text:
Anatoly Berezovoy

Anatoly Nikolayevich Berezovoy (Анато́лий Никола́евич Березово́й; 11 April 1942 – 20 September 2014) was a Soviet cosmonaut.

Biography
Berezovoy was born in Enem, Adyghe Autonomous Oblast, Russian SFSR in a Ukrainian family. He was married with two children and graduated from the Air Force Academy.

On 27 April 1970 he was selected as a cosmonaut. In 1982 he flew as Commander on Soyuz T-5 on the first mission to the Salyut 7 space station, returning to Earth on the Soyuz T-7 after 211 days 9 hours. He retired on 31 October 1992 due to age. From 1992 to 1999, he was a Deputy President of Russian Space Federation.

Honours and awards

 * Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR
 * Order of Lenin
 * Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR 3rd class
 * Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" (Russian Federation)
 * Officer of the Legion of Honour (France)
 * Order "The Sun of Freedom" (Afghanistan)
 * Kirti Chakra (India)

title: Anatoly Berezovoy


text:
Talk:Anti-Secession Law

There is a dispute between two versions. To see the

other version:, to compare:

/Archive1 - the proposed law (green paper) by a scholar Yu Yuanzhou, taken from www.peacehall.com.

"suggestion by a scholar"
"suggestion by a scholar" sounds very silly and awkward. Why not used "proposed" in parenthesis then? --Jiang 21:39, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Duly moved as you suggested. Thank you. -- Kaihsu 22:13, 2004 Aug 2 (UTC)

Rename of this article
The proposed law is now titled 反分裂国家法 (literally anti-sucession of the state law). Should this article be renamed accordingly? See also google search about the change. — Instantnood 19:31, Feb 19 2005 (UTC)
 * The proposed law that will be put before the full NPC is different from the one proposed by Yu Yuanzhou. I think it's necessary to modify this article to reflect the actual law, and reference Yu Yuanzhou as a possible origin. then move. --Jiang 01:59, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, Jiang, for working on this. We need to clean this up and make the text tighter, but maybe later.... – Kaihsu 10:56, 2005 Mar 14 (UTC)

Shouldn't this article be merged with this one; Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China? (Free Citizen 07:57, 17 January 2006 (UTC)).
 * You do realise the different purposes that Wikipedia and Wikisource serve? enochlau (talk) 09:22, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Non-floating currency reform?!
Whoa, the proposed currency is fixed to gold? WTF? Which major industrial country still has a non-floating currency? This deserves some extensive coverage over the ramifications, especially in regards to trade policy with the US. If the renminbi is no longer informally fixed to the dollar, then that could drastically change the competitiveness of Chinese exports. I'm not an expert on the subject so I don't feel comfortable analyzing it, but someone who knows more about it should do a write-up. Kent Wang 17:03, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Reaction from the international community
This article missed the reaction from the international community, which needs to be supplemented.Mababa 02:16, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Modified

 *  The historical claim is based on Chinese settlement of Taiwan during the Ming and Qing dynasties; including formal incorporation into the Qing empire in 1885 by Emperor Guangxu.

The sentence above was modified. It looks obsurd to use settlements for claims of sovereignty. Settlement does not imply sovereignty, otherwise Israle could have the sovereignty of Gaza already. Or perhaps Afican countries could claim all over the world since every single Homo Sapien springs from African settlements in other part of the world. If this sentence is the PRC official position, please restore that text when the source is attributed and refered. During the Ming dynasty, Taiwan was under Dutch rule. Even the Tungning Empire is an independent country signs trade treaties with western countries. That sentece does not comform the historical reality.Mababa 03:57, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * A lot of things on this page may look absurd to people who don't understand Chinese thinking. This is a difficult article to write, because on the one hand it needs to describe accurately the position China has taken and on the other hand, being in the _English_ Wikipedia, it does need to attempt to explain that in a way that an English-speaking Westerner can potentially understand, which is hard.  As far as settlements leading to sovreignty, that is not unusual in history; large parts of the land in the US is under US sovreignty at least partly because settlers kept moving into it until they were the overwhelming majority (the entire Eastern seaboard was settled in this fashion while the colonies were still under English control; later the US itself did this in such locations as the Northwest Territory, Texas, and Hawaii).  The example you give, of Israel, is arguably another example (see Kibbutz) of this phenomenon (although, Israel did also have a pre-existing historical connection with the land, albeit not in recent times).  I do not think it is unusual for a government of China to base a claim to the island of Taiwan on settlement that happened during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and I doubt whether this is one of the more contested points of the whole issue between the ROC and PRC.  However, I am by no means an expert on Chinese thinking (and in fact don't really understand the thinking behind the One China policy at all). --Jonadab, 2006 Jan 28.

 * By contrast, the pan-blue coalition has stated that they support a one China, different interpretations and the 92 consensus and would be willing to negotiate with the PRC on those terms. It is worth of noting that the so-called "one China, different interpretations" interpretation supported by the Taiwanese pan-blue coalition has been rejected by the PRC officials as part of the PRC defined 92 consensus.

Sentences above removed. The pan-blue did not support the one China, different interpretations and the 92 consensus as a response specifically toward the enactment of the anti-secession law. That was their general value all the time. Most of the major pan-blue party still condemn the law. Only the New party, a small negligible minor party, specifically resorted the one-china definition as part of their response.Mababa 04:11, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

-
 * Taiwan also expresses skepticism on the PRC's offer of "equal status", pointing out that the PRC still consistantly opposes its participation in international bodies such as the WHO. -- Can you cite a reference?
 * http://www.mac.gov.tw/english/english/macpolicy/bj8906-1.htm -- See entry #30 70.57.139.181 06:15, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes but all of these statements were made before the offer of equal status. I'm looking for a statement that the MAC or anyone else made after Hu's four point speech or in response to the anti-secession law that says in effect "we don't trust Beijing because of its position on WHO". Roadrunner 06:37, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Here is a news on MAC's response in much more detail. MAC did not specifically referred to the WHO issue, but did blasted the law as an `irrational act'.Mababa 06:45, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Taiwanese scholar also suggests that Wen's analogy between US the anti-cession law and PRC anti-cession law was logically unsound by pointing out that Taiwan was never part of PRC. A dispute perhaps worth of being reflected in the article for the both sides.Mababa 06:50, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

ROC would not exist if independece were declared?
Jiang left the following in the edit summary: " ROC would not exist if independence was declared; they made it clear the law was aimed at a specific grp, not Taiwan in general "

According to the text of the law, independence under whatever form or banner (以任何形式獨立) is also independence. IMHO this will include equating Taiwan with ROC (independence by adopting the banner of ROC) and officially renounce the claim on the continent. — Instantnood 11:05, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

This law applies to Taiwan in general. Whoever acts this Anti-Secession Law only points at the green camp in Taiwan really underestimate and dare to question the determination by Mainland China to take over Taiwan if peaceful means don't work to make Taiwan a special administration region under PRC. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.174.135.185 (talk) 14:00, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Proposed law-clean up
clean up tagged

This article is way too long. The proposed law by the PRC scholar should be isolated into a separate article. The historical introduction should be extracted from that section and incoporated into the Anti-secession law article.Mababa 05:55, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This article is far from being too long. I dont know what you mean by "historical introduction"--Jiang 22:49, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Really? It seems loose and discordantto have two laws, one passed and one proposed, to be listed here in one article, IMO.

When I mean historical introduction, I was refering to the segement from "Although Taiwan was ceded to Japan in the treaty......" to "Premier Wen Jiabao pronounced to a group of Chinese expatriates in London that serious consideration of such a law would be taken." Mababa 23:30, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

anti-annexation law
is it supposed to be "anti-annexation" law or "anti anti-session law"? If you translate word by word from chinese (反反國家分裂法) it's "anti anti-session," but it does sound a bit awkward. Is there any official translation? Wareware 12:24, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I've heard it refeered to as what you mentioned, as well as "反併吞法" ("anti-annexation law")... I don't think there's an official name for it yet since it is still proposed.--Loren 14:35, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Some information on US congressional reaction
There could be some useful information on the US congress reactions in the FAPA link above. Mababa 05:45, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Chinese Anti-Secession Law Is Disturbing the Status Quo in the Taiwan Strait

Mainlnd China
Instntnood has placed this in his mainland China category. This is entirely incorrect. First, since it directly relates to how the PRC thinks it is dealing with it's own (claimed) provinces, specifically Taiwan it is incorrect to use the term mainland China, which excludes Taiwan. Second, national laws dealing with interactions of member states specifically aren't regional laws. SchmuckyTheCat 14:46, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes from the political point of view it's deal with the PRC. But as a law it is only applied, valid and applicable within mainland China. It is not a national law as stated in the Annex III of the basic laws of the two SARs. — Instantnood 15:01, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't the article say something to that effect? "state press mentioned explicitly that the law was not intended to be applied to Hong Kong and Macao." Good, gotcha covered.  You say Article III is the legal basis for that?  Add it! don't leave it out expecting people to find it in a talk pge. SchmuckyTheCat 15:13, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Former Proposal
I moved that section of the former proposal to it's own article. That much text about a completely different law was confusing. Both rticles are still marked with cleanup SchmuckyTheCat 15:29, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I have incoporated part of the background introduction from the proposed law article. I also removed the clean up tag and trimed the external links.Mababa 03:45, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895
An elaboration of this treaty would be helpful. (Free Citizen 07:40, 17 January 2006 (UTC)).

