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John Jay Hooker

John Jay Hooker, Jr. (August 24, 1930 – January 24, 2016) was an American attorney, entrepreneur, political gadfly and perennial candidate from Nashville, Tennessee, who was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Tennessee in 1970 and 1998.

Early life
John Jay Hooker was born to relative wealth in one of the Nashville area's more prominent families in 1930. His father, John Jay Hooker, Sr., was an attorney, as is John Jay's brother, Henry Hooker, who became his law partner in the former firm of Hooker, Hooker, and Willis. Hooker was a direct descendant of William Blount, who signed the Constitution of the United States and who was appointed by President George Washington in 1790 to be the "Governor of all the lands south of the Ohio River". In 1796, Governor Blount was elected the president of the Constitutional Convention of Tennessee.

Legal career
Hooker attended Sewanee Military Academy (now St. Andrew's-Sewanee School) and graduated from Nashville's Montgomery Bell Academy. Hooker attended college at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. He then served two years in the United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps as an investigator. Upon discharge from the service, Hooker attended Vanderbilt University Law School. He graduated and was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1957. He then practiced law with his father in the law firm of Hooker, Keeble, Dodson, and Harris, one of the most prominent law firms in Tennessee. In 1960, Hooker left his father's law firm to start a new law firm and one year later was joined by his brother Henry Hooker, and two years later by William R. Willis, forming the law firm of Hooker, Hooker, and Willis, which eventually became a ten-man law firm. This firm became the general counsel of the Nashville Tennessean and several other businesses by the time Hooker ran for governor in 1966. Struck by the inequalities in the southern society that confronted him at the time, he became identified as a young man with progressive Democratic politics. While practicing law, he also began a series of diverse business investments.

In 1958, Tennessee Governor Frank G. Clement asked Hooker and prominent Nashville attorney Jack Norman Sr. to become involved in the state's investigation of Raulston Schoolfield, an allegedly corrupt Chattanooga state judge. Based on the Norman/Hooker findings, the Tennessee House of Representatives voted to impeach Schoolfield. Norman and Hooker were then retained to prosecute Schoolfield before the Tennessee State Senate, which convicted him on several counts. At the time, Robert F. Kennedy was general counsel of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management, which was investigating labor corruption. In this capacity, Kennedy launched an investigation of Raulston Schoolfield. Kennedy came to Tennessee and testified in the Schoolfield impeachment trial. Thereafter, he and Hooker became close friends and remained so until the time of Kennedy's assassination in 1968.

Political career
In 1959, Hooker married the former Eugenia "Tish" Fort. They had three children, Dara, Kendall, and Blount, who was named after William Blount; he also had a son by a second marriage, James Thomas Lovell. Fort family members were co-founders along with other families of the former National Life and Accident Insurance Company and its subsidiaries, WSM radio and the Grand Ole Opry country music program. Hooker also was close friends with Amon Evans, whose family then owned and published The Tennessean. Thereafter, Hooker convinced Evans to employ John Seigenthaler as the editor of the newspaper. Seigenthaler likewise had an association with Robert F. Kennedy that emanated from the Schoolfield investigation and trial. Thereafter, Seigenthaler was a major political supporter of Robert Kennedy and of Hooker.

With the support and backing of the Evans family and John Seigenthaler, Hooker decided to enter the 1966 Democratic primary for governor of Tennessee. His opponent was Buford Ellington, a former governor attempting a return to the office who had the strong backing of the incumbent governor, Clement, and President Lyndon Johnson, who was Ellington's close personal friend and who had appointed him to a prominent position at the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Ellington was also strongly backed by the other Nashville newspaper, the Nashville Banner. Supported by some of the more progressive members of the Nashville business community and using innovative advertising such as sponsoring NASCAR driver Buddy Baker's racecar, Hooker underwent a blistering counterattack which was mounted by Ellington's "Old Guard" supporters. Hooker ran fairly well in the urban and rural areas but lost badly in the suburbs, to which the Old Guard's support had largely moved in the post-World War II era. Ellington went on to an easy victory in November, with no Republican opposition, the last time such a circumstance was to occur in Tennessee.

During the next four years, Hooker divided his time between two major activities – investments and planning to run for governor again in 1970. By this time Hooker had many diversified investments including Whale Inc. and a chain of fried chicken restaurants with country comedian Minnie Pearl and gospel singer Mahalia Jackson. His rationale for the chicken restaurants was just as Pepsi had long made a large amount of money as the primary competitor to Coca-Cola, someone else stood to make a comparable fortune as the primary competitor to Kentucky Fried Chicken. Hooker was also closely involved around the same time with the Frist family and others in the formation of what became the first major for-profit healthcare chain, the Hospital Corporation of America.

Hooker won the 1970 Democratic nomination for governor of Tennessee over a host of competitors, most notably the candidate of the "Old Guard", Nashville attorney Stan Snodgrass, who had the endorsement of the Nashville Banner. In the past, the Democratic nomination would have assured him victory in November. But many things had changed in Tennessee in the four years since his loss to Ellington. For one, the Republican Party was benefitting greatly from the Southern strategy of then-President Richard Nixon to reach out to rural and working-class urban Southern whites who were disturbed by desegregation and other rapid social changes. Tennessee Republicans, only just over two years from failing to field a gubernatorial candidate, had even managed to organize the Tennessee House of Representatives for the first (and only) time in the 20th century in 1969, and they were not about to allow what appeared to them to be a golden opportunity to pass them by. In 1966, Howard Baker had beaten Governor Frank Clement for the United States Senate because the Democratic party was divided between the Clement/Ellington forces and the anti-Clement/Ellington forces, as best exemplified in the heated primary battle that year between Ellington and Hooker, and the absence of a gubernatorial nominee had in fact allowed Republicans to focus almost all of their energies on electing Baker to the Senate seat.

Events, as well as people, seemed to conspire against Hooker in the fall of 1970. The Republicans had staged a very hard-fought primary race of their own but had come out of it largely united behind the candidacy of Memphis dentist Dr. Winfield Dunn, former chairman of the Shelby County Republican Party. Many of Snodgrass' erstwhile supporters, including the Nashville Banner, endorsed Dunn. At the same time, the Securities and Exchange Commission had in 1969 announced an investigation into Minnie Pearl's Chicken, and over time as a consequence of the investigation the price the stock had declined from a high of $40 a share to approximately 50 cents a share.

Simultaneously, Democratic Senator Albert Gore, Sr. was running an equally hard-fought and ultimately unsuccessful campaign for a fourth term against Chattanooga Congressman Bill Brock. The friendly relationship both Gore and Hooker shared with the Kennedy family became an issue, especially in light of Ted Kennedy's involvement in the Chappaquiddick incident the previous year. Republicans and "Old Guard" detractors alike pilloried the two, leading to a Republican sweep and for the first time in the post-Reconstruction era the Republicans held the Tennessee governorship and both United States Senate seats (although, curiously, they lost control of the state House of Representatives and did not gain it again it until the beginning of the 21st century).

Hooker was never convicted of any criminal wrongdoing in the SEC/Minnie Pearl Chicken case. Nonetheless, the SEC investigation, which lasted three years, caused the company virtually to liquidate, although a few outlets continued to function into the 1980s. Hooker claimed until his death that the SEC investigation was unjustified and totally politically inspired by the Nixon Administration, which wanted to defeat Albert Gore Sr. and Hooker because they were anti-war candidates. Hooker also claimed that the Nixon political "machine" challenged Hooker and Gore as part of its "Southern strategy".

Later life
Hooker served as chairman of STP Corporation from 1973 to 1976. In 1976 he entered the Democratic Primary for Brock's U.S. Senate seat and was at first perhaps favored to win the nomination but was by defeated Jim Sasser for the nomination.

