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Henry's Dream

Henry's Dream is the seventh album released by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, in April 1992.

It was the first album to feature long-standing members Martyn P. Casey (bass) and Conway Savage (piano, organ, backing vocals), both Australian. Savage also performs a duet with Cave in the chorus of 'When I First Came to Town'. The album title is a reference to The Dream Songs, a long poem by John Berryman.

Production
Nick Cave himself was unhappy with the production by David Briggs. Briggs preferred a "live-in-the-studio" method he had used with Neil Young. This led to Cave and Mick Harvey re-mixing the album, and ultimately to the Live Seeds recordings, as Cave wanted the songs "done justice". Cave later said, "He was a fucking nightmare, that guy. I know he’s dead now and all, but, fuck, man. I put a lot of energy into the writing of that record, and then for each day to see it drift away… it was a horrible, horrible experience." Tony Cohen, who was engineer for the remix, said, "Briggs pushed them to play better, take after take. The performance was everything. But when it came to the mix, Briggs left all the faders in one spot."

Songs
The lyrics of "Christina the Astonishing" are based on the life of Christina Mirabilis, a 12th-century woman generally regarded as a Christian saint.

"When I First Came to Town" is based partly on Karen Dalton's recording of the traditional song "Katy Cruel". Dalton's version was later issued on Original Seeds Vol. 1.

Of "Papa Won't Leave You, Henry," Cave said in 2005, "I like that song a lot. That was another one written in Brazil. It's this sprawling, lyrical thing. We were playing that [in 2000] as a very slow ballad on a different chordal structure altogether, which then became 'Darker with the Day' [from the 2001 album No More Shall We Part]. It had a different melody, but very slow and it made for a haunting thing. That song was composed over a long period of time and something that I would sing to my little son, Luke. It was kind of a nasty fucked-up lullaby."

Cave later claimed the album's songs were heavily influenced by street beggars he saw in Brazil, where he lived for several years while married to journalist Viviane Carneiro. "They'd get their acoustic guitars with one or two strings and bang away and make a racket that had no sense whatsoever. It was very violent and seemed to come straight out of the heart. Very unmusical."

Release
Henry's Dream was released on 29 April 1992 in the United Kingdom and on 12 May in the United States. The album was released on CD, 12" vinyl and cassette. Although released on Mute Records, international distribution was handled by a number of associated labels. Indisc issued the album in Belgium, Liberation Records in Australia, Alfa Records in Japan, Virgin Records in France and Greece, and Elektra Records in the United States. Australian pressings were available in a box set including with a three-track promo cassette and initial French pressings came with a promo CD including "Papa Won't Leave You, Henry," "Straight to You," "Brother, My Cup is Empty" and "Loom of the Land." Limited editions of other pressings came with an enclosed poster and T-shirt. A second pressing of the album was issued on 13 February 1996 throughout Europe and the United States. On 29 March 2010, Henry's Dream was reissued as a collector's edition CD/DVD set, including the remastered album, a 5.1 surround sound mix, bonus tracks, a short film about the album, the single's music videos, and exclusive liner notes.

The album's two singles—"Straight to You" and "I Had a Dream, Joe"—were released on 30 March and 31 August, respectively. The singles were a moderate commercial success. Both singles charted in Australia, at number 96 and 75, respectively, and "Straight to You" charted at number 68 in the UK Singles Chart and at number 7 in the Indie Chart in April 1992. "I Had a Dream, Joe" also reached number 10 in the Indie Chart upon its release.

Tour
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds promoted the album with an initial tour across Europe, North America, Japan and Australia in 1992. The tour consisted of five legs and fifty-five concerts, and began in Norwich, England on 26 April 1992 and concluded in Brisbane, Australia on 12 December. In 1993, the band continued touring, adding a further two legs and twenty-three concerts in Australia, Europe and Israel, beginning on 24 January 1993 in Melbourne and concluding on 10 June in Düsseldorf, Germany. During the tour, the band performed at several music festivals, including Pukkelpop, the Reading Festival, Livid, Big Day Out and Via-Rock.

Selected recordings from the tour were featured on the band's first live album, Live Seeds (1993). Video recordings from the band's two shows in the Paradiso in Amsterdam on 2 and 3 June 1992 are featured on the live DVD Live at The Paradiso, released alongside the band's tour documentary The Road to God Knows Where (1990) in 2006.

Reception
Upon its release, Henry's Dream received critical acclaim. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said that Henry's Dream "sets Cave's deep, dolorous voice and scab-picking lyrics to windswept, tote-that-barge arrangements" and "may finally demonstrate what the fuss is all about". Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone praised the album as "provocative – albeit harrowing – music". However, The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau, in a negative assessment, wrote that "if this is your idea of great writing, you may be ripe for his cult. Otherwise, forget it—the voice alone definitely won't do the trick." In a retrospective review, AllMusic's Ned Raggett noted that the album "showed the band in fierce and fine fettle once more" and described Cave's lyrics as "a series of striking, compelling lyrics again exploring love, lust and death", adding that the songs "showcase the Seeds' peerless abilities at fusing older styles with noisy aggression and tension" and citing "Loom of the Land" as "one of Cave's best songs ever".

The remastered edition of Henry's Dream was also well received. BBC Music reviewer Mike Diver referred to the album, and the remaster of Tender Prey (1988), as "anything but poor albums" and said that even without former member Roland Wolf "the instrumentation loses little of its potency, and religious imagery remains prominent in Cave's wordplay." Alexander Tudor of Drowned in Sound called the album "a masterclass in narrative songwriting" and referred to its songs as "favela-punk", adding that "the album's atmospheric centrepiece conveys the mystery of faith (and the weirdness of folk traditions), rather than just rattling out a pretty tune."

Henry's Dream was included in a number of album-of-the-year lists, particularly in the United Kingdom. Melody Maker listed it as number 7 on their End of Year Critics List in 1992, NME ranked it at number 5 on its end of year list, and Vox listed it as number 14 in its Albums of 1992.

Personnel

 * Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
 * Nick Cave – vocals, piano (8), organ (5, 8) , harmonica (6)
 * Mick Harvey – rhythm guitar, piano (3), organ (2, 3, 4, 7) , vibraphone (5) , drums (3) , percussion (5) , backing vocals
 * Blixa Bargeld – guitar, backing vocals
 * Martyn P. Casey – bass, backing vocals
 * Conway Savage – piano, vocals (6), Rhodes piano (8) , backing vocals
 * Thomas Wydler – drums, congas (5), backing vocals

 * Guest musicians
 * Dennis Karmazyn – cello
 * Bruce Dukov – violin
 * Barbara Porter – violin

 * Technical personnel
 * David Briggs – producer, mixing (4, 5)
 * Chuck Johnson – engineer
 * Nick Cave – additional producer, mixing
 * Mick Harvey – additional producer, mixing
 * Tony Cohen – engineer, mixing (1–3, 6–9)

 * Art personnel
 * Anton Corbijn – art direction, photography
 * Amy Hanson – sleeve notes, design

Singles
— denotes a single was released but did not chart.

title: Henry's Dream


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Arrol-Johnston

Arrol-Johnston (later known as Arrol-Aster) was an early Scottish manufacturer of automobiles, which operated from 1895 to 1931 and produced the first automobile manufactured in Britain. The company also developed the world's first "off-road" vehicle for the Egyptian government, and another designed to travel on ice and snow for Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition to the South Pole.

