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Trinamool Congress

The All India Trinamool Congress (abbr. AITC) is an Indian political party that is mainly influential in the state of West Bengal. It was founded by Mamata Banerjee on 1 January 1998 as a breakaway faction from the Indian National Congress and rapidly rose to prominence in the politics of West Bengal under her leadership. Presently, it is ruling the state of West Bengal beside being the third-largest party in India in terms of number of MPs just after the BJP and INC.

The party won a historic victory in the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election by defeating the 34-year-long Left Front rule, world's longest democratically elected communist government. It has won a three-time majority in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly and has been the ruling party in West Bengal since 20 May 2011. AITC is led by Mamata Banerjee as the chairperson of the party.

Founding
After being a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) for over 26 years, Mamata Banerjee quit the INC and established the TMC in 1998. The official election symbol of the TMC is Jora Ghas Phul (two flowers with grass). In the 1998 Lok Sabha polls, TMC won seven seats. In the next Lok Sabha election that was held in 1999, Trinamool Congress won eight seats with BJP, thus increasing its tally by one. In 2000, TMC won the Kolkata Municipal Corporation Elections.

The party initially joined the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), as part of the Vajpayee government, and was initially quite successful, winning seven seats in its first election in 1998. In the 2001 Vidhan Sabha elections, the TMC won 60 seats in alliance with the INC, becoming the principal opposition party. They suffered big losses in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections and the 2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, and subsequently left the NDA.

Nandigram movement
In December 2006, the people of Nandigram were given notice by Haldia Development Authority that a major portion of Nandigram would be seized and 70,000 people be evicted from their homes to make way for a chemical plant. People started movement against this land acquisition and the TMC helped lead the movement. The Bhumi Uchchhed Pratirodh Committee ('Committee against Land Evictions'; BUPC) was formed to protest against the eviction. On 14 March 2007, the police opened fire and killed 14 villagers and many more went missing. Many sources claimed (and which was supported by the Central Bureau of Investigation in its report) that armed Communist Party of India (Marxist) cadres, along with police, fired on protesters in Nandigram Many intellectuals protested in the streets and this incident gave birth to a new movement. Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) leader Nanda Patra led the movement. The events led to a significant backlash against the CPI(M) government, and were a major factor in the TMC's success in the elections that followed.

Post-Nandigram/Singur elections
In the 2009 Lok Sabha election, TMC won 19 seats in West Bengal, in alliance with the Congress. They subsequently became a part of Manmohan Singh's government, with Banerjee serving as Minister of Railways.

In the 2010 Kolkata municipal election, the party won 97 out of 141 seats. It also won a majority of other municipalities.

In government
In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, the TMC-led alliance that included the INC and SUCI(C) won 227 seats in the 294-seat legislature, defeating the incumbent Left Front government which had been in power for 34 years. TMC alone won 184 seats, enabling it to govern without an alliance. Subsequently, it won a by-election in Basirhat and two Congress MLAs switched to the TMC, giving it a total of 187 seats. Banerjee, an MP at the time, had not contested the election and had to transfer to the safe seat of Bhabanipur.

On 18 September 2012, Banerjee announced her decision to withdraw support to the UPA after the TMC's demands to undo government-instituted changes including FDI in retail, increase in the price of diesel and limiting the number of subsidised cooking gas cylinders for households, were not met.

The 2014 Lok Sabha elections saw the TMC dominate the state, winning 34 out of the 42 seats. It also qualified for national party status, as the TMC had received 6% of the vote from five different states (West Bengal, Manipur, Tripura, Jharkhand and Assam). On 2 September 2016, the Election Commission recognised TMC as a national political party.

The party was reelected in the 2016 election to a supermajority government, and Banerjee continued as chief minister.

The party won the most seats in West Bengal in the 2019 Indian general election, but suffered significant losses to the Bharatiya Janata Party, which for the first time established itself as a major force in the state. After the election, the party's status came under revision by the Election Commission of India, due to a loss in presence in most states outside West Bengal.

Banerjee's government was reelected again in the 2021 state election by an unexpectedly large margin over the BJP. Prior to the election, several high-profile TMC members such as Mukul Roy and Suvendu Adhikari had defected to the BJP. Despite the large winning margin, Banerjee was defeated by Adhikari in the Nandigram seat, where she had transferred to fight Adhikari head-on.

Arunachal Pradesh
In the 2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, Trinamool Congress won five seats and got 15.04% of the total votes.

In 2020, an independent MLA Chakat Aboh joined the TMC.

Assam
In the 2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election, Jamal Uddin Ahmed won Badarpur constituency. He was a Trinamool Congress candidate. Since then, the party has not emphasised on any other organisation. Later in 2018, the work of the organisation started again under the leadership of M. Shanti Kumar Singha. In the 2021 assembly elections, it was decided to field candidates from 14 constituencies on behalf of the party.

All-India president of Congress's women's wing and its national spokesperson and former Silchar MP Sushmita Dev joined the Trinamool Congress in August 2021. She is now an MP of Rajya Sabha.

Later in 2022, former Rajya Sabha MP from Congrees, Mr Ripun Bora joined AITC and was named the President of its Assam Unit. Leading to the joining many prominent local leaders joined the party strengthening its grassroot workers level. The Trinamool Congress released a list of candidates for four Lok Sabha seats in Assam in 2024. TMC's list of candidates includes Gauri Shankar Sarania from Kokrajhar (ST), Abdul Kalam Azad from Barpeta seat, Ghana Kanta Chutia from Lakhimpur seat, and Radheshyam Biswas from Silchar (SC).

Bihar
On 23 November 2021 Kirti Azad, a three-time MP from Darbhanga and Pavan Varma, a former adviser to Bihar CM Nitish Kumar, joined TMC.

Goa
With the 2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election approaching, the work of organising the party started from September 2021. The work began with the participation of seven-time Goa Chief Minister Luizinho Faleiro. Since then, the party has increased its membership in Goa. Former footballer Denzil Franco and former tennis player Leander Paes were among those who joined the party. On 13 November 2021, Mahua Moitra was appointed as the in-charge of the party in Goa to prepare it to contest in the Assembly election. MLA Churchill Alemao joined TMC in the same year. In the 2022 Goa Legislative Assembly Election, it got 5.2% votes. Later its party President and many leaders left the party. Samil Volavaiker was appointed the President in 2023.

Haryana
On 23 November 2021 Ashok Tanwar, former president of Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee, joined TMC. Sukhendu Shekhar Roy was appointed as in-charge of the party's Haryana unit on 25 November.

Kerala
Kerala Pradesh Trinamool Congress was launched in 2009. In 2014, its candidates contested five seats under the party symbol in the parliamentary election. Leaders like Mukul Roy, Derek O'Brien, Mahua Moitra and Nadimul Haque visited Kerala and gave directions for further development in the party's activities. In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, Trinamool Congress candidates contested from five parliamentary constituencies. The 2014 Lok Sabha elections made the Trinamool Congress presence known in Kerala, although it failed to garner significant votes. In the 2016 state election, TMC contested in 70 assembly constituencies but due to technical errors, the party symbol was not accepted. District Committees in all 14 districts of Kerala. Constituency Committees in 95 constituencies out of 140 constituencies. Kerala Pradesh Trinamool Congress also has a 59-member state working committee. Kerala Pradesh trinamool Congress State President Dr. Harish Palathingal.The working president is Shamsu Payaningal. The party is active in all political spheres of the state of Kerala. The Trinamool Congress is aligned with the India Front but is not part of the UDF or the LDF in the state...

Manipur
In the 2012 assembly elections of Manipur, the party won eight seats and got 10% of the total votes. It became the only opposition party in the Manipur Legislative Assembly. In the 2017 assembly elections, the party won only one seat (from Thanga) and received 5.4% of the total votes cast in the elections. Its lone member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly, Tongbram Robindro Singh, switched to the BJP government in Manipur in 2017. As of 18 June 2020, he has withdrawn support from the BJP, following the disqualification of seven of its members, to support the Indian National Congress.

Meghalaya
TMC candidate Purno Agitok Sangma won the Tura constituency by a huge margin in the 2004 Lok Sabha election.

The party's Meghalaya unit was launched in 2021.

On 24 November 2021, former Chief Minister of Meghalaya Mukul Sangma along with other 11 MLAs of INC joined TMC which made TMC the largest opposition party in Meghalaya Legislative Assembly.

On 29 November, Charles Pyngrope was appointed as the president of AITC Meghalaya unit. In 2022, one defected MLA who has earlier switched from INC quit the party and joined BJP.

In the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election, the Trinamool Congress led by Mukul Sangma contested 56 of the 60 seats and won five seats and received 13.32% of the votes; as such, it became a State Party.

