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User:Servant of Christ

I am interested in creating a Christian encyclopedia (Christanipedia), similar to Wikipedia, but with:
 * articles will be on Christian topics, or Christian perspectives on other topics
 * Biblical Point of View (BPOV) rather than NPOV

I am a PHP programmer, and so am interested in modifying MediaWiki to make it easy to create forks of Wikipedia. E.g.:
 * simple article import from Wikipedia, with appropriate attribution link added
 * display changes in Wikipedia since article was last updated, so appropriate changes can be merged.

See User:Servant of Christ/Articles on Christianity for a list of articles to be imported.

title: User:Servant of Christ


text:
Castaways and Cutouts

Castaways and Cutouts is the first full-length album by The Decemberists, originally released on May 21, 2002, on Hush Records and reissued on May 6, 2003, on Kill Rock Stars. The album's title is taken from a lyric of the song "California One/Youth and Beauty Brigade".

The album cover was designed by the Portland artist Carson Ellis, the long-time girlfriend (now wife) of frontman Colin Meloy. She has created artwork for each of the band's albums.

Reception
Castaways and Cutouts received mostly positive reviews. The album ranked number 89 on Under the Radars Top 200 Albums of the 2000s and number 96 on Pitchforks The 100 Best Albums of 2000–2004.

Track listing
All songs written by Colin Meloy.

Personnel
According to the liner notes of Castaways and Cutouts.

 * Colin Meloy – vocals, guitar, percussion
 * Chris Funk – guitar, pedal steel, theremin
 * Jenny Conlee – Hammond organ, piano, Rhodes piano, accordion
 * Nate Query – upright bass
 * Ezra Holbrook – drums, percussion, vocals

Production

 * Produced by The Decemberists
 * Recorded by Simon Widdowson
 * Mastered by Ryan Foster
 * Design by Third Eyebrow (.com)
 * Art direction by Colin Meloy and Carson Ellis
 * Cover painting and illustrations by Carson Ellis
 * Inner-tray photo by Jonathan Gitelson
 * Sound clip in "California One/Youth and Beauty Brigade" from Archangel, directed by Guy Maddin.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Castaways and Cutouts


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Henry of Bohemia

Henry of Gorizia (Heinrich, Jindřich; c. 1265 – 2 April 1335), a member of the House of Gorizia, was Duke of Carinthia and Landgrave of Carniola (as Henry VI) and Count of Tyrol from 1295 until his death, as well as King of Bohemia, Margrave of Moravia and titular King of Poland in 1306 and again from 1307 until 1310. After his death, the Habsburgs took over Carinthia and Carniola and held them almost without interruption until 1918.

Life
Henry was a younger son of Count Meinhard II of Görz-Tyrol and Elizabeth of Bavaria, widow of King Conrad IV of Germany. Upon the partition of the Meinhardiner estates in 1271, his father maintained the Tyrolean lands, while Henry's uncle Albert received the County of Gorizia. In 1276 Count Meinhard married his eldest daughter, Henry's sister Elizabeth, to Albert, son of King Rudolph I of Germany, and in turn was enfeoffed with the Duchy of Carinthia in 1286.

After his father's death in late October 1295, Henry inherited the Tyrolean and Carinthian estates. At first, he ruled jointly with his brothers Otto (d. 1310) and Louis (d. 1305), until he outlived them. He secured his position by supporting his brother-in-law Albert I of Habsburg, who thereby was able to defeat rivalling Adolf of Nassau at the 1298 Battle of Göllheim and was elected King of the Romans in the same year. He also helped King Albert and his Wittelsbach ally Louis IV to lay siege against Louis' revolting brother Rudolf I of the Palatinate at his Heidelberg residence in 1301.

King of Bohemia
Tensions with the House of Habsburg arose when Henry married the Přemyslid princess Anne, the elder sister of King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, in 1306. In the same year, the Bohemian ruler prepared for a military campaign against Poland and appointed his brother-in-law regent. Upon Wenceslaus' assassination on 4 August, the Přemyslids became extinct in the male line and Henry was elected his successor by the Bohemian nobility—against the will of his former ally King Albert I of Germany, who intended to install his eldest son Rudolf of Habsburg on the Bohemian throne.

King Albert's troops invaded Bohemia, besieged Prague Castle and deposed Henry, who had to yield to their superior forces. Nevertheless, Rudolf of Habsburg (mocked as král kaše, "King Porridge") was never accepted by the Bohemian nobles, and after his sudden death on 4 July 1307, Henry was re-elected King of Bohemia on 15 August. Another attack by King Albert was repelled, and the Habsburg threat was finally ended with Albert's assassination by his nephew John in 1308.

Although Henry was now one of the most powerful rulers in the Holy Roman Empire, his reign marked a period of instability in Bohemia. He was considered weak and wasteful by the Bohemian nobility, who began to look for a more capable successor. Meanwhile, the new German king Henry VII, a member of the House of Luxembourg, had also cast a covetous eye on the Bohemian kingdom. In 1310, Henry VII arranged the marriage of his eldest son John with Elizabeth, the younger sister of the late King Wenceslaus II.

Backed by local nobles and his father, John's troops invaded Bohemia in October of 1310. He captured Prague on 3 December and deposed Henry for the second time. The German king seized the Bohemian fief and ceded it to his son John, who was crowned king the next year. Henry was forced to retire to Carinthia, where his wife Anna died without children in 1313.

Retirement
Henry managed to retain Carinthia and Tyrol through reconciliation with the Habsburgs, ceding the March on the Sann (Savinja Valley in today Slovenia) to the Habsburg Duchy of Styria. He also kept de facto control over Carniola. He nevertheless was not able to acquire the Carinthian estates that were held by the prince-bishops of Bamberg with the consent of Emperor Henry VII. Centred in a compact territory between Villach and Tarvis, these possessions enjoyed the status of a virtually sovereign principality, and had a crucial geostrategic position on the only major route from Carinthia to Friuli and Italy. On the other hand, Henry could reinforce his overlordship in Tyrol against the resistance of the Trent and Brixen prince-bishops.

Despite his deposition, Henry continued to claim the title of king of Bohemia and the accompanying electoral dignity, voting for Habsburg candidate Frederick the Fair during the 1314 double election of the Holy Roman Emperor at Frankfurt. His contested right to vote was one of the reasons for the ambiguous result, as Henry's rival, the Luxembourg king John, gave his Bohemian vote to Louis IV of Bavaria. After Louis' victory in the 1322 Battle of Mühldorf, Henry helped to arrange an amicable settlement between the competitors.

Henry also reconciled with the Luxembourgs and in 1330 married his daughter Margaret off to King John's son John Henry. Since he was the last male heir of the Tyrolean branch of the Meinhardiner dynasty, he attempted to maintain their possessions, but ultimately failed. Even though Emperor Louis IV, in return for Henry's mediation in the dispute with Frederick the Fair, had assured him in 1330 that his daughter could succeed him, Louis reneged on his promise in a secret treaty with the House of Habsburg in the same year. After Henry's death in 1335, the Habsburg duke Albert II of Austria and his brother Otto took control of Carinthia and Carniola. Henry's daughter Margaret could only succeed him in Tyrol with the support of the local nobles; however, in 1363 she ultimately had to bequeath her lands to Albert's II son Duke Rudolf IV of Austria as well. The Gorizia branch of the Meinhardiner dynasty ruled their county until the extinction of the line in 1500, after which the estates likewise fell to the Habsburgs.

Marriage and issue
Henry was married three times:

In 1306, he married Anna Přemyslovna (1290–1313). This marriage produced no children.

In 1313, he wed Adelaide of Brunswick (1285 – 16 August 1324), daughter of the Welf duke Henry I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. This marriage produced two daughters:
 * 1) Adelaide (1317–25 May 1325).
 * 2) Margaret "Maultasch" (1318 – 3 October 1369, Vienna), Countess of Tyrol from 1335 to 1363.

In 1327, he married Beatrice (1310–1331), daughter of Count Amadeus V of Savoy. This marriage produced no children.

title: Henry of Bohemia


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Univocalic

A univocalic is a type of antilipogrammatic constrained writing that uses only consonants and a single vowel, in English "A", "E", "I", "O", or "U", and no others.

Examples

 * One of the best-known univocalic poems was written by C.C. Bombaugh in 1890 using "O". Bombaugh's work is still in print. An example couplet:
 * No cool monsoons blow soft on Oxford dons,
 * Orthodox, jog-trot, book-worm Solomons