In internal link has been added. Case closed. (219.95.6.254 09:57, 17 January 2006 (UTC)).

Did the state press really said this?
In announcing the drafting of the law in December, 2004, the state press mentioned explicitly that the law was not intended to be applied to Hong Kong and Macao. This statement makes no sense as the law was specifically drafted to deal with the Taiwan issue. How does Hong Kong and Macau fit in? (Free Citizen 10:13, 17 January 2006 (UTC)).

 * Before the details of the law came out, ppl in Hong Kong expressed concern that it would be a general "Anti-Secession Law" aimed at everybody (Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, what have you), and so would in effect legislate by stealth Article 23 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong (a section dealing with sedition and treason, and very very controversial in Hong Kong).
 * This is why the state press came out to say that it wouldn't apply to Hong Kong and Macao, which it doesn't.
 * After the details of the law came out, it turned out that it wasn't an "Anti-Secession Law" per se so much as an "Anti-Taiwanese Independence Law". --Sumple (Talk) 03:55, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Protected
I have protected the article, so you could reach some compromise on the talk page. Edit warring is not a way to solve conflicts. Please ask for unprotection, when you are ready. abakharev 01:35, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * this article is quite poor stylistically. E.g. the opening line of the Background section misuses "although" --Sumple (Talk) 22:58, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have inserted the change requested. Please tell me then a compromize is reached for the article to unportected, or if you believe I should take my chances with unprotecting it straight away abakharev 00:50, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Edit War
The versions of Bonafide.Histula and RevolverOcelot are quite similar. What is the main subject of the warring? Maybe we can have a Poll or an RfC? abakharev 03:15, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Notes to "Certified.Gangsta"
Please desist from deleting references and introducing typos ("angritly"), and non-NPOV content into this page.

As for your objection over the name "Republic of China", the references are to: (copied from article) ^ http://www.mac.gov.tw/gb/gb/mlpolicy/pos/9504/po9504ch.htm Summary Results, Opinion Poll on Cross-Strait Relations, Mainland Affairs Council, Republic of China ^ http://www.mac.gov.tw/gb/gb/mlpolicy/pos/880511/po8805.htm Fourth Major Opinion Poll on Mainland Policies, Mainland Affairs Council, Republic of China

Please note that: The "Republic of China" is the name of the government in Taiwan. If you have a problem with that, please lodge your complaints with the Republic of China government at www.gio.gov.tw.

Domains ending in .gov.tw are owned by the government in("on") Taiwan, being the Republic of China government. If you have a problem with a "Chinese" government administering Taiwan, you can request a constitutional amendment by first becoming elected to the Legislative Yuan.

The documents are in GB encoding. Unfortunately I wasn't able to find the English versions of these documents. If you would like to contribute positively on this front, perhaps you can do a better job of searching for these. If you object to Taiwan using the Chinese language, which I know you do, please lodge your complaint with the Republic of China government at www.gio.gov.tw.

Final point, Chen Shui-bian is the President of the Republic of China (ROC), not Taiwan, unfortunately. --Sumple (Talk) 09:17, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Man what are you tryna do? Be sarcastic? Well I'm really disappointed at your comment in ur last edit summary. Calling me stupid is definitely a PA. As to your points above, unfortunately, your favorite PRC doesn't want to admit the existence of the ROC government in Taiwan maybe you should inform them they are not administering the 23 million population in Taiwan, so claiming the issue as a domestic affair is bootless and to quote you "stupidity to the extreme". Yes, people who are neutral should recognize the vast difference between Taiwan and China. I do have a problem with a Chinese government administering Taiwan, but not now when we have a democracy, the name is strictly formality (brought by KMT anyway when they came from China and massacred a whole bunch of Taiwanese in that 2-28 incident). My real concern is a Chinese government (meaning PRC) annexing Taiwan, I don't really care about the difference between ROC and Taiwan. Just to tell you I'm a really poor reader of simplified character and never lived in Taiwan in my life so accusing me possessing strong POV is unjustified. I just felt wikipedia need to educate the general public in a more neutral perspective so therefore my contribution is essential especially in the midst of Chinese communist propaganda administrators who are apparently gang patrolling these articles. As to Taiwan using Mandarin as the official language, I do believe Taiwan should make English and Taiwanese as well as Mandarin all official languages. But that's another issue, so let's not go that far. Anyway, final point, I realized you didn't read my new username properly, unfortunately.--Certified.Gangsta 09:35, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Page protection
I have protected this article due to edit warring. All parties need to come a conclusion and resolution instead of needlessly edit warring. If this cannot be resolved via concensus, I suggest that all parties look at Resolving disputes, and methods such as asking for a third-party's opinion, straw polls or RfC. Thank you. enochlau (talk) 03:44, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Why not include the reaction of Singapore?
As the third Chinese country in the world, Singapore's reaction is very important here/

Other Chinese secession groups
I realize this law was drafted in the event of a Taiwanese declaration of independence, but surely the PRC is aware of other provinces that have secession groups, such as Tibet and Xinjiang. Is there not a law in place to prevent them (or any other province) from seceding as well? If so, it should be linked to this article. --Canuckguy (talk) 12:34, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Unlike Taiwan, Tibet and Xinjiang are not independent nations-states, so there is no need for an "anti-secession" law for them. Readin (talk) 13:34, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * But I'm sure that the PRC doesn't regard any of the three as independent nation states (Taiwan is a province, while Tibet and Xinjiang are autonomous regions), wouldn't such an act be a recognition of Taiwan as an independent nation then? Also, if there is such a law on the books only for Taiwan, then what law is in place to prevent Tibet and others from seceding (aside from military crackdowns)?--Canuckguy (talk) 15:06, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * PRC already has domestic anti-subversion laws for Tibet and Xinjiang. In the case of Taiwan, as it is common knowledge that PRC does not have control of Taiwan (although it is claimed), it wanted to provide a clear legal basis to mobilise the People's Liberation Army against Taiwan. It also served as a clear signpost to the Taiwanese where the line is drawn.

 * Nothing in the legislation recognised Taiwan as an independent nation because PRC can't make this kind of laws for a foreign country. However, it is interesting that, even though "One China" or "China" was mentioned many times, it never said that PRC is that "One China" or "China". Arguably it allowed for Taiwan and mainland China to be reunified under a different union without contravening the legislation--Pyl (talk) 16:06, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Anti-Secession Law


text:
Soviet Air Defence Forces

The Soviet Air Defence Forces (войска ПВО, voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony, voyska PVO, V-PVO, lit. Anti-Air Defence Troops; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany, PVO strany, lit. Anti-Air Defence of the Country) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces.

Formed in 1941, it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998. Unlike Western air defence forces, V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself, separate from the Soviet Air Force (VVS) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces. During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services, behind the Strategic Rocket Forces and the Ground Forces.

Service during Second World War
Preparations for creation of the air defence forces started in 1932, and by the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, June 1941, there were 13 PVO zones within the military districts. At the outbreak of war, air defence forces were in the midst of rearmament. Anti-aircraft artillery teams had few of the latest 37 mm automatic and 85 mm guns. Moreover, the troops were deficient in Yak-1s and MiG-3s; 46 percent of the fleet were obsolete aircraft. Increased rates of production were initiated to provide the troops with new equipment. In July 1941, the National Defence Committee took several measures to strengthen the forces guarding Moscow and Leningrad, Yaroslavl and Gorky industrial areas, and strategic bridges across the Volga. To this end, the formation of parts of the IA, IN, anti-aircraft machine gun and searchlight units were accelerated.

A classic example of a major political organization of defence and industrial center was the defence of Moscow. It was carried out by the 1st Air Defence Corps and the 6th Fighter Aviation Corps PVO. As part of these formations at the beginning of German air raids had more than 600 fighters; more than 1,000 guns of small and medium calibers; 350 machine guns; 124 fixed anti-aircraft barrage balloons; 612 stations and 600 anti-aircraft searchlights. The presence of such large forces and their skilful management foiled enemy attempts to inflict massive air strikes. Only 2.6 percent of the total number of Axis aircraft flew in the outskirts of Moscow as a result of their efforts. Air defence forces defending Moscow destroyed 738 enemy aircraft. Assaults by the 6th Fighter Aviation Corps inflicted heavy blows, destroying 567 enemy aircraft on the ground. The Air Defence Forces destroyed 1,305 aircraft and in combat with the armies of Nazi Germany and its allies, alongside the Air Force, destroyed 450 tanks and 5,000 military vehicles.

On November 9, 1941, the post of the Commander of the Air Defence Forces was created and Major General Mikhail Gromadin (ru:Громадин, Михаил Степанович) was appointed. In January 1942, to improve the interaction of forces and air defence systems, the fighter aircraft and crews manning them were ordered to be subordinated to the Air Defence Command. In April 1942, the Moscow Air Defence Front was founded, and the Leningrad and Baku Air Defence Armies were later raised. These were the first operational formations of the Air Defence Forces.