Mizoram
In 2023, an independent MLA Dr. K Beichhua joined the TMC.

Punjab
Shortly before the Assembly elections in 2017, the party started working on the Punjab organisation under the leadership of Jagat Singh. After that, during the assembly elections, it was decided that they would field candidates for 20 constituencies on behalf of the party. The party, however, did not gain any seats in Punjab in that election. After that the party's organisational work in Punjab almost completely stopped. From 2019, the party started a new committee under the leadership of Manjit Singh. Since then, the party has had a continuous presence in Punjab.

Tripura
Under the leadership of Sudip Roy Barman, former leader of opposition and then MLA of Tripura, all six MLAs of the Indian National Congress defected to the TMC in 2016, along with many ex-ministers, former MLAs, senior state and district level leaders, in addition to thousands of party workers and supporters, to fight CPI(M), who were running the Government in Tripura. Later in the presence of Himanta Biswa Sarma and Dharmendra Pradhan, Barman defected to the BJP along with all of the other TMC MLAs of the Tripura Legislative Assembly after they cross-voted against party lines in the 2017 Indian presidential election.

TMC won one seat in Ambassa Municipal council in the 2021 Tripura civic polls despite widespread violence. TMC emerged as the second largest party in terms of vote-share in the 120 seats it contested out of 334 seats as it garnered 19.9% of the votes in those seats.

Uttar Pradesh
The party's state unit in Uttar Pradesh was set up in 2005.

In 2012, Shyam Sunder Sharma contested the by-poll to Mant constituency and won on a AITC ticket. He later defected to BSP.

Neeraj Rai is the current president of AITC 's state unit in Uttar Pradesh.

In October 2021, two senior Congress leaders of Uttar Pradesh – Rajeshpati Tripathi and Laliteshpati Tripathi, who are the grandson and the great-grandson of former UP Chief Minister Kamalapati Tripathi, joined the AITC in the presence of Mamata Banerjee.

State Legislative Assembly elections
Presidential election results

Party symbols and slogans
The party name and election symbol represents 'grassroots'– the name contains the Bengali word trinamool, which literally means grassroots, and the symbol is a sapling emerging from the ground. The symbol is known as Jora Ghas Phul (Bengali: grass and flower; two flowers with grass). The usage of "All India" in the party name represents the rejection of "elitist" Indian National Congress from which it broke apart from.

Ma Mati Manush (মা মাটি মানুষ) was primarily a slogan, coined by Mamata Banerjee. The term is literally translated as "Mother, Motherland and People". The slogan became very popular in West Bengal at the time of the 2011 assembly election. Mamata Banerjee wrote a Bengali book with the same title. A song was also recorded with the same title.

The slogan Joy Bangla is also officially used by Mamata Banerjee and by her party Trinamool Congress as part of attempt to create a territorial and ethnolinguistic identity for Bengalis in India. It is used in particular, as a closing remark for political speeches.

In the 2021 assembly election, the party used a song "Khela Hobe" across the state. The song was penned by Debangshu Bhattacharya, a party youth wing member. The "Khela Hobe" term has been used across India by several opposition parties and to catalyse the movements against the establishment on multiple issues throughout the nation.

Leadership
The highest decision-making body of the party is its Core Committee.
 * Mamata Banerjee — Founder, Chairperson, Leader of the party in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly and Chief Minister of West Bengal.
 * Abhishek Banerjee — General Secretary
 * Derek O'Brien —Leader of the party in the Rajya Sabha.
 * Sudip Bandyopadhyay — Leader of the party in the Lok Sabha.
 * Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar — Deputy leader of the party in the Lok Sabha.
 * Kalyan Banerjee — Chief Whip of the party in the Lok Sabha.
 * Sukhendu Shekhar Roy — Chief Whip of TMC in Rajya Shabha.
 * Mukul Sangma — Ex Leader of the Opposition in Meghalaya Legislative Assembly.
 * Aroop Biswas — Treasurer
 * Sobhandeb Chatteejee -Deputy Leader of House of West Bengal Legislative Assembly.

State/union territorial president and in-charge
This is a list of the official state, territorial and regional committees of the All India Trinamool Congress.

List of chairpersons
This is a list of chairpersons of the All India Trinamool Congress.
 * Ajit Kumar Panja (1998–2001)
 * Mamata Banerjee (2001–present)

List of the national general secretaries
This is a list of national general secretaries of the All India Trinamool Congress.
 * Mukul Roy (2006 – 2015 dissolution)
 * Subrata Bakshi (2015–2021)
 * Abhishek Banerjee (2021–present)

2014 Saradha Group financial scandal
The Saradha Group financial scandal and the Rose Valley financial scandal came to light during her tenure and some of her cabinet ministers were accused of money laundering and have been incarcerated. One of her paintings was also sold to Sudipto Sen (central figure in the Saradha scam) for inr 18000000, while 20 more of her pictures were seized from other Saradha Group shareholders. She has been criticised by opposition parties for not taking adequate steps against her own ministers who tried to cover-up their deeds. Sudipto Sen was arrested from Kashmir. The Shyamal Sen Commission, set up by the Chief Minister, was able to return inr 1850000000 to the depositors. Leaders from Congress and CPI(M) like Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, Sujan Chakraborty, Biman Bose were also accused in this scam. Despite Bankshall Court's order to investigate into this matter, no action has been taken by CBI against any of these leaders (other than TMC leaders) to date.

Rose Valley financial scandal
The Rose Valley financial scandal was a major financial scam and alleged political scandal in India caused by the collapse of a Ponzi scheme run by Rose Valley Group where multiple MPs from Banerjee's party were accused of money laundering.

2016 Narada scam
The Narada sting operation was carried out by Mathew Samuel in 2011 for the Indian newsmagazine Tehelka and published on Naradanews.com just before the 2016 West Bengal Assembly elections. The sting targeted high-ranking officials and politicians of Banerjee's political party All India Trinamool Congress (AITC).

During her tenure she challenged the federal system of India when she ordered the arrest of CBI officials, who arrived in Kolkata to investigate the Saradha Group financial scandal. But CBI's attempted arrest of Kolkata Police Commissioner was also an attack on federalism.

2022 coal scam case
Rujira Banerjee, the wife of Abhishek Banerjee, the Lok Sabha member and national general secretary of the Trinamool Congress, appeared before the Enforcement Directorate (ED) on Thursday after being prevented from boarding a flight to the UAE earlier this week due to a "lookout" notice issued by the central organisation. Rujira received a summons to appear before the organisation on 8 June when she arrived at the airport. She was questioned by the ED in relation to the coal theft case last year. She had previously been questioned by the CBI in the same matter in 2021.

According to officials, as quoted by the news agency PTI, Rujira appeared before the ED in Kolkata on Thursday for questioning about the coal theft case. Rujira was being questioned by a team of five officials, including those from New Delhi. In a money-laundering case related to a West Bengal coal scam, the Supreme Court of India on Tuesday stayed a Delhi High Court decision allowing the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to question Trinamool Congress MP Abhishek Banerjee in Delhi, but allowed the investigation agency to question him in Kolkata after providing 24 hours' notice.

2022 cattle smuggling case
Anubrata Mondal, a powerful member of the Trinamool Congress who was detained on 11 August, has been placed in the custody of the CBI until 20 August. On the evening of 11 August, Mondal was transferred from Asansol to the CBI office in Kolkata's Nizam Palace, where he is currently being questioned.

Mondal is one of Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee's most dependable aides, and he was in charge of all TMC operations in Birbhum. The ongoing cross-border cattle smuggling case, which allegedly involves a connection between BSF, Customs, and police personnel with racketeers and politicians, has come back into the spotlight as a result of the arrest of the TMC strongman.

2022 West Bengal School Service recruitment scam
West Bengal School Service recruitment scam is an ongoing education SSC scam in West Bengal, India since 2022. The scam is being currently investigated jointly by Central Bureau of Investigation and Enforcement Directorate. The scam was revealed, following the arrest of Partha Chatterjee, a Trinamool Congress leader, who has served as the Minister of Education in the Mamata Banerjee's cabinet until his arrest on 23 July 2022.

Allegations of extortion
Before Trinamool (AITC) took office in West Bengal in 2011, the regional AITC party leaders grew significantly in strength. The leaders allegedly began requesting a portion of the funds used to construct any new buildings in the region. As time went on, various groups in various locations began to emerge and link with various local AITC leaders. The entire syndicate business is alleged to have prospered when AITC ultimately won the 2011 Legislative Assembly election and began their tenure.

title: Trinamool Congress


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Pan-Turkism

Pan-Turkism (Pan-Türkizm) or Turkism (Türkçülük or Türkizm) is a political movement that emerged during the 1880s among Turkic intellectuals who lived in the Russian region of Kazan (Tatarstan), South Caucasus (modern-day Azerbaijan) and the Ottoman Empire (modern-day Turkey), with its aim being the cultural and political unification of all Turkic peoples. Turanism is a closely related movement but it is a more general term, because Turkism only applies to Turkic peoples. However, researchers and politicians who are steeped in the pan-Turkic ideology have used these terms interchangeably in many sources and works of literature.