 * The Austrian poet Ernst Jandl composed his univocalic poem "ottos mops" ("Otto's Pug") from German words with only the vowel "O".
 * A contemporary example of English-language univocalic poems is Canadian poet Christian Bök's text Eunoia, published by Coach House Press in 2001. Each chapter is restricted to a single vowel, missing four of the five vowels. For example the fourth chapter contains only "O". A typical sentence from this chapter is "Profs from Oxford show frosh who do post-docs how to gloss works of Wordsworth."
 * An example of a univocalic novella is Georges Perec's Les Revenentes (sic), in which the vowel "E" is used exclusively. The sentence Je cherche en même temps l'éternel et l'éphémère (which means "I seek the eternal and the ephemeral at the same time") from this book has appeared as the epigraph for the last chapter of Life: A User's Manual. Les Revenentes has also been translated into English, titled "The Exeter Text: Jewels, Secrets, Sex" (included in the collection Three by Ian Monk), also using the vowel "E" exclusively.
 * Georges Perec has also written a univocalic in A (What a man !) and one in O (Morton's ob).
 * Höpöhöpö Böks by Icelandic poet Eiríkur Örn Norðdahl is a univocal lipogram using only the vowel Ö. It is composed as a tribute to Christian Bök's Eunoia.
 * Eszperente is a univocalic form of Hungarian in which no vowels can be used other than "E". This task is eased somewhat as "E" is a common vowel in Hungarian. In fact the letter e can denote two similar but distinct vowels.  There are poems and even some books written in Eszperente, mostly for children.
 * Argentinean folk singer Leon Gieco released a novelty song in 1997 called "Ojo con los Orozco" ("Be Aware of the Orozco Brothers"); only the vowel O is featured in the song's lyrics; no other vowels are used. Its describes the personalities and proclivities of eight fictional corrupt politicians, all brothers within the same family. The rap song is in Spanish, with a heavy dose of Lunfardo, some English words, and a few pop culture references (among others, Don Johnson, Bon Scott, John Lennon and Yoko Ono are mentioned). The song's video makes heavy use of surrealistic images.
 * Cornish poet Trelawney wrote the univocalic piece, Wych Nymph, in Y.
 * Ioueay Oiseaux - Hoʻoponopono is a 300-line univocalic poem in O (using "Y" exclusively when it's phonetically a consonant) written by an anonymous writer Satisfire. An extract from the work, being a univocalic reinterpretation of the Ten Commandments:
 * «10 most common protocols of God: 1. God controls world solo; 2. Do not concoct own dolls, nor do bow to wrong gods of gold; 3. God’s honor’s worth lot, do not mock God; 4. Yom of God’s yom of God, son; 5. Honor own mom, mom’s consort too; 6. Do not knock off folks; 7. Do not bonk wrong nooks; 8. Do not prowl on folks’ lot; 9. Do not concoct bollocks; 10. Hold off for good from good folks’ lot or consorts.»

 * dolphin.town is a social media service using Mastodon (software) on which users can only post status updates using only the letter "E". Darius Kazemi, the maintainer of the site, created a bot which "Posts all the E's in Moby Dick".

title: Univocalic


text:
Talk:Currency board

Quote: A currency board is a system ...

Though it may may well seek to operate a system of currency regulation such as that described in the article -- indeed be set up for that very purpose -- surely a currency board is an authority or institution of some kind, not the system itself? -- Picapica 10:27, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Is this the same thing as a fixed exchange rate? Paul 06:28, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Picapica and Paul. The article is misleading. Rviision is necessary. Readers might find this link interesting: http://users.erols.com/kurrency/intro.htm Regards, PBES

Could it be said that the banks of Scotland and N. Ireland, which have to deposit English sterling before issuing Scottish/Irish sterling, operate on this basis? Ian 18:14, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Quote: This policy objective requires ...

What policy? Does every country have such a board? The introductory paragraph of this article is confusing and requires to much prior knowledge from the reader. Ronstew (talk) 15:55, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Gibraltar
If there are any currency board experts, your help would be appreciated at Talk:Gibraltar. The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick t 03:35, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

I think China should be added to countries pegged to the dollar. It effectively is since mid-2008 http://www.google.com/finance?q=usdcny. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.28.76.1 (talk) 15:38, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Denmark
Why isn't Denmark in this list? Danish National Bank (Central Bank of Denmark) is the mixture of orthodox Currency board and traditional central bank. Danish banknotes and coins which issued by Danish National Bank is partly backed by their Euro reserve, DNB sets a ratio between local currency and euro at a ratio 7.46038DKK/EUR with a narrow bank at ±2.25%. Denmark is the small and open economy which depends heavily on foreign trade especially with the Europe Union.Cristiano Toàn (talk) 03:40, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Currency board


text:
Mackay, Queensland

{{Infobox Australian place {{Multiple image |border     = infobox |perrow     = 1/2/2/2 |total_width = 300 |caption_align = center |image1     = Aerial view over Mackay, 2009.jpg |caption1   = Aerial view of Mackay, 2009 |image2     = Cane Fire sculpture, Queensland National Bank, Mackay, 2023, 02.jpg |caption2   = The Cane Fire sculpture |image3     = Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Mackay, 2023 01.jpg |caption3   = Holy Trinity Church |image4     = Street art in Mackay, Qld, 2023, 09.jpg |caption4   = Street art down Fifth Lane |image5     = Mackay.jpg |caption5   = Spanish Mission architecture along Wood street |image6     = Along the Bluewater Trail.jpg |caption6   = Bluewater Sculpture trail |image7     = Evening at Mackay Habour.jpg |caption7   = Mackay Harbour }} }}
 * type               = city
 * name               = Mackay
 * state              = qld
 * image              =
 * coordinates        = {{Coord|-21.1411|149.1858|type:city_region:AU-QLD|display=inline,title|name=Mackay (town centre)}}}
 * pop                = 84,333
 * pop_year           = 2021
 * pop_footnotes      =
 * poprank            = 22nd
 * density            =
 * density_footnotes  =
 * est                = 1862
 * postcode           = 4740
 * elevation          = 11.0
 * elevation_footnotes =
 * area               = 212.4
 * area_footnotes     = (2021 urban)
 * timezone           = AEST
 * utc                = +10:00
 * dist1              = 972
 * dir1               = NW
 * location1          = Brisbane
 * dist2              = 365
 * dir2               = NNW
 * location2          = Rockhampton
 * dist3              = 390
 * dir3               = SE
 * location3          = Townsville
 * lga                = Mackay Region
 * region             =
 * county             =
 * stategov           = Mackay (central and eastern suburbs)
 * stategov2          = Mirani (south-western suburbs)
 * stategov3          = Whitsunday (north-western suburbs)
 * fedgov             = Capricornia
 * fedgov2            = Dawson
 * maxtemp            = 27.1
 * mintemp            = 17.8
 * rainfall           = 1606.9

Mackay is a city in the Mackay Region on the eastern or Coral Sea coast of Queensland, Australia. It is located about 970 km north of Brisbane, on the Pioneer River. Mackay is described as being in either Central Queensland or North Queensland, as these regions are not precisely defined. More generally, the area is known as the Mackay–Whitsunday Region. Nicknames of Mackay include the Sugar capital, Alexandra and Macktown. The demonym of Mackay residents is Mackayites.

Founded in 1862 the settlement was originally known as Alexandra, in honour of Princess Alexandra of Denmark, and was later renamed Mackay after John Mackay. Sugar became the economic foundation of the city, with plantations using South Sea Islanders that had been blackbirded as indentured labourers or slaves. The trades ending in 1904 roughly coincided with the immigration of Mediterranean migrants from Italy and Malta beginning in 1891 to work the sugarcane plantations, and by the 1930s one third of Australia’s Italian migrants lived in North Queensland. The city was nearly destroyed in the 1918 cyclone, and the following reconstruction used primarily Art Deco and Spanish Mission architectural styles for which the city is famous.

Mackay has a rich history and culture, known for its architecture, food, and as a cultural-melting pot. It has long established cross-cultural communities that have influenced the city; including Yuwi, South Sea Islanders, Italians, Maltese, and more recently Filipinos. Mackay is considered the capital of South Sea Islander culture, being home to the largest population in the nation. The city is noted for its seafood, tropical produce, public art and laneways, jazz scene, and festivals including the Mackay Festival of Arts and Jazz in the Park.

Major landmarks in Mackay include, Bluewater Quay and river markets, Mackay Harbour, the Leichhardt Tree, the Bluewater Sculpture trail and the Kommo Toera trail through the Mackay Wetlands. The city's hinterland includes, Mount Blackwood, Eungella National Park including Finch Hatton Gorge, along with the expansive mountain bike trails between Eungella and Finch Hatton. Mackay's coastal highlights include, Cape Hillsborough, the national parks of Round Top and Flat Top islands and the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Great Barrier Reef.

Name
The city was named after John Mackay. In 1860, he was the leader of an expedition into the Pioneer Valley. John Mackay's journal as his expedition party entered the Pioneer Valley on 20 May 1860 describes "a large river about one hundred yards broad, with good provision of water. McCrossan proposed it should be called the Mackay River, and the party agreed to it." He returned in 1862 with a herd of cattle and established the first settlement at Greenmount. By October 1862 a settlement was established on the banks of the "Mackay" river close to the mouth. But the unregistered name of the Mackay River didn't last long. Commodore Burnett of HMS "Pioneer" was surveying the Queensland coastline and as there was already a "Mackay" River in Rockingham Bay, he decided on 27 December 1862 to rename the river "Pioneer". In May 1863 Thomas Henry Fitzgerald completed the first survey of the township and proposed it would be called Alexandra after Princess Alexandra of Denmark, who married Prince Edward (later King Edward VII). Fitzgerald finally used the name Alexandra for his sugar cane plantation in 1866. It is also the name of a Mackay suburb of Alexandra today.

There has always been much contention over the pronunciation of the name Mackay. Correspondence received by Mackay City Library in 2007, from descendants of John Mackay, confirms that the correct pronunciation is, from the Gaelic name MacAoidh, which is pronounced "" not "".

History

The area which is now Mackay City was originally inhabited by the local Yuibera people.

Yuwibara (also known as Yuibera, Yuri, Juipera, Yuwiburra) is an Australian Indigenous language spoken on Yuwibara country. It is closely related to the Biri languages/dialects. The Yuwibara language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Mackay Region.

Captain James Cook, sailed past the Mackay coast on 1 June 1770 and named several local landmarks, including Cape Palmerston, Slade Point and Cape Hillsborough. It was during this trip that the Endeavour's botanist, Sir Joseph Banks, briefly recorded seeing Indigenous Australians.

In 1860, John Mackay led an overland expedition to the region to obtain land. Finding most of the inland areas already having been selected by other British colonists, Mackay turned toward the coast and entered what he called the May Plains but is now known as the Pioneer Valley. Mackay was the first European to visit the region that is now named after him. He selected three large areas of land which he named Greenmount, Cape Palmerston and Shamrock Vale. In 1862 he returned with James Starr and 1200 head of livestock to establish these cattle stations but soon got into financial difficulty and sold them off.

