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User talk:Undotwa~enwiki

Crusades Argument Script

Gentlemen, we are gathered here today to discuss the crusades with two distinguished speakers, who have born first hand witness of the Crusades. May I introduce, His Majesty King Richard I? (applause).

King Richard I: Thank you sir for your most kind introduction.

Gentlemen, this discussion would not be complete without the likes of the Sultan Saladin appointed by the Regent Caliph (most likely under threat of death).

Saladin: Thank you, err, narrator for this most insulting of introductions.

Gentlemen, may we begin. The format of this discussion is such: I shall ask King Richard I or Saladin a question and his adversary will respond.

During the first Crusade, those who took up the cross massacred the inhabitants Jerusalem. How does on justify such actions done under name of God and approved by the most infallible Papacy?

Richard •	You are most correct in this sense; these murderous actions of many of the crusaders were inspired by the likes of Satan! However, despite the papal approval of the crusades, does not mean that these actions were approved by the Papacy. The Papacy accepted the outcomes, but did not necessarily approve of the means.

Saladin •	It is said by those infidelious Christians that good may come out of the evilest of actions. But this does not necessarily mean that these evil actions were justified by the supposed good outcomes. Murder is always against the natural law of Allah. Might I speak of the hostility of the Christians against those of a different faith, the Moslems especially and even the Orthodox Christians whom the Catholics were supposedly aiding.

Saladin, prior to the first crusade, the Moslems were rapidly pushing into

The victor is Richard.

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title: User talk:Undotwa~enwiki


text:
The Kentucky Fried Movie

The Kentucky Fried Movie is a 1977 American independent anthology sketch black comedy film, produced by Kim Jorgensen, Larry Kostroff, and Robert K. Weiss, and directed by John Landis. Among the numerous star cameos are George Lazenby, Bill Bixby, Henry Gibson, Barry Dennen, Donald Sutherland, Tony Dow, Stephen Bishop, and the voice of Shadoe Stevens. According to writer David Zucker on the DVD commentary track, David Letterman auditioned for the role of the newscaster, but was not selected. The film also features many former members of The Groundlings and The Second City. The "feature presentation" portion of the film stars Evan C. Kim and hapkido grand master Bong Soo Han. The Kentucky Fried Movie marked the first film appearances of a number of actors who later became famous, and launched the careers of the Zucker brothers, Abrahams and Landis.

Landis was recommended to direct National Lampoon's Animal House in 1978 based on his work with The Kentucky Fried Movie.

The film's writers were the team of David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker, who subsequently wrote and directed Airplane!, Top Secret! and the Police Squad! television series and its film spin-offs, The Naked Gun films.

Content
The Kentucky Fried Movie contains largely unconnected sketches that parody various film genres, including exploitation films. The film's longest segment spoofs early kung-fu films, specifically Enter the Dragon; its title, A Fistful of Yen, refers to A Fistful of Dollars. Parodies of disaster films ("That's Armageddon"), blaxploitation films ("Cleopatra Schwartz"), and softcore porn/women-in-prison films ("Catholic High School Girls in Trouble") are presented as "Coming Attraction" trailers. The fictional films are produced by "Samuel L. Bronkowitz" (a conflation of Samuel Bronston and Joseph L. Mankiewicz, but also a spoof of B-movie producer and American International Pictures co-founder Samuel Z. Arkoff). The sketch "See You Next Wednesday" mocks theater-based gimmicks like Sensurround by depicting a dramatic film presented in "Feel-a-Round", which involves an usher physically accosting a theater patron. Other sketches spoof TV commercials and programs, news broadcasts, and classroom educational films. The city of Detroit and its high crime rate are a running gag portraying the city as a hell on Earth; in "A Fistful of Yen", the evil drug lord orders a captured CIA agent to be sent to Detroit, and the agent screams and begs to be killed instead but the villain ignores him and sends him on his way to Michigan.

Cast

 * Marilyn Joi as Cleopatra Schwartz (segment "Cleopatra Schwartz")
 * Saul Kahan as Schwartz (segment "Cleopatra Schwartz")
 * David Zucker as Driver (segment "His New Car") / Technician #2 (segment "Eyewitness News") / Grunwald (segment "Courtroom")
 * Marcy Goldman as Housewife (segment "Household Odors")
 * Dulcie Jordan as Guest #1 (segment "Household Odors")
 * Gracia Lee as Guest #2 (segment "Household Odors")
 * Sheila Rogers as Guest #3 (segment "Household Odors")
 * Joseph G. Medalis as Paul Burmaster (segment "High Adventure") (as Joe Medalis)
 * Barry Dennen as Claude LaMont (segment "High Adventure")
 * Colin Male as Spokesman (segment "Argon") / Voice Overs
 * Ed Griffith as Host (segment "Danger Seekers")
 * Robert Starr as Rex Kramer (segment "Danger Seekers")
 * Richard Gates as Boy (segment "Eyewitness News") (as Rick Gates)
 * Tara Strohmeier as Girl (segment "Eyewitness News") (as Tara Strohmeir)
 * Neil Thompson as Newscaster (segment "Eyewitness News")
 * Jim Abrahams as Technician #1 (segment "Eyewitness News") / Stephen McCroskey - Announcer (segment "Courtroom")
 * Jerry Zucker as Technician #3 (segment "Eyewitness News") / Man (segment "Nytex P.M.") / Beaver (segment "Courtroom") / Hands (segment "Fixative")

Background
David Zucker, Jerry Zucker and Jim Abrahams made the rounds of the Hollywood studios with the concept and were rejected by all of them, being told, "audiences didn't like movies composed of sketches". Since the three believed in their material, which they had honed in front of the audiences with their improvisational troupe "Kentucky Fried Theater," they decided to make the movie on their own.

A wealthy real estate investor offered to finance the film if they would write a script. After completion of the screenplay, the investor had second thoughts and decided he did not want to finance the film alone. He said he would try to attract other investors if the three filmmakers would produce a 10-minute excerpt of the film, which he would finance. When the trio presented a budget of the short film to the investor, he backed out.

Filming
The prospect of shooting the short film so excited the trio that they decided to pay for it themselves. The 10-minute film cost $35,000, and with it they again approached the Hollywood studios. This time, they attached a young director named John Landis to the project, who came to their attention after an appearance on The Tonight Show promoting his first film Schlock. However, once again, the studios turned them down.

Distribution and release
Curious as to how audiences would react to their film, they persuaded exhibitor Kim Jorgensen to show it before one of his regularly scheduled films. When Jorgenson saw the short, he "fell out of his seat laughing." He was so impressed that he offered to raise the money needed to make the full-length version. By having his fellow exhibitors screen the film before audiences in their theaters, he convinced them to put up the $650,000 budget. When released, Kentucky Fried Movie was a box-office success, returning domestic American rentals of $7.1 million.

Home media
Anchor Bay Entertainment released a region 1 DVD in 2000. This release is presented in widescreen (1.85:1) aspect ratio and full-frame (1.33:1). It includes commentary by Landis; writers ZAZ; and producer Robert K. Weiss.

On July 4, 2011, Arrow Video in region 2 released a two-disc special edition DVD with the following special features:
 * Feature presented in widescreen 1.85:1 and full-frame 1.33:1
 * Original mono audio
 * The audio recollections of director Landis; writers ZAZ; and producer Robert K. Weiss
 * A conversation with David and Jerry Zucker: A feature length interview with the co-creators of The Kentucky Fried Movie, Airplane! and The Naked Gun about their lives and career, from growing up and starting out in show business to their comedy influences and spoofing Midnight Cowboy
 * Jerry Zucker's on-set home video shot during the making of the movie
 * Behind-the-scenes photo gallery
 * Original trailer
 * Four-panel reversible sleeve with original and newly commissioned artwork
 * Double-sided fold-out artwork poster
 * Collector's booklet featuring brand new writing on director Landis by critic and author Calum Waddell

On July 2, 2013, Shout! Factory released the film on Blu-ray in a 1.85:1 aspect widescreen transfer. This version includes the original theatrical trailer, Arrow DVD release filmmaker commentary, and Zucker Bros. interview.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 83%, based on reviews from 35 critics. The site's critical consensus reads: "The now obscure pop culture references and spoofed commercials add to Kentucky Fried Movies [sic] anarchic, anything-goes spirit and wit." On Metacritic it has a score of 61% based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

At the time, Variety described the film as having "excellent production values and some genuine wit" but also noted that film was juvenile and tasteless. Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times wrote, "Lots of people will probably like The Kentucky Fried Movie, just as they like Kentucky Fried Chicken and McDonald's hamburgers. But popularity is still no reason for deifying mediocrity." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars out of four and wrote that the best moments were "one-joke gags; its writers can't sustain their humor for longer pieces. So, what you're left with is a half-dozen decent gags, one overlong karate flick, and a few shots of bare breasts thrown in to titillate teenage boys." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "a diverting hit-and-miss satirical anthology." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "As is inevitable in such undertakings there are some sophomoric moments, but on the whole 'Kentucky Fried Movie' is, amazingly enough, almost continually funny in its ribald way."

Writing three decades later in 2008, Ian Nathan of Empire magazine calls the film "occasionally funny"... "in a scattershot and puerile way", and he concludes the film is "smart and satirical, but very dated". J. C. Maçek III of PopMatters wrote, "The Kentucky Fried Movie is, however, profane, experimental, violent, silly, hilarious, and occasionally quite sexually explicit (all of which surely helped its success over the years)."

The film ranks number 87 on Bravo's 100 Funniest Movies list.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Kentucky Fried Movie


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Milnthorpe

Milnthorpe is a village, civil parish, and former market town in Westmorland and Furness, Cumbria, England. It is 7 miles south of Kendal. Historically in the county of Westmorland and on the A6, the village contains several old hostelries and hosts a market every Friday. The parish, which includes the village of Ackenthwaite, had a population of 2,199 according to the 2011 Census.

History
Milnthorpe was granted a market charter in 1334, although this lapsed in the 1920s.

Milnthorpe was part of the township of Heversham-with Milnthorpe, and was in Heversham parish until 1896. The 19th-century Church of St Thomas, which overlooks The Green and The Square, was designed by Kendal architect George Webster.

Milnthorpe became a centre of business and activity because it was originally a port, using the River Bela and estuary (now only navigable to Arnside) and it remains a significant commercial centre for the area.