History
George Johnston was by training a locomotive engineer from Neilson, Reid and Company Limited of Springburn, Glasgow. Johnston was commissioned by Glasgow Corporation Tramways in 1894 to build an experimental steam-powered tramcar to replace their fleet of horse-drawn trams.

During a final test before a Corporation committee, it caught fire and work was abandoned. Johnston's attention was then turned to a detailed examination of continental makes of motor cars and he came to the conclusion that he could design and make a better vehicle than any of them and, in particular, a better engine. The first British-built motor car was thus conceived and by the end of 1895 was ready for financial backing. In the autumn of that year Johnston was joined by Norman Osborne Fulton and T. Blackwood Murray. Fulton was Johnston's cousin and was made responsible for manufacture and assembly, while Murray had electrical engineering experience, having been Works Manager with Mavor and Coulson, makers of mining machinery in Bridgeton. His first task was the development of electrical ignition in place of the incandescent platinum tubes of the Daimler engine.

George Johnston had an experimental vehicle on the roads in November 1895, and there was an account in the Scotsman of a 3 hour journey in it, reputed to be the first Auto-Car to be seen in Scotland. The driving of a horseless carriage in Glasgow resulted in a prosecution under the Locomotive Amendment Act of 1878, where George Johnston conducted his own defence arguing that the vehicle was registered as a carriage and did not fit the definition of locomotive in the act. While he lost his case and was given a nominal fine, there was growing pressure to amend the so called 'red flag acts' that were holding back British motor vehicle development, and later that year the passing of the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 allowed motor vehicles to travel at as much as 12mph.

Mo-Car Syndicate
In 1895 Johnston formed a joint venture with Sir William Arrol MP, an engineer of the Forth Bridge to form the Mo-Car Syndicate Limited, which was to produce his car. Sir William was Chairman and Johnston was Managing Director, and the Syndicate included a Mr. Archibald Coats with a Mr P M Coats of Paisley, and a Mr. John Millar also of Paisley, while Norman Fulton was Works Manager. Sir William's main interest in the business was as the financial backer.

The first Arrol-Johnston car was a six-seater "Dogcart" (a vehicle with two transverse seats placed back to back), which went into production at a factory at Camlachie, in the East End of Glasgow.

The Dogcart was a wood-bodied vehicle powered by a 10 hp 2 cylinder opposed piston engine mounted beneath the floor, which was started by pulling on a rope. The vehicle boasted chain final drive and its high-wheeled, solid-tyred, horse-carriage type of body was retained well into the 1900s. The brakes were arranged in the form of shoes which could be pressed on the back of the solid rear tyres, and the suspension comprised full elliptic leaf springs at the front, and half-elliptics at the rear. Transmission and brake control levers were mounted close to the driver's right hand.

The company's Camlachie premises were destroyed by fire in 1901, and production was moved to Paisley.

In 1902 William Beardmore took the largest single shareholding in the company, creating a captive customer for his iron and steel components. He later became Chairman when A-J (as it was widely known) became a public company.

A-J was restructured financially in 1903. New finance, mainly from Beardmore, became available, Beardmore wishing to help the firm stave off bankruptcy, and there were important changes in staff, including the arrival of J.S. Napier as Chief Engineer. George Johnston left as a result of a disagreement and founded the All British Car Company, a venture that was to be short-lived. A-J became effectively a wholly owned subsidiary of William Beardmore and Company

Arrol-Johnston Car Company Ltd.
In 1905 the company's name was changed to the Arrol-Johnston Car Company Ltd. They had a 4.5-acre well-equipped factory in Paisley, and it was said they made everything there for their vehicles excepting a few specialised items such as springs, tyres and lamps - they even made their own magnetos. In the same year, the company introduced a 3023cc 12/15hp model of more modern appearance; this, however, still used an opposed-piston engine producing 12bhp at 800rpm and 15bhp at 1100rpm. There was also a three-cylinder version of the dogcart; this was an uncouth 16 hp with the centre cylinder being of greater bore than the outer two. A 1905 Dogcart with solid wooden disc wheels still survives in Khartoum, inside the Sudan national museum, where it was supplied as a searchlight tender for the Sirdar of Egypt.

Also announced at the 1905 Olympia show was the new 24/30 hp vertical four of 4654cc; followed in 1907 by the 38/45 hp of 8832 cc.

In 1907 Arrol-Johnston were engaged to produce a car for the British South Polar Expedition, and it did make it to Antarctica, though it was of limited use except on hard ice, so it was restricted to the base camp areas. The car was an alcohol-fuelled air-cooled version of the 12-15hp model.

The 12/15 hp twin survived in production until 1909. This was the year that T. C. Pullinger (formerly of Darracq, Sunbeam and Humber) joined Arrol-Johnston; he swept out the old range in favour of the new 15·9 hp of 2835cc. That model featured a dashboard radiator and four-wheel brakes (the latter were dropped in 1911). For 1912 a 1794 cc 11·9 hp, a 3640 cc 20·9 hp and a 3618 cc 23·8 hp were introduced.

In 1913 Arrol Johnston bought land at Heathhall, just outside Dumfries, and commissioned an American firm to build a factory. This is said to be the first factory in Britain to use ferro-concrete (concrete reinforced with metal bars), and was designed by Albert Kahn, architect of the Ford factory at Highland Park, Michigan, where the Model T was produced. A-J contracted to build 50 electric cars for Anderson Electric, maker of the Detroit Electric, at the new plant but it is not certain how many were actually made. Several models of car including the six-cylinder 23/9 were built up to the outbreak of war.

The first post war Arrol-Johnston was the Victory model in 1919 designed by G. W. A. Brown which had an ohc 2651 cc 4-cylinder engine of 40 hp. They introduced the model to agents in March 1919 but the first production car was not delivered until August; it was sold to the Prince of Wales. The Victory sadly proved "unsellable and unreliable", and broke down while on a Royal tour of the West of England, so that the publicity attending its debut was not of the kind it needed. It was soon replaced by a modernized version of the prewar 15·9 hp; it was cheaper, but this was due to such cost-cutting measures as a black-painted radiator and fixed ignition. The 15·9 hp was revived as an urgent replacement for the Victory. A more modern version, the 20 hp, was introduced alongside the 15.9 hp in 1922. In 1921 the cheaper Galloway was launched as, in theory, a separate make, from the Tongland works near Kirkcudbright. The car was based on the Fiat 501 and started with the 10/20 with a 1460 cc side-valve engine, in 1925 growing to the 1669 cc 12/20 and 12/30. Production moved to the main A-J factory in Heathhall in 1922. A short-lived 14 hp appeared in 1924, only to be replaced the following year by a 12·3 hp model. There also was a 4-cylinder 3290cc Empire model manufactured for the colonies.

Arrol-Aster
In 1927 Arrol-Johnston were merged with Aster of Wembley, London to form the combined marque of Arrol-Aster, with directors from both Arrol-Johnston and Aster. The 15.9 hp was retained as were the two current Asters. Both the latter were given Burt-McCollum single sleeve valve engines in the interests of silence, but the 21/60 hp Aster was also available in its original ohv form, renamed the Arrol-Aster. Another completely new Arrol-Aster was the 2.5-litre 6-cylinder 17/50 hp with sleeve valves. The 21/60 hp Arrol-Aster and the 15.9 hp Arrol-Johnston were dropped for 1929, and a straight-8 Arrol-Aster substituted. It had a 3.3-litre sleeve valve engine consisting of the 17/50 unit with two extra cylinders and was available in supercharged form. This was a fast car intended as a sports model, but unlike the French sleeve-valve designs it could not produce high outputs as revolutions were limited.