Although many of the Turkic peoples share historical, cultural and linguistic roots, the rise of a pan-Turkic political movement is a phenomenon of the 19th and 20th centuries. Ottoman poet Ziya Gökalp defined pan-Turkism as a cultural, academic, and philosophical and political concept advocating the unity of Turkic peoples. Ideologically, it was premised on social Darwinism. Pan-Turkism has been characterized by pseudoscientific theories known as Pseudo-Turkology.

Name
In research literature, "pan-Turkism" is used to describe the political, cultural and ethnic unity of all Turkic people. "Turkism" began to be used with the prefix "pan-" (from the Greek πᾶν, pan = all).

Proponents use the latter as a point of comparison, since "Turkic" is a linguistic, ethnic and cultural distinction rather than a citizenship description. This differentiates it from "Turkish", which is the term which is officially used in reference to citizens of Turkey. Pan-Turkic ideas and reunification movements have become popular since the collapse of the Soviet Union in Central Asian and other Turkic countries.

Development and spread
In 1804, the Tatar theologian Ghabdennasir Qursawi wrote a treatise calling for the modernization of Islam. Qursawi was a Jadid (from the Arabic word jadid, "new"). The Jadids encouraged critical thinking, supported education and advocated the equality of the sexes, advocated tolerance of other faiths, advocated Turkic cultural unity, and advocated openness to Europe’s cultural legacy. The Jadid movement was founded in 1843 in Kazan. Its aim was the implementation of a semi-secular modernization program and the implementation of an educational reform program, both programs would emphasize the national (rather than the religious) identity of the Turks. Before they founded their movement in 1843, the Jadids considered themselves Muslim subjects of the Russian Empire, a belief which they held until the Jadid movement disbanded.

After they joined the Wäisi movement, the Jadids advocated national liberation. After 1907, many supporters of Turkic unity immigrated to the Ottoman Empire.

The newspaper Türk in Cairo was published by exiles from the Ottoman Empire after the suspension of the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and the persecution of liberal intellectuals. It was the first publication to use the ethnic designation as its title. Yusuf Akçura published "Three Types of Policy" (Üç tarz-ı siyaset) anonymously in 1904, the earliest manifesto of a pan-Turkic nationalism. Akçura argued that the supra-ethnic union espoused by the Ottomans was unrealistic. The Pan-Islamic model had advantages, but Muslim populations were under colonial rule which would oppose unification. He concluded that an ethnic Turkish nation would require the cultivation of a national identity; a pan-Turkish empire would abandon the Balkans and Eastern Europe in favor of Central Asia. The first publication of "Three Types of Policy" had a negative reaction, but it became more influential by its third publication in 1911 in Istanbul. The Ottoman Empire had lost its African territory to the Kingdom of Italy and it would soon lose the Balkans. Pan-Turkish nationalism consequently became a more feasible (and popular) political strategy.

In 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress came to power in Ottoman Turkey, and the empire adopted a nationalistic ideology. This contrasted with its largely Muslim ideology which dated back to the 16th century, when the sultan was the caliph of his Muslim lands. Leaders who espoused Pan-Turkism fled from Russia and moved to Istanbul, where a strong pan-Turkic movement arose; the Turkish pan-Turkic movement grew and transformed itself into a nationalistic, ethnically oriented movement which sought to replace the caliphate with a state. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, some of them tried to replace the multi-cultural and multi-ethnic empire with a Turkish commonwealth, the advocates of this idea were influenced by the nationalism of the Young Turks. Leaders like Mustafa Kemal Atatürk acknowledged that such a goal was impossible, replacing pan-Turkic idealism with a form of nationalism which aimed to preserve the existence of an Anatolian nucleus.

The Türk Yurdu Dergisi (Journal of the Turkish Homeland) was founded in 1911 by Akçura. This was the most important Turkist publication of the time, "in which, along with other Turkic exiles from Russia, [Akçura] attempted to instill a consciousness about the cultural unity of all Turkic peoples of the world."

In 1923, Ziya Gökalp, famous poet and theorician of Turkism ideology, wrote his book The Principles of Turkism and idealized the unity of Turkic peoples by calling Turan as a goal of Turkism.

A significant early exponent of pan-Turkism was Enver Pasha (1881–1922), the Ottoman Minister of War and acting commander-in-chief during World War I. He later became a leader of the Basmachi movement (1916–1934) against Russian and Soviet rule in Central Asia. During World War II, the Nazis founded a Turkestan Legion which was primarily composed of soldiers who hoped to establish an independent Central Asian state after the war. The German intrigue bore no fruit.

When the Turkish Republic was established under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1923, interest in Pan-Turkism declined, because Atatürk generally favored Ziya Gökalp rather than Enver Pasha. The Pan-Turkist movements gained some momentum in the 1940s, due to the support which it received from Nazi Germany, which sought to use Pan-Turkism as leverage in order to undermine Russian influence in an effort to acquire the resources of Central Asia during the course of World War II. The development of pan-Turkist and anti-Soviet ideology, in some circles, was influenced by Nazi propaganda during this period. Some sources claim that Nihal Atsız advocated Nazi doctrines and adopted a Hitler-style haircut. Alparslan Türkeş, a leading pan-Turkist, took a pro-Hitler position during the war and developed close connections with Nazi leaders in Germany. Several pan-Turkic groups in Europe apparently had ties to Nazi Germany (or its supporters) at the start of the war, if not earlier. The Turco-Tatars in Romania cooperated with the Iron Guard, a Romanian fascist organisation. Although the Turkish government's archives which date back to the World War II years have not been declassified, the level of contact can be ascertained from German archives. A ten-year Turco-German treaty of friendship was signed in Ankara on 18 January 1941. Official and semi-official meetings between German ambassador Franz von Papen and other German officials and Turkish officials, including General H. E. Erkilet (of Tatar origin and a frequent contributor to pan-Turkic journals) took place in the second half of 1941 and the early months of 1942. The Turkish officials included General Ali Fuad Erdem and Nuri Pasha (Killigil), brother of Enver Pasha.

Pan-Turkists were not supported by the Turkish government during this time and on 19 May 1944, İsmet İnönü made a speech in which he condemned Pan-Turkism as "a dangerous and sick demonstration of the latest times" going on to say that the Turkish Republic was "facing efforts hostile to the existence of the Republic" and those who advocate these ideas "will only bring trouble and disaster". Nihal Atsız and other prominent pan-Turkist leaders were tried and sentenced to imprisonment for conspiring against the government. Zeki Velidi Togan was sentenced to ten years imprisonment and four years in internal exile, Reha Oğuz Türkkan was sentenced to five years and ten months in prison and two years in exile, Nihal Atsız was sentenced to six years, six months and 15 days in prison and 3 years in exile. Others were sentenced to prison terms which only ranged from a few months to four years in length. But the defendants appealed the convictions and in October 1945, the sentences of all the convicted were abolished by the Military Court of Cassation.

While Erkilet discussed military contingencies, Nuri Pasha told the Germans about his plan to establish independent states which would be allies (not satellites) of Turkey. These states would be formed by the Turkic-speaking populations which lived in Crimea, Azerbaijan, Central Asia, northwestern Iran, and northern Iraq. Nuri Pasha offered to assist Nazi Germany's propaganda efforts on behalf of this cause. However, Turkey's government also feared for the survival of the Turkic minorities in the USSR and it told von Papen that it could not join Germany until the USSR was crushed. The Turkish government may have been apprehensive about Soviet might, which kept the country out of the war. On a less-official level, Turkic emigrants from the Soviet Union played a crucial role in negotiations and contacts between Turkey and Germany; among them were prominent pan-Turkic activists like Zeki Velidi Togan, Mammed Amin Rasulzade, Mirza Bala, Ahmet Caferoĝlu, Sayid Shamil and Ayaz İshaki. Several Tatar military units which consisted of Turkic speakers from the Turco-Tatar and Caucasian regions of the USSR who had previously been prisoners of war of the Germans joined them and fought against the Soviets, the members of these Tatar military units generally fought as guerrillas in the hope that they would be able to secure the independence of their homelands and establish a pan-Turkic union. The units, which were reinforced, numbered several hundred thousand. Turkey took a cautious approach at the government level, but pan-Turkists were angered by the Turkish government's inaction because they believed that it was wasting a golden opportunity to achieve the goals of pan-Turkism.