Economy
Tourism is a major contributor to the local economy. Milnthorpe had coaching inns on the main road north, the modern A6. The village used to be a major traffic bottleneck before the opening of the M6 motorway in 1970, and the A590/A591 Kendal link road a few years later. The congestion at Milnthorpe' cross roads was notoriously amongst the worst in the North West. The village is just outside the Arnside and Silverdale National Landscape (formerly AONB), with the River Bela forming its northern boundary.

The popular children's drink Um Bongo was made in Milnthorpe by Libby's in the 1980s. Milnthorpe is the home of Duralon Combs, a comb manufacturing business over 300 years old. Big Fish Internet Ltd (formerly BF Internet, now trading as BFI) was founded in Milnthorpe in 1996 and is now located 2 miles away in Sandside; it describes itself as the longest-established web design company in the UK.

Milnthorpe market was revived in the 1980s and for some years contributed substantially to the parish council's income through stall rentals. In the 21st century the market has reduced in size, reducing the council's income, but it is still held weekly, with a monthly farmers' market.

Governance
Milnthorpe is in the unitary authority area of Westmorland and Furness, in the ceremonial county of Cumbria. It is in the parliamentary constituency of Westmorland and Lonsdale, held since 2005 by Liberal Democrat Tim Farron.

Milnthorpe has a parish council.

From 1 April 1974 to 1 April 2023, Milnthorpe was in South Lakeland non-metropolitan district.

Community
Milnthorpe has one secondary school, Dallam School, which was graded "Needs improvement" by Ofsted in 2023 and one primary school, Milnthorpe Primary School,  rated by Ofsted as "Good" in 2019. There are three public houses in the village.

Landmarks
The Grade I listed house Dallam Tower, with an estate known for its deer, stands near to the River Bela just south-west of Milnthorpe, although in the parish of Beetham. The grade II listed St Anthony's Tower may be seen on the top of St Anthony's Hill to the north-east of the village centre. There are a total of nine grade II listed buildings or structures in the parish, including a footbridge over the River Bela, built in 1730 as a road bridge.

Just to the north is Levens Hall, famed for its topiary.

People
The former Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2015–2017), Tim Farron (MP for Westmorland and Lonsdale) lives in Milnthorpe.

John Taylor, third president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1880 to 1887, was born in Milnthorpe and lived there until he emigrated to Canada.

title: Milnthorpe


text:
U.S. Route 250

U.S. Route 250 (US 250) is a route of the United States Numbered Highway System, and is a spur of U.S. Route 50. It currently runs for 514 mi from Richmond, Virginia to Sandusky, Ohio. It passes through the states of Virginia, West Virginia, and Ohio. It goes through the cities of Richmond, Charlottesville, Staunton, and Waynesboro, Virginia; and Wheeling, West Virginia. West of Pruntytown, West Virginia, US 250 intersects and forms a short overlap with its parent US 50.

In Virginia and Ohio, the route is signed east–west. In West Virginia, the route is signed north–south.

Ohio
In Ohio, U.S. 250 is an important cross-state corridor linking Sandusky (on Lake Erie) to Bridgeport (on the Ohio River). From a regional/traffic perspective, the route can roughly be divided into five sections linking major regions and routes of the state:
 * US 6 in Sandusky to US 20 at Norwalk
 * US 20 at Norwalk to US 30 at Wooster
 * US 30 at Wooster to I-77 at Strasburg
 * I-77 at New Philadelphia to US 22 at Cadiz
 * US 22 at Cadiz to I-70 at Bridgeport

West Virginia
U.S. 250's northern entrance into West Virginia is via the Military Order of the Purple Heart Bridge from Bridgeport, Ohio onto Wheeling Island. It is briefly co-signed with U.S. Route 40. The route additionally co-signs with Interstate 70 and crosses the Ohio River on the Fort Henry Bridge in Wheeling, West Virginia. U.S. Route 250 then exits I-70 east of the Wheeling Tunnel and joins West Virginia Route 2 one mile (1.6 km) later. In Moundsville, West Virginia, the route leaves WV 2 and departs toward Cameron, Mannington, and Fairmont. It intersects with its parent route, U.S. Route 50, two miles west of Grafton in Pruntytown and continues southward, co-signed with U.S. Route 119 for 12 miles. The route moves through Philippi, and finally through Elkins. U.S. Route 250 intersects with U.S. Route 33 and U.S. Route 219 briefly in Elkins, which is the last major hub before U.S. Route 250 winds its way through the Appalachian Mountains to the Virginia border.

U.S. 250 in West Virginia includes the Philippi Covered Bridge at Philippi, the only covered bridge on the United States Numbered Highway System.

Philippi truck route
U.S. Route 250 Truck follows Blue and Gray Expressway around the south and west sides of downtown Philippi, avoiding the covered bridge.

Virginia
US 250 runs 166.74 mi from the West Virginia state line near Hightown east to its eastern terminus at US 360 in Richmond. US 250 is the main east–west highway of Highland County, which is known as Virginia's Little Switzerland; the highway follows the path of the 19th century Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike. From Staunton east to Richmond, the U.S. Highway serves as the local complement to Interstate 64 (I-64), roughly following the 18th century Three Notch'd Road through Waynesboro and Charlottesville on its way through the Shenandoah Valley, its crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Rockfish Gap, and the Piedmont. In the Richmond metropolitan area, US 250 is known as Broad Street, a major thoroughfare through the city's West End and downtown areas.

Earlier roads, funding conflicts
Between Short Pump and Staunton, U.S. 250 largely follows the routing of the Three Notch'd Road (or the Three Chopt Road), which had been established in the Colony of Virginia between Richmond and the Shenandoah Valley by the 1740s. Most likely, the road followed an ancient Monacan trail from Orapax (east of Richmond) to the western Shenandoah Valley. This well-planned route required only one major river crossing, the Rivanna at Charlottesville, with inns or taverns spaced about 10 mi apart.

The route west of Staunton was built about 100 years later as a toll road, the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike. In the second quarter of the 19th century, it became a major gateway into Virginia's "Trans-Allegheny" region, which presented much greater challenges to transportation than did less rugged portions of the state. In that region, navigable waterways were unavailable and canals impractical. Wheeled vehicles in the form of wagons, and later, motor vehicles needed to pass through with passengers and freight. It became part of the main trade route for salt and other commodities in the early 19th century. As the American Civil War broke out, the route became very important and was defended by Stonewall Jackson's troops at the Battle of McDowell in 1862.

The portion of the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike west of Allegheny Mountain (almost all of it) became part of West Virginia in 1863. Virginia's pre-War debt became a major issue after the American Civil War, as millions of dollars of debt remained for infrastructure improvements, some of which were now located in the new state of West Virginia, including most of the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike. Political divisions in Virginia on this issue resulted in creation of a new major political group in the late 1870s, the Readjuster Party, a coalition of Democrats, Republicans, and African-Americans seeking a reduction in Virginia's prewar debt by allocating an appropriate portion to the new State of West Virginia.

For several decades, Virginia and West Virginia disputed the new state's share of the Virginia government's debt. The issue was finally settled in 1915, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that West Virginia owed Virginia $12,393,929.50. The final installment of this sum was paid off in 1939.

U.S. Highway system, numbering
U.S. Route 250 was created in 1928 and was originally routed from U.S. Route 50 in Grafton, West Virginia north/west to U.S. Route 20 in Norwalk, Ohio. In 1932, the route was expanded north/west to Sandusky, Ohio. In 1934, the route was expanded southward and eastward to Richmond, Virginia.

Major intersections

 * Ohio
 * in Sandusky
 * north-northwest of Milan
 * in Norwalk
 * in Ashland. The highways travel concurrently through Ashland.
 * east of Ashland
 * west-southwest of Wooster. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Wooster.
 * in Wilmot. The highways travel concurrently through Wilmot.
 * south-southeast of Strasburg. The highways travel concurrently to New Philadelphia.
 * in Uhrichsville
 * in Cadiz. The highways travel concurrently through Cadiz.
 * in Bridgeport. The highways travel concurrently to Wheeling, West Virginia.

 * West Virginia
 * on Wheeling Island. The highways travel concurrently to Wheeling.
 * in Wheeling
 * in Fairmont. The highways travel concurrently through Fairmont.
 * in White Hall
 * west-southwest of Prunytown. The highways travel concurrently to Prunytown.
 * north-northwest of Webster. The highways travel concurrently to Philippi.
 * north of Norton. The highways travel concurrently to Elkins.
 * north of Elkins. The highways travel concurrently to Huttonsville.

 * Virginia
 * in Monterey
 * in Staunton. The highways travel concurrently through Staunton.
 * in Staunton
 * in Waynesboro
 * in Waynesboro. The highways travel concurrently through Waynesboro.
 * in Rockfish Gap
 * in Yancey Mills
 * west-northwest of Charlottesville. The highways travel concurrently to Charlottesville.
 * east-southeast of Charlottesville
 * in Zion X-Roads
 * in Gum Spring
 * east-southeast of Short Pump
 * in Dumbarton
 * in Richmond. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Richmond
 * in Richmond
 * in Richmond

title: U.S. Route 250


text:
Talk:Conner McKnight

NPOV - Leader vs. second in command
Since when did the executive producer say that Conner is the leader? If you ask most users at Rangerboard, most will agree that Thomas Oliver is the leader of the team. Andros 1337 01:03, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I have recently removed the leader and second in command claims to help resolve the dispute. This dispute needs more discussion to have the issue completely resolved. Andros 1337 01:55, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Clearing the concept of HYDROPHOBIA
If someone was nice enough to look at the Hydrophobia page, especifically the aquaphobia part, would notice that Conner doesn't fall in the category. Conner just can't swim. Is that so incredible? Not everyone was born with a pool in his yard. So, the guy with the vandal protection, think twice before reverting an edit. I expect an apology, or at least, consideration. 200.104.77.6 06:55, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, it should be noted that "hydrophobia" is NEVER used to refer to "fear of water" in medicine. It is exclusively reserved to refer to the condition referenced as "a late stage of rabies infection." "Fear of water" is ALWAYS "aquaphobia." DrGaellon 02:10, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:WTPT394.jpg
Image:WTPT394.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:31, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dino thunder battle.JPG
Image:Dino thunder battle.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:24, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conner McKnight


text: Talk:Maxis

title: Talk:Maxis


text:
Talk:Ethan James

Editing the article
Why can't I add a person on this article??? Almas Evans Potter (talk) 20:11, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ethan James


text:
Joe Falls

Joseph Francis Falls (May 2, 1928 – August 11, 2004) was an American journalist. He began his career in his native New York City. At the age of 17 in 1945, he took a job as a copyboy for the Associated Press. After an apprenticeship of eight years, Falls moved to the Detroit bureau of the AP.

