer. The architectural historian John Newman considered it, "large and splendid and out of place". The garden wall on Mapleton Road is modelled on that at Quebec House, the home of General Wolfe in nearby Westerham.

On the garden front, Tilden threw up a large, three-storey extension with stepped gables, called by Churchill "my promontory", which contains three of the house's most important rooms, the dining room, in the lower-storey basement, and the drawing room and Lady Churchill's bedroom above.

Interior
The interior has been remodelled since the National Trust took over the property in 1966, to accommodate visitors and to enable the display of a large number of Churchillian artefacts. In particular, some guest bedrooms have been amalgamated, to allow the construction of the Museum room and the Uniform room. Nevertheless, the majority of the principal rooms have been reconstructed and furnished as they were in the 1920s–1930s and are open to the public, with the current exception of Churchill's own bedroom.

Entrance hall and inner hall, library and drawing room
Designed by Tilden, replacing a wood-panelled earlier hall, the halls lead onto the library, the drawing room and Lady Churchill's sitting room. The library contains some major pieces of Churchilliana, including the 1942 siren suit portrait by Frank O. Salisbury and a wall-mounted model of Port Arromanches, depicting the Normandy landing site with its Mulberry harbour on D-Day + 109, the 23rd of September 1944. The drawing room was used mainly for receiving guests, and for playing bezique. It contains one of the house's most important paintings, a view of Charing Cross Bridge by Claude Monet. This unfinished work, undertaken by Monet from his balcony at the Savoy Hotel, subsequently formed a significant element in the negotiations between the executors of Churchill's estate and the National Land Fund over the gifting of many of Chartwell's contents to the National Trust in lieu of death duties.

Dining room
The bottom section of Tilden's "promontory" extension, the dining room contains the original suite of the table and dining chairs designed by Heal's to Churchill's exacting requirements – (see box). An early study for a planned picture by William Nicholson entitled Breakfast at Chartwell hangs in the room. Nicholson, a frequent visitor to Chartwell who gave Churchill painting lessons, drew the study for a finished picture which was intended as a present for Churchill's silver wedding anniversary in 1933 but, disliking the final version, Nicholson destroyed it. The picture depicts the Churchills breakfasting together, which in fact they rarely did, and Churchill's marmalade cat, Tango. The tradition of keeping a marmalade cat at Chartwell, which Churchill began and followed throughout his ownership, is maintained by the National Trust in accordance with Churchill's wishes. In a letter to Randolph written in May 1942, Churchill wrote of a brief visit to Chartwell the previous week, "the goose and the black swan have both fallen victim to the fox. The Yellow Cat however made me sensible of his continuing friendship, although I had not been there for eight months".

Churchill depicted the dining room in one of his own pictures, Tea at Chartwell: 29 August, 1927. The scene shows Churchill in one of his dining chairs with his family and guests: Thérèse Sickert, and her husband, Walter Richard Sickert, Churchill’s friend and artistic tutor; Edward Marsh, Churchill’s secretary; his friends Diana Mitford and Frederick Lindemann; and Clementine, Randolph and Diana Churchill. Above the dining room is the drawing room and, above that, Lady Churchill's bedroom, described by Churchill as "a magnificent aerial bower".

Study
Churchill's study, on the first floor, was his "workshop for over 40 years" and "the heart of Chartwell". In the 1920s, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, he planned his budgets in the room; in the 1930s, in isolation, he composed his speeches that warned against the rise of Hitler and dictated the books and articles that paid the bills; in 1945, defeated, he retreated here to write his histories; and here, in final retirement, he passed much of his old age. Throughout the 1930s, the study was his base for the writing of many of his most successful books. His biography of his ancestor Marlborough and his The World Crisis were written there, and A History of the English-Speaking Peoples was begun and concluded there, although interrupted by the Second World War. He also wrote many of his pre-war speeches in the study, although the house was less used during the war itself. Tilden exposed the early roof beams by removing the late-Victorian ceiling and inserting a Tudor doorcase. From the beams hang three banners, Churchill's standards as Knight of the Garter and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and the Union Flag raised over Rome on the night of 5 June 1944, the first British flag to fly over a liberated capital. The latter was a gift from Lord Alexander of Tunis. The study also contains portraits of Churchill's parents, Lord Randolph Churchill and Lady Randolph Churchill, the latter by John Singer Sargent. The floor is covered with a Khorassan carpet, a 69th birthday gift to Churchill from the Shah of Iran at the Teheran Conference in 1943. Beyond the study are Churchill's bedroom and his en suite bathroom, with sunken bath. At the time of the house's opening to the public in 1966, these rooms were not made accessible, at the request of Churchill's family but, shortly before her death in 2014, Churchill's daughter Mary gave permission for their opening, and the Trust plans to make them accessible by 2020.