Criticism
Pan-Turkism is often perceived as being a new form of Turkish imperial ambition. Some view the young Turk leaders who believed that they could reclaim the prestige of the Ottoman Empire by espousing the pan-Turkist ideology as racist and chauvinistic.

Pan-Turkist views on Armenian history
Clive Foss, professor of ancient history at the University of Massachusetts Boston, critically notes that in 1982: The Armenian File in the Light of History, Cemal Anadol writes that the Iranian Scythians and Parthians are Turks. According to Anadol, the Armenians welcomed the Turks into the region; their language is a mixture with no roots and their alphabet is mixed, with 11 characters which were borrowed from the ancient Turkic alphabet. Foss calls this view historical revisionism: "Turkish writings have been tendentious: history has been viewed as performing a useful service, proving or supporting a point of view, and so it is treated as something flexible which can be manipulated at will". He concludes, "The notion, which seems well established in Turkey, that the Armenians were a wandering tribe without a home, who never had a state of their own, is of course entirely without any foundation in fact. The logical consequence of the commonly expressed view of the Armenians is that they have no place in Turkey, and they never did. The result would be the same if the viewpoint were expressed first, and the history were written to order. In a sense, something like this seems to have happened, for most Turks who grew up under the Republic were educated to believe in the ultimate priority of Turks in all parts of history, and ignore the Armenians all together; they had been clearly consigned to oblivion."

Pan-Turkist views in Azerbaijan
Kâzım Karabekir said "The aim of all Turks is to unite with the Turkic borders. History is affording us today the last opportunity. In order for the Islamic world not to be forever fragmented it is necessary that the campaign against Karabagh be not allowed to abate. As a matter of fact drive the point home in Azeri circles that the campaign should be pursued with greater determination and severity."

Western Azerbaijan is a term used in the Republic of Azerbaijan to refer to Armenia. According to the Whole Azerbaijan theory, modern Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh were once inhabited by the Azerbaijanis. Its claims are based on the belief that current Armenia was ruled by Turkic tribes and states from the Late Middle Ages to the Treaty of Turkmenchay which was signed after the 1826–1828 Russo-Persian War. The concept has been sanctioned by the government of Azerbaijan and its current president, Ilham Aliyev, who has said that Armenia is part of ancient Turkic, Azerbaijani land. Turkish and Azerbaijani historians have said that Armenians are alien, not indigenous, in the Caucasus and Anatolia.

During the existence of the Azerbaijan SSR of the Soviet Union, pan-Turkist political elites of Baku who were loyal to the Communist cause invented a national history based on the existence of an Azeri nation-state that dominated the areas to the north and south of the Aras river, which was supposedly torn apart by an Iranian-Russian conspiracy in the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828. This "imagined community" was cherished, promoted and institutionalized in formal history books of the educational system of the Azerbaijan SSR and the post-Soviet Azerbaijan Republic. As the Soviet Union was a closed society, and its people were unaware of the actual realities regarding Iran and its Azeri citizens, the elites in Soviet Azerbaijan kept cherishing and promoting the idea of a "united Azerbaijan" in their activities. This romantic thought led to the founding of nostalgic literary works, known as the "literature of longing"; examples amongst this genre are, for instance, Foggy Tabriz by Mammed Said Ordubadi, and The Coming Day by Mirza Ibrahimov. As a rule, works belonging to the "literature of longing" genre were characterized by depicting the life of Iranian Azeris as a misery due to suppression by the "Fars" (Persians), and by narrating fictional stories about Iranian Azeris waiting for the day when their "brothers" from the "north" would come and liberate them. Works that belonged to this genre, as the historian and political scientist Zaur Gasimov explains, "were examples of blatant Azerbaijani nationalism stigmatizing the “division” of the nation along the river Araxes, as well as denunciations of economic and cultural exploitation of Iranian Azerbaijanis, etc." Gasimov adds: "an important by-product of this literary genre was strongly articulated anti-Iranian rhetoric. Tolerance and even support of this anti-Iranian rhetoric by the communist authorities were obvious."

Nationalist political elites in post-Soviet Azerbaijan, being the inheritors of this mentality created during the Soviet rule, forwarded this "mission" for achieving a "united Azerbaijan" as a political goal of utmost importance. Azerbaijani president Abulfaz Elchibey (1992–93) devoted his life to carrying out this mission, and he, in tandem with other pan-Turkist elites, went on a campaign for the ethnic awakening of Iranian Azeris. It may be due to these ideas that Elchibey was elected president in the new country's first presidential election in 1992. He and his government has been widely described as pursuing Pan-Turkic and anti-Iranian policies. Other than the pan-Turkist leadership, nationalist intellectuals and Azerbaijani media also stipulated the question of "Southern Azerbaijan" in their main political agenda's. In 1995-1996, according to one survey of the Azerbaijani press, the question of Iranian Azeris was covered more than any other topic by state-controlled and independent outlets in the young republic of Azerbaijan. Since 1918, political elites with Pan-Turkist-oriented sentiments in the area that comprises the present-day Azerbaijan Republic have depended on the concept of ethnic nationalism in order to create an anti-Iranian sense of ethnicity amongst Iranian Azeris. Iranian Azerbaijani intellectuals who have promoted Iranian cultural and national identity and put forth a reaction to early pan-Turkist claims over Iran's Azerbaijan region have been dubbed traitors to the "Azerbaijani nation" within the pan-Turkist media of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Ahmad Kazemi, the author of the book Security in South Caucasus, told Iran's Strategic Council on Foreign Relations in a 2021 interview that "Azerbaijan is seeking to establish the so-called pan-Turkish illusionary Zangezur corridor in south of Armenia under the pretext of creating connectivity in the region", arguing that "this corridor is not compatible with any of the present geopolitical and historical realities of the region".

Russian views on pan-Turkism
In Tsarist Russian circles, pan-Turkism was considered a political, irredentist and aggressive idea. Turkic peoples in Russia were threatened by Turkish expansion, and I. Gasprinsky and his followers were accused of being Turkish spies. After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks’ attitude to Turkism did not differ from the Russian Empire’s. At the 10th Congress of Bolshevik Communist Party in 1921, the party "condemned pan-Turkism as a slope to bourgeois-democratic nationalism". The emergence of a pan-Turkism scare in Soviet propaganda made it one of the most frightening political labels in the USSR. The most widespread accusation used in the lethal repression of educated Tatars and other Turkic peoples during the 1930s was that of pan-Turkism.

In the United States and the rest of the New World
Pan-Turkists like Reha Oğuz Türkkan have openly claimed that pre-Columbian civilizations were Turkic civilizations and they have also claimed that modern-day Native Americans are Turkic peoples, and activities which Turkish lobbying groups have conducted in order to draw Native Americans into the service of the wider Turkic world agenda have drawn criticism and triggered accusations that the Turkish government is falsifying the history of Native Americans in the service of Turkish imperialist ambitions. According to an article by Polat Kaya which was published by the Turkish Cultural Foundation, the exact origins of Native Americans remain unclear and while they are widely believed to have migrated from Asia, the exact connection between Native Americans and other Turkic peoples remains disputed.

The idea has also been discussed in the francophone world, noting that as victors in the First World War, England and France "dismembered the Arab portion" of the Ottoman Empire and shared it amongst themselves, further alienating Turkey. The loss of the Arabian oil fields limited Turkey becoming a petroleum power on the world stage; called "le panturquisme" in French, authors argue that it arose as a way of reclaiming some of the lost glory after the Ottoman defeat in the war and the loss of prestige in the region.