In Detroit, Falls flourished. He was hired by the Detroit Times in 1956 to cover the Detroit Tigers. He continued on the Tigers' beat with the Detroit Free Press from 1960 to 1978. His final move was to the Detroit News where he was a columnist and eventually sports editor.

During his career, Falls also had weekly columns in both The Sporting News and The Hockey News. It is said many young writers were so taken by his writing they wanted to become sportswriters. He also kept a statistic on Rocky Colavito during his years as a member of the Detroit Tigers. When Colavito stranded a runner, Falls would give him an RNBI (Run Not Batted In). This infuriated Colavito and created a tense relationship between the two for several years.

Falls won several awards during his career. In 2001, he won the J. G. Taylor Spink Award from the Baseball Writers' Association of America. After his retirement in 2003, he was named to the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame.

Falls died of complications from diabetes and heart failure at age 76 in Detroit.

Books

 * "Man in Motion," Joe Falls (School-Tech Press, 1973)
 * "Detroit Tigers," Joe Falls (Macmillan, 1975)
 * "The Boston Marathon," Joe Falls (Collier Books, 1979)
 * "So you think you're a die-hard Tiger fan," Joe Falls (Contemporary Books, 1986)
 * "Daly Life: Every Step a Struggle: Memoirs of a World-Champion Coach," by Chuck Daly with Joe Falls (Masters Press, 1990)
 * "The Detroit Tigers: An Illustrated History," Joe Falls (Random House Value Publishing, 1991)
 * "Steve Yzerman: Heart of a Champion," Joe Falls, Francis J. Fitzgerald (AdCraft Sports Marketing, 1996)
 * "A Legacy of Champions: The Story of the Men Who Built University of Michigan Football," Joe Falls, Bob Wojnowski, John U. Bacon, Angelique S. Chengelis, Francis J. Fitzgerald, Chris McCosky (CTC Productions & Sports, 1996)
 * "Joe Falls: 50 years of sports writing: (and I still can't tell the difference between a slider and a curve)," Joe Falls (Sports Publishing LLC, 1997)
 * "Greatest moments in Detroit Red Wings history," Joe Falls, Jerry Green, Vartan Kupelian (Masters Press, 1997)
 * "So you love Tiger Stadium too (give it a hug)," Joe Falls, Irwin Cohen (Connection Graphics, 1999)

Selected articles

 * "Scribe Draws Up Gold Dust Team of Top Salaried Men," February 1950
 * "For Prince Hal: A Painful Arm, Wonderful Memories" (Hal Newhouser), Associated Press, July 1953
 * "Kid Bobo Wins 200th" (Bobo Newsom), Associated Press, September 1953
 * "Believe Lions 'Greatest Team'" (1954 Detroit Lions), Associated Press, November 1954
 * "Tigertown Wonder-City for Young Bowen: 19-Year-Old Catcher Finds Lakeland Farm Base an Exciting Place" (Jack Bowne), The Sporting News, March 20, 1957
 * "Lary Lived It Up While Downing Yanks: First in 42 Years to Top N.Y. 7 Times; Detroit Moundsman Mystery in Mastery Over Champs; Other Clubs Clobber Him" (Frank Lary), The Sporting News, March 18, 1959
 * "Two Boys from the Bronx: Reminiscing with Rocky Colavito" (Rocky Colavito), Baseball Digest, July 1960
 * "Meet the New Kaline" (Al Kaline), Baseball Digest, April 1961
 * "A Confident Young Tiger" (Steve Boros), Baseball Digest, May 1961
 * "The Loneliest Man in the World," Baseball Digest, June 1961
 * "Tigers Are Armed to the Teeth: Their outfield throwing is rated best in the game" (Al Kaline/Bill Bruton/Rocky Colavito), Baseball Digest, June 1961
 * "Runs Eaten In: Chicken and dumplings sometimes mean hits," Baseball Digest, July 1961
 * "Plane Talk: Players Liven Up 25,000 Miles," Baseball Digest, August 1961
 * "Tigers' Business on a Cash Basis" (Norm Cash), Baseball Digest, August 1961
 * "Spring Training Can Be Like This: It's sun, sand, sweat -- and peril," Baseball Digest, April 1962
 * "Most Difficult Part of Managing: It's blasted part of changing pitchers" (Jimmy Dykes), Baseball Digest, May 1962
 * "How About Orange Sweaters for Scorers?," Baseball Digest, March 1963
 * "What Ten Years in the Majors Have Done to Kaline" (Al Kaline), Baseball Digest, June 1963
 * "Polished Pro at 21" (Bill Freehan), Baseball Digest, July 1963
 * "He's Getting the Williams Treatment" (Dick Stuart), Baseball Digest, March 1964
 * "A Character Out of Character" (Charlie Dressen), Baseball Digest, May 1964
 * "Alice in Tigerland" (Alice Sloane), Baseball Digest, May 1964
 * "Horatio Horton: Tigers' prize rookie had Alger-like rise" (Willie Horton), Baseball Digest, June 1964
 * "One Inning: 17 Runs!" (Steve Gromek), Baseball Digest, June 1964
 * "A Most Forgettable Moment" (Paul Foytack), Baseball Digest, July 1964
 * "Looie Is Queek In Head Too" (Luis Aparicio), Baseball Digest, August 1964
 * "Stepped-On Hand Stepping Stone to Mound for Rakow" (Ed Rakow), Baseball Digest, September 1964
 * "Game's Next Super Star?" (Bill Freehan), Baseball Digest, May 1965
 * "He's Pitched 6,750 Home Run Balls" (Spud Murray), Baseball Digest, June 1965
 * "The One Page in History That Revised Entire Book" (Johnny Sain), Baseball Digest, June 1965
 * "The Wall That Defies All" (Green Monster), Baseball Digest, July 1965
 * "Real Cleanup Men at the Plate: Vinegar and honey help Clete Boyer's bat" (Clete Boyer), Baseball Digest, September 1965
 * "The Two Faces of Joe Peptitone: The Clown -- and the Pro" (Joe Pepitone), Baseball Digest, October 1965
 * "Tilt a Foul Line, Signal from Center, But Cheat? Never!," Baseball Digest, October 1965
 * "46 Years Later -- A Visit with Ed Cicotte" (Ed Cicotte), Baseball Digest, February 1966
 * "Ump GETS This Decision: Ashford 'safe' as first Negro arbiter in majors" (Emmett Ashford), Baseball Digest, July 1966
 * "Pitcher That Set Distance Records: Foytack threw world's longest homers, but was fun" (Paul Foytack), Baseball Digest, August 1966
 * "Yastrzemski Still Ranks No. 1 in the AL" (Carl Yastrzemski), Baseball Digest, February 1969
 * "Tiger Pitchers Were Patsies for Li'l Nel" (Nellie Fox), Baseball Digest, July 1969
 * "Kaline, A Cinch To Be Elected to the Hall of Fame" (Nellie Fox), Baseball Digest, September 1970
 * "Baseball's Greatest Clutch Hitter" (Mickey Mantle), Baseball Digest, August 1974
 * "Remember Rip Sewell and the 'Ephus Ball'?" (Rip Sewell), Baseball Digest, July 1975
 * "Hank Greenberg: The Upper Deck Was His Target" (Hank Greenberg), Baseball Digest, February 1977
 * "What's It Like Inside Major League Dugouts," Baseball Digest, November 1978
 * "The Story of Mickey Mantle's Famous Tape-Measure Homer," Baseball Digest, December 1978
 * "Casey Stengel: He Was One of a Kind!" (Casey Stengel), Baseball Digest, December 1979
 * "Here's a Memory Test for 'Old Time' Fans," Baseball Digest, February 1981
 * "What If ...? Here's a Revised View of Baseball History," Baseball Digest, October 1981
 * "Darrell Evans: The Making of a Home Run Hitter" (Darrell Evans), Baseball Digest, July 1986
 * "'Characters' Have Always Brightened Baseball Scene," Baseball Digest, September 1986
 * "Jack Morris Reflects on His Long, Varied Pitching Career" (Jack Morris), Baseball Digest, June 1994
 * "Hall of Famer Jim Bunning Kept a 'Book' on Batters" (Jim Bunning), Baseball Digest, December 1996
 * "Why I Like Baseball," Baseball Digest, November 2002

title: Joe Falls


text:
Talk:Kira Ford

Please build on this stub. This was shortly a substub, but I fixed it some to make it a stub.

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title: Talk:Kira Ford


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Talk:Bernard Levin

Arachnophobia
Levin said on TV and in one of his columns that he had a fear of spiders; is this noteworthy?

Meltingpot (talk) 09:07, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

Levin and Huffington
I added some stuff about Arianna Huffington, from her article in The Sunday Times 15th of August 2004 (first and second pages of the "News Review" section). Whereas some of the obituaries say her relationship with Levin lasted five years, she says it was from 71 to 80. I erred on the side of putting that in as, well, she'd know better than some guy at The Scotsman :) There she also mentions his having balance problems in 1988, and the name of his long-term partner Liz Anderson comes from The Scotsman. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 00:08, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Tombstone
Could someone find a portrait? It's a bit gloomy coming to this page and being confronted at once with the tombstone! He deserves better than that! Sedgefoot 14:43, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Poverty of family and different background from schoolfellows
An anonymous editor keeps removing the mention of the above, though they are direct quotations from main sources. If the editor concerned has any reliable sources that contradict these statements he/she is welcome to cite them, but must not delete well-cited statements such as the above because he/she happens to dislike them. Persistently doing so amounts to vandalism. Tim riley (talk) 10:47, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi Tim. I apologise for the repeated edits as perhaps I have not been able to make my point clear. I agree that Bernard Levin came from a poor family (as cited) and that he also came from a "very different background" from his fellow school pupils (also cited) but the articles do not link his family's poverty with the observation that his fellow school pupils were from a very different background. I believe the link refers to his Jewish roots and his political philosophy. Given that most of the pupils at Christ's Hospital would have come from a similarly poor background it was not his family's poverty that would have marked his background as being different, on the contrary. It is that suggestion that is unsupported by the articles cited. I reject the premise that you can take two separate statements and then link them to give an alterior meaning than that supported by the original text. I also apologise if this is not the correct way to discuss the reasons for my edits.
 * Oh, very well. It's most irregular, but I think you are probably right, despite a lack of citations for your contention. Be that as it may, I think we can live without the disputed clause. Best wishes. 23:01, 22 November 2011 (UTC) Tim riley (talk) 23:02, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. Community Tech bot (talk) 23:40, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Arianna Huffington May 2014.jpg

title: Talk:Bernard Levin


text:
Vietnamese people

The Vietnamese people (người Việt, lit. ) or the Kinh people (người Kinh), also recognized as the Viet people or the Viets, are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China who speak Vietnamese, the most widely spoken Austroasiatic language.