In 1979, Hooker arranged for the sale of The Tennessean newspaper to Gannett, which had earlier purchased the Banner but preferred to own morning rather than evening papers. At the same time, his own investment group purchased the Banner from Gannett (the two papers were linked by a joint operating agreement) and Hooker became publisher of the very paper that had so tormented him only nine years earlier. In retrospect, he has called this perhaps the greatest single moment of his life. Hooker, however, sold his portion of the Banner in 1982 and, for a period of time, became chairman of United Press International, the historical but faltering competitor to the Associated Press in the wire service news business.

Hooker's fortunes seemed to ebb and flow in the 1980s. At one point, he became rather prosperous again. He promoted a new fast-food chain, Hooker's Hamburgers, named for himself, which sold hamburgers from small, drive-by-only buildings, operating this venture from 1984 to 1986 before selling it for $3 million. One of these outlets was built in the Nashville area and several more in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.

Hooker began to file to run for various political offices including governor, Senator, Congressman, and others, for the purpose of acquiring the legal standing to sue all of these persons running for the office for taking campaign contributions from "out of state" contributors, which according to his legal theories were both illegal and unconstitutional. Hooker continued to bring lawsuits in that regard down through the early part of the 21st century. In 1995 he sued President Bill Clinton, as well as all of the other presidential candidates, for accepting certain campaign contributions, which according to his theory were unconstitutional. He sued the Tennessee Supreme Court, saying their elections under the "Modified Missouri Plan" were unconstitutional, eventually forcing them to recuse themselves from their own case and require the empanelment of a special State Supreme Court to hear the charges (this panel dismissed Hooker's claims).

Hooker received the 1998 Democratic nomination for governor. No other prominent Democrat had filed to oppose incumbent Republican governor Don Sundquist, and Hooker defeated a field of other "token" candidates as well as the "serious" candidate with union backing, Mark Whitaker. Hooker won the nomination based on name recognition among older Democrats, who in Tennessee are generally the most reliable primary voters. He ran best in the rural areas and with urban blacks, who had always provided him with a core support group. While not formally disavowing him, the regular Democratic Party organization did almost nothing to promote his candidacy, and Hooker had disavowed the formal fundraising process as unethical and immoral. Hooker received about 30 percent of the vote in the November general election. At this time, Governor Sundquist had a 72 percent approval rating. Hooker remained a political activist, running for Congress in 2002 and again suing all his opponents, and then for Chancery Court judge in 2004 as an Independent against Chancellor Claudia Bonnyman. He sued her for taking campaign contributions from lawyers who practiced in her court and then attended fundraisers held by her at which, according to Hooker, she furnished them with food and drink as prohibited by Article X Section 3 of the Tennessee Constitution.

In 2006 Hooker filed to run for the Democratic nomination for both governor of Tennessee and United States Senator. Despite refusing to raise or spend any money in these efforts, Hooker finished third in the senatorial primary and second in the gubernatorial primary held on August 3.

He ran for Governor as an Independent in the 2014 election, and in 2015 worked to legalize physician-assisted suicide in Tennessee.

On January 24, 2016, John Jay Hooker died of cancer at the age of 85.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Jay Hooker


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Thunder Bay Historical Museum

The Thunder Bay Museum is located in Thunder Bay, Ontario. It is operated by The Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, incorporated in 1972 as the successor to the Thunder Bay Historical Society.

The Museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, the Canadian Heritage Information Network, the Ontario Historical Society, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

History
The Thunder Bay Historical Society was founded October 2, 1908 at the instance of Barlow Cumberland, president of the Ontario Historical Society. Peter McKellar served as president of the Thunder Bay Historical Society from 1908 to 1923.

Since 1994 the museum has been housed in the former Fort William police station and court house near Thunder Bay City Hall. The three-storey building, designed by architect Robert Mason, was erected in 1910 and is an example of Classical Revival architecture, with its two large Corinthian columns and pilasters. Fund raising is under way to restore the cornice and other missing architectural elements. The interior of the building has been treated with complete renovations since 1994, including an overhaul of its HVAC system and the addition of a wheelchair ramp. An annex was enlarged and converted to a storage area for the collection. Recently a visible storage gallery was built in front of the annex to display vehicles and other large items in the museum's collection.

Collection
The first floor gallery features permanent exhibits on various aspects of local history. The second floor gallery is known as the James Murphy Room and is dedicated to meetings and programming, such as birthday parties and themed march & summer break camps for children. The third floor gallery features military and music exhibits, local and traveling exhibit space as well as a multipurpose room available for rentals.

The museum collects objects of regional interest, such as dolls, pictures and furniture, and its collection includes a firetruck. The archives has 130 metres of linear records, 1900 maps and plans, 150,000 photographic images and a 2200 volume library.

Program
The Society produces an annual peer-reviewed journal entitled Papers & Records. It is also publishes a number of books annually on a variety of local and regional interest.

title: Thunder Bay Historical Museum


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Global Communications Network LLC

 * Delete: Per above: vanity company listing. Geogre 13:47, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: The page is no different than others such as FileTopia or Trillian
 * comment: above vote from User:64.222.46.87, the creator of the page in question.
 * Just because a company makes a program similar to {insert well-known program name here} doesn't make it notable. I'm open to third-party opinions though. --Ianb 22:58, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, nonnotable --Jiang 23:03, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * ? Jiang what do you base notability on, whether or not you have heard of it? A google search for "Global Communications Network LLC" brought up 2830 sites..
 * Delete, nonnotable. Ambi 02:13, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Did anyone else notice what popped up as Google's cached version of the site? "The domain www.gcn.cx has been suspended by the registry." -- Cyrius|✎ 05:43, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Blood lime

Blood limes (or 'Australian Blood Lime') are a hybrid citrus fruit developed by the CSIRO project to investigate salt-resistant crops.

While the limes proved suitable for high-salt conditions, they have seen no commercial development; the first commercial crop appeared in markets in Australia in July 2004, and are under consideration for export.

The blood lime is smaller than most limes, approximately 4 cm long by 2 cm diameter, and somewhat more sweet than the standard. It is egg-shaped in the winter. The flesh inside a blood lime is composed of red-orange vesicles. The skin can be eaten with the fruit. It is usually red or burgundy, but can sometimes be green like the standard lime.

The blood lime is a cross between the red finger lime (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea) and the 'Ellendale Mandarin' hybrid. The Ellendale is a sweet orange/mandarin cross. The medium-sized trees, which have thorns, may be used as ornamental plants.

title: Blood lime


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User:Topbanana/Reports/A wikiquote article exists on this topic

Overview
The list below shows articles (other than redirect pages) which have matching entries in the wikiquote project but which do not seem to be linked to them. Wikipedia titles which already appear to link to wikiquote are not listed. It was generated on 12th August 2004 from the 2nd August 2004 wikipedia dump]

Preamble
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Suggested improvements

 * The method of linking to wikiquote pages is crude and will fail if article titles contain special characters.
 * Use title
 * Does not consider redirects or disambig pages
 * The check for existance of an existing wikiquote link (the presence of 'wikiquote' anywhere in the article text) is perhaps a bit weak.

List
All have been done. The list now needs to be regenerated.


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Hummer H2

The Hummer H2 is a full-size off-road sport utility vehicle (SUV) that was marketed by Hummer and built in the AM General facility under contract from General Motors from 2002 until 2009. It is based on a modified GMT820 GM three-quarter-ton pickup truck in the front and a half-ton 1500 frame in the rear. A four-door pickup truck version with a midgate that opens the vehicle's interior to the external cargo bed was introduced for the 2005 model year as the H2 SUT (sport utility truck).

Background
In 2001 and 2002, GM allowed journalists to examine early versions of the Hummer H2, which were still under development.

The H2 was built by AM General under contract with General Motors at AM General Commercial Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana.