Pseudoscientific theories
Pan-Turkism has been characterized by pseudoscientific theories known as Pseudo-Turkology. Though dismissed in serious scholarship, scholars promoting such theories, often known as Pseudo-Turkologists, have in recent times emerged among every Turkic nationality. A leading light among them is Murad Adzhi, who insists that two hundred thousand years ago, "an advanced people of Turkic blood" were living in the Altai Mountains. These tall and blond Turks are supposed to have founded the world's first state, Idel-Ural, 35,000 years ago, and to have migrated as far as the Americas. According to theories like the Turkish History Thesis, promoted by pseudo-scholars, the Turkic peoples are supposed to have migrated from Central Asia to the Middle East in the Neolithic. The Hittites, Sumerians, Babylonians, and ancient Egyptians are here classified as being of Turkic origin. The Kurgan cultures of the early Bronze Age up to more recent times are also typically ascribed to Turkic peoples by pan-Turkic pseudoscholars, such as Ismail Miziev. Non-Turkic peoples typically classified as Turkic, Turkish, Proto-Turkish or Turanian include Huns, Scythians, Sakas, Cimmerians, Medes, Parthians, Pannonian Avars, Caucasian Albanians, and various ethnic minorities in Turkic countries, such as Kurds. Adzhi also considers Alans, Goths, Burgundians, Saxons, Alemanni, Angles, Lombards, and many Russians as Turks. Only a few prominent peoples in history, such as Jews, Chinese people, Armenians, Greeks, Persians, and Scandinavians are considered non-Turkic by Adzhi. Philologist Mirfatyh Zakiev, former Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Tatar ASSR, has published hundreds of "scientific" works on the subject, suggesting Turkic origins of the Sumerian, Greek, Icelandic, Etruscan and Minoan languages. Zakiev contends that "proto-Turkish is the starting point of the Indo-European languages". Not only peoples and cultures, but also prominent individuals, such as Saint George, Peter the Great, Mikhail Kutuzov and Fyodor Dostoevsky, are proclaimed to have been "of Turkic origin". As such the Turkic peoples are supposed to have once been the "benevolent conquerors" of the peoples of most of Eurasia, who thus owe them "a huge cultural debt". The pseudoscientific Sun Language Theory states that all human languages are descendants of a proto-Turkic language and was developed by the Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk during the 1930s. Kairat Zakiryanov considers the Japanese and Kazakh gene pools to be identical. Several Turkish academics (Şevket Koçsoy, Özkan İzgi, Emel Esin) claim that Zhou dynasty were of Turkic origins.

Philip L. Kohl notes that the above-mentioned theories are nothing more than "incredible myths". Nevertheless, the promotion of these theories have "taken on large-scale proportions" in countries such as Turkey and Azerbaijan. Often associated with Greek, Assyrian and Armenian genocide denial, pan-Turkic pseudoscience has received extensive state and state-backed non-governmental support, and is taught all the way from elementary school to the highest level of universities in such countries. Turkish and Azerbaijani students are imbued with textbooks which make "absurdly inflated" claims which state that all Eurasian nomads, including the Scythians, and all civilizations on the territory of the Ottoman Empire, such as Sumer, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Byzantine Empire, were of Turkic origin. Konstantin Sheiko and Stephen Brown explain the reemergence of such pseudo-history as a form of national therapy, helping its proponents cope with the failures of the past.

Notable pan-Turkists

 * Abulfaz Elchibey
 * Ahmet Ağaoğlu
 * Alimardan Topchubashov
 * Alparslan Türkeş
 * Ali Suavi
 * Askar Akayev
 * Djemal Pasha
 * Enver Pasha
 * Fuat Köprülü
 * Isa Alptekin
 * Ismail Gaspirali
 * Mammad Amin Rasulzade
 * Mehmet Emin Yurdakul
 * Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev
 * Mustafa Shokay
 * Munis Tekinalp
 * Nejdet Sançar
 * Nihal Atsız
 * Nuri Killigil
 * Ömer Seyfettin
 * Rıza Nur
 * Sadri Maksudi Arsal
 * Talaat Pasha
 * Reha Oğuz Türkkan
 * Yusuf Akçura
 * Zeki Velidi Togan
 * Ziya Gökalp

Pan-Turkist organizations
Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Turkey
 * Azerbaijan National Democrat Party
 * Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement (SANAM)
 * Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization (ANRO)
 * National Patriotic Party

Uzbekistan
 * Turkish Hearths
 * National Party
 * Nationalist Movement Party (MHP)
 * Grey Wolves
 * Atsız Youth
 * Victory Party
 * Victory Party
 * Birlik

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pan-Turkism


text:
Talk:Ridicule (film)

Untitled
I watched this movie in French class- it was great! But it was kind of hard to follow, so I was wondering if the opening scene was actually a scene from "the present," while the rest of the movie was, in turn, a following of the events that led up to Ponceludon's disgrace at the masquerade? I don't think he was tripped twice; instead, I think that the urination scene (which my teacher censored, lol), was actually retaliation for the ridicule that occured at the end of the movie. Does that make sense? Hopefully somebody can clarify. .onion 04:16, 15 June 2006 (UTC).onion

The opening scene was, indeed an act of revenge from the past. The disgraced noble reappears after the death of the elderly man upon whom he urinates. The significance of the scene is that the old man is the husband of the Fanny Ardant character, who plots Ponceludon's downfall in exactly the same way. What a powerful comment on a society that alienates a person for falling on the dancefloor! Incidentally, the nobleman at the beginning of the film endured exile for a long time, and was known, much to his humiliation, as "Monsieur Clatterbang"...... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Luckyles (talk • contribs) 05:13, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:59, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

At first, please excuse my poor English. I have made a change: the end of the movie isn't in New England (In America, Iguess...) but in England just in front of France, which can be seen, as one of the characters said. A little miss in a good work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.253.119.169 (talk) 23:31, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 14 August 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to Ridicule (film). Three parts to this move request:

1. No compelling argument was made against the long-term significance of "ridicule" as referring to "mockery", a well-established article, over this movie, meaning that at the least Ridicule should be a dab page, and quite likely a redirect to mockery.

2. The proposed title for the movie's article was soundly rejected for unnecessary lack of conciseness; (film) is fine.

3. There's not much of a consensus about what to do now regarding Ridicule - do we redirect or make it the dab?. As per WP:NOGOODOPTIONS, since there's no clear consensus other than that the film cannot stay, and because good arguments were made on each of the two remaining sides, I am forced to arbitrarily choose... so let's put it at a disambiguation page. Anyone who thinks it should be a redirect to mockery instead is invited, nay, urged to file a move request at the new Talk:Ridicule. Red  Slash  17:35, 23 August 2019 (UTC)

Ridicule → Ridicule (1996 French film) – This film is not the WP:Primary topic for the term "ridicule." That the Ridicule article is about a film was brought to my attention by this edit that The Young Skeptic made. The Young Skeptic had to change the pipelink for "ridicule" to "mockery." I also propose that "ridicule" redirect to the Mockery article. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 20:00, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment but leaning to support for two reasons, namely that it's a French film (and thus is far less likely to be searched on an en wiki) and that the |Mockery page views do not demonstrate that this deserves the primary topic title. However, the proposal, if successful, would remove an actual article from this title and make it a redirect to another and thus removing any primary topic, which feels a bit regressive. Bungle (talk • contribs) 21:06, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Bungle, I'm not sure what you mean by "if successful, would remove an actual article from this title and make it a redirect to another and thus removing any primary topic." I don't see how disambiguating the title of this article and having "ridicule" redirect to the Mockery article would be a problem. They are synonyms. And the lead can employ WP:Alternative title. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 01:45, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I just feel it's not a good outcome for the article title to end up a redirect when it's not necessary to do so. A further suggestion has been to dab this article title instead, perhaps with links to Mockery, the film article (if renamed) and others, which would perhaps be a more favorable outcome. Bungle (talk • contribs) 08:28, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Bungle, you stated "not necessary to do so." But it will either end up a redirect or a disambiguation page. I prefer a redirect since "ridicule" and "mockery" are synonyms. Of course, this page could also be turned into an article for "Ridicule," but it would then be a WP:Redundant fork of the Mockery article. No need to ping me if you reply. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 19:38, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I am leaning towards supporting making the page a disambig over a basic redirect which has some existing support. As things stand, an article exists here already and there is a hatnote to the proposed redirect; making this a direct redirection doesn't necessarily warrant the existing article being moved as a result, but I do generally accept the current article isn't the primary topic either. Bungle (talk • contribs) 20:43, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Commented below, as I'm replying to you and another editor. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 20:26, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Qualified Support. Turns out the article was previously moved to Ridicule (film) in Dec 2010; and the move was then reverted as "unnecessary" in Feb 2011. Ridicule (film) therefore still exists as a redirect. I think a disambiguator is desirable, for the reasons given by Flyer22 Reborn; but surely we can stick with the simple "film" rather than the unnecessarily complex "1996 French film". GrindtXX (talk) 21:52, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * GrindtXX, thanks for the history on that. I should have checked it. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 01:45, 15 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Move to Ridicule (film) and convert basename to a dab page. Proposed title is overly specific and the hatnote on the article also links to ridiculous and appeal to ridicule. PC78 (talk) 06:47, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * To be clear, I would oppose Ridicule (disambiguation) being moved over ridicule. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:03, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Support and redirect to mockery In ictu oculi (talk) 10:23, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Weak support per WP:ASTONISH but create a DAB at the base name as a compromise per WP:NOPRIMARY given the fact that there are 4 entries that could be included on a DAB.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 20:06, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * And yes use Ridicule (film) per WP:PRECISION.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 20:46, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Bungle and Crouch, Swale, I think that when people click on or search for "ridicule," they will usually be looking for the topic that the Mockery article covers. I don't think they will commonly be looking for the Ridiculous article (if at all). Ridicule and Ridiculous are obviously two different things. And as for the Appeal to ridicule article, that can be mentioned/linked to in the Mockery article. I'll alert Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation to this discussion for more opinions. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 20:26, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I suppose we could just put Mockery and the film on the DAB then.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 21:19, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Conditional Support, The current title title doesn't work, but Ridicule (film) is sufficient per WP:CONCISE.  Event horizon51  (talk) 21:13, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, surprisingly, and WP:NOTADICT. I was buying the argument, but then I decided to check on the |Mockery page views and discovered that this French film consistently gets more page views than Mockery. Sure, some fraction of those searching with "ridicule" are looking for Mockery, but it's only a percentage, and, even if it were 100% then the film would still be the more likely topic being sought by users searching with "ridicule". I don't see how landing on an article about a film named Ridicule would ASTONISH anyone searching with "ridicule". The hatnote covers the other (unlikely) sought topics more than adequately. This proposal would only make user experience worse by sending most of the users searching with "ridicule" somewhere other than the article they seek. --В²C ☎ 21:21, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Born2cycle (В²C), I really don't understand your reasoning that the film is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. I don't see how it makes sense to think that most readers who click on or search for "ridicule" will be looking for this obscure film. And I don't think that this article getting more page views than the Mockery article proves that. What I think it proves is that many people are looking for the topic of ridicule and are searching for it under that name more so than under the name "mockery." This will be easy to see once this article's title is disambiguated. In ictu oculi, you're well-versed in move discussions. What do you think of В²C's assessment? Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 22:08, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

