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Donald Cameron

Donald Cameron may refer to:

Scottish Clan Cameron

 * Donald Cameron of Lochiel (c. 1695 or 1700–1748), 19th Chief, and his descendants:
 * Donald Cameron, 22nd Lochiel (1769–1832), 22nd Chief
 * Donald Cameron, 23rd Lochiel (1796–1859), 23rd Chief
 * Donald Cameron of Lochiel (1835–1905), Scottish Conservative politician
 * Donald Walter Cameron of Lochiel (1876–1951), 25th Chief
 * Donald Hamish Cameron of Lochiel (1910–2004), 26th Chief
 * Donald Angus Cameron of Lochiel (1946–2023), 27th Chief
 * Donald Cameron, Baron Cameron of Lochiel (born 1976), 28th Chief, Conservative member of the Scottish Parliament and life peer
 * Taillear Dubh na Tuaighe (c. 1550–?), Donald Cameron, illegitimate son of 13th chief; descendants are members of Taylor sept

Australian politicians

 * Donald Cameron (Tasmanian politician) (1814–1890), Tasmanian MLC 1868–86, father of Donald Norman Cameron
 * Donald Alastair Cameron (1900–1974), Liberal Party of Australia MHR for Oxley, Queensland, 1949–1961
 * Donald Charles Cameron (politician) (1879–1960), Nationalist Party of Australia MHR for Brisbane, Queensland, 1919–1931, United Australia Party MHR for Lilley, Queensland, 1934–1937
 * Donald Keith Cameron (1887–1967), Nationalist Party of Australia Tasmanian MHA for Wilmot, Tasmania, 1934–1937, son of Donald Norman Cameron
 * Don Cameron (Queensland Labor politician) (Donald James Cameron, 1917–1964), Australian Labor Party MHR for Lilley, Queensland, 1961–1963
 * Don Cameron (Queensland Liberal politician) (Donald Milner Cameron, born 1940), Liberal Party of Australia MHR for Griffith, Queensland, 1966–1977, for Fadden, Queensland, 1977–1983, for Moreton, Queensland, 1983–1990
 * Don Cameron (South Australian politician) (Donald Newton Cameron, 1914–1998), Australian Labor Party Senator for South Australia, 1969–1978
 * Don Cameron (Victorian politician) (Donald James Cameron, 1878–1962), Australian Labor Party Senator for Victoria, 1938–1962
 * Norman Cameron (politician) (Donald Norman Cameron, 1851–1931), Free Trade Party MHR for Tasmania 1901–1903, for Wilmot, Tasmania, 1904–1906

Canadian politicians

 * Donald Cameron Sr. (1869–1936), Member of the Alberta Legislative Assembly, 1921–1935
 * Donald Cameron (Alberta politician) (1901–1989), Senator from Alberta and the son of Donald Cameron Sr.
 * Donald Cameron (Prince Edward Island politician) (c. 1836–after 1882), Member of the Legislative Assembly
 * Donald Mackenzie Cameron (1843–1920), Scottish-born merchant, journalist and political figure in Ontario, Canada
 * Donald Niel Cameron (1917–2014), Member of Parliament from British Columbia
 * Donald Cameron (Nova Scotia premier) (born 1946), Premier of Nova Scotia
 * Don Cameron (Saskatchewan politician), Green Party of Canada candidate from Saskatchewan

Other politicians

 * J. Donald Cameron (1833–1918), United States Senator from Pennsylvania
 * Donald Charles Cameron (colonial administrator) (1872–1948), governor of Nigeria and Tanganyika
 * Donald Cameron (mayor) (1877–1962), mayor of Dunedin, New Zealand

Entertainment

 * Angus Cameron (publisher) (Donald Angus Cameron, 1908–2002), American book editor and publisher
 * Donald Clough Cameron (1905–1954), American novelist and comic book writer
 * D. J. Cameron (Donald John Cameron, 1933–2016), New Zealand journalist and sportswriter
 * Silver Donald Cameron (1937–2020), Canadian author and educator
 * Robin Bryans (1928–2005), Belfast-born writer also known as Donald Cameron
 * Donald Cameron (EastEnders), a character in British soap opera EastEnders

Sports

 * Donald Cameron (cricketer) (1908–1990), New Zealand cricketer
 * Donald Cameron (rugby union, born 1887) (1887–1947), rugby player from New Zealand
 * Donald Cameron (rugby union, born 1927) (1927–2003), rugby union player from Scotland
 * Don Cameron (footballer) (born 1931), Australian footballer for Melbourne
 * Gregory Duncan Cameron, known as Don, racehorse trainer
 * Donald Cameron (water polo) (born 1954), Australian water polo player

Other

 * Donald Cameron (architect) (1894–1972), Scottish architect
 * Donald Ewen Cameron (1901–1967), Scottish-American psychiatrist
 * Donald Cameron (VC) (1916–1961), Victoria Cross recipient in 1943
 * Donald Cameron (bishop) (born 1926), in the Anglican Diocese of Sydney
 * Don Cameron (balloonist) (born 1939), British balloon manufacturer
 * Donald Cameron, the captain of Air Canada Flight 797

title: Donald Cameron


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Navy Gallantry Cross

The Vietnam Navy Gallantry Cross (Hải-Dũng Bội-Tinh) was a military decoration of South Vietnam which was issued during the years of the Vietnam War. The Navy Gallantry Cross was awarded to any member of the military who displayed meritorious or heroic combat while engaged in naval operations to benefit South Vietnam. The medal was awarded both for combat and non-combat service and was the equivalent of the United States Legion of Merit.

The Navy Gallantry Cross was also awarded to members of foreign military forces, provided that such service members were engaged in direct operational support of Vietnam and that such naval actions benefitted the Vietnamese military. Officers of the United States Navy were frequently awarded the Navy Gallantry Cross.

Similar decorations existed for general service and air service, and were known as the Vietnam Gallantry Cross and Vietnam Air Gallantry Cross. These were separate decorations from the Vietnam Navy Gallantry Cross which came in three different grades: with gold anchor, silver anchor, and bronze anchor.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Navy Gallantry Cross


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List of 1993 Canadian incumbents

Crown

 * Head of State – Queen Elizabeth II

Federal government

 * Governor General – Ray Hnatyshyn

Progressive Conservative Cabinet (until November 3)