Architectural appreciation
Neither the original Victorian house with its extensions, nor Tilden's reconstruction, created a building that has been highly regarded by critics. John Newman noted that the massing of the house on the garden terraces, taking advantage of the Wealden views, was "the grouping that mattered". He dismissed the other side of the house as a, "long, indecisive entrance front close to the road" and the overall composition as of "dull red brick and an odd undecided style". The architectural writer and Chairman of the National Trust Simon Jenkins considered the house, "undistinguished". The National Trust's guidebook describes the original building as "Victorian architecture at its least attractive". The house is Grade I listed but its brief, Historic England listing makes clear that this is "for historical reasons" rather than for its architectural merit. The gardens are Grade II* listed.

Gardens and estate
The gardens surrounding the house comprise 8 ha, with a further 23 ha of parkland. They are predominantly the creation of the Churchills, with significant later input from Lanning Roper, Gardens Adviser to the National Trust. The Victorian garden had been planted with conifers and rhododendrons which were typical of the period. The Churchills removed much of this planting while retaining the woodlands beyond. Within the garden proper, they created almost all of the landscape, architectural and water features are seen today. The garden front of the house opens onto a terraced lawn, originally separated from the garden beyond by a ha-ha and subsequently by a Kentish ragstone wall constructed in the 1950s. To the north lies the rose garden, laid out by Lady Churchill and her cousin Venetia Stanley. The nearby Marlborough Pavilion was built by Tilden and decorated with frescos by Churchill's nephew John Spencer Churchill in 1949. Beyond the rose garden is the water garden, constructed by the Churchills and including the golden orfe pond where Churchill fed his fish, and the swimming pool constructed in the 1930s. Churchill sought advice from his friend and scientific guru Professor Lindemann on the optimal methods for heating and cleaning the pool.

To the south is the croquet lawn, previously a tennis court—Lady Churchill was an accomplished and competitive player of both, although Churchill was not. Beyond the lawn are several structures grouped around the Victorian kitchen garden, many of which Churchill was involved in building. He had developed an interest in bricklaying when he bought Chartwell and throughout the 1920s and 1930s constructed walls, a summerhouse and some houses on the estate. In 1928, he joined the Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers, a move which caused controversy. Near the kitchen garden is the golden rose walk, containing thirty-two varieties of golden roses, a golden wedding anniversary present to the Churchills from their children in 1958, and Churchill's painting studio, constructed in the 1930s, which now houses a large collection of his artistic works.

South of the terrace lawn are the upper and lower lakes, a scene of Churchill's most ambitious landscaping schemes. The lower lake had existed during the Colquhouns' ownership, but the island within it, and the upper lake, were Churchill's own creations. On 1 January 1935, while Lady Churchill was on a cruise off Sumatra, Churchill described the beginnings of his endeavours in one of his Chartwell Bulletins; "I have arranged to have one of those great mechanical diggers. In one week he can do more than 40 men can do. There is no difficulty about bringing him in as he is a caterpillar and can walk over the most sloppy fields". Excavation work proved more challenging than Churchill had anticipated; two weeks later he wrote again, "The mechanical digger has arrived. He moves about on his caterpillars only with the greatest difficulty on this wet ground". On the lakes lived Churchill's large collection of wildfowl, including the black swans, a gift from the Australian Government, which restocked the lakes with them in 1975. Churchill had a sentimental attachment to the fauna that lived at Chartwell: his close friend Violet Bonham Carter recalled their conversation in the garden in the early 1950s; "He was bemoaning the fact that the summer had been a bad one for butterflies when suddenly to his delight he saw two Red Admirals alighting on a clump of Buddleia bushes he had planted to attract them. I shall never forget his pleasure".

Farms and stables
In 1946–47, Churchill extended his land-holdings around Chartwell, purchasing Chartwell Farm and Parkside Farm, and subsequently Bardogs Farm and a market garden. By 1948, he was farming approximately 500 acres. The farms were managed by Mary Soames's husband, Christopher, and Churchill kept cattle and pigs and also grew crops and market vegetables. The farms did not prove profitable, and by 1952 Churchill's operating losses on them exceeded £10,000 a year. By the end of the decade, both the farms and the livestock had been sold.

