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Mount Herzl

Mount Herzl (הַר הֶרְצְל Har Hertsl), also Har ha-Zikaron ( lit. "Mount of Remembrance"), is the site of Israel's national cemetery and other memorial and educational facilities, found on the west side of Jerusalem beside the Jerusalem Forest.

It is named after Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern Zionism. Herzl's tomb lies at the top of the hill. Yad Vashem, which commemorates the Holocaust, lies to the west of Mt. Herzl. Israel's war dead are also buried there. Mount Herzl is 834 meters above sea level.

History
In 1934, Zionist leader Menahem Ussishkin organized the re-interment of Leon Pinsker in Nicanor Cave on Mount Scopus in an attempt to build a pantheon for the great leaders of the Jewish nation. Ussishkin was buried there himself in 1941. When Mount Scopus became an enclave, cut off from Jerusalem, the implementation of this plan was no longer feasible.

During summer 1949, Theodor Herzl's remains were reinterred on a hill in West Jerusalem which faced the Mount of Olives from a distance and renamed in his honour, Mount Herzl. In November 1949, soldiers who fell during the 1947–1949 Palestine war in the Jerusalem area were buried on the north slope of the hill.

Apart from Theodor Herzl, Mt. Herzl is the burial place of five of Israel's prime ministers: Levi Eshkol, Golda Meir, Yitzhak Shamir, Yitzhak Rabin (who is buried beside his wife Leah) and Shimon Peres. Israeli presidents are also buried on Mt. Herzl, as are other prominent Jewish and Zionist leaders.

Mt. Herzl is the venue for many commemorative events and national celebrations.

The military section was designed and landscaped by two Hungarian-born architects, Asher Hiram and Haim Giladi.

Theodor Herzl's grave
In 1903, Theodor Herzl wrote in his will: "I wish to be buried in a metal coffin next to my father, and to remain there until the Jewish people will transfer my remains to Eretz Israel. The coffins of my father, my sister Pauline, and of my close relatives who will have died until then will also be transferred there."

When Herzl died a year later, he was interred in Vienna. Forty-five years later, Herzl's remains were brought to Israel and re-interred in Jerusalem. The location of the burial site was selected by a special state commission in the top of a hill in Jerusalem. He was buried on 17 August 1949. A temporary stone marked his grave for several years until the site was developed into a national cemetery. Sixty-three entries were submitted in the competition for the design of his new tombstone. The winner was Joseph Klarwein's design, consisting of an unadorned black granite stone inscribed with the name Herzl.

The area around his tomb was expanded into the plaza where the first Independence Day ceremony was held in 1950.

Despite Herzl's wishes, his daughter Pauline and son Hans were not originally buried beside him. Their remains were moved to Mt. Herzl in 2006. A third daughter was murdered in the Holocaust and her place of burial is unknown. The small Stephen Norman Park, located between the Herzl Museum and the Herzl Educational Center, is dedicated to the memory of Herzl's only grandson, who killed himself in the United States in 1946 after learning about the fate of his family during the Holocaust and being confronted with Jewish misery in the Displaced Persons camps, and was reinterred on Mt. Herzl in December 2007. Herzl's parents and sister are also buried at Mount Herzl.

National Civil Cemetery
Israel's main cemetery for the leaders of the country and people who sacrificed their lives for the country is located on the southern slope of Mt. Herzl, established there in 1952 when Ben Gurion decided to bury the finance minister in Helkat Gedolei Ha'Uma, close to Herzl's grave. The design of the cemetery area was continued over the following years when other famous people from the Zionist movement were brought to be buried there.

Great Leaders of the Nation
The Great Leaders of the Nation's Plot or Memorial Park holds the graves of several Prime Ministers, Presidents, Knesset speakers and other chosen national leaders of the State of Israel. It forms a separate section of the Mount Herzl cemetery from that of the leaders of the Zionist Organization (after 1960: World Zionist Organization), which is situated nearby.

The Hebrew name Helkat Gedolei Ha'Uma (חלקת גדולי האומה) is used in common parlance either in a narrower meaning, for the State of Israel leaders' section, or in a wider one, which includes pre-state Zionist leaders.

Buried there are Presidents Zalman Shazar and Chaim Herzog, Shimon Peres and Prime Ministers Levi Eshkol, Golda Meir, Yitzhak Rabin and his wife Leah Rabin. Other notable graves are those of the first speaker of the Knesset, Yosef Sprinzak and his wife Hanna, the first Minister of Finance, Eliezer Kaplan, Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek, and First Lady Aura Herzog. Despite the national significance of the cemetery, some Israeli leaders were buried elsewhere, most notably Chaim Weizmann (buried at Weizmann House), Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (buried at Har HaMenuchot Cemetery); David Ben-Gurion (buried at Midreshet Ben-Gurion); Menachem Begin (buried at Mount of Olives) and Ariel Sharon (buried at his home in the Negev). Deciding who should be buried on Mt. Herzl has sometimes been controversial. For example, the decision to bury Ze'ev Jabotinsky, who died in 1940, on Mt. Herzl, was fiercely opposed by many Labour Party stalwarts, who claimed that Jabotinsky was an ultra-right nationalist undeserving of such an honour. Only in 1964 did Prime Minister Levi Eshkol decide in favor of burying him there, in the interest of promoting national reconciliation and setting aside political grievances. Soldiers awarded with the Medal of Valor may also be buried at Mount Herzl.

To the north of Herzl's grave is a plot reserved for the leaders of the (World) Zionist Organization, among them David Wolffsohn, Nahum Sokolow, Simcha Dinitz, and Arieh Dulzin. In the same section are the graves and cenotaphs of close relatives of Theodor Herzl.

The grave of Ze'ev Jabotinsky and his family is in a separate plot southwest of Herzl's grave.

Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial

The Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial is the main memorial for all victims of terrorism in Israel from 1851 until today. The memorial was opened in 1997, and every year a ceremony is held on the plaza, in memory of the victims of terror. The memorial is located in the National Civil Cemetery next to Helkat Gedolei Ha'Uma.

Other memorials

 * Olei Hagardom plot: Jewish underground fighters executed for their activities
 * Common grave of the 204 illegal immigrants who went down with the Salvador in December 1940
 * Common grave of the 44 immigrants aboard the Egoz (sank in 1961)
 * Memorial for the Last of Kin - last Holocaust survivors of their families, who died fighting in the Israel Defense Forces
 * Memorial for the Jewish immigrants from Ethiopia

National military cemetery
The main Israel Defense Forces cemetery is located on the northern slope of Mt. Herzl. It was established in November 1949, when soldiers who fell in the Jerusalem area were buried there. In 1949, the government decided to turn the site into the main cemetery for IDF members who have fallen in the line of duty. The Israel Police cemetery, for police officers who have fallen in the line of duty, is also located there.