 * Prime Minister – Brian Mulroney then Kim Campbell
 * Deputy Prime Minister – Don Mazankowski then Jean Charest
 * Minister of Finance – Don Mazankowski then Gilles Loiselle
 * Secretary of State for External Affairs – Barbara McDougall then Perrin Beatty
 * Minister of National Defence – Marcel Masse then Kim Campbell then Tom Siddon
 * Minister of National Health and Welfare – Benoît Bouchard then Mary Collins
 * Minister of Industry, Science and Technology – Michael Wilson then Jean Charest
 * Minister of the Environment – Jean Charest then Pierre Vincent
 * Minister of Justice – Kim Campbell then Pierre Blais
 * Minister of Transport – Jean Corbeil
 * Minister of Communications – Perrin Beatty then Monique Landry
 * Minister of Fisheries and Oceans – John Crosbie then Ross Reid
 * Minister of Agriculture – Bill McKnight then Charlie Mayer
 * Minister of Public Works – Elmer MacKay then Paul Wyatt Dick
 * Minister of Employment and Immigration – Bernard Valcourt
 * Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources – Arthur Jacob Epp then Bill McKnight then Bobbie Sparrow
 * Minister of Forestry – Frank Oberle then Bobbie Sparrow
 * Minister of Veterans Affairs – Gerald Merrithew

Liberal Cabinet (from November 4)

 * Prime Minister – Jean Chrétien
 * Deputy Prime Minister – Sheila Copps
 * Minister of Finance – Paul Martin
 * Secretary of State for External Affairs – André Ouellet
 * Minister of National Defence – David Collenette
 * Minister of National Health and Welfare – Diane Marleau
 * Minister of Industry, Science and Technology – John Manley
 * Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs – Marcel Massé
 * Minister of the Environment – Sheila Copps
 * Minister of Justice – Allan Rock
 * Minister of Transport – Doug Young
 * Minister of Communications – Michel Dupuy
 * Minister of Fisheries and Oceans – Brian Tobin
 * Minister of Agriculture – Ralph Goodale
 * Minister of Public Works – David Dingwall
 * Minister of Employment and Immigration – Lloyd Axworthy
 * Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources – Anne McLellan
 * Minister of Forestry – Anne McLellan

Parliament
See: 34th Canadian parliament then 35th Canadian parliament

Party leaders

 * Bloc Québécois – Lucien Bouchard
 * Liberal Party of Canada – Jean Chrétien
 * New Democratic Party- Audrey McLaughlin
 * Progressive Conservative Party of Canada – Brian Mulroney then Kim Campbell then Jean Charest
 * Reform Party of Canada – Preston Manning

Supreme Court Justices

 * Chief Justice: Antonio Lamer
 * Beverley McLachlin
 * Frank Iacobucci
 * John C. Major
 * Gérard La Forest
 * John Sopinka
 * Peter deCarteret Cory
 * Claire L'Heureux-Dubé
 * Charles D. Gonthier

Other

 * Speaker of the House of Commons – John Allen Fraser
 * Governor of the Bank of Canada – John Crow
 * Chief of the Defence Staff – General John de Chastelain then Admiral John Anderson

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta – Ralph Klein
 * Premier of British Columbia – Mike Harcourt
 * Premier of Manitoba – Gary Filmon
 * Premier of New Brunswick – Frank McKenna
 * Premier of Newfoundland – Clyde Wells
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – Donald Cameron then John Savage
 * Premier of Ontario – Bob Rae
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – Joe Ghiz then Catherine Callbeck
 * Premier of Quebec – Robert Bourassa
 * Premier of Saskatchewan – Roy Romanow
 * Premier of the Northwest Territories – Nellie Cournoyea
 * Premier of Yukon – John Ostashek

Lieutenant-governors

 * Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta – Gordon Towers
 * Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia – David Lam
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba – Yvon Dumont then George Johnson
 * Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick – Gilbert Finn
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador – Frederick Russell
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia – Lloyd Roseville Crouse
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario – Hal Jackman
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island – Marion Reid
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec – Martial Asselin
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan – Sylvia Fedoruk

Mayors

 * Toronto – June Rowlands
 * Montreal – Jean Doré
 * Vancouver – Gordon Campbell then Philip Owen
 * Ottawa – Jacquelin Holzman

Religious leaders

 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec – Archbishop Maurice Couture
 * Roman Catholic Bishop of Montreal – Cardinal Archbishop Jean-Claude Turcotte
 * Roman Catholic Bishops of London – Bishop John Michael Sherlock
 * Moderator of the United Church of Canada – Stan McKay

title: List of 1993 Canadian incumbents


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File:BuelowHeadstoneSep2003.jpg

Licensing
JesseG 04:26, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: File:BuelowHeadstoneSep2003.jpg


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Category talk:Programming tools

Why not just 'Programming tools'?
I chose the title 'Computer programming tools' to make it totally unambigous and easily understandable in the context of the not-directly-computer-related parent category 'Tools'. In the other category, 'Software', there's no problem with this, of course. --Wernher 04:26, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Programming tools


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User:Eason02

St. George's School is a private, university-preparatory, boys boarding and day school in Vancouver, B.C., Canada. It was founded in 1931 by Captain F. J. Danby Hunter. The school is situated on two campuses in Vancouver's prestigioys Dunbar neighbourhood and caters to boys from Gr. 1-12 and a boarding school from Gr. 6-12. The school currently enrolls over 1000 boys from the Vancouver area, B.C., Canada, and from around the world.

title: User:Eason02


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Dominion Labour Party (Manitoba)

The Dominion Labour Party (DLP) was formed in Canada in 1918 in opposition to Canadian participation in World War I. The party enjoyed its greatest success in the province of Manitoba.

In March 1918, Arthur Puttee and members of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Congress (TLC) created the first branch of the Dominion Labour Party in Canada. The DLP was an ideological successor to various other reformist labour groups in Winnipeg, but was more explicitly socialist and actively cooperated with members of the Social Democratic Party of Canada. The Winnipeg local included such figures as Harry Veitch, Fred Tipping, and Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) Fred Dixon. In the years after its formation, the DLP would set up other branches in cities throughout the Canadian prairies. It never had a strong central organization, and was more of a network than an organized movement.

The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 radicalized labour politics in Manitoba, and the DLP soon emerged as a much stronger force than the province's earlier labour parties had been. In the provincial election of 1920, the party formed an electoral alliance with the Socialist Party of Canada, the Social Democrats and a party representing returning ex-soldiers. Dixon easily topped the polled in Winnipeg, and eight other Labour MLAs were elected throughout the province (along with one Socialist and one Social Democrat).

Among the new Labour MLAs were William Ivens, then serving a prison sentence, and A. E. Smith, who later joined Communist Party of Canada. Strictly speaking, not all of these figures were elected as Dominion Labour Party candidates: Smith, though a member of the DLP, campaigned under the banner of the "Brandon Labour Party". The DLP, however, provided the basic framework around which the provincial campaign was based. Dixon was the unquestioned leader of the labour group in the legislature.

Late in 1920, the DLP split between followers of the American Federation of Labor and the One Big Union. When AFL supporters nominated an opponent of the General Strike as a DLP municipal candidate in Winnipeg, many others walked out and formed the rival Independent Labour Party. Dixon, who had previously been neutral, was the leader of the late 1920 walkout. Most other labour parliamentarians also left the DLP for the ILP, with Smith as the only prominent exception.