A more lucrative venture was the owning, and later breeding, of racehorses. In 1949, Churchill had purchased Colonist II, who won his first race, the Upavon Stakes, at Salisbury that year, and subsequently netted Churchill £13,000 in winnings. In 1955, Churchill bought the Newchapel Stud and by 1961 his total prize money from racing exceeded £70,000. In the 1950s, he reflected on his racing career; "Perhaps Providence had given him Colonist as a comfort in his old age and to console him for disappointments".

title: Chartwell


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Seven Foot Knoll Light

The Seven Foot Knoll Light was built in 1855 and is the oldest screw-pile lighthouse in Maryland. It was located atop Seven Foot Knoll in the Chesapeake Bay until it was replaced by a modern navigational aid and relocated to Baltimore's Inner Harbor as a museum exhibit.

Location
It was initially installed on a rocky shoal called Seven Foot Knoll (at 39.1572°N, -76.4034°W), in the mouth of the Patapsco River. The northern tidal reach of this river is the Baltimore Harbor, where the now-decommissioned lighthouse has been placed as a museum exhibit. In 1997 the lighthouse was transferred to the Baltimore Maritime Museum (now the Historic Ships in Baltimore museum) and is permanently installed at the south end of Pier 5.

Construction
Constructed of 1 in rolled iron, the lighthouse consists of three main sections. The gallery deck was located 9 ft above the average high tide waters. The house was the second section, sitting directly atop the gallery deck. This is where the keeper and his family would live. Atop the housing area was the third section of the lighthouse, the light beacon. A 4th order Fresnel lens was housed in the small light compartment. It was visible for 12 nmi.

History
The first requests for a light came in 1848, with initial appropriations in 1851. Delays in planning and bidding pushed the start of construction to 1854. The house consisted of a cylindrical structure of wrought iron plates, with the ninth pile in the center. Total construction costs came to $43,000 by its completion the following year. Most parts were fabricated in Baltimore at the Murray and Hazelhurst iron foundry. The parts were then shipped to Seven Foot Knoll by boat where they were assembled atop of the screw piles. Ice, the perennial threat to screw-pile structures, caused damage in 1884 and 1894, leading to the piling of 790 cuyd of riprap around the piles. The light was automated in 1949, and fell into disrepair, eventually being supplanted by a skeleton tower. In 1988, the lighthouse was removed from Seven Foot Knoll, carried by a 1000 Ton Capacity Shearleg derrick, and placed ashore in Baltimore's Inner Harbor where it was donated to the city. On August 22, 1989 the lighthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Aided by the Lady Maryland Foundation (now the Living Classrooms Foundation), many members of the Steinhice family descendants worked to restore the structure prior to its re-opening.

The lighthouse is a contributing element in the Baltimore National Heritage Area and part of the Historic American Engineering Record.

Rescues
Thomas Jefferson Steinhise (Keeper 1930–1941) assisted in the rescue of a tugboat crew in 1933. The tugboat Point Breeze was then owned by the Curtis Towing Company of Baltimore. She was towing a barge of dredge spoils from Baltimore to Gibson Island on August 20, 1933. The 90 mi/h winds and 15 ft seas had overcome the tug and the crew abandoned ship. Steinhice took the lighthouse's small motorboat and made his way out in the direction of the tug's distress whistle where he pulled six crew members from the water. Five crew members survived but the engineer perished. Steinhise was awarded the Silver Lifesaving Medal for his actions in saving the lives of the stranded crew. He is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Glen Burnie, MD. and his memorial includes a U.S. Lighthouse Service grave-marker.

List of keepers
A list of Head civilian keepers.

title: Seven Foot Knoll Light


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User:Sgauria

Sameer Gauria

Hi, I am Sameer Gauria, an ASIC design engineer in the bay area, CA. I find wikipedia fascinating for both reading and contributing.

title: User:Sgauria


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William Bryce

William "Scottie" Bryce (September 7, 1888 – June 17, 1963) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He briefly served as leader of the Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), although he never served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.

Biography
Bryce, born in Lanark, Scotland, was educated at Glasgow, and apprenticed as a machinist. He arrived in Canada in 1919 and farmed in Dugald, Manitoba. From 1941 to 1943, he served as president of the Manitoba Farmers Association. He was also a member of the National War Services Board (1942–43) and the Advisory Board of Dominion Beef Committee.

Bryce was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in a 1943 by-election, during a period of increased popularity for the federal CCF. Running in the riding of Selkirk, Bryce defeated his Liberal opponent Charles Fillmore by about 5500 votes. He was re-elected by narrower margins in the general elections of 1945 and 1949. He was a leading advocate for farmer's concerns during his time in parliament, and generally avoided ideological debates.