The company lasted for two years before the company went into receivership. Limited production and sales continued until 1931.

Football
Arrol-Johnston ran a works football team. In 1919 the football club was one of three clubs in Dumfries that merged to form Queen of the South F.C. The most notable players at Arrol-Johnston were Dave Halliday and Ian Dickson. Both then played for Queen of the South before going on to top score for their respective clubs in the top division in England. Halliday in particular had a highly successful goal-scoring career. He then became a trophy-winning manager.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arrol-Johnston


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Arnolt

In the automotive industry, S.H. Arnolt Inc. of Chicago and Warsaw, Indiana, sold four different manufacturer's cars with Bertone bodies during the period 1953 to 1968.

Stanley H. "Wacky" Arnolt was a Chicago industrialist, who began importing foreign cars in the 1950s to the United States. Though sold as American cars, the cars were true hybrids, with British mechanicals, Italian bodywork, and U.S. sales and distribution, as well as in some cases final assembly and body work. S.H. Arnolt Inc. was a licensed automobile manufacturer in the State of Illinois.

A fortuitous meeting with Bertone at the Turin Auto Show in 1952 resulted in four collaborative efforts between Arnolt and Bertone, involving running gear and engines from the British car manufacturers MG, Aston Martin, Bentley, and Bristol.

Arnolt-MG
The Arnolt-MG is a four-seater Bertone-bodied car based on the MG TD chassis and XPAG 54hp engine. The car was styled by Giovanni Bertone, his son Nuccio, and Giovanni Michelotti. Of a planned production of 200 cars, 103 have been documented as built between 1953 and 1954 (67 coupés and 36 convertibles). Out of this total, the whereabouts of 36 are unknown and three are known to have been scrapped.

The initial price was $3145. In 1954, MG informed Arnolt that it could no longer supply chassis and engines due to demand for its own complete cars (as well as the replacement of the TD by the TF), so Arnolt began looking for a larger-engined car.

Arnolt-Aston
An attempt to build a Bertone-bodied Aston Martin DB2/4 roadster and sell it as an Arnolt-Aston was stopped by Aston Martin after three cars were built. There were three Arnolt-Astons designed by Bertone's fresh new designer - Franco Scaglione (chassis numbers LML50/502, LML 50/505 and LML 50/507). All looked very much like Scaglione's subsequent Arnolt-Bristol, having sharply creased fender lines, and were open cars without hardtops. There were four additional Bertone Astons that were commissioned at Arnolt's request and went through Arnolt's hands. These four cars are sometimes mistakenly referred to as Arnolt-Astons, but are not. These were 3 roadsters and 1 coupé. All of the seven Arnolt-Astons still exist. One article refers to a possible eighth car, perhaps destroyed in the Chicago fire at Arnolt's factory. The cars were fitted with Aston's 125 hp, 2580 cc engine.

Arnolt-Bentley
Arnolt also had Bertone design and build a Bentley, which resembles a larger version of the Arnolt-MG Coupé because it was also penned by Giovanni Michelotti who was working for Bertone at the time. This car was commissioned for S.H. Arnolt as a personal car. Bertone built the body on a 1953 R Type Continental chassis. The car was fitted with monogrammed flasks and glasses, and a special cosmetics compartment for Mrs. Arnolt. The car was originally painted gold and fitted with tan hides.

Arnolt-Bristol
Arnolt then negotiated with Bristol Cars Ltd in the UK for the purchase of 200 of their 404-series chassis and the 1971 cc, six-cylinder 130 hp engines from the earlier 403 model. Arnolt needed to find a new chassis source to meet his obligation to Bertone, in whom he had invested heavily, after MG proved unable to fill the original order for 200 cars. The chassis Bristol supplied were sent to Carrozzeria Bertone where they received a highly aerodynamic body with a flowing design that allowed the minimal hood height to clear the cars' three single barrel Solex 32 carburetors. The bodies were designed by Bertone's new designer/aerodynamicist, Franco Scaglione (soon to be famous as the designer of the Alfa Romeo B.A.T. concept cars). The very tall Bristol engine created problems for designing a sleek-looking sports car. Franco Scaglione handled these with particular genius - first by incorporating a hood scoop to lower the surrounding sheet metal, and then by incorporating sharply creased fender lines out over the wheels to draw the eye's attention away from the unusually tall peak in the hood. A few design changes were requested by S.H. Arnolt.

Arnolt created a racing team for the Sebring 12-hour race, and in 1955, at their first attempt, the special lightweight cars finished first, second and fourth in the Sports 2000 class, winning the Team Trophy, a feat which was replicated in 1956 and 1960. The following year they took second and third in class. In 1957 the team withdrew after Bob Goldich's fatal accident on the first lap of his first stint in the car co-driven by Wacky Arnolt, while a privately entered Arnolt Bristol finished fifth in class. 1960 brought a final class win, finishing 1st, 2nd and 3rd in class, and placing 14th, 22d and 39th overall.

The cars were available in four body styles: competition—a stripped road racer; bolide—a slightly better-appointed road racer; deluxe—a better-appointed version of the bolide (side windows and convertible top, instruments mounted in a housing in front of the driver, glove box set in the dash); and coupé, with pop-up headlights. At least one open car was subsequently fitted with a removable hardtop by S.H. Arnolt. Prices as per a 1956 factory letter were $3995 for the competition model, $4245 for the bolide, $4995 for the deluxe and $5995 for the coupé.

Factory options for the Arnolt-Bristol included a front sway bar, remote shifter, 11-inch Alfin drum brakes, convertible top, bumpers, Borrani KO steel wheels (nine sets were sold, and one car was sold with Borrani wire wheels) and several different rear end gear ratios. A special racing fuel tank was installed in some of the race cars but was never offered for sale to the public. Late in 1959 and 60, the 12-inch bell-shaped Bristol drum setup was offered, and in 1961 Bristol front disc brakes were offered to retro fit to the Arnolt-Bristol. The majority of the cars had steel bodies, with aluminum trunk and hood.

The cars came with an owner's manual, spares manual and shop workbook, as well as a spare wheel and tire and complete tool kit. Additional items such as Arnolt key fobs, neck ties, ice buckets and Arnolt logo head scarves were available from the company. A wide variety of promotional literature, including brochures and postcards, was also produced.

All of the cars were originally sold with Bristol BS1 MkII six-cylinder engines; some have subsequently been fitted with other engines.

All Arnolt-Bristols were built between January 14, 1953, and December 12, 1959. The majority were built in 1954 and 1959. A total of 142 cars were produced, of which 12 were written off after a factory fire. The fire-damaged cars were used as a source of spares by Arnolt in later years. The total production included six coupés, and two aluminum alloy-bodied cars. One of the cars was originally right hand drive: the rest were all left hand drive. One of the cars never received a body, and was used as a rolling chassis for auto shows. This chassis is still in the possession of the Arnolt family.