The ILP subsequently became the dominant labour party in Manitoba. The DLP aligned itself with the new Canadian Labour Party, and soon ceased to exist in the province as an independent organization.

title: Dominion Labour Party (Manitoba)


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User:Wjbeaty

William J. Beaty

Electrical Engineer, University of Washington

Past experience: Dept. manager and exhibit designer for Museum of Science, Boston. Textbook consultant for Holt Rinehart, Silver-Burdette-Ginn. Encyclopedia author, Harcourt-Brace-Jovanovich.

Long time physics phreak, see Articles: electrical physics

I'm constantly bitching and moaning about the "telephone game" which exists in science education. Misunderstandings cause our explanations to make less and less sense as decades pass. There seems to be too little self-correction. Generation after generation of misinformed students grow up to become teachers and authors who then pass along the distorted explanations to the next batch of learners. Unfortunately physics textbooks aren't like grammar texts where the slang eventually turns into proper usage. When a physics textbook undergoes a slow semantic drift, it becomes corrupted in an absolute sense: it becomes wrong.

It's time to close our eyes, stick fingers in our ears, then try to write a whole new collection of physics explanations by starting over from scratch (perhaps writing with pencils duct-taped to our elbows?) :)

In particular, I try to fight against the slow distortion in the meaning of the term "quantity of electricity." To physicsts, Electricity originally meant charge, not energy. Electricity then is the Coulombs, not the Joules. When electricity flows, we call this flow by the name "electric current." Many texts say something entirely different. They insist that "Electricity" is a form of energy, and they unwittingly teach that a flow of "electricity" is measured in watts rather than amperes. COME ON PEOPLE, electricity is not THAT hard to understand. But unless we first remove the many errors in semantics, unless we first narrowly define the word "electricity," and unless we fight against anyone who tries to change it, then "electricity" concepts will slowly mutate into morass of silly contradictions.

For example, the electrical energy in an electric circuit is not composed of electrons. Instead it is composed of EM fields, and we agree that light and radio waves are classes of electrical energy... yet most people insist that "Electricity" is the electrical energy. Bad move. Do we really want to define "Electricity" as meaning "electric and magnetic fields at low frequency?" If we say that Electricity is a form of energy, then unfortunately we are forced to insist that Electricity is the e-fields and the b-fields surrounding an electric circuit. We also are forced to say that Electricity flows in the empty space surrounding the wires and not inside them. It's the *charge* that flows within the wires, not the energy. (On the other hand, if we insist that "Electricity" flows inside of wires, then "Electricity" is not a form of energy, instead it is the charge on the subatomic particles which are flowing inside the wires.

See:

 * What is Electricity?
 * K-6 Science Misconceptions
 * K-6 Bad Physics
 * K-6 Bad Electricity

Before registering, I was the mysterious editor from 128.95.172.173

title: User:Wjbeaty


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Sergei Shoigu

Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu (born 21 May 1955) is a Russian politician and military officer who has served as Secretary of the Security Council since 2024. He served as Minister of Defence of Russia from 2012 to 2024. Shoigu has served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers of Defense of the Commonwealth of Independent States since 2012.

Shoigu was the Minister of Emergency Situations from 1991 to 2012. He briefly served as the governor of Moscow Oblast in 2012. A close confidant and ally of Vladimir Putin, Shoigu belongs to the siloviki of Putin's inner circle. He was entrusted with the task of supervising the invasion of Ukraine since 2022. A feud between Shoigu and Yevgeny Prigozhin led to a mutiny by the Wagner Group in June 2023.

In May 2024, Putin replaced Shoigu with Andrei Belousov as defense minister, appointing the former to be the Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.

Early life and education
Shoigu was born on 21 May 1955 in Chadan, Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, to an ethnic Tuvan father, newspaper editor Kuzhuget Shoigu (1921–2010) and a Ukrainian-born Russian mother, Alexandra Yakovlevna Shoigu (1924–2011). Alexandra Shoigu grew up in the Donbas town of Kadiivka and had traumatizing experiences while under detention of the German occupation forces during World War II. Later in her career she became a member of the Tuva Regional Council of People's Deputies. Kuzhuget Shoigu rose to secretary of the Tuvan Regional Committee of the Communist Party, becoming a major figure in the Communist power structure of the republic.

After graduating from Kyzyl Number 1 School in the Tuvan ASSR, Shoigu studied at the Krasnoyarsk Polytechnic Institute. Shoigu graduated in 1977 with a degree in civil engineering.

Early career and first steps in CPSU
Shoigu worked in construction projects nationwide for the next decade, advancing from low levels to become an executive. In 1988, Shoigu became a minor functionary in the Abakan branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and then in the Komsomol for a few years. In 1990, Shoigu moved to Moscow from Siberia, and was appointed deputy chairman of the State Architecture and Construction Committee of the Russian Federation, assisted by his father's connections. Future president Boris Yeltsin had held a similar position in the Construction Committee, and had also come from a civil engineering and party background, so Shoigu gained Yeltsin's trust.

Minister of Emergency Situations (1991–2012)
In 1991, Yeltsin appointed him head of the newly established Russian Rescue Corps, responsible for the rescue and disaster response system. The Rescue Corps replaced the previous Soviet civil defense system and soon absorbed the 20,000-strong militarized Civil Defense Troops of the Ministry of Defense, with Shoigu being appointed chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations, and Disaster Response. Civil Defense remained a quasi-military organization in continuation of Soviet practice and Shoigu was politically involved, such as an unsuccessful attempt to evacuate Russian-backed Afghan President Mohammad Najibullah in 1992 and the intended distribution of weapons from the Civil Defense stocks to Yeltsin supporters during the October 1993 coup. In keeping with the militarized nature of Russian civil defense, Shoigu received the rank of major general in 1993, and was promoted swiftly to lieutenant general in 1995, colonel general in 1998, and to army general, in practice the highest Russian military rank, in 2003. The committee was renamed the Ministry of Emergency Situations (MChS) in 1994, making Shoigu a government minister. He became popular because of his hands-on management style and high visibility during emergency situations, such as floods, earthquakes and acts of terrorism. Under Shoigu, the responsibilities of the ministry were expanded to take over the Russian State Fire Service in 2002, making the MChS Russia's third-largest force structure.

In 1999 he became one of the leaders of the Russian pro-government party Unity, created by the Kremlin in opposition to the anti-Yeltsin elites of the Fatherland – All Russia alliance. Unity allowed for the rise of Vladimir Putin to President and in 2001 was combined into the ruling United Russia party, although Shoigu was the only delegate to vote against the merger. In 1999, Shoigu was awarded Russia's most prestigious state award: Hero of the Russian Federation.

In March 2009, he proposed a law that would criminalize criticism of Soviet military tactics during World War II, which resulted in large numbers of Soviet casualties.

Governor of Moscow Oblast (2012)
With over twenty years of service as Minister of Emergency Situations, Shoigu established a close relationship with Vladimir Putin, and was rewarded by being appointed Governor of Moscow Oblast in 2012, taking office on 11 May of that year.