Bryce's tenure as provincial CCF leader was an anomaly in the party's history. He was chosen leader in 1952 due to concerns that his federal riding would be eliminated by redistribution. As it happened, Bryce decided to stay in federal politics and Lloyd Stinson was chosen provincial leader in 1953. Bryce does not appear to have played a significant role in the operations of the provincial party.

Bryce was defeated by Liberal Robert Wood in the federal election of 1953, but won a by-election after Wood's death the following year. He was re-elected in the 1957 election, but fell to Progressive Conservative Eric Stefanson in John Diefenbaker's landslide victory of 1958.

In the 1959 provincial election, Bryce ran for the CCF in the riding of Selkirk but placed third, receiving only 872 votes out of about 4400 cast. He retired from politics after this.

Bryce died at his Selkirk, Manitoba home in 1963.

title: William Bryce


text:
Talk:Pogo (dance)

Original text
The original text must have been through a really bad translating program, because some sentences were just plain nonsense. Indeed - where. Also, I couldn't help adding a wink here and there...Srd2005 20:42, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This isn't a "Joy of Pogo" pamphlet...
Hey, this isn't a propoganda pamphlet on the Joys of Pogo >:( I agree pogo is fun - but this is a Wiki article. Get some reliable sources, and get rid of the pro-pogo slant please. Just a suggestion, but this article would benefit from being seperated into sections. How about: Characteristics, History, ,Criticism of Pogo'ing and Support of Pogo (all with reliable sources of course).

Other pogo references

 * what about the song "Pogo" by Digitalism? Gr8dude (talk) 09:49, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

English punk band the Vibrators have a song "Pogo Dancing", which touches on the topic of pogo dancing.
Briefly, I'm sure. -Yours M. Mysterious

strict dancing
Thanks a lot for the scheme ! It's such a melancholy remembering all those punks executing all those steps in a perfect harmony, what a beautiful choreography it was, lovely. I must admit I was only doing the steps 2 and 4 in a random order, dancing pogo is so hard you know. -a pogo dancer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.199.172.35 (talk) 14:43, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Sid
Sid Vicious's article says nothing about him actually playing the saxophone. This quote may be fictional, or may have been a joke on Viv's part. If the former, it should be deleted; if the latter, it should be indicated. PurpleChez (talk) 21:14, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

Gogo
Was the term "pogo" coined with "go-go" in mind, "of, or relating to the style of music played at discotheques", as in They got their surfboards and they're going to the discotheque A-Go-Go (Sheena Is a Punk Rocker)? --89.12.65.211 (talk) 15:51, 23 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pogo (dance)


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Talk:Aston Martin VH platform

Shouldn't this be the Aston Martin VH platform since they designed it, it's built in their factory, and they're the only ones using it? -- stewacide 20:43, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

I think that the name of the article should be changed, at least when Aston get's sold, because then it won't be under Ford anymore. D3v4st4t0r 13:03, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Page moved
Based on the discussion here, I've moved the page to Aston Martin VH platform. During Ford's ownership of Aston Martin, there were no VH-derived products that became Fords (or Lincolns or Mercurys) and there are none currently. As such, moving the VH platform article not only is an issue of relevance, but it prevents erroneous duplication. -SteveCof00 (talk) 10:10, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aston Martin VH platform


text:
BDC

BDC may mean:

Business and finance

 * Becton, Dickinson and Company, a medical products manufacturer
 * Business Data Catalog
 * Business Development Bank of Canada
 * Business Development Company - is a publicly traded private equity tax-advantaged investment company in the US investing in small and mid-sized businesses
 * BDC Aero Industrie, a Canadian aircraft manufacturer based in Lachute, Quebec

Other

 * Backup Domain Controller
 * Beat Down Clan - a heel wrestling stable in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 * Beck Depression Checklist or Burns Depression Checklist, both of which are associated with the Beck Depression Inventory
 * Berlin Document Center
 * Binary Delta Compression
 * Bishop Druitt College, a K-12 school situated in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
 * Black Diamond Conference, an Illinois high school athletic conference
 * Boolean Differential Calculus, a subject field of Boolean algebra discussing changes of Boolean variables and functions
 * Bottom dead centre, the position of a piston when it is nearest a crankshaft
 * Brian Deer Classification System
 * British Dance Council
 * Broadway Dance Center
 * Bullet drop compensation
 * Bellini duct carcinoma, a rare type of cancer that affects the Bellini duct of the kidney.
 * Terephthalic acid, benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, abbreviated BDC
 * BDC (group)

title: BDC


text:
Spotlight (Apple)

Spotlight is a system-wide desktop search feature of Apple's macOS and iOS operating systems. Spotlight is a selection-based search system, which creates an index of all items and files on the system. It is designed to allow the user to quickly locate a wide variety of items on the computer, including documents, pictures, music, applications, and System Settings. In addition, specific words in documents and in web pages in a web browser's history or bookmarks can be searched. It also allows the user to narrow down searches with creation dates, modification dates, sizes, types and other attributes. Spotlight also offers quick access to definitions from the built-in New Oxford American Dictionary and to calculator functionality. There are also command-line tools to perform functions such as Spotlight searches.