Vietnamese Kinh people account for just over 85.32% of the population of Vietnam in the 2019 census, and are officially designated and recognized as the Kinh people (người Kinh) to distinguish them from the other minority groups residing in the country such as the Hmong, Cham, or Mường. The Vietnamese are one of the four main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Mường, Thổ, and Chứt people. They are related to the Gin people, a minority ethnic group in China.

Terminology
According to Churchman (2010), all endonyms and exonyms referring to the Vietnamese such as Viet (related to ancient Chinese geographical imagination), Kinh (related to medieval administrative designation), or Keeu and Kæw (derived from Jiāo 交, ancient Chinese toponym for Northern Vietnam, Old Chinese *kraw) by Kra-Dai speaking peoples, are related to political structures or have common origins in ancient Chinese geographical imagination. Most of the time, the Austroasiatic-speaking ancestors of the modern Kinh under one single ruler might have assumed for themselves a similar or identical social self-designation inherent in the modern Vietnamese first-person pronoun ta (us, we, I) to differentiate themselves with other groups. In the older colloquial usage, ta corresponded to "ours" as opposed to "theirs", and during colonial time they were "nước ta" (our country) and "tiếng ta" (our language) in contrast to "nước tây" (western countries) and "tiếng tây" (western languages).

Việt
The term "" (Yue) in Early Middle Chinese was first written using the logograph "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200 BC), and later as "越". At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang. In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue, a term later used for peoples further south. Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people. From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called Minyue, Ouyue (Vietnamese: Âu Việt), Luoyue (Vietnamese: Lạc Việt), etc., collectively called the Baiyue (Bách Việt, ; ). The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC. By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, educated Vietnamese referred to themselves as người Việt 𠊛越 (Viet people) or người Nam 𠊛南 (southern people).

Kinh
Beginning in the 10th and 11th centuries, a strand of Viet-Muong (northern Vietic language) with influence from a hypothetic Chinese dialect in northern Vietnam, dubbed as Annamese Middle Chinese, started to become what is now the Vietnamese language. Its speakers called themselves the "Kinh" people, meaning people of the "metropolitan" centered around the Red River Delta with Hanoi as its capital. Historic and modern chữ Nôm scripture classically uses the Han character '京', pronounced "Jīng" in Mandarin, and "Kinh" with Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation. Other variants of Proto-Viet-Muong were driven from the lowlands by the Kinh and were called Trại (寨 Mandarin: Zhài), or "outpost" people," by the 13th century. These became the modern Mường people. According to Victor Lieberman, người Kinh (Chữ Nôm: 𠊛京) may be a colonial-era term for Vietnamese speakers inserted anachronistically into translations of pre-colonial documents, but literature on 18th century ethnic formation is lacking.

Origins and pre-history
The forerunners of the ethnic Vietnamese descended from a subset of Proto-Austroasiatic people who are believed to have originated around the modern borders of southern China, either around Yunnan, Lingnan, or the Yangtze River, as well as mainland Southeast Asia. These proto-Austroasiatics also diverged into Monic speakers, who settled further to the west, and the Khmeric speakers, who migrated further south. The Munda of northeastern India were another subset of proto-Austroasiatics who likely diverged earlier than the aforementioned groups, given the linguistic distance in basic vocabulary of the languages. Most archaeologists, linguists, and other specialists, such as Sinologists and crop experts, believe that they arrived no later than 2000 BC, bringing with them the practice of riverine agriculture and in particular, the cultivation of wet rice. Some linguists (James Chamberlain, Joachim Schliesinger) have suggested that Vietic-speaking people migrated from the North Central Region of Vietnam to the Red River Delta, which had originally been inhabited by Tai speakers. However, Michael Churchman found no records of population shifts in Jiaozhi (centered around the Red River Delta) in Chinese sources, indicating that a fairly stable population of Austroasiatic speakers, ancestral to modern Vietnamese, inhabited the delta during the Han-Tang periods. Others have proposed that northern Vietnam and southern China were never homogeneous in terms of ethnicity and languages but were populated by people who shared similar customs. These ancient tribes did not have any kind of defined ethnic boundary and could not be described as "Vietnamese" (Kinh) in any satisfactory sense. Attempts to identify ethnic groups in ancient Vietnam are problematic and often inaccurate.

Another theory, based upon linguistic diversity, locates the most probable homeland of the Vietic languages in modern-day Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province in Laos as well as in parts of Nghệ An Province and Quảng Bình Province in Vietnam. In the 1930s, clusters of Vietic-speaking communities discovered in the hills of eastern Laos were believed to be the earliest inhabitants of that region. Archaeogenetics demonstrated that before the Dong Son period, the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from the Phùng Nguyên culture's Mán Bạc burial site (dated 1,800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the Khmer and Mlabri. Meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from the Đông Sơn culture's Núi Nấp site show affinity with "Dai people from China, Tai-Kadai speakers from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the Kinh".

According to the Vietnamese legend The Tale of the Hồng Bàng Clan (Hồng Bàng thị truyện), written in the 15th century, the first Vietnamese were descended from the dragon lord Lạc Long Quân and the fairy Âu Cơ. They married and had one hundred eggs, from which hatched one hundred children. Their eldest son ruled as the Hùng king. The Hùng kings were claimed to be descended from the mythical figure Shen Nong.

Early history and Chinese rule
The earliest reference of the proto-Vietnamese in Chinese annals was the Lạc (Chinese: Luo), Lạc Việt, or the Dongsonian, an ancient tribal confederacy of perhaps polyglot Austroasiatic and Kra-Dai speakers occupied the Red River Delta. The Lạc developed the metallurgical Đông Sơn culture and the Văn Lang chiefdom, ruled by the semi-mythical Hùng kings. To the south of the Dongsonians was the Sa Huỳnh culture of the Austronesian Chamic people. Around 400–200 BC, the Lạc came to contact with the Âu Việt (a splinter group of Tai people) and the Sinitic people from the north. According to a late-third- or early-fourth-century AD Chinese chronicle, the leader of the Âu Việt, Thục Phán, conquered Văn Lang and deposed the last Hùng king. Having submissions of Lạc lords, Thục Phán proclaimed himself King An Dương of Âu Lạc kingdom.

In 179 BC, Zhao Tuo, a Chinese general who has established the Nanyue state in modern-day Southern China, annexed Âu Lạc, and began the Sino-Vietic interaction that lasted in a millennium. In 111 BC, the Han Empire conquered Nanyue, brought the Northern Vietnam region under Han rule.

By the 7th century to 9th century AD, as the Tang Empire ruled over the region, historians such as Henri Maspero proposed that Vietnamese-speaking people became separated from other Vietic groups such as the Mường and Chứt due to heavier Chinese influences on the Vietnamese. Other argue that a Vietic migration from north central Vietnam to the Red River Delta in the seventh century replaced the original Tai-speaking inhabitants. In the mid-9th century, local rebels aided by Nanzhao tore the Tang Chinese rule to nearly collapse. The Tang reconquered the region in 866, causing half of the local rebels to flee into the mountains, which historians believe that was the separation between the Mường and the Vietnamese took at the end of Tang rule in Vietnam. In 938, the Vietnamese leader Ngô Quyền who was a native of Thanh Hóa, led Viet forces defeated the Chinese Southern Han armada at Bạch Đằng River and proclaimed himself king, became the first Viet king of polity that now could be perceived as "Vietnamese".

Medieval and early modern period

Ngô Quyền died in 944 and his kingdom collapsed into chaos and disturbances between twelve warlords and chiefs. In 968, a leader named Đinh Bộ Lĩnh united them and established the Đại Việt (Great Việt) kingdom. With assistance of powerful Buddhist monks, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh chose Hoa Lư in the southern edge of the Red River Delta as the capital instead of Tang-era Đại La, adopted Chinese-style imperial titles, coinage, and ceremonies and tried to preserve the Chinese administrative framework. The independence of Đại Việt, according to Andrew Chittick, allows it "to develop its own distinctive political culture and ethnic consciousness." In 979, Emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng was assassinated, and Queen Dương Vân Nga married with Dinh's general Lê Hoàn, appointed him as Emperor. Disturbances in Đại Việt attracted attention from the neighbouring Chinese Song dynasty and Champa Kingdom, but they were defeated by Lê Hoàn. A Khmer inscription dated 987 records the arrival of Vietnamese merchants (Yuon) in Angkor. Chinese writers Song Hao, Fan Chengda and Zhou Qufei all reported that the inhabitants of Đại Việt "tattooed their foreheads, crossed feet, black teeth, bare feet and blacken clothing." The early 11th-century Cham inscription of Chiên Đàn, My Son, erected by king of Champa Harivarman IV (r. 1074–1080), mentions that he had offered Khmer (Kmīra/Kmir) and Viet (Yvan) prisoners as slaves to various local gods and temples of the citadel of Tralauṅ Svon.

Successive Vietnamese royal families from the Đinh, Early Lê, Lý dynasties and (Hoa)/Chinese ancestry Trần and Hồ dynasties ruled the kingdom peacefully from 968 to 1407. Emperor Lý Thái Tổ (r. 1009–1028) relocated the Vietnamese capital from Hoa Lư to Đại La, the center of the Red River Delta in 1010. They practiced elitist marriage alliances between clans and nobles in the country. Mahayana Buddhism became state religion, Vietnamese music instruments, dancing and religious worshipping were influenced by both Cham, Indian and Chinese styles, while Confucianism slowly gained attention and influence. The earliest surviving corpus and text in the Vietnamese language dated early 12th century, and surviving chữ Nôm script inscriptions dated early 13th century, showcasing enormous influences of Chinese culture among the early Vietnamese elites.

