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MTV Europe Music Awards

The MTV Europe Music Awards (originally named MTV European Music Awards, commonly abbreviated as MTV EMA) are awards presented by Paramount International Networks to honour artists and music in pop culture. It was originally conceived as an alternative to the MTV Video Music Awards, which are hosted annually in the United States. The Europe Music Awards are held every year in a different country; it has been hosted mostly in the United Kingdom and Germany. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest.

The awards are a reflection of the international and continental music scene. They are representative of geographical origin and of achievement in diverse musical genres and disciplines, indicative of the diversity and scope of the show. Since the 2007 ceremony, viewers are able to vote for their favourite artists in all general categories by visiting MTV's website.

The 1st Europe Music Awards ceremony was held in 1994 at Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany, five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall. The annual ceremony broadcast live on MTV Europe, Channel 5 and most of the international MTV channels as well as online.

1994–1999
1994: The first Europe Music Awards took place in Berlin, Germany, at the Brandenburg Gate and were held on 24 November 1994, five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Hosted by Tom Jones, the show featured performances by Aerosmith, Ace of Base, Björk, Roxette, Take That and George Michael, who performed "Jesus to a Child" and "Freedom" surrounded by many famous models including Naomi Campbell. Presenters included East 17, Jean Paul Gaultier, Pamela Anderson and Helena Christensen, who kissed INXS's Michael Hutchence live on stage. Bono received the Free Your Mind Award on behalf of Amnesty International.

1995: French nuclear testing in the South Pacific got the most attention at the 1995 ceremony. During his acceptance speech after winning the award for Best Rock, Bon Jovi lead singer Jon Bon Jovi stated, "The only enemy is ignorance. Peace, people. Let's get rid of all this nuclear testing", while U2's Bono said, "What a city, what a night, what a crowd, what a bomb, what a mistake, what a wanker you have for a President." referring to nuclear testing. Greenpeace, the environmental group that has staged creative and controversial protests around the testing site at Mururoa Atoll, took the Free Your Mind award for its campaign against the underground nuclear blasts. "Stop abusing the Earth," urged Madonna in a videotaped segment before designer agnès b. picked up the award for Greenpeace.

1996: During their performance Metallica performed the songs "Last Caress" and "So What?" instead of performing their single "King Nothing" as scheduled. The MTV executives told the band that they weren't allowed to use any curse words during their time on live TV, and upset with the scripted, family-friendly MTV antics, Metallica simply played non-TV friendly songs. The song "So What?" is known for its amount of expletives and references to bestiality among many other controversial lyrics while "Last Caress" has lyrics pertaining to murder and rape. As a result of their performance Metallica's performance and references to Metallica have been removed from future broadcasts of the ceremony.

1997: U2 opened the show performing "Mofo" dressed in boxing gowns. The Prodigy were the big winners of the night, receiving three awards including Best Video. Björk became the first artist to be nominated in the category of Best Female for four consecutive years. The Landmine Survivors Network received the Free Your Mind Award for helping survivors to recover from war, rebuild their communities, and break cycles of violence.

1998: Six new categories were introduced that year, including the MTV Selects; UK & Ireland, Northern, Central and Southern. Faithless opened the show with "God is a DJ" and Madonna performed "The Power of Goodbye". The big winner of the night were the Spice Girls and Madonna with two awards each. Melanie C and Emma Bunton collected the trophy on behalf of the group. On receiving the award, Mel C shouted, "We've done it again. And a big hello from the other two", referring to Mel B and Victoria Adams, both of whom were pregnant and did not attend the ceremony. The Prodigy won Best Dance but according to their frontman, Liam Howlett, they had not done anything to deserve the accolade that year.

1999: Britney Spears was the big winner of the night winning four awards, including Best New Act and Best Song for "...Baby One More Time". She also performed during the ceremony, entertaining the crowd with a medley of her songs "...Baby One More Time" and "(You Drive Me) Crazy". The Free Your Mind Award, which honours an individual or organisation for aiding in humanitarian efforts and fighting prejudice, was given to Bono for his world peace work. Puff Daddy performed "My Best Friend" backed by a full gospel choir, followed by Iggy Pop, who stagedived into the crowd during the track "Lust for Life". Whitney Houston sang a medley of "Get It Back" and "My Love Is Your Love", while Mariah Carey performed "Heartbreaker". Marilyn Manson, who wore nothing but a G-string, closed the show with a performance of "Rock Is Dead".

2000–2004
2000: The show was hosted by Fugees's Wyclef Jean, who presented a variety of stars and outfits, including one consisting of boxer shorts only, after he jumped into the crowd and had his red leather suit ripped from him. The performance of the Spice Girls during the ceremony was the last before their breakup. The most elaborate appearance was probably by Jennifer Lopez, who literally landed on stage in an aeroplane. The performance was a world premiere of her new song, "Love Don't Cost a Thing", taken from her forthcoming album, J.Lo. Madonna paid tribute to fellow performer Kylie Minogue by appearing on stage in a T-shirt bearing the name "Kylie". Madonna performed Music (Madonna song), one month after giving birth to son, Rocco, with a screen background of clips reminiscent of her long career. Sacha Baron Cohen made his career debut during the ceremony whilst introducing Madonna.

Political issues were present as well during the night, with Nick Carter from Backstreet Boys speaking against a recount of votes in the U.S. presidential election. Robbie Williams won Best Song for "Rock DJ", but he told the audience: "I am not going to say anything bad about people's choices on this one, but I think it's a terrible song and a silly song." He also referred to his roots in Stoke-on-Trent, saying: "When I was growing up I dreamt of being a pop star and I would like to thank MTV for my three houses, my five cars and my supermodel girlfriend."

2001: The ceremony was the first entertainment broadcasts following the September 11th attacks in New York City. When Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett from Gorillaz walked onto stage to make a speech, Albarn sported a T-shirt with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament logo on it. Albarn, in a response to the recent invasion of Afghanistan said "So, fuck the music. Listen. See this symbol here, [pointing to the tee shirt] this the symbol for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Bombing one of the poorest countries in the world is wrong. You've got a voice and you have got to do what you can about it allright?" Fred Durst took the stage with Wes Scantlin and Jimmy Page to perform the classic Led Zeppelin's song "Thank You".

2002: One of the highlights was the offer made by host Puff Daddy giving away a lush ring to the first woman to undress on stage. A lady took the stage take off her clothes and won the ring. When Moby came on stage to collect the award for Best Website he wished the best wishes to Eminem, showing that he bore no grudge after the confrontation on the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards. Robbie Williams and Whitney Houston performed their songs "Feel" and "Whatchulookinat" for the first time ever. Enrique Iglesias performed an acoustic version of his single "Maybe" and then a rock version of the track "Love to See You Cry" done to the music of Billy Idol's "White Wedding".

2003: During the pre-show, Christina Aguilera refused to walk the red carpet if Kelly Osbourne, a guest VJ for the event, was present. Kelly responded by calling Aguilera's music "crap" and saying she was a "cow." Later, a skit was aired of Christina Aguilera throwing darts at a board decorated with a picture of Kelly Osbourne. This irked the Ozzy offspring, who voiced her disapproval when she came onstage to present an award. Kelly stated, "If Christina Aguilera has to resort to throwing darts at my head after everything she's achieved and everything she's done, then she's a really sad, sorry person". Aguilera later retorted with a voice of mock sympathy, saying "Honey, if you can dish it out, you've got to learn how to take it back".

During Travis' performance of "The Beautiful Occupation" an assembly of nude protesters marched onstage with signs that covered their private areas. At the end of the song, they lifted the signs. While near at the end of performing "Baby Boy", Beyoncé and Sean Paul both were up on stage when their backing track suffered a technical difficulty. This went on for a near minute in which both artist and dancers exited the stage while the error went on. This also left confusion among presenter Christina Aguilera, who walked on stage to continue hosting which ended the backing track error. Both artists later decided to retake the performance again. The retake would later replace re-airings of the show and would be the first show to extend time with this retake.

2004: The show was held at Tor di Valle Racecourse in Rome. The outdoor stage was situated in front of the Colosseum, where artists such as Eminem, Franz Ferdinand, Beastie Boys, and Anastacia performed to an attendance of over 400,000 people. Outkast received both Best Song and Best Video for their track "Hey Ya!". Other multiple winners include Usher and Muse with two awards each. Presenters on the night included Jamelia, Alicia Keys, N.E.R.D, Naomi Campbell, Andre 3000, Kid Rock and Kanye West.

2005–2009
2005 : Madonna opened the show in a giant disco ball performing "Hung Up". Sacha Baron Cohen hosted the ceremony as Borat Sagdiyev, who greeted the audience by saying "Welcome to the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest" and referring to Madonna, he stated, "It was very courageous of MTV to start the show with a genuine transvestite". Gorillaz used hologram-style technology to beam three-dimensional performing cartoon characters on stage. Madonna returned to the stage to present the Free Your Mind Award to Bob Geldof. "You drive me crazy, but tonight you are everyone's hero," she said. He replied: "This means much more to me than many of the other things that are given to me".

2006: The 13th Europe Music Awards was hosted by Justin Timberlake, who received Best Male and Best Pop. Timberlake joked that he only won because he agreed to present the event in Copenhagen. Depeche Mode said, "A big thank you to the fans and a big thank you to MTV for playing our videos for twenty-five years", after winning the award for Best Group. British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen entertained the audience with his English-mangling character Borat and poked fun at Madonna who was at the time trying to adopt an African child adding: "My only concern is that this singing transvestite will not be such a good father."