Spotlight was first announced at the June 2004 Worldwide Developers Conference, and then released with Mac OS X Tiger in April 2005.

A similar feature for iPhone OS 3 with the same name was announced on March 17, 2009.

macOS
Indices of filesystem metadata are maintained by the Metadata Server (which appears in the system as the mds daemon, or mdworker). The Metadata Server is started by launchd when macOS (formerly Mac OS X, then OS X) boots and is activated by client requests or changes to the filesystems that it monitors. It is fed information about the files on a computer's hard disks by the mdimport daemon; it does not index removable read-only media such as CDs or DVDs, but it will index removable, writable external media connected via USB, FireWire, or Thunderbolt, and Secure Digital cards. Aside from basic information about each file like its name, size and timestamps, the mdimport daemon can also index the content of some files, when it has an Importer plug-in that tells it how the file content is formatted. Spotlight comes with importers for certain types of files, such as Microsoft Word, MP3, and PDF documents. Apple publishes APIs that allow developers to write Spotlight Importer plug-ins for their own file formats.

The first time that a user logs onto the operating system, Spotlight builds indexes of metadata about the files on the computer's hard disks. It also builds indexes of files on devices such as external hard drives that are connected to the system. This initial indexing may take some time, but after this the indexes are updated continuously in the background as files are created or modified. If the system discovers that files on an external drive have been modified on a system running a version of macOS older than Mac OS X Tiger, it will re-index the volume from scratch.

Within Tiger, Spotlight can be accessed from a number of places. Clicking on an icon in the top-right of the menu bar opens up a text field where a search query can be entered. Finder windows also have a text field in the top-right corner where a query can be entered, as do the standard load and save dialogue boxes. Both of these text fields immediately start listing results of the search as soon as the user starts typing in a search term, returning items that either match the term, or items that start with the term. The search results can be further refined by adding criteria in a Finder window such as "Created Today" or "Size Greater than 1 KB".

Mac OS X Tiger and later also include command line utilities for querying or manipulating Spotlight. The mdimport command, as well as being used by the system itself to index information, can also be used by the user to import certain files that would otherwise be ignored or force files to be reimported. It is also designed to be used as a debugging tool for developers writing Importer plug-ins. mdfind allows the user to perform Spotlight queries from the command line, also allowing Spotlight queries to be included in things like shell scripts. mdls lists the indexed attributes for specific files, allowing the user to specify which files and/or which attributes. The indexes that Spotlight creates can be managed with mdutil, which can erase existing indexes causing them to be rebuilt if necessary or turn indexing off. These utilities are also available on Darwin.

Although not widely advertised, Boolean expressions can be used in Spotlight searches. By default if one includes more than one word, Spotlight performs the search as if an "AND" was included in between words. If one places a '|' between words, Spotlight performs an OR query. Placing a '-' before a word tells Spotlight to search for results that do not include that word (a NOT query).

Currently Spotlight is unable to index and search NTFS volumes shared via SMB.

Leopard

With Mac OS X Leopard, Apple introduced some additional features. With Spotlight in Tiger, users can only search devices that are attached to their computers. With Leopard, Spotlight is able to search networked Macs running Leopard (both client and server versions) that have file sharing enabled. A feature called Quick Look has been added to the GUI that will display live previews of files within the search results, so applications do not have to be opened just to confirm that the user has found the right file. The syntax has also been extended to include support for worded boolean operators ("AND", "OR" and "NOT"). These variants of the operators are localized; while users that have their System language set to English may use an "AND", German users, for example, would have to use "UND". The character variants work with any system language.

Also while Spotlight is not enabled on the server version of Tiger, it is on the server release of Leopard.

In addition, where Spotlight in Tiger had a unique and separate window design, Spotlight in Leopard now shares windows with the Finder, allowing for a more unified GUI.