There are specific areas or monuments for the following categories of fallen fighters:
 * National Memorial Hall For Israel's Fallen
 * Garden of the Missing in Action (burial places are unknown)
 * Memorial for the Jewish soldiers in the Red Army in World War II
 * Memorial for the Jewish soldiers in the Polish Army in World War II
 * Memorial for the volunteers of the Yishuv (Jewish community in Palestine) in World War II
 * Memorial for the 140 Jewish Palestinian soldiers who went down with the British ship SS Erinpura in 1943 during World War II
 * Memorial for the 23 (in Hebrew numerals: Kaf-Gimel) Palmach sea commandoes who disappeared during Operation Boatswain under British command in 1941
 * Common grave of the Nabi Daniel Convoy of 27 March 1948 (15 dead)
 * Monument for the fallen fighters of the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem (surrendered on 28 May 1948)
 * Memorial for the 69 sailors who went down with the Dakar submarine in 1968 and whose bodies were never recovered
 * Common grave of the defenders of Neve Yaakov who fell in 1948
 * Common grave of the fighters fallen in the Battles of Latrun of 1948
 * Common grave of the Radar Hill fighters
 * Common grave of the defenders of Kfar Etzion who fell in 1948
 * Common grave of the Convoy of 35 of January 1948
 * Memorial for the Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine killed in Europe in World War II
 * Operation Kadesh (1956) plot
 * Operation Peace for Galilee (First Lebanon War, 1982) plot
 * Soldiers who fell since 1990
 * Six-Day War, one of several plots
 * Yom Kippur War, one of several plots

All soldiers, regardless of rank or unit, are buried side by side. The gravestones are plain and unadorned, only recording name, rank, parents' names, and place and date of birth and death.

Christian, Muslim, and Druze soldiers
The military cemetery also honours the memory of Israel's fallen Christian, Muslim, and Druze soldiers who have served in the Israeli security forces.

Garden of the Missing in Action
The Garden of the Missing in Action is a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Memorial and Memory Garden for soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces and those who fought for the pre-state Land of Israel whose resting places are unknown from 1914 until today. The garden was established on 29 February 2004 in a ceremony attended by army chiefs, the Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz, and members of the Jerusalem Municipality at the National Military and Police cemetery. The garden also contains memorials to those lost aboard the submarine INS Dakar and the 23 Who Went Down at Sea.

An annual memorial service for the Missing Soldiers of Israel takes place in the garden's main plaza on Seventh of Adar day.

The garden includes "empty graves" and stone monuments to the memory of missing soldiers. At the entrance to the garden, there is a small plaza where memorial ceremonies to the missing are held. On the north side of the plaza there is a memorial to the missing sailors of the INS Dakar submarine, which sank in the Mediterranean sea. On the north side of the plaza is a memorial wall bearing the names of all missing soldiers and fighters from 1914 until today. On the top of the wall there is a waterfall.

National Memorial Hall For Israel's Fallen
A national memorial hall was built at the entrance to the National Military and Police cemetery to honour the memory of the 22,684 soldiers and security personnel who have fallen defending the land of Israel since 1860. It is designed in the shape of a torch rising some 18 meters and an eternal flame burns there all year long. A candle for each soldier is lit twice a year – once on the anniversary of the soldier's death, and on Memorial Day. The cost of the project was NIS40 million.

Gardens
Above the Herzl Museum and the main plaza is the Nations Garden, where trees have been planted by visiting presidents and heads of state. There are two small observation decks looking out over Jerusalem. A menorah sculpture stands opposite the main plaza entrance.

Situated between the Herzl Museum and the Stella and Alexander Margulies Education Center, the Stephen Norman Garden is named for Herzl's grandson, Stephen Norman. He was the only member of Herzl's family to visit Palestine or to be a Zionist. It is a place for groups and students to gather to hear about Mount Herzl. On one wall of the garden, a quote from Norman, in 1945, is inscribed: "You will be amazed at the Jewish youth in Palestine...they have the look of freedom."

Herzl Museum

Herzl Museum, an interactive museum at the main entrance to Mt. Herzl, offers a glimpse into the life of Theodor Herzl, the man behind the dream of a Jewish homeland.

Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem is in the western region of Mount Herzl on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem, 804 meters above sea level and adjacent to the Jerusalem Forest. Yad Vashem is complex containing two types of sites - memorial museums and monuments, and a research institute. Memorial sites include the Holocaust History Museum and the Museum of Holocaust Art; indoor memorials such as the Children's Memorial and the Hall of Remembrance; outdoor commemorative sites such as the Valley of the Communities, the Cattle Car memorial and various sculptures; and a synagogue. The Holocaust research facilities are grouped around a research institute and include archives, a library, publishing house and an educational center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Yad Vashem honours non-Jews who saved Jews during the Holocaust, at great personal risk, as the "Righteous among the Nations".

The Memorial Path, leading from the entrance of Yad Vashem up to the Mount Herzl national cemetery, was established in 2003 and includes plaques that mark important events from the beginning of Zionism until the creation of the state of Israel.

Zionism study center
In 2010, work began on a Zionism Studies Center next to the Herzl museum, with the opening scheduled for 2013.

Archaeology
Mitspe Karem (מִצְפֶּה כֶּרֶם) is an archaeological park located in the Jerusalem Forest on the west side of the Mount of Remembrance, near the Yad Vashem museum. There are finds from various periods, including the Early Bronze Age, Iron Age, possibly Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine period.

Official ceremonies on Mount Herzl

 * Memorial Day ceremony for Israel's Fallen Soldiers
 * Memorial Day Ceremony for Victims of Terrorism, held at the memorial of terror in Israel
 * Seventh of Adar ceremony for fallen soldiers whose resting place is unknown, held in Garden of the Missing Soldiers
 * Independence Day ceremony, held at Mount Herzl Plaza
 * Holocaust Remembrance Day ceremony at Yad Vashem

title: Mount Herzl


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snort

Snort was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to move the page to Snort (software) and keep. Rossami 22:00, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete - vanity/advert. - Created by Brian Caswell (see self-titled article about himself) about his own website and project. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:51, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Snort is widely used and notable. Article might need expanding though. Ianb 21:56, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: should probably be moved to Snort (software), as listed on List_of_open source_software_packages Ianb 22:01, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * At present, this reads like an ad write up. If y'all know it to be widely used and notable, then please move to Snort (software) and either send to Clean Up or clean it to ensure that it reads like a discussion and description rather than a blurb.  Geogre 23:58, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable software. Rename to Snort (software). Wile E. Heresiarch 00:40, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. —Lady Lysiŋe Ikiŋsile | Talk 03:30, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Notable software. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:52, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Snort


text:
Harry Smith (American journalist)

Harry Smith (born August 21, 1951) is a retired American television journalist who has worked for NBC News, MSNBC, and CNBC as a senior correspondent. He hosted the CBS News morning programs, The Early Show and its predecessor, CBS This Morning, for seventeen years. In July 2011, Smith left CBS News to become a correspondent for NBC News and the newsmagazine Rock Center with Brian Williams. He also served as an anchor for MSNBC, conducting daytime live coverage of breaking news and events since first appearing in November 2015.