Despite winning the award for Best Hip-Hop, Kanye West apparently was so disappointed at not winning for Best Video that he crashed the stage when the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for "We Are Your Friends". In a tirade riddled with expletives, Kanye West said he should have won the prize for his video "Touch the Sky", because it "cost a million dollars, Pamela Anderson was in it. I was jumping across canyons." He further said, "If I don't win, the awards show loses credibility".

2007: Foo Fighters opened the show and front man Dave Grohl hosted the backstage area, interviewing celebrities live on air. Other performances on the night came from Amy Winehouse, Foo Fighters, Babyshambles, My Chemical Romance, Avril Lavigne, and Mika. will.i.am paired up with Nicole Scherzinger from the Pussycat Dolls to perform their duet "Baby Love". Pete Doherty surprised his critics by being on great form for the whole show in preparation for his performance with Babyshambles. The show received a total of 78 million votes, the most in Europe Music Awards history.

2008: Rick Astley was named Best Act Ever after an online campaign to orchestrate votes. Britney Spears was the big winner of the night winning Best Album and Best Act. She did not attend the show but recorded a couple videos thanking her fans. Paul McCartney was awarded with the Ultimate Legend given by Bono. After picking up his honour, Sir Paul settled for thanking friends, family and bandmates Ringo Starr, George Harrison and John Lennon. "Many years ago, four little boys were born here in Liverpool and we went on to do quite well," he added. "So thanks, as I say, to all my family, to all of you for coming along, everyone in Liverpool, everyone in Britain, everyone in America – for voting in Mr Obama. I love you!"

The show contained numerous references to Barack Obama, most notably when Kanye West and Estelle finished their song "American Boy" with the US President-elect's face projected onto a giant screen behind them. Jared Leto, Shannon Leto and Tomo Miličević from Thirty Seconds to Mars wore Obama T-shirts, and Jared Leto also asked the crowd to stand in honour of the Democratic senator. Amid cheers, he said: "Liverpool, lets hear it for Barack Obama." Host Katy Perry remarked, "Maybe Europe will love us again now."

2009: Returning for the second time as host, Katy Perry opened the show and performed a medley of the nominees for Best Song. The Jonas Brothers introduced a tribute to Michael Jackson performed by Michael's fans in front of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. U2 and Jay-Z performed "Sunday Bloody Sunday" in front of the Brandenburg Gate with Jay-Z freestyling over the performance and rapped in the lyrics from Bob Marley's "Get Up, Stand Up". Beyoncé won three awards, the most awards that night. Pete Wentz was the host for the show webcast.

2010–2014
2010: The event was hosted by Eva Longoria, who had thirteen outfit changes, one of which was shaped like a huge Spanish ham. She introduced the crowd to a gang of hunks, pretending they were family. Lady Gaga was the big winner of the night – she won while performing in The Monster Ball Tour from Budapest, in Hungary, she thanked her fans via satellite after receiving Best Female, Best Song and Best Pop. Thirty Seconds to Mars opened the event at the pre-show featuring surprise guest Kanye West at the Puerta de Alcalá. Bon Jovi received the first ever Global Icon Award.

During her acceptance speech for Best New Act, Kesha directly addressed her fans, saying: "Hopefully I can inspire you to give your finger to the cynics and fucking be yourself!". Newly married singer Katy Perry won Best Video for "California Gurls" and came to the event with her husband Russell Brand. This was the couple's first public appearance together as husband and wife. The event would also be remembered for the antics of Johnny Knoxville along with The Dudesons.

2011: The show was held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, at the city's Odyssey Arena and hosted by Selena Gomez. For the second consecutive year, Lady Gaga was the biggest winner with four awards out of six nominations; she received Biggest Fans and Best Female, as well as Best Song and Best Video for "Born This Way". Queen received the Global Icon Award, and the band closed the awards ceremony, with Adam Lambert on vocals, performing "The Show Must Go On", "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions". There was also a tribute to Amy Winehouse, which was introduced by Jessie J. It was revealed that for the event MTV received 154 million votes from people around the globe. Hayden Panettiere's presentation of the award for Best Song was briefly interrupted by a streaker who joined her onstage.

2012: The event was hosted by Heidi Klum and Ludacris, and held in Frankfurt at the city's Festhalle Frankfurt, for the second time in the history of the awards. The show saw the addition of new regional categories to compete in the Best Worldwide Act. Taylor Swift, Han Geng, Justin Bieber and One Direction were the biggest winners of the night, taking home three awards each. The show featured performances from Muse, Taylor Swift, No Doubt, Carly Rae Jepsen, Alicia Keys, and The Killers, among others. There was also a tribute to Whitney Houston, which was introduced by Alicia Keys. Houston was also awarded with the Global Icon Award.

2013: The event took place in Amsterdam, at the city's Ziggo Dome. Several performances of the main show were performed at different locations in the city than the Ziggo Dome. Eminem was the big winner of the night, winning his eighth Best Hip-Hop and receiving the Global Icon Award. He then performed the songs "Berzerk" and "Rap God". The show also included a controversial moment, when Miley Cyrus received Best Video for "Wrecking Ball". The singer appeared to light up a joint on stage while accepting the award.

2014: It was the second time the awards took place in Scotland and overall the fifth time United Kingdom has hosted the show since 2011 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Ariana Grande opened the show, hosted by Nicki Minaj, with "Problem" and "Break Free". One Direction and 5 Seconds of Summer were the big winners of the night receiving three awards each, though both artists were unable to attend the show, and despite them sending pre-recorded videos to thank their fans, their absence was met with some boos. Ozzy Osbourne received the Global Icon Award from Slash. Slash later closed the show performing "Crazy Train", along with The Conspirators, Simon Neil from Biffy Clyro and Myles Kennedy, as a tribute to him.

2015–2019
2015: The show, hosted by Ed Sheeran and Ruby Rose, was for the first time held in October. It took place at the Mediolanum Forum in Assago, near Milan. Throughout the second half of the year, Milan also hosted Expo 2015, which was a partner of the 2015 Europe Music Awards. In association with the event, MTV Italy organised an event called Music Week. Two concerts were held in Piazza del Duomo, one of which was related to MTV World Stage. International and Italian acts performed on both nights, including Ellie Goulding, Marco Mengoni, Duran Duran, Martin Garrix and Afrojack. Duran Duran was awarded the first ever Video Visionary Award. Over 500 million votes were cast for the event. In addition, it was the first award show to be aired with virtual reality.

2016: During the ceremony, host Bebe Rexha revealed the trophies had been turned purple in memory of Prince, who died early that year. Multiple winners of the night included Lady Gaga, Twenty One Pilots, Shawn Mendes and Martin Garrix. Green Day were awarded with the Global Icon Award for their contribution to music. Collecting their award, Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong said it was "nice to be out of America just for a second because of this horrendous election that's going on right now", referring to the 2016 United States presidential election that saw Donald Trump being elected as the 45th president of the United States. He further said, "our entire country is about to have one big collective heart attack" and then the band performed the song "American Idiot".

2017: The show was hosted in London for the first time in 21 years. It was presented by British singer Rita Ora. Mayor Sadiq Khan attended the show, as he helped bring the event to the capital as part of his LondonIsOpen campaign. Eminem opened the ceremony with a performance of the song "Walk on Water" featuring Skylar Grey. The performance garnered mixed reactions due to the absence of Beyoncé, who provided additional vocals on the original track. During his acceptance speech after winning the award for Best Alternative, Thirty Seconds to Mars frontman Jared Leto made a remark at American President Donald Trump's immigration policy as he stated: "We are Americans – a land of immigrants – and we just want to say that we welcome you with open arms and with open hearts, and we love you." U2, who performed a free gig at London's Trafalgar Square, received the Global Icon Award. A clip of George Michael's performance of Freedom at the 1994 MTV EMAs aired as an in memoriam segment, featuring Michael, Chris Cornell, Chester Bennington and Tom Petty

2018: The show was hosted by Academy Award-nominated actress and singer Hailee Steinfeld, who also performed "Back to Life" during the ceremony. It took place at the Bizkaia Arena, part of the Bilbao Exhibition Centre complex near Bilbao, Spain. Other performers included Nicki Minaj, Little Mix, flamenco star Rosalía, Bebe Rexha, Jack & Jack, Jason Derulo, David Guetta, Marshmello or Panic! at the Disco, whose singer climbed down the venue's wall before emerging from the ceiling. Camila Cabello won four awards, becoming the most awarded artist of the night. Janet Jackson was awarded with the Global Icon Award, and collecting her award, Jackson dedicated her speech to "women's voices who have been stifled", stating she is "one of those women" and calling them to "speak up for justice".

2019: The show was hosted in Seville, Spain, making it the first time that a country hosted back-to-back editions of the award show. Dua Lipa opened the show with a performance of her song "Don't Start Now" accompanied by dozens of female dancers. Other performers included Halsey, Rosalía, Niall Horan, Mabel, Ava Max, Green Day, and Becky G, who was also the host for the ceremony. Boy band NCT 127 became the first K-pop act to perform at the MTV EMAs. Former Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher received the specially created Rock Icon Award. The night also saw Taylor Swift, FKA Twigs, Martin Garrix, Nicki Minaj, Billie Eilish and Shawn Mendes send out pre-recorded messages after winning their respective awards as they were absent from the event.