The unique Spotlight window in Tiger allowed sorting and viewing of search results by any metadata handled by the Finder; whereas Spotlight Finder windows in Leopard are fixed to view and sort items by last opened date, filename and kind only. Under Leopard there is currently no way to save window preferences for the Finder window that is opened via Spotlight.

Since Leopard the Spotlight menu has doubled as a calculator, with functionality very similar to the Google search feature (but without the need to be online), as well as a dictionary that allows one to look up the definition of an English word using the Oxford Dictionary included in macOS.

Yosemite

In OS X Yosemite, the Spotlight search UI was completely redesigned. Instead of it acting as a drop-down menu, it is now located in the center of the screen by default, though the search bar (and/or the window itself) can be dragged to wherever the user prefers it to pop up. In addition to doing everything that the previous versions of Spotlight could do, the Yosemite revamp of Spotlight adds a preview or info pane on the right side (with results on the left side), and also adds support for searching through Wikipedia, Maps, and other sources.

iOS
A search tool also named Spotlight has been included on iOS (formerly iPhone OS) products since iPhone OS 3. The feature helps users search contacts, mail metadata, calendars, media and other content. Compared to Spotlight on macOS, the iOS search ability is limited. The Spotlight screen is opened with a finger-flick to the right from the primary home screen, or, as of iOS 7, by pulling down on any of the home screens.

The feature was announced in March 2009 and released with iOS 3.0 in June 2009. The release of iOS 4.0 included the ability to search text messages. In iOS 6, the folder that an application is inside of is now shown (if applicable). Since the Introduction of iOS 7, Spotlight no longer has its own dedicated page, but is accessible by pulling down on the middle of any Homescreen.

On September 17, 2014, Spotlight Search was updated with iOS 8 to include more intuitive web results via Bing and Wikipedia, as well as quicker access to other content.

With iOS 9, Spotlight Search has been updated to include results of content in apps.

In 2021, Apple introduced Image Search in Spotlight on iOS, Spotlight now uses intelligence to search photos by location, people, scenes, or objects, and using Live Text, Spotlight can find text and handwriting in photos.

Privacy concerns
Since the release of Yosemite, Spotlight sends all entered queries and location information to Apple by default. The data is accompanied by a unique identifying code, which Apple claims to rotate every 15 minutes to a new identifier. In response to privacy concerns, Apple has stated that they do not use the data to create profiles of their users, and that query and location information is only shared with their partner, Bing, under a strict contract which prohibits the information from being used for advertising purposes. In 2017, Bing was replaced by Google as the search engine for Spotlight. Additionally, Apple has stated that while Spotlight seeks to obscure exact locations, the information is typically more precise in densely populated areas and less so in sparse ones. Spotlight data sharing may be disabled from Spotlight System Preferences by deselecting the Spotlight Suggestions checkbox. When this is done, data is not shared with Apple.

title: Spotlight (Apple)


text:
Talk:Underarm hair

The picture
axillary hair as a sign of modernism?! please take your head out of your ass and save the reductive readings of western culture/art history for yr term papers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.195.134.220 (talk) 08:04, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

We seriously need to get a standard picture. The damn thing changes every single week! Why don't we get a male and female one.

I didn't know that European having armpit hair was a stereotype! Sorry Jaberwocky6669 20:47, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

I have lived in four European countries (UK, France, Spain, Italy) and I can say that the norm is hair removal for females.

Girls and women who don't shave are looked down on as either lazy, or butch feminists.

This anti-furriness taboo may be slightly stronger in the US, but not enough to imply our gorgeous European women go around hairy! Look to certain third-world countries for places where it is normal for women not to shave. — Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 20:58, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Awesome, thats great! Thanks! =D May I add, your girlfriend is one fine babe, much congratulations! Jaberwocky6669 21:07, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

She's a fine Australian babe. Fortunately for me, they shave over there too ;)    — Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 21:23, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I was just wondering about the sentence that says in the western world it is common for women to shave their armpits. Isn't that steroetype too? Because it says specifically "In the western world...". Jaberwocky6669 15:42, Aug 19, 2004 (UTC)

No, it really is common for women not to shave in a lot of other parts of the world.