In June 1943, the Office of the Commander of Air Defence Forces of the country was disbanded. Following the reorganization in April 1944 that created the Western and Eastern Air Defence Fronts, and caused the division of the Transcaucasian Air Defence Area, which this year have been reorganized as the North, the South and the Transcaucasian Air Defence Fronts, air defence forces in the vicinity of Moscow were renamed the Moscow Air Defence Army. In the Far East in March 1945, three air defence armies were established: Maritime, Amur and Baikal.

During the Second World War, the Air Defence Forces provided defensive cover to defense industry complexes and vital communication elements, and successfully minimized aerial damage to Soviet industrial and transportation capacity. In the course of the war, the PVO destroyed 7,313 German aircraft, of which 4,168 and 3,145 were targeted by the IA antiaircraft artillery, machine guns and barrage balloons. More than 80,000 soldiers, sergeants, officers and generals of the Country Air Defence Forces were awarded state orders and medals, and 92 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and one was twice awarded the Gold Star Medal in service with the PVO.

Structure during Second World War
During the war PVO formations were organised as Air Defence Fronts and Air Defence Armies. PVO Fronts normally covered airspace over several ground Army Fronts; these should not be confused with each other. The Air Defence Fronts (Фронты ПВО) had the following service history:
 * Western Air Defence Front
 * 1st formation 29 June 1943 – 20 April 1944 renamed to Headquarters, Northern PVO Front
 * Northern Front PVO 21 April 1944 – 23 December 1944 formed from Headquarters, Western PVO Front (1st formation); re-flagged as Headquarters, Western PVO Front (2nd formation)
 * 2nd formation 24 December 1944 – 9 May 1945 formed from Headquarters, Northern PVO Front
 * Moscow Front PVO 6 April 1942 – 10 July 1943 formed from Headquarters, Moscow PVO Corps Region; re-flagged as Headquarters, Special Moscow PVO Army
 * Southern Front PVO 21 April 1944 – 24 December 1944 formed from Headquarters, Eastern PVO Front; re-flagged as Headquarters, Southwestern PVO Front
 * Southwestern Front PVO 24 December 1944 – 9 May 1945 formed from Headquarters, Southern PVO Front

Cold War
All the possible air components were divided (as of 1945, before the 1949 reforms of the Soviet Armed Forces) into:
 * Active army (действующая армия, deystvuyuschaya armiya) – air forces assigned to fighting fronts, known as frontal aviation
 * PVO Territorial Defence Forces (войска ПВО территории страны, voiska PVO territorii strany)
 * PVO Territorial Armies (армия ПВО территории страны, armiya PVO territorii strany)
 * Reserve forces of the Stavka High Command (резерв Ставки ВГК, rezerv Stavki VGK)
 * PVO of military districts (ПВО военных округов, PVO voennyh okrugov)
 * PVO of inactive fronts (ПВО недействующих фронтов, PVO nedeystvuyuschih frontov)

The PVO Strany was separated from the other Soviet Armed Forces services in 1949. In June 1949, the 15th Guards Fighter Aviation Division and 180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO, among its regiments, were transferred to the PVO Strany, becoming part of the 20th Fighter Air Defence Army at Oryol. There, the regiment became one of the first equipped with the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9, the first of a series of Mikoyan-and-Gurevich Design Bureau jet fighters. In April 1950, the regiment received its first Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s.

In May 1954, the PVO Strany was raised to a status equal to the other service branches of the Soviet Armed Forces, receiving its first commander-in-chief: Marshal of the Soviet Union Leonid Govorov.

The PVO's principal role was to shoot down United States Strategic Air Command bombers if they penetrated Soviet airspace. Secondary target were U.S. air reconnaissance aircraft. There were a number of such aircraft shot down while operating around the Soviet borders, including MiG-17s downing a US reconnaissance Lockheed C-130 Hercules over Armenia, with 17 casualties in 1958. The PVO gained an important victory on May 1, 1960, when a S-75 Dvina missile downed Gary Powers's U-2, causing the short U-2 crisis of 1960. (See Strategic Air Command)

The PVO had its own chain of command, schools, radar and sound director sites.

On March 30, 1967, a Directorate of the Chief of Anti-Missile and Anti-Space Defence (Управление командующего войсками противоракетной и противокосмической (УКВ ПРО и ПКО)), under Lieutenant-General of Artillery Yuri Votintsev, was formed within the Air Defence Forces. In February 1971 the 1st Division for Warning Against Missile Attack (1st Division WAMA, 1-я Дивизия предупреждения о ракетном нападении (1-я дПРН)) was formed with HQ in Solnechnegorsk, the 57th Separate Radiotechnical Nod in Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast and the 129th Separate Radiotechnical Nod in Skrunda, Latvian SSR.

Organisationally, there were two main PVO districts for most of the USSR's postwar history, the Moscow Air Defence District (formed 1950) and Baku (formed 1954). The rest of the country was initially divided into PVO regions covering Belarus, the Ukraine, the Baltics and Central Asia. However, in 1960 it appears that most of the PVO regions/areas were reorganised into seven separate armies of the Air Defence Forces – the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 14th, and 19th Air Defence Army. In 1963 the 30th independent Air Defence Corps in Tashkent became the 12th Independent Air Defence Army.

In 1977, the Air Forces and Air Defence Forces were re-organised in the Baltic states and the Leningrad Oblast (a trial run for the larger re-organisation in 1980 covering the whole country). All fighter units in the PVO were transferred to the VVS, the PVO only retaining the anti-aircraft missile units and radar units – the 6th Independent Air Defence Army was disbanded, and the 15th Air Army became the Air Forces of the Baltic Military District. By 1981, the now Voyska PVO had been stripped of many command and control and training assets, which were moved to the Air Force.

During the 1980s, the PVO interceptor units were re-equipped with the Mikoyan MiG-31 and Sukhoi Su-27P, while missile units received new electronic countermeasures systems and the S-300 surface-to-air missile system. The modernization of the PVO prioritized units in the High North and the Far East due to the threat from American spyplane missions and United States Pacific Fleet carrier aircraft.

Shelton lists a total of 140 officer commissioning schools, drawn from a Krasnaya Zvezda list of 17 January 1980. That total included 15 Air Defence Forces schools (four Fighter Aviation, five radio-electronics, and six Anti-Aircraft Rocket).

On 1 September 1983 the PVO shot down Korean Air Flight 007 after the civilian airliner had crossed into restricted Soviet airspace and was mistaken for a spy plane. Previously Korean Air Flight 902 had once crossed into Murmansk airspace, and had to make an emergency landing when a Soviet Air Force Su-15 fired on it. Soviet government officials finally admitted their mistake much to the anger of the South Korean and the United States governments. It even resulted in the forced and sudden resignation of the then Armed Forces Chief of the General Staff, Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov, in the following year by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (leader of the Soviet Union) Konstantin Chernenko.

Mathias Rust's flight to Moscow in May 1987 caused a massive shakeup within the PVO. It seems that after the KAL 007 shootdown of 1983, no one was willing to give an order to bring Rust's tiny Cessna 172 down, and modernization programmes within the PVO had led to the installation of radar and communications systems at the state border that could not effectively pass tracking data to systems closer to Moscow. PVO Commander-in-Chief Marshal A. I. Koldunov was only among the first to be removed from his position. Over 150 officers, mostly from the PVO, were tried in court and removed from their posts. A large-scale changeover of senior officers of the force more generally followed as well.

Under the Russian flag
When the Soviet Union dissolved, the air fleet of the PVO included roughly 2,200 fighters and interceptors. The personnel and equipment of many units were left in newly independent republics, although the impact of the loss was reduced by the relocation of some units back to Russia. The Russian Air Defence Forces ultimately inherited about 65% of final Soviet PVO assets.

In December 1994, the 4th Independent Air Defence Army at Ekaterinberg in the Urals was transformed into the 5th Independent Air Defence Corps, which in 1998 became the 5th Air and Air Defence Forces Army. In accordance with a December 1994 directive, the 14th Independent Air Defence Army was reorganized as the 6th Independent Air Defence Corps (ru:6-й_отдельный_корпус_ПВО) with the 16th Guards, 20th, and 94th Mukden Air Defence Divisions). In 1998, the force groupings and headquarters of the PVO that had remained within Russia were merged with the Russian Air Force becoming part of the Moscow District of Air and Air Defence Forces, and the 4th, 5th, 6th, 11th, and 14th Armies of VVS and PVO.

The Day of Air Defence Forces (Den' Voysk PVO) was initially established in 1975, to be celebrated on April 11. In 1980 this was changed to the second Sunday of April. It is still celebrated in the Russian Federation even after the 1998 merger of the Air Defence Forces with the Air Force. The unofficial motto of the PVO is 'Сами не летаем – другим не дадим'('Sami ne letaem – drugim ne dadim'), which can be translated as "Don't fly – don't let others" / "If we can't fly – we won't let anyone else either".