Early life and education
Smith was born in Lansing, Illinois. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications and theater from Central College, located in Pella, Iowa.

Career
Smith began his broadcasting career at Denver, Colorado, radio stations KHOW and KIMN and Cincinnati, Ohio, radio station WLW (1975 From 1981 to 1982, he worked for Denver's public television station, KRMA-TV. From 1982 to 1985, he served as a reporter and anchor for KMGH-TV, the then-CBS affiliate in Denver (the station is now affiliated with ABC). In 1986, Smith joined CBS News as a reporter and was named a correspondent in 1987.

For thirteen years, Smith was a contributor to The CBS Evening News with Dan Rather, 48 Hours, and CBS News documentaries. The majority of his time at CBS was spent anchoring the CBS morning show. From November 30, 1987, to June 14, 1996, he served as a co-anchor of CBS This Morning. After leaving the show, Smith was featured on the CBS Evening news in a weekly report called "Travels with Harry," which looked at unique people and places around the country. Starting in 1999, he hosted the A&E Network television series Biography and The History Channel's Modern Marvels.

On October 28, 2002, Smith returned to the CBS morning show, by that point renamed The Early Show. He hosted the program for eight years before CBS announced that Smith and co-anchors Maggie Rodriguez and Dave Price would leave the show at the end of 2010. His last day on the show was December 31, 2010. By that point, Smith had spent a total of seventeen years on a CBS morning show. Upon leaving the program, Smith became a Senior Correspondent for CBS News and substitute anchor for the CBS Evening News, Face the Nation, and CBS News Sunday Morning. In addition to his television assignments, Smith delivered a daily Harry Smith Reporting editorial for the CBS Radio Network.

On July 8, 2011, CBS News notified its employees that Smith would depart the network after 25 years. NBC News subsequently announced that Smith would join that network and contribute to the prime-time newsmagazine program Rock Center with Brian Williams.

Since the canceling of Rock Center with Brian Williams, Smith has continued to report regularly on various NBC News platforms and substitute anchor on NBC Nightly News. He contributes a weekly story on Sunday mornings on the weekend edition of NBC's Today in a segment called "Sundays with Harry".

In the fall of 2015, Smith began regularly serving as co-host on the weekend edition of NBC's Today alongside his former colleague from The Early Show, Erica Hill. Smith was part of a rotating group of co-hosts that filled the co-anchor chair after it was vacated by Lester Holt when he was named weekday anchor of NBC Nightly News.

Smith retired from NBC News in March 2024. In an on-air conversation with anchor Lester Holt following the broadcast of his final segment, Smith thanked viewers and NBC saying: "I have nothing but gratitude... Every time I would always come on this show, I was always welcomed so generously. I've had just this unbelievable array of phenomenal experiences since coming to NBC, and so I'm really full of nothing but gratitude. Every time I've come on, everyone would drop their phones, pay attention to the story and then respond." In retirement, Smith returned to his alma mater, Central College, to teach.

Personal life
Smith lives in New York City with his wife, sportscaster Andrea Joyce, and their two sons.

He is a cyclist and regularly commutes on a folding bike to the NBC studios in New York City and he also rides a "racing" road bicycle.

title: Harry Smith (American journalist)


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HUC

Huc or HUC may refer to:

 * Évariste Régis Huc (1813–1860), French Roman Catholic missionary in China, Tartary and Tibet
 * Hebrew Union College, the oldest extant Jewish seminary in the Americas
 * Honker Union, a hacker group in China
 * Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, a university hospital in Coimbra, Portugal
 * Hydrologic unit code, a hydrological code used by the United States Geological Survey
 * Huc, a village in Todirești, Vaslui, Romania
 * Highly urbanized city, a legal class of cities in the Philippines
 * Huc, a hydrogenase in bacteria

title: HUC


text:
List of political parties in the Netherlands Antilles

Political parties in the Netherlands Antilles were generally limited to one of the six islands that made up the Netherlands Antilles where they would participate in island council elections and in their Island's constituency of the Estates of the Netherlands Antilles.

After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010 (and the split off of Aruba in 1986), many of the parties stayed participating in the politics of their respective islands.

Curaçao

 * C93
 * Democratic Party (Democratische Partij)
 * Forsa Kòrsou
 * Labour Party People's Crusade (Partido Laboral Krusada Popular)
 * LPNA (Lista Niun Paso Atras)
 * National People's Party (Partido Nashonal di Pueblo)
 * New Antilles Movement (Movishon Antia Nobo)
 * Party for the Restructured Antilles (Partido Antiá Restrukturá)
 * Party Workers' Liberation Front 30th of May (Frente Obrero Liberashon 30 Di Mei 1969)
 * Sovereign People (Pueblo Soberano)

Sint Maarten

 * Democratic Party Sint Maarten (Democratische Partij Sint Maarten)
 * National Alliance
 * Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance
 * National Progressive Party
 * People's Progressive Alliance
 * United People's Party

Bonaire

 * Bonaire Patriotic Union (Union Patriotico Bonairano)
 * Bonaire Democratic Party (Partido Democratico Bonairano)
 * Bonaire Social Party (Partido Boneriano Sosial)

Sint Eustatius

 * Democratic Party
 * Progressive Labour Party

Saba

 * Windwards Islands People's Movement


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brian Caswell

Brian Caswell was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to rewrite the article about the Welsh author. Rossami 21:48, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete - vanity/advert. - Created by Brian Caswell about himself. He refers in the summary that the article is about "me". -  Tεx  τ  urε  21:53, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 16:43, 27 Jul 2004 (hist) Brian Caswell (me)
 * 16:37, 27 Jul 2004 (hist) Snort (add external link to the website)
 * 16:37, 27 Jul 2004 (hist) Shmoo Group (add me as a link)
 * beat me to it ;-). Merge any pertinent info with Snort, which is notable, though minus points for self-promotion. Ianb 21:58, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Ditto. Lose all the self-promotional hoo-haa. - Lucky 6.9 22:00, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Rewrite as a stub on Brian Caswell, the Australian author whose books are studied in schools in at least one state here. Ambivalenthysteria 00:07, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The author of notable software is not necessarily notable himself. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:39, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Self-written articles aren't allowed on Wikipedia. If you're famous, someone else will write one for you. If they don't, well you're not famous after all. Average Earthman 13:26, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've been bold and replaced the vanity article with one about the much more well-known Welsh/Australian author. - TB 14:22, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep new stub. Ambi 07:20, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Rewrites like this are the reason I love this page. Keep great new stub. - Lucky 6.9 03:04, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:62.24.144.44

title: User talk:62.24.144.44


text:
Refractory clergy

During the French Revolution, the National Assembly abolished the traditional structure of the Catholic Church in France and reorganized it as an institution within the structure of the new French government through the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. One of the new requirements placed upon all clergy was the necessity of an oath of loyalty to the State before all foreign influences such as the Pope. This created a schism within the French clergy, with those taking the oath known as, and those refusing the oath known as non-juring clergy or refractory clergy.