Minister of Defence (2012–2024)
On 6 November 2012, Shoigu was appointed Minister of Defence by Putin, succeeding Anatoly Serdyukov, who had implemented sweeping reforms of the Russian Armed Forces in response to performance in the Russo-Georgian War. According to expert Sergey Smirnov, the so called "Petersburg group" of siloviki (Sergei Ivanov, Sergey Chemezov and Viktor Ivanov) had wanted one of its associates to succeed Serdyukov, but Putin was reluctant to strengthen the clan and opted for the neutral Shoigu. As defence minister, Shoigu on multiple occasions accompanied Putin during weekend breaks that the pair would spend at undisclosed locations in the Siberian countryside.

Serdyukov was unpopular with senior military leaders and seen by them as a civilian with no military background, something that Shoigu attempted to address by symbolically tying himself to the military through wearing an army general's uniform, reviving historical units dissolved under the reforms, and reinstating officials dismissed by Serdyukov. Furthermore, Shoigu appealed for support for reform within the army rather than taking a confrontational stance, appointed deputy ministers of defense from the military, and removed Serdyukov-appointed civilian tax service officials from the top echelons of the Ministry of Defense.

As defence minister, Shoigu continued aspects of Serdyukov's attempts at modernizing the Russian Armed Forces through reform. This included the creation of the Special Operations Forces Command to facilitate rapid intervention in conflicts within the perceived Russian sphere of influence and counterterrorism efforts. Serdyukov's goals of increasing the share of the Russian Armed Forces made up of professional contract servicemen rather than conscripts continued under Shoigu. However, the demographic challenge of a decreasing pool of military-aged and -eligible males forced him to increase national conscription quotas in early 2013, including even North Caucasians perceived as a security risk by authorities such as Chechens. This followed on from Serdyukov's initiatives of reducing available draft exemptions.

In November 2012, Shoigu decided to resurrect the tradition of Suvorov and Nakhimov cadets participating in the 9 May parade.

In July 2013 Shoigu ordered commanders to begin every morning in the barracks with a rendition of the Russian anthem, to compile an obligatory military-patriotic book reading list and to take responsibility for the preparation of demobilization albums (a type of memento scrapbook, which in Russian military tradition is given to conscripts upon completion of their service). In August 2013 he ordered all Defense Ministry civilian workers, other staff and management employees to wear uniforms.

In February 2014, Shoigu said Russia was planning to sign agreements with Vietnam, Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua, the Seychelles, Singapore, and several other countries either to house permanent military bases and/or to house airplane refueling stations in those countries. Over the next year, only an agreement with Vietnam was effectively signed.

Activities related to treaties and military exercises
From early 2013 the Shoigu ministry made use of snap exercises as a means to ensure combat readiness of the Eastern Military District, the Western Military District, and the Central Military District. Already in 2015 western observers mentioned the Vienna Document while they spoke of "the deteriorating European security environment.. producing an action-reaction cycle involving Russia, NATO and other European countries, all seeking to demonstrate the readiness of their armed forces."

In March 2015 Russia under Shoigu's defence ministry halted all activities related to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.

In October 2016 Shoigu hosted 56 representatives from 31 different OSCE nations, with Shoigu stating that the observers "had a chance to see with their own eyes that Russia had fully implemented its obligations on ensuring confidence and security in Europe". The observers were also shown new weapons deployed to the Russian Aerospace Force, Ground and Airborne Forces. The previous visit of the OSCE observers took place in 2011.

Activities related to the revolution in Ukraine

In July 2014, Ukraine opened a criminal case against Shoigu. He was accused of helping to form "illegal military groups" in Eastern Ukraine who at the time fought against the Ukrainian army. The Ukrainian authorities alleged that Shoigu coordinated all of DPR Supreme Commander Igor Girkin's actions, supplying him and "other terrorist leaders" with "the most destructive weapons" since May and instructing him directly, with Putin's approval.

In July 2016 Shoigu said that he had "deployed more air defense systems in the southwest [of Russia]" and "also deployed a 'self-sufficient' contingent of troops in Crimea", adding "Since 2013 ... we have formed four divisions, nine brigades and 22 regiments. They include two missile brigades armed with Iskander missile complexes, which has allowed to boost fire power to destroy the potential adversary."

In July 2018 Shoigu warned that the Poroshenko administration of Ukraine was not fulfilling the Minsk agreements which were signed in order to end the war in Donbas.

Activities related to Syria

On 30 September 2015, Russia began a military operation in Syria. The operation was carried out by the Russian Aerospace Forces, with the support of the Russian Navy and Bashar al-Assad's Syrian Armed Forces.

On 16 December 2015, speaking to the members of the State Duma behind closed doors, Shoigu mentioned the possibility of the Russian forces "reaching the Euphrates" in Syria.

In June 2016, Russia Today, while reporting minister Shoigu's visit to Hmeymim air base, showed RBK-500 ZAB-2.5SM incendiary cluster bombs being loaded onto Russian airplanes. After this information was discovered to be inconsistent with official Russian statements, the video was removed. It was later reinstated. An editorial note below the video made no mention of the weapon, saying a frame in the video has caused "concern for personnel safety" because of a pilot's close-up. "Upon re-evaluation it was deemed that the frame did not pose any risks; it had since been restored and the video is up in its original cut", the RT statement said.

On 11 December 2017, days after declaring Syria had been "completely liberated" from ISIL and with the campaign liberating the western bank of the Euphrates in its final days, Putin visited the Russian base in Syria, where he announced that he had ordered the partial withdrawal of the forces deployed to Syria. Several hours later, Shoigu said the troops had already begun to return.

On 26 December 2017, Shoigu said that Russia had set about "forming a permanent grouping" at the Tartus naval facility and the Hmeymim airbase, after Putin approved their structure and personnel strength. On the same day, the upper chamber of parliament approved the ratification of an agreement between Russia and Syria on expanding the Tartus naval facility, which envisages turning it into a full-fledged naval base.

On 17 September 2018, during multiple missile strikes by Israeli F-16 jets at targets in western Syria, Russia's Il-20 ELINT reconnaissance plane returning to Khmeimim Air Base, with 15 Russian servicemen on board, was inadvertently downed by a Syrian S-200 surface-to-air missile. Russia's defence minister the following day blamed Israel's military for the accident and re-affirmed its stance in a minute-by-minute report presented on 23 September. Early on 20 September, Russia's government-run news agency reported Russia had announced multiple areas of eastern Mediterranean near Syria, Lebanon, and Cyprus" shut for air and sea traffic until 26 September, due to the Russian Navy's drills in the area. Following the shoot down incident, Shoigu on 24 September said that within two weeks, the Syrian army would receive S-300 air-defense missile systems to strengthen Syria's combat air defence capabilities; a series of other military measures were announced such as radio-electronic jamming of "satellite navigation, onboard radars and communications systems used by military aircraft attacking targets in Syrian territory", in the areas of the Mediterranean off the Syrian coast. Shoigu said in August 2021 that Russia had tested 320 new weapons over the course of its campaign in Syria.