In 1863, Mackay was declared a port of entry for settlers. Amongst the first boatload of arrivals was hotelier and future mayor Korah Halcomb Wills. Mackay was initially named Alexandra but the government soon changed it to Mackay to honour its founder. The first sale of town allotments was in 1864.

During the 1860s, the local Aboriginal population, as Henry Ling Roth puts it, "did what they could to defend their country and their lives." The local detachment of the Native Police under Robert Arthur Johnstone started patrolling the area in 1867, and encountered several Aboriginal camps on the north side of the Pioneer River, one of which contained more than 200 people. A newspaper report of the time says that Johnstone dealt with these people "in the usual and only effectual mode for restraining their savage propensities." The usual mode of the Native Police was terror, violence and massacre. In 1868 a large group of Aboriginal people killed 7 cattle at Greenmount. Johnstone and his troopers were sent out after them but it is unclear if he succeeded in "administering a lesson to the blackskins." Colonist, George Bridgman, provided some sanctuary to the remnants of the tribes and in 1871 an Aboriginal Reserve was gazetted near Rosella. This reserve shut in 1885.

In 1865, John Spiller, an Englishman who was connected with sugar plantations in colonial Java, planted the first sugarcane crop in the Mackay region. John Ewen Davidson and T. H. Fitzgerald built the first production sugar mill in 1868. Most of the labour on the sugar plantations was provided by South Sea Islanders. The first 70 of these workers arrived in Mackay on 12 May 1867 aboard the Prima Donna. and were sent to work at Fitzgerald's Alexandra Plantation.

By the mid-1880s there were over 30 sugar plantations and 26 sugar mills in the Mackay region. Over one third of the 6000 inhabitants were South Sea Islander labourers. On Boxing Day 1883, a race riot occurred between members of these workers and some of the European population at the Mackay racecourse. Hundreds of people on both sides threw bottles at each other until around 50 Anglo-Australian horsemen wielding stirrup irons galloped into the group of Islanders, knocking them down with their improvised weapons and riding over them. Officially two Islanders were killed but it was believed a greater number later died of injuries. One white man involved, George Goyner, was found guilty of assault and sentenced to two months in prison. Around thirty Islanders were also imprisoned.

In 1918, Mackay was hit by a major tropical cyclone causing severe damage and loss of life with hurricane-force winds and a large storm surge. The resulting death toll was further increased by an outbreak of bubonic plague. Communication links into Mackay were destroyed. The outside world did not learn of the Mackay cyclone until five days after impact, leading to some speculation the city had been completely destroyed. The disaster remains one of the most destructive cyclones to strike a populated centre in Australia.

The foundation stone of the Mackay War Memorial was laid on the river bank on 18 November 1928 by the mayor George Albert Milton. It was unveiled on 1 May 1929 by the mayor. Due to flooding, the memorial was relocated to Jubilee Park in 1945. Due to the construction of the Civic Centre, it was relocated to another part of the park in March 1973.

The largest loss of life in an Australian aircraft accident was a B17 aircraft, with 40 of 41 people on board perishing, on 14 June 1943, after departing from Mackay Aerodrome, and crashing in the Bakers Creek area.

The Rats of Tobruk Memorial commemorates those who died at and since the Battle of Tobruk. The memorial was dedicated on 4 March 2001.

On 18 February 1958, Mackay was hit with massive flooding caused by heavy rainfall upstream with 878 mm of rain falling at Finch Hatton in 24 hours. The flood peaked at 9.14 m. The water flowed down the valley and flooded Mackay within hours. Residents were rescued off rooftops by boats and taken to emergency accommodation. The flood broke Australian records.

In 1970 Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Princess Anne toured Australia including Queensland. The Queensland tour began on Sunday 12 April when the royal yacht Britannia entered Moreton Bay at Caloundra, sailing into Newstead Wharf. After visiting Brisbane, Longreach and Mount Isa the Royal Family travelled to Mackay. The visit to Mackay in the evening followed a late afternoon flight from Mount Isa on 16 April. The Royal Family were taken to the Anglican Parish Hall at the intersection of Sydney and Gordon Streets for a civic reception, held in honour of their arrival.

On 15 February 2008, almost exactly 50 years from the last major flood, Mackay was devastated by severe flooding caused by over 600 mm of rain in 6 hours with around 2000 homes affected.

Mackay was battered by Tropical Cyclone Ului, a category three cyclone which crossed the coast at nearby Airlie Beach, around 1:30 am on Sunday 21 March 2010. Over 60,000 homes lost power and some phone services also failed during the storm, but no deaths were reported.

The Dudley Denny City Library opened in 2016.

In, the city of Mackay had a population of 78,685.

Heritage listings
Mackay has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Alfred Street: Mackay Technical College
 * Alfred Street: World War I Cenotaph
 * 251 Alfred Street: Mackay Central State School
 * Cemetery Road: Mackay General Cemetery
 * Cowleys Road: Selwyn House, Mackay
 * 38 East Gordon Street: East Gordon Street Sewerage Works
 * 39 Gordon Street: Holy Trinity Church
 * Habana Road: Richmond Mill Ruins
 * 21 MacAlister Street: St Pauls Uniting Church
 * 10 River Street: WH Paxton & Co buildings
 * 31 River Street: Mackay Customs House
 * 239 Nebo Road: Sugar Research Institute
 * 63 Sydney Street: Mackay Town Hall
 * Victoria Street: Mackay Court House and Police Station
 * 63 Victoria Street: Commonwealth Bank Building
 * 79 Victoria Street: Queensland National Bank
 * 1 Wood Street: Pioneer Shire Council Building
 * 57 Wood Street: Mackay Masonic Temple

Geography
Mackay is situated on the 21st parallel south adjacent to the Coral sea coast and about both banks of the Pioneer River. The Clarke Range lies to the west of the city. The city is expanding to accommodate for growth with most of the expansion happening in the Beachside, Southern, Central and Pioneer Valley suburbs. Suburbs to the north of the city such as Midge Point are also fast growing with residential estates in demand.

There is disagreement about how to describe the location of Mackay, with debate ongoing as to whether the city is located in North Queensland or Central Queensland. There is no uniform agreement among either state or federal government agencies on the definition of North Queensland, with government services for Mackay being provided through both Townsville (North Queensland) and Rockhampton (Central Queensland). In its news coverage, the national Australian Broadcasting Corporation consistently describes Mackay as being in North Queensland. The ABC's local radio station in Mackay is also called ABC Tropical North. However, Queensland Health designates Mackay as a health district distinct from both Central Queensland and Townsville health districts and the Mackay-based rescue helicopter, part of the Queensland Health Aeromedical Retrieval Service, is called CQ Rescue.

Climate

Mackay has a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Koppen: Cwa), closely bordering a tropical savanna climate (Koppen: Aw) with hot, very rainy summers and very mild, dry winters. Warm to hot weather predominates throughout the year, with mean maximums averaging from 30.5 °C in January to 22.8 °C in July, while minimums range from 11.4 C in July to 23.3 C in February.

The wet season, lasting from December to March, is characterised by hot weather, high humidity and intense rainfall; with occasional monsoonal low pressure systems and tropical cyclones. Meanwhile, the dry season, from June to October, are cooler and less humid. The majority of the 110.0 clear days are recorded during these months; which are sunny and relatively dry. While frost is extremely rare in Mackay; it has been recorded to the west of the city during some winters. April and November are transitional months- moderately rainy and humid.

Extreme temperatures in Mackay have ranged from 39.7 C on the 26th of November 1918 to -0.4 C on the 22nd of July 1951. The highest rainfall ever recorded in 1 day was 627.4 mm on 22 January 1918.

Economy
As of the 2007–08, Mackay contributed $15.4 billion to the Australian economy, or 7.1% of Queensland's gross state product (GSP). This is largely on the back of its export-oriented industries of sugar and mining.

Mackay is famous for its history as one of Australia's largest sugarcane farming regions. However, in recent years, the mining industry has become the mainstay of the local economy.

Mining
Mackay is widely recognised as the gateway to the Bowen Basin coal mining reserves of Central Queensland. It is the single largest coal reserve in Australia, with 34 operational coal mines extracting more than 100 million tonnes annually. While much of this is used in Australia, Japan and China are the largest export recipients.

Sugar
Mackay was known as the "sugar capital" of Australia, producing a sizeable portion of Australia's domestic supplies and exports. However, the industry experienced a decline in the 2000s.

The industry in Mackay has its roots back in the 19th century. Historically, plantations were small and had their own mills to crush the cane during harvest. Over the years as the industry grew and developed, co-operatives were formed to consolidate the harvesting, crushing and distribution of the sugar in selected zones. Throughout the 20th century, the privately owned mills in the Mackay district closed one by one until only three remained – Marian, Racecourse Mill, and Farleigh. Today, Pleystowe is the oldest surviving mill in the district (but closed in 2008).

The Marian Sugar Cane Mill is situated in Marian, 25 km west of Mackay. At the Farleigh Mill, there are mill tours accessed via the internet. Racecourse Mill also does tours, and therefore accessible via the internet. Mackay Sugar operates three of these remaining mills, including Racecourse, which became site of the region's first sugar refinery (which is owned by CSR Limited) in the 1990s. Growers in the region have a total cane production area of approximately 86,000 hectares. The growers are capable (in good seasons) of supplying up to 6.5 million tonnes of cane to the factories for processing. On average, Mackay Sugar produces about 850,000 tonnes of raw sugar and 180,000 tonnes of the by-product molasses annually.

The sugar industry in Mackay has faced steep challenges since 2000, since it is largely dependent on high world sugar prices to remain viable. However, efforts are going into diversifying the use of sugar cane for different purposes.