 * No need to ping me if you reply. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 22:11, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I'll also go ahead and alert WP:Film to this discussion. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 22:14, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

 * "What I think it proves is..." Some, sure, but most? How do you arrive at this conclusion, what's your evidence? It's just as likely that most people landed on the article they were seeking. Your surprise will not be shared by everyone. PC78 (talk) 23:24, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * PC78, we are allowed to use common sense on Wikipedia. It is common sense that far people are familiar with the word/topic ridicule than they are with this obscure film. Similarly, even with The Beatles being as famous as they were/are, it made a lot more sense to have Yesterday not redirect to a Beatles song called "Yesterday", and so that was fixed (although fixing it took a few attempts). On a side note: Again, there is no need to ping me. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 23:32, 16 August 2019 (UTC) Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 23:37, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that qualifies as "common sense". You're just blindly assuming that page views for one article indicate interest in something else. Your Beatles example is not comparabile: there are many things listed on the Yesterday dab page, but there is exactly one page titled "Ridicule". PC78 (talk) 00:10, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Blindly? Really? WP:PRIMARYTOPIC states, "A topic is primary for a term with respect to if it is highly likely—much more likely than any other single topic, and more likely than all the other topics combined—to be the topic sought when a reader searches for that term. A topic is primary for a term with respect to  if it has substantially greater enduring notability and educational value than any other topic associated with that term." You think that applies to this film? It does not. But if you want to keep on believing that and directing our readers to an obscure French film when they most certainly are not looking for it, that's clearly your stance. It's a stance I will not be supporting. The Yesterday example is comparable. That's why I compared it. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:17, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Crikey. I was merely commenting on your belief that pageview stats for the film meant that people were actually looking for something else, which unless you're a mindreader you surely don't know. But whatever. PC78 (talk) 00:26, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Again, I was using common sense, like others here voting "support" are. In this case, common sense dictates what I stated regarding why this page is currently getting the page views it's getting. But do come back and observe just how many page views it gets once it is finally disambiguated again. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:30, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Ah-ha, so the supporters of this move (of which I am one, BTW) are right and everyone who disagrees with you is wrong? I think I'll leave this here... PC78 (talk) 00:37, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * You support the move? And why is that? Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:43, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Support Quite obviously not the main topic of this word.★Trekker (talk) 22:46, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose Quite obviously the main encyclopedic topic of this word per comments above.  —  AjaxSmack  00:08, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Regarding your pipelink to WP:NOTDICT, no one here is arguing for a dictionary entry. Disambiguating this article will see its page views significantly dwindle. I'm certain of that. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:22, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * You can test your theory without relying on "I'm certain of that". See WP:DABTEST for details. —  AjaxSmack  00:38, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * It'll be tested, all right. Once it's moved back. It should never have been moved away from the aforementioned 2010 action in the first place. This move request, if enacted, will simply be restoring things to how they were. I'm aware of WP:DABTEST. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:43, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Folks, I've added WP:NOTADICT to my reasoning. But, to your point, please know that page views are accurate in terms of gauging relative likelihood of being sought because page views are mostly determined by external search engine searching which bypasses our article naming structure. We could place our articles at random strings and the search engines would find them just the same because they key off of page content, not the name in the url or in the title portion of the page like our internal search engine does. This is why moving articles around does not change page view statistics much. We could move Paris to Jibberish City, and put a dummy article at Paris, and within hours searching for "Paris" on Google will have the WP article titled Jibberish City at the top, and the dummy article at Paris will get hardly any page views (assuming all the internal links get fixed too, etc.).  So, in this case, the page view counts tell us more people are interested in the film than in the Mockery article. That's for sure. And, per WP:NOTADICT, that's no surprise. Looking up common dictionary words like "ridicule" or "mockery" is not what people generally do on WP. Anyway, despite most people getting to our articles via search engines, our article naming structure matters... to the minority of our users that do use WP internal search, and so we try to optimize it for them. And to optimize it for them, we use data that results from usage by all users, including those getting there via external search engines. Using that data presumes article interest is distributed about the same among external search engine users as among internal search engine users. I think that's a reasonable assumption, and we don't have any way to discern any difference anyway.  In this case we know interest in the film is higher than interest in the mockery article, and since virtually 100% of most users using internal search to find the film will use "ridicule", and only a fraction of the smaller number looking for Mockery will use "ridicule" to find that article, it means that the film is the primary topic.  --В²C ☎ 01:04, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Looking up common dictionary words like "ridicule" or "mockery" is not what people generally do on WP. Says who? And the proposer showed that this precise thing does happen since someone put the word as a wikilink, and not meaning this movie. Using that data presumes article interest is distributed about the same among external search engine users as among internal search engine users. I think that's a reasonable assumption, and we don't have any way to discern any difference anyway. Good idea, let's look at the Google results. The vast majority of them are about the social phenomenon, the film doesn't come up until page 2, and that is this page. The page view numbers are next to useless since this article has been squatting here for years. Google knows better than to give results for this film first. -Crossroads- (talk) 01:25, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The relevant Google search limits the search to the English Wikipedia. Try that. --В²C ☎ 01:31, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * В²C, WP:NOTADICT doesn't apply since no one here is arguing for a dictionary entry. The Mockery article is about the topic, not the term. And the topic of ridicule and mockery are the same subject. And even if that article were about the term, we have articles on terms. I'm not convinced by your arguments, and this is for reasons I've made clear above. You were also against moving the Yesterday article, and we eventually moved that. You stated that "page views are accurate in terms of gauging relative likelihood of being sought because page views." We can observe what will happen to the page views for this article once this article is disambiguated. I'm sure those page views will significantly decrease. As for "moving articles around does not change page view statistics much"? Well, the test we conducted with regard to the Testosterone article seemed pointless and was noted as such. But I don't think it will be pointless in this case. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 01:30, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Well let's |Yesterday_(Beatles_song)|Yesterday see what's going with Yesterday now. Hmm.  How much did rearranging affect that scenario?  Oh, nada, just as I predicted. The Beatles song remains the dominant primary topic. --В²C ☎ 01:35, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * One aspect of WP:Primary topic is the following: "A topic is primary for a term with respect to long-term significance if it has substantially greater enduring notability and educational value than any other topic associated with that term." You think that applies to this film rather than, or more so than, the topic of ridicule/mockery? Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 02:15, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * No. That aspect of PT is an abomination that is used as a rationalization for ruinous RMs like this one, and Yesterday, that make it harder for our users to find the articles they seek. I call IAR on the bullshit ”long term significance“ criteria. —В²C ☎ 03:11, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Only you think that, and you only think that because you don't know the purpose of an encyclopedia. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 07:20, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * you might want to archive that comment calling Primary Topic "bullshit" for the next time the ban on Born2cycle comes up, as it sums up the long term disruption. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:01, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Support move to Ridicule (film) in strongest possible terms per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. NOPRIMARY does not apply here, so no dab is needed. And it seems very likely that many of the pageviews are indeed people landing here by accident, since the mundane and universal social experience of ridicule is vastly more familiar than this obscure film. Landing here would absolutely astonish: imagine if typing in praise took you to Praise (film) or happy took you to Happy (2006 film). This article is squatting. -Crossroads- (talk) 01:15, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The mundane word is certainly more familiar, but that doesn't mean people are looking it up on WP. The page views, which you can trust per my explanation above, tell us they are not, relative to how many are interested in the film. --В²C ☎ 01:27, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Pretty obvious. Ridicule is mockery. —SmokeyJoe (talk) 02:15, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom, with the move target being Ridicule (film). The film, Ridicule, is about mockery and its effects on people of a certain status. There are no other title matches, and therefore nothing else to disambiguate. What is ridiculous is a different concept, and the appeal to ridicule is a partial title match that is merely a special case of mockery, when it is being used as an argument. bd2412  T 02:39, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support with the proviso that the target should be Ridicule (film) because no additional qualification is needed.
 * Did 1,558 readers in the last 30 days really want to learn about this obscure film? Ridiculous! Our readers (not all of whom speak English as a first language) are being directed to the wrong place. Both limbs of WP:PTOPIC apply:
 * A topic is primary for a term with respect to usage if it is highly likely—much more likely than any other single topic, and more likely than all the other topics combined—to be the topic sought when a reader searches for that term.
 * A topic is primary for a term with respect to long-term significance if it has substantially greater enduring notability and educational value than any other topic associated with that term.
 * It is nothing to do with us because all Wikipedias are independent, but the corresponding French article got 2,205 page views in the last 30 days, and I'd wager that the majority of those were by readers looking for the French noun and adjective ridicule. The views in the last 30 days for the film in Dutch, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish, in none of which is 'ridicule' a word, were 27, 159, 130, 22 and 149 respectively; which is about what I would expect. Narky Blert (talk) 05:54, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * would you argue for the 2,205 page view French article to be deleted on your (sorry, but IMHO mis-)reading of WP:NOTDICT? In ictu oculi (talk) 08:09, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Maybe the film gets more views on the French Wikipedia because it's a French film? Just a thought. Again, why do we assume that pageviews for X indicate an interest in Y? PC78 (talk) 12:22, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Because of WP:PRIMARYTOPIC which says don't follow page views, don't follow article titles. In ictu oculi (talk) 11:44, 19 August 2019 (UTC)
 * That's not what WP:PRIMARYTOPIC says at all. PC78 (talk) 12:59, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Support move to Ridicule (film) (no need for a more complicated disambiguation) since "ridicule" is synonymous with "mockery", and thus "ridicule" should redirect to "mockery". They are essentially the same primary topic, and any other topic also called "ridicule" (or "mockery") should be disambiguated from the primary one. Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 13:36, 19 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Move DAB PAGE (Ridicule (disambiguation)) to basename, and move the film to Ridicule (film), per above. Paintspot Infez (talk) 21:19, 20 August 2019 (UTC)
 * And now ...close and move per WP:SNOW. Good to see windows on reality outside Wikipedia being open. In ictu oculi (talk) 09:07, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Ridicule (film)