The Mongol Yuan dynasty unsuccessfully invaded Đại Việt in the 1250s and 1280s, though they sacked Hanoi. The Ming dynasty of China conquered Đại Việt in 1406, brought the Vietnamese under Chinese rule for 20 years, before they were driven out by Vietnamese leader Lê Lợi. The fourth grandson of Lê Lợi, Emperor Lê Thánh Tông (r. 1460–1497), is considered one of the greatest monarchs in Vietnamese history. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, education, and fiscal reforms he instituted, and a cultural revolution that replaced the old traditional aristocracy with a generation of literati scholars, adopted Confucianism, and transformed a Đại Việt from a Southeast Asian style polity to a bureaucratic state, and flourished. Thánh Tông's forces, armed with gunpowder weapons, overwhelmed the long-term rival Champa in 1471, then launched an unsuccessful invasion against the Laotian and Lan Na kingdoms in the 1480s.

16th century – Modern period

With the death of Thánh Tông in 1497, the Đại Việt kingdom swiftly declined. Climate extremes, failing crops, regionalism and factionism tore the Vietnamese apart. From 1533 to 1790s, four powerful Vietnamese families – Mạc, Lê, Trịnh and Nguyễn – each ruled on their own domains. In northern Vietnam (Đàng Ngoài–outer realm), the Lê emperors barely sat on the throne while the Trịnh lords held power of the court. The Mạc controlled northeast Vietnam. The Nguyễn lords ruled the southern polity of Đàng Trong (inner realm). Thousands of ethnic Vietnamese migrated south, settled on the old Cham lands. European missionaries and traders from the sixteenth century brought new religion, ideas and crops to the Vietnamese (Annamese). By 1639, there were 82,500 Catholic converts throughout Vietnam. In 1651, Alexandre de Rhodes published a 300-pages catechism in Latin and romanized-Vietnamese (chữ Quốc Ngữ) or the Vietnamese alphabet.

The Vietnamese Fragmentation period ended in 1802 as Emperor Gia Long, who was aided by French mercenaries defeated the Tay Son kingdoms and reunited Vietnam. Through assimilation and brutal subjugation in the 1830s by Minh Mang, a large chunk of indigenous Cham had been assimilated into Vietnamese. By 1847, the Vietnamese state under Emperor Thiệu Trị, people that identified them as "người Việt Nam" accounted for nearly 80 percent of the country's population. This demographic model continues to persist through the French Indochina, Japanese occupation and modern day.

Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina. By 1884, the entire country had come under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of Annam and Tonkin. The three Vietnamese entities were formally integrated into the union of French Indochina in 1887. The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society. A Western-style system of modern education introduced new humanist values into Vietnam. Despite having a long recorded history of the Vietnamese language and people, the identification and distinction of 'ethnic Vietnamese' or ethnic Kinh, as well as other ethnic groups in Vietnam, were only begun by colonial administration in the late 19th and early 20th century. Following colonial government's efforts of ethnic classificating, nationalism, especially ethnonationalism and eugenic social Darwinism were encouraged among the new Vietnamese intelligentsia's discourse. Ethnic tensions sparked by Vietnamese ethnonationalism peaked during the late 1940s at the beginning phase of the First Indochina War (1946–1954), which resulted in violence between Khmer and Vietnamese in the Mekong Delta.

The mid-20th century marked a pivotal turning point with the Vietnam War, a conflict that not only left an indelible impact on the nation but also had far-reaching consequences for the Vietnamese people. The war, which lasted from 1955 to 1975, resulted in significant social, economic, and political upheavals, shaping the modern history of Vietnam and its people. Following the reunification of Vietnam in 1975, the post-war era brought economic hardships and strained social dynamics, prompting resilient efforts at reconstruction, reconciliation, and the implementation of economic reforms such as the Đổi Mới policies in the late 20th century. Later, North Vietnam's Soviet-style social integrational and ethnic classification tried to build an image of diversity under the harmony of socialism, promoting the idea of the Vietnamese nation as a 'great single family' comprised by many different ethnic groups, and Vietnamese ethnic chauvinism was officially discouraged.

Religions
According to the 2019 census, the religious demographics of Vietnam are as follows: It is worth noting here that the data is highly skewed, as a large majority of Vietnamese may declare themselves atheist, yet practice forms of traditional folk religion or Mahayana Buddhism.
 * 86.32% Vietnamese folk religion or non religious
 * 6.1% Catholicism
 * 4.79% Buddhism (mainly Mahayana)
 * 1.02% Hoahaoism
 * 1% Protestantism
 * <1% Caodaism
 * 0.77 Others

Estimates for the year 2010 published by the Pew–Templeton Global Religious Futures Project:

 * Vietnamese folk religion, 45.3%
 * Unaffiliated, 29.6%
 * Buddhism, 16.4%
 * Christianity, 8.2%
 * Other, 0.5%

Genetics
Pischedda et. al (2017) stated that the majority of Vietnamese carried mtDNA haplotypes that clustered in clades M7 (20%) and R9’F (27%), which is common in Southeast Asian populations. The Vietnamese also have high genetic similarities with Laotians, who assimilated the majority of Austronesian maternal lineages. Overall, the Vietnamese can be described as having heavy southern Chinese admixture, originating from Nam tiến expansions, which is superimposed to a minor Thai-Indonesian composite.

Ha et. al (2019) revealed that Kinh Vietnamese cluster closely with Han Chinese and Thai but there is less genetic distance between Kinh and Thai. Whilst the study focused on northern Kinh, they were not significantly dissimilar from other Kinh in Vietnam.

Like other mainland Southeast Asians, Vietnamese people have South Asian admixture (~2%-16%) which arose from Indian cultural influence in the region since the first millennium CE. Low frequencies of West Eurasian Y-haplogroups R1a-M420 and R2-M479 are found in Ede (8.3% and 4.2%) and Giarai (3.7% and 3.7%) peoples. The Cham additionally have haplogroups R-M17 (13.6%) and R-M124 (3.4%).

Diaspora

Originally from northern Vietnam and southern China, the Vietnamese have expanded south and conquered much of the land belonging to the former Champa Kingdom and Khmer Empire over the centuries. They are the dominant ethnic group in most provinces of Vietnam, and constitute a small percentage of the population in neighbouring Cambodia.

Beginning around the sixteenth century, groups of Vietnamese migrated to Cambodia and China for commerce and political purposes. Descendants of Vietnamese migrants in China form the Gin ethnic group in the country and primarily reside in and around Guangxi Province. Vietnamese form the largest ethnic minority group in Cambodia, at 5% of the population. Under the Khmer Rouge, they were heavily persecuted and survivors of the regime largely fled to Vietnam.

During French colonialism, Vietnam was regarded as the most important colony in Asia by the French colonial powers, and the Vietnamese had a higher social standing than other ethnic groups in French Indochina. As a result, educated Vietnamese were often trained to be placed in colonial government positions in the other Asian French colonies of Laos and Cambodia rather than locals of the respective colonies. There was also a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France during this period, primarily consisting of members of the elite class. A large number of Vietnamese also migrated to France as workers, especially during World War I and World War II, when France recruited soldiers and locals of its colonies to help with war efforts in metropolitan France. The wave of migrants to France during World War I formed the first major presence of the Vietnamese in France and the Western world.

When Vietnam gained its independence from France in 1954, a number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government also migrated to France. During the partition of Vietnam into North and South, a number of South Vietnamese students also arrived to study in France, along with individuals involved in commerce for trade with France, which was a principal economic partner with South Vietnam. Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the Vietnamese population in Cambodia from between 250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.

The fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War prompted the start of the Vietnamese diaspora, which saw millions of Vietnamese fleeing the country from the new communist regime. Recognizing an international humanitarian crisis, many countries accepted Vietnamese refugees, primarily the United States, France, Australia and Canada. Meanwhile, under the new communist regime, tens of thousands of Vietnamese were sent to work or study in Eastern Bloc countries of Central and Eastern Europe as development aid to the Vietnamese government and for migrants to acquire skills that were to be brought home to help with development. However, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a vast majority of these overseas Vietnamese decided to remain in their host nations.

Books

Journal articles and theses

Web sources

title: Vietnamese people


text:
Talk:Tendai

1
I deleted the Tendai-Sangha-America Website as the site is dead.

I deleted the link to the Blue Lotus Assembly as per their own website: "Blue Lotus Assembly is a distinctly American order, operating under its own authority, autonomous and self-directing in its organization and charter, but members enjoy a connection to long-established Japanese and Tibetan “esoteric mountain practice” root precedents."

Given that this assembly is a "distinctly American Order" and has no ties to Tendai buddhism other than this connection to long-established Tibetan and Japanese roots I have removed it from the external links leaving only those links to verifiable Tendai priests/websites. Additionally, this site is not listed under Tibetan Buddhism as an external link so I am unsure as to how it is fitting to list it here.

I have added the link to www.buddhadendo.org as it is also a verifiable Tendai Priest/group in California.

I'm adding the link to Blue Lotus Assembly, as Stephen Hayes is a verifiable Tendai Priest, and the Blue Lotus Assembly is teaching authentic Tendai practices. While it might not be affiliated with Hieizan... frankly, neither is Buddhadendo, so I think this is probably okay. Jikaku 01:48, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Jikaku. You make this claim regarding Stephen Hayes but cite no references for his "verifable" status. Is he registered on Mt. Hiei? Where did he complete priest training? Wikipedia states that claims from the personal websites of individuals can not be used. Please provide "verifiability" for your statements as per Wikipedia:

"Verifiable" in this context means that any reader should be able to check that material added to Wikipedia has already been published by a reliable source. Gonshin

When it comes to biographical information regarding a living person, the "must be published somewhere else" doesn't apply - but verifiability can be had in other methods. For example, on the Stephen K. Hayes wiki entry (and in multiple other sources) Tendai Priest Rev. Dr. Clark Jikai Choffey is listed as having ordained him. Rev. Jikai is still alive, and easily contacted for verification. I think that having more links to expressions of Tendai here in North America is important to help give a broad picture of what it is, and what it becomes as it makes the West its home is important. This encyclopedia isn't the place for denominational "squabbles" or attempts to corner the market on "legitimacy." Hayes was ordained as a Tendai priest, trained in the Tendai practices, and is passing on Tendai teachings and practices - which, in my mind, qualifies the Blue Lotus Assembly group as an important source for further reasearch here.

Perhaps the solution here is to find some wording that explains that this Blue Lotus org is founded by a Tendai priest, uses Tendai teachings, passes on the Tendai tokudo ordinations and initiations, but like Tendai-Lotus, and Buddhadendo, is an independent organization (as opposed to a mission-branch of a Temple in Japan, like the New York Betsuin)? Jikaku 14:25, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

2
The Lotus Sutra is not preached by Vairocana. This is a really basic error that needs correcting. M

I've replaced the Blue Lotus Assembly link. You actually have to *read* the website in order to find the Tendai school references. - Jikaku

I have also deleted the link to the Blue Lotus Assembly. From the information on the website, this schools is not a Tendai school. No where on the site does it mention Tendai.