Tourism
Compared to many of its neighbouring cities and regions in Queensland, Mackay's tourism industry is small and still developing. This is despite being close to notable attractions including Eungella National Park, the Great Barrier Reef, and the Whitsunday Islands.

Latest figures indicate about 685,000 domestic and international visitors come to the region annually. More telling, however, is that domestic and international visitor night stays have increased to 2.7 million annually, an increase of nearly 1 million since 2000.

Several new hotels have opened in the region since 2000, further indication of a growing industry. These include The Clarion International, Quest Serviced Apartments and the Ibis Mackay Airport.

Marine

Mackay is well situated to become a major service centre for the marine industry, being in immediate proximity to the Whitsundays, and located halfway between Brisbane and Cairns.

Currently the Mackay Marina is the largest base in the district for the maintenance, refit and related services for all marine craft, particularly Super Yachts. The Mackay Whitsunday Super Yacht Cluster, a group of regional companies focusing on providing integrated repair, refit and provisioning for the increasing number of visiting super yachts, was established in 2001 to support and promote the development of this sector.

Retail
Mackay has three main shopping centres. Caneland Central is the largest of these, with more than 130 speciality stores. Myer is among the new anchor tenants. This expansion was opened on 13 October 2011.

Mount Pleasant Shopping Centre is the second major shopping centre in the Mackay region. It hosts department stores, supermarkets and other speciality outlets. Outside the main centre, a number of bulky-good outlets also operate, along with a six-screen Birch Carroll and Coyle cinema complex.

The Mackay City Heart, located in the older city centre, is also another thriving part of the city. It is the home of many of the region's banks, law, accounting and other professional service firms.

Bluewater Trail
The Bluewater Trail project, managed by the Mackay Regional Council, covers more than 20 km of dedicated pedestrian paths and bikeways. The primary purpose of the Bluewater trail is to facilitate pedestrian and cyclist-friendly activities that can be enjoyed anytime during the day or night. Now completed the track links several new attractions and tourism infrastructure pieces around the city including the Bluewater Lagoon, the Bluewater Quay and the Mackay Regional Botanic Gardens. It also incorporates the Sandfly Creek walkway through East Mackay, and the Catherine Freeman Walk which connects West Mackay to the city under the Ron Camm Bridge.

Located in the south of Mackay, the Mackay Regional Botanic Gardens are the start of the Bluewater Trail. The gardens opened and replaced Queen's Park as Mackay's botanic gardens in 2003 containing an array of rare plants native to the Mackay area and Central Queensland. Before 2003, the area was commonly called The Lagoons, and is centred on the shores of a billabong that years ago formed part of the Pioneer River further to the north.

Heading east past the Mackay Base Hospital and along the Catherine Freeman Walk, the Bluewater Lagoon emerges. Comprising three tiered lagoons, the lagoon is a free family-friendly leisure facility overlooking the Pioneer River in the heart of Mackay's city centre. A waterfall connects the two main lagoon areas, which vary in depth up to 1.8 m. Similar to the well-known Streets Beach at the South Bank Parklands in Brisbane, the lagoon is a popular summertime attraction for locals and visitors.

Further east along the trail is Bluewater Quay. As part of Queensland's 150th anniversary celebrations, $12 million has been invested into the transformation of River Street, to the immediate east of the Forgan Bridge. The street now has various public amenities including access to a new viewing platform, upgraded fishing jetty, stage areas, cafes and space for weekend markets. Being 250 m long, the quay is built around the historic Leichhardt Tree (which falls under the Nauclea evergreen variety), a common meeting point for new migrants to Mackay who arrived at the old Port district along River Street.

The Bluewater Trail project has been very successful, gained significant recognition and received several awards:

 * In 2010, it received national recognition, collecting two awards at the National Heart Foundation Local Government Awards. The Bluewater Trail was named the National overall winner and won its category (Planning for Active Living) at the Heart Foundation Local Government Awards.
 * In 2010 and 2011, the trail was recognised in the Community Champions Award by the Queensland Spinal Injuries Association (QSIA). It was awarded for providing equitable and accessible facilities in the category of Best Recreation/Leisure Venue or Precinct.
 * The Bluewater Trail has also gained considerable interest from other organisations and programs and has been used as an ‘inspirational example’ as part of the following two case studies in 2011:

 * 1) ‘Active Healthy Communities’ - a resource package for local government to create supportive environments for physical activity and healthy eating coordinated by Queensland Government (Queensland Health) in partnership with the Heart Foundation and Local Government Association of Queensland Ltd (LGAQ).
 * 2) ‘Healthy Community / Healthy Workplace projects or initiatives’ – case studies aiming to build the capacity of Queensland councils by raising awareness of the relevance, role and opportunities for creating healthy communities coordinated by Local Government Association of Queensland Ltd (LGAQ).

 * In 2012 Mackay Regional Council Manager Recreation Services Mr Onno Van Es won the 2012 Local Government Association Queensland (LGAQ) Healthy Leaders Award (Senior Manager Category). "Onno was the visionary and leader behind two award winning council projects, the Bluewater Lagoon and the Bluewater Trail, that offer residents the chance to get outdoors and live a healthy lifestyle." He was recognised for "nurturing healthy partnerships across government jurisdictions and securing significant resources for healthy community infrastructure, shaping the environment through the creation of the award winning $30 million Bluewater Trail and $12.7 million Bluewater Lagoon projects and their activation through the delivery of healthy lifestyle programs."

Festival of Arts
The Mackay region is home to the Mackay Festival of Arts held annually throughout July. Now more than 20 years old, it is the largest regional arts festival in Queensland. The festival features wine and cheese tasting sessions, live jazz and other music, stand-up routines, art exhibitions, dance and other performances.

Artspace Mackay
Artspace Mackay, which opened in a new award-winning building designed by Cox Rayner Architects in February 2003, contains the Mackay Regional Council (MRC) Art Collection. This includes more than 1,200 artworks, and "one of the biggest holdings of artists' books in Australia outside of the capital cities".

City Centre
The City Centre is noted for its art-deco inspired architecture, with many buildings throughout the main streets of the central business district featuring distinctive designs from the early 20th century. Some of the most famous buildings are the former Main Post Office dating from 1940 with its clock tower, the Masonic Temple built in 1936, the Pioneer Shia Council built in 1935, Taylors Hotel (1936) and the Ambassador Hotel (1937). The Commonwealth Bank which was built as early as 1880 and the Old Court house dating from 1885 are two of the oldest buildings in town. The Technical College which was built 1911-12 is a part of the University. One of the most famous houses built in an art-deco style is Chaseley House in Sydney Street. The Town Hall dating from 1916 is one of the buildings which survived the cyclone of 1918 undamaged. St. Paul's Uniting Church which was completed in 1898 is the oldest church in town. One of the largest churches is St. Patrick Church whose parsonage built in 1915 is one of the oldest residential buildings in Mackay. The precinct was upgraded in the 1990s through a unique community arts project. The overall theme depicts the environmental beauty of the Mackay region and consists of bronzed plaques, sculptures and terrazzo/mosaic tiles. Of particular interest is a sculptured free-form seat in the shape of a bommie, or bombora, and covered in myriad colours depicting the Great Barrier Reef through to the rainforests of Eungella National Park. Many boutique stores, restaurants, bars and nightclubs are established throughout the precinct.

Mackay Marina Village
Mackay Marina Village is a coastal precinct located adjacent to the Mackay Harbour. The marina itself has nearly 500 berths. It is also home to a sizeable residential village of luxury apartments, in addition to the Clarion Mackay Marina luxury hotel.

Gateway to the Pioneer Valley

The scenic Pioneer Valley spreads out to the west of Mackay, with the Pioneer River meandering through it 120 km to the mouth at the port of Mackay. Nearly all of the sugar cane grown in the Mackay region comes from the Pioneer Valley, and it is synonymous with the rich soils and irrigation with which the sugar industry in Mackay has thrived over the past century.

Among the natural assets of the Pioneer Valley are the walking tracks and swimming holes of Finch Hatton Gorge. The Eungella National Park, located at the very top of the range, is the longest and oldest stretch of subtropical rainforest in Australia, covering more than 51,700 hectares. It is one of the few places where platypus can be seen swimming in the wild, while more than 225 species of bird have been recorded in the surrounding forests.

Islands and beaches
Mackay has 31 beaches within driving distance. Closest to the city are Illawong, Far and Town beaches. The patrolled Harbour Beach, adjacent to the Mackay Marina, is the most popular, being suitable for swimming. Lambert's Beach is also close to the city. Further north of the city are popular beaches at Bucasia, Dolphin Heads, Blacks Beach, Shoal Point and Eimeo – collectively these areas are known as the Northern Beaches. The Northern Beaches are popular with visitors, but are increasingly being developed as residential areas for Mackay's growing population.

The islands immediately off Mackay are renowned for their azure blue waters, and are popular with fishermen. St Bees Island in particular is a well-known fishing spot. Brampton Island, to the north-east of the city, is a resort destination, with body therapy, water sports and snorkelling on offer. Flights to Brampton are available from Mackay Airport, as are boats from the marina. Carlisle, Scawfell and Keswick are other notable islands. Each is a national park surrounded by coral reefs. During the peak season from June to the end of August, whales can be heard and seen around these islands.

River Sessions Festival
Held annually in June, River Sessions is Mackay and Central Queensland's premier youth and contemporary music festival. The festival features the best rock, hip-hop, alternative, folk, pop and dance music acts from around Australia.

Transport
Two major highways, the A1 (Bruce Highway), and State Route 70 (Peak Downs Highway), pass through Mackay. The A1 connects the city to Townsville, Proserpine and Cairns in the north, and Rockhampton and Brisbane in the south. The Peak Downs Highway connects it to Moranbah, Clermont and Emerald in the south-west. In September 2020 the city was fully bypassed with users of the Bruce Highway able to use the new Mackay Ring Road to avoid the city.