Commanders-in-Chief, Air Defence Forces
The post was then disestablished with the merger of the PVO and VVS in 1998.
 * Marshal of the Soviet Union Leonid Govorov – 1954–1955
 * Marshal of the Soviet Union Sergey Biryuzov – 1955–1962
 * Marshal of Aviation Vladimir Sudets – 1962–1966
 * Marshal of the Soviet Union Pavel Batitsky – 1966–1978
 * Chief Marshal of Aviation Alexander Koldunov – 1978 – May 1987
 * General of the Army Ivan Тret'yak – 31 May 1987 – 24 August 1991
 * General of the Army Viktor Prudnikov – September 1991 – December 1997
 * Colonel-General Viktor Sinitsin – December 1997 – Feb 1998

Structure
The PVO structure during the Cold War and in Russia until 1998 consisted of three specialized branches: the Radiotechnical Troops (радиотехнические войска), Surface-to-Air Missile Troops (зенитно-ракетные войска), and Fighter Aviation (истребительная авиация; istrebitel'naya aviatsiya; IA-PVO). Armies, corps, and divisions of the PVO were made up of units from all three branches.
 * Moscow Air Defence District (now the Russian Special Purpose Command)
 * 2nd Air Defence Army (Belorussian Military District)
 * 4th Independent Air Defence Army (HQ Sverdlovsk)
 * 5th Air Defence Corps
 * 19th Air Defence Corps
 * 20th Air Defence Corps (Perm, Perm Oblast)
 * 763rd Fighter Aviation Regiment
 * 764th Fighter Aviation Regiment
 * 765th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO
 * 6th Independent Air Defence Army (Leningrad Military District)
 * 27th Air Defence Corps, Riga,
 * 54th Air Defence Corps
 * 14th Air Defence Division, Tallinn
 * 8th Air Defence Army (HQ Kiev)
 * 49th Air Defence Corps
 * 60th Air Defence Corps
 * 10th Independent Air Defence Army (HQ Arkhangelsk)
 * 11th Red Banner Army of the PVO (Far East Military District)
 * 8th Air Defence Corps
 * 23rd Air Defence Corps
 * 6th Air Defence Division
 * 24th Air Defence Division and 29th Divisions of the PVO
 * 12th Independent Air Defence Army (HQ Tashkent)
 * 24th and 37th Corps of the PVO
 * 14th Independent Air Defence Army (Siberian Military District)
 * 38th Air Defence Corps
 * 39th Air Defence Corps (Irkutsk) (ru:Мукденское соединение ПВО)
 * 50th Air Defence Corps
 * 56th Air Defence Corps (Semipalatinsk)
 * 41st Air Defence Division
 * 19th Independent Air Defence Army (19th Army of the PVO) (Transcaucasus Military District) - listing for 1988
 * Communications Center (Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast)
 * 12th Air Defence Corps (Rostov-na-Don, Rostov Oblast) (became 51st Air Defence Corps in 1998)
 * 14th Air Defence Corps (Tbilisi, Georgian SSR)
 * 15th "Lvov Red Banner" Air Defence Corps (Alyaty (Baku), Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic)
 * 10th Air Defence Division (Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast)

Inventory (1991)

The PVO inventory of 1991 was:

 * 2,370 interceptors :
 * 500 Sukhoi Su-15
 * 890 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23
 * 480 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25
 * 230 Sukhoi Su-27
 * 270 Mikoyan MiG-31

 * 600 trainers :
 * 200 Aero L-29 Delfín
 * 400 Aero L-39 Albatros

 * In storage :
 * 100 Tupolev Tu-128

 * AWACS aircraft
 * 15 Beriev A-50 Mainstay

Surface-to-air missiles in service in 1990 included:

 * 1,400 S-25 Berkut
 * 2,400 Lavochkin S-75 Dvina
 * 1,000 Isayev S-125 Neva\Pechora – 300+ sites, 2 or 4 missile launchers and rails
 * 1,950 Almaz S-200 Angara\Vega\Dubna – 130 sites
 * 1,700 Almaz S-300 – 850 sites, 15 more building
 * ABM-1 Galosh Anti-Ballistic Missile, part of the A-35 missile defence system

Obsolete aircraft
Previous fighter aircraft operated by the PVO included:
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3
 * Lavochkin La-9 Fritz
 * Lavochkin La-11 Fang
 * Lavochkin La-15 Fantail
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 Fresco
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 Farmer
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 Fishbed
 * Sukhoi Su-9 Fishpot-C
 * Sukhoi Su-11 Fishpot
 * Tupolev Tu-28 Fiddler
 * Yakovlev Yak-9
 * Yak-25 Flashlight

Air-to-air missiles

 * K-5, AA-1 Alkali - Obsolete short-range air-to-air missile
 * K-8, AA-3 Anab - Medium-range air-to-air missile
 * K-13, AA-2 Atoll - Short-range air-to-air missile
 * R-4, AA-5 Ash - Long-range air-to-air missile
 * R-40, AA-6 Acrid - Long-range air-to-air missile
 * R-23, AA-7 Apex - Medium-range air-to-air missile
 * R-27, AA-10 Alamo - Medium-range air-to-air missile
 * R-33, AA-9 Amos - Long-range air-to-air missile
 * R-60, AA-8 Aphid - Short-range air-to-air missile
 * R-73, AA-11 Archer - Short-range air-to-air missile

title: Soviet Air Defence Forces


text:
Aleksandr Ivanchenkov

Aleksandr Sergeyevich Ivanchenkov (Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Иванче́нков; born 28 September 1940) is a retired Soviet cosmonaut who flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz 29 and Soyuz T-6, he spent 147 days, 12 hours and 37 minutes in space.

Ivanchenkov first flew on Soyuz 29 in 1978 to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the fifth mission, the fourth successful docking, and the second long-duration crew for the orbiting station. Commander Vladimir Kovalyonok and flight engineer Ivanchenkov established a new space endurance record of 139 days.

Ivanchenkov flew for a second time in 1982 on the Soyuz T-6 mission to the Salyut 7 space station. Along with two Soviet cosmonauts, the crew included a Frenchman, Jean-Loup Chrétien.

Biography
Ivanchenkov is married with one child. He was selected as a cosmonaut on 27 March 1973. He retired on 3 November 1993.

Honours and awards

 * Twice Hero of the Soviet Union;
 * Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR;
 * Two Orders of Lenin;
 * Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" (Russian Federation);
 * Hero of the German Democratic Republic;
 * Order of Karl Marx;
 * Commander of the Legion of Honour (France);
 * Cross of Grunwald 3rd class.

title: Aleksandr Ivanchenkov


text:
Talk:Whoopsie daisy

On 27 July 2004, Whoopsie daisy was proposed for deletion. The final decision was to redirect to baby talk. See Votes for deletion/Whoopsie daisy for details. Rossami 21:25, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Why?
This redirect was proposed for deletion, then pointed to Baby talk. Why? It was created in 2004 with the release of L.O.V.E (Terri Walker album) and a track of that name, with the statement: Whoopsie daisy is understood to be an expression of surprise at an unexpected but relatively harmless mishap. It has absolutely nothing to do with baby talk. It should either be deleted or become a redirect back to the album. William Harris •   talk •   11:35, 8 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whoopsie daisy


text:
Shakespeare by the Sea

Shakespeare by the Sea may refer to:
 * Shakespeare by the Sea, Halifax
 * Shakespeare by the Sea, Newfoundland
 * Shakespeare by the Sea (Australia)
 * Shakespeare by the Sea, Los Angeles

title: Shakespeare by the Sea


text:
Talk:Shinty

Derived
Directly derived from this sport is a boy's game played in the Southern United States (where there is a very large number of people with some Scots ancestry, and some who are predominantly Scottish in origin) called "shinny". This is generally an informal backyard diversion, not an organized sport in the way that other sports such as football and baseball are.

Failte don Jungle
Shinty is perhaps the finest sport known to man, a true martial art and great craic as well. Welcome to the Shinty Jungle!

Is anything going to be mentioned about the brutalness of this sport? The description of it doesn't really convey that.

Certainly not, it is not an encyclopaedic cmment, most Shinty players do not view the Sport as brutal. there are several sports such as rugby, boxing and gridiron which are far more physical, dangerous and violent. Sologoal

merge with feild hockey?
This looks like this should be merged with Field hockey. Any reason why it hasn't been?
 * shouldnt be - different goevering body, different rules etc - on that notre should some one add the rules of the game - biggest thing i reemember about the ganme is that half the shots that are allowed in Shinty would be classed as fouls in hockey! Alimat 21:33, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

**Merge with Field Hockey? - DON'T BE SILLY - Shinty and Field Hockey are two very distinct sports, with major rules and technique differences and as Alimat states different governing bodies. Saying Field Hockey and Shinty should be merged would be like saying American Football and Rugby should be merged. FYI: Rules of the game can be viewed on the http://www.shinty.com web site, plus the www.shinty.com site has a hyperlink to see shinty matches streamed on the web. Norcalshinty 14 June 2006

Dreich?
what's dreich mean? --Awiseman 06:09, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Dreich is Scots English for cold, wet and miserable weather. It is a common vocabulary word in Socltand.
 * Thanks, I clarified it in case other English speakers come by - like myself. --Awiseman 20:17, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

American Shinty Contacts
For contact information for Northern California, Santa Monica and Bakersfield (Calif), Utah and Phoenix please e-mail: info@norcalshinty.com, for contact information for Morro Bay, Houston, Dunedin (Florida), Washington State (including Portland, Orgeon) please see the links section in the main article.