Approximately 85 of the cars are still known to be extant, in conditions that vary from needing complete restoration to concours quality.

Despite the racing successes, the cars did not sell well.

Some of the cars did not sell until after 1960, and the last car to be sold, fitted with four headlights, remained unsold until 1968.

Common Misconceptions regarding the Arnolt-Bristol
A number of published sources have contained errors on the production numbers of the Arnolt-Bristol. In part, this may be because some authors production or sales figures have been compared to existing copies of the S.H. Arnolt sales ledger. It is important to note that this ledger only records sales of the cars in the United States. As a result, European sales were not included. One result is that several sources claim only three coupés were built, when there were in fact six: one was sold in France and the other two in Spain (the chassis numbers of all of which are recorded in the Bristol Owner's Club registry). At the Paris Auto Show in 1955, an up-and-coming actor, Lee Marvin, saw the Arnolt-Bristol coupé and purchased it. In later years, Marvin would win the Oscar for Best Actor, and after his death, his ultra-rare Arnolt-Bristol Coupé (the only Arnolt ever built with the coved front fenders that would also appear on the Corvette later in its C1 production run) sold at auction for $451,000.

A second misconception is that the Arnolt-Bristol cars were originally fitted with any engines other than the Bristol six-cylinder. All Arnolt-Bristols were originally sold with the Bristol engine; S.H. Arnolt did not fit any other engines. In later years, thanks to the spacious engine compartment, a variety of larger engines such as American V8s have been fitted to individual cars.

A third misconception is that S.H. Arnolt built the cars. The Arnolt-Bristol was built in Filton as a powered chassis; the body was fitted by Bertone in Italy, and only final assembly, fitting of options, prep work and (occasionally) paint and upholstery changes were done in Warsaw, Indiana.

title: Arnolt


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List of 1994 Canadian incumbents

Crown

 * Head of State – Queen Elizabeth II

Federal government

 * Governor General – Ray Hnatyshyn

Cabinet

 * Prime Minister – Jean Chrétien
 * Deputy Prime Minister – Sheila Copps
 * Minister of Finance – Paul Martin
 * Secretary of State for External Affairs – André Ouellet
 * Minister of National Defence – David Collenette
 * Minister of National Health and Welfare – Diane Marleau
 * Minister of Industry, Science and Technology – John Manley
 * Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs – Marcel Massé
 * Minister of the Environment – Sheila Copps
 * Minister of Justice – Allan Rock
 * Minister of Transport – Doug Young
 * Minister of Communications – Michel Dupuy
 * Minister of Citizenship and Immigration – Sergio Marchi (position created June 30, 1994)
 * Minister of Fisheries and Oceans – Brian Tobin
 * Minister of Agriculture – Ralph Goodale
 * Minister of Public Works – David Dingwall
 * Minister of Employment and Immigration – Lloyd Axworthy
 * Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources – Anne McLellan
 * Minister of Forestry – Anne McLellan

Members of Parliament
See: 35th Canadian parliament

Party leaders

 * Liberal Party of Canada – Jean Chrétien
 * Bloc Québécois – Lucien Bouchard
 * New Democratic Party – Audrey McLaughlin
 * Progressive Conservative Party of Canada – Jean Charest
 * Reform Party of Canada – Preston Manning

Supreme Court Justices

 * Chief Justice: Antonio Lamer
 * Beverley McLachlin
 * Frank Iacobucci
 * John C. Major
 * Gérard V. La Forest
 * John Sopinka
 * Peter deCarteret Cory
 * Claire L'Heureux-Dubé
 * Charles D. Gonthier

Other

 * Speaker of the House of Commons – John Allen Fraser then Gilbert Parent
 * Governor of the Bank of Canada – John Crow then Gordon Thiessen
 * Chief of the Defence Staff – General John de Chastelain General Jean Boyle

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta – Ralph Klein
 * Premier of British Columbia – Mike Harcourt
 * Premier of Manitoba – Gary Filmon
 * Premier of New Brunswick – Frank McKenna
 * Premier of Newfoundland – Clyde Wells
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – John Savage
 * Premier of Ontario – Bob Rae
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – Catherine Callbeck
 * Premier of Quebec – Robert Bourassa then Daniel Johnson, Jr. then Jacques Parizeau
 * Premier of Saskatchewan – Roy Romanow
 * Premier of the Northwest Territories – Nellie Cournoyea
 * Premier of Yukon – John Ostashek

Lieutenant-governors

 * Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta – Gordon Towers
 * Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia – David Lam
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba – Yvon Dumont
 * Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick – Gilbert Finn then Margaret Norrie McCain
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador – Frederick Russell
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia – Lloyd Roseville Crouse then James Kinley
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario – Hal Jackman
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island – Marion Reid
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec – Martial Asselin
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan – Sylvia Fedoruk then Jack Wiebe

Mayors

 * Toronto – Barbara Hall
 * Montreal – Jean Doré then Pierre Bourque
 * Vancouver – Philip Owen
 * Ottawa – Jacquelin Holzman

Religious leaders

 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec – Archbishop Maurice Couture
 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal – Cardinal Archbishop Jean-Claude Turcotte
 * Roman Catholic Bishops of London – Bishop John Michael Sherlock
 * Moderator of the United Church of Canada – Stan McKay then Marion Best

title: List of 1994 Canadian incumbents


text:
The Boatman's Call

The Boatman's Call is the tenth studio album by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, released in 1997. The album is entirely piano-based, alternately somber and romantic in mood, making it a marked departure from the bulk of the band's post-punk catalogue up to that point. The Boatman's Call remains one of the most critically acclaimed releases of Nick Cave's career.

Background and production
Recording for the album began at Sarm West Studios in London, United Kingdom in mid-1996, with "The Garden Duet", one of the album's outtakes, being the first song recorded. Though the bulk of The Boatman's Call was recorded at Sarm West, further recordings—including overdubs—were later done at Abbey Road Studios.

Musically, the album's tone is considered sombre and minimalist and marks a major departure for Cave and The Bad Seeds. Moving away from full-band arrangements and character-based narratives, the album's music and lyrics move towards the more intimate sound of Cave's solo voice accompanied by piano or a few other instruments. The tempo is also generally slow, reflecting many of the moods of the songs. Many of the lyrics seem to reflect on Cave's personal relationships and spiritual yearnings at the time of writing. Some songs are thought to be directed at either the mother of Cave's oldest son Luke, Viviane Carneiro (in "Where Do We Go Now But Nowhere?") or singer PJ Harvey, with whom he had a brief relationship around that time (as referenced in "West Country Girl", "Black Hair" and "Green Eyes"). "Green Eyes" includes a line from “Sonnet 18”, by Louise Labé (Kiss me, rekiss me, & kiss me again).

Cave performed "Into My Arms" at the 1997 funeral of INXS vocalist Michael Hutchence, an old friend from Cave's youth, and requested that the TV cameras be shut off for his performance out of respect for Hutchence. The song "People Ain't No Good" was also featured in the movie Shrek 2. The song “There Is A Kingdom” was featured in the movie Zack Snyder's Justice League. In October 2010, the album was listed in the top 30 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums.