Standard
Standard features included air conditioning with tri-zone climate controls, an adjustable, leather-wrapped steering wheel with radio controls, cruise control, leather upholstery, heated front, and rear seats, 8-way power front seats, dual memory system, BOSE premium sound system, single-CD/cassette player and later in 2004, a six-disc CD changer, then in 2007, a single CD-player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack and DVD player, outside-temperature indicator, compass, rear radio controls, independent front torsion bar suspension, rear five-link coil spring suspension developed for the H2, oversized tires with wheels scripted "HUMMER", universal garage door opener and remote engine start (2007 and 2009).

Optional
Options for the H2 include adjustable rear suspension (which is included within the Adventure Package), a broad power sunroof, rearview camera, DVD entertainment system, navigation system, ladder, custom grilles, side step bars, Air compressor with road assistance kit, and 20" chrome wheels (slightly different from stock wheels).

2008 updates
For 2008, the Hummer H2 and H2 SUT received an update. While essentially unchanged on the exterior, the H2 and H2 SUT interiors were redesigned. This included a new instrument cluster with improved gauges and Driver Information Center (DIC) based on the higher-trim GMT900 trucks/SUVs, a new leather-wrapped steering wheel, three new radios with a Bose premium audio system and auxiliary audio inputs (including a new touchscreen GPS navigation radio with DVD audio and video playback while the transmission is in the park position, and XM Nav-Traffic capabilities), a new rear seat DVD entertainment system, Bluetooth hands-free calling capabilities, enhanced voice activation, new OnStar hardware with buttons moved from the rearview mirror to the overhead console, a lower dashboard-mounted radio, new dual-zone climate controls, new rear seat audio system controls, a new dash-mounted control knob for the 4X4 system to replace the old pushbutton controls, brushed aluminum interior trim panels, new interior color options, available remote engine start, and a center dashboard-mounted analog clock.

Also for 2008, a new 393 hp 6.2 L V8 gasoline engine replaced the previous 325 hp 6.0 L, with a new 6L80-E six-speed automatic transmission, replacing the 4L65-E four-speed automatic.

Hummer launched a special 2009 Black Chrome Limited Edition featuring a new paint color, Sedona Metallic. All Black Chrome editions also had Sedona interior, black chrome accents instead of standard chrome, and unique 20-inch black chrome wheels. Initially, there were supposed to be 1,000 to 1,300 Black Chrome editions. However, due to the mid-year production shutdown, only six were ever actually made, and they were not made available to the public.

Fuel economy
General Motors was not required to provide official fuel economy ratings for the H2 due to the vehicle's heavy gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). Prior to 2011, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) exempted vehicles with a GVWR over 8500 lb from fuel economy standards and testing.

title: Hummer H2


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Daniel Paul Schreber

Daniel Paul Schreber (25 July 1842 – 14 April 1911) was a German judge who was famous for his personal account of his own experience with schizophrenia. Schreber experienced three distinct periods of acute mental illness. The first of these, in 1884-1885 was what was then diagnosed as dementia praecox (later known as paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia, paranoid type). He described his second mental illness, from 1893 to 1902, making also a brief reference to the first disorder from 1884 to 1885, in his book Memoirs of My Nervous Illness (Denkwürdigkeiten eines Nervenkranken). The Memoirs became an influential book in the history of psychiatry and psychoanalysis because of its interpretation by Sigmund Freud. There is no personal account of his third disorder, in 1907–1911, but some details about it can be found in the Hospital Chart (in the Appendix to Lothane's book). During his second illness he was treated by Paul Flechsig (Leipzig University Clinic), Pierson (Lindenhof), and Guido Weber (Royal Public Asylum, Sonnenstein).

Early life, education, and career
Schreber was born on 25 July 1842 in Leipzig, Germany, the second oldest of five children of physician Daniel Gottlieb Moritz Schreber (1808-1861) and Louise Henrietta Pauline Haase (1815-1907). His paternal great-grandfather was Daniel Gottfried Schreber. Throughout his life, his family suffered from various mental illnesses: his father experienced lifelong depression and his older brother committed suicide in 1877.

Schreber graduated from St. Thomas School in 1860, began work as a judge for the Ministry of Justice in 1867, and received a doctorate in jurisprudence from University of Leipzig in 1869. He married Ottilie Sabine Behr (1857-1912) in 1878.

Timeline
In 1884, Schreber ran for Reichstag and lost. This had a negative effect on his mental health, causing him to enter an asylum for six months. He was treated by psychiatrist Paul Flechsig and left "completely recovered", returning to work in 1886. In October 1893, Schreber became presiding judge of an Oberlandesgericht court and his wife had a stillbirth. He shortly readmitted himself to Fleschsig's clinic seeking treatment for insomnia. His condition worsened in the following years and he was eventually transferred to Sonnenstein Castle. By 1899 he entered remission and was deemed "capable of meeting the demands of everyday life", though still confident in his schizophrenic delusions. He wrote his memoir a year later. Schreber took legal action to be released and won in 1902, but was re-institutionalised in 1907 after his mother died and his wife had a stroke. Schreber died on 14 April 1911 in the Leipzig-Dosen asylum.

Experiences
Schreber woke up one morning with the thought that it would be pleasant to "succumb" to sexual intercourse as a woman. He was alarmed and felt that this thought had come from somewhere else, not from himself. He even hypothesized that the thought had come from a doctor who had experimented with hypnosis on him; he thought that the doctor had telepathically invaded his mind. He believed his primary psychiatrist, Paul Flechsig, had contact with him using a "nerve-language" of which Schreber said humans are unaware. He believed that hundreds of people's souls took special interest in him, and contacted his nerves by using "divine rays", telling him special information, or requesting things of him. During one of his stays at the Sonnenstein asylum, he concluded that there are "fleeting-improvised-men" in the world, which he believed were divinely fabricated men, as miracles to provide Schreber with "play-with-humans" in light of a depopulation of the world.

As his psychosis progressed, he believed that God was turning him into a woman, sending rays down to enact 'miracles' upon him, including little men to torture him. Schreber was released from psychiatric hospitals around 1902, shortly before the publication of his book.

Worldview
The fundamental unit of Schreber's ruminations were what he called "nerves", which were said to compose both the human soul and the nature of God in relation to humanity. Each human soul was composed of nerves that derived from God, whose own nerves were then the ultimate source of human existence. Schreber's thought that God's nerves and those of humanity existed parallel to one another except when the "Order of the World" was violated which constituted the fundamental premise of Schreber's memoirs, in which the two universes experienced dangerous "nerve-contact" with each other. For Schreber, this was focused upon his personal and institutional relationship with Flechsig, who became a rebellious "nerve specialist" by virtue of his psychiatric power in contrast to the "Omnipotence" of God.

The peculiar universe of Schreber's was mediated by the activity of rays, which could assume a "pure" and "impure" relation; these rays could be controlled by Flechsig or emanated strictly from God, who sought to influence Schreber and his reality by "divine miracles". The rays had the capacity for independent activity, though they were distinguished from souls and nerves (generally identical) which emanated from other human beings deceased or living. Within Schreber's cosmology the universe as an observable reality, and the Sun especially, was a partially independent realm which God merely communicated through, using rays and miracles to influence at times when the "Order of the World" needed to be adjusted. Strictly speaking, God only initiated nerve-contact with human beings through dreams or inspired states (in poetry, etc.), or when humans had become corpses and returned to the "forecourts of Heaven" after purification to rejoin the 'nerve soul' of God. However, the entire crisis which Schreber describes in his book is the dangerous combination between humanity and God within the mind of Schreber.