2020–2024
2020: The ceremony was hosted on 8 November. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the show was held for the first time ever virtually and the performances were filmed in various locations around the world. The ceremony was hosted by Little Mix, but only three members of the group, Perrie Edwards, Leigh-Anne Pinnock and Jade Thirlwall, appeared; Jesy Nelson did not participate for health reasons. The event featured performances from Little Mix, Doja Cat (who performed a Rock version of her hit single "Say So"), David Guetta, yungblud, Sam Smith and DaBaby. South Korean Pop group BTS were the biggest winners of the night as they claimed 4 awards from the 5 categories they nominated in. Other winners of the night included Coldplay (for Best Rock), Hayley Williams of Paramore (for Best Alternative), Karol G (for Best Collaboration and Best Latin), DJ Khaled (for Best Video) and Doja Cat (for Best New) who also sent pre-recorded video messages to thank their fans. Later that evening, Formula One Driver Lewis Hamilton delivered a speech that touched upon the importance of music and how it remains a unifying force that brings hope and solidarity during a rather chaotic and challenging year. He then proceeded to present the Video For Good Award which went to H.E.R.

2021: The ceremony was held in Budapest, Hungary, in spite of the controversy triggered by the anti-LGBT law promoted by the Hungarian government. Chris McCarthy, CEO of MTV Entertainment Group Worldwide, explained that despite the law MTV decided not to move the show to promote through its support for the country's LGBT community.

2022: The ceremony was held at the PSD Bank Dome in Dusseldorf, Germany on 13 November, hosted by Rita Ora and Taika Waititi. Taylor Swift attended the EMAs for the first time in 10 years, and won 4 awards including Best Video and Best Artist. The show also included performances from Ava Max, Bebe Rexha and Gayle.

2023: The ceremony would have been held in Paris for the first time since 1995. It was cancelled on 19 October due to the Israel–Hamas war; the winning artists would receive their awards at a later date.

Award categories
There are 17 main categories ("Main Categories") and 31 local categories open for voting. The awards for Best Video and World Wide Act are chosen by the MTV Music Editorial Team and are not eligible for voting. At the time of voting, voters must be 13 years of age or older and cannot be an employee, agent, or representative of Viacom International Media Networks, a division of Viacom International, Inc. ("VIMN"), or any of its parent companies, affiliates or related companies.
 * Current main categories

 * Best Song
 * Best Video
 * Best Artist
 * Best New Act
 * Best Push Act
 * Best Pop
 * Best Rock
 * Best Hip-Hop
 * Best R&B
 * Best Electronic
 * Best Alternative
 * Best K-Pop
 * Best Latin
 * Best Afrobeats
 * Best Live Act
 * Best Collaboration
 * Biggest Fans

Europe
 * Regional Acts

 * Best Baltic Act
 * Best Belgian Act
 * Best Dutch Act
 * Best French Act
 * Best German Act
 * Best Hungarian Act
 * Best Israeli Act
 * Best Italian Act
 * Best Nordic Act
 * Best Polish Act
 * Best Portuguese Act
 * Best Spanish Act
 * Best Swiss Act
 * Best UK & Ireland Act
 * Best Ukrainian Act

Rest of the World

 * Best African Act
 * Best Australian Act
 * Best Brazilian Act
 * Best Canadian Act
 * Best Indian Act
 * Best Japanese Act
 * Best Korean Act
 * Best Greater China Act
 * Best Latin America North Act
 * Best Latin America Central Act
 * Best Latin America South Act
 * Best Caribbean Act
 * Best New Zealander Act
 * Best Southeast Asian Act
 * Best US Act

Most nominated and winning artists
As of 2023, the record for most Europe Music Awards won is held by Justin Bieber, who has amassed 22 awards. For a female artist, the record for most Europe Music Awards won belongs to Taylor Swift, who has amassed 15 awards. The record for most Europe Music Awards won by a single group and male group belongs to BTS with 14 awards. The record for the most awards held by a girl group belongs to Little Mix, with 7 award wins.

Most wins (as of 2023)

Most nominations (as of 2023)

52 nominations
 * Justin Bieber

51 nominations
 * Taylor Swift

41 nominations
 * Lady Gaga

33 nominations
 * Eminem
 * Katy Perry
 * Beyoncé
 * Ariana Grande

30 nominations
 * Rihanna

29 nominations
 * Coldplay

28 nominations
 * Nicki Minaj

24 nominations
 * Robbie Williams (22 solo; 2 w/Take That)

23 nominations
 * Kanye West

22 nominations
 * Linkin Park

21 nominations
 * BTS

20 nominations
 * Justin Timberlake

title: MTV Europe Music Awards


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Coxswain

The coxswain (, or  ) is the person in charge of a boat, particularly its navigation and steering. The etymology of the word gives a literal meaning of "boat servant" since it comes from cock, referring to the cockboat, a type of ship's boat, and swain, an Old English term derived from the Old Norse sveinn meaning boy or servant. In 1724, a "cockswain" was defined as "An officer of a ship who takes care of the cockboat, barge or shallop, with all its furniture, and is in readiness with his crew to man the boat on all occasions." When the term "cockboat" became obsolete, the title of coxswain as the person in charge of a ship's boat remained.

Rowing
In rowing, the coxswain sits in either the bow or the stern of the boat (depending on the type of boat) while verbally and physically controlling the boat's steering, speed, timing and fluidity. The primary duty of a coxswain is to ensure the safety of those in the boat. In a race setting, the coxswain is tasked with motivating the crew as well as steering as straight a course as possible to minimize the distance to the finish line. Coxswains are also responsible for knowing proper rowing technique and running drills to improve technique.

A coxswain is the coach in the boat: in addition to following the orders of the team coach, the coxswain is connected to the way the boat feels, what's working, what needs to be changed, and how. A successful coxswain must keep track of the drill, time, pace, words of the coach, feel of the boat, direction of the boat, and safety. During a race, a coxswain is responsible for steering, calling the moves, and responding to the way the other boats are moving. Success depends on the physical and mental strength of the rowers, ability to respond to the environment, and the way in which the coxswain motivates the rowers, not only as individuals but as members of the crew.

Royal Navy
In the Royal Navy in the days of sail, the coxswain was a petty officer or chief petty officer who commanded the barge of a captain or admiral. Later the coxswain was the senior deck petty officer or chief petty officer aboard a smaller vessel such as a corvette or submarine, who was responsible for the steering. On smaller vessels, the coxswain assumed the duties that would be performed by the chief boatswain's mate and master-at-arms aboard larger vessels.

In World War I, the term was also used to refer to a chief petty officer who was in charge of steering airships operated by the Royal Naval Air Service.

In World War II pilots of landing craft were referred to as coxswains.

In the Royal Canadian Navy, the appointment of coxswain (or capitaine d'armes in French) is given to the senior non-commissioned officer aboard a ship, the equivalent to a command master chief petty officer in the US Navy. For larger vessels such as a destroyer, frigate or the Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel ships (AOPVs), a coxswain holds the rank of chief petty officer 1st class (CPO1). For submarines, a coxswain holds the rank of chief petty officer 2nd class (CPO2). For Kingston-class coastal defence vessel, a coxswain usually holds the rank of petty officer 1st class (PO1) or CPO2.

The term was also sometimes used aboard merchant ships for the senior petty officer in charge of the helm. The fictional Israel Hands, for example, was the coxswain of Hispaniola in Treasure Island.

Naval cadets
In Royal Navy Sections of the Combined Cadet Force, the rank of Cadet Coxswain is the highest that a cadet can achieve, except in the rare occurrence that they are promoted to the rank of Cadet Under Officer. The rank of Coxswain equates to the rank of Cadet Warrant Officer in the Royal Air Force Sections, and the rank of Cadet Regimental Sergeant Major in the Army Sections.

In the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets, the position of Coxswain is often appointed to the cadet with the rank of Cadet Chief Petty Officer First Class (C/CPO1). This would be the equivalent of the position of Regimental Sergeant Major in the Royal Canadian Army Cadets held by a Cadet Chief Warrant Officer (C/CWO), or Squadron Warrant Officer in the Royal Canadian Air Cadets held by a Cadet Warrant Officer 1st Class (C/WO1).

United States Coast Guard
In the United States Coast Guard and United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, the coxswain is the person in charge of a small boat. The coxswain has the authority to direct all boat and crew activities during the mission and modify planned missions to provide for the safety of the boat and the crew.

Before a person can be assigned to be a coxswain, they have to go through a qualification procedure, be certified and maintain the certification to be a coxswain. Upon certification, they are awarded the Coxswain Badge. This qualification procedure requires a significant amount of practice in boat handling as well as previous experience as a boat crew member.

The Coast Guard does not have a dedicated coxswain rating. Any Coast Guardsman, regardless of their rating or specialty, may be additionally designated as a coxswain upon proper qualification. An advancement to boatswain's mate second class requires that the individual qualify as and maintain certification as a coxswain. A commanding officer or officer in charge of a land based unit with boats has to be certified and stay certified as a coxswain on all boats in the unit or be relieved of command.

A coxswain is assigned to a boat by the command authority and can only be relieved by the commanding officer/officer in charge, executive officer/executive petty officer, or senior officer present. The coxswain's authority is independent of rank and/or seniority in relation to any other person on board the boat. Unlike the commanding officer of a cutter or ship, a coxswain does not automatically have command authority.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Coxswain


text: Category:London, Midland and Scottish Railway constituents


text:
Francis B. Stockbridge

Francis Brown Stockbridge (April 9, 1826 – April 30, 1894) was a U.S. Senator in the state of Michigan.

Stockbridge was born in Bath, Maine, the son of a physician, Dr. John Stockbridge, and attended the common schools there. He clerked at a wholesale house in Boston from 1843 to 1847. He then moved to Chicago and opened a lumber yard. In 1851 he moved to Saugatuck, Michigan, and engaged in the operation of sawmills. He was also interested in mercantile pursuits.