Critical reception
The Boatman's Call received almost unanimous critical acclaim upon release with many reviewers citing it as Cave's most poignant album. Writing in NME, James Oldham concluded that the album is "a stark look at all that he's been through, recounted with withering bleakness and arid humour", noting "Cave's magnificent lyrics, riddled with comic misanthropy and New Gospel humanity", and "their starkly beautiful accompaniments". The magazine rated it as the 23rd best album of 1997. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Outtakes and other songs
A number of other songs were recorded at The Boatman's Call sessions, some of which were later released as B-sides to the album's two singles and also on Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds 2005 compilation album, B-Sides and Rarities.

 * "The Garden Duet"
 * "I Do, Dear, I Do"
 * "Opium Tea" (released on B-Sides & Rarities)
 * "Sheep May Safely Graze" (released on B-Sides & Rarities)
 * "Wake Up My Lover"
 * "Farewell, Goodbye, So Long"
 * "I Got Another Woman Now, Dear"
 * "Little Empty Boat" (released as a B-side on "Into My Arms")
 * "Right Now I'm A-Roaming" (released as a B-side on "Into My Arms")
 * "Come Into My Sleep" (released as a B-side on "(Are You) The One That I've Been Waiting For?")
 * "Babe, I Got You Bad" (released as a B-side on "(Are You) The One That I've Been Waiting For?"')

Personnel

 * Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
 * Nick Cave – vocals (1-17), piano (1-3, 8, 11-13, 15) , organ (2, 5, 10, 11) , keyboards (casio) (4) , vibes (3) , keyboard (14)
 * Mick Harvey – electric guitar (6, 10, 13, 14, 17), acoustic guitar (5, 7, 8, 12) , bass (2) , organ (6, 13, 14, 16, 17) , vibes (3) , bass organ (9) , backing vocals (14) , xylophone (16)
 * Blixa Bargeld – electric guitar (4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17), piano treatment (8) , backing vocals (13-14)
 * Martyn P. Casey – bass (1, 3-8, 10, 11, 13-17), backing vocals (13)
 * Conway Savage – piano (5-7, 10, 14, 16, 17), backing vocals (5)
 * Warren Ellis – violin (3, 7-8, 10, 11), accordion (9) , piano (9) , looped violin (13)
 * Jim Sclavunos – drums (6), melodica (12) , bells (5, 14) , percussion (13) , organ (15) , bongos (16) , tambourine (17)
 * Thomas Wydler – drums (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13-17), maracas (4) , backing vocals (13)

 * Technical personnel
 * Flood – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Chris Scard – co-producer, mixing
 * Paul Corkett – engineer
 * Paul Hicks – assistant engineer
 * Paul Wright – assistant engineer
 * Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds – additional production

title: The Boatman's Call


text:
Annual percentage rate

The term annual percentage rate of charge (APR), corresponding sometimes to a nominal APR and sometimes to an effective APR (EAPR), is the interest rate for a whole year (annualized), rather than just a monthly fee/rate, as applied on a loan, mortgage loan, credit card, etc. It is a finance charge expressed as an annual rate. Those terms have formal, legal definitions in some countries or legal jurisdictions, but in the United States:
 * The nominal APR is the simple-interest rate (for a year).
 * The effective APR is the fee+compound interest rate (calculated across a year).

In some areas, the annual percentage rate (APR) is the simplified counterpart to the effective interest rate that the borrower will pay on a loan. In many countries and jurisdictions, lenders (such as banks) are required to disclose the "cost" of borrowing in some standardized way as a form of consumer protection. The (effective) APR has been intended to make it easier to compare lenders and loan options.

Multiple definitions of effective APR
The nominal APR is calculated as: the rate, for a payment period, multiplied by the number of payment periods in a year. However, the exact legal definition of "effective APR", or EAR, can vary greatly in each jurisdiction, depending on the type of fees included, such as participation fees, loan origination fees, monthly service charges, or late fees. The effective APR has been called the "mathematically-true" interest rate for each year.

The computation for the effective APR, as the fee + compound interest rate, can also vary depending on whether the up-front fees, such as origination or participation fees, are added to the entire amount, or treated as a short-term loan due in the first payment. When start-up fees are paid as first payment(s), the balance due might accrue more interest, as being delayed by the extra payment period(s).

There are at least three ways of computing effective annual percentage rate:
 * by compounding the interest rate for each year, without considering fees;
 * origination fees are added to the balance due, and the total amount is treated as the basis for computing compound interest;
 * the origination fees are amortized as a short-term loan. This loan is due in the first payment(s), and the unpaid balance is amortized as a second long-term loan.  The extra first payment(s) is dedicated to primarily paying origination fees and interest charges on that portion.

For example, consider a $100 loan which must be repaid after one month, plus 5%, plus a $10 fee. If the fee is not considered, this loan has an effective APR of approximately 80% (1.0512 = 1.7959, which is approximately an 80% increase). If the $10 fee were considered, the monthly interest increases by 10% ($10/$100), and the effective APR becomes approximately 435% (1.1512 = 5.3503, which equals a 435% increase). Hence there are at least two possible "effective APRs": 80% and 435%. Laws vary as to whether fees must be included in APR calculations.

United States
In the U.S., the calculation and disclosure of APR is governed by the Truth in Lending Act (which is implemented by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) in Regulation Z of the Act). In general, APR in the United States is expressed as the periodic (for instance, monthly) interest rate times the number of compounding periods in a year (also known as the nominal interest rate); since the APR must include certain non-interest charges and fees, it requires more detailed calculation. The APR must be disclosed to the borrower within 3 days of applying for a mortgage. This information is typically mailed to the borrower and the APR is found on the truth in lending disclosure statement, which also includes an amortization schedule.

On July 30, 2009, provisions of the Mortgage Disclosure Improvement Act of 2008 (MDIA) came into effect. A specific clause of this act refers directly to APR disclosure on mortgages. It states, if the final annual percentage rate APR is off by more than 0.125% from the initial GFE disclosure, then the lender must re-disclose and wait another three business days before closing on the transaction.

The calculation for "close-ended credit" (such as a home mortgage or auto loan) can be found here. For a fixed-rate mortgage, the APR is thus equal to its internal rate of return (or yield) under an assumption of zero prepayment and zero default. For an adjustable-rate mortgage the APR will also depend on the particular assumption regarding the prospective trajectory of the index rate.

The calculation for "open-ended credit" (such as a credit card, home equity loan or other line of credit) can be found here.

European Union
In the EU, the focus of APR standardization is heavily on transparency and consumer rights: «a comprehensible set of information to be given to consumers in good time before the contract is concluded and also as part of the credit agreement [...] every creditor has to use this form when marketing a consumer credit in any Member State» so marketing different figures is not allowed.

The EU regulations were reinforced with directives 2008/48/EC and 2011/90/EU, fully in force in all member states since 2013. However, in the UK the EU directive has been interpreted as the Representative APR.

A single method of calculating the APR was introduced in 1998 (directive 98/7/EC) and is required to be published for the major part of loans. Using the improved notation of directive 2008/48/EC, the basic equation for calculation of APR in the EU is:
 * $$\sum_{i=1}^M C_i (1 + \mathrm{APR}/100)^{-t_i} = \sum_{j=1}^N D_j (1 + \mathrm{APR}/100)^{-s_j}$$
 * where:
 * M is the total number of drawdowns paid by the lender
 * N is the total number of repayments paid by the borrower
 * i is the sequence number of a drawdown paid by the lender
 * j is the sequence number of a repayment paid by the borrower
 * Ci is the cash flow amount for drawdown number i
 * Dj is the cash flow amount for repayment number j
 * ti is the interval, expressed in years and fractions of a year, between the date of the first drawdown* and the date of drawdown i
 * sj is the interval, expressed in years and fractions of a year, between the date of the first drawdown* and the date of repayment j.