Pleasanton Blairgowrie Fegus Sister City Organization: http://www.pbsco.org/ Campbell Highland Games Association: http://www.campbellgames.com/ The Blairgowrie and Rattray Highland Games: http://www.blairhighlandgames.co.uk/

moved this so as not to piss of people like the scummers who deleted the Glasgow and Edinburgh uni articles. Camanachd gu brath! Sologoal 17:57, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Progress On Pages
I've almost completed all the clubs in Scotland and the States but if there are any other shinty folk oot there, get involved, make sure that your teams history is correct or upload photos whatever. The Shinty pages are by no means perfect but I hope they are informative and enjoyable.Sologoal 16:21, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Nollaig Chridheil
Agus Bliadhna Mhath Ur! Merry Christmas to all Shinty Fans across the globe. Suas leis a' Chamanachd!Sologoal 13:22, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

shinty.com
These wikipedia pages seem to have much more information than the Camanachd Association's own website. It is quite poor site as governing bodies go. Perhaps they will get it updated one of these days. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 194.83.245.252 (talk) 16:19, 12 March 2007 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:Camanachdfield.jpg
Image:Camanachdfield.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 19:33, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Cúchulainn
I have removed the sentence "Shinty appears prominently in the legend of Cúchulainn, the Celtic mythology hero." Because 1) Cúchulainn was from Ireland not Scotland; 2) The Irish texts of the Cúchulainn myth typically refer to Cúchulainn playing hurling and I can find no reference in either the Irish or English texts of the legend to 'shinty', and 3) There is no independent support that I can find for the proposition that Cúchulainn was playing shinty and not hurling or some common ancestor of both sports. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.230.82 (talk • contribs) 20:39, 12 August 2007
 * You shouldnt have done that. The distinction between "Hurling" and "Shinty" is pretty artificial, English language based and an entirely modern one. Historically there was one game - in the native Gaelic languages of Scotland and Ireland the same word is used to name the game iomáint/iomain - just as the Scots and Irish were historically one people; the Gaels. When i have time il reinsert the sentence and expand the history section generally. siarach (talk) 11:41, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm glad you wrote that. Cuchulainn features in Scottish mythology too, appears in the writings of Sorley MacLean, and is linked with the Cuillins.

 * Irish dialects had different names for the sport, and the variety played in Antrim was more similar to the Scottish version than the standard Irish version.--MacRusgail (talk) 22:22, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Highland?
"but it was formerly more widespread, being once competitively played on a widespread basis in England and other areas where Scottish Highlanders migrated."

It was played in the Scottish Lowlands, and northern England and not just because of Highland migration. It is recorded from the Borders for example, where there wasn't much Highland migration at all. --MacRusgail (talk) 17:26, 3 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Aye. Given that shinty/Iomain existed as a part of Gaelic civilisation (Cuchullain is described as playing it) many centuries before the Lowlands ceased to be Gaelic left the Highlands synonymous with Gaelic culture it shouldnt be too surprising that shinty was one of the lingering Gaelic aspects of Lowland culture after the whole Highland/Lowland divide formed. siarach (talk) 18:33, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Th linked article by Hugh Dan MacLennan can clear this up and the syntax is unclear. Shinty was widespread in England before the migrations from the Highlands but the migrants helped strengthen shinty for a time. However, for the rest of the World, we can say it was taken by Scottish Highlanders. Sologoal (talk) 08:31, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

About this sport
Since Shinty is using a hockey stick and a ball to play as same as Hockey, so it should belongs to Hockey code. But I don't know why it belongs to other code?--Pierce (talk) 16:40, 24 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I assume this is in relation to Template:Team Sport Shinty uses a caman not a hockey stick and as per the article Whilst comparisons are often made with field hockey, the two sports have several important differences. In shinty, a player is allowed to play the ball in the air and is allowed to use both sides of the stick. The stick may also be used to block and to tackle, although a player may not come down on an opponent's stick, a practice called hacking. A player may tackle using the body as long as this is shoulder-to-shoulder as in football. and it has more in common with Hurling than Hockey Gnevin (talk) 22:42, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Harry Potter Claim
I reviewed the referred to link as evidence of the claim, but the article is a write up about a park with a one line mention to this claim, and no further proof of this claim. Please provide more evidence. Imaslee pviking  ( talk ) 04:13, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Scoring
Strangely enough, in the "Rules of play" section nothing at all is said about scoring! I presume that the object of the game is to get the ball into the opponents' net, and that this is called a "goal". I presume, also, that it differs from hurling, where a "point" ("cúilín") can be scored by sending the ball over the goal-net. Am I correct? Does "goal" have a Gaelic translation? Can a goal be scored with the foot, or only with the caman? These would be useful pieces of information to add. Scolaire (talk) 19:40, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Never mind. I looked it up and added it myself. Scolaire (talk) 19:41, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

Playing the ball with the head
The player may not play the ball with the head whether intentionally or not. Please clarify this, as it sounds like it would be ok to hit the ball at another player's head and not only would that player be injured, but would have a penalty against him. 185.4.26.22 (talk) 13:48, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

Shinty in England
I wonder how widely Shinty is played in England? The article gives the impression that it is rare, but I recall playing it at my secondary school in Westcliff-on-sea, Essex back in the 1960s. So far as I know the school itself had no strong connections with Scotland, but maybe the game was introduced by an enthusiastic Scottish games master?81.151.93.199 (talk) 17:47, 15 December 2014 (UTC)
 * from personal knowledge I know it was being played by Army personnel at the Royal Military College of Science (Shrivenham) in the mid-1970s — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.226.49.233 (talk) 14:12, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

Duration
Nothing on duration? Halves etc? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.79.122.30 (talk) 13:52, 17 September 2016 (UTC)

Why spammy?
This link keeps being deleted as spam. Per my edit summaries, it doesn't look spammy to me and looks quite informative. If I am wrong, please explain why rather than just removing it again. Mutt Lunker (talk) 14:56, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shinty


text:
Alexander Alexandrov

Alexander Alexandrov or Aleksandr Aleksandrov may refer to:

 * Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov (1912–1999), Russian mathematician and physicist
 * Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov (born 1943), Russian cosmonaut
 * Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov (born 1951), Bulgarian cosmonaut
 * Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov (1883–1946), Russian composer
 * Aleksandar Aleksandrov (footballer, born 1975), known as Alex, Bulgarian footballer
 * Aleksandar Aleksandrov (footballer, born April 1986), Bulgarian footballer
 * Aleksandar Aleksandrov (footballer, born July 1986), Bulgarian footballer
 * Aleksandar Aleksandrov (footballer, born 1993), Bulgarian footballer
 * Aleksandar Aleksandrov (rower) (born 1990), Azerbaijani rower
 * Aleksandar Aleksandrov (boxer) (born 1984), Bulgarian Olympic boxer
 * Alexander Alexandrov (gymnastics coach) (born 1950), Russian gymnastics coach
 * Aleksandar Aleksandrov (volleyball) (born 1944), Bulgarian Olympic volleyball player

title: Alexander Alexandrov


text:
Helen Shapiro

Helen Kate Shapiro (born 28 September 1946) is a British pop and jazz singer and actress. While still a teenager in the early 1960s, she was one of Britain's most successful female singers. With a voice described by AllMusic as possessing "the maturity and sensibilities of someone far beyond their teen years", Shapiro recorded two 1961 UK chart toppers, "You Don't Know" and "Walkin' Back to Happiness", when she was just 14 years old.

Shapiro first achieved prominence in 1961 when her debut single, "Don't Treat Me Like a Child", reached number three on the UK Singles Chart. After the two million-sellers, her success continued in 1962 with further hits including "Tell Me What He Said" and film appearances in Play It Cool and It's Trad, Dad!. In 1963, Shapiro toured with the Beatles, who were her supporting act. Since the 1970s, she has branched out as a performer in musical theatre and jazz; she appeared in the West End and toured extensively with the British jazz trumpeter Humphrey Lyttelton and his band.

Early life
Shapiro was born at Bethnal Green Hospital in the East End district of Bethnal Green, London. Her early childhood was spent in a Clapton council flat in the London Borough of Hackney, where she attended Northwold Primary School and Clapton Park Comprehensive School until Christmas 1961. She is the granddaughter of Russian-Jewish immigrants; her parents, who were piece-workers in the garment industry, attended Lea Bridge Road Synagogue. The family moved from Clapton to the Victoria Park area of Hackney, on the Parkside Estate, when she was nine. "It was, and remains, a beautiful place," she said in a 2006 interview.

Although too poor to own a record player, Shapiro's parents encouraged music in their home (she had to borrow a neighbour's player to hear her first single). Shapiro played banjolele as a child and occasionally sang with her brother Ron in the skiffle group of his youth club. She had a deep timbre to her voice, unusual in a girl not yet in her teens; school friends nicknamed her "Foghorn".

At the age of 10, Shapiro was a singer with Susie and the Hula Hoops (together with her cousin, 1960s singer Susan Singer), a school band that included Marc Bolan (then using his real name of Mark Feld) as guitarist. At 13, she started singing lessons at the Maurice Burman School of Modern Pop Singing, based in London's Baker Street, after the school produced singing star Alma Cogan. "I had always wanted to be a singer. I had no desire to slavishly follow Alma's style, but chose the school merely because of Alma's success", she said in a 1962 interview. Burman's connections included John Schroeder, a young songwriter man at EMI's Columbia Records, who recorded a demonstration tape of Shapiro singing "Birth of the Blues", and motivated by her singing, signed her to the label.