In 1863 he moved to Kalamazoo and there engaged in the lumber business. That same year he married Bessie, a schoolteacher and sister of George Thomas Arnold, a lumberman and business associate there (and later at Mackinac Island). In 1869 Stockbridge became a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives from Allegan County's first district and in 1871 a member of the Michigan State Senate from the 17th district. He was appointed ambassador to the Netherlands on July 12, 1875, took the oath of office but never proceeded to the post.

In 1882, Stockbridge purchased the site of the famous Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island and arranged financing for its construction from the three major transportation companies that rendered service to the island at the time: the Michigan Central Railroad, the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and the Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company. Together, they formed the Mackinac Island Hotel Company, which then built the Grand Hotel in 1887.

He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1887 and was reelected in 1893. He served from March 4, 1887, until his death on April 30, 1894. He was chairman of the Committee on Fisheries in the Fiftieth through Fifty-second Congresses. While visiting his nephew James Houghteling in Chicago he died soon after he was hit and injured by a Chicago cable car. Although the accident itself was not fatal, his associates attributed his death to the mental stress he endured from it. He and his wife are interred in Mountain Home Cemetery in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Stockbridge was the last person to have served in the Michigan State Legislature and in the United States Senate until Debbie Stabenow was elected in 2000.

title: Francis B. Stockbridge


text:
Circle Takes the Square

Circle Takes the Square is an American screamo band from Savannah, Georgia. It is composed of founding members Drew Speziale and Kathleen Stubelek, as well as Caleb Collins. Their debut release was a 6-track self-titled EP released in 2001, followed by a 7" split with Pg. 99 in 2002. In 2004, they released their debut studio album As the Roots Undo on Robotic Empire, which released the CD, and HyperRealist Records, which released the gatefold LP. The album gained them considerable acclaim and the band toured extensively to promote it during the year. This included a six-week east coast tour that took the band into Canada for the first time, supported by Arkata and Raise Them And Eat Them. The band's second album, Decompositions: Volume Number One, was released after an 8-year silence on December 21, 2012, as a digital download; physical editions of the album were released in April 2013.

Musical style

Ben Sailer of Noisey wrote that As the Roots Undo, which Drew Speziale "describes as 'just a punk rock record from 2004', has long garnered praise from both the press and fans alike for its forward-thinking blend of 90s screamo, fractured grindcore, and experimental post-rock". According to Metal Injection, Circle Takes the Square have "made a legendary name for themselves ... with their blend of progressive experimentation and DIY hardcore, metal, and noise ... characterized by a natural fusion of the off-the-wall structures of grindcore and the sweeping guitar dynamics of post-punk". They have described themselves as "...a punk rock band with reverence for the Mystery." Writing for NPR music, Lars Gotrich credited Circle Takes the Square alongside Pg. 99, Orchid and Majority Rule as pioneers of emotional post-hardcore.

Members

 * Current
 * Drew Speziale – guitars, strings, piano, keyboard, vocals (1999–present)
 * Kathleen Coppola Stubelek – bass, vocals (1999–present)
 * Caleb Collins – drums, percussion, samples, programming, synthesizers (2007–present)
 * Anthony Stubelek - live production (2004–present)

 * Former
 * Robbie Rose – vocals (1999–2000)
 * Collin Kelly – guitar (1999–2002)
 * Jay Wynne – drums, percussion (1999–2005)
 * Bobby Scandiffio – guitar (2004–2006; died 2011)
 * Josh Ortega – drums, percussion (2005–2007)
 * David Rabitor – guitars, backing vocals (2007–2013)

 * Timeline

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * As the Roots Undo (2004, Robotic Empire/HyperRealist)
 * Decompositions: Volume Number One (2012, Gatepost Recordings)

 * EPs
 * Circle Takes the Square (2001, self-released/HyperRealist)
 * Document #13: Pyramids in Cloth (split w/Pg. 99, August 2002, Perpetual Motion Machine)
 * Decompositions: Volume Number One, Chapter I: Rites of Initiation (2011, Gatepost Recordings)

 * Compilations
 * "In the Nervous Light of Sunday" (Alternate version) 10" vinyl only (2004, Monocore Records)
 * "Crowquill" — Building Records Presents 60 Songs (November 2003, Building)
 * "Non-Objective Portrait of Karma" — Robotic Empire Sampler No. 2 (2004, Robotic Empire)
 * "The Conspiracy of Seeds" — 65daysofstatic - The Destruction of Small Ideas (April 2007, Monotreme)

title: Circle Takes the Square


text:
Sledge Hammer!

Sledge Hammer! is an American satirical police sitcom produced by New World Television that ran for two seasons on ABC from September 23, 1986, to February 12, 1988. The series was created by Alan Spencer and stars David Rasche as Inspector Sledge Hammer, a caricature of the standard "cop on the edge" character.

Setting
The series takes place in San Francisco, California, with parts of Los Angeles used as a stand-in for filming. However, no mention of San Francisco was made past the pilot episode and none of the city's landmarks are seen throughout the series, though the city name can be read on the police department building sign. The San Francisco newspaper used at the beginning of the pilot episode was censored during the show's initial broadcast, as the city wanted nothing to do with the series. Subsequent episodes showed newspapers that had no city name.

Inspector Sledge Hammer
Inspector Sledge Hammer (David Rasche) is a stubborn, sexist, and reactionary (all of this by his own admission), but also a serious and respectful detective from the San Francisco Police Department. Hammer's most prized possession is his Smith & Wesson Model 29 .44 Magnum with a customized grip, featuring an engraving of a sledgehammer. Hammer sleeps and showers with his gun, (it has its own satin pillow) and even talks to it, referring to it as his "amigo." He believes in shooting and asking questions. Unlike other comic crime fighters, Hammer is a blunderbuss that is effective and even capable of humanity on rare occasions.

Detective Dori Doreau
Hammer's partner is Detective Dori Doreau (Anne-Marie Martin), who is sensitive, intelligent, and sophisticated. It becomes apparent with time that she has some romantic feelings for Sledge.

Captain Trunk
Captain Trunk (Harrison Page) supervises Hammer and Doreau. He is regularly driven into fits of rage by Hammer's inconsiderate and brash attitude.

Recurring

 * Officer Fletcher Majoy (Leslie Morris) – desk sergeant at the precinct.
 * Officer Daley (Patti Tippo) – another officer at the precinct who is sometimes a gal pal to Doreau.
 * Coroner Norman Blates (Kurt Paul) – the precinct's medical examiner, he specializes in the sudden deceased at crime scenes. According to executive producer Alan Spencer, the character is an homage to Norman Bates, the character from Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho.
 * Newscaster Lisa Ellerblub (Diane Sainte-Marie) – a local news anchorwoman (a play on Linda Ellerbee), she is usually on the receiving end of Hammer's chauvinistic insults.

Guest appearances
Some notable figures who made guest appearances on Sledge Hammer!:

 * Adam Ant ("Icebreaker")
 * Lewis Arquette ("Witless")
 * Bill Bixby ("Hammer Hits the Rock") – Bixby also directed a number of episodes
 * Mark Blankfield ("State of Sledge", "Comrade Hammer", and "The Secret of My Excess")
 * Bud Cort ("Last of the Red Hot Vampires")
 * Bill Dana ("Haven't Gun, Will Travel")
 * John Densmore ("State of Sledge")
 * Michael Des Barres ("Sledgepoo")
 * Sarah Douglas ("Play It Again, Sledge")
 * Norman Fell ("They Call Me Mr. Trunk")
 * Conchata Ferrell ("Jagged Sledge")
 * Dennis Fimple ("They Shoot Hammers, Don't They?" and "If I Had a Little Hammer")
 * Kurt Fuller ("Hammer Hits the Rock")
 * Sid Haig ("Hammeroid")
 * Mark Holton ("The Secret of My Excess")
 * Clint Howard ("State of Sledge")
 * Brion James ("If I Had a Little Hammer" and "Model Dearest")
 * Davy Jones ("Sledge, Rattle & Roll")

 * Bernie Kopell ("Last of the Red Hot Vampires")
 * Dan Lauria ("A Clockwork Hammer")
 * Robin Leach ("The Spa Who Loved Me")
 * Beverly Leech ("Wild About Hammer" and "A Clockwork Hammer")
 * Lance LeGault ("The Spa Who Loved Me")
 * David Leisure ("Hammer Hits the Rock" and "Magnum Farce")
 * Peter Marshall ("To Live and Die on TV")
 * Richard Moll ("Hammeroid")
 * Ronnie Schell ("Hammer Gets Nailed")
 * Armin Shimerman ("Hammeroid")
 * Don Stark ("Under the Gun" and "Sledgepoo")
 * Brenda Strong ("Miss of the Spider Woman")
 * John Vernon ("Under the Gun" – parodying his role in the first Dirty Harry film)
 * Ray Walston ("Big Nazi on Campus")
 * Patrick Wayne ("Brother Can You Spare a Crime")
 * Duane Whitaker ("Hammer Gets Nailed")
 * Mary Woronov ("The Spa Who Loved Me")

Actor Jackie Cooper directed a few episodes including "Witless", "All Shook Up" and the first-season finale, "The Spa Who Loved Me".

Production history
Inspired by Clint Eastwood's no-nonsense approach to law enforcement in the Dirty Harry films, teenager Alan Spencer dreamed up the idea of a police officer whose approach was even more over-the-top, to the point of absurdity. At the age of 16, Spencer wrote a screenplay based on this idea. The script and the main character were both named Sledge Hammer.