It is still freaky for men anywhere to do it. Chameleon 01:18, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It's certainly not freaky. Waxing legs and arms is widely regarded as questionable for heterosexual men (other than bodybuilders), but removing underarm and pubic hair (not counting the "happy trail") is becoming an implied norm these days -- if only because of pornography and lifestyle magazines/shows (which usually seem to promote metrosexuality anyway). Probably so because body hair in general is often pointed out as primitive ("ape-like") and unfavourable by women (although that's probably a stereotype too). -- Ashmodai 08:59, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

I was in central Europe a few years ago. The women generally did not shave. :-)
 * I don't know what part of Europe you were in, but in the part of Germany I live it is generally very rare to see a styled girl run around without shaved armpits. Granted, I've seen my fair share of hairy armpits (ick), but I'd definitely say that it's considered the norm for girls and young women to shave. -- Ashmodai 08:59, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

I want some proof in order to reconcile this irresoluble debate lol. Sorry for the big dose of words. =) Jaberwocky6669 21:09, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

E.g. in Germany shaving became popular in the early to mid 1990ies.

 * I think should be merged with Armpit.

i am 14 yrs i am having full hairs my inder armsˑ

 * Why do we care? It's called puberty, it's nothing special. --Tyron1 00:42, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Since when was shaving your armpits hygienic?! References, please. Considering that the hair increases the surface area for sweat to evaporate from, thus keeping the armpits dry and maintaining unfavorable conditions for bacterial growth, I find that hygieny part highly dubious... Not even mentioning that he process of shaving itself damages the skin, increasing the risk of infection. 194.157.147.34

 * I don't think it's hygienic per se. It's no more "hygienic" than cutting your hair as far as I know. The main reason, however, is preventing body odour and, to a lesser extent, avoiding parasites (which is the main reason cutting your hair is "hygienic", i.e. why it's favourable in situations where normal hygiene cannot be maintained for an extended period of time (e.g. during a military operation)). As a matter of fact, it saves you from some forms of STDs (i.e. pubic lice).
 * The BO thing is, of course, not absolutely definite. It is easier to clean your armpits if your underarm hair is shaved or trimmed, simply because you would need to shampoo and lather it properly otherwise rather than just wiping it (also, as it is a cavity, it accumulates a lot more filth than, say, the top of your head).
 * Proper hygiene is very possible with natural underarm hair, but apart from the aesthetics (at least for women it is widely regarded as not particularily pleasant to look at, in most of the Western World -- which is of course completely arbitrary, as most such aesthetics are), laziness seems to be the main selling point (well, in addition to just following the herd; as you may have noticed, humans tend to be like that).
 * As for the shaving damage -- that's pretty much a non-issue. If you don't remove the hair via waxing (or simply trim it, which means you don't even get anywhere near the skin) but a normal shave, you should use the same stuff you'd use for any other shave as well -- i.e. shaving cream in the case of a wet shave (electric razors are a bit difficult to apply in places like that -- don't even think about shaving someone's gonads with that kind of tool, btw), etc. After-shave lotions or the like could probably not hurt either.
 * Y'see, the industry has come a long way and there are a lot of somewhat skin-friendly ways to shave (or at least good ways to avoid infection as a result from shaving -- most shaving creams and after-shave lotions contain antibacterial stuff, some after-shaves are simply based on alcohol).
 * Let's just say that it is easier to just wipe the filth OFF if your armpits are hairless and it's also easier to get them dry that way (just as you can dry your head easier if you're bald; it's a fact). Also, it allows the proper application of deodorant rollers or sticks, which are more direct than sprays (not to mention that you won't have to hold your breath until the cloud has dispersed, anymore). — Ashmodai (talk · contribs) 13:26, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that you probably can dry your armpits better without underarm hair, but the hair plays a part in keeping them dry which is more relevant in reducing bacterial growth. I also admit that there are shaving methods that can cause negligible shaving damage, but also there are people with sensitive skin types who cannot apply e.g. alcohol based aftershave. 194.157.147.34 22:32, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure if Snopes.com can be regarded as an authoritative source... 82.181.61.48 20:25, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It is generally accepted that this practice began around 1915 in the United States and the United Kingdom

It is? Says who? 62.78.243.98

I must say, that I have never ever seen a girl who does not shave her armpits. If I ever saw one.. I'd be more than chocked.. actually I'd be disgusted. And yes, men do shave their armpits. I do. It is very common for Swedish men to shave their armpits. Maybe it isn't like that in other European countries, but it is as common for women to shave their armpits, as it is for men to shave their face - if nore more! //Boii90

Suggestions and comments
This article currently focuses almost exclusively on the removal of underarm hair. Besides its lack of scope, this article seriously lacks citations.

Here are some suggestions for direction of this article:

Emiellaiendiay 00:43, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Add biological information. Who, what, where, why, how. Also: How is axillary hair different than other hair? How does it vary amongst ethnicities, races, geographies, etc.?
 * Discuss social attitudes towards it. How has this varied over time and amongst different cultures? See the pubic hair article for an example of this.
 * A picture should be added.
 * Add sources, references, and links.