 * The EU formula uses the natural convention that all time intervals in ti and sj are measured relative to the date of the first drawdown, hence t1 = 0. However, any other date could be used without affecting the calculated APR, as long as it is used consistently: an offset applied to all times simply scales both sides of the equation by the same amount, without affecting the solution for APR.

In this equation the left side is the present value of the drawdowns made by the lender and the right side is the present value of the repayments made by the borrower. In both cases the present value is defined given the APR as the interest rate. So the present value of the drawdowns is equal to the present value of the repayments, given the APR as the interest rate.

Note that neither the amounts nor the periods between transactions are necessarily equal. For the purposes of this calculation, a year is presumed to have 365 days (366 days for leap years), 52 weeks or 12 equal months. As per the standard: "An equal month is presumed to have 30.41666 days (i.e. 365/12) regardless of whether or not it is a leap year." The result is to be expressed to at least one decimal place. This algorithm for APR is required for some but not all forms of consumer debt in the EU. For example, this EU directive is limited to agreements of €50,000 and below and excludes all mortgages.

In the Netherlands the formula above is also used for mortgages. In many cases the mortgage is not always paid back completely at the end of period N, but for instance when the borrower sells his house or dies. In addition, there is usually only one payment of the lender to the borrower: in the beginning of the loan. In that case the formula becomes:
 * $$S -A = R (1 + \mathrm{APR}/100)^{-t_N} + \sum_{k=1}^N A_k (1 +  \mathrm{APR}/100)^{-t_k}$$
 * where:
 * S is the borrowed amount or principal amount.
 * A is the prepaid onetime fee
 * R the rest debt, the amount that remains as an interest-only loan after the last cash flow.

If the length of the periods are equal (monthly payments) then the summations can be simplified using the formula for a geometric series. Either way, the APR can be solved iteratively only from the formulas above, apart from trivial cases such as N=1.

Additional considerations

 * Confusion is possible in that if the word "effective" is used separately as meaning "influential" or having a "long-range effect", then the term effective APR will vary, as it is not a strict legal definition in some countries. The APR is used to find compound and simple interest rates.
 * APR is also an abbreviation for "Annual Principal Rate" which is sometimes used in the auto sales in some countries where the interest is calculated based on the "Original Principal" not the "Current Principal Due", so as the Current Principal Due decreases, the interest due does not.

Rate format
An effective annual interest rate of 10% can also be expressed in several ways:
 * 0.7974% effective monthly interest rate, because 1.00797412=1.1
 * 9.569% annual interest rate compounded monthly, because 12×0.7974=9.569
 * 9.091% annual rate in advance, because (1.1-1)÷1.1=0.09091

These rates are all equivalent, but to a consumer who is not trained in the mathematics of finance, this can be confusing. APR helps to standardize how interest rates are compared, so that a 10% loan is not made to look cheaper by calling it a loan at "9.1% annually in advance".

The APR does not necessarily convey the total amount of interest paid over the course of a year: if one pays part of the interest prior to the end of the year, the total amount of interest paid is less.

In the case of a loan with no fees, the amortization schedule would be worked out by taking the principal left at the end of each month, multiplying by the monthly rate and then subtracting the monthly payment.

This can be expressed mathematically by

 * $$ p = \frac{P_0\cdot r\cdot (1+r)^n}{(1+r)^n-1} $$
 * where:
 * p is the payment made each period
 * P0 is the initial principal
 * r is the percentage rate used each payment
 * n is the number of payments

This also explains why a 15-year mortgage and a 30-year mortgage with the same APR would have different monthly payments and a different total amount of interest paid. There are many more periods over which to spread the principal, which makes the payment smaller, but there are just as many periods over which to charge interest at the same rate, which makes the total amount of interest paid much greater. For example, $100,000 mortgaged (without fees, since they add into the calculation in a different way) over 15 years costs a total of $193,429.80 (interest is 93.430% of principal), but over 30 years, costs a total of $315,925.20 (interest is 215.925% of principal).

In addition the APR takes costs into account. Suppose for instance that $100,000 is borrowed with $1000 one-time fees paid in advance. If, in the second case, equal monthly payments are made of $946.01 against 9.569% compounded monthly then it takes 240 months to pay the loan back. If the $1000 one-time fees are taken into account then the yearly interest rate paid is effectively equal to 10.31%.

The APR concept can also be applied to savings accounts: imagine a savings account with 1% costs at each withdrawal and again 9.569% interest compounded monthly. Suppose that the complete amount including the interest is withdrawn after exactly one year. Then, taking this 1% fee into account, the savings effectively earned 8.9% interest that year.

Money factor
The APR can also be represented by a money factor (also known as the lease factor, lease rate, or factor). The money factor is usually given as a decimal, for example .0030. To find the equivalent APR, the money factor is multiplied by 2400. A money factor of .0030 is equivalent to a monthly interest rate of 0.6% and an APR of 7.2%.

For a leasing arrangement with an initial capital cost of C, a residual value at the end of the lease of F and a monthly interest rate of r, monthly interest starts at Cr and decreases almost linearly during the term of the lease to a final value of Fr. The total amount of interest paid over the lease term of N months is therefore

 * $$\frac{N(Cr+Fr)}{2}\, ,$$

and the average interest amount per month is

 * $$\frac{(C+F)r}{2}\, .$$

This amount is called the "monthly finance fee". The factor r/2 is called the "money factor"

Failings in the United States
Despite repeated attempts by regulators to establish usable and consistent standards, APR does not represent the total cost of borrowing in some jurisdictions nor does it really create a comparable standard across jurisdictions. Nevertheless, it is considered a reasonable starting point for an ad hoc comparison of lenders.

Nominal APR does not reflect the true cost
Credit card holders should be aware that most U.S. credit cards are quoted in terms of nominal APR compounded monthly, which is not the same as the effective annual rate (EAR). Despite the word "annual" in APR, it is not necessarily a direct reference for the interest rate paid on a stable balance over one year. The more direct reference for the one-year rate of interest is EAR. The general conversion factor for APR to EAR is $$ \mathrm{EAR} = (1 + \tfrac{\mathrm{APR}}{n})^n - 1 $$, where n represents the number of compounding periods of the APR per EAR period. As an example, for a common credit card quoted at 12.99% APR compounded monthly, the one year EAR is $$ (1+\tfrac{0.129949}{12})^{12} - 1 $$, or 13.7975%. For 12.99% APR compounded daily, the EAR paid on a stable balance over one year becomes 13.87% (where  the .000049 addition to the 12.99% APR is possible because the new rate does not exceed the advertised APR ). Note that a high U.S. APR of 29.99% compounded monthly carries an effective annual rate of 34.48%.