I have deleted the link to the Tendai Sangha of America because it now only redirects to either the www.tendai-lotus.org site or the Blue Lotus site

3
ennybody wanna add a "Teachings" section to this? Any ignorant attempt by me to distinguish tendai from the other 'leventy-seven sects would no doubt offend someone... :-)
 * Well, the teachings of the Tendai sect are essentially identical to those of the Tientai- I'd suggest that the best course of action is to focus efforts on expanding the Tientai article, and use the Tendai article only to illustrate areas where practice and teaching in Japan varied significantly from what was done in China. Unfortunately, I've already reached the end of my half-remembered knowledge from a Chinese Buddhist History class taken three or four years ago. . . --Clay Collier 10:40, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

also tendai is a Zimbabwean word meaning thank you and also there is a girl named Tendai Lewis very beautiful and educated

Vajrayana
Can someone explain to me why Tendai is listed here as Mahayana instead of Vajrayana? Every exposure to Tendai which I have had speaks of enlightenment in this lifetime as possible. Doesn't this fall under the "Diamond Thunderbolt" ideals, thus making it a Vajrayanic path? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.168.218.28 (talk) 17:02, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, that idea is not unique to the Vajrayana or Mikkyo at all - it's fairly standard Mahayana doctrine.Jikaku 14:43, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In the Indian context at least, the Mahayana tradition proposes that Buddhahood is a long process taking many kalpas. Furthermore, I've seen Tendai teachers present Tendai explicitly as a Vajrayana path. The use of mantra and mudras would seem to support that assertion. Sylvain1972 20:03, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Somehow I don't buy it either. Yes, Tendai does have an esoteric element in there, but if you look at Tendai overall, that esoteric element is subsumed by the Lotus Sutra, which is a Mahayana, not Vajrayana text. In Tendai, the Lotus Sutra is supreme, and all practices are directed toward realization of the Lotus Sutra's truths. Contrast this with Shingon, which is explicitly esoteric, and it's central texts, the Mahavairocana Sutra and Vajrasekhara Sutra, are esoteric-only doctrines. Tendai has esoteric (Mikkyo) elements, but is not a true esoteric school. So, it's Mahayana, not Vajrayana.

Japanese Buddhism does make this confusing because nearly every sect has picked up an esoteric practice or two (just look at Nichiren Gohonzon, or the Jodo Shinshu teaching about Amida-as-Dharmakaya), but they're clearly grounded in Mahayana not Vajrayana teachings. --Ph0kin (talk) 19:55, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

this page's introduction is subpar
the introduction to this page seems to really miss the whole idea of summarizing the important points on this page type idea. change it?--makeswell 20:01, 21 June 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Makeswell (talk • contribs)

Annen
Annen was not a successor to Enchin. He never had any real official position in the Tendai sect. He was quite important. His many writings helped broaden the esoteric teachings at Hiezan.

Expanded Section
I think that a section should be added about influential priests that came from Hiezan to influence Japanese Buddhism, such as Nichiren, Shinran, Dogen, and Eisai.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:48, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tendai


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U.S. Route 550

U.S. Route 550 (US 550) is a spur of U.S. Highway 50 that runs from Bernalillo, New Mexico to Montrose, Colorado in the western United States. The section from Silverton to Ouray is frequently called the Million Dollar Highway. It is one of the roads on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.

New Mexico
U.S. 550 begins just north of Albuquerque at Bernalillo and passes through the towns of San Ysidro, Cuba, Bloomfield, and Aztec. Except for sections passing through the above listed towns, U.S. 550 in New Mexico has been widened to four lanes, offering a faster (70 mph) connection for Farmington, New Mexico and Durango, Colorado to Albuquerque and Santa Fe.

Colorado
Most of U.S. 550 in Colorado is two-lane mountainous highway. It is one of only two north–south U.S. Highways in Colorado which runs west of the Continental Divide. (The other route is US 491.) The route travels north through the San Juan Mountains. The Million Dollar Highway stretches for about 25 mi in western Colorado and follows the route of U.S. 550 between Silverton and Ouray, Colorado. It is part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway. Between Durango and Silverton the Skyway loosely parallels the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad.

Although the entire stretch has been called the Million Dollar Highway, it is actually just the twelve miles (19 km) south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass which gives the highway its name. This stretch through the gorge is challenging and potentially hazardous to drive; it is characterized by steep cliffs, narrow lanes, and a lack of guardrails; the ascent of Red Mountain Pass is marked with a number of hairpin curves used to gain elevation, narrow lanes for traffic—many cut directly into the sides of mountains. During this ascent, the remains of the Idarado Mine are visible. Travel north from Silverton to Ouray allows drivers to hug the inside of curves; travel south from Ouray to Silverton perches drivers on the vertiginous outside edge of the highway. Large RVs travel in both directions, which adds a degree of challenge to people in cars. The road is kept open year-round. Summer temperatures can range from highs between 70-90 F at the ends of the highway to 50-70 F in the mountain passes. The snow season starts in October, and snow will often close the road in winter. Chains may be required to drive.

North of Durango, the highway passes by Trimble Springs, hot springs that have been open for visitors since the late 19th century. The highway runs north along the Animas River, under the Hermosa Cliffs. It enters the San Juan National Forest and goes past Haviland Lake and Electra Lake. Drivers pass by Engineer Mountain and Twilight Peak before crossing Coal Bank Pass. Next is Molas Pass, which offers a panoramic view of Molas Lake, the Animas River Gorge, and Snowdon Peak. Northbound travelers then pass through the town of Silverton, elevation 9,320 feet (2841 m), surrounded by 13,000 foot (4000 m) peaks Sultan Mountain, Kendall Mountain, and Storm Peak.

The highway leaves Silverton and proceeds up Mineral Creek Valley before ascending to Red Mountain Pass. The ruins of the Longfellow Mine are visible along the way. The highway then goes through a series of steep grades and hairpin turns before reaching Lookout Point, which offers a view of the town of Ouray.

This section of the route passes over three mountain passes:
 * Coal Bank Pass, elevation 10640 ft.
 * Molas Pass, elevation 10970 ft.
 * Red Mountain Pass, elevation 11018 ft.

The origin of the name Million Dollar Highway is disputed. There are several legends, though, including that it cost a million dollars a mile to build in the 1920s, and that its fill dirt contains a million dollars in gold ore.

There are seventy named avalanche paths that intersect Highway 550 in the 23 mi between Ouray and Silverton, Colorado.

U.S. 550 ends at the corner of Townsend Avenue and San Juan Avenue in Montrose, Colorado at the junction of its parent route U.S. Highway 50.

History
The original portion of the Million Dollar Highway was a toll road built by Otto Mears in 1883 to connect Ouray and Ironton. Another toll road was built over Red Mountain Pass from Ironton to Silverton. In the late 1880s Otto Mears turned to building railroads and built the Silverton Railroad north from Silverton over Red Mountain Pass to reach the lucrative mining districts around Red Mountain, terminating at Albany just eight miles (13 km) south of Ouray. The remaining eight miles (13 km) were considered too difficult and steep for a railroad. At one point a cog railroad was proposed, but it never made it beyond the planning stage.

In the early 1920s, the original toll road was rebuilt at considerable cost and became the present day US 550. The Million Dollar Highway was completed in 1924. Today the entire route is part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway.

US 550 was part of the original 1926 federal highway system. The original highway extended 110 miles (177 km) from Montrose, Colorado at U.S. Highway 50 to U.S. Highway 450 (now U.S. Highway 160) at Durango, Colorado. In 1934, Highway 550 was extended through Farmington to Shiprock, New Mexico. In 1989, the western end of US 550 was replaced with US 64 between Farmington and Shiprock. In 2000, US 550 was extended further south from Aztec to Bernalillo to replace the newly widened NM 44 and NM 544, at which time all of US 550 in New Mexico was four lanes.

In 2009 US 50 was re-routed onto the San Juan Avenue bypass to avoid downtown Montrose. As a result, U.S. 550 was extended approximately one mile northwest to intersect with the new U.S. 50 alignment.

Related routes

 * U.S. Route 50
 * U.S. Route 150
 * U.S. Route 250
 * U.S. Route 350
 * U.S. Route 450
 * U.S. Route 650

title: U.S. Route 550


text:
U.S. Route 158

U.S. Route 158 (US 158) is an east–west United States highway that runs for 350 mi from Mocksville to Whalebone Junction in Nags Head, entirely in the state of North Carolina. It is also a critical route that connects the cities of Winston-Salem, Summerfield, and Reidsville with one another.

Route description
US 158 is a parallel of U.S. Route 58 (which runs generally through southern Virginia). The route does not intersect its parent, instead intersecting its sibling, US 258. It currently runs for 350 mi from Mocksville, at US 64/US 601 to Whalebone Junction in the town of Nags Head. A 10 mi stretch skirts the Great Dismal Swamp.

In Mocksville, it begins and heads north of the US 64/US 601 junction, through the downtown area. Out of town, it turns northeasterly, following in parallel to Interstate 40 (I-40) to Winston-Salem. In the city, the route uses the name Stratford Road which is an arterial thoroughfare which enters into a busy commercial district passing by Hanes Mall and it passes two folded diamond junctions with Interstate 40 and the expressway Silas Creek Parkway (NC 67). US 158 leaves the road to merge with the freeway Salem Parkway (US 421) for a short concurrency through the downtown area. Just east of town, it leaves US 421 and turns roughly north, closely paralleling nearby US 311, heading into Walkertown where both routes intersect with the future Interstate 74, which is currently designated as NC 74, and NC 66. Here, Motorists can use both NC 66 and NC 74 to connect between US 158 and US 311 within town. It then passes through Belews Creek, taking on a northeasterly path and effectively bypassing the Kernersville area, and passes thru Stokesdale where it meets two more NC Highways, NC 65, and NC 68. Shortly after, it passes through the north part of Summerfield, intersecting Interstate 73 (which carries U.S. Route 220 along it). It then leads further east to Reidsville, where it links to US 29 Business. From Reidsville, US 158 connects the northern counties of North Carolina, going through the cities and towns of Yanceyville, Roxboro, Oxford, Henderson, Roanoke Rapids, Murfreesboro, and Elizabeth City.