Despite his youth, Spencer had already written for Rodney Dangerfield and such television as The Facts of Life and One Day at a Time. He sold his script upon the release of the fourth Dirty Harry movie Sudden Impact and the popularity of NBC's Dirty Harry-inspired action series Hunter; the latter property created demand for a satirical police television show. When HBO approached Leonard B. Stern, former producer of Get Smart, about developing such a show, Stern recommended Spencer's "Sledge Hammer!" idea. Stern knew of Spencer trying to help Don Adams by personally writing a few gags for the comedian on the set of The Nude Bomb and was returning the favor.

Spencer quickly reworked his script for a half-hour television format. HBO executives wanted to produce the pilot and suggested casting ideas that Spencer found unacceptable, such as known comedians Rodney Dangerfield or Joe Piscopo in the lead role as opposed to a lesser known actor who would become the character. Last-place ABC was willing to take a chance on the unorthodox script. ABC insisted that the violence be toned down for network television and that a laugh track be included (although some versions – including the DVD release of the show – do not have this track or had it removed; Spencer found it offensive that the audience be told when to laugh and was furious over the decision), but agreed to cast Spencer's first choice for the lead character, the classically trained actor David Rasche. Sledge Hammer! entered ABC's fall lineup in 1986.

The pilot of Sledge Hammer! was completed just as Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer" became a huge hit. ABC took advantage of this coincidence by using the song in television, radio, and film advertisements for the show. Spencer said Gabriel had been willing to license his song to the series and even rewrite the lyrics, but New World Television wouldn't meet the artist's terms. Nevertheless, Spencer was happy with what would be Danny Elfman's first TV theme.

Intro and theme music
The introduction to the show features long, near sensual closeup shots of Hammer's .44 Magnum as it rests on a luxurious satin pillow. The show's ominous theme music, composed by Danny Elfman, plays in the background. Hammer then picks up his gun, spins it expertly like a cinematic Old West gunslinger, and utters his catch phrase ("Trust me, I know what I'm doing") just before firing into the screen, making a hole in it. According to the DVD release extras, the original version had Hammer firing at the viewer, but ABC executives feared this could be too shocking, possibly even causing heart attacks (and leaving the network liable). Thus, Hammer fires into the screen at a slight angle.

According to the DVD release, Hammer's original catch phrase was "I'm crazy, but I know what I'm doing." ABC executives objected to a lead character being "crazy", so they insisted on a change.

The DVD release uses an updated heavy metal version of the theme music by Baboon Rising on the main menus.

Ratings and second season
Despite critical acclaim and garnering high ratings in a special time slot just for the debut, Sledge Hammer! struggled in the ratings partly due to being repeatedly bounced around ABC's fall schedule.

During the same season Sledge Hammer! made its debut, ABC scheduled a high-profile comeback vehicle for a then 75-year-old Lucille Ball entitled Life with Lucy that was not well received by critics or audiences. After only eight episodes aired, Ball's show was canceled and Sledge Hammer! was given her timeslot.

Sledge Hammer! attracted weekly viewership of nineteen million viewers who followed the show religiously through its many time slot shifts. The fact that the series appealed to key target demographics also kept it on the schedule.

Because ABC intended to cancel the series, the last episode of the first season ends with Hammer accidentally destroying the city when he attempts to disarm a stolen nuclear warhead. This episode received much better than expected ratings, in large part because the network had moved the show to a better time slot. ABC changed its mind and renewed the show for a second season.

The second-season premiere perfunctorily explained that it and following episodes were set "five years before" the explosion, though Doreau is Sledge's partner in the second season, despite being introduced to him in the pilot, and despite the presence of references to contemporary events, rather than those of five years earlier.

The second season suffered from another extremely undesirable time slot (this time against The Cosby Show), a reduced budget, and lowered filming standard (down to 16 mm film from the previous season's 35 mm). The cutbacks contributed to the show not being renewed for a third season.

Home media
Anchor Bay Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1. The first season of Sledge Hammer! was released on DVD on July 27, 2004. The laugh track, which the network had insisted on including on the pilot and first 12 episodes, is removed on the DVD version. For this Spencer in part sourced copies of the episodes from collectors in the UK who had recorded the episodes where they aired without the laugh track and hired an experienced sound designer. These collectors are thanked on these DVDs. The DVD features a documentary on the series featuring interviews by Spencer, David Rasche, Anne-Marie Martin and Harrison Page. The DVD also includes an unaired version of the pilot that runs several minutes longer and has a different ending and theme music. An earthquake hit while Spencer was recording commentary for one of the DVDs; the tape kept rolling during the event and was included on the DVD, leaving viewers wondering whether the earthquake was real. The first season enjoyed strong sales. The second season was released on DVD on April 12, 2005; the commentary on the final episode ended with Spencer, again, being caught in another earthquake, this time with sound effects and a convenient cliffhanger.

On September 6, 2011, it was announced that Image Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series. It was subsequently announced that they will release Sledge Hammer!- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on December 13, 2011. The set will not feature the documentary, commentaries, the uncut pilot (the broadcast version is used) and other bonus features from the Anchor Bay release.

In Region 4, Shock Entertainment has released both seasons on DVD in Australia.

Awards
Sledge Hammer! was nominated for a 1987 People's Choice Award in the category of "Favorite New TV Comedy."

Comics
New World's then-subsidiary Marvel Comics released a short-lived comic book based upon the series as a promotion for the second season. In the second issue, Sledge is up against a Spider-Man imposter and on the cover issue a disclaimer hints that Sledge Hammer is actually a mutant when the X-Men series and its mutant spin-offs were on the height of their popularity.

The series only lasted two issues but was only intended for publicity purposes.

title: Sledge Hammer!


text: User talk:64.12.117.20

title: User talk:64.12.117.20


text:
Talk:Falcon 5

Advertising?
I am highly suspicious of (the motives of the person who initially wrote) this article. It appears to me that it was an attempt at advertising. This for several reasons:

 * The article included pricing information (which I have now removed).
 * This article refers to a launch vehicle under development, which has never flown. Nevertheless, it was included in the Space Launch Vehicles category, a category which by all appearances seems to be reserved for actual existing and functional or historical (previously existing) hardware that (success or failure) was actually flown.
 * It was not prominently indicatedin the article that the rocket in question has never flown. (I have added a boilerplate type warning to that extent.)

I first had a mind to submitting this for deletion outright: There are literally hundreds of "hopeful" projects at various stages of completion out there. If we were to include them all under the said launch vehicle category, that category would be swamped with vapourware. There is a reason why, say, the Kistler K1 isn't included either. To paraphrase John Kerry: Saying something is a launch vehicle doesn't make it so. (It needs to be completed and flown first.)

However, upon further consideration I acknowledge that it is useful to include information about unfinished endeavours like this in the Wikipedia: They may soon be finished. This doesn't however justify the categorization Space Launch vehicle until the thing has flown in some form. It isn't done till it's done. And putting pricing info in the Wikipaedia is of course wholly unacceptable. Ropers 23:25, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Falcon Rockets
In answer to your questions and comments:

(1) I am at least two degrees removed from any benefit from SpaceX. Even there, the connection is rather tenuous, since I haven't been in the industry for a decade and haven't kept up my connections. (2) It is convention to give list pricing/costing numbers in space references (see, e.g., Astronautix), so that researchers can do cost per pound to Low Earth Orbit calculations. I guess that's because the industry is so heavily government influenced. In any event, DARPA purchased the first Falcon I flight for $6 million, so it's a matter of public record for that rocket at least. (3) The engines for these rockets have already been built and tested and at least the Falcon I has been fully assembled. It is true that neither have been launched yet, but the rockets exist as identifiable articles, and, as such, fully warrant present tense treatment. Please note that in my additions to the reusable launch vehicle article, I did add reference to the Kistler K-1 and the X-Prize vehicles, in anticipation of somebody adding information on those vehicles. Also, I did include cost information on the Armadillo Aerospace's Black Armadillo, so I think the NPOV has been preserved.

Because of all of these things, I am going to revert the articles for now. Dschmelzer 20:25, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Further comments re. this issue are at Talk:Falcon I. Ropers 14:16, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Axe the launch site details, pricing information, payload capabilities and vehicle details. Merge content with Falcon I. Do those things and, with a little copy editing, this could shape up to be a pretty good article. –Floorsheim 05:00, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Falcon 9 and change of Falcon 5 configuration
Someone should write something about it. --Bricktop 00:17, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Re-usability of Falcon V
Per the payload user guide, the second stage is not reusable. I've pulled an edit that suggested it was. - C HAIRBOY (☎) 21:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * You are confusing the Falcon I with the Falcon 5. SpaceX says both stages of the Falcon 5 are designed to be reusable, see.--Duk 23:06, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How does the stage return from orbit without breaking up though? --GW_Simulations 13:04, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Falcon V or Falcon 5?
Being that SpaceX refers to this rocket as the "Falcon 5", should this article still be named "Falcon V"? The same can be said about the Falcon 1. Finally, just to avoid any ambiguity later, perhaps the model articles should be prefaced with "SpaceX" so that this article would be named "SpaceX Falcon 5". --StuffOfInterest 13:11, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Numerals sound good, but i'd disagree with the SpaceX prefix. --Duk 15:48, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

2nd Stage Engine(s)?
The table lists the 2nd stage as having "2 * Kestrel engine (or 1 * Merlin engine)" but on the SpaceX website it says a single merlin engine will be used, and there is no mention of the possiblity of 2 Kestrel engines being used--perhaps this should be changed? --subzero788 4:00, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * done:--Duk 20:29, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Outdated
This page appears to be very outdated. As far as I know, Falcon 5 won't be human rated (that's the Falcon 9), and there is no launch planned for late 2006. Plus the picture doesn't look like the right vehicle, and they changed the design a bit so maybe that's the old design?Fifteen10e56 22:36, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Reusability
How does the Falcon 5 re-use all over again? Do they use parachutes to retrieve it and return it back to launch site? Big  top  23:32, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Contradiction
The lead paragraph reads: "The Falcon 5 is a two stage to orbit partially reusable launch vehicle designed and manufactured by SpaceX. The first stage includes five Merlin engines and the upper stage includes one Merlin engine. Both burn kerosene/liquid oxygen. Along with the Falcon 9, it will be the world's first fully reusable launcher."