Early career
In February 1961, at 14, Shapiro released her first single, "Don't Treat Me Like a Child". The song was recorded at EMI Recording Studios, Abbey Road with a nine-piece band under the direction of Martin Slavin. After Helen's appearance on the ITV music programme Thank Your Lucky Stars, the record took off and reached number three in the UK Singles Chart in May 1961. According to AllMusic, Shapiro's rich, mature voice made her "an extraordinary new phenomenon on the British pop scene." Her next single, the ballad "You Don't Know", topped the chart in August. The follow-up, "Walkin' Back to Happiness", was written by John Schroeder and Mike Hawker and featured backing orchestrations by Norrie Paramor. The single quickly reached the top of the chart with far greater sales than her last in October 1961, by which time Shapiro had turned 15. She had initially been reluctant to record the song, as she considered it old-fashioned and corny. Both of Shapiro's number-one singles sold over a million copies, earning her two gold discs. Her mature voice made her an overnight sensation, as well as the youngest female chart topper in the UK.

Shapiro's next single release, "Tell Me What He Said", peaked at number two, meaning each of her first four single releases made the top three of the UK Singles Chart. Her success led to film roles; she appeared as herself in the Billy Fury film Play It Cool and played the lead female role in Richard Lester's It's Trad, Dad!. Her final UK Top Ten hit single was with the ballad "Little Miss Lonely", which peaked at number eight for two weeks in 1962. Before she was sixteen years old, Shapiro had been voted Britain's "Top Female Singer".

The Beatles' first national tour of Britain, in the late winter and early spring of 1963, was as one of her supporting acts. During the course of the tour, John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the song "Misery" for her, but Shapiro's producer, Norrie Paramor, turned it down, and she did not record the composition. In 1995, during an episode of This Is Your Life highlighting her life and career, Shapiro revealed, "It was actually turned down on my behalf before I ever heard it, actually. I never got to hear it or give an opinion. It's a shame, really." Shapiro lip-synched her then-current single, "Look Who It Is", on the British television programme Ready Steady Go! with three of the Beatles (John Lennon, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison). In January 1964 she released her cover version of the song Fever, made famous by Peggy Lee in the late 1950s. Shapiro's version, however, did not do as well as hoped, reaching only no.38, and was her last UK chart hit.

On 31 December 1969, Shapiro appeared in the BBC-ZDF co-production, Pop Go the Sixties, singing "Walkin' Back to Happiness".

By the time she was in her late teens, Shapiro's career as a pop singer was on the wane. With the new wave of beat music and newer female singers such as Dusty Springfield, Cilla Black, Sandie Shaw, and Lulu, Shapiro appeared old-fashioned and emblematic of the pre-Beatles era of the 1950s. As her pop career declined, Shapiro turned to cabaret appearances, touring the workingmen's clubs of the north-east of England. Her final cabaret show took place at Peterlee's Senate Club on 6 May 1972, where she announced she was giving up touring, as she was "travel-weary" and had had enough of "living out of a suitcase". Later, after a change of mind, she branched out as a performer in musical theatre and jazz, one of her musical interests.

Later career
Shapiro played the role of Nancy in Lionel Bart's musical Oliver! in London's West End and appeared in a British television soap opera, Albion Market, where she played one of the main characters until it was taken off air in August 1986. Shapiro also played the part of Sally Bowles in Cabaret and starred in Seesaw to great critical acclaim.

Between 1984 and 2001, she toured extensively with British jazz trumpeter Humphrey Lyttelton and his band, whilst still performing her own jazz and pop concerts. Her one-woman show, Simply Shapiro, ran from 1999 to the end of 2002.

Her autobiography, published in 1993, is titled Walking Back to Happiness. She appeared in August 2012 as a guest on BBC Radio 4's The Reunion in a programme about "60s Girl Singers". In March 2013 she appeared on BBC Radio 3's Good Morning Sunday.

Since 2015, she has played in a trio called Hebron with Chrissy Rodgers and Simon Elman. They are promoted via Shapiro's ministry umbrella, Manna Music.

Personal life
In 1982, Shapiro met John Judd (real name John Williams), an actor with numerous roles in British television and cinema. They were married on 31 August 1988.

According to the writer John Mortimer she was briefly married to Duncan Weldon (source book “The Summer of a Dormouse”), confirmed by checking freeBMD - December quarter 1987.

In 1987, she became a Messianic Jew. She temporarily retired from show business in 2002.

In popular culture
In the "Rock Notes" sketch on Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album, Eric Idle jokingly refers to "Helen Shapiro" as the last of many names with which a particular rock band reinvents itself after every break-up: "That last name, their favourite, had to be dropped following an injunction, and they split up again."

title: Helen Shapiro


text:
Vladimir Aksyonov

Vladimir Viktorovich Aksyonov (Влади́мир Ви́кторович Аксёнов; 1 February 1935 – 9 April 2024) was a Russian-born Soviet cosmonaut who served as the flight engineer on Soyuz 22 and Soyuz T-2.

Early life
Aksyonov was born on 1 February 1935 in Giblitsy in the Kasimovsky District to a Russian family. He became orphaned in his youth, with his father Viktor Stepanovich Zhivoglyadov being killed in action in 1944 on the Eastern Front of World War II; his mother Aleksandra Ivanovna Aksyonova worked as an accountant before she died in 1949. He was then raised by his maternal grandparents, who were well educated. That year, he became a member of the Komsomol and graduated from a rural seven-year school where he received good grades before being admitted to the Asimov Industrial College. In 1950, his family decided to send him to Kaliningrad, Moscow Oblast, to live with his aunt. He went on to attend the Mytishchi Engineering College, which he graduated from in 1953. He then attended the 10th Military Aviation School for Primary Pilot Training in Kremenchuk, which he graduated from with honors in 1955, and then went to the Chuguev Military Aviation School of Pilots. However, he left the school in December 1956 due to being demobilized in the mass reduction of Soviet troops. The next year he began working for OKB-1, and in 1963 he graduated from the All-Union Correspondence Polytechnic Institute with a degree in mechanical engineering. Previously in 1959, he became a member of the Communist Party. Eventually he began working at the test department, led by Sergey Anokhin. A government decree on 15 June 1966 permitted civilians and former military personnel to be crew members on Soyuz flights. As a tester, Aksyonov flew over 250 flights on laboratory aircraft and worked in simulations of zero gravity. However, it was not until 1973 that be became a cosmonaut candidate.

Cosmonaut career
Having been admitted to the cosmonaut corps as a civilian cosmonaut in 1973, he initially trained for spaceflight in the 7K-S with Leonid Kizim, and helped train a group of fellow civilian flight engineers. In January 1976, he started training with Valery Bykovsky to operate the MKF-6 camera, which was made in East Germany. On 15 September 1976, he was launched into space for the first time, serving as a flight engineer on Soyuz 22, with Valery Bykovsky in command. They spent a week in orbit, taking photographs of various locations on Earth including parts of East Germany and the Soviet Union as well as photos of the Moon, totaling 2,400 photographs, and returned to earth on 23 September. The crew had some difficulty changing out the rolls of film in the MKF-6 camera, and their feedback was used in the design of the later MKF-6M version of the camera. The flight lasted 7 days 21 hours and 52 minutes. For his work on the flight he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 28 September.

After his flight on Soyuz 22 he remained with the cosmonaut program, and continued to train with the 7K-ST group until 1978, and from 1978 to 1980 he trained to serve as flight engineer on the Soyuz T. On 5 June 1980, he was launched into space as the flight engineer on the Soyuz T-2 with Yuri Malyshev in command to visit the Salyut 6 space station. Before docking with the station on 6 June, they oriented the Soyuz capsule towards the sun to do a test of new solar cells. While the Soyuz T-2 docking was supposed to be done automatically, due to a technical failure, Malyshev had to revert to manual control, but he managed to perform the approach and docking successfully on manual mode. The flight was a success, and they returned to Earth on 9 June, spending 3 days 22 hours and 19 minutes in space. For his success in the Soyuz T-2 flight he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union again on 16 June. In total he spent 11 days 20 hours and 11 minutes in space.

From 1983 to 1992, he was deputy chairman of the board of the Soviet Peace Fund.

Later life
After retiring from the cosmonaut program in 1988, he became director of the State Research Center for the Study of Natural Resources of the State Hydrometeorological Service. From 1990 to 1992 he worked as general direct of the NPO Planeta. In 1992, he became deputy chairman of the Executive Committee of the Cosmos Association. Meanwhile, from 1990 to 1996, he was deputy chairman of the board of directors of Mosbiznesbanka. In 1996, he became the chairman of the presidium of the public organization "Spiritual Movement of Russia". In 2001, he became the president of the Institute for Security and Sustainable Development Science Foundation. Aksyonov lived in Moscow. He died on 9 April 2024, at the age of 89.