Schreber's ruminations can be schematized in this way:

 * God - Upper and lower (Ormuzd and Ahriman respectively, derived from Persian theology)
 * The "forecourts of Heaven" - The "states of Blessedness" where deceased humans' souls reside after a process of "purification" (These are called the "anterior realms of God" in contradistinction to the "posterior" realms which consist of the upper and lower Gods)
 * The Universe - Separated from the transcendental sphere of God providing the human/material world and yet threatening God's invested existence within it; celestial bodies allow the means for God's life/light to interact with His creations
 * Divine rays - Semi-sentient entities (which are the cosmic fuel of God's Omnipotence, and influence Schreber and the world but can be manipulated by Flechsig)
 * Nerves/Souls - The spiritual bodies of humans which are active whether the living person is alive or dead, and go through various states of purification in order to return to God's nerves in a "state of Blessedness"

There is no Hell in Schreber's cosmology.

Freud
Although Sigmund Freud never interviewed Schreber himself, he read his Memoirs and drew his own conclusions from it in an essay entitled "Psycho-Analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia (Dementia Paranoides)" (1911). Freud thought that Schreber's disturbances resulted from repressed homosexual desires, which in infancy were oriented at his father and brother. Repressed inner drives were projected onto the outside world and led to intense hallucinations which were first centred on his physician Flechsig (projection of his feelings towards his brother), and then around God (who represented Schreber's father, Daniel Gottlob Moritz Schreber). During the first phase of his illness Schreber was certain that Flechsig persecuted him and made direct attempts to murder his soul and change him into a woman (he had what Freud thought to be emasculation hallucinations, which were in fact, according to Schreber's words an "unmanning" (Entmannung) experience. In the next period of his ailment he was convinced that God and the order of things demanded of him that he must be turned into a woman so that he could be the sole object of sexual desire of God. Consideration of the Schreber case led Freud to revise received classification of mental disturbances. He argued that the difference between paranoia and dementia praecox is not at all clear, since symptoms of both ailments may be combined in any proportion, as in Schreber's case. Therefore, Freud concluded, it may be necessary to introduce a new diagnostic notion: paranoid dementia, which does justice to polymorphous mental disturbances such as those exhibited by the judge.

Criticism
Freud's interpretation has been contested by a number of subsequent theorists, most notably Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their work Anti-Oedipus and elsewhere. Their reading of Schreber's Memoirs is a part of their wider criticism of familial orientation of psychoanalysis and it foregrounds the political and racial elements of the text; they see Schreber's written experience of reality abnormal only in its honesty about the experience of power in late capitalism. Elias Canetti also devoted the closing chapters of his theoretical magnum opus Crowds and Power to a reading of Schreber. Finally, Jacques Lacan's Seminar on the Psychoses and one of his écrits "On a Question Prior to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis" are predominantly concerned with reading and evaluating Schreber's text over-against Freud's original and originating interpretation.

Schatzman
In 1974, Morton Schatzman published Soul Murder, in which he gave his own interpretation of Schreber's psychosis. Schatzman's interpretation was based on W. G. Niederland's research from the 1950s. (Niederland had previously worked with survivors of Nazi concentration camps.) Schatzman had found child-rearing pamphlets written by Moritz Schreber, Daniel Schreber's father, which stressed the necessity of taming the rebellious savage beast in the child and turning him into a productive citizen. Many of the techniques recommended by Moritz Schreber were mirrored in Daniel Schreber's psychotic experiences. For example, one of the "miracles" described by Daniel Schreber was that of chest compression, of tightening and tightening. This can be seen as analogous to one of Moritz Schreber's techniques of using an elaborate contraption that confined the child's body, forcing him to have a "correct" posture at the dinner table. Similarly, the "freezing miracle" might mirror Moritz Schreber's recommendation of placing the infant in a bath of ice cubes beginning at age three months. Daniel Paul Schreber's older brother, Daniel Gustav Schreber, committed suicide in his thirties. In his 1989 book Schreber: Father and Son, Han Israëls argued against the interpretations of Niederland and Schatzman, claiming that Schreber's father had been unfairly criticized in the literature.

Lothane
Henry Zvi Lothane argued against the interpretations of Niederland and Schatzman in his 1992 book, In Defense of Schreber: Soul Murder and Psychiatry. Lothane's Schreber research included the study of archival records concerning the relationship between Schreber and the other significant people in his life, including his wife and his doctors. On Lothane's account, the existing literature on Schreber as a rule (1) leaves substantial gaps in the historical records, which careful archival research could in some measure fill, (2) leaves out psychoanalytically significant relationships, such as that between Schreber and his wife, and (3) overstates the purportedly sadistic elements in Schreber's father's child-rearing techniques. Lothane's interpretation of Schreber also differs from previous texts in that he considers Schreber a worthwhile thinker.

In popular culture

 * Schreber's Memoirs are the starting point and main topic of the 1972 radio play Schreber's Nervous Illness by British playwright Caryl Churchill.
 * Roberto Calasso's first book, and only novel, L'impuro folle (1974), is about Schreber.
 * A character of the same name appears in the 1988 book Empire of the Senseless by Kathy Acker.
 * A character of the same name appears in the 1998 film Dark City, played by Kiefer Sutherland.
 * In the 2006 film Memoirs of My Nervous Illness, based on Schreber's 1903 journal of the same name, Schreber is portrayed by Jefferson Mays.
 * The 2011 docudrama film, Shock Head Soul follows Schreber's demise and later life.
 * Schreber is the first person narrator of Swedish writer Fabian Kastner's novel Lekmannen (The Layman, 2013).
 * In Jenny Davidson's The Magic Circle: A Novel (2013), Lucy uses Memoirs of My Nervous Illness as a text for the seminar she is teaching on "Madness and Literature."
 * The song "Dementia Praecox" from the 2014 album White Deer Park by Papa vs Pretty is about Daniel Paul Schreber.
 * Schreber is the subject of British writer Alex Pheby's novel Playthings, (2015).
 * BBC documents record that Anthony Burgess wrote in 1975 for Burt Lancaster a screenplay of Schreber's Memoir. Never filmed, it was adapted for radio and performed by Christopher Eccleston 22 March 2020.
 * The two dominant organizations in the anime franchise Neon Genesis Evangelion are named NERV and SEELE, German for Nerve and Soul, likely alluding to Schreber's cosmology.

title: Daniel Paul Schreber


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User talk:Scuffleball

Welcome to Wikipedia.

See below for some replies to your comments in Votes for deletion/Scuffleball. Please don't take the listing of this article for deletion personally. It happens to lots of us until we get the hang of what is wanted.

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 * Village pump is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

Now, specifically about the scuffleball article. You wrote: '' Just a Comment. The sport is real, it's not fictional. It has been played, and it has a set of cohesive rules. It does exist. I thought Wikipedia was an information source. I had no idea that just because someone has not heard of something that it deserves to be deleted. Delete it if it doesn't pass this litmus test, but 'not notable' is quite arbitrary. scuffleball 22:24, Aug 11, 2004''

Wikipedia is an information source, but it's not a source of all information. We don't for example have entries for every person on the telephone book, although that is information too. And the suggestion that it should be deleted is not just because someone hasn't heard of it. Some over-zealous editors do seem to list articles fo no better reason than this, but the guidelines and policies hopefully make it clear that this is not good either.

Please feel free to drop me a question on my talk page if there's anything you think I can help with, and particularly if, after you've done some reading of some of the policy documents listed above, things still aren't clear. Andrewa 13:55, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scuffleball


text:
Category:Hummer vehicles

This category links to articles relating to the Hummer marque of General Motors Corporation.

title: Category:Hummer vehicles


text:
Jeep Wrangler

The Jeep Wrangler is a series of compact and mid-size four-wheel drive off-road SUVs manufactured by Jeep since 1986, and currently in its fourth generation. The Wrangler JL, the most recent generation, was unveiled in late 2017 and is produced at Jeep's Toledo Complex.

The Wrangler is a direct progression from the World War II Jeep, through the CJ (Civilian Jeeps) produced by Willys, Kaiser-Jeep, and American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the mid-1940s through the 1980s. Although neither AMC nor Chrysler (after it purchased AMC in 1987) have claimed that the Wrangler was a direct descendant of the original military model — both the CJ Jeeps and the conceptually consistent Wrangler, with their solid axles and open top, have been called the Jeep model as central to Jeep's brand identity as the rear-engine 911 is to Porsche.