I have highlighted the sections that contradict. Which is correct? -- GW_SimulationsUser Page 12:47, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think some Falcon 1 info snuck in. The Falcon 1 is a partially reusable rocket (stage 1 reused, stage 2 burns up), but the Falcon 5 and 9 are (or were for the 5 now) supposed to be fully reusable (both stages come home).  If time permits, I'll try to dig through the SpaceX website for more information. --StuffOfInterest 13:42, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * added ref and removed the tag. --Duk 07:48, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Delete page?
Should this rocked have an article? It has been canceled and was never launched. I'm inclined to redirect to Falcon 9. --Duk 02:43, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The Falcon 9 really is a completely different rocket design from what was put into the Falcon 5. Some significant engineering did go into the Falcon 5, and it was explicitly "advertised" on the SpaceX website.  From this perspective, it seems reasonable to give this its own independent article, but admittedly it will be sparse on the information as its development seems to have been abandoned.

 * More to the point, the Falcon 9 is not the same as the Falcon 5, and these are two completely different vehicles. That they are both a part of the Falcon series of spacecraft is true, and it was hinted that perhaps the Falcon 5 might be re-introduced at some point in the future... even though (I don't believe) that any active engineering effort is going into its development at the moment.  Engineers working on the Falcon 5 were re-tasked to the Falcon 9 or elsewhere in the company.

 * So, no, I don't think this should be merged into the Falcon 9 article and should be maintained as a separate article. --Robert Horning (talk) 03:55, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose - just because it never launched is no reason not to include it. It is still notable. -- GW_SimulationsUser Page 08:55, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

When canceled?
The last SpaceX press release which mentions the Falcon 5 was in December 2005. Are there any references to when SpaceX officially halted development and marketing? A past edit indicated Falcon 5 was removed from the SpaceX website in January 2007. --IanOsgood (talk) 17:27, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * A really excellent source was added to the article on 2010-07-17T07:20:20 by User:GW Simulations, that would seem to indicate the F5 was dropped in 2007. However, still looking for a source to indicate SpaceX explicitly dropped the rocket program.  So I think the When is clear; still need to find verifiable info on SpaceX cancellation or not. N2e (talk) 12:34, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Is the Falcon 5 resurrected from the dead for Stratolaunch?
The lead sentence to a section entitled "Related launch vehicle plans" says: "Although Falcon 5 was never built, in December 2011 Stratolaunch Systems announced that they will use a Falcon-derivative two-stage liquid-fueled air-launched launch vehicle to be developed by SpaceX." I think that is a correct summary of the source article.

Later in the paragraph, an editor has added back in much stronger claims that this is, in fact, the specific "Falcon 5" vehicle—once cancelled and now back—now carried "in between the hulls". This may be true, but I've been reading all the sources, and have not seen that strong claim supported in any source I've read. As of now, the links to the reputed sources are not working. Could you please provide an in-context quotation, and a working link, to the article that claims this is a repurposed "Falcon 5", rather than merely a derivative of Falcon rocket technology? Thanks. N2e (talk) 02:39, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I believe I fixed the relevant offending phrase: changed "Falcon 5" to "Falcon 5-class" which I believe more accurately portrays the situation. As of 2006, the Falcon 5 design was simply a Falcon 9 with four engines removed (Wade, http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/falcon5.htm). Since it is essentially a 5-engine Falcon 9, and the reports say that it is a Falcon 9 derivative, that is why it can be called a Falcon 5, but I think calling it a Falcon 5-class booster is more generic, and possibly more accurate as you pointed out. There are conflicting reports whether or not it will contain fewer or more than 5-engines. If it doesn't contain 5-engines, than it isn't a Falcon 5, because Falcon 9 derivatives that have less power than it are named by how many engines they have — only the Falcon 1 is currently not a Falcon 9-based derivative. So a 4-engine Falcon is a Falcon 4, and a 6-engine Falcon is a Falcon 6, using SpaceX's seeming logic.--Abebenjoe (talk) 03:07, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm with you on some of what you say, but not other parts of it. Bottom line, we—as Wikipedia editors—don't get to call it either a "Falcon-derivative" nor "Falcon-5 class" unless we have a reliable source that does so.  We have a source for the "Falcon-derivative" claim, and I've put that in the article, with an in-context quotation to clarify for any reader/editor.  Without a source, we should not claim it is a Falcon 5, nor even Falcon-5 class, just because it (may have) five engines—that would be original research.  It might have five engines, and be made by SpaceX, and be a Falcon-family derivative, etc. -- but hundreds of other specifications on this newly-developed air-launched rocket might be quite different from the old/original Falcon 5 that SpaceX conceived, and never developed, circa 2005 or so, and none of those similarities supports us calling it a Falcon 5 -- that is for the manufacturer to do.  And by the same logic, we—as Wikipedia editors—don't get to "name" it a "Falcon 4" just cause it (may turn out to have) four engines.  It is up to SpaceX or Stratolaunch to name their launch vehicle.

 * I see you have been working on cleaning up the broken links. I appreciate that.  I will come back and check the article sources, and see if they support the rather strong Falcon 5 claims, in another day or so.  Don't have time just now.  N2e (talk) 03:49, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I believe I have addressed your concerns in the latest edits.--Abebenjoe (talk) 19:21, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Upon further reflection, I am not too sure why this entire article even exists. I am at the point of suggesting that the whole article be deleted, and some of the information incorporated into the Falcon (rocket family) instead, mainly due the Falcon 5 becoming a Falcon 9 derivative after that point. It was never built nor test-flown, and its specifications changed drastically between original inception in 2003 until 2007, when it was abandoned. The Stratolaunch air-launch version, may or may not be a Falcon 5, but it definitely will be a Falcon 9 derivative, which is all the Falcon 5 is after 2006.--Abebenjoe (talk) 19:42, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I do not believe that the Falcon 5 article ought to be deleted, or merged. Why?  It is an article that documents a very real 21st century private rocket development project, one that was underway for several years, and had a set of real specs that defined what it was, in its' time.  That it was never actually built is not, in and of itself, a reason to eliminate the article.  It was notable, and has reliable sources that support notability.  The Falcon 5 article ought to describe that rocket, as a chapter in Spaceflight history, as an important development project that was never built, just as Wikipedia has hundreds of other articles on Russian, and US, and other agency rockets that never got to flight hardware.

 * However, it is quite another thing to do a lot of, what may appear to some, historical revisionism on the existing Falcon 5 Wikipedia article just because the Stratolaunch/SpaceX arrangement has been announced, and the company indicates that the air-launched SpaceX rocket will be a Falcon-derivative, and may have five or four engines. It is in myriad other ways, including rocket launch mass, length, etc., a very different rocket.  That some of the "press" goofed it up and reported it differently, alluding to a bit of Falcon 5-ness, and inventing a term that the company did not use, "Falcon 4", does not change this.  So I am in favor of a relatively minimalist mention of Stratolaunch in this article, at least based on the limited sources we have now.  Let's let it cook a while and see what the company defines this new rocket as, over time.  If indicated, we can change the article then.

 * In the meantime, I think that the Stratolaunch material in this article ought to be significantly scaled back. N2e (talk) 06:07, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Limit Stratolaunch material in this article.--Abebenjoe (talk) 00:54, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

 * ✅ This seems to all be cleaned up now. The main description of the new air-launched rocket is in the Falcon (rocket family) article, with only a brief summary in this article about the legacy, ground-launched, 47-meter-tall, circa-2005 SpaceX launch vehicle concept.  In due time, when more is known about the air-launched rocket, I expect that a new Wikipedia article will be created to cover that specific launch vehicle.  N2e (talk) 15:27, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 one external links on Falcon 5. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/63cIE9NJo?url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/falcon5.htm to http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/falcon5.htm
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5sjTGFSmg?url=http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php to http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/63btGA0Bq?url=http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php to http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041918/http://www.spacex.com/falcon9_heavy.php to http://www.spacex.com/falcon9_heavy.php
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/12/stratolaunch-rutan-designed-air-launched-system-falcon-rockets/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.space.com/13915-paul-allen-giant-plane-stratolaunch-systems-private-space.html

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title: Talk:Falcon 5


text:
Distributed data store

A distributed data store is a computer network where information is stored on more than one node, often in a replicated fashion. It is usually specifically used to refer to either a distributed database where users store information on a number of nodes, or a computer network in which users store information on a number of peer network nodes.

Distributed databases
Distributed databases are usually non-relational databases that enable a quick access to data over a large number of nodes. Some distributed databases expose rich query abilities while others are limited to a key-value store semantics. Examples of limited distributed databases are Google's Bigtable, which is much more than a distributed file system or a peer-to-peer network, Amazon's Dynamo and Microsoft Azure Storage.

As the ability of arbitrary querying is not as important as the availability, designers of distributed data stores have increased the latter at an expense of consistency. But the high-speed read/write access results in reduced consistency, as it is not possible to guarantee both consistency and availability on a partitioned network, as stated by the CAP theorem.

Peer network node data stores
In peer network data stores, the user can usually reciprocate and allow other users to use their computer as a storage node as well. Information may or may not be accessible to other users depending on the design of the network.