In Medvedev government
Shoigu was reappointed as defence minister in 2018 in the Medvedev second government.

In Mishustin government
Shoigu was reappointed as defence minister in 2020 in the Mishustin government.

In an August 2021 "Solovyov Live" YouTube channel interview, Shoigu said referring to his tenure in the Ministry that "The requirements for fulfilling the defense procurement plan have risen dramatically. Over the past nine years, we have received 15,500 weapon systems for the ground forces. In 1999–2002, we had gotten 10 or 19 aircraft at best, that is, fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft all together. That's why now that we receive 140–150 aircraft annually, this is quite a different story."

In August 2021, Shoigu praised military cooperation between Russia and China.

Activities related to 2022 invasion of Ukraine
On 29 August 2021, Shoigu was recorded as saying that "Russia doesn't consider Ukraine as threat", while he expressed the hope that the situation in Ukraine would ultimately change and the "nationalist mayhem" would be stopped. Shoigu said that the Ukrainians "are not just our neighbors, we are a single people".

On 11 February 2022, Shoigu met UK Defense Secretary Ben Wallace. Shoigu denied that Russia was planning an invasion of Ukraine. Wallace agreed at the meeting which also included General Valery Gerasimov that it was important to implement the Minsk agreements "as a clear way forward". On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale military invasion of Ukraine. Shoigu said the purpose of the invasion "is to protect the Russian Federation from the military threat posed by Western countries, who are trying to use the Ukrainian people in the fight against our country". The sources say the decision to invade Ukraine was made by Putin and a small group of war hawks in Putin's inner circle, including Sergei Shoigu and Putin's national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev. In a 11 March video conference with Putin, Shoigu claimed that "everything is going to plan".

On 24 April, Putin decided to broadcast with English subtitles an 11-minute long Siege of Mariupol situation report meeting with Shoigu.

On 13 May, U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin initiated a telephone conversation with Shoigu, the first call since 18 February. The call lasted about an hour with Austin urging an immediate ceasefire in Ukraine.

Also on 13 May, former FSB officer and former DPR Supreme Commander Igor Girkin harshly criticized Shoigu, accusing him of "criminal negligence" in conducting the invasion.

On 16 August, Shoigu said that Russia does not need to use nuclear weapons in Ukraine, as "its main purpose is to deter a nuclear attack. Its use is limited to extraordinary circumstances."

At the 10th Moscow Conference on International Security in August 2022, Shoigu hosted 35 defense ministers from Asia, Africa and Latin America. He described South Africa as a "friendly state" and that South Africa's support has helped counter NATO pressure on Russia. Shoigu and Putin attended the Vostok-2022 military exercise in the Russian Far East. Beyond Russian troops, the exercises also included military forces from China, India, Mongolia and several post-Soviet states, among others.

After large Ukrainian counteroffensives in September 2022, Igor Girkin said that Shoigu should be executed by firing squad. The Russia-installed governor of Ukraine's Kherson region Kirill Stremousov said in a video shared on social media that "Many are saying that the Defense Minister – who allowed things to come to this – should simply shoot himself like a [real] officer."

On 21 September 2022, Shoigu said in a televised speech that Russia was not so much at war with Ukraine and the Ukrainian army as with the "collective West" and NATO.

In September 2022, Shoigu claimed that 5,397 Russian soldiers had been killed in the war in Ukraine. He said that the 2022 Russian mobilization is being carried out to control "already liberated territories" in Ukraine. According to Shoigu, it is planned to mobilize 300,000 reservists. Shoigu said the mobilized people could only be sent to combat zones after "training and combat coordination". However, some of the mobilized Russian men were killed less than two weeks after being drafted, meaning conscripted civilians are being sent to a combat zone without basic military training. On 28 October, Shoigu said that 82,000 mobilized reservists had already been deployed in the combat zone.

On 12 October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded or gone missing in Ukraine, citing sources close to the Kremlin.

On 23 October 2022, Shoigu said, without providing evidence, that Ukraine could escalate the war with a dirty bomb—or an explosive that contains radioactive waste material. The UK, US and French governments rejected what they called "Russia's transparently false allegations" against Ukraine, adding: "The world would see through any attempt to use this allegation as a pretext for escalation."

On 1 November 2022, Shoigu admitted that the Russian military was destroying Ukrainian energy facilities. On 6 December 2022, he said that Russian forces are "inflicting massive strikes" on Ukraine.

On 21 December 2022, Shoigu said that the war in Ukraine would continue in 2023 "until the tasks are completed". He declared that victory was "inevitable" and claimed that Russian troops were fighting what he called "neo-Nazism and terrorism".

On 18 April 2023, Shoigu met with Chinese Defence Minister Li Shangfu in Moscow. Shoigu said that their countries' military cooperation was a "stabilising" force in the world. They discussed expanding military cooperation. On 28 April 2023, he met with Indian Minister of Defence Rajnath Singh as part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation defence ministers' meeting in New Delhi, India.

On 6 June 2023, Shoigu said that Ukrainian "offensive attempts were thwarted, the enemy was stopped, Russian soldiers and officers showed courage and heroism in the battles", while claiming Ukraine had suffered "significant and incomparable casualties". On 20 June 2023, Shoigu stated that the Ukrainian counteroffensive began on June 4, and since then Ukraine had launched 263 attacks on Russian positions, all of which have been unsuccessful, and that Russian forces had lost no territory or settlements. The statement, which is directly contradictory to publicly available information, has been assessed by the ISW as "even-keeled" and an adaption to Russian command strategy following the chaos in the Russian information space during the Kharkiv and Kherson counteroffensives of 2022.

In July 2023, the UK Ministry of Defense reported that Russia had suffered an average of around 400 casualties per day for 17 months. As of July 2023, the Russian Ministry of Defense was still keeping secret the actual number of casualties.

In July 2023, Shoigu and a Chinese delegation led by Communist Party Politburo member Li Hongzhong arrived in North Korea for the 70th anniversary of the end of the Korean War. He met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and North Korean Defense Minister Kang Sun-nam.

On 23 April 2024, Shoigu’s deputy Timur Ivanov was arrested for taking bribes.

Falling out with Wagner
On 5 May 2023, Wagner chief Yevgeny Prigozhin blamed Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov for "tens of thousands" of Wagner casualties, saying "Shoigu, Gerasimov, where ... is the ammunition? They came here as volunteers and are dying so you can sit like fat cats in your luxury offices."