Similar to the Willys MB and the CJ Jeeps before it, all Wrangler models continue to use a separate body and frame, rigid live axles both front and rear, a tapering nose design with flared fenders, a fold-flat windshield and can be driven without doors. Also, with few exceptions, they have part-time four-wheel drive systems, with the choice of high and low gearing, and standard open bodies with removable hard or soft tops. However, the Wrangler series was specifically redesigned to be safer and more comfortable on-road, to attract more daily drivers, by upgrading its suspension, drivetrain, and interior, compared to the CJ line. The suspension on all Wranglers included trackbars and anti-roll bars, and, from the 1997 TJ onwards, front and rear coil springs instead of the previous leaf springs.

From 2004 on, the Wrangler has been complemented with long-wheelbase versions, called Wrangler Unlimited. 2004-2006 models were longer versions with 2 doors. In 2004 only automatic transmission-equipped “Unlimited” versions were sold. In 2005 both an automatic and manual 6-speed (NSG-370) were offered. Since 2007, the long-wheelbase Wranglers were four-door models, offering over 20 in more room. By mid-2017 the four-door models represented three-quarters of all new Wranglers on the market.

Background
Outwardly resembling the Jeep CJ-7, the first Wrangler - formally announced in February 1986 at the 1986 Chicago Auto Show - was said to be based on a new set of design parameters. "The product philosophy behind the two vehicles" François Castaing (AMC VP of Product Engineering) stated, "is completely different".

The new car had a wider track, slightly less ground clearance, and improved handling, along with additional passenger comfort features. The YJ still had leaf spring suspension similar to that of the CJ – however, the springs were wider, and the first Wrangler had trackbar suspension links and anti-roll bars for improved handling and safety, making it less likely to flip by untrained or unwary drivers.

Manufacturing
Jeep YJ models were manufactured between 1986 and 1995 at Brampton Assembly, and subsequently at the Toledo South Assembly plant. A major difference in the 1987–1995 models were the rectangular headlights, which reverted to rounded ones in the TJ and then JK versions. In 2006, Wrangler production was moved to Toledo Complex. Post-2006 Wranglers were set apart from their predecessors by the angle of the grille. In all previous models, the grille was flat and even with the front fenders. The newer Wrangler was constructed with a grille that angled out from the top and then continued in a straight line from the midway point, toward the bottom. This decreased the hood length while increasing the length of the fenders. In more recent models, this angle has been lowered more toward the bottom of the grille. In Egypt, the YJ was produced in both short and long-wheelbase versions. The extended wheelbase retained the 2-door design and was dubbed LJ (or labeled as YJL in Egypt's Owner's Manual). The long-wheelbase continued as TJL (aka J8) inspired the JK's 4-door version.

The Wrangler debuted in 1986 as a new model after the discontinuance of the Jeep CJ series. It was revised in 1996, and completely redesigned in 2006. In addition to the model's name Wrangler, each model received a designation corresponding to its generation: YJ (1986–1995), TJ (1997–2006), JK (2007–2018), and the current JL model. Foreign military versions of the Wrangler have carried the J8 designation which was initially dubbed TJL when first produced at Arab American Vehicle's Egyptian plant. The Wrangler-based pickup truck, the Gladiator, began production in 2019 for the 2020 model year.

First generation (1986)
Although introduced in 1986 (under the control of Renault), and by 1987 (the first model year) under the new ownership of Chrysler, the first-generation Wrangler had been developed by American Motors Corporation (AMC). It featured rectangular headlamps, differing from the round ones on its predecessors, the CJ Jeeps. Although continuing many essentials, such as an open body with only minor modifications, on a separate frame, with the same wheelbase, part-time 4WD with live rigid axles on leaf springs, both front and rear, just like the CJ-7 – the new 'Wrangler' was a new design with a wider track, slightly less ground clearance, more comfort as well as improved safety and handling.

Second generation (1996)
Introduced in 1996 as a 1997 model, the second-generation Wrangler reintroduced the round headlamps from the classic Jeep models. The main engine was the AMC 242 4.0 L inline 6. From the Wrangler TJ onwards, all Wranglers were fitted with coil-spring instead of leaf-spring suspension, the automatic shifter was relocated to the floor.

In 2004, a long-wheelbase "Unlimited" model was introduced. Furthermore, starting in 2006, Israeli Automotive Industries Ltd. produced the first five-door Jeep Wrangler derivative, built under license from Chrysler, for the Israel Defense Forces, based on a 2931 mm wheelbase Wrangler (TJ).

Third generation (2006)
The third-generation Wrangler was released in 2006 for the 2007 model year. Developed under the ownership of DaimlerChrysler, the JK was Jeep's first Wrangler that was a completely clean-sheet design of the body, frame, and suspension. New features for the Wrangler included power windows, remote power door locks, navigation, as well as electronically detachable sway bars on some models.

Along with the traditional 2-door model, a 4-door "Unlimited" model was released, offering considerably more room, thanks to an over 20 inches (50 cm) longer wheelbase. These became quite successful sellers. By mid-2017 the four-door models represented three-quarters of all new Wranglers on the market.

On September 2, 2011, Jeep announced a partnership with Activision for the second year in a row, to make a special edition Modern Warfare 3 Jeep based on the Wrangler Rubicon model. The Jeep comes with various features including the interior and exterior being designed with a Modern Warfare 3 theme. Jeep dealers started selling this model in November 2011.

Fourth generation (2017)
The fourth-generation Wrangler was unveiled in late 2017 for the 2018 model year. The JL features additional powertrains over the Pentastar V6, a redesigned 8-speed automatic transmission, an easier fold-flat windshield, new zipperless soft tops, blind-spot monitoring, a backup camera, and a more modern interior. Powertrains for the 2018 models included a 2.0-liter turbocharged I4 making 270 hp and 295 lbft of torque and the 3.6-liter Pentastar V6 gasoline engine making 285 hp and 260 lbft of torque. Additionally, a 2.2-liter turbodiesel I4 was first available in Europe and since 2020 in North America with EcoDiesel engines. For the 2021 model year, Jeep introduced a plug-in hybrid version of the Wrangler, dubbed the Wrangler 4xe, that went on sale in early 2021. The Wrangler 4xe provides an estimated 25 mi of all-electric range. In late summer 2021 Jeep released the Rubicon 392 model, the most powerful JL ever produced. It comes with a 6.4L Hemi V8 that produces 470 hp and 470 lbft of torque. Its 470-horsepower engine powers through a quarter mile in 13.0 seconds, going 0-60 mph in just 4.5 seconds.

Electric Wrangler
In September 2008, Chrysler vice-chair Tom LaSorda unveiled a range-extended electric 4-door Wrangler along with a similarly engineered Town and Country minivan and a purely electric sports car. The Wrangler would have a 40 mi range before a gas engine starts and begins supplying additional electricity. The 4xe has a 17kWh battery with a usable capacity of 15kWh and has an all-electric range of 21 miles (34 kilometers) per charge. The 4xe is a plug-in Hybrid that takes advantage of Jeep's new 2.0-liter turbocharged 4-cylinder engine.

In early 2021 Jeep created the Magneto concept using an battery electric powertrain on a slightly modified Jeep JL two-door frame and body. The Magneto sports a JPP 2-inch (50mm) lift kit, 17-inch Lights Out black metallic wheels with 35-inch (958mm) mud-terrain tires, custom roll cage, Mopar Rock Rails, steel bumpers with a Warn winch, and a steel belly pan.