The North Coast railway line meets the western line in the city's south. Trains from Brisbane pass through Mackay railway station and continue through to Proserpine, Townsville and Cairns, including the regular Spirit of Queensland service between Brisbane and Cairns. Minerals from the western line (Moranbah and other coal mining centres) are transported to Hay Point and Dalrymple Bay Coal Terminals for trans-shipment to other destinations. Mackay Harbour deals mainly with sugar exports and visiting cruise ships.

The city is served by Mackay Airport, from which QantasLink, Virgin Australia, and Jetstar offer flights to Brisbane and Melbourne, as well as to regional destinations such as Geelong, Cairns, Townsville, Rockhampton and Gladstone. MacAir Airlines previously provided a limited service into and out of Mackay for mining companies before it went into receivership in 2009.

Mackay Transit Coaches operates from North Mackay to South Mackay. The area with the best service coverage is Mackay's central business district.

Health and education
The Mackay Base Hospital in West Mackay, about 4 km from the city centre, is the main hospital for Central Queensland and has recently undergone extensive upgrades. The Mater Hospital, and the Mackay Specialist Day Hospital are in the city's north. The Pioneer Valley Hospital, which had initially ceased operating, has been converted into an injury rehabilitation centre.

The Queensland Department of Education has 11 primary schools and 5 high schools in Mackay. The high schools are Pioneer State High School, Mackay State High School, Mackay North State High School, Mackay Northern Beaches State High School and Mirani State High School. One of the primary schools, Eungella State School was opened on 31 January 1928. Another, Mackay North State School, opened on 23 March 1915. The school celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2015.

The private system encompasses six and a half primary schools, Whitsunday Anglican School, two P–12 colleges, one P–10 college, one 7–10 college and St Patrick's College, which is the state's only 11–12 college.

The Mackay campus of Central Queensland University is in the outer suburb of Ooralea, while the local campus of James Cook University is in South Mackay. The city is also home to a TAFE (a technical/vocational college), which is in the south of the inner city.

The Mackay Regional Council operates the Dudley Denny City Library at 134 Victoria Street, and the Gordon White Library in the outer suburb of Mount Pleasant.

Government

Mackay is governed locally by the Mackay Regional Council. The original Mackay City Council was formed in 1869. In 1994 the surrounding Pioneer Shire Council was amalgamated into the Mackay City Council. A further amalgamation in 2008 of the Sarina Shire Council and the Mirani Shire Council formed the present Mackay Regional Council The mayor is Greg Williamson. There are three State Government seats in the Mackay Regional Council footprint. Julieanne Gilbert is the member for the state seat of Mackay. Stephen Andrew is the State Member for Mirani and Amanda Camm is the State Member for Whitsunday. Andrew Willcox is the Federal Member for the Division of Dawson, which includes most of Mackay. Michelle Landry is the Federal Member for the Division of Capricornia which includes Sarina Mirani and some south Mackay suburbs.

Sport
The Mackay Cutters rugby league team were established in 2008 in the Queensland Cup and act as a feeder team to the North Queensland Cowboys (NRL). The 2nd placed Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs hosted a 'home' game at Mackay against the ladder leading Melbourne Storm at BB Print Stadium in Round 16 of the 2012 NRL season for a record Mackay sporting ground attendance. They hosted another match in 2013.

The Mackay & District Rugby League features eight clubs from in and around the city, competing for the local premiership. Five of these clubs are based in Mackay itself: Brothers, Carlton, Magpies, Souths and Wests.

In soccer, Magpies Crusaders United represents the Mackay region in the National Premier Leagues Queensland (NPLQ).

In Basketball, Mackay Meteorettes (women) and Mackay Meteors (men) represent the region in the NBL1 North.

Mackay also has a local Australian rules football league AFL Mackay and premiership AFLW matches are played at the Great Barrier Reef Arena.

Mackay also has a local roller derby league: Mackay City Roller Maidens. The Mackay Cricket Association organises competition among its 6 member clubs: Magpies, Pioneer Valley, Brothers Mackay, Northern Suburbs, Southern Suburbs, and Walkerston. In the 1920s the Olympic Theatre in Mackay was a popular venue for professional boxing and saw stars like Colin Bell and Tom Heeney fight there. Such teams in junior and senior are: Mackay City Hawks, Northern Beaches Magpies, Moranbah Bulldogs, Eastern Swans, Sarina Demons and Mackay Saints.

Mackay also has a local rugby union competition.

Media
Mackay is served by several local radio stations including 4MK, Star 101.9, H!T FM, Triple M, ABC Tropical North, 4CRM and My105.9FM. The ABC's national radio services are also available in Mackay.

The city receives broadcasts from five television networks – Seven Queensland, WIN Television (an affiliate of Nine Network), Channel 10, ABC and SBS. All networks also provide their additional digital multi-channel television stations to Mackay.

Of the three commercial networks, Seven Queensland airs a half-hour local news bulletin for Mackay and the Whitsundays each weeknight at 6pm, produced from a newsroom in the city and broadcast from studios in Maroochydore.

WIN previously produced a local WIN News bulletin for the area between April 2009 and May 2015. Southern Cross Nine aired a regional Queensland edition of Nine News from Brisbane, with local opt-outs for Mackay, from July 2017 to February 2019.

The only daily local newspaper in the city is the Daily Mercury.

Community groups
The Mackay branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the CWA Hall at 43 Gordon Street.

Indigenous language
Yumplatok (also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken) is a contemporary Torres Strait Island language originating in the Torres Strait. The contact with missionaries and others since the 1800s has led to the development of a pidgin language, which transitioned into a creole language and now has its own distinctive sound system, grammar, vocabulary, usage and meaning. Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture of Standard Australian English and traditional languages. It is an English-based creole; however, each island has its own version of creole. Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on the Australian mainland, including Northern Peninsula Area Region and coastal communities such as Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton and Brisbane.

People from Mackay

 * Ashley Alberts, Rugby League player
 * Drew Anthony, performing arts director/choreographer
 * David Armitage, Australian rules footballer
 * Tim Atkinson, Australian rugby union player
 * Teneal Attard, Olympic field hockey player
 * Ben Barba, Rugby League player
 * Lauren Bella, Australian rules footballer
 * Anthony Bennett, artist
 * Todd Blanchfield, NBL player
 * Sandy Brondello, Olympic basketballer

 * Alayna Burns, racing cyclist
 * Ram Chandra, snake showman and supported the development of antivenene
 * Daly Cherry-Evans, Rugby League player
 * Mark Christensen, Rugby League player
 * Graeme Connors, country music singer/songwriter
 * Brett Dallas, Rugby league player
 * Delvene Delaney, model, TV presenter and actress
 * Desmond Robert Dunn, author
 * Kirstin Dwyer, Hockey player
 * Cathy Freeman, Olympic sprinter
 * Nick Frost, Olympic swimmer
 * Declan Fraser, racing driver
 * Shane Knuth, politician
 * Dane Gagai, Rugby League player
 * Jodi Gordon, TV actress and model
 * Mick Gordon, video game composer and sound designer
 * Tom Gorman, Rugby League player (1901–1978)
 * Tia Gostelow, a musician
 * Lloyd Graham, former Queensland Rugby Union player
 * Josh Hoffman, Rugby League player
 * Geoff Huegill, Olympic swimmer
 * Karen Jacobsen, Entertainer; The original female Australian voice of the Siri application on Apple iPhones, iPods and iPads.
 * Benita Johnson, Olympic distance runner
 * Aiden Krause, Australian Basketball championships winner of 2015
 * Susan Lamb, former Federal Member for Longman in the Australian House of Representatives
 * Linda Mackenzie, Olympic swimmer
 * Melinda McLeod, world BMX champion
 * Bob McTavish, surfboard designer
 * George T. D. Moore, jockey and horse trainer
 * Dane Nielson, Rugby League player

 * Keith Payne, Victoria Cross recipient
 * Emma Pittman, Australian rules football and soccer player
 * Kalyn Ponga, Rugby League player
 * Nicole Pratt, tennis player
 * Jaxon Purdue, Rugby League player
 * Grant Rovelli, Rugby League player
 * Wendell Sailor, Rugby League Player
 * Brett Seymour, Rugby League player
 * William Forgan Smith, 24th Premier of Queensland
 * Clint Steindl, NBL and Australian basketball player
 * Grant Sullivan, cricketer
 * Isaiah Tass, Rugby League player
 * Gavin Urquhart, Australian rules footballer
 * Tarni White, Australian rules footballer
 * Jillian Whiting, former Seven and Nine news presenter
 * Korah Halcomb Wills, former mayor of Mackay, kidnapper, butcher

In popular culture
Mackay is mentioned in "Gladstone Pier", the song by Redgum from the 1984 album Frontline.

Sister cities
Mackay has the following sister cities:

 * 🇺🇸 Kailua Kona, Hawaii, United States since 4 January 1966
 * 🇯🇵 Matsuura, Japan since 22 July 1989
 * 🇸🇧 Honiara, Solomon Islands since 5 July 1995
 * 🇨🇳 Yantai, China since 15 November 2012

title: Mackay, Queensland


text:
Svecoman movement

The Svecoman (Svekoman,, ) movement was a Suecophile or pro-Swedish nationalist movement that arose in the Grand Duchy of Finland at the end of the 19th century chiefly as a reaction to the demands for increased use of Finnish vigorously presented by the Fennoman movement. The Fennoman nationalist movement had demanded that Swedish be replaced by Finnish in public administration, courts, and schools. At the time, Finnish and Swedish were spoken by about 85 and 15 percent respectively of the duchy's population.