Background
In the centuries preceding the French Revolution, the Church had functioned as an autonomous entity within France. It controlled roughly 10% of all French land, levied mandatory tithes upon the populace, and collected revenues from its estates, all of which contributed to the Church's total income, which it was not obliged to disclose to the state.

Under the ancien regime, France was divided into three Estates, and the clergy occupied the First Estate, with the aristocracy comprising the Second Estate, and the commoners the Third Estate. As one of the first two privileged Estates, the Church was exempt from taxation, although every five years the Assembly of the Clergy met and arranged a don gratuit (free gift) to be given to the King on behalf of the Church.

Over the course of the 18th century, France fell into deeper and deeper financial crisis. On multiple occasions, the state attempted to revoke the Church's tax-free status in order to tap into its significant financial resources, with official declarations calling for formal surveys of the Church's wealth and subsequent taxations being levied in 1749 and 1780. Both were successfully rebuffed by the Church, whose infrastructure, organization, man-power, and influence were still powerful in France. Nonetheless, these events show that a desire to check the power and privileges of the Church was gaining momentum before the Revolution erupted.

During the French Revolution
In an attempt to find a peaceful resolution to mounting popular unrest and calls for reform, King Louis XVI first convened the Assembly of Notables in 1787 and then revived the Estates-General in 1789. During the 1787 Assembly, clerical representatives strongly opposed any reforms directed towards the Church, but by the meeting of the Estates-General, internal divisions began to form. Bishops and other ‘high clergy’ (who were often of noble stock) generally allied with the Second Estate in the preservation of their traditional privileges. However, many parish priests and other ‘low clergy’ sided with the Third Estate, representing their own class and the class of their flocks.

Things began to change quickly in 1789. On August 4, the newly assembled National Assembly drafted the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,’ and over the next year completely dismantled French society and began to rebuild it from the ground up. Part of this included confiscating Church property and transferring ownership to the state. By June 1790 the Assembly had officially abolished the nobility, and on July 12 passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy
This new legislation dismantled and restructured the Church along the same lines as with the rest of society. Bishoprics were realigned to correspond with the eighty-three departments France had been divided into, and any additional bishoprics were abolished. Clergy were forbidden from recognizing the authority of any Church officials beholden to a foreign power. This included the Pope, whose position they were allowed to acknowledge, but not his authority. New bishops were forbidden from seeking confirmation from the Pope, but were allowed to write him to inform him of their position and reassert a unity of faith.

The most contentious aspect of the constitution, however, involved how new bishops were to be appointed to office and the duties required of them. The Church was in essence incorporated as another branch of the state. With bishops to be elected by popular vote. This was received with outrage by many clergy, as it not only completely up-ended the traditional appointment system of the Church, but would furthermore allow Protestants, Jews, and atheists to directly influence Church matters. Perhaps the greatest problem though, was Article XXI of Title II. This required a bishop to take an oath before municipal officials asserting his loyalty to the nation of France before all other things. Failing this their office would be declared vacant.

Sentiments between the Church and the Revolution began to sour much faster after this. While "reform" had been the stated goal by revolutionaries before, anti-religious rhetoric calling for the abolishment of the Church as a whole began to gain prominence. In October 1790, the National Convention banned priests, monks, nuns, and any who had previously occupied such positions from teaching in schools, and many members of the convention began calling for a “religion of patriotism” to supplant Catholic Christianity entirely. In November, the oath described in the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was drafted, and by the end of the year the Assembly proclaimed executive authority to enforce said oath.

Refractory clergy

The oath of loyalty created a massive schism within the French clergy. Many lower clergy had initially supported revolutionary calls for reform, even within the Church; but this was beyond the pale. Thousands of priests, monks, and nuns now had to choose between refusing the oath and risking arrest and punishment, or taking the oath and risking their salvation. On 13 April 1791, the Pope forced the issue by issuing the papal encyclical Charitas, officially condemning the Revolution's actions towards the Church and leveling excommunication upon any clergy who took the oath.

The clergy split into juring priests (those who took the oath) and non-juring or refractory priests (those who refused). Both factions could face persecution, as communities with strong revolutionary sentiments would beat, stone, or even kill non-juring priests, while in more religiously traditional communities juring priests could face similar assaults.

This controversy was the first major issue to divide the popular masses on revolutionary reforms. Never had royalists or other counter-revolutionaries had popular constituencies, but there were many who believed the state had no right to meddle in the affairs of God to this degree and were loyal to their local priests. Also, sectors of France that had long-standing conflict with Protestant communities refused to support anything that threatened Catholic doctrine. Many clergy previously supportive of the Revolution were driven into opposition, and thousands of clergy hid or fled the country entirely.

Impact
While there were organized efforts to hunt down refractory priests and organized protests of religious ceremonies, many revolutionary leaders began to see this as detrimental to the movement. Some were vehemently ethically opposed, such as Maximilien Robespierre, who argued that atheism was a dangerous product of aristocratic decadence, and believed that a moral society should at least acknowledge the provenance of a Supreme Being. Others had more practical objections, knowing that deep-seated religious beliefs would not be eliminated quickly, and that mobilizing popular support for the Revolution was of top importance. Dividing and alienating the masses over religious issues was unhelpful.

Throughout all this, Louis XVI was appalled. Louis was a devout man, and while he was required to give public approval to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, in private he rejected it. On Palm Sunday in April 1791, he took communion from a non-juring priest. While friends, advisors, and even his wife had been strongly urging him to flee the country, Louis had resisted these suggestions. The attack on the clergy was potentially the tipping point that eventually led to the King's doomed flight to Varennes in June 1791.

Related articles

 * Jureur

title: Refractory clergy


text:
Category:Ford platforms

This category contains links to Ford Motor Company's global automobile platforms.

title: Category:Ford platforms


text:
Delena cancerides

Delena cancerides, the communal huntsman, flat huntsman or social huntsman, is a large, brown huntsman spider native to Australia. It has been introduced to New Zealand, where it is sometimes known as the Avondale spider. This was the species used in the Australian movie Napoleon and widely in Arachnophobia, and all films depict them as having a deadly venomous bite, but they are generally considered harmless to humans in real-life. It was first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1837.

Behaviour
Highly unusual among spiders, the flat huntsman spider is a social species, even sharing prey. They are often found under loose bark (their flat shape is an adaptation for this) in colonies up to 300, but they are highly aggressive and commonly cannibalistic toward members from other colonies. They hunt their food rather than spin webs for it. They are timid towards humans and bites are infrequent, and when they occur, symptoms are usually very minor.

Distribution
The species is found all over Australia, including Tasmania. It was introduced to New Zealand in 1924. Its range in New Zealand expanded slowly out of Avondale, a suburb of Auckland, hence the alternative New Zealand common name. There is a sculpture in the Avondale shopping centre celebrating the spider.

Appearance and genetics
Male D. cancerides have a body length of 20 - 25 mm, while females are larger, with a body length of 25 - 32 mm. The body is light brown and covered in dense, fine hairs. The legs are also hairy, and can have a span of over 15 cm.