From North Carolina Highway 168 (NC 168) eastward, it carries traffic from the Norfolk region to the Outer Banks. Normally, the route is a four-lane undivided highway with a speed limit of 50 mph in Dare County, from its eastern terminus to the Wright Memorial Bridge. Most of the route is otherwise a four-lane divided highway with a 55 mph speed limit until NC 168 (which carries traffic to Chesapeake, Virginia), where it turns left at an at-grade intersection. It then returns to being undivided.

In Dare County, the highway runs in a north–south direction, although it is signed west–east. It acts as a bypass route for the Virginia Dare Trail (NC 12), which runs parallel to US 158 to the east. For the entire length of the Outer Banks, US 158 is known as Croatan Highway.

History
US 158 was established in 1932, as a concurrency with NC 48 from Mocksville to Murfreesboro and NC 12, from Murfreesboro to Virginia state line. US 158 also replaced US 117 routing between Murfreesboro to Franklin, Virginia. In 1934, NC 48 and NC 12 were removed from its routing. In 1937 or 1938, US 158's western terminus moved from Depot Street to Main Street in Mocksville. In 1941, US 158 swapped routes with NC 65 between Stokesdale and Reidsville. Also in the same year, US 158 was rerouted east at Murfreesboro, replacing NC 30 to Camden and NC 34 crossing the Croatan Sound and ending at NC 345, near Manteo; its old alignment north of Murfreesboro became part of US 258. Between 1945-1949, US 158's western terminus moved to its current location at Main and Lexington Streets, in Mocksville; also in same time period, US 158 was moved onto new routing through Roxboro; its old alignment along Main Street became US 501A. In 1946, US 158 bypassed north of Gatesville, with its old alignment became US 158A.

Around 1951, US 158 was removed from Roanoke Island and was truncated at its current eastern terminus at Whalebone Junction, on Bodie Island; its former routing was replaced by US 64/US 264. In 1951, US 158 was placed on new bypass north of Henderson, leaving behind US 158A along its old alignment. Around 1954, US 158 was placed on one-way streets in downtown Winston-Salem: westbound via Clover Dale Street, Glade Street and fifth street; eastbound via first and fourth streets. In 1955, US 158 was bypassed north of Warrenton, leaving behind US 158A along its former alignment.

In 1959, US 158 was moved onto new expressway between Stratford to Marshall and Cherry Streets, in Winston-Salem. In 1960, US 158 was moved onto its current routing in Bodie Island, leaving behind US 158 Business.

By 1962, US 158 had completed its transition onto the freeway in Winston-Salem, leaving behind US 158 Business. Between 1963-1967, US 158 was routed onto one-way streets in Weldon. In 1968, US 158 was rerouted in Elizabeth City.

In 1971, US 158 was placed onto the Yanceyville bypass; its old routing through the downtown area was partly replaced by NC 62, with Main Street downgraded to secondary road. In 1973, US 13/US 158 was placed on new western bypass of Winton, its old alignment became part of NC 45. In 1979, US 158 was placed on bypass north of Reidsville, via US 29 Bus. and NC 14; its old alignment became mostly secondary roads, with just part remaining as NC 87. In 1984, US 17/US 158 was rerouted again in Elizabeth City. In 1995, US 158 was rerouted onto new bypass south of Murfreesboro, leaving behind US 158 Business.

In May 2016, NCDOT's applied to AASHTO to change US 158's route in the Reidsville area. Instead of following Bus. US 29 and NC 87 north to NC 14 and then South-east on NC 14 to US 29, the route would bypass the City by taking US 158 south along Bus. US 29/NC 87 to where they split and then following NC 87 South to US 29. US 158 would then run concurrent with US 29 to the NC 14 exit where it would resume its old alignment. AASHTO approved the change on May 24 at the meeting of the Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering in Waterloo, Iowa. NCDOT passed its ordinance approving the change on March 5, 2018.

U.S. Route 117
U.S. Route 117 (US 117) was established in 1926 to run for 159 mi from Norlina, through the towns of Warrenton, Roanoke Rapids, and Murfreesboro; from there it went north into Virginia through Franklin, Suffolk, Portsmouth, and Norfolk to Virginia Beach. It was cut back to Franklin in 1931 or 1932, being replaced by US 58 east of there, and soon afterwards the remainder was renumbered US 158.

Winston-Salem business loop
U.S. Route 158 Business, was established in 1962 as a renumbering of mainline US 158 in downtown Winston-Salem. The business loop traversed on one-way streets: eastbound used Cherry Street, 4th Street, and Dunleith Street; westbound used Marshall Street and 5th Street. In 1970, it was decommissioned.

Oxford alternate route
U.S. Route 158 Alternate (US 158A), was established in 1954 as a partial bypass of Oxford. As an alternate spur route, it did not reconnect with US 158, instead going southwest to US 15. In 1971, US 158A was eliminated when Interstate 85 was built over it.

Oxford business loop
U.S. Route 158 Business, established in 1994, is a 4.2 mi business loop that followed the original US 158 route through downtown Oxford, via Roxboro Road, College Street, and Williamsboro Street.

Henderson alternate route
U.S. Route 158 Alternate (US 158A), was established in 1951, when mainline US 158 bypassed north of Henderson. US 158A followed the original route through downtown Henderson until 1960, when it was renumbered to US 158 Business.

Henderson business loop
U.S. Route 158 Business, established in 1960, is a 8.5 mi business loop through downtown Henderson, via Oxford Road, Dabney Drive, and Garnett Street.

Warrenton alternate route
U.S. Route 158 Alternate (US 158A), was established in 1950, when mainline US 158 bypassed north of Gatesville. US 158A followed the original route through downtown Warrenton until 1960, when it was renumbered to US 158 Business.

Warrenton business loop
U.S. Route 158 Business, established in 1960, is a 7.5 mi business loop through downtown Warrenton.

Murfreesboro business loop
U.S. Route 158 Business, established in 1996, is a 4.4 mi business loop that followed the original US 158 route through downtown Murfreesboro, via Main Street.

Gatesville alternate route
U.S. Route 158 Alternate (US 158A), was established in 1948, two years after mainline US 158 bypassed north of Gatesville. It followed the original route through downtown Gatesville. In 1960, it was renumbered to US 158 Business.

Gatesville business loop
U.S. Route 158 Business, established in 1960, is a 4.9 mi business loop through downtown Gatesville.

Kill Devil Hills business loop
U.S. Route 158 Business, was established in 1960 as a renumbering of mainline US 158 on Bodie Island. In 1988, US 158 Business was decommissioned, replaced by a northern extension of NC 12.

title: U.S. Route 158


text:
Valeri Bure

Valeri Vladimirovich "Val" Bure (Валерий Владимирович Буре; born June 13, 1974) is a Russian-American former ice hockey right winger. He played ten seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, Calgary Flames, Florida Panthers, St. Louis Blues, and Dallas Stars from 1995 to 2004. A second round selection of the Canadiens, 33rd overall, at the 1992 NHL Entry Draft, Bure appeared in one NHL All-Star Game, in 2000. He led the Flames in scoring with 35 goals and 75 points in 1999–2000, a season in which he and brother Pavel combined to set an NHL record for goals by a pair of siblings with 93.

Bure left his home in the Soviet Union in 1991 to play junior hockey in the Western Hockey League (WHL) for the Spokane Chiefs. A two-time WHL all-star, he was the first Russian player in the league's history. Internationally, he represented Russia on numerous occasions. He was a member of the bronze medal-winning squad at the 1994 World Junior Championship and was a two-time medalist at the Winter Olympics. Bure and the Russians won the silver medal in 1998 and bronze in 2002.

Back and hip injuries led to Bure's retirement from hockey in 2005. He now operates Bure Family Wines in St. Helena, California with his wife, actress Candace Cameron Bure, to whom he has been married since 1996.

Early life
Valeri Bure was born June 13, 1974, in Moscow, Soviet Union. He is the younger son of Vladimir and Tatiana Bure. Vladimir, whose family originated from Furna, Switzerland, was an Olympic swimmer who won four medals for the Soviet Union at three Olympic Games between 1968 and 1976. Bure's family had a noble history: his ancestors made precious watches for Russian tsars from 1815 to 1917 and as craftsmen of the imperial family, were granted noble status.

Bure was around nine years old when his parents separated. In 1991, he joined his father and brother, Pavel, in moving to North America as his elder sibling embarked on a National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Vancouver Canucks. His mother arrived two months later. They settled initially in Los Angeles where Vladimir continued to train and coach both Valeri and Pavel in hockey and physical conditioning. However, by 1998 both became estranged from their father, along with his second wife and their half-sister, Katya. Neither brother has given a reason for the split.

Junior
Bure played three games during the 1990–91 season with HC CSKA Moscow of the Soviet Championship League prior to leaving the Soviet Union. As a 17-year-old, Bure was eligible to play junior hockey upon his arrival in North America, and joined the Spokane Chiefs of the Western Hockey League (WHL). In doing so, he became the first Russian player in the league's history. He joined the team one year before the Canadian Hockey League, of which the WHL is a member, instituted an import draft.

Bure recorded 49 points in 53 games in 1991–92 for the Chiefs, his first season in the WHL. The Montreal Canadiens selected him with their second round pick, 33rd overall, at the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. The NHL Central Scouting Bureau praised Bure as being a good skater. In its assessment, the Bureau added: "very smart around the net; good passer, playmaker. Good shot, quick release. Will take a hit to make the play. Good competitor." He returned to Spokane for the 1992–93 season where Bure led his team and finished second overall in WHL scoring with 147 points. His 68 goals that season remains a Chiefs' franchise record. He was named to the WHL's West Division First All-Star Team. Bure attended Montreal's training camp prior to the 1993–94 season, but was again returned to his junior team. He recorded 102 points in his final season in the WHL and was named to the Second All-Star Team. In three seasons with Spokane, Bure recorded 298 points and stands fourth on the Chiefs' all-time scoring list.

Montreal Canadiens
Upon turning professional in 1994–95, Bure spent the majority of the season with Montreal's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Fredericton Canadiens. He had 23 goals and 48 points in 45 games for the club. Bure earned a recall to Montreal late in the season and made his NHL debut on February 28, 1995, against the New York Islanders. His first goal came two weeks later, on March 15, against goaltender Wendell Young of the Pittsburgh Penguins. In 24 games with Montreal, Bure scored 3 goals and added an assist. Playing in his brother's shadow – Pavel had become a superstar in Vancouver – Valeri struggled to live up to the expectations placed on him. He scored 22 goals and 42 points in his first full season in Montreal, 1995–96, but scored only 14 goals the following season. He battled injuries that season; two concussions and a kidney injury limited him to 64 games, 13 fewer than the previous season.