In a video released on 23 June 2023 at the start of the Wagner Group rebellion, Prigozhin said that Russian government justifications for the Russian invasion of Ukraine were based on lies. He accused the Russian Defense Ministry under Shoigu of "trying to deceive society and the president and tell us how there was crazy aggression from Ukraine and that they were planning to attack us with the whole of NATO". According to Prigozhin, "Shoigu killed thousands of the most combat-ready Russian soldiers in the first days of the war. The mentally ill scumbags decided 'It's okay, we'll throw in a few thousand more Russian men as 'cannon fodder'. 'They'll die under artillery fire, but we'll get what we want'."

Despite being the target of Prigozhin's ire, Shoigu made no public appearances during the incident, leading Russian media to speculate that he had lost Putin's confidence and that his removal had been a condition of the agreement that ended the rebellion on 24 June. However, on 26 June, the Russian Ministry of Defence published a video allegedly showing Shoigu meeting Russian officers in Ukraine.

Secretary of the Security Council
On 12 May 2024, soon after Putin's re-election, Shoigu replaced Nikolai Patrushev as Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. According to analysts, the replacement of Sergei Shoigu by Andrey Belousov as defense minister signals that Putin is preparing for a long war of attrition against Ukraine.

On 25 June 2024, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Shoigu, on charges of alleged war crimes for missile strikes against Ukrainian energy infrastructure.

Sanctions
On 23 February 2022, the European Union considered Shoigu responsible for actively supporting and implementing actions and policies that undermine and threaten the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine as well as the stability or security in Ukraine. Therefore the European Union added Shoigu to the list of natural and legal persons, entities and bodies set out in Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 269/2014.

On 25 February 2022, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the United States added Shoigu to the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List.

Shoigu was sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

On 28 February 2022, the Government of Canada "further amended its Special Economic Measures (Russia) Regulations to add eighteen members of the Security Council of the Russian Federation responsible for" Russian actions in Ukraine, "including President Vladimir Putin, Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu, Minister of Justice Konstantin Chuychenko, and Finance Minister Anton Siluanov".

Personal life
According to The Siberian Times, Shoigu is a polyglot who is known to speak eight languages other than Russian fluently, including English, Japanese, Chinese, Tuvan, and Turkish.

Family
Sergei Shoigu was born to Kuzhuget Sereevich Shoigu (1921–2010) and Alexandra Yakovlevna Shoigu (née Kudryavtseva, 1924–2011). His father was born Shoigu Seree oglu Kuzhuget. His name order was changed because of a passport error, according to the Tuva official line. More likely, he Russified the name from Turkic oglu 'son of...'. Kuzhuget was an editor of a regional newspaper. He later worked in the Communist Party and for the Soviet authorities. He was the secretary of the Tuva Party Committee. He retired with the rank of first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Tuva ASSR.

Shoigu's father led the Tuvan State Archives. He spent six years as the editor of the newspaper Pravda. He wrote the novels Time and People, Feather of the Black Vulture (2001), Tannu Tuva: the Country of Lakes and Blue Rivers (2004).

Shoigu's mother Alexandra was born in the village of Yakovlev in the Oryol Oblast. From there, shortly before the Great Patriotic War, her family moved to Kadiivka in the Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine. A zootechnician, Alexandra was an Honored Worker of Agriculture of the Republic of Tuva. From 1979 she was the head of the Planning Department of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic. She was repeatedly elected deputy of the Supreme Soviet (parliament) of the Tuva ASSR. Sergei's great uncle, Seren Kuzhuget, was the commander of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Army from 1929 to 1938.

Sergei has two sisters: Larisa Kuzhugetovna Shoigu (1953–2021), who was a deputy of the State Duma; and Irina Zakharova (born 1960), a psychiatrist.

Shoigu married Irina Alexandrovna Shoigu (née Antipina). She is president of the business tourism company Expo-EM. They have two daughters, Yulia (1977) and Kseniya (1991). According to Alexei Navalny, Kseniya is suspected to be a figurehead of her father in the ownership of a palace in the outskirts of Moscow, valued at about £12 million. In 2012, the estate was transferred to the formal ownership of Yelena Antipina. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Kseniya posted a video on social media of her daughter and herself wearing the colours of the Ukrainian flag. According to the US Department of the Treasury, Kseniya Shoigu "made tens of millions of dollars on state construction projects and has business interests directly tied to the Ministry of Defence". In May 2023, Wagner chief Yevgeny Prigozhin condemned the luxurious lifestyle of the children of Russia's top officials and in particular singled out Shoigu's son-in-law Alexey Stolyarov for not joining the Russian army. In August 2023, it was announced that Shoigu's daughter and her husband Stolyarov had separated, allegedly at the instigation of Shoigu and Putin.

Shoigu is alleged to have an affair with Elena Shebunova from the early 2000s until 2017. According to similar sources, allegedly Shoigu and Shebunova have three children: Danila (2001), Dasha (2008), and Stepan (2011). Danila is pursuing a music career under the stage-name Sheba (or Sheba Singer).

Hobbies
Shoigu enjoys studying the history of Russia, especially Peter the Great's time and the era between 1812 and 1825 (which includes the French invasion of Russia and the Decembrist revolt).

Shoigu collects Indian, Chinese, and Japanese swords and daggers. He enjoys bard songs and plays the guitar. He does water color paintings and graphics. He enjoys carpentry, and has shown some of his work to Putin.

Religion
Shoigu stated in 2008 that he was baptized in the Russian Orthodox Church at the age of five, rebutting rumors that he was a practitioner of shamanism or Buddhism like many Tuvans.

Russian

 * Hero of the Russian Federation
 * Order of St Andrew with swords
 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland 1st class
 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland 2nd class
 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland 3rd class
 * Order of Alexander Nevsky
 * Order of Honour
 * Order for Personal Courage (USSR)
 * Medal "For the Return of Crimea"
 * Medal Defender of a Free Russia
 * Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
 * Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg"
 * Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan"
 * Three Medals "For Strengthening Military Cooperation" (Ministry of Defence)
 * Medal "For Diligence in Engineering Tasks" (Ministry of Defence)
 * Medal "200 Years of the Ministry of Defence" (Ministry of Defence)
 * Medal of Great Awareness in Geo-political Affairs (Foreign Ministry)
 * Medal "200 Years of the Ministry of Internal Affairs" (MVD)
 * Medal "For Merit of the Stavropol Territory"
 * Honoured Rescue Worker of the Russian Federation
 * Order of Rightitude (Ministry of Internal Affairs – for services to being correct on the territory of the Russian Federation)
 * Order of "Merit of the Altai Territory"
 * Honorary Citizen of Kemerovo Oblast
 * Honorary Citizen of Tula Oblast

Foreign

 * Medal of the Order of Courage (Abkhazia)
 * First Class of the Order of Friendship (Kazakhstan)
 * Medal of the Order "Danaker" (Kyrgyzstan)
 * Military Class of the Order pro Merito Melitensi
 * Medal of the Order of the Red Banner (Mongolia)
 * Grand Commander of the Order of the Union of Burma (Myanmar) Sithu class
 * Grand Cross with silver star of the Order of Ruben Dario (Nicaragua)
 * First Class of the Order of the Serbian Flag (Serbia)
 * Medal of the Uatsamonga Order (South Ossetia)
 * Military Commonwealth Medal (Syria)
 * Medal of the Friendship Order (Vietnam)

title: Sergei Shoigu


text:
El Jadida

El Jadida (الجديدة, ) is a major port city on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, located 96 km south of the city of Casablanca, in the province of El Jadida and the region of Casablanca-Settat. It has a population of 170,956 as of 2023.