In April 2022, Jeep unveiled a new concept: the Wrangler Magneto 2.0. It includes a new electric powertrain calibration, which Jeep refers to as “electronic nitrous oxide” to maintain peak power for as long as 10 seconds. Rated at 625 horsepower and up to 850-footpounds (1152 joules) of torque, the Magneto 2.0 is capable of 0-60 mph (0–100 km/h) in 2 seconds.

Recognition
The Jeep Wrangler received the 2009 Best Resale Value Award from Kelley Blue Book (KBB) in the sport utility vehicle category. In 2012 and for 2013, it was also awarded the Best Resale Value Award from Kelly Blue Book in the compact sport utility vehicle category. The Wrangler also holds the Models to Best Hold Its Value recognition from Kelley Blue Book for 1998, 1999, 2003, 2011, and 2012.

The 2011, 2012, and 2013 Jeep Wranglers have received Canadian Black Book's Best Retained Value Award for the compact SUV category.

In 2007, The Jeep Wrangler had set the Guinness World Record for the highest altitude attained by a four-wheeled vehicle after ferrying Matthias Jeschke and his Extreme Events adventure team up Chile's Ojos del Salado, the highest volcano on Earth (record reached the same year by a Suzuki Samurai ). The trek from base camp to the world record height ran from March 7 to March 13, when the team's pair of Wrangler Rubicon Unlimiteds checked in at 6646 m.

In 2007 and for 2013, the magazine Four Wheeler awarded the Jeep Wrangler with its Four-Wheeler of the Year Award and in January 2010, they awarded the Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon its title of 4x4 of the Decade.

In 1997, 2007, and 2012, the magazine Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road awarded the Jeep Wrangler with its 4x4 of the Year award.

The 2008 edition of Forbes Autos lists the four-wheel-drive convertible Jeep Wrangler at number four among the top ten vehicles with the highest resale value.

In May 2009, Business Week magazine named the Wrangler One of the Most Iconic Cars of the Last 20 Years.

A 2018 iSeeCars.com study named the Jeep Wrangler as the vehicle with the lowest depreciation after five years.

title: Jeep Wrangler


text:
Education in Macau

Most schools in Macau are private or subsidized schools. As of the 2023–2024 school year, there were 76 schools in Macau, including eight public schools and 68 private schools. Of the 73 schools that offered formal education, six were not a part of Macau's free education network. many of the schools in Macau are operated by Catholic organizations.

A basic 15-year compulsory, free education, is offered to those pupils who have been enrolled at the schools which have met certain requirements stipulated by the government.

The majority of schools in Macau are grammar schools, which offer language learning, mathematics, science subjects, and social studies, among others, to pupils. There are only a few vocational schools in Macau, offering technical subjects such as car-repairing, electronics, and constructions.

As prescribed by the Basic Law of Macau, Chapter VI, Article 121, the Government of Macau shall, on its own, formulate policies on education, including policies regarding the educational system and its administration, the language of instruction, the allocation of funds, the examination system, the recognition of educational qualifications and the system of academic awards so as to promote educational development. The government shall also in accordance with law, gradually institute a compulsory education system. Community organizations and individuals may, in accordance with law, run educational undertakings of various kinds.

History
According to Sou-kuan Vong and Matilda Wong of the University of Macau, the prevalence of private schools in Macau is due to the Portuguese Macau government practice of not involving itself in educational matters.

By the early 1950s pro-Communist and pro-Nationalist forces competed over how much influence they had in Macau's education system. Christian schools in Macau gained strength at the expense of secular schools since the Christian schools received support from Christian organizations: the Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau assisted the Catholic schools, and various churches based in and outside of Macau assisted the Protestant schools. There were ten schools affiliated with Nationalist forces in Macau during the early 1960s, and at the time the Nationalist forces had more influence than Communist ones. After 1967 and 1968 riots disrupted Nationalist forces, that faction's schools closed.

As of the 1990s secular private schools, including those supported by the pro-mainland Macau Chinese Education System, other welfare organizations, and philanthropists; and the Christian schools had about equal amounts of influence and numbers of students.

System of education
At present, most schools in Macau follow a so-called "local education system". Six years of primary school education, three years for junior secondary school education and three years for senior secondary school education up to Form 6. In their senior secondary school years, students are usually required to study science, commerce, arts and music.

Pupils who plan to study further would usually sit for the exam organised by the higher education institutes, or international assessment bodies like Edexcel, CIE and College Board, or the related government bodies in China.

Mediums of instruction
The majority of schools offer both Cantonese and English education, and either Cantonese or English is the medium in most schools at the primary and secondary levels. Chinese-Medium-of-Instruction (CMI) schools adopt Cantonese as the medium of instruction for almost all classes. English-Medium-of-Instruction (EMI) schools generally adopt English as the medium of instruction. English is used almost exclusively at the tertiary level.

Macau Portuguese School is currently the only school in Macau offering curricula similar to those of Portugal and a Portuguese-language education for pupils from 1st grade to 12th grade.

The Escola Secundária Luso-Chinesa de Luís Gonzaga Gomes is a public school that has a Chinese and a Portuguese section. The Escola Oficial Zheng Guanying is a pilot project of the government that conducts classes in Mandarin, Portuguese, and English.

There are some students with origins from Macau, Hong Kong, or mainland China who natively speak a variety of Chinese but who have education in English.

Primary, secondary, and vocational education
In the 2007–2008 school year, Macau had 55 private preschool, primary and secondary schools with subsidised tuition, 15 private preschool, primary and secondary schools without subsidised tuition, and 13 government preschool, primary and secondary schools, with a total of 83 primary and secondary schools. These schools altogether had 80,223 students and 4,610 teachers.

Macau parents generally choose schools by their reputations, since Macau does not have territory-wide standard examinations, and there is a preference for religious schools among upper-class parents due to a perceived higher quality of education. the 27 Catholic schools in Macau made up about 36.4% of the educational sectors other than tertiary education.

Since 2007, in accordance with the general education goal of "Love China, love Macau ", China People Education Press in China, which is the official press affiliated to the Ministry of Education of China, has cooperated with the Macao Education and Youth Bureau to compile and publish three textbooks for Macao primary and secondary schools, including the "History" and "Character and Citizenship" and " Geography ".

Higher education

There are more than ten higher-learning institutions in Macau. Some students choose to further their studies in the local universities or polytechnics whereas some others choose to further their studies in mainland Portugal, mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, or some other places.

International schools
A number of international schools operate in Macau, such as the School of the Nations,Macau Anglican College and International School of Macao.

title: Education in Macau


text:
Kiss Kiss (book)

Kiss Kiss is a collection of short stories by Roald Dahl, first published in 1960 by Alfred A. Knopf. Most of the constituent stories had been previously published elsewhere.

Contents
It contains the following short stories:

 * "The Landlady" (first appeared in The New Yorker magazine, November 28, 1959 )
 * "William and Mary"
 * "The Way Up to Heaven" (first appeared in The New Yorker magazine, February 27, 1954 )
 * "Parson's Pleasure"
 * "Mrs. Bixby and the Colonel's Coat"
 * "Royal Jelly"
 * "Georgy Porgy"
 * "Genesis and Catastrophe: A True Story"
 * "Edward the Conqueror" (first appeared in The New Yorker magazine, October 31, 1953 )
 * "Pig"
 * "The Champion of the World" (first appeared in The New Yorker magazine, January 31, 1959 )

These are some of Dahl's most macabre stories. Delicately, the naive punish the wicked, but also the other way around.

Most of the stories are presented as typical narratives, albeit with imaginative characters. The horror of each story is built around implication, and many horrific endings, involving death or unpleasant situations, can only be inferred, since nothing is directly stated.

"The Champion of the World" is a condensed version of the story that would become Dahl's 1975 children's book Danny the Champion of the World.