While the difference between APR and EAR may seem trivial, because of the exponential nature of interest these small differences can have a large effect over the life of a loan. For example, consider a 30-year loan of $200,000 with a stated APR of 10.00%, i.e., 10.0049% APR or the EAR equivalent of 10.4767%. The monthly payments, using APR, would be $1755.87. However, using an EAR of 10.00% the monthly payment would be $1691.78. The difference between the EAR and APR amounts to a difference of $64.09 per month. Over the life of a 30-year loan, this amounts to $23,070.86, which is over 11% of the original loan amount.

Certain fees are not considered
Some classes of fees are deliberately not included in the calculation of APR. Because these fees are not included, some consumer advocates claim that the APR does not represent the total cost of borrowing. Excluded fees may include:
 * routine one-time fees which are paid to someone other than the lender (such as a real estate attorney's fee).
 * penalties such as late fees or service reinstatement fees without regard for the size of the penalty or the likelihood that it will be imposed.

Lenders argue that the real estate attorney's fee, for example, is a pass-through cost, not a cost of the lending. In effect, they are arguing that the attorney's fee is a separate transaction and not a part of the loan. Consumer advocates argue that this would be true if the customer is free to select which attorney is used. If the lender insists, however, on using a specific attorney, the cost should be looked at as a component of the total cost of doing business with that lender. This area is made more complicated by the practice of contingency fees – for example, when the lender receives money from the attorney and other agents to be the one used by the lender. Because of this, U.S. regulators require all lenders to produce an affiliated business disclosure form which shows the amounts paid between the lender and the appraisal firms, attorneys, etc.

Lenders argue that including late fees and other conditional charges would require them to make assumptions about the consumer's behavior – assumptions which would bias the resulting calculation and create more confusion than clarity.

Not a comparable standard
Even beyond the non-included cost components listed above, regulators have been unable to completely define which one-time fees must be included and which excluded from the calculation. This leaves the lender with some discretion to determine which fees will be included (or not) in the calculation.

Consumers can, of course, use the nominal interest rate and any costs on the loan (or savings account) and compute the APR themselves, for instance using one of the calculators on the internet.

In the example of a mortgage loan, the following kinds of fees are: The discretion that is illustrated in the "sometimes included" column even in the highly regulated U.S. home mortgage environment makes it difficult to simply compare the APRs of two lenders. Note: U.S. regulators generally require a lender to use the same assumptions and definitions in their calculation of APR for each of their products even though they cannot force consistency across lenders.

With respect to items that may be sold with vendor financing, for example, automobile leasing, the notional cost of the good may effectively be hidden and the APR subsequently rendered meaningless. An example is a case where an automobile is leased to a customer based on a "manufacturer's suggested retail price" with a low APR: the vendor may be accepting a lower lease rate as a trade-off against a higher sale price. Had the customer self-financed, a discounted sales price may have been accepted by the vendor; in other words, the customer has received cheap financing in exchange for paying a higher purchase price, and the quoted APR understates the true cost of the financing. In this case, the only meaningful way to establish the "true" APR would involve arranging financing through other sources, determining the lowest-acceptable cash price and comparing the financing terms (which may not be feasible in all circumstances). For leases where the lessee has a purchase option at the end of the lease term, the cost of the APR is further complicated by this option. In effect, the lease includes a put option back to the manufacturer (or, alternatively, a call option for the consumer), and the value (or cost) of this option to the consumer is not transparent.

Dependence on loan period
APR is dependent on the time period for which the loan is calculated. That is, the APR for a 30-year loan cannot be compared to the APR for a 20-year loan. APR can be used to show the relative impact of different payment schedules (such as balloon payments or biweekly payments instead of straight monthly payments), but most standard APR calculators have difficulty with those calculations.

Furthermore, most APR calculators assume that an individual will keep a particular loan until the end of the defined repayment period, resulting in the up-front fixed closing costs being amortized over the full term of the loan. If the consumer pays the loan off early, the effective interest rate achieved will be significantly higher than the APR initially calculated. This is especially problematic for mortgage loans, where typical loan repayment periods are 15 or 30 years but where many borrowers move or refinance before the loan period runs out, which increases the borrower's effective cost for any points or other origination fees.

In theory, this factor should not affect any individual consumer's ability to compare the APR of the same product (same repayment period and origination fees) across vendors. APR may not, however, be particularly helpful when attempting to compare different products, or similar products with different terms.

Interest-only loans
Since the principal loan balance is not paid down during the interest-only term, assuming there are no set up costs, the APR will be the same as the interest rate.

Three lenders with identical information may still calculate different APRs. The calculations can be quite complex and are poorly understood even by most financial professionals. Most users depend on software packages to calculate APR and are therefore dependent on the assumptions in that particular software package. While differences between software packages will not result in large variations, there are several acceptable methods of calculating APR, each of which returns a slightly different result.

Limitations
While the APR provides a useful means to compare the cost of borrowing across different loan and credit offers, it has several limitations that may affect its accuracy and relevance for certain types of loans.

Misleading Measures for Short-term Loans
There are instances where APR may be misleading or an inaccurate measure of borrowing costs. It is argued that the APR can be misleading when applied to small-dollar loans, such as payday loans, because it does not accurately represent the true cost of borrowing for short-term financial products. While effective for comparing costs of longer-term loans, APR exaggerates the expense associated with short-term, small-dollar loans, thus potentially misleading consumers about the actual costs they will incur.

In a paper by Thomas W. Miller Jr. at the Mercatus Center, it is highlighted that while interest rate caps are often proposed as a means to combat "predatory" lending practices associated with high APRs on small-dollar loans, such regulatory measures overlook potential adverse effects. The analysis suggests that a 36 percent interest rate cap could lead to a scarcity of available loans, as the caps may cause demand to surpass supply and prompt lenders to redirect capital away from small-dollar lending markets. This shift could effectively result in an implicit prohibition of products like payday loans by rendering them financially unsustainable.

Inaccuracy in Mortgage Comparisons
APR may not accurately reflect the cost of borrowing for certain mortgage types, such as those with non-standard repayment structures. APR calculations, which aim to provide a comprehensive cost measure by including interest rates and other fees, might not capture the complexities or the true costs of mortgages that deviate from traditional, fixed-rate, amortizing loans. This discrepancy arises because APR is designed under the assumption of a standard loan structure, potentially misleading consumers about the financial implications of mortgages with variable rates, interest-only periods, or other unique features.

Exclusion of Junk Fees
APR does not encompass all fees associated with a loan, particularly "junk fees." These excluded fees can include various types of non-interest charges such as certain closing costs, which are not reflected in the APR calculation. This exclusion can mislead consumers about the true cost of borrowing, as the APR presents a narrower scope of expenses than what the borrower may eventually pay.

title: Annual percentage rate


text:
Łęczyca

Łęczyca (in full the Royal Town of Łęczyca, Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; Lentschitza; לונטשיץ ) is a town of inhabitants in central Poland. Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the county seat of the Łęczyca County. Łęczyca is a capital of the historical Łęczyca Land.

Origin of the name
The town was probably named after a West Slavic (Lechitic) tribe called Leczanie, which inhabited central Poland in the early Middle Ages. Some scholars however claim that the town was named after an Old Polish word łęg, which means a swampy plain.

In medieval Latin documents, Łęczyca is called Lonsin, Lucic, Lunciz, Lantsiza, Loncizia, Lonsitia and Lunchicia. In the early 12th century, Gallus Anonymus called Łęczyca "Lucic", and in 1154, Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi named it Nugrada, placing it among other main towns of the Kingdom of Poland, such as Kraków, Sieradz, Gniezno, Wrocław and Santok.