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Jimmy Snyder (sports commentator)

James George Snyder Sr. (born Dimetrios Georgios Synodinos, September 9, 1918 – April 21, 1996), better known as Jimmy the Greek, was an American sports commentator and Las Vegas bookmaker. A regular contributor to the CBS program The NFL Today, Snyder predicted the scores of NFL games, which sports bettors used to determine the point spread. In January 1988, Snyder was fired by CBS after he made comments suggesting that breeding practices during slavery had led blacks to become superior athletes.

Early life and career
Snyder was born in Steubenville, Ohio. According to his New York Times obituary of April 22, 1996, Snyder's family roots were in the village of Tholopotami (Θολoποτάμι), on the island of Chios in the Aegean Sea. As a teenager in Ohio, he became acquainted with bookmakers. When he was ten years old, he lost his mother when his uncle, driven mad by the loss of his wife, shot and killed Snyder's mother and aunt, who were walking home, before killing himself. Snyder told his mother that he wanted to stay at the grocery store that his father was running and play rather than walk home with his mother, which he cited as likely saving his life but also as a reason he became a gambler.

According to his autobiography Jimmy the Greek, Snyder bet $10,000 on the 1948 election between Thomas Dewey and Harry S. Truman, getting 17–1 odds for Truman to win. In a later interview he indicated that he knew Truman was going to win because Dewey had a mustache and "American women didn't trust men with a mustache".

He invested money in oil drilling and coal mining, but those ventures failed. He lived in Las Vegas after moving there in the 1950s. He worked as an oddsmaker and gambler, at places such as the Vegas Turf and Sportsroom. In 1962, he was convicted of interstate transportation of bets and wagering information alongside conspiracy and violating the Federal Communications Act (having been caught giving a betting tip over the telephone). He was fined $50,000 and labeled a convicted felon. He worked in public relations for a time, including a couple of years working for Howard Hughes. In the mid 1960s, he began a news column involving a sports betting line for the Las Vegas Sun, which eventually received widespread publication.

In 1974, he received a presidential pardon from Gerald Ford.

The NFL Today
The sports line eventually led to a 12-year stint on the CBS Sunday morning show, The NFL Today, a pregame show for National Football League (NFL) games, starting in 1976. Known simply as "Jimmy the Greek," he would appear in segments with sportscaster Brent Musburger and predict the results of that week's NFL games. While already famous in gambling circles, his rough charm made him into a minor celebrity. He would have conflicts with both Musburger and Phyllis George, with a 1980 fight happening between Musberger and Snyder while George was brought to tears by a comment made by Snyder over her husband, then-Kentucky Governor John Brown. While Musberger would make light of the fight (covered by the press), George would request to have Snyder tape his segment with Musberger in advance so that Snyder and George were not on the set at the same time.

As sports betting was illegal in most of the United States, and was at the time a general social taboo, his segment would not overtly mention betting or gambling. Instead, Snyder would predict the score of each game; for example, he would say the Los Angeles Raiders would beat the Los Angeles Rams by a score of 31–21 (ten points). This allowed bettors who knew the line of the game to be able to deduce his selection when betting the point spread: If the spread in the example game was the Raiders by five, bettors would know Snyder was picking the Raiders to beat it. The NFL was adamant about avoiding any official connections between gambling and the league, but NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle was an acquaintance of Snyder and made it clear that his work on CBS was acceptable.

Racial comments and dismissal
On January 16, 1988, Snyder was fired by the CBS network (where he had been a regular on NFL Today since 1976) after making several questionable comments about African Americans during a lunchtime interview on January 15, 1988, with Ed Hotaling, a producer-reporter for NBC-owned WRC-TV, at Duke Zeibert's Washington, D.C., restaurant. Hotaling said that he had been doing interviews with various people in the restaurant for a program celebrating the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. and what they thought the next step in civil rights progress for African Americans should be. He put the question to Snyder. "It was all on the occasion of Martin Luther King's birthday," Hotaling said. "So I thought it was an appropriate, forward-looking question, and got a backward-looking answer." Hotaling did not approve of the firing in an interview, stating, "It's outrageous he [Snyder] should be fired for exercising his First Amendment rights. Rather than silence him, they should keep him on and cover the issue of civil rights in sports."

One of Snyder's more controversial responses to the question was that African Americans were naturally superior athletes at least in part because they had been bred to produce stronger offspring during slavery:

The black is a better athlete to begin with, because he's been bred to be that way. Because of his high thighs and big thighs that goes up into his back. And they can jump higher and run faster because of their bigger thighs. And he's bred to be the better athlete because this goes back all the way to the Civil War, when, during the slave trading, the big, the owner, the slave owner would breed his big black to his big woman so that he could have uh big black kid, see. That's where it all started!

According to the New York Times obituary, Snyder expressed regret for his comments: "What a foolish thing to say." His CBS coworkers publicly stated that they did not agree with Snyder's theories and that they did not oppose CBS's decision to fire him. Black former NFL player Irv Cross said in the 30 for 30 documentary about Snyder that he had worked alongside Snyder for a long time and did not consider him to be a racist at all. In the same documentary, Frank Deford sympathetically noted that Jimmy often tried to sound more educated than he actually was and that his comments were basically him trying to make a point about a subject on which he knew nothing.

In the same WRC-TV interview, Snyder, whose remarks were termed "reprehensible" by CBS, also commented that the only sports realm in which white people then dominated was coaching and that if Black people were to "take coaching, as I think everyone wants them to, there is not going to be anything left for the white people." Snyder, during his remarks, emphasized he was not meaning to be "derogatory" but said the only thing then that "whites control are the coaching jobs — the Black talent is beautiful, it's great, it's out there. The only thing left for the whites is a couple of coaching jobs."

In 1991, Snyder sued the CBS network for age discrimination, defamation, and breach of contract. Snyder maintained that his firing aggravated his personal health problems, according to court papers. Snyder's attorney, Jeffery L. Liddle, stated that by "firing and repudiating Mr. Snyder, CBS quashed his dream, his dignity, and his spirit." Snyder lost the case.