Editions

 * Knopf, New York, 1960, 309 pp.
 * McCleland, Toronto, 1960
 * M. Joseph, London, 1960, 255 pp.
 * Hayakawa, Japan, 1961, Paperback, Japanese as Tales of Menace 1
 * Dell:F128, New York, 1961, 288 pp., paperback
 * Bonnier, Stockholm, 1961, Swedish as Puss puss
 * Penguin:1832, Harmondsworth, 1962, 233 pp., paperback, ISBN 0-14-001832-8 (1973 reprint)
 * Feltrinelli, Milano, 1964, 276 pp, Italian as Kiss Kiss: 11 storie macabre (con humour)
 * Rowohlt, Reinbek, German as Küsschen, Küsschen

Audiobook
Unabridged recordings have been made of all 11 stories and released by Penguin Audiobooks. These are available individually as audio downloads, or together in a CD collection. The narrators are Stephanie Beacham, Juliet Stevenson, Derek Jacobi, Adrian Scarborough, Stephen Mangan and Tamsin Greig.

Critical response
Lorna Bradbury, Deputy Literary Editor for The Daily Telegraph, listed the collection as one of "25 Classic Novels for Teenagers." Zoe Chace of NPR told interviewer Cara Philbin her reactions during reading the collection as a child: "Kiss Kiss is for grown-ups...It was actually the marriages that I remember feeling the worst about...Reading Kiss Kiss is one of the first times I can remember a real-life truth staring back at me from a book. I hadn't yet thought about the nasty tricks adults play on each other just to hurt each other. Particularly, married adults who aren't in love and who might know the other's weakness best. My imagination matured."

title: Kiss Kiss (book)


text:
Quarter-inch cartridge

Quarter inch cartridge tape (abbreviated QIC, commonly pronounced "quick") is a magnetic tape data storage format introduced by 3M in 1972, with derivatives still in use as of 2016. QIC comes in a rugged enclosed package of aluminum and plastic that holds two tape reels driven by a single belt in direct contact with the tape. The tape was originally 1/4 in wide and anywhere from 300 to 1500 ft long. Data is written linearly along the length of the tape in one track (mostly on pre-1980 equipment), or written "serpentine", one track at a time, the drive reversing direction at the end of the tape, and each track's data written in the opposite direction to its neighbor. Since its introduction, it has been widely used, and many variations exist. There is a QIC trade association that publishes QIC standards which include interfaces and logical formats. To a very large extent it was the efficiency and openness of this organization which encouraged hardware and software developers to use this type of drive and media.

Features of QIC
The QIC cartridge is distinguished from other types of tape cartridges by containing an endless drive belt which is moved at a uniform speed by a motorised capstan. Since the belt is in contact with the tape, this ensures both that the tape moves at uniform speed, and that neutral tension is maintained at all times. This is in contrast to cassette tapes or DATs, where the tape is moved past the head by a capstan and pinch wheel, but the takeup reel is driven by a servo motor or slipping clutch.

The tape in a QIC cartridge is not physically attached to the reels and is never completely unwound. This is again different from other cassettes or cartridges, which generally have some form of clip anchoring on at least one end of the tape. To ensure that the tape is never completely unwound, each end has a small beginning or end of tape hole which is detected by an optical sensor, and an "early warning" hole further from each end. If a defective drive—for example with fluff in a sensor—winds the tape past the BOT or EOT marker, the tape will detach from the spool and the cartridge will be unusable unless it is reattached.

The design of the QIC tape cartridge is very robust: the aluminium baseplate is 1/10 in thick, and the robust plastic cover can withstand abuse and impacts that would damage other tape formats.

However, because the tape is belt-driven, seeking back and forth can eventually cause the tape to become unevenly tensioned. It is therefore necessary to periodically retension the cartridge. This is accomplished by winding the tape from beginning to end and back in one operation, allowing the belt to equalize itself. For newer QIC drives that use a SCSI interface, there is a SCSI "RETENSION" command to do this.

When the cartridge gets old, the belt may not provide enough friction to turn the takeup spool smoothly. When this happens, the tape will need to be replaced.

In some cases a cartridge must be formatted before use. The capability to do this is in the drive rather than the host computer.

3M Data Cartridge (DC)
The first QIC tape format was the 5+7/8 in by 3+7/8 in Data Cartridge (DC) format with two internal belt-driven reels and a metal base. The original product, the DC300, has 300 feet of tape and holds 200 kilobytes. Various QIC DC recording formats have appeared over the years, including:

 * QIC-11: a four-track format giving 20 MB on a 450 ft DC300XL cartridge
 * QIC-24: nine-track, 45 MB or 60 MB on a 450 or 600 ft DC600A cartridge, respectively
 * QIC-120: 15-track, 125 MB, DC6150 cartridge
 * QIC-150: 18-track, 150 MB, DC6150 cartridge
 * QIC-525: 26-track, 525 MB on a 1020 ft DC6525 cartridge
 * QIC-1350: 30-track, 1.35 GB on a DC9135 cartridge

Other QIC DC standards include the QIC-02 and QIC-36 drive interface standards. Later QIC DC drives usually use the QIC-104/111 SCSI and QIC-121 SCSI-2 interfaces.

Other Data Cartridge (DC) look-alikes:

 * 3M DC600HC, a preformatted tape with 16 tracks on 600 foot DC600A and software-based EOT/BOT detection. HP used these in the HP914x type of cartridge drives.

QIC Mini Cartridge (MC)
Later, the smaller Minicartridge (MC) form-factor was introduced. This is 2+3/8 in by 3+1/8 in size and is small enough to fit in a 3+1/2 in drive bay.

 * QIC-40
 * 20-track DC2000 mini-cartridge 205 ft. 40 MB
 * 20-track DC2000XL mini-cartridge 307½ ft. 60 MB
 * QIC-80
 * 28-track DC2080 mini-cartridge 205 ft. 80 MB
 * 28-track DC2120 mini-cartridge 307½ ft. 120 MB

The QIC-40 and QIC-80 were designed to use the same floppy disk controller as a standard floppy drive, with MFM or RLL encoding.

Travan (TR)

Travan is an evolution of the QIC Minicartridge format, sold for personal computer use. This version, developed by 3M, uses a longer and wider (8 mm) tape to give higher capacities.

SLR
SLR is Tandberg Data's name for its line of high-capacity QIC data cartridge drives. As of 2005, Tandberg was the only manufacturer of SLR/QIC drives in the world. The largest SLR drive can hold 70 GB of data (140 GB compressed).

QIC-Wide
A variant from Sony that uses a wider .315 inch (8 mm) tape and increases the recording density. QIC-Wide drives are backwards compatible with QIC tapes.

QIC-EX
QIC Extra, a modification to support longer tapes and thus more data by the Verbatim Corporation, was made possible by making the cartridges physically longer to accommodate larger spools. In many cases a standard QIC drive and backup package can use the extended length to store additional data, however in some cases an attempt to reformat a QIC-EX cartridge fails since the time taken to traverse the extra length triggers a timeout in the drive or controlling software intended to detect a broken tape.

QIC-157
An interface standard for tape drives using the ATAPI (IDE) interface.

title: Quarter-inch cartridge


text:
Donna Nook

Donna Nook is a point on the low-lying coast of north Lincolnshire, England, north of the village of North Somercotes and south of Grimsby. The area, a salt marsh, is used by a number of Royal Air Force stations in Lincolnshire for bombing practice and shares its name with RAF Donna Nook. The site was also made available to commercial organisations such as BMARC for firing tests.

Recognised as an important area for wildlife conservation, it is linked to the similar site at Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe Dunes National Nature Reserve.

Conservation area
Wildlife seems to have become accustomed to regular aircraft bombing according to The Wildlife Trust. The name is popularly supposed to be derived from a ship called The Donna, part of the Spanish Armada, which sank off the Nook (a small headland) in 1588.