Most peer-to-peer networks do not have distributed data stores in that the user's data is only available when their node is on the network. However, this distinction is somewhat blurred in a system such as BitTorrent, where it is possible for the originating node to go offline but the content to continue to be served. Still, this is only the case for individual files requested by the redistributors, as contrasted with networks such as Freenet, Winny, Share and Perfect Dark where any node may be storing any part of the files on the network.

Distributed data stores typically use an error detection and correction technique. Some distributed data stores (such as Parchive over NNTP) use forward error correction techniques to recover the original file when parts of that file are damaged or unavailable. Others try again to download that file from a different mirror.

Peer network node data stores

 * BitTorrent
 * Blockchain (database)
 * Chord project
 * Freenet
 * GNUnet
 * IPFS
 * Mnet
 * Napster
 * NNTP (the distributed data storage protocol used for Usenet news)
 * Unity, of the software Perfect Dark
 * Share
 * Siacoin
 * DeNet
 * Storage@home
 * Tahoe-LAFS
 * Winny
 * ZeroNet

title: Distributed data store


text:
Talk:Falcon 1/Archive 1

Falcon Rockets — Advertising?
Added notes: This discussion also covers my near-identical concerns regarding the Falcon V article.

Also, I have — possibly sort of related — concerns as regards a certain revert on the SpaceX article — see Talk:SpaceX. Ropers 14:37, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I am highly suspicious of (the motives of the person who initially wrote) this article. It appears to me that it was an attempt at advertising. This for several reasons:

 * The article included pricing information (which I have now removed).
 * This article refers to a launch vehicle under development, which has never flown. Nevertheless, it was included in the Space Launch Vehicles category, a category which by all appearances seems to be reserved for actual existing and functional or historical (previously existing) hardware that (success or failure) was actually flown.
 * It was not prominently indicatedin the article that the rocket in question has never flown. (I have added a boilerplate type warning to that extent.)

I first had a mind to submitting this for deletion outright: There are literally hundreds of "hopeful" projects at various stages of completion out there. If we were to include them all under the said launch vehicle category, that category would be swamped with vapourware. There is a reason why, say, the Kistler K1 isn't included either. To paraphrase John Kerry: Saying something is a launch vehicle doesn't make it so. (It needs to be completed and flown first.)

However, upon further consideration I acknowledge that it is useful to include information about unfinished endeavours like this in the Wikipedia: They may soon be finished. This doesn't however justify the categorization Space Launch vehicle until the thing has flown in some form. It isn't done till it's done. And putting pricing info in the Wikipaedia is of course wholly unacceptable. Ropers 23:27, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * In answer to your questions and comments:

 * (1) I am at least two degrees removed from any benefit from SpaceX. Even there, the connection is rather tenuous, since I haven't been in the industry for a decade and haven't kept up my connections.
 * (2) It is convention to give list pricing/costing numbers in space references (see, e.g., Astronautix), so that researchers can do cost per pound to Low Earth Orbit calculations. I guess that's because the industry is so heavily government influenced.  In any event, DARPA purchased the first Falcon I flight for $6 million, so it's a matter of public record for that rocket at least.
 * (3) The engines for these rockets have already been built and tested and at least the Falcon I has been fully assembled. It is true that neither have been launched yet, but the rockets exist as identifiable articles, and, as such, fully warrant present tense treatment.  Please note that in my additions to the reusable launch vehicle article, I did add reference to the Kistler K-1 and the X-Prize vehicles, in anticipation of somebody adding information on those vehicles.  Also, I did include cost information on the Armadillo Aerospace's Black Armadillo, so I think the NPOV has been preserved.

 * Because of all of these things, I am going to revert the articles for now.
 * Dschmelzer 20:26, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I have -zero- affiliation with SpaceX, and think these articles are very useful. Falcon I and Falcon V are discussed very often in space advocacy groups. As far as the pricing goes, that's often the first info someone looks for, to determine how much of an impact the rocket might have. --NeuronExMachina 20:44, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

(the following 6 entries copied from Ropers' user talk page)
 * While I maybe could have been more polite in my rebukes attendant to my edits, I still think that I was right as regards the issues. I don't think it's acceptable to have prices in Wikipedia articles, etc. I am currently seeking comments and advice from the wider community on this issue. Ropers 01:15, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Where are these comments being offered? I would like to see what they have to say. Dschmelzer 02:25, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've so far asked about the issue on the the WikiEN-l mailing list. While I appreciate the desire for an open discussion, I am not however going to replicate every question or log my every move here.
 * IF most people out there share my strong concerns, THEN they'll enter into a discussion (including yourself/Dschmelzer) soon enough. Ropers 02:36, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Why don't we move this discussion over to the Talk:Falcon I page? Dschmelzer 04:35, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * We can certainly do that once there is something to discuss. At the moment, I've made my point of view clear and made attendant article changes, and you've made your point of view clear and reverted those changes. I see no need (and actually think it could be harmful) to discuss this issue further unless and until either side can present further evidence and/or either view is carried by the wider public. Yea, sure, we could tell each other all kinds of things and start an edit war, but there's really no need for any escalation of any sort. Both of us claim that our views are in sync with the standards of the wider Wikipedia community. Now I'm not going to do anything further on this (and possibly won't even comment any further) until I have actually received some active, current feedback from other Wikipedians on what their views actually are on the issue, which should tell me whether my views are in sync with the said common standards or not. You're not losing anything if/while I don't get back to you, because yours is the current version. Ropers 11:13, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Suit yourself, I guess. Dschmelzer 16:22, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, so I've now copied things to this page as Dschmelzer has suggested. I'm also seeking comments on RfC. Ropers 14:13, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Discussion continued Just to collate everything, here's the note that Ropers made on my personal talk page, which is the prime mover in my response given above. The tone is slightly different. Dschmelzer 17:14, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I would like to ask you if you are/were at any time working for Space X corporation (in any capacity, whether directly or indirectly).

 * Regardless whether or not that be the case, I would like to ask you to re-familiarize yourself with Wikipedia policies, especially as regards the NPOV. Wikipedia is not an advertising medium and the Falcon I and V rocket articles, among other things through their inclusion of pricing and present tense recounting of future events, clearly qualified as advertising. Please consider this a friendly reminder -- a less well meaning person would have submitted the articles for deletion outright, because of the said flagrant Wikipedia policy violations. Sincerely,
 * Ropers 23:37, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia launch vehicle articles that discuss cost/price for launch vehicles: Titan IV, Space Shuttle program (discussion of lessons learned with regard to cost), Saturn I (with regard to relative cost to Titan III), Titan III (includes a cost stub), and Reusable launch system (which I edited, but not to add cost information), SpaceShip One Tier One program, and Armadillo Aerospace (which I edited to update the cost information already provided). The Russian and Chinese rockets don't tend to have cost/price information probably because the information is not a matter of public record. Please also see Astronautix's Falcon I article, which lists price figures and refers to the rocket in the past tense. Dschmelzer 17:46, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * With respect to my comment from the 31st of July, I agree that I could have (and probably should have) been more polite. (I have already acknowledged that above, see my comment from the 5th of August.) The reason I reacted with such scruffiness was that I honestly felt that this issue was a gross violation of the "Wikipedia is not an advertising medium" rules. While Dschmelzers references to other articles might put things in perspective somewhat, I would still ask the wider Wikipedia public to decide on this. These were the Falcon articles before I had edited them: Falcon I, Falcon V and these were the respective versions I after my editing: Falcon I, Falcon V. Dschmelzer then reverted my changes, so the older version is roughly what the articles presently say. I still think my version is more neutral and more fitting for the Wikipedia.

 * However, I would like to announce that should I be proven wrong (and should my suspicions be universally accepted as baseless), then I will accept the majority opinion and apologize to Dschmelzer for my sharp rebukes. Ropers 18:23, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

From RfC
Pricing info should be removed. Sentence 1, paragraph 2 should be condensed; we don't need all those details about the launch sites. Payload Capabilities and Vehicle Details should be provided in an external link. This is supposed to be an encyclopedia not a second internet. –Floorsheim 04:38, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Just took a look at Falcon V. Content remaining after the changes listed above should be merged with that article. –Floorsheim 05:04, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree with part of this. Launch costs and payload capacities are usually the most important pieces of information for somebody using this article as a reference. --NeuronExMachina 08:29, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hmmm... It doesn't seem encyclopedia-worthy to me. What's wrong with putting it in an external link? –Floorsheim 09:45, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Please take a look at the rocket articles referenced above (e.g., Titan IV; Saturn I). It is convention to include all of these items in space references, including Wikipedia, because it's all useful. Dschmelzer 16:18, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It appears you're right. Looks like I've spoken out of turn.  My apologies.  –Floorsheim 16:30, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Just a quick note to say that I welcome NeuronExMachinas recent changes (tense and pricing wording change) as I believe them to be steps in the right direction. They do make things more palatable IMHO. I would however still invite more input from others before we might move on to considering this issue closed. Ropers 14:31, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I am willing to accept NeuronExMachina's change. Dschmelzer 18:00, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I can see why the concerns on advertising were raised. Also I can see that information on the cost of a launch is useful. However, counter examples are that Vostok rocket, Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne and Da Vinci Project don't give launch costs. I would argue that cost information is useful, but it should be substantiated. Perhaps rephrased to; The suggestions to conform to a launch systems info box are also good. -- Solipsist 17:25, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * As of 2004 SpaceX quote estimated launch costs to be US$6 million plus range fees.