Location
Łęczyca lies in the middle of the county, and has the area of 8.95 km2. In the past, the town was the capital of the Łęczyca Land, which was later turned into Łęczyca Voivodeship. In the Second Polish Republic and in 1945 - 1975, Łęczyca belonged to Lodz Voivodeship. In 1975–1998, it was part of Plock Voivodeship. The geometric centre of Poland is located near Łęczyca.

History

Łęczyca is one of the oldest Polish cities, mentioned in the 12th century. It was the place of the first recorded meeting of Sejm, the Polish parliament, in 1180. In 1229, during the period of fragmentation of Poland, it became the capital of the Duchy of Łęczyca, which in 1263 was split into two parts - the Duchy of Łęczyca and the Duchy of Sieradz. In the early 14th century, the Łęczyca Voivodeship was created with Łęczyca serving as its capital. This administrative unit of the Kingdom of Poland was part of the larger Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown and existed until the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. It was a royal city of the Polish Crown.

Łęczyca, which lies in the centre of Poland, was for centuries one of the most important cities of the country. It received Magdeburg rights before 1267, and in 1331 the Teutonic Knights sacked the city during one of their repeated incursions into Poland. A considerable number of buildings were burned down, including two churches. A few decades later, on the initiative of Casimir the Great, the city was walled and a Royal Castle built to the southeast of the city.

Łęczyca prospered in the period between the mid-14th and mid-17th centuries. The royal castle, built by Casimir the Great, was located on a small hill, protected by a moat with water from the Bzura river. The complex was made from red brick, set on stone foundations. It was protected by a 10-meter high wall, with a tower located in its southwestern corner. Gate tower was placed in the western wall, in the basement was a prison, and in the courtyard there was a two-storey tenement building. Rooms of that building frequently housed meetings of the Royal Council. In 1964, widespread renovation of the complex began. Another building was added at that time, which now houses the Museum of the Land of Łęczyca.

Soon after its completion in the mid-14th century, the castle was named one of royal residences, and the seat of the Starosta of Łęczyca. In 1406, it was burned by the Teutonic Knights, but the complex was rebuilt so quickly that in 1409, King Władysław II Jagiełło attended here a meeting of his advisors, discussing the oncoming war with the Knights.

Following the Battle of Grunwald (1410), a number of high-ranking Teutonic prisoners was kept here for ransom. Four sessions of the Sejm (Polish parliament) took place here: in 1420, 1448, 1454 and 1462. In 1420, a Bohemian delegation offered here the Czech crown to Jagiełło. In 1433, the Truce of Łęczyca was signed in the city. Furthermore, the castle served as headquarters of King Casimir IV Jagiellon, during the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66). The city's prominence came to an end with the Swedish invasion of Poland when the castle was overrun and most of the city once again destroyed, and it remained in a state of crisis until the Partitions. One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the town in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route.

World War II
During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the Germans executed 29 Poles, including two families on September 9–10, 1939. Łęczyca was then occupied by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the region known as Reichsgau Wartheland as part of the district (kreis) of Lentschütz (Germanized word for 'Łęczyca'). The Germans expelled 330 Poles from the town in December 1939. Further expulsions of Poles were carried out in 1940. Poles were deported to a transit camp in nearby Ozorków, and afterwards young people were deported from the camp to forced labour in Germany, and children and older people were deported to the General Government (German-occupied central Poland), while their homes, shops and workshops were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy. In January 1942 there was a forced labor camp operating in or near the town.

Jews had been an important part of the population of Łęczyca since the late 1400s. At the beginning of the war in 1939, the Jewish population was more than 4000, about 30 percent of the community. The Germans began to terrorize, pillage, and humiliate the Jewish population from the beginning of the occupation. The Germans established a ghetto in late 1939, and later forbade any Jew to leave it on penalty of death. After the ghetto was enclosed, hunger and typhus ravaged the ghetto population. Periodically, hundreds of the community were expelled to other places, while Jews in other locations were brought to Łęczyca. In April 1942, the remaining Jews, about 1700 people, were sent to the Chełmno extermination camp where they were immediately gassed. The local Poles took over their houses and what meager possessions they left behind.

After the war it was reintegrated into the Polish People's Republic.

Landmarks

 * Royal Castle - originally dating from the 14th century, rebuilt from scratch after 1964.
 * Church of St Andrew the Apostle—the current church dates was consecrated in 1425.
 * Dominican monastery in Ul. Pocztowa (served as a prison from 1799 until 2006). Former political internees include Władysław Gomułka and Władysław Frasyniuk.
 * Cistercian church and monastery in ul. Poznańska, built between 1636 and 1643.
 * Defensive walls of Łęczyca, some of which are still extant. The original walls enclosed an area of approximately 9 hectares, amounted to 1150 metres in length and 7 metres in height. The town plan is still recognisably that of a medieval town.

A couple of kilometres away are the Collegiate church and the earthworks at the site of the medieval settlement of Tum.

Sports
The local football team is Górnik Łęczyca. It competes in the lower leagues.

Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
After 1305, parts of the united Kingdom of Poland initially as two vassal duchies, later incorporated as Łęczyca Voivodeship and Sieradz Voivodeship.
 * 1228-1232 Henry I the Bearded (Henryk I Brodaty)
 * 1232-1233 Konrad of Masovia (Konrad Mazowiecki)
 * 1234-1247 Konrad of Masovia (Konrad Mazowiecki)
 * 1247-1260 Casimir I of Mazovia (Kazimierz I Mazowiecki)
 * 1260-1275 Leszek the Black (Leszek Czarny)
 * 1275-1294 divided into two duchies of Sieradz and Łęczyca (below)
 * 1294-1297 Ladislaus I the Short (Władysław Łokietek)
 * 1297-1305 Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (Wacław II Czeski)

Dukes of Łęczyca

 * 1233-1234 Konrad of Masovia (Konrad Mazowiecki)
 * 1275-1294 Casimir II of Łęczyca (Kazimierz II)
 * 1329-1343 Ladislaus of Dobrzyn (Władysław Dobrzyński)

After 1305 part of the united Kingdom of Poland as a vassal duchy, later after 1343 incorporated by the king Casimir III the Great as the Łęczyca Voivodeship.

Notable residents

 * Jerzy I of Halicz
 * Kazimierz II
 * Janisław I
 * Władysław I the Elbow-high
 * Władysław II Jagiełło
 * Władysław III of Poland
 * Vytenis
 * Zygmunt II August
 * Agnieszka Baranowska
 * Kazimierz Franciszek Czarnkowski
 * Zygmunt Grudziński (1870-1929)
 * Rabbi Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz (Lenczyk)
 * Rabbi Meïr Löb ben Jehiel Michel Weiser Malbi"m
 * Wacław Przeździecki
 * Jakub Świnka
 * Stanisław Warszycki
 * Marek Wojtera
 * Józef Szczepański
 * Stanisław Thugutt

Twin towns – sister cities
Łęczyca is twinned with four cities:
 * 🇫🇷 Rillieux-la-Pape
 * 🇩🇪 Penzlin, Germany
 * 🇺🇦 Volodymyr, Ukraine
 * 🇵🇱 Rypin, Poland

title: Łęczyca