The ideas of the "Svecomans" were an important part of the public debate of the 1870s and 1880s that was evoked by the reinstatement of the Diet of Finland, which now convened every third year.

History
Finland had been a part of Sweden from the early Middle Ages until the Finnish War of 1808–1809, when it was ceded to Russia and made a Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. Although Finnish was the language of the majority of the new Grand Duchy, a significant minority was Swedish-speaking. Swedish had been the language of administration and in educational institutions when Finland was part of the Swedish realm.

The Svecomans promoted the idea that Finland harbours two peoples, or nations, speaking different languages, with different cultures, and originating from separate parts of the country. In accordance with contemporary science, these two peoples were consequently denoted as members of different "races". This idea was radically new. Until then, the Swedish-speaking rural population had been mostly ignored, but now this minority was considered important and directly associated with the elite of Finland.

The language strife between Fennomans and Svecomans in these decades also mirrored more general political divisions:
 * The Fennomans were favoured by the Russian authorities, while the Svecomans channeled the remaining fear of the Russians and the cultural attachment to their old enemy Sweden.
 * After the Crimean War, when the Swedish-speaking towns on Finland's south coast and the merchant fleet had been severely damaged, neutralist views received strong support among educated Eastern-Swedish.
 * The Fennomans were chiefly dominated by the clergy, the Svecomans by industrialists and academics from other faculties besides the theological one. The spiritual leader of the Svecomans was the linguist Axel Olof Freudenthal, who also had claims of racial supremacy.

The feeling of unity between the Swedish-speaking rural population and the (remains of the) Swedish-speaking elite is the lasting legacy of the Svecoman movement, and this became the core idea of the Swedish People's Party, which was founded after the introduction of equal and common suffrage in 1906.

title: Svecoman movement


text:
Scourge (comics)

Scourge, in comics, may refer to:

 * Scourge of the Underworld, an organization responsible for the deaths of numerous supervillains
 * Jack Monroe, a character temporarily brainwashed into being an agent of the organization, using the name, Scourge
 * Scourge, a member of the Thunderbolts during Dark Reign, who is revealed to be Nuke (Marvel Comics)

title: Scourge (comics)


text:
User:Servant of Christ/Articles on Christianity

Some Candidates

 * Articles on Jesus
 * Jesus
 * Detailed timeline for Jesus Christ
 * Alleged relics of Jesus Christ
 * Dramatic portrayals of Jesus Christ
 * Fictional portrayals of Jesus Christ
 * Christian views of Jesus
 * Nativity of Christ
 * Passion of the Christ
 * Prophecies allegedly fulfilled by Christ
 * Resurrection of Jesus Christ
 * Jesus and textual evidence
 * Transfiguration of Christ

 * Other
 * Anti-Christ

 * Non-orthodox ("cultic") groups
 * Mormonism
 * Christianity and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Controversies regarding The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints


text:
User:GPoss

GPoss
I am a 'middle aged' Australian chemical engineer, living in Geelong, with various side interests.

title: User:GPoss


text:
Talk:Home Army (disambiguation)

Armia Krajowa
So far all the links on what links here special page refer to the Armia Krajowa. What can we do about it? I agree that the term "Home Army" might've been used for other military organizations, but we should list their names here.

Also, perhaps the best choice would be to move the current page to Home Army (disambiguation) and link it on the top of Armia Krajowa article while the Home Army redirect to Armia Krajowa could be restored. What do others say? Halibutt 10:39, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * That seems like a good solution, given your below reference list. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 16:15, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * As a reference: roughly 8000 our of 18000 links to "Home Army" refer to the Armia Krajowa. The rest is divided between various military organizations, partisan and resistance organizations as well as simple misleading links like "Welcome home, army boys". See:, . Halibutt 10:50, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps indeed it is a good solution. However, I'm afraid that we'd have to wait for CVA to take part in the discussion. Otherwise he or she would simply start a revert war here. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 07:51, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Better yet leave this page as a disambiguation, and fix all links pointing to Home Army by changing them to Armia Krajowa. We shouldn't link to redirects, anyway. I think link to Home Army (disambiguation), at top of Armia Krajowa is out place, (especially when reader arrive directly to that page). Przepla 10:07, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Dispute
Ok, the term "Home Army" might've been used by other military units than the Polish Home Army but: Compare it to the Polish Home Army which returns 2,880 hits. Perhaps this article should really be a redirect to Armia Krajowa and the others be placed under a Home Army (disambiguation), if anyone can confirm that those units really existed. Halibutt 22:06, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Home Army of Norway returns only this article (and two copies)
 * Norwegian Home Army - 2 hits
 * American Home Army - only this article (and 2 copies)
 * Hungarian Home Army - 1 hit (plus this article and copies)
 * Only the Dutch Home Army returns with 7 hits.

 * So, did those units really exist? Halibutt 21:15, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Anyone? Halibutt 07:48, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Part of the problem is that the names of smaller resistance groups/paramilitaries are often translated a number of different ways into english. I think often they are called "Home Army" after the Polish even though "Home Army" is not the literal translation of the native name. heqs 06:19, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

merge with Home Guard
Perhaps this should be merged with Home Guard? shows the UK Home Guard as the "Home Army" 70.55.85.40 (talk) 07:56, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Definitely ... it does the same job but better, and readers would more easily find the article they want. Abtract (talk) 08:07, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Merge away, but we have to get rid of the (disambiguation) clarifier somehow, don't we? SlackerMom (talk) 13:03, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Indeed, but merging into Home Guard would achieve that. Abtract (talk) 13:09, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I haven't done a lot of merging, so I'm not sure, but I think Home Army (disambiguation) would become a redirect to Home Guard, wouldn't it? That seems messy to me for some reason. Could it maybe be deleted after the merge? SlackerMom (talk) 13:25, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

I have redirected this pager to Home Guard which contained all the terms on this page ... and then cleaned it according to mos:dab Abtract (talk) 22:53, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Home Army (disambiguation)


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Korhogo

Korhogo is a city in northern Ivory Coast. It is the seat of both Savanes District and Poro Region. It is also a commune and the seat of and a sub-prefecture of Korhogo Department. In the 2014 census, the city had a population of 243,048, making it the fourth-largest city in the country and the largest in northern Ivory Coast.

Korhogo produces goods such as cotton, kapok fibre, rice, millet, peanuts, corn, yams, sheep, goats and diamonds. The settlement was on an important pre-colonial trade route to the Atlantic coast. It is said to have been founded by Nangui, a 14th-century Senufo patriarch and still is the capital of the Senufo people.

Sights in Korhogo include the Péléforo Gbon Coulibaly Regional Museum and the woodcarvers' quarter. Korhogo is also home to an airport, a large market, a cinema, a mosque, and a swimming pool.

Korhogo's average annual rainfall is 1,243 mm, with the rainiest months being May to October. Its average year-round temperature is 26.6 degrees Celsius, with the hottest months being February to April. Korhogo's airport (Korhogo Airport) has the International Air Transport Association code HGO and the International Civil Aviation Organization code DIKO. Its one runway is 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) long, and receives domestic flights only.

The southwest quarter of the city is dominated by Mont-Korhogo.

Civil War history
On 19 September 2002, Korhogo and Bouaké were seized by disaffected former soldiers, calling themselves "Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire" (Mouvement Patriotique de Côte d'Ivoire - MPCI), rebelling against the rule of President Laurent Gbagbo. The coup was allegedly led by Robert Guéï, the former military dictator overthrown in a popular uprising in 2000. Despite the formal cessation of hostilities between the government and rebels in 2003, Korhogo remains unstable, with continued fighting between rival factions. In June 2004, forces loyal to rebel leader Guillaume Soro claimed that his Paris-based rival Ibrahim Coulibaly had attempted to assassinate Soro, leading to gun battles which left 22 dead in Korhogo. In August 2004, the United Nations' Ivorian mission announced that three mass graves, containing at least 99 bodies, had been discovered in the town.

On 29 November 2011, the Associated Press reported that Gbagbo had been placed under house arrest in Korhogo, awaiting extradition to The Hague to face charges at the International Criminal Court.

In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Korhogo was 286,071.

Villages
The 62 villages of the sub-prefecture of Korhogo and their population in 2014 are: • # Bafimin (519)

• # Bounonkaha (186)

• # Djegbe (516)

• # Dokaha (1 986)

• # Gnanlerekaha Ou Gnalelekaha (552)

• # Gozanvogo (570)

• # Kafigue (62)

• # Kapele (1 400)

• # Kassienre (124)

• # Katiofi (84)

• # Kodjodougou Ou Kouadiodougou (375)

• # Korhogo (243 048)

• # Koulokakaha (926)

• # Kpatrakaha (409)

• # Lakpolo (568)

• # Lenivogo (116)

• # Nabremakaha (354)

• # Nambongnonkaha (81)

• # Nagneneguekaha (207)

• # Takali (162)

• # Torgokaha (1 191)

• # Waraniene (4 864)

• # Zonguitakaha-Dioula (185)

• # Zonguitakaha-Senoufo (214)

• # Gbaloho (387)

• # Gbelenavogo (76)

• # Gbonkaha (438)

• # Gbonzoro (364)

• # Kafa (1 199)

• # Kagnene (331)

• # Kahouovogo (89)

• # Kapa (129)

• # Katchanwavogo Ou Katianavogo (110)

• # Kategue (435)

• # Katoumoro (330)

• # Kpenanvogo Ou Nahoualavogo (125)

• # Lagninin Ou Lagnene (245)

• # Lanvira (117)

• # Louhoua (556)

• # Madinin (688)

• # Massafonwavogo-Fapaha (2 641)

• # Meyereguevogo (352)

• # Nangasseregue (1 036)

• # Nanourgokaha Ou Nadrogokaha (1 609)

• # Nenekri (769)

• # Niambelegue (130)

• # Niple (940)

• # Ounonvogo (140)

• # Pignon (1 406)

• # Kpemanvogo (115)

• # Seguele Ou Sehele (694)

• # Sekonkaha (50)

• # Talian (583)

• # Tandiamavogo (331)

• # Tandiavogo (222)

• # Tchiolelevogo (428)

• # Tielivogo (1 059)

• # Tihovogo (309)

• # Ziekaha (149)

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title: Korhogo


text:
User:Foolip

 * Real name: Philip Jägenstedt
 * Web site: http://foolip.org/

sv:Användare:Foolip zh:User:Foolip

title: User:Foolip


text:
Progress Party (Denmark)

The Progress Party (Fremskridtspartiet, FrP) is a right-wing populist political party in Denmark which was founded in 1972.