In popular culture
Snyder appeared in a cameo in the 1981 comedy film The Cannonball Run as a bookie. In the movie, he offered 50–1 odds against Formula One driver Jamie Blake (played by Dean Martin) and gambler Morris Fenderbaum (played by Sammy Davis Jr.) winning the Cannonball coast-to-coast endurance race. Snyder and Dean Martin were childhood acquaintances in Steubenville, Ohio.

On November 10, 2009, ESPN aired a show in their 30 for 30 series titled The Legend of Jimmy the Greek, which was produced by Fritz Mitchell. Commentary was provided by, among others, Brent Musburger, Irv Cross and Phyllis George from The NFL Today, plus Anthony Snyder (Jimmy's son), as well as his brother Johnny and sister Angie. The show also acknowledges his role in the first sportscasts of poker tournaments.

Although Snyder was largely unknown outside of the United States, in 1974, his name achieved international renown. After beating George Foreman to regain the world heavyweight championship, Muhammad Ali, in the midst of an interview with David Frost, looked into the camera and addressed his doubters. "All of you bow" he said. "All of my critics crawl... All of you suckers bow... If you wanna know any damn thing about boxing, don't go to no boxing experts in Las Vegas, don't go to no Jimmy the Greek. Come to Muhammad Ali."

He was parodied in sketches on Saturday Night Live and Second City Television, portrayed on the respective programs by Phil Hartman and John Candy. His comments about black athletes also inspired an appearance by Hans and Franz.

Snyder is also parodied in an episode of The Simpsons titled "Lisa the Greek", which was named after him. A character modeled after him named "Smooth" Jimmy Apollo (played by Phil Hartman) is featured in the episode giving dubious predictions about football games.

Snyder was referenced in an episode of The Golden Girls titled "And Ma Makes Three." Rose asks Dorothy if she is really going to dump her mother in order to spend alone time with her boyfriend, Dorothy responds with "Faster than CBS dumped Jimmy the Greek."

Personal life
Snyder and his wife Joan lost three of their five children to cystic fibrosis.

Snyder suffered from diabetes in his later years and died of a heart attack on April 21, 1996 in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 77. He was buried at Union Cemetery in his native Steubenville.

title: Jimmy Snyder (sports commentator)


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Category:Death metal musical groups

Bands that play Death metal.

title: Category:Death metal musical groups


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Mike Brearley

John Michael Brearley (born 28 April 1942) is a retired English first-class cricketer who captained Cambridge University, Middlesex, and England. He was the captain of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1979 Cricket World Cup.

Brearley captained the international side in 31 of his 39 Test matches, winning 18 and losing only 4. He was the President of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 2007–08. Since his retirement from professional cricket he has pursued a career as a psychoanalyst, psychotherapist (registered with the BPC), motivational speaker, and writer, serving as President of the British Psychoanalytical Society 2008–10. In 2015, an article in the Bleacher Report ranked Brearley as England's greatest ever cricket captain.

Brearley is married to Mana Sarabhai who is from Ahmedabad, India and they have two children together.

Early life
Brearley was born in Harrow, Middlesex, England and was educated at the City of London School (where his father Horace, himself a first-class cricketer, was a master). While at St John's College, Cambridge, Brearley excelled at cricket (he was then a wicketkeeper/batsman). After making 76 on his first-class debut as a wicketkeeper, he played for Cambridge University between 1961 and 1968 (captaining the side in 1964), first as an undergraduate in the Classical and Moral Sciences tripos, and then as a postgraduate.

While still at Cambridge, he was chosen for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) tour to South Africa in 1964–65, and to captain the MCC Under-25 side in Pakistan in 1966–67, where he scored 312 not out against North Zone (his highest first-class score) and 223 against the Pakistan Under-25 side. He ended the tour with 793 runs from six matches at an average of 132.

County cricket
From 1961 onwards, he played for Middlesex County Cricket Club, often opening the innings with Michael Smith. As captain between 1971 and 1982, he led Middlesex to County Championships in 1976, 1977 (jointly with Kent), 1980 and 1982; and he appeared in Free Foresters' very last first-class fixture, in 1968, keeping wicket and scoring 91.

International cricket
In part because of his pursuit of an academic career as a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, which limited his cricketing activity in 1969 and 1970, Brearley was not selected for England until the age of 34 in 1976. His record in Test cricket as a batsman was modest (he averaged 22.88 in 66 Test innings, without a century), but he was an outstanding captain. He made his highest test score of 91 on tour against India in February 1977. Having previously kept wicket, he was also a fine slip catcher, usually at first slip. He took over as captain of England later in 1977.

His management skills (he was once described by Rodney Hogg as having "a degree in people") drew the best from the players in his team, although he was fortunate to be able to call on the services of Bob Willis, David Gower and Ian Botham at their peak. Brearley was captain during the infamous aluminium bat incident in 1979, when he objected to Dennis Lillee's use of a metal bat instead of one made of willow. On the same tour, he caused controversy at the end of an international one-day match against the West Indies at the Sydney Cricket Ground when he ordered all his fielders, including the wicketkeeper, to the boundary with three runs required off the last ball (this was legal under the rules of the time).

In all, Botham and Willis took 262 wickets during the 31 test matches that Brearley captained. The importance of Willis in particular to England led Brearley into further controversies regarding the bowling of short-pitched deliveries at recognised tailend batsmen, during Pakistan's tour of England in 1978, and more briefly, during England's 1978–9 tour of Australia. Brearley himself had been an innovator regarding cricket equipment himself, wearing a 'skull cap' under his England cap in 1977 (in the days before players wore helmets). It consisted of a plastic protector with two side pieces protecting his temples. It was later popularised by the Indian batsman Sunil Gavaskar.

Brearley captained England to the final of the 1979 Cricket World Cup, scoring 53 in the semi-final against New Zealand and 64 in the final against the West Indies. However, his opening partnership of 129 with Geoff Boycott in the final used up 38 of 60 allotted overs; although it was recognised that a potent pace attack of Andy Roberts, Michael Holding, Colin Croft and Joel Garner needed to be countered, the speed of the partnership greatly added to the pressure on the rest of the order. Garner bowled a spell of 5 wickets for 4 runs to induce a drastic collapse and hand the West Indies the match and the World Cup by 92 runs.

Having passed the England captaincy to Ian Botham in 1980 (losing his Test place in the process), Brearley returned as captain following Botham's resignation for the third Test against Australia at Headingley in 1981, going on to win the match and two of the remaining three matches of the series to win the Ashes 3–1.

His leadership benefited from Botham's recovered form following his winless captaincy record and his nosedive in form (he had made a pair in the second Test at Lord's) to take a first-innings 6 for 95 and score 50 and 149 not out in the third Test at Headingley, bowl a spell of 5 wickets for 1 run in the fourth Test at Edgbaston, score 118 from 102 balls in the fifth Test at Old Trafford, and take a 10-wicket match haul (6 for 125 and 4 for 128) in the sixth Test at the Oval. In spite of his limited reputation as an international batsman, Brearley also made an important if less high-profile contribution to the fourth test, scoring more runs than any other batsman (61) in a match which England won by 29 runs.

Post-cricket career
Brearley opposed sporting links with apartheid South Africa, seconding a motion to the MCC in 1968 calling for the cessation of tours until there was progress towards non-racial cricket. He seconded the motion from David Sheppard to the MCC, calling for the England tour to South Africa to be cancelled, and was a supporter of John Arlott who campaigned in The Guardian for the same objective.

He is now a psychoanalyst, psychotherapist (registered with the BPC), motivational speaker, and part-time cricket journalist for The Times. He was appointed an OBE in 1978, and published The Art of Captaincy in 1985. He published another book, On Form, in 2017. In 1998, he became an Honorary Fellow of his Cambridge college, St. John's and in 2006 was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford Brookes University.

Brearley succeeded Doug Insole as President of MCC on 1 October 2007, and chose Derek Underwood to succeed him at the end of his term. He was president of the British Psychoanalytical Society, 2008–10.

In June 2024 Brearley was quoted in The Cricket Paper "Both the ICC's deal with Aramco and the MCC's with JP Morgan are disturbing. There is currently so much 'rowing back' from recognising the huge dangers of climate change and the need for us to be proactive on the edge of this abyss. We all have to make some sacrifices in order to do this...The CEO of Aramco recently said 'we should abandon the fantasy of phasing out oil and gas' I find this remark chilling. We in cricket should not align ourselves with such views".

Brearley lives in London.

Works

 * 1985: The Art of Captaincy
 * 2017: On Form
 * 2023: Turning Over the Pebbles: A Life in Cricket and in the Mind (memoir)

title: Mike Brearley