Various populations show major differences in the chromosomes, leading to the recognition of several "chromosomal subspecies", but these hybridize where in contact and there is little genetic divergence.

title: Delena cancerides


text: User talk:69.158.28.198

title: User talk:69.158.28.198


text:
User talk:80.185.105.163

If you are contributing articles from the German wikipedia then please hand translate them, as the babelfish translations isn't very good. Thue | talk 21:59, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.185.105.163


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Refractory

In materials science, a refractory (or refractory material) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat or chemical attack that retains its strength and rigidity at high temperatures. They are inorganic, non-metallic compounds that may be porous or non-porous, and their crystallinity varies widely: they may be crystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, or composite. They are typically composed of oxides, carbides or nitrides of the following elements: silicon, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, boron, chromium and zirconium. Many refractories are ceramics, but some such as graphite are not, and some ceramics such as clay pottery are not considered refractory. Refractories are distinguished from the refractory metals, which are elemental metals and their alloys that have high melting temperatures.

Refractories are defined by ASTM C71 as "non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical properties that make them applicable for structures, or as components of systems, that are exposed to environments above 1000 F". Refractory materials are used in furnaces, kilns, incinerators, and reactors. Refractories are also used to make crucibles and molds for casting glass and metals. The iron and steel industry and metal casting sectors use approximately 70% of all refractories produced.

Refractory materials
Refractory materials must be chemically and physically stable at high temperatures. Depending on the operating environment, they must be resistant to thermal shock, be chemically inert, and/or have specific ranges of thermal conductivity and of the coefficient of thermal expansion.

The oxides of aluminium (alumina), silicon (silica) and magnesium (magnesia) are the most important materials used in the manufacturing of refractories. Another oxide usually found in refractories is the oxide of calcium (lime). Fire clays are also widely used in the manufacture of refractories.

Refractories must be chosen according to the conditions they face. Some applications require special refractory materials. Zirconia is used when the material must withstand extremely high temperatures. Silicon carbide and carbon (graphite) are two other refractory materials used in some very severe temperature conditions, but they cannot be used in contact with oxygen, as they would oxidize and burn.

Binary compounds such as tungsten carbide or boron nitride can be very refractory. Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary compound known, with a melting point of 3890 °C. The ternary compound tantalum hafnium carbide has one of the highest melting points of all known compounds (4215 °C).

Molybdenum disilicide has a high melting point of 2030 °C and is often used as a heating element.

Uses
Refractory materials are useful for the following functions:

 * 1) Serving as a thermal barrier between a hot medium and the wall of a containing vessel
 * 2) Withstanding physical stresses and preventing erosion of vessel walls due to the hot medium
 * 3) Protecting against corrosion
 * 4) Providing thermal insulation

Refractories have multiple useful applications. In the metallurgy industry, refractories are used for lining furnaces, kilns, reactors, and other vessels which hold and transport hot media such as metal and slag. Refractories have other high temperature applications such as fired heaters, hydrogen reformers, ammonia primary and secondary reformers, cracking furnaces, utility boilers, catalytic cracking units, air heaters, and sulfur furnaces. They are used for surfacing flame deflectors in rocket launch structures.

Classification of refractory materials
Refractories are classified in multiple ways, based on:

 * 1) Chemical composition
 * 2) Method of manufacture
 * 3) Size and shape
 * 4) Fusion temperature
 * 5) Refractoriness
 * 6) Thermal conductivity

Acidic refractories
Acidic refractories are generally impervious to acidic materials but easily attacked by basic materials, and are thus used with acidic slag in acidic environments. They include substances such as silica, alumina, and fire clay brick refractories. Notable reagents that can attack both alumina and silica are hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, and fluorinated gases (e.g. HF, F2). At high temperatures, acidic refractories may also react with limes and basic oxides.

 * Silica refractories are refractories containing more than 93% silicon oxide (SiO2). They are acidic, have high resistance to thermal shock, flux and slag resistance, and high spalling resistance. Silica bricks are often used in the iron and steel industry as furnace materials. An important property of silica brick is its ability to maintain hardness under high loads until its fusion point. Silica refractories are usually cheaper hence easily disposable. New technologies that provide higher strength and more casting duration with less silicon oxide (90%)  when mixed with organic resins have been developed.
 * Zirconia refractories are refractories primarily composed of zirconium oxide (ZrO2). They are often used for glass furnaces because they have low thermal conductivity, are not easily wetted by molten glass and have low reactivity with molten glass. These refractories are also useful for applications in high temperature construction materials.
 * Aluminosilicate refractories mainly consist of alumina (Al2O3) and silica (SiO2). Aluminosilicate refractories can be semiacidic, fireclay composite, or high alumina content composite.

Basic refractories
Basic refractories are used in areas where slags and atmosphere are basic. They are stable to alkaline materials but can react to acids, which is important e. g. when removing phosphorus from pig iron (see Gilchrist–Thomas process). The main raw materials belong to the RO group, of which magnesia (MgO) is a common example. Other examples include dolomite and chrome-magnesia. For the first half of the twentieth century, the steel making process used artificial periclase (roasted magnesite) as a furnace lining material.

 * Magnesite refractories are composed of ≥ 85% magnesium oxide (MgO). They have high slag resistance to lime and iron-rich slags, strong abrasion and corrosion resistance, and high refractoriness under load, and are typically used in metallurgical furnaces.
 * Dolomite refractories mainly consist of calcium magnesium carbonate. Typically, dolomite refractories are used in converter and refining furnaces.
 * Magnesia-chrome refractories mainly consist of magnesium oxide (MgO) and chromium oxide (Cr2O3). These refractories have high refractoriness and have a high tolerance for corrosive environments.

Neutral refractories
These are used in areas where slags and atmosphere are either acidic or basic and are chemically stable to both acids and bases. The main raw materials belong to, but are not confined to, the R2O3 group. Common examples of these materials are alumina (Al2O3), chromia (Cr2O3) and carbon.

 * Carbon graphite refractories mainly consist of carbon. These refractories are often used in highly reducing environments, and their properties of high refractoriness allow them excellent thermal stability and resistance to slags.
 * Chromite refractories are composed of sintered magnesia and chromia. They have constant volume at high temperatures, high refractoriness, and high resistance to slags.
 * Alumina refractories are composed of ≥ 50% alumina (Al2O3).

Method of manufacture

 * 1) Dry press process
 * 2) Fused cast
 * 3) Hand molded
 * 4) Formed (normal, fired or chemically bonded)
 * 5) Un-formed (monolithic-plastic, ramming and gunning mass, castables, mortars, dry vibrating cements.)
 * 6) Un-formed dry refractories.