New image
I would suggest this image be used for this page. 65.11.12.249 14:23, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I second this Nick Michael 22:18, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

http://www.furrygirl.com/tgp/tgp21/08.jpg

Axillary hair in art
I propose a subsection of armpit hair in art, similar to that of pubic hair. The interesting thing is that unlike pubic hair, where there are portrayals in art from the middle ages (albeit rare), which become gradually more common in the renaissance and quite the norm in modern times, axillary hair draws a complete blank until, I believe, the late 19th century; and this goes for both males and females. Why this should be is a puzzle to me. Did our ancestors shave their armpits? Was axillary hair regarded as more 'shameful' than pubic hair? The whole thing is a mystery. If anyone is aware of any early portrayals of axillary hair in art (say up to about 1800), I should be most interested to know. Nick Michael 22:16, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

More suggestions
Im Cuban and French and spent most of my childhood in Europe due to our fathers work. None of my female relatives ever shaved any part of their body and none of them we're/are lazy. Three of them hold PhD's, four are medical doctors,teachers,nurses and on and on. I never had a negative statement about my lack of shaving till I went to school in the US. When I was in High School there a girl who followed me home and beat the hell out of me on my way home because "only nasty dykes dont shave".

what's the point of the last picture of 2 teenagers making stupid faces? 76.238.52.214 14:59, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

First the page states that "armpit hair naturally wicks moisture away from the skin, which aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent colonization by odor-producing bacteria." Then it states that "Removing armpit hair, whether by shaving or by any other method, decreases the amount of moisture allowed to cling to the skin by reducing the surface area for hydrogen bonding and is an effective way to reduce body odor." Which is it? Sharon Leigh Wilson (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 08:52, 28 February 2010 (UTC).

And once again...
This is supposed to be the article about Underarm hair, not its removal. Perhaps it ought to be rewritten. --arny (talk) 19:41, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Conflict
The section below is poorly worded. I moves from Western world to Religion to Islam and then jumps to Western world but with no way to know if it is talking about Islamic men in the west or just aestheticly minded men in the west. I suggest that the last reference to Western world be moved with the other information at the start of the paragraph and then reworded to indicate that those men who do remove in the west do so for aesthetic reasons rather than implying that it is the norm in the west. Finding the original reference might be helpful as well.

''Today in much of the Western world, it is more common for women to regularly shave their underarm hair, but this practice is uncommon among men. The prevalence of this practice varies widely, though. Religious reasons are sometimes cited; for example, in Islamic culture, both men and women remove underarm hair to meet religious guidelines of cleanliness. Removal of underarm hair was part of a collection of hygienic or cosmetic practices recommended by Muhammad (570-632) as consistent with fitra for both women and men and has since usually been regarded as a requirement by most Muslims.[2] In much of the Western world, men also choose to remove their underarm hair for aesthetic reasons.''

Idyllic press (talk) 20:03, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Underarm hair. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120305204009/http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/002-smt.php to http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/002-smt.php#002.0502

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:59, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

This article has some problems
The 2nd and 3rd sections are, in my opinion, written like a schoolchild would, and not very encyclopedic. --~ CommieKarlovy (talk) 19:08, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

 * The whole thing is junk to be honest - basically needs restructuring and rewriting from scratch. Iskandar323 (talk) 20:43, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * It wasn't actually a big job - removing the unencyclopedic essay writing, synth and other nonsense left a fairly bare-boned, readily re-ordered skeleton of academic studies. Iskandar323 (talk) 05:34, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

I did not read what the article said on july 26. But i dont see anything wrong with wikipedia being E for everyone. When i was much younger, i never read wikipedia because the words on this entire website were often far far far beyond my comprehension. But i did manage to use the simple english wikipedia --Cripplemac (talk) 10:09, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

Odor section
old:

А 2012 study on the impact of hair removal on odor found that shaved armpits were rated as being more pleasant, attractive, and less intense compared to the unshaved armpits, an effect that persisted up to around 3 weeks of regrowth. Shaved armpits was shown to be significantly more attractive than armpits where hair had been regrowing for 6 or 10 weeks

what the study says:

"Odors of the shaved armpits were rated more pleasant, attractive, and less intense compared to the unshaved armpits (Experiment I (group N)). However, no significant differences found in Experiments II and III (group N) suggest the effect of shaving is relatively minor. Moreover, there were no significant differences in odor comparing unshaved armpits with armpits after 1 week of regrowth"

With all due respect, Cripplemac (talk) 10:07, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Underarm hair