Awards

 * Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (28 September 1976 and 17 July 1980)
 * Two Orders of Lenin (28 September 1976 and 16 June 1980)
 * Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" (12 April 2011)
 * Medal "Veteran of Labour"
 * Gold medal "For services to science and humanity" (Czechoslovakia)
 * Order of Karl Marx (13 October 1976)
 * Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR (28 September 1976)
 * Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR
 * Honorary Citizen of Ryazan (29 November 1976)

title: Vladimir Aksyonov


text:
User talk:Srd2005

what I am doing:
 * jumping through wikipedia (random page-ing) or checking Cleanup
 * fixing basic things:
 * adding 'external link' sections
 * removing wikilinks if it helps readability (see below)
 * adding country information if it is omitted
 * fixing typo's, spelling issues and so on
 * I am too lazy for the more advanced stuff :-)
 * This is confirmed by another user. User:Tv%40nlntv.com
 * :D Srd2005 14:45, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

on wikilinks: my POV ;-) is that links should only be added if they relate 'logically' to the subject: therefore I leave basically four types of links with which the reader can:
 * explore 'side-branches'
 * explore 'roots'
 * understand specific terminology, jargon and the 'building blocks' of the subject
 * delve deeper into the subject

on wikilinking dates:
 * ok, they are for formatting

on wikilinking years I ask myself: would people want to see this page when they click 'what links here' for the year in question (in most cases: definitely not, so what's the use?). wikilinking years is ok:
 * for major events
 * for years pre 1800
 * for births and deaths.

globalizing wikipedia
Just a suggestion, but instead of turning something like Blah Blah is a town "located in Washtenaw County, Michigan" into "located in Washtenaw County, Michigan, United States", I suggest changing it instead to "located in Washtenaw County, in the U.S. state of Michigan." Not a huge difference, but I think it reads a bit better and the U.S. state article is arguably a more appropriate link in such a context. older ≠ wiser 21:43, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * ok, will do that. Srd2005 21:49, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your cleanup work
Just wanted to thank you for doing the cleanup work you're doing. You might consider moving that description of what you're doing to your User page(which would also make your name turn blue, which would give you more credibility)) I'm also working on cleaning up WP:LO...  Keep it up! JesseW 07:11, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Pogo stick picture
I like the jeans BadCRC 01:06, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Scheveningen Pier.jpg
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

IF you have other uploads, please consider "claiming" them in a similar manner, You can find a list of files you have created [ here].

This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transferred to Commons. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 11:15, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Scheveningen Pier.jpg
Hi, This media was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices,

However, due to changes in the copyright situation in some jurisdictions, there is a need to ensure media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed. It would be appreciated if you were able to confirm that it was your own work, by marking it as own, Fully completeing the information block, and leaving an acknowledgement on the file description page to indicate that you've accepted the license shown (and updated the information accordingly. If you have other uploads, please consider "claiming" them in a similar manner, You can find a list of files you have created [ here].

If you don't want to keep your media on English Wikipedia, please nominate it for deletion under Criteria G7 of the Criteria for Speedy deletion ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 13:47, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Srd2005


text:
All About Eve (band)

All About Eve were an English rock band. The initial creative core consisted of Coventry-born Julianne Regan (vocals), Huddersfield-born Tim Bricheno (guitar) and Andy Cousin (bass guitar), with other members changing over the years. Their highest-charting UK single was "Martha's Harbour" (1988). The band was active from 1984 to 1993, then 1999 to 2004, achieving four UK Top-50 albums. The band had been recognised for their "unique, folk-rock-influenced take" on the gothic rock style, and Regan has been described as "certainly one of the more talented singers" of the scene in the late 1980s.

Foundation
Julianne Regan, a former journalist, played bass in an early line-up of the gothic rock group Gene Loves Jezebel before leaving to form, with Manuela Zwingmann of Xmal Deutschland, The Swarm, the precursor to All About Eve. The band's name was taken from the 1950 film starring Bette Davis. The original line-up of All About Eve consisted of Regan, Zwingmann, former Aemotti Crii guitarist Bricheno and bassist Gus Ferguson. The band released the independent single "D for Desire" in 1985, prior to Zwingmann and Ferguson leaving, the latter joining Test Department. Bricheno suggested Cousin as a replacement for Ferguson, and so as a three-piece (plus a drum machine), they released "In the Clouds" (1986) and "Flowers in Our Hair" (1987). Both singles, "D for Desire" and "In the Clouds", were partially based on an ethereal gothic sound, sometimes compared to the music of the Cocteau Twins and Siouxsie and the Banshees.

After Regan sang backing vocals for The Mission's God's Own Medicine album, the band received greater attention and were signed to Phonogram. Drummer Mark Price was added around this time.

Debut and chart success
Their self-titled debut album was produced by Paul Samwell-Smith and released in 1988. It includes UK hit singles "In the Clouds", "Wild-Hearted Woman", "Every Angel", "Martha's Harbour", and "What Kind of Fool".

The album itself reached No. 7 on the UK Albums Chart, with much of its lyrical material drawing from hippie ideals, white magic and dreamlike fairy tales. Their music was sometimes considered gothic rock by the media.

The band later performed a dubbed version of "Martha's Harbour" on the BBC television music show Top of the Pops, but, owing to a studio technical error, the taped vocals were broadcast without the band being able to hear them, resulting in the audience of BBC1 hearing the recorded version of the song, while the band members sat motionless on screen waiting for their cue to begin. By way of compensation, the band were invited back on to the show to perform the song the following week, this time with the vocals performed live. This performance passed off smoothly, with the resultant publicity helping the track to climb the singles chart.

The following year, their second album, Scarlet and Other Stories, was released and the band toured around the UK. It also reached the top 10 of the UK Albums Chart.

Activity through the 1990s
In 1990, Bricheno left the group (later to join The Sisters of Mercy for their Vision Thing era, and subsequent bands XC-NN and Tin Star) to be replaced by The Church's Marty Willson-Piper. They went on to record Touched by Jesus in 1991 (which featured David Gilmour of Pink Floyd on guitar on two tracks), which made the UK Top 20, before changing record labels and releasing Ultraviolet, the year after. Released by MCA it reached UK No. 46. The band continued working on new material, but Regan soon left. Although remaining members continued for a couple more months without Regan's input, they disbanded in early 1993, with the album they had been working on being subsequently released under the group name Seeing Stars.

Regan went on to form Mice, and to work with Bernard Butler, and she teamed up with Jean-Marc Lederman in the Jules et Jim project.

In 1993, bassist Cousin went on to join a reformed Mission, touring extensively and contributing to their albums Neverland (1995) and Blue (1996) before the band again split.

In 1999, Hussey reformed the Mission yet again and although there was no room in the line-up for Cousin (bass duties being taken by the band's original bassist, Craig Adams) Cousin was asked to approach Regan to invite her to reform All About Eve to open for them. The offer was accepted and the band reformed, with a line-up of Regan, Cousin, Willson-Piper, plus Ric Carter (who had been in the Mission with Cousin) on guitars/keyboards and Del Hood on drums. This line-up toured during 2000 and 2001, releasing a live album Live and Electric at the Union Chapel. In addition, Regan, Willson-Piper and Cousin toured as a pared down, mainly acoustic trio for two years, releasing live albums Fairy Light Nights in 2000, and Fairy Light Nights Volume 2 in 2001.

In 2002, Willson-Piper left the band to pursue other projects, to be replaced by new guitarist Toni Haimi, previously of the band Malluka and currently a member of the Sohodolls. Later that year, All About Eve released the live album and DVD Cinemasonic with a line-up of Regan, Cousin, Haimi, Carter and Hood. A collection of early recordings was also released, entitled Return to Eden, Vol. 1: The Early Recordings.

Also in 2002, Regan and Cousin released their first studio recordings in a decade, with the EP Iceland; a collection of 'winter songs', including reworkings of "December" and cover versions of Wham!'s "Last Christmas", Queen's "A Winter's Tale", and "Walking in the Air". (In the original "December" single, of 1989, there was a cover version of "The Witch's Promise", from Jethro Tull).

Latter days
Carter and Hood departed, with Ben Savigear taking over on drums. In mid-2004, shortly after the release of their first single in a decade, "Let Me Go Home", the band split once again. Their last gig, with a line-up of Regan, Cousin, Haimi and Savigear, was at the Mean Fiddler in London on 30 April 2004, at the end of a British tour; this was filmed and copies of the performance were made available through a fan website.

Regan latterly worked with The Eden House, In April 2009, Regan stated on her Facebook page: "All About Eve are dormant and may never happen again. I don't ever like to say never though, but it seems we've all moved on and are exploring other avenues."

A double CD collection entitled Keepsakes, consisting of the singles, key album tracks and previously unreleased rarities, as well as some newly recorded songs, was released in early March 2006, and was initially available with a DVD of the promo videos and TV appearances.

2019
In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing on 20 July, Julianne Regan and Tim Bricheno created a video and song called "Pale Blue Earth". The pair released another song and video on 31 October 2019, called "Seance". Both songs are available on YouTube.

2023
Julianne Regan and Tim Bricheno released a new two track single, applying their distinctive takes on the seasonal classics, In The Bleak Midwinter & The Snows They Melt the Soonest.

2024
Regan & Bricheno released a 10-track album 'Apparitions' on 3 May, exclusively on Bandcamp.

Discography

 * All About Eve (1988)
 * Scarlet and Other Stories (1989)
 * Touched by Jesus (1991)
 * Ultraviolet (1992)

title: All About Eve (band)


text:
Edward Sturgis Ingraham

Edward Sturgis Ingraham (April 8, 1852 – August 16, 1926) was the first superintendent of the Seattle Public Schools, a noted mountaineer who climbed to the summit of Mount Rainier 13 times, and a leader in the effort to establish Mount Rainier National Park. Seattle's Ingraham High School is named in his honor, as is the Ingraham Glacier on Mount Rainier.