Size and shape
Refractory objects are manufactured in standard shapes and special shapes. Standard shapes have dimensions that conform to conventions used by refractory manufacturers and are generally applicable to kilns or furnaces of the same types. Standard shapes are usually bricks that have a standard dimension of 9 x and this dimension is called a "one brick equivalent". "Brick equivalents" are used in estimating how many refractory bricks it takes to make an installation into an industrial furnace. There are ranges of standard shapes of different sizes manufactured to produce walls, roofs, arches, tubes and circular apertures etc. Special shapes are specifically made for specific locations within furnaces and for particular kilns or furnaces. Special shapes are usually less dense and therefore less hard wearing than standard shapes.

Unshaped (monolithic)
These are without prescribed form and are only given shape upon application. These types are known as monolithic refractories. Common examples include plastic masses, ramming masses, castables, gunning masses, fettling mix, and mortars.

Dry vibration linings often used in induction furnace linings are also monolithic, and sold and transported as a dry powder, usually with a magnesia/alumina composition with additions of other chemicals for altering specific properties. They are also finding more applications in blast furnace linings, although this use is still rare.

Fusion temperature
Refractory materials are classified into three types based on fusion temperature (melting point).

 * Normal refractories have a fusion temperature of 1580–1780 °C (e.g. fire clay)
 * High refractories have a fusion temperature of 1780–2000 °C (e.g. chromite)
 * Super refractories have a fusion temperature of > 2000 °C (e.g. zirconia)

Refractoriness
Refractoriness is the property of a refractory's multiphase to reach a specific softening degree at high temperature without load, and is measured with a pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) test. Refractories are classified as:

 * Super duty: PCE value of 33–38
 * High duty: PCE value of 30–33
 * Intermediate duty: PCE value of 28–30
 * Low duty: PCE value of 19–28

Thermal conductivity
Refractories may be classified by thermal conductivity as either conducting, nonconducting, or insulating. Examples of conducting refractories are silicon carbide (SiC) and zirconium carbide (ZrC), whereas examples of nonconducting refractories are silica and alumina. Insulating refractories include calcium silicate materials, kaolin, and zirconia.

Insulating refractories are used to reduce the rate of heat loss through furnace walls. These refractories have low thermal conductivity due to a high degree of porosity, with a desired porous structure of small, uniform pores evenly distributed throughout the refractory brick in order to minimize thermal conductivity. Insulating refractories can be further classified into four types:

 * 1) Heat-resistant insulating materials with application temperatures ≤ 1100 °C
 * 2) Refractory insulating materials with application temperatures ≤ 1400 °C
 * 3) High refractory insulating materials with application temperatures ≤ 1700 °C
 * 4) Ultra-high refractory insulating materials with application temperatures ≤ 2000 °C

title: Refractory


text: User talk:69.133.93.199

title: User talk:69.133.93.199


text: Category:Elections in Moldova

title: Category:Elections in Moldova


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Islamicism

Islamicism may refer to:

 * Islamic studies
 * Islamic fundamentalism

title: Islamicism


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Interstate 220 (Mississippi)

Interstate 220 (I-220) in Mississippi is a loop around Jackson that provides an Interstate connection for I-55 and I-20. The northern terminus for the route is in the suburb of Ridgeland, at I-55 exit 104. The highway was Mississippi's first auxiliary Interstate, complete by 1981.

Traffic heading to and from the city's western side can use this route. By avoiding Downtown Jackson, it also offers a different route for those traveling from I-55 south to I-20 west and from I-20 east to I-55 north.

The southern terminus for the route is in western Jackson at I-20, exit 41. The route is 12 mi long. Although control cities of North Jackson and West Jackson are used at the southern and northern terminuses, respectively, no control cities are used along the interior length of the route (including guide signs at interchanges). Secondary signs at the terminuses direct drivers to use the route as a shortcut to Memphis, Tennessee, and Vicksburg.

Route description
I-220 begins at a directional T interchange with I-20 on the west side of Jackson. Its exits start with a partial cloverleaf interchange for US Highway 80 (US 80) west toward Clinton and east toward Pearl. As this Interstate runs, it also runs concurrently with US 49 as it passes through a partial cloverleaf interchange with Clinton Boulevard and Capitol Street, a diamond interchange with Industrial Drive, and then making its way toward its own partial cloverleaf interchange with Medgar Evers Boulevard, making its departure from I-220 north, and I-220 south is concurrent with US 49 south for the remainder of its route going south. I-220 north then makes its interchanges with Watkins Drive, Hanging Moss Road/Highland Colony Parkway, and then terminates at a directional T interchange with I-55 south, going past a short part of Ridgeland and back into Jackson, and north going to Grenada and Memphis, Tennessee.

History
The Interstate was first planned in 1971 and was completed by 1981.

A new interchange opened to traffic on I-220 in 2004. This $13.4-million (equivalent to $ in ) project completed a diamond interchange constructed at Industrial Drive between the Clinton Boulevard and US 49 north junctions. The project also resulted in the expansion of I-220 from four to six lanes from Clinton Boulevard (exits 2A and 2B) northward to Industrial Drive.

title: Interstate 220 (Mississippi)


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John Dunlop (Unionist politician)

John Dunlop (20 May 1910 – 10 March 1996) was a Northern Irish unionist politician.

Political career
He was Member of Parliament for Mid Ulster from 1974 to 1983. Initially elected as a member of the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party, from 1976 he represented the short-lived breakaway United Ulster Unionist Party. Eisenhower Fellowships selected John Dunlop in 1989 to represent Northern Ireland. In 1982, he stood unsuccessfully for election to the Northern Ireland Assembly, achieving the lowest-ever vote for a sitting MP at a regional-level election.

title: John Dunlop (Unionist politician)


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National Liberal Party (Panama)

The National Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Nacional) was a liberal party in Panama. The party was an observer at Liberal International.

The party was formed in 1903 out of the Panamanian branch of the Colombian Liberal Party, shortly after Panama declared independence.

The PLN merged with Solidarity Party (Partido Solidaridad) to form the new Patriotic Union Party (Unión Patriótica) in 2009.

title: National Liberal Party (Panama)


text: User talk:67.163.241.227

title: User talk:67.163.241.227


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Green papaya salad

Green papaya salad (သင်္ဘောသီးသုပ်; បុកល្ហុង; ຕຳຫມາກຫຸ່ງ/ຕໍາສົ້ມ, ; ; ส้มตำ,, ; , ; and gỏi đu đủ) is a spicy salad made from shredded unripe papaya. It is generally believed to have been created by the Lao people  and is considered one of the national dishes of Laos. Green papaya salad is also popular in neighbouring Thailand's Isan region, whose population is mainly composed of ethnic Lao and from where it spread to the rest of Thailand. Green papaya salad has also spread to the rest of the continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam ), as well as Xishuangbanna (China).