A 6 mi coastal strip stretching from Saltfleet in the south, to Somercotes Haven in the north, is managed by the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust as a nature reserve. It is part of the land owned by the Ministry of Defence and used as a bombing range. The grey seal population return to breed from October to December every year. From 2007, when about 1,194 pups were born to 3,500 resident grey seal colony, births rates have grown to 2,066 pups born over the 2018 season. A double wooden fence was erected to ensure better separation and protection for both visitors and seals.

The reserve, staffed by full time wardens and volunteer seal wardens, is accessible to the public. Media coverage of Donna Nook has led to a big increase in visitor numbers; it was visited by about 43,000 people in 2006. Surplus money collected through sales is used to further support the protection of seals.

The Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust has asked walkers and photographers to stay in the public viewing area and to avoid going out onto the sands, following an increase in seal mortality which coincided with an increase in visitor numbers in 2010 and criticism of the disturbance caused by photographers.

A 2023 initiative under King Charles' reign, a new combined National Nature Reserve (NNR), has been established linking with the similar site at Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe Dune, becoming known together as the Lincolnshire Coronation Coast National Nature Reserve. It is the first new NNR declared as part of the King’s Series.

title: Donna Nook


text:
Category:Jeep vehicles

Primarily: vehicles sold under the Jeep marque, trademarked by Willys-Overland (from 1943 to 1950).

For other uses, see List of U.S. military jeeps, as well as Military light utility vehicle.

title: Category:Jeep vehicles


text: User talk:209.173.231.112

title: User talk:209.173.231.112


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Magazine type

From VfD:

Created in March, the article has been in this form since. Duplicates information generally held multiple spots and is, at its clearest, a dictionary definition. Perhaps it was intended to spawn discussion, but it hasn't and is not likely to do so. Geogre 14:08, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: Fairly pointless, ambiguous title, information about a gun's magazine should be in that gun's article, if there's anything to write about it. TPK 14:11, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. See above. --Golbez 19:51, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Merged into magazine (firearm). Redirect to magazine (disambiguation), as the name could conceivably be used in reference to typefaces used in print magazines. -Sean Curtin 22:33, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


text:
Christian Ude

Christian Ude (born 26 October 1947) is a German politician who served as mayor of Munich from 1993 to 2014. He is a member of the German Social Democratic Party.

Career
Ude was born in Munich. From 1967 to 1969 he worked for the daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. He studied legal science in Munich 1969-1977. From 1979 to 1990 he worked as a lawyer.

He was elected as deputy mayor of Munich on 2 May 1990, two months after he was elected into the city council of Munich.

On 12 September 1993, Ude was elected as lord mayor and successor of Georg Kronawitter. He was re-elected three times, on 13 June 1999 with 61.2 per cent of all votes, on 3 March 2002 with 64.5 per cent and on 2 March 2008 with 66.8 per cent. In August 2011 Christian Ude announced his intention to become the SPD's leading candidate for the upcoming Bavarian state election in 2013.

Personal life
In addition to his position as lord mayor, Ude is also a political cabaret artist. Ude has been married to Edith von Welser-Ude since 1984, it is his first and her second marriage.

Other activities
Additionally, Ude was a member of the board of directors of the 1860 Munich until 2009.

In 2005, he was elected to the post of President of the German cities association.

There is a "Culture and Education Center" named after Christian Ude in Tunceli, Pülümür. Construction started in 2007 with a ceremony with his participation. At the same time, he is an honorary member of Pülümür.

title: Christian Ude


text:
Talk:Johann Philipp Reis

Source
Much of this text originally came from the book Heroes of the Telegraph by John Munro, available at Project Gutenberg:. Lupo 14:09, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Portuguese-Jewish origin?
Philip Reis was born to German parents of Jewish origin (on his fathers side), both of whom belonged to the Evangelical Church. His father was born to German farmers. . Further confirmations are in Philipp Reis: Inventor of the Telephone By Silvanus Phillips Thompson and Juden im Deutschen Kulturbereich by Siegmund Kaznelson. http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/reis.html cites http://www.hebrewhistory.org/factpapers/phone2.html as it's source which in turn cited the dead Portuguese website.
 * Just because a web site is offline doesn't mean it is wrong. However, I have added another source as well.--Newport 19:53, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The new source added is http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/reis.html? I mentioned this already. Cache it's references at the bottom of the page. It links right back to where there original started. Look:
 * "http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/reis.html cites http://www.hebrewhistory.org/factpapers/phone2.html as it's source which in turn cited the dead Portuguese website."
 * It's not wrong because it doesn't exist anymore. It's wrong because Juden im Deutschen Kulturbereich by Siegmund Kaznelson says there is a mistaken idea that Reis is of Portuguese-Jewish origin and says his parents were German members of a Lutheran denomination. Tellerman.

We have two good sources that say that he was Jewish. It violates WP:NPOV to deny this. The correct thing would be to note in the article that the facts are in dispute. Please do not delete good references.--Newport 21:02, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No we don't. We have one source and it's not good at all. Another source that references the original and says the same thing is not a separate source. How can this even be argued? And how is it rightful to ignore where it says he's not Jewish and this was in error? Tellerman
 * There is no such evidence in any of Reis' biographies. How can we assume what someone says online to be true? Tellerman

Two sources are quoted. Please provide evidence that they are the same source and that it is not a good one. Do you refuse to accept any online source? That violates WP:RS. As noted above, "The correct thing would be to note in the article that the facts are in dispute." Please feel free to do so.--Runcorn 22:41, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Two online webpages quoting the same origin are not "two sources." I agree, it is smart to write that a Jewish origin was once thought. Juden im Deutschen Kulturbereich by Siegmund Kaznelson puts Reis in a list of people mistakenly assumed to be of Jewish origin. And no biographies on paper say he is Jewish. They are less reliable than a webpage online? Tellerman

Here is a quotation from the book by Thompson: "His father who belonged to the Evangelical Church, was a master baker, but also pursued farming to some extent." Tellerman

Also the "Archiv fur Sippenforschung" or Archives for genealogical research, year 1933, put Reis as "nichtjude." It's probable that the surname "Reis" confused some people and made them assume Reis was Portuguese. Tellerman

 * For those who speak Portuguese /Para aqueles que falam português: Johann Philipp Reis - O judeu “português” que inventou o Telefone Sei Shonagon 15:18, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

"His family's religious background remains unclear. Some sources state that his father was a member of the Evangelical Church while other sources erroneously state that he was from a Jewish family.
 * http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016339/images/index.html?seite=397 --Virtualiter (talk) 13:39, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

"colour trade"?
What does this quote mean? "on March 1, 1850, Philipp Reis was apprenticed to the colour trade in the establishment of J.F. Beyerbach, of Frankfurt"? What is "colour trade"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.92.65.117 (talk) 15:30, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. Maikel (talk) 18:54, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

POV
I have removed the "neutrality" tag as it wasn't substantiated here on the discussions-page. Maikel (talk) 18:34, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * As tentativas PATÉTICAS DE americanos e ingleses em acobertar a verdade que o telefone de Reis funcionava, mesmo que não em alta fidelidade mas audível mostra o IMORAL OPORTUNISMO DE ANGLO-AMERICANOS DESESPERADOS PELA SABEDORIA E COMPETÊNCIA ALEMÃ! TRISTE 189.94.37.51 (talk) 17:48, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

STC
I'd like to see some reference for that 1947 STC-story, please. Maikel (talk) 18:47, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Overpraise
I'd like to see less hagiography. This reads like a release from Reis' press agent. "1st telephone"? It didn't even work, Reis didn't see it didn't (nor why), cited sources say to follow him would've been "100 years of failure", yet he continues to get credit? Ridiculous. Also, I'm not really clear why mentioning Congress (not known for its scientific competence; this is the same body which for decades recognized Langley as making the first heavier than air flight [!]) is relevant. TREKphiler  hit me ♠  09:12, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism
This page has been apparently vandalized. JewMoney? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.81.216.8 (talk) 19:24, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johann Philipp Reis