 * Regarding the Vostok rocket, it is an old Soviet rocket, so cost information is unavailable. Regarding SpaceShipOne, it is part of the Tier One program.  Cost information is given in the Tier One Wikipedia article.  Regarding the launch prices for Falcon I, the first launch of the rocket is a US government purchase, so the price is a matter of public record.  However, I agree that the price for the Falcon V article correctly could contain that language.  Dschmelzer 18:00, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * That sound fine, in which case: Based on the US government purchase of 2004, the launch costs are.... (preferably better phrased) -- Solipsist 18:05, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Article Content and Structure
Should this article mention how the rocket was publically unveiled some months ago in Washington, DC? I think that got a considerable amount of press attention. --NeuronExMachina 03:20, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This article might benefit by following the structure used by articles like Titan IV and Saturn V. I'll try this later if I have time, but someone else is welcome to have a shot at it beforehand. -- NeuronExMachina 04:34, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that the structure for those two articles is solid and should be propogated. Dschmelzer 18:00, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm actually surprised there isn't already a WikiProject Launch Vehicles. It'd fit nicely into WikiProject Space. --NeuronExMachina 04:34, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I would support this project. Many of the launch systems articles could use some work.  Dschmelzer

Dang! I started creating a WikiProject Launch Vehicles and got a fair bit along, and then I found out that there's already a WikiProject Rockets. --NeuronExMachina 06:38, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * This is way off-topic here, but I have made WikiProject Launch vehicles the main article and WikiProject Launch Vehicles and WikiProject Rockets redirects. I somewhat feel this might be better. Feel free to change if it doesn't suit. Ropers 21:04, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hm... I thought it was a semi-convention to capitalize the first letter of each word in a project name. I could be wrong, though. --NeuronExMachina 03:12, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Apology
I would like to issue a apology to Dschmelzer for my tone and the way I reacted with regards to this issue.

I still stick to my points and concerns and I still think the articles Falcon I, Falcon V and SpaceX could use further improvement. But my confrontationalist approach was really without merit, no matter how strong my concerns.

If people agree, then I am ready archive this off the RfC page (please let me know). Ropers 22:49, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. On the plus side, the article has come along nicely. -- Solipsist 00:12, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I accept this apology. Dschmelzer 02:02, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Falcon 1/Archive 1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Keli switzerland

Seems like an advert, even if it is for a non-profit organisation. Only relevant Google hit seems to be for its own website. Elf-friend 23:13, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * probably worthy, probably not notable. Probably delete. --Ianb 23:24, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. DannyBoy | Talk 02:06, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable--only google hit seems to be their website. Also, copyvio of mangled-English text on their homepage. Niteowlneils 20:49, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Demographics of Belgium

Original Research / Breach of WP:SYNTH
This section is OR (and the total numbers are unsourced): "The country is populated by a Flemish majority of about 6,010,000 people speaking Dutch, a French-speaking minority of 5,480,000 people (Walloons and French-speakers in Brussels and in Flanders (400.000) (...), as well as 73,000 German speaking people in Wallonia, near the German border." This section is WP:SYNTH. Someone has brought together multiple numbers to advance one position (summed up in two numbers). So, in Flanders French-speaking families are counted, but not the Dutch-speaking families in Wallonia. So this is home language counting, but only for Flanders. In Brussels however the street language is used (what you used outside of home), rather than the home language to count French-speakers. This is synthesizing to advance a position. What we should do here, is not our own research, but what credible sources are saying directly. UlyssorZebra (talk) 06:57, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Demographics of Belgium


text:
Talk:Constitution of Hawaii

“Historically Infamous”
“A few constitutions have become historically infamous like the Bayonet Constitution of 1887 which stripped native Hawaiians of their rights...and the constitution of 1978 that...declared the Hawaiian language to be the official language of the state.”
 * This sentence seems strange to me. Is the constitution of 1978 really considered infamous? That judgment would seem to conflict with the article 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention which describes the 1978 constitution quite positively.

Mateo SA 23:16, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hawai'i or Hawaii
Do you put a apostrophe in it or not? Sometimes it spelled like that in the article and sometimes it isn't. I didn't want to change it because i wasn't sure.--Onceonthisisland 12:53, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Bill of Rights is Wrong
I don't have time to change it but I think this article uses an old version of the bill of rights. There are actually 24 sections and the numbering has also changed a little bit. Here is the link to the current Bill of Right http://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart1.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.189.131.204 (talk) 07:14, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Continuity?
Are all these "various legal documents" really independent and distinct from one another? Some appear to be very closely linked. According to http://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/ the 1950 Constitution (as updated by conventions in 1959, 1968 and 1978) is the basis for the current state government. The earlier documents may be of historical interest, but aren't recognized as operating today. The article should clarify (if possible). If the 1950 Constitution was influenced or based on material from one of the previous issues, that would be useful to mention, but it seems like they are in a completely different ballpark.

Contrast with Constitution of Alaska--Robert Keiden (talk) 09:12, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

NPOV dispute - Introductory Paragraph
The introductory paragraph contains a few non-NPOV statements. Specifically,

The term historically infamous is an unnecessary value statement and does not seem necessary in the context of this specific article. Further, the word 'infamous' is not found anywhere on the page for the Bayonet Constitution of 1887. Unless a historian of constitutions can be cited to describe these constitutions as historically infamous, I would suggest they instead be deemed 'notable'. Another user, Mateo SA, has pointed out a similar opinion of the usage of this term in the article.
 * "A few constitutions have become historically infamous like the Bayonet Constitution of 1887 which stripped King Kalakaua of some decision making abilities without concurrence of his cabinet, and Liliuokalani's attempt at power grabbing with her proposed constitution of 1893 that was never officially promulgated but instead inflamed businessmen to accelerate their plans for the overthrow of the monarchy."

The term power grabbing is also blatantly non-NPOV. Again this term does not show up anywhere in the article for the Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. This, along with the later use of the word inflamed seems to be an attempt to lay the overthrow of the monarchy at the feet of Liliuokalani, a decidedly non-NPOV sentiment which clashes with the description in the article on Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. I propose making the following change: "and the proposed 1893 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, a replacement of the Bayonet Constitution of 1887, promulgated by Liliuokalani, which set off a chain of events that eventually resulted in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom." This language more closely matches that of the article on the 1893 Constitution.

The words famous and positive here are non-NPOV. I suggest beginning this sentence with "Other notable documents are the Constitution of 1978..." I've also added a Citation Needed to the claim that OHA is under scrutiny for being a "discriminating race-based construct". As far as I'm aware, there are no ongoing cases before a Federal judge which seek to determine the constitutionality of OHA. If readers want to know more about OHA, they can visit it's page. There's no reason to include this information, especially on a (mostly) unrelated page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anammox2017 (talk • contribs) 18:48, 16 March 2017 (UTC)
 * "Other documents became famous for more positive reasons such as the constitution of 1978 that created the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, now under scrutiny as being Unconstitutional as a discriminating race based construct[citation needed], and declared the Hawaiian language to be one of the official languages of the state."

title: Talk:Constitution of Hawaii


text: Category:Images with missing copyright information


text: User talk:65.78.226.23

title: User talk:65.78.226.23


text:
Leander Haußmann

Leander Haußmann (sometimes Haussmann) (born 26 June 1959) is a German theatre and film director.

The son of actor Ezard Haußmann and costume designer Doris Haußmann, he was born in Quedlinburg and attended the Ernst Busch theatre school in Berlin.

Haußmann was the theatre director of the city theatre in Bochum (Schauspielhaus Bochum). He also wrote and acted in several plays (1995–2000), and had a role in the Detlev Buck film Jailbirds (1996). His feature film breakthrough came with Sonnenallee in 1999. His second feature, Herr Lehmann, followed in 2003. His production of Die Fledermaus in Munich was controversial, compounding the trouble surrounding his production of Peter Pan. As a result, his scheduled production of Romeo and Juliet was cancelled.

Filmography

 * Sonnenallee, with Detlev Buck, Robert Stadlober, Alexander Beyer (1999)
 * Denk ich an Deutschland … – Die Durchmacher (2001, TV documentary series episode)
 * Berlin Blues (2003)
 * NVA, with Detlev Buck, Kim Alexander Frank, Jasmin Schwiers (2005)
 * Intrigue and Love (2005 film), with Götz George, Katharina Thalbach, August Diehl (2005, TV film)
 * Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps, with Benno Fürmann, Jessica Schwarz, Uwe Ochsenknecht (2007)
 * Robert Zimmermann Is Tangled Up in Love (2008)
 * Dinosaurier – Gegen uns seht ihr alt aus! (2009)
 * Hotel Lux (2011)
 * Teenosaurus Rex (2017)

title: Leander Haußmann


text:
Edward P. Carville

Edward Peter Carville (May 14, 1885 – June 27, 1956) was an American politician. He was the 18th Governor of Nevada and a Senator from Nevada. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Biography
Carville was born on May 14, 1885, at Mound Valley in Elko County, Nevada. He graduated with a law degree from the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana in 1909. Admitted to the bar in the same year, he established his practice in Elko, Nevada. He married Irma Marie Callahan on August 29, 1910 and they had three sons, Edward, Richard, and Robert.

Career
Carville was appointed to the position of deputy district attorney and served from 1910 to 1911. He was district attorney for Elko County from 1912 to 1918. He was a district judge of Elko County in 1928. He was a United States Attorney for Nevada between 1934 and 1938.

Carville became the Governor of Nevada in 1939 and, reelected in 1942, he served there until his resignation in 1945. During his tenure, World War II, government, and economic issues were addressed.

He was appointed on July 24, 1945 to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James G. Scrugham and served from July 25, 1945 to January 3, 1947. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1946 and resumed his practice of law in Reno, Nevada.

Death
Carville died on June 27, 1956, at the age of 71. He is interred at Our Mother of Sorrows Cemetery, Reno, Washoe County, Nevada.

title: Edward P. Carville