Early life
Ingraham was born in Albion, Maine. His parents, Samuel and Almira, were natives of the same state, their ancestors being numbered among the earliest settlers of New England. Samuel Ingraham was a master mariner, whose service was chiefly in packet ships which sailed from the Kennebec River and conducted a general passenger and freight business along the coast to the West Indies. E. S. Ingraham, when a boy, attended the public schools of Maine until his fifteenth year, and then entered the Free Press office at Rockland and learned the printer's trade.

With an increasing fondness for a literary life and a higher education, he entered the Eastern Maine State Normal School, and graduated that institution in 1871. According to the laws of Maine relating to normal school graduates, Ingraham then began teaching in the public schools, and at the same time pursued a classical course of study through the Waterville Classical Institute, which he followed for three years until his eyes failed and he had to end his studies.

Educational work in Seattle
In August, 1875, he came to Seattle, where his half-brother, Andrew Ingraham (who emigrated west in 1849), then resided. Ten days after arriving, E. S. Ingraham was offered the position of principal of the central school and to assume charge of the schools of the city, which then numbered three buildings, six teachers and about 200 pupils. He continued as principal of the dental school for thirteen years, and saw the number of teachers of the city schools increase to twenty-nine and the average attendance to 1,700 pupils. Ingraham was elected by the Republican party as Superintendent of King County Schools in 1876, and re-elected, in 1878 and 1880, serving six years continuously. In 1883, he was appointed Superintendent of Seattle Public Schools, and held the office five years.

After the admission of Washington to statehood, Ingraham was a member of the first State Board of Education, by appointment of Governor Elisha P. Ferry. He materially advanced the educational interests of Washington, was actively connected with state institute work, and was among the first to advocate county institutes by organizing one in King County.

Mountaineering
Ingraham first climbed Mt. Rainier in summer, 1886, using an approach from the northeast, however his party failed to summit on that attempt. He made a second attempt from the northeast in 1887, but only reached the 13,800 foot elevation. In 1888, Ingraham joined the party accompanying John Muir to the summit of Mount Rainier. They reached the top of mountain on August 14, 1888. This expedition was notable in two aspects: it inspired Muir to write about Mt. Rainier for the wider public, and Arthur Churchill Warner, a photographer accompanying them, took the first photographs from the summit. Muir describes this climb in a chapter of his book Steep Trails.

In the summer of 1894, Ingraham led a large party from Seattle. This was the largest party to summit Mt. Rainier at the time, consisting of 14, including three women. On this ascent, using a aneroid barometer, he determined the elevation of the summit to be 15,500 feet, an inaccurate measurement as he failed to account for weather conditions. The party agreed to name the summit Columbia Crest.

On behalf of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Ingraham led a party to investigate concerns of an eruption on Mt. Rainier in December, 1894 after numerous observers reported smoke from the crater.

Ingraham led another successful ascent of Mt. Rainier in August, 1889.

In 1897, Ingraham joined the party of Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi in summitting Mount St. Elias in Alaska.

Printing and politics
In 1888 he retired from educational work and shortly thereafter entered into partnership with UK Coryell and established the printing house of Ingraham & Coryell. They published the Northwest Journal of Education and the Seattle Guide, a monthly publication of general information connected with the city, besides conducting a general job-printing business. Ingraham was a member of the Board of Aldermen for the city of Seattle, serving one term, and in March, 1893, he was appointed by Governor John H. McGraw to the position of Regent of the State Agricultural College and School of Science for a term of four years.

Later life
Ingraham was a member of the Home Guard militia during the Seattle riot of 1886. Ingraham served in the Washington National Guard for more than five years, retiring in April, 1897, as a lieutenant colonel, although he was generally called Major Ingraham by the public.

In 1898, Ingraham organized a party of 15 men to travel to Kotzebue, Alaska in search of gold on behalf of Prince Luigi. Three days into their voyage on the schooner Jane Gray, the ship foundered in inclement weather about 90 miles west of Cape Flattery. Most of Ingraham's party died.

Ingraham's obituary calls him the father of the Boy Scout movement in Washington and notes that he was an active Free Mason.

Family
Ingraham was married in Seattle, in April, 1888, to Myra Ada Carr, a native of Oregon, whose parents were pioneers in the early 1860s. They had two sons, Norman and Kenneth Carr Ingraham.

title: Edward Sturgis Ingraham


text:
Shakespeare by the Sea, Halifax

Shakespeare by the Sea is a professional theatre company and registered charitable society in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

History
Founded in 1994, Shakespeare by the Sea specializes in performing the works of William Shakespeare. Plays are performed outdoors in an amphitheatre formed by the ruins of the Cambridge Battery, an old military battery in Point Pleasant Park, and occasionally at other locations. The company is partially funded by government grants and private enterprise, with the main source of revenue coming from patrons' donations, which makes up about 70% of their revenues.

The Studio at Shakespeare by the Sea is their in-house theatre school, which offers training in Shakespeare and musical theatre performance.

The company was formed by the late Patrick Christopher-Carter (1945–2005), his lifelong partner Elizabeth Murphy, and Jean Morpurgo. It has played every year in the park, performing three to four productions every summer.

In 1999, a "family" show was added to the repertoire using a theme from a classical fairy tale or legend. The tale's script is collectively created by the director and the cast and usually includes a musical element created by a composer. From 1999 to 2004, the family show was known for its lack of traditional props, with only colourful Styrofoam pool noodles being used to create all props and set pieces.

In the summer of 2005, the company went away from the Pool Noodle concept and transformed the family show into a musical, directed by Jesse MacLean, with music written by actor Jeremy Hutton and lyrics by Hutton, MacLean, William Foley, Kevin MacPherson, and Kate Smith titled The Adventures of Robin Hood. The show, with new music and lyrics by Hutton and Kieren MacMillan, then received two workshop productions at the Toronto Youth Theatre in 2007 and 2008, both directed by Hutton. Shakespeare By The Sea brought the show back to Point Pleasant Park for production in the summer of 2011, garnering significant popular and critical success. In January, 2013, Toronto's Hart House Theatre presented a three-week run of the newest incarnation of the show, now entitled "Robin Hood: The Legendary Musical Comedy". This production played to many sold-out houses, and was a darling of both audiences and critics.

In 2005, the Canada Day performance was The Midnight Twelfth Night, which began at midnight and concluded with the marriage of founders Patrick Christopher-Carter and Elizabeth Murphy. Following the sudden passing of Christopher-Carter later that year, in 2006 Elizabeth Murphy and Jennie Raymond formed a co-artistic directorship to steer the company through a transitional year. In 2007, Elizabeth Murphy took over as Artistic Director.

In some years a one-off peripatetic performance is staged, using various local, historic sites and batteries as dramatic settings for the play. To date, the company has performed Hamlet at the Prince of Wales Martello Tower twice, Richard III at the Sir Sandford Fleming Tower and at the Halifax Citadel, Henry V at the Halifax Citadel, King Lear at the Halifax Citadel, Julius Caesar in the historic courthouse on Spring Garden Road and Measure for Measure at the Prince of Wales Martello Tower.

Murphy led the drive to develop the rehearsal and office space that the company uses into The Park Place Theatre, an 82-seat black box venue, to be used in the event of poor weather during the summer. The theatre has allowed the company to expand its operations into the spring and fall with small-scale productions happening on an annual basis. The venue has also become a valued rehearsal and performance space for other small theatre companies based in Nova Scotia from September to May each year.

In 2012, longtime Artistic Associate Jesse MacLean joined Elizabeth Murphy as a Co-Artistic Director. Since 2003, MacLean has directed over two dozen productions for the company.

2013 marked the 20th season of professional theatre presentation by Shakespeare By The Sea. The company played to 13,000 over 68 performances in Point Pleasant Park, making it one of the most successful seasons in recent years.

In 2013, Shakespeare by the Sea was presented with the Theatre Nova Scotia Robert Merritt Legacy Award.

In 2019, Shakespeare by the Sea launched The Studio at Shakespeare by the Sea, a theatre school encompassing training programs in Shakespeare and Musical Theatre performance for young people. Jade Douris O'Hara joined the staff as the company's first-ever Resident Artist, and as the Studio Director.

Drew Douris-O'Hara joined the staff as Artistic Associate (2019-2012), and later Associate Artistic Director (2021-present)

Productions
Information about past productions is from the Shakespeare by the Sea website's section for "Past Performances".

title: Shakespeare by the Sea, Halifax


text:
User:Darkroom/L System

Transcontinental Cable System - L System
The Transcontinental Cable System was developed by AT&T to create a hardened telecom network for defense related communications during the cold war. There were five phases of development of the system, designated L-1 through L-5.

The system was designed to provide for land line connections between key command and control facilities inside the United States. Starting with L-4 the system was upgraded to withstand a nuclear attack. The system consisted of over 100 "Main Stations" and 1000 individual repeater vaults. The "Main Stations" had generators, blast doors and accommodations for staff for a two-week post-attack period.

In the late 1970's and early 1980's the system was determined to be redundant with the advance of satellite based communications. Most stations were never ugraded past L-4 due to advancement of technology.

title: User:Darkroom/L System