The fortified city, built by the Portuguese at the beginning of the 16th century and named Mazagan (Mazagão in Portuguese), was given up by the Portuguese in 1769 and incorporated into Morocco. El Jadida's old city sea walls are one of the Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World. The Portuguese Fortified City of Mazagan was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, on the basis of its status as an "outstanding example of the interchange of influences between European and Moroccan cultures" and as an "early example of the realisation of the Renaissance ideals integrated with Portuguese construction technology". According to UNESCO, the most important buildings from the Portuguese period are the cistern and the Church of the Assumption, both in a Manueline style.

The city is a popular resort and destination for both Moroccan and international tourists. An important industrial complex, Jorf Lasfar, lies 20 kilometres to the south.

Names
El Jadida's other names and nicknames in other languages were: Cap Soleis, Portus Rutilis, Rusibis,  Mazighen (مازيغن),    al-Breyja (البريجة), Mazagão,  al-Mahdouma (المهدومة) and Mazagan. The city was renamed al-Jadida in 1820, meaning 'The New'.

History
El Jadida traces its origins to the 5th century BC, when it was founded and settled by the Phoenicians.

Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century, an anchorage used by boats appears to have existed at the current site of El Jadida throughout the Middle Ages and in ancient times. The name Mazighan was first documented by the 11th-century Arab geographer al-Bakri. In 1502 a Portuguese captain, Jorge de Mello, landed at this location, allgedly driven here by a storm. He and his crew took refuge in an abandoned tower, called al-Briya or al-Burayja, to defend themselves against any potential attack by the locals. After returning to Portugal, he obtained permission from the Portuguese king, Dom Manuel, to found a fortress here in 1505, but evidence indicates that he did not carry this out, as when the Portuguese army passed here on their way to conquer Azemmour in 1513 they found nothing but the old tower.

As Azemmour was difficult to access, the Portuguese returned and built a citadel at the more accessible Mazighan in the summer of 1514. This citadel was a rectangular building with four towers, one of which was the old tower that already stood here. The architects were two brothers, Diego and Francisco de Arruda. The location then became known in the Portuguese language as Mazagão. During the next few decades the Sa'dids rose to power and began expelling the Portuguese from their coastal fortresses, with the most significant event being their expulsion from Santa Cruz (present-day Agadir) in 1541. In response, King João III of Portugal ordered the evacuation of Portuguese positions at Azemmour and Safi and concentrated on building a more defensible position at Mazagão instead. As a result, the Portuguese fortification was expanded into the larger walled fortress we see today in 1541.

The Kingdom of Portugal would continue to control the city until 1769, when they abandoned Mazagão, their last territory in Morocco. Upon their forced departure, the Portuguese destroyed the Governor's Bastion. Most of the Portuguese inhabitants were sent to the colony of Brazil, where they founded a new settlement called Nova Mazagão (the present Mazagão in the state of Amapá). The city was then taken over by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah in 1769 and remained largely uninhabited, having been dubbed al-Mahdouma ('The Ruined'). Eventually, Sultan Abd al-Rahman (r. 1822–1859) ordered that a mosque be built, and the destroyed portions of the city were rebuilt during his reign in the early nineteenth-century. In 1820 the city was renamed al-Jadida, meaning 'The New'. The town underwent a revival and soon outgrew Azemmour as the most important city in the area. Alongside the Muslim population was also a community of Jews, who participated in the city's revival.

At the beginning of the French Protectorate in Morocco (established in 1912), the city was developed as a tourist resort, one of the earliest initiatives to develop modern tourism in Morocco. By the 1930s it had a casino which was popular with European tourists and colonists. The importance of the city's port, however, declined as Casablanca grew into the major port and urban center of the country during this period. In the 1980s a large industrial complex, Jorf Lasfar, was developed some 20 kilometres to the south. Aided by its UNESCO World Heritage Site designation since 2004, the city continues to be a tourist destination today.

During the September 2023 earthquake that struck southern Morocco, the historic Portuguese church in the old city was damaged. As of 13 September, cracks were observed in the church's tower and there was a risk of structural collapse.

Fortress of Mazagan
The design of the Fortress of Mazagan is a response to the development of modern artillery in the Renaissance. The star form of the fortress measures c 250m by 300m. The slightly inclined, massive walls are c 8m high on average, with a thickness of 10m, enclosing a patrolling peripheral walkway 2m wide. At the present time the fortification has four bastions: the Angel Bastion in the east, St Sebastian in the north, St Antoine in the west, and the Holy Ghost Bastion in the south. The fifth, the Governor's Bastion at the main entrance, is in ruins, having been destroyed by the Portuguese in 1769. Numerous colonial-era Portuguese cannons are still positioned on top of the bastions.

The fort had three gates: the Seagate, forming a small port with the north-east rampart, the Bull Gate in the north-west rampart, and the main entrance with a double arch in the centre of the south rampart, originally connected to land via a drawbridge. A ditch, c 20m wide and 3m deep, formerly filled with seawater, surrounded the fort. During the time of the French Protectorate the ditch was filled in with earth and a new entrance gate was opened leading to the main street, the Rua da Carreira, and to the Seagate. Along this street are situated the best preserved historic buildings, including the Catholic Church of the Assumption and the Portuguese cistern.

The Citadel
The Citadel, located at the heart of the walled city, was the first permanent Portuguese construction on this site in 1514. It is a building with a rectangular floor plan measuring about 47 by 56 m, with three major rooms around a central space and four towers (one at each corner). The southern El-Briya Tower (originally known as al-Burayja) was of local, pre-Portuguese origin and it was here that the Portuguese first took refuge when they arrived in 1502. One of the northern towers was later re-purposed as the base of a 19th-century minaret built for the nearby mosque. The cistern is located beneath the Citadel.

Portuguese cistern
The semi-subterranean chamber has a roughly square plan measuring around 33 to 34 m per side, was constructed with five rows of five stone pillars and columns. The chamber is built in a late Gothic style known as Manueline, with a vaulted ceiling of brick masonry and stone ribs. Its original function is not clear. It may have been an armory, barracks, or granary, but it is recorded as having been converted into a cistern in 1541. It was designed by an architect named Miguel de Arruda but the construction work was delegated to João de Castilho. A round opening in the center of the chamber served to collect rainwater. The cistern is famous especially for the thin layer of water that covers the floor and creates fine and ever-changing reflections in the otherwise dark vaulted chamber. Its visual qualities are such that several movies have been filmed within the cavernous space, of which Orson Welles' Othello is the best known internationally.