History
Papayas and chili peppers were introduced to Southeast Asia by the Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the 17th century from the Americas. Simon de la Loubère (1642-1729), a French diplomat, mentioned in his book that the cultivation of papaya was already widespread in Siam in 1693. Although it is unknown when papayas and chili peppers entered Laos specifically, they had already been fully integrated into the Lao territory by the time Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix and Henri Mouhot visited in mid-1800s, and were listed among key ingredients for preparing main Lao dishes. Tam som was mentioned as a favorite Lao dish by a former Lao politician, Katay Don Sasorith (1904-1959), in a memoir recounting his experience during his primary school years in 1910s. Papaya, among other fruits, were cultivated in Cambodia by Chinese settlers who immigrated in the 1500s from Hainan, China. The Lao name for papaya is mak hung and was likely derived from l'hun or lohung/rohung as papayas are called in Khmer through Khmer Loeu living in provinces bordering the southeastern Laos.

Thai historian Sujit Wongthes has speculated that the green papaya salad originated in the communities of ethnic Chinese–Lao settlers living in what is now Central Thailand, who adopted the ancient Lao tradition of preparing salads from fruits, called tam som, to make salads from papayas. The new dish became known as som tam (the reversed order of tam som) during the early Rattanakosin period in late 18th to early 19th centuries and, along with the papayas, then spread to today's Northeast Thailand following the construction of the Northeastern railway line during the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The dish became more popular after the opening of Mittraphap Road in 1957, and has since become widely adopted by the ethnic Lao people of both Isan and Laos. Likewise, the hot flavour also spread to Isan and Laos from Central Thailand, which had been introduced to chilli peppers first.

However, papayas and chili peppers were already integrated in the Lao territory and Lao culinary recipes in mid-1800s to early 1900s   while, during the 1950s and 1960s, green papaya salad and other Lao dishes were rarely known in Bangkok. They could only be found around the boxing stadium that gathered boxers and fans from Northeastern Thailand, as well as in mobile food carts outside construction sites with Northeastern workers and gas stations serving long-distance bus drivers. Some believe that som tam gained popularity among the young Thai generations following an active publicity in the 1970s. Furthermore, it was created using refined recipes of Lao tam som, or tam mak hung,  likely brought to Bangkok by migrant workers from the Northeast during the mid-1900s. During the standardization of the Thai national cuisine, green papaya salad was among the Northeastern or Lao dishes to be included into the Thai national cuisine and modified by reducing the amount of chilli peppers and increasing the amount of sugar.

Others believe that som tam has evolved from a Thai dish called pu tam (, lit. 'Crab Salad') mentioned in a recipe by chef Plien Passakornwong in her 1908 cookbook. This dish shares similarities with modern-day som tam but does not include papaya as an ingredient. The earliest known recipe of som tam in Thailand appeared in the Yaowapha cookbook series by Phra Chao Boromawong in 1935, which included Som tam ton malakor or Khao man som tam. This recipe is similar to som tam as prepared today and includes roasted peanuts and dried shrimp as key ingredients. It is often served with rice cooked in coconut milk.

Preparation

The dish combines the five main basic tastes: the sourness of the lime, spiciness of the chili, saltiness and savoriness of the fish sauce, and sweetness of palm sugar. The ingredients are mixed and pounded in a mortar, which is reflected in the Khmer, Lao and Thai names for the dish that literally mean "pounded papaya".

In Laos, green papaya salad is one of the traditional staples of the Lao. Pounded salads in Laos all fall under the parent category of tam som, which may or may not contain green papaya, however, when no specific type of tam som is mentioned, it is generally understood to refer to green papaya salad. For absolute clarity, however, the name tam maak hoong may be used, since this name means "pounded papaya".

In Thailand, it is customary that a customer ask the preparer to make the dish suited to his or her tastes. To specifically refer to the original style of papaya salad as prepared in Laos or Isan, it is known as ส้มตำลาว or som tam Lao or simply as tam Lao and the dish as prepared in central Thailand may be referred to as som tam Thai.

Traditionally, the local variety of green papaya salad in the streets of Bangkok is very spicy due to the addition of a fistful of chopped hot bird's eye chili. However, with its rising popularity among tourists, it is now often served less spicy as it used to be in the past.

Additional ingredients
Together with the papaya, some or most of the following secondary items are added and pounded in the mortar with the pestle:
 * Asparagus beans
 * Brined "rice field crabs". These belong to the freshwater crab genera Sayamia, Chulathelphusa, and Esanthelphusa (previously classified as part of the genus Somanniathelphusa), which all belong to the Gecarcinucid crab subfamily Parathelphusinae. found in flooded rice fields and canals. Isan people eat the entire crab, including the shell.
 * Chili pepper
 * Dried shrimp
 * Fish sauce
 * Garlic
 * Monosodium glutamate
 * Hog plums
 * Lime slice and lime juice
 * Palm sugar
 * Shrimp paste
 * Fish paste
 * Raw Thai eggplant
 * Cherry or grape tomatoes (green or ripe)

Green papaya salad is often served with glutinous rice and kai yang/ping gai (grilled chicken). It can also be eaten with fresh rice noodles or simply as a snack by itself with, for instance, crispy pork rinds. The dish is often accompanied by raw green vegetables such as water spinach and white cabbage wedges on the side to mitigate the spiciness of the dish.

Variations
It is believed to have originated in Laos, from where it was exported into Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. Variations of the dish are found throughout Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and as well as in the West, where it is more commonly known by its Thai name.

A non-spicy green papaya salad version also exists in Laos, Vietnam and Thailand, which is much sweeter; it often contains crushed peanuts and is less likely to have fish paste or brined crab. Dried brine shrimp are used in this Central Thai version. There are also versions that make use of unripe mangoes, apples, cucumbers, carrots and other firm vegetables or unripe fruit. Besides using varieties of fruits or vegetables as the main ingredient a popular option is to use vermicelli rice noodles wherein the dish is known as tam sua.

Instead of papaya, other ingredients can be used as the main ingredient. Popular variations in Laos and Thailand include the salad with:
 * Cucumber, usually the small variety (tam maak taeng, tam taengkwa)
 * Green and unripe mango (tam maak muang, tam mamuang)
 * Green and unripe bananas (tam maak kuai, tam kluai)
 * Hard and unripe santol (tam krathon)
 * Banana flowers (tam hua pli)
 * Malay gooseberry (tam mayom)
 * Pomelo (tam som o)
 * Mu yo sausage (tam mu yo)
 * Mixed fruit (tam phonlamai ruam)
 * Coconut rice (khao man som tam)

Reception
The Thai variation som tam has been listed at number 46 on World's 50 most delicious foods compiled by CNN Go in 2011 and 2018.

title: Green papaya salad


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WLS-TV

WLS-TV (channel 7) is a television station in Chicago, Illinois, United States, serving as the market's ABC network outlet. It has been owned and operated by the network's ABC Owned Television Stations division since the station's inception. WLS-TV's studios are located on North State Street in the Chicago Loop, and its transmitter is located atop the Willis Tower.

WENR-TV (1948–1953)
The station first signed on the air on September 17, 1948, as WENR-TV. It was the third television station to sign on in the Chicago market behind WGN-TV (channel 9), which debuted six months earlier in April, and WBKB (channel 4), which changed from an experimental station to a commercial operation in September 1946. As one of the original ABC-owned stations on channel 7, it was the second station to begin operations after WJZ-TV in New York City, and before WXYZ-TV in Detroit, KGO-TV in San Francisco and KECA-TV in Los Angeles.