The party's founder, the former lawyer Mogens Glistrup, gained widespread popularity as well as notoriety in the country after he appeared on Danish television, stating that he paid 0% in income tax. The party was placed on the right of the political spectrum as it believed in radical tax cuts (including removing the income tax altogether) and vowed to cut government spending. In the late 1970s, its agenda was "the gradual abolition of income tax, the disbandment of most of the civil service, the abolition of the diplomatic service and the scrapping of 90% of all legislation". From the 1980s, the party also adopted anti-immigration as a key issue.

The party entered the Danish parliament after the 1973 landslide election and immediately became the second largest party in Denmark. After this the party gradually decreased in voter support, and when some of its leading members broke out and established the Danish People's Party in 1995, the party soon lost its representation in parliament. It last won members of the Folketing in 1998, and has since become a minor party. In the 2019 general election, it supported the New Right.

History
The Progress Party was founded by tax lawyer Mogens Glistrup in 1972 as a tax protest. The party's initial issues were less bureaucracy, abolition of the income tax and simpler law paragraphs. The party entered the Danish Parliament after the "electoral earthquake" of the 1973 Danish parliamentary election. It won 15.9% of the vote and 28 seats, making it the second-largest party in parliament. However, it did not form a part of the ruling coalition because the other parties refused to cooperate with it. The party also became well-known for Gilstrup's unique sense of humour such as the proposal for the entire Ministry of Defence to be replaced by an answering machine with the recorded message "We surrender" in Russian.

The Progress Party's seats in parliament fell to 20 in 1979, partly due to internal splits between "pragmatists" (slappere) who wanted to pursue cooperation with mainstream parties; and "fundamentalists" (strammere) who wanted the party to stand alone. The party started to turn its attention on immigration by 1979, although immigration did not become important before the late 1980s. Having added a "Mohammedan-free Denmark" as one of its declared goals in 1980, Glistrup increasingly made comments about Muslims and used the slogan to "Make Denmark a Muslim Free Zone". In 1983, Glistrup was sentenced to three years in prison for tax fraud. While Glistrup was in prison, the pragmatists led by Pia Kjærsgaard took over the leadership of the party. Returning to the party after his release in 1987, Glistrup was no longer in control of it and internal strife broke out again. Glistrup refused to vote in favour of a proposition which had been agreed with the government in 1988 and was stripped of his position as a representative for the party. He was expelled from the national executive of the party in 1991 and went on to found his own party, called Prosperity Party (Trivselspartiet).

The Progress Party won twelve seats in the 1990 Danish parliamentary election. Internal disputes were still far from resolved, and eventually led the party to be split when the Danish People's Party (DF) was founded by Kjærsgaard and the pragmatists in 1995. While liberals remained in the tax-focused Progress Party, the new DF included those who were concerned with immigration as their main issue.

When the party's new leader Kirsten Jacobsen decided to leave politics in 1999, Mogens Glistrup was allowed back in the party again in lack of any leading figures. Because of this, the Progress Party's remaining four member in parliament left and founded Freedom 2000. Despite their own positions against immigration, Glistrup's comments in the media had become so extreme that they felt forced to leave the party (comments included "either one is a racist or else one is a traitor" and demanding all "Mohammedans" in Denmark to be interned in camps and expelled from the country). Glistrup led the party for the 2001 Danish parliamentary election, but it had lost almost all its support and received less than one percent of the vote. The party did not run in the 2005 Danish parliamentary election nor in the 2007 Danish parliamentary election. However, it did run for the local and regional elections in November 2005. The party generally received less than one percent of the votes (though with several local exceptions), and got one member elected in the municipality of Morsø serving as the last elected representative of the party until the end of 2009. In the 2019 Danish general election, the Progress Party supported The New Right.

Main issues
The party's political issues were:
 * 1) Abolishing income tax.
 * 2) Cleaning up the law jungle.
 * 3) Reducing bureaucracy.
 * 4) Putting a stop to immigration from Islamic countries and researching its consequences.

Glistrup added the fourth point in the 1980s.

Political positions
By 2010, its entire political program consisted of the following points, with the headline "Stop the immigration":
 * 1) Abolishment of the income tax.
 * 2) Drastic reduction of bureaucracy.
 * 3) Drastic reduction of the "law jungle".
 * 4) Restoration of borders and border control product.
 * 5) Stop of immigration.
 * 6) Stop the allocation of Danish citizenship.
 * 7) Confrontation with the integration policy.
 * 8) Locate the responsibility for the mass immigration.
 * 9) Denmark gradually out of the EU for trade throughout the world.

Political leaders

 * Mogens Glistrup (1972–1985)
 * Pia Kjærsgaard (1985–1995)
 * Kirsten Jacobsen (1995–1999)
 * Aage Brusgaard (1999–2001)
 * Aase Heskjær (2001–2003)
 * Jørn Herkild (2003–2006)
 * Henrik Søndergård (2006–2007)
 * Ove Jensen (2007–2009)
 * Ernst Simonsen (2009–2010)
 * Niels Højland (2010–)

Organisational leaders

 * Ulrik Poulsen (1974)
 * Palle Tillisch (1975–1976)
 * A. Roland Petersen (1976–1979)
 * V.A. Jacobsen (1980–1984)
 * Poul Sustmann Hansen (1984)
 * Ove Jensen (1984)
 * Helge Dohrmann (1984–1985)
 * Annette Just (1985–1986)
 * Johannes Sørensen (1987–1993)
 * Poul Lindholm Nielsen (1994)
 * Johannes Sørensen (1995–1999)
 * Per Larsen (1999)
 * Aage Brusgaard (1999–2001)
 * Aase Heskjær (2001–2003)
 * Jørn Herkild (2003–2006)
 * Henrik Søndergård (2006–2007)
 * Ove Jensen (2007–2009)
 * Ernst Simonsen (2009–2010)
 * Niels Højland (2010–)

title: Progress Party (Denmark)


text:
Talk:Fennoman movement

Finnish usage
I wonder about this line: "Those Fennomans originally Swedish-speaking learned Finnish, and made a point of using it both in the society and at home, giving their children what they missed themselves: the Finnish mother tongue."

I know this is true for some of the Fennomans, but I don't think that the likes of Runeberg and Topelius ever started using Finnish at home or in society for that matter. I've tried to find information on that they did, but I haven't found any. I just found more saying the opposite. Therefore I will change the text to saying that "some of the fennomans made a point..." and so on. If you find some info that I haven't, please write here to let others know where it can be found.

--Kike_B — Preceding unsigned comment added by Christian B (talk • contribs) 10:59, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I admit it looks strange. But it becomes more understandable if you know the background. Many Swedish-speaking Finns had a native Finnish background. Those Finnish-speaking Finns who went to study or to army in the previous centuries replaced their Finnish-speaking surnames by Swedish-, Latin- or Greek-speaking surnames and started using Swedish language. At those times, there was no nationalism but people thought purely pragmatically - the elite was Swedish-speaking and there was no use for Finnish in universities or in army in a high level. (By the way, not only Finns did abandon their mother tongue - also the immigrants from Germany, Russia and other countries adopted using Swedish in Finland).

 * So, when the national awareness began to spread in the 19th century, many Swedish-speaking people started to regard Finnish as their "true" mother tongue, even if they hardly (if at all) could speak the language. There certainly were such cases in which Swedish-speaking parents grew their children as Finnish-speakers.