Churches
The Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, a prominent building located south of the Citadel, was the main parish church of the Portuguese settlement. It was constructed or begun when the fortress was expanded in 1541. It has a nave, a choir, a sacristy, and a square-shafted bell tower. At least three other churches existed, though generally only partial remains of them are still present today. Two small churches were adjoined to some of the bastions of the fortress. Another, the Church of Mercy (Misericórdia) was part of the Citadel.

Synagogues
A number of synagogues also existed inside the old city, attesting to the importance of the Jewish community here in the 19th and 20th centuries. One prominently visible example is the Bensimon Synagogue, inaugurated in 1926 and attached to earlier structures in the northern corner of the former fortress. Its construction was sponsored by four brothers of the Bensimon family: Nessim, Messaoud, Abraham, and Mordechai.

Museum of Resistance and Independence
Located near the beach south of the old city and the port, this museum and exhibition space is dedicated to the memory of Moroccan soldiers and resistance to the French Protectorate regime. It is housed in a 20th-century colonial era building constructed in a "Mauresque" style.

Climate
El Jadida has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in El Jadida is 17.4 °C. About 372 mm of precipitation falls annually.

Economy
The city is a significant tourism destination thanks in part to its UNESCO-recognized historic heritage. A large five-star resort, the Mazagan Beach Resort, was opened in 2009 besides the nearby town of Azemmour, named in reference to the historic Portuguese fort. The resort was part of a wider strategy launched in 2001 by King Mohammed VI to boost tourism in Morocco by creating, with the help of foreign investors, large coastal resorts in El Jadida, Essaouira, Saïdia, and other cities on the Moroccan coast. The city is also a popular summer holiday resort for Moroccan families.

Since the 1980s the city's economy has benefited from the large industrial complex at Jorf Lasfar, located some 20 kilometres to the south. The complex, managed by the Office Chérifien du Phosphore, is the main processing center for the region's phosphate reserves and its port is used for exporting its related products. It also serves as a base for other industries.

Education
The city houses many post-secondary academic institutions:

Chouaib Doukkali University, including the following institutions:
 * Faculty of Science
 * Faculty of Letters and Humanities
 * Faculty of Juridical, Economic and Social Sciences
 * National School of Applied Sciences (ENSA)
 * National School of Business and Management (ENCG)
 * Superior School of Technology (EST) - Sidi Bennour (Outside El Jadida)

Office of Vocational Training and Promotion of Labor (OFPPT), including the following institutions: Others:
 * Professional Qualification Center (CQP)
 * Specialized Institute of Applied Technology (ISTA) - Al-Massira
 * Specialized Institute of Applied Technology (ISTA) - City-of-the-Air
 * Specialized Institute of Hotel and Tourism Technology (ITHT) - El jadida
 * Specialized Institute of Hotel and Tourism Technology (ITHT) - Al Haouzia
 * Regional Centers for the Professions of Education and Training (CRMEF)
 * Section of "Higher Technician Certificate" (BTS) (at ar-Razi Technical High-School)
 * Section of "Preparatory Classes for Great Schools" (CPGE) (at ar-Razi Technical High-School)
 * Higher Institute of Engineering and Business (ISGA) (private)

Sports
The main football club of the city is Difaâ Hassani El Jadidi, currently playing in the Botola Pro 2.

Nearby cities
Near El Jadida, are located the city of Azemmour in the northeast and the town of Sidi Bouzid in the southwest. Within a perimeter of around 120 km or less, are located Casablanca, Berrechid, Settat, Sidi Bennour, Oualidia, Youssoufia, Safi.

Notable people

 * Jaafar Aksikas, author
 * Driss Chraïbi, author
 * André Elbaz, painter and filmmaker
 * André Guelfi, racing driver
 * Zakaria Hadraf, footballer
 * Driss Jettou, former prime minister, president of the Supreme Audit Court
 * Youssef Kaddioui, former international footballer
 * El Mehdi Karnass, footballer
 * Abdelkebir Khatibi, author
 * Abdellah Lahoua, footballer
 * Yousra Mansour, vocalist of Bab L' Bluz
 * Mohamed Nahiri, footballer
 * Chaïbia Talal, painter
 * Suleiman Zanfari, racing driver
 * Nicola L, multidisciplinary artist
 * Naji El-Mekki, pentathlete

Twin towns – sister cities
El Jadida is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Arenzano, Italy (1964)
 * Barcelos, Portugal (2009)
 * 🇹🇳 Nabeul, Tunisia (1985)
 * 🇫🇷 Sète, France (1992)
 * Sintra, Portugal (1988)
 * 🇨🇦 Varennes, Canada
 * 🇫🇷 Vierzon, France (1987)
 * 🇺🇸 Tacoma, United States (2007)

title: El Jadida


text:
IBM 1712

The IBM 1712 Multiplexer and Terminal Unit is part of the IBM 1710 process control computer. The Terminal Unit provides the physical connections between factory wiring and the computer. The 1712 can support up to 300 separate wire pairs. Signal types supported include analog input, analog output, contact sense, contact operate, process branch indicators and process interrupts. Special terminal blocks support thermocouple inputs. The Multiplexer selects which signal is connected to the IBM 1711 Data Converter.

title: IBM 1712


text: Category:Steele County, Minnesota

title: Category:Steele County, Minnesota


text:
PGE

PGE may refer to:

 * Pacific Gas and Electric Company, commonly abbreviated PG&E
 * Pacific Gas & Electric (band), an American blues rock band
 * Pacific Great Eastern Railway, the original name of BC Rail
 * Parser Grammar Engine, Perl 6 rule compiler/interpreter for the Parrot virtual machine
 * Platinum group element
 * Polska Grupa Energetyczna
 * Portland General Electric
 * PGE Park
 * Propylene glycol ether
 * Prostaglandin E
 * Provisional Government of Eritrea

title: PGE


text:
Category:Orchestras

Specific orchestras should be organized into their respective geographic categories.

Articles about types of orchestras or the technical aspects of orchestras may be categorized in the main "Orchestras" category.

title: Category:Orchestras


text:
La Va Bon Train

The La Va Bon Train ("goes like blazes" in French) was a French automobile manufactured by Larroumet and Lagarde of Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, between 1904 and 1914. The company had originally been founded in 1891 as a bicycle maker.

The two-seater, three-wheeler featured an iron chassis, wheel steering, and a single-cylinder 6 hp engine of either their own make or at extra cost from De Dion. A two-speed epicyclic gearbox was fitted to early cars, but later ones used a more conventional unit, and final drive was by a choice of belt or chain. A differential was fitted from 1907.

Between 50 and 100 are believed to have been built, with the last ones made around 1910 but possibly still on sale as late as 1914.

title: La Va Bon Train