At five feet, ten inches (178 cm) tall, Bure was a smaller player in the NHL. His linemates Saku Koivu (five foot ten) and Oleg Petrov (five foot nine) were similarly diminutive, and the trio were known in Montreal as the "Smurf line". After playing 50 games for the Canadiens in 1997–98, Bure was traded. He was sent to the Calgary Flames in a February 1, 1998, deal in exchange for Jonas Höglund and Zarley Zalapski. The deal was welcomed by Bure, who appreciated both the ability to play closer to his family on the west coast as well as increased opportunity by joining a young Flames team. He recorded his first career hat trick in one of his first games in Calgary, against the Edmonton Oilers. Bure appeared in 16 games with the Flames that season and scored 38 points in 66 games combined between Montreal and Calgary.

Calgary Flames
Bure's offensive ability emerged in Calgary as he became one of the team's leading scorers. His totals of 26 goals and 53 points in 1998–99 were both third best on the team; at one point of the season, Bure scored the game-winning goal in four consecutive victories for Calgary. The departure of Flames' star Theoren Fleury added pressure on Bure to be an offensive leader in 1999–2000, and he responded to become one of the NHL's early scoring leaders. He used his speed and skating ability to good effect and was eighth in league scoring by mid-December. Bure was named to the World team at the 2000 All-Star Game where he played on a line with his brother. Pavel was named most valuable player of the game by scoring three goals, two of them assisted by Valeri, in a 9–4 victory over North America. Bure completed the season as the Flames leader in goals (35) and points (75, 14th overall in the NHL) and was the only player on the team to appear in all 82 games. Pavel Bure scored 58 goals for the Florida Panthers, and the brothers' combined total of 93 goals set an NHL record for a set of siblings.

Though his offensive production declined in 2000–01, Bure's 27 goals was second on the team to Jarome Iginla's 31 and he finished third with 55 points. He became embroiled in a power struggle with his coaches, first Don Hay who was dismissed mid-season, and then Greg Gilbert, as both wanted him play a more defensive-minded game. Bure struggled to adapt and at one point was held out of the Flames lineup by Gilbert in response. Bure was rumoured to have asked for a trade out of Calgary, and the Florida Panthers (who had acquired Pavel), Buffalo Sabres and New York Rangers were among the teams who showed interest in his services. On June 24, 2001, the Flames traded Bure, along with Jason Wiemer to the Panthers for Rob Niedermayer and a second round draft pick.

Florida, St. Louis and Dallas
As his contract had expired, Bure was a restricted free agent. Initially unable to come to an agreement with the Panthers on salary, Bure did not sign until late September. The delay resulted in his being a brief hold-out from Florida's training camp in advance of the 2001–02 season. Injury interrupted the start of Bure's Panthers career as a knee ailment that began bothering him before the season worsened as he played the first games of the campaign. Tests revealed damage to his right knee that required arthroscopic surgery to repair; Bure missed 37 games while recovering. A second knee injury ended Bure's season in mid-March as the Panthers had fallen out of playoff contention. His brother had already been traded by that point, and the Panthers were also making Valeri available in potential deals. He appeared in only 31 games and recorded 18 points.

Bure remained with the Panthers as the 2002–03 season began, but his year was marked by an offensive slump. He was also hampered by a hairline fracture to his wrist after Keith Primeau slashed him during an early December game against the Philadelphia Flyers. With only 5 goals and 26 points in 46 games for Florida, Bure was traded on March 11, 2003, to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for defenceman Mike Van Ryn. Another knee injury, this time a sprained ligament, kept Bure out of the Blues lineup for much of the remainder of the season. He recorded two assists each in five regular season and six post-season games for St. Louis. After the season, the Blues placed Bure on waivers, and he returned to Florida upon being claimed by the Panthers.

Free of injury for the first time in two seasons, Bure was one of the Panthers' offensive leaders in 2003–04. He reached 20 goals for the fifth time in his NHL career, and as the season's trade deadline approached, was Florida's leading scorer with 45 points. However, as the Panthers were out of playoff contention, they traded Bure to the Dallas Stars on March 9, 2004, in exchange for Drew Bagnall and a draft pick. Bure was placed on the Stars' top line with Mike Modano and Jere Lehtinen, and he recorded 7 points in 13 games to conclude the regular season. Bure added three assists in five playoff games.

An unrestricted free agent following the 2004 playoffs, Bure did not play anywhere in 2004–05 as the entire NHL season was canceled due to a labour dispute. He signed a one-year contract with the Los Angeles Kings for the 2005–06 season when the league resumed operations. He never played a regular season game for the Kings. A back injury suffered during the pre-season, initially just described as "soreness", kept him out of the regular lineup. The injury ultimately required surgery, and a second surgery on his hip caused Bure to miss the entire season. At the age of 31, he opted to retire following the surgeries.

International

Bure made his debut internationally with the Russian national junior team at the 1994 World Junior Championship. He was the leading scorer of the bronze medal-winning Russians with eight points in six games and was named to the tournament's All-Star Team. That same year, Bure first played with the senior team as he scored three goals in six contests at the 1994 World Championship in a fifth-place effort.

After appearing in one game at the inaugural World Cup of Hockey in 1996, Bure played in his first of two Olympic Games in 1998. The tournament marked the first time he played with his brother Pavel since they were briefly teammates with CSKA Moscow in 1991. Valeri scored one goal in the tournament, and Russia advanced to the gold medal game. They settled for the silver medal after being shut out by Dominik Hašek and the Czech Republic. Bure returned for the 2002 Salt Lake Games. He scored a goal in the tournament as Russia won the bronze medal. Russia invited him to play at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey, but as he was without an NHL contract at the time, Bure declined to play due to a lack of proper insurance in the event of injury.

Personal life
Bure married actress Candace Cameron on June 22, 1996. They were introduced by Cameron's Full House castmate Dave Coulier at a charity hockey game in 1994. The couple has three children: daughter Natasha (b. 1998) and sons Lev (b. 2000) and Maksim (b. 2002). Bure became an American citizen in December 2001. Bure cited his family as the reason he retired from hockey in 2005. He felt he could return from his surgeries, but wanted to spend time with his children and allow his wife to return to acting. Bure and his family are Christians.

Both Valeri and his older brother Pavel became estranged from their father Vladimir Bure, along with his second wife, Julia, and their half-sister Katya, by 1998. Neither brother has explained a reason for the split.

In 2007, Bure and his wife opened a Florida restaurant called The Milk and Honey Café, but closed the business when the family moved to California. They operate a Napa Valley winery, Bure Family Wines. Bure developed an interest in wine early in his NHL career that he described as growing into a passion: "I fell in love with the behind-the-scenes work and being able to start from the vineyard and put it into a bottle. It's an amazing process." Bure modified the Russian imperial seal his great-grandfather stamped on his watches to use as his company's label.

Bure returned to the ice in 2010 as a contestant on the second season of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's figure skating reality show Battle of the Blades. The series was a competition that paired a former professional hockey player with a figure skater. Bure's partner was Ekaterina Gordeeva. The pair won the competition and shared a $100,000 prize donated to charities of their choice. Bure's donation was made to Compassion Canada.

title: Valeri Bure


text: User talk:81.223.242.19

title: User talk:81.223.242.19


text:
Turk's head knot

A Turk's head knot, sometimes known as a sailor's knot, is a decorative knot with a variable number of interwoven strands forming a closed loop. The name refers to a general family of knots, not an individual knot. While this knot is typically made around a cylinder, it can also be formed into a flat, mat-like shape. Some variants can be arranged into a roughly spherical shape, akin to a monkey's fist knot.

This knot is primarily used for tightening up underlying material to overlay as a tubular covering knot, prevent slipping, and add a decorative element. A notable practical use for the Turk's head is to mark the "king spoke" of a ship's wheel (the spoke that is upright when the rudder is in a central position). The knot takes its name from its resemblance to a turban (sarık), though a turban is wound rather than interwoven.

Leads and bights

Different types of Turk's head knots are classified according to the number of leads and bights, as well as the method of construction. The number of bights is the number of crossings around the circumference of the cylinder. The number of leads refers to the number of strands around the circumference of the cylinder, before doubling, tripling, etc. Depending on the number of leads and bights, a Turk's head may be tied using a single strand or multiple strands. Mathematically, the number of strands is the greatest common divisor of the number of leads and the number of bights. The knot may be tied with a single strand if and only if the two numbers are co-prime. For example, 3 lead × 5 bights (3×5), or 5 lead × 7 bights (5×7).

There are three general groupings of Turk's head knots:
 * 1) Narrow, where the number of leads is two or more less than the number of bights (3×5, or 3×7).
 * 2) Long or Wide, where the number of leads is two or more greater than the number of bights (5×3, or 16×7).
 * 3) Square, where there is a difference of one between leads and bights (7×8 or 8×7).

The number of bights determines the shape found at the center. Three bights create a triangular shape, while four create a square. A two lead, 3 bight Turk's head is a double overhand knot.

A two lead, three bight Turk's head is also a trefoil knot if the ends are joined together. (2,n) alternating torus knots are (2,n) Turk's head knots. ((p,q) = q times around a circle in the interior of the torus, and p times around its axis of rotational symmetry.) Turk's head knots are easy to edit though hard to tie.

Uses in culture
In the World Organization of the Scout Movement, the scarf rings called woggles to affix their neckerchiefs or scarfs are often variations of the Turk's head knot. The Gilwell Woggle is worn by Scout Leaders who complete training courses to be awarded the Wood Badge insignia. It is an official part of the uniform.

title: Turk's head knot


text:
Karyorrhexis

Karyorrhexis (from Greek κάρυον karyon 'kernel, seed, nucleus' and ῥῆξις rhexis 'bursting') is the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm. It is usually preceded by pyknosis and can occur as a result of either programmed cell death (apoptosis), cellular senescence, or necrosis.

In apoptosis, the cleavage of DNA is done by Ca2+ and Mg2+ -dependent endonucleases.

title: Karyorrhexis


text:
Talk:Zeltrax

 * Previous deletion debate

Please build on this substub.

title: Talk:Zeltrax


text:
User:Netspy

English

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title: User:Netspy