 * I don't know if this is really comparable, but many people in Silesia (today mostly part of Poland) regard themselves native Germans, even such people who cannot speak German and only one of their grandparents has got German origin. --Gwafton (talk) 22:57, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
 * You seem to me to provide evidence of the point that is being made. "Regarding .. as their true mother tongue" is something entirely distinct from speaking it quotidially or even being able to speak it at all. LookingGlass (talk) 06:19, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Runeberg, Topelius and Sibelius
Is there anything to suggest that these three were Fennomans? They all had a strong streak of Finnish patrionism, but that's not the same thing as being a Fennoman. Unless some evidence can be presented showing that they were Fennomans in the sense of the word used in this article, I'll remove them. JdeJ 10:04, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Lönnrot was definitely a Fennoman since he compiled Kalevala which was important in the struggle for Finnish language. Sibelius was interested in Karelianism which can be seen for example in Karelia Suite, he also went to Finnish speaking school. Topelius supported making Finnish an official language which makes him a Fennoman without a doubt (BTW his family's original name was the Finnish name Toppila). So at least these three are going back --Jaakko Sivonen 20:42, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The fact that Lönnrot edited a work important to the struggle etc does not substantiate the statement that he was "definitely a Fennoman".  The fact that Topelius supported some ideas of the Fennoman political movement is not the same thing as belonging to that movement.  For example, if I translated a communist manifesto into Portugese that would not mean that I am a communist.  This is the line of reasoning used in "witch hunts" such as those of the McCarthy era in the US.  Again, I might support fiscal monetary policy, but that would not mean that I am a member of the Conservative Party. LookingGlass (talk) 06:32, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Word etymology
Could you please add the explanation where this word came from. As it appears some people misunderstood it already. Suva 15:10, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Encyclopedia Britannica calls them "Fennomen" Martintg 02:49, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Fennomaani, from Fennomania, from Fenno mania. -- Petri Krohn 09:39, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * If that was true, the English translation would be Fennomaniac. Digwuren 15:16, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * What do you mean, "if that was true"? It is true, take a look at Swedish and Finnish Wikipedias. The word originally means a nationalist ideology that follows in tracks of the earlier fennophiles. Ideology was called in Swedish "fennomani", then later in Finnish "fennomania". The opposing ideology was then "svekomani" in Swedish, "svekomania" in Finnish. Similarly one who subscribed to the ideology was "fennoman" in Swedish and "fennomaani" in Finnish, and in plural "fennomaner" and "fennomaanit" respectively. The word stems quite clearly from the word "mania". You can compare it to other words like that, for example "kleptomania" is "kleptomani" in Swedish and "kleptomania" in Finnish, person suffering from it, "kleptomaniac", is "kleptoman" in Swedish and "kleptomaani" in Finnish, similarly plural for that is "kleptomaniacs", "kleptomaner" and "kleptomaanit" respectively. It is simply ridiculous to state that the word could stem from the word "man", when it is also used as a name for ideology. Besides, while "man" is also "man" in Swedish, its plural is "män" and plural with definite article "männen", also "man" as in "human" is "människa"; in Finnish "man" can be Swedish loanword "manni" but normally is "mies", also "man" as in "human" is "ihminen". This should show that etymology from the word "man" is impossible and the word "mania" is the only origin, and this etymology is also supported by Finnish and Swedish dictionaries.

 * Of course, English is not logical in this subject. You are indeed correct that the idea should be called "fennomania" and the person "fennomaniac" in English. However when English borrowed the words that refer to the supporters of these ideas from Swedish, it borrowed them unchanged in their Swedish form as "fennoman" and "svekoman", often changing only the first part of the latter to get "svecoman". Therefore the correct translation "fennomaniac" never came in use in English. As it is, the English word "fennoman" is in general usage despite its incorrect formation. As such, it must be seen as a direct borrowing from Swedish, to which the standard plural form -s is added when needed. Those believing that the ending means man instead of mania/maniac an then even use -men as plural have simply misunderstood the issue. Thus Encyclopedia Britannica is, sadly, wrong on this particular issue.130.234.5.136 14:27, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I see, so "besättningsman" -> "crew maniac" and "rikeman" -> "rich maniac"? Is the Swedish word for "sex maniac" -> "sexman"? I thought "galning" or "dåre" was Swedish for "maniac". Martintg 21:30, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No. Instead of making smarty remarks, try reading the above again. Never said that the ending -man couldn't mean "man"; it does so in most words, indeed. But -maniac is also -man in Swedish, even though it's only present on a handful of words, like kleptoman or pyroman. You can see the differences between these two endings by looking at their plurals, like already explained, which you unfortunately didn't seem to care take time reading. Let's try your examples: plural of "besättningsman" is "besättningsmän", plural of "rikeman" is "rikemän" so these follow the plural of the word man, full inflection of which is: en man, mannen, män, männen. But plurals of "kleptoman" or "pyroman" don't follow this model, for they are "kleptomaner" and "pyromaner". Makes sense, doesn't it, as these word endings do not signify "man" as in "male"/"human" but come from "mania", in Swedish "mani". Two different things, is this really so hard to understand?

 * I understand the current English usage of the words mania and maniac is rather derogatory, but earlier on these were used rather synonymously with other terms like passion, zeal or enthusiasm, with both positive and negative sides, though naturally some terms like megalomania were never too favourable. Your "sex maniac" illustrates that the current usage pretty much puts "maniac" there instead of some other pejorative such as "crazed" or "mad", which is indeed what those translations "galning" or "dåre" would mean. Even so, as a word ending it still has its style, see "erotomaniac". Historically, the mere amity towards a nationality is termed -philia, while higher enthusiasm could earn term -mania; compare "anglophilia" and "anglomania". Someone with former is "anglophile", with latter, "anglomaniac". Same with "francomania" or "gallomania". Similarly to those, in Swedish arose an idea of "fennomani", which would properly be translated to English as "fennomania". A person with such idea is "fennoman" , which would be "fennomaniac" in proper English. But as said, the word came to English unchanged as "fennoman"; such a loan word takes the normal -s ending, and must not be confused with false etymologies from "men". --130.234.5.138 00:00, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * 35 books that mention "Fennomen" Martintg 11:35, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Fennomans: 1860 Google hits, Fennomen: 3360 Google hits Martintg 11:39, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * 64 books use "Fennomans". Many of the "Fennomen" googles are misprints or mistypes for "Fenomen" (one n), which is German for "phenomenon" (even two Fennomen book googles look like they rather refer to that) and is also a hip hop group . --Pan Gerwazy 19:42, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay, lets remove those two googled book references, that is stil 33 books mentioning "fennomen" compared to 64 mentioning "fennomans", a significant number by any standard, so it is not all that clear cut. Martintg 21:30, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Translating it to -maniac would be incorrect and biased since the word "mania" does not have the negative meaning in Finnish that it has in English. "Maniac" alone would never be translated as maani but more like hullu etc... Thus including the word maniac gives the impression that the writers have something personal against this movement, especially since there isn't a mention of "Svecomaniac" in the article Svecoman... --88.114.235.214 19:45, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Let's see what Wikipedia says on the subject:
 * Maniac is a disambiguation page, listing the following:
 * A person who exhibits the behaviour known as mania
 * A classification of serial killer
 * The article Mania has a hatnote:
 * This article is an expansion of a section entitled Mania from within the main article Bipolar disorder. For the classical mythological figures named Mania, see Mania (mythology)''
 * I cannot see any difference in the use of the word maniac between Finnish and English. It is evident from the context that we are not calling Fennomans or Svecomans serial killers. -- Petri Krohn 22:37, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I cannot see any difference in the use of the word maniac between Finnish and English. It is evident from the context that we are not calling Fennomans or Svecomans serial killers. -- Petri Krohn 22:37, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a reliable source as anyone working on it knows, that page doesn't even cite sources... I will quote a dictionary on maniac:
 * 1 : MADMAN, LUNATIC
 * 2 : a person characterized by an inordinate or ungovernable enthusiasm for something
 * Source: Are you claiming that "madman" or "ungovernable enthusiasm" are neutral words to describe people whose aim was to elevate the language spoken by their Fatherland's majority? --88.114.235.214 20:38, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

It seems to me that "elevate a language" is/was a euphemism for "make it sound posh". I believe Snellman spoke of elevating the Finnish language so that it was "fit for international commerce". I wonder if anyone has ever thought this of their language before, though Snellman's mather tongue was Swedish. When the leaders of West Africa traded with Europeans did they worry about their grammar or did they simply trade? As far as I can gather the Finnish language was recognised since Agricola. LookingGlass (talk) 19:34, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

Red herring
Wow, what a storm in a teacup! And something of a red herring in my opinion. Mania is used in Fennomania in the same way as mania might be (though unadvisedly!) in English - a craze. Why it was chosen is imo just another illustration of the continuing confusion in Finland of the meaning and use of English words. Words have many nuances. That's it. There is no certainty such as being furiously debated here. The interesting bit is "Fenno-" as the Finnish for Finland is: Suomi, and for a Finn: suomalainen. The word "Fenn/o/i" etc simply doesn't exist in Finnish. At best it is a loan word from the Romans who regarded the place as a swamp. The term was derogatory. So, how on earth did a Finnish nationalist party, promoting the use and establishment and supremacy of the Finnish language as a national language come to use an English title for itself?!? Ironic or what?? LookingGlass (talk) 14:07, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

 * The last line of the Fennoman motto (Swedish) uses the word ""finnar" (pl. finne) so it would seem that the word Finn aat least is derived not from the Roman/Latin but from the Swedish - "finne". The motto also uses the word "vara".  Both these words in Swedish have negative meanings as well:  finne can also mean a pimple,  vara can also mean to suppurate but it is also used in mathematics (apparently).  Curiouser and curiouser.  The oldest use of the word Finn (not Fenn) comes from the "Latin" transliteration of Swedish runes on gravestones (13c?).  So does anyone know how/when/where Finn- was "changed" to Fenn- and/or how/why it was adopted/originated by the party?  LookingGlass (talk) 07:20, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Motto
The Fennoman motto is cited as a translation of the Swedish, and the Swedish appears to be the original. I have made some minor refinements to the translation given. In addition to the grammatical modification I have substituted: "no more" for: "no longer", as both of these English phrases have their own counterpart in Swedish (inte längre - no longer http://www.sanakirja.org/search.php?id=936891&l2=3).

The irony in the fact that the political movement to supplant Swedish with Finnish as the national language of Finland chose for itself a motto in Swedish (!) deserves some mention imo. I cannot conceive how this could have come to be. LookingGlass (talk) 07:29, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The motto is said to come from Arwidsson and I am not sure if he can be regarded as fennoman. As far as I know, he didn't want to dump the Swedish part of the Finnish heritage, although he wanted to investigate the "true cultural roots of Finns" (or whatsoever). He wanted to underline the uniqueness of the Finnish nation and culture and that Finland shall not be hosted by any of its neighbours. The slogan seems to have been, however, useful for the fennomans.

 * Swedish is one of the national languages of Finland - Finnish got an official status in the Grand Duchy as late as in 1860s. --Gwafton (talk) 21:12, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Fennophile
now redirects to Fennoman movement. That is not adequate because the target article says nothing about fennophiles except in the short lead, which notes that fennoman succeeded fennophile. --P64 (talk) 19:09, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fennoman movement