The station's original call letters were taken from co-owned radio station WENR (890 AM), which served as an affiliate of the ABC Radio Network (WENR would eventually merge with WLS, with which it shared a frequency under a time-sharing arrangement until ABC purchased a 50% interest in WLS in 1954).

WBKB-TV (1953–1968)
In February 1953, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres (UPT), the former theater division of Paramount Pictures. UPT subsidiary Balaban and Katz owned WBKB (which shared a CBS affiliation with WGN-TV). The newly merged American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, as the company was known then, could not keep both stations because of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations then enforced that forbade the common ownership of two television stations licensed to the same market. As a result, WBKB's channel 4 license was sold to CBS, which subsequently changed that station's call letters to WBBM-TV; that outlet would move to VHF channel 2 several months later on July 5, 1953. The old WBKB's on-air and behind-the-scenes staff stayed at the new WBBM-TV, while the WBKB call letters and management moved to channel 7 (from 1965 to 1968, a "-TV" suffix was included in the station's calls, modifying it to WBKB-TV ).

WLS-TV (1968–present)
Sterling "Red" Quinlan served as the station's general manager from the early 1950s to the mid-1960s, and became a giant in early Chicago television. Quinlan was instrumental in starting the careers of Tom Duggan, Frank Reynolds and Bob Newhart. The station courageously aired The Tom Duggan Show in the mid-1950s, which became the most popular show in the Chicago market, far outdrawing other network competition. Channel 7 had its call letters changed to WLS-TV on October 7, 1968, named after WLS Radio, which ABC had wholly owned since 1959 when the network bought the 50% interest it did not already hold in the station from the Prairie Farmer magazine. Ironically, ABC merged WLS with WENR, its shared-time partner, in 1954.

In 1963, Al Parker joined the station as an announcer and worked in that capacity for 26 years. Until his departure, he also served as an announcer for AM Chicago and The Oprah Winfrey Show. He died September 30, 2000, at the age of 74.

WLS-TV had claimed to be "Chicago's first television station" in its sign-ons and sign-offs during its first three decades (implying a connection with the original WBKB on channel 4), but admitted to its true roots with WENR with its 30th anniversary in 1978.

On January 17, 1984, WLS-TV launched Tele1st, an ABC-owned overnight subscription television service that carried a mix of films and lifestyle programs for four hours per night six days a week after the station's sign-off at 2 a.m.; the service was similar in format to competitor ONTV (which was carried locally on WSNS-TV, channel 44 (now a Telemundo owned and operated station)) and other over-the-air pay services that existed during the early and mid-1980s. Tele1st was created with the concept of allowing users to record programming for later viewing; therefore, its decoder boxes were designed to unencrypt the signal only with the aid of a VCR. Scrambling codes that were sent to the box and relayed to the VCR were changed on a monthly basis, requiring subscribers to record additional footage airing immediately before and after that night's schedule to retrieve codes to play back the recorded programs properly; this resulted in any recordings being viewable only during that calendar month. Tele1st was deemed a failure, attributing only 4,000 subscribers at its peak, and ceased operations on June 30, 1984.

In 1988, WLS-TV agreed to sell production rights to The Oprah Winfrey Show to her Harpo Productions company, but ABC O&Os continued to air the show until the end of its run in 2011.

Programming
WLS-TV currently airs the Weekend Adventure educational programming block and the network's political/news discussion program This Week one hour later than most ABC stations due to its weekend morning newscasts.

Network programs time-shifted

 * From that program's debut in January 2003, WLS-TV aired Jimmy Kimmel Live! on a one-hour delay at 12:02 a.m. as the station aired reruns of The Oprah Winfrey Show at 11:02 p.m. after Nightline (this practice ended after Oprah—by then in reruns, as the daytime talk show aired its last episode that May—discontinued its syndication run on September 9, 2011; Kimmel was subsequently moved to 11:02 p.m. three days later on September 12).
 * For many years, WLS-TV was the only ABC owned-and-operated station that did not carry Live with Kelly and Mark in its various incarnations. Live's traditional 9 a.m. timeslot was occupied on Channel 7 by Oprah prior to the former program's national debut in September 1986 until May 2011, and later by Windy City Live from May 2011 to September 2013; the program—which is produced by New York City sister station WABC-TV—had, however, occasionally aired in an overnight timeslot on WLS from 1991 to 1993 and again from 1999 to 2002. Other Chicago stations that aired Live in a daytime slot included WFLD (1990–1991 and 1997–1999), WBBM-TV (1993–1995) and WGN-TV (1995–1997 and 2002–2013).  On September 2, 2013, Live with Kelly and Mark (at the time was named Live with Kelly and Michael) moved to WLS-TV (from WGN-TV), with Windy City Live being bumped to 11 a.m. as a result.
 * From its premiere in September 2019 until September 2021, WLS-TV was the only ABC-owned station not to carry Tamron Hall, due to a lack of a viable timeslot in its daytime schedule. independent station WCIU-TV (channel 26) carried it for its first two seasons, with the show moving to WLS-TV in the third season after the end of Windy City Live.

Other WLS-TV produced programs

 * 190 North – a local lifestyle program (named after the station's studio address at 190 North State Street in the Loop) formerly hosted by Janet Davies; the show began broadcasting in 1998 and then in high-definition on May 6, 2007. The show ran on Sundays at 11 p.m., with a rebroadcast on Saturday nights from 1998 to 2013. It returned later in 2013 in a retooled format, only airing a few times a year.
 * Let's Dish – a food-based travel program produced by WLS-TV for the Live Well Network, and shown locally on digital channel 7.2.
 * Windy City Weekend – a weekly lifestyle program that formerly served as a weekday afternoon talk show with a live audience known as Windy City Live, hosted by Ryan Chiaverini and Valerie Warner that premiered as a daily program on May 26, 2011, replacing The Oprah Winfrey Show. Initially airing weekdays at 9 a.m., the live telecast moved to 11 a.m. on September 2, 2013, and at 1 p.m. on June 27, 2016, with reruns airing at 2 p.m. (on digital subchannel 7.2) and at 12:07 a.m. (after ABC's Nightline). The show ended after 10 years as a daily program on September 3, 2021; it later recast as a weekly program, known as Windy City Weekend on September 10, 2021, and it airs Fridays at 11:30 a.m.
 * Since 1991, the station has broadcast a local New Year's Eve special known as Countdown Chicago.

Former WLS-TV produced programs

 * The Chicago Huddle – a local sports program about the Chicago Bears hosted by Ryan Chiaverini. The program aired Sundays 10:30 a.m. during the NFL season until during the 2009-10 Bears season.
 * Chicagoing – a local public affairs program hosted by Bill Campbell. Aired on Sunday mornings at 11:30 a.m., the program ran its final broadcast on December 26, 2010.

Former syndicated programming produced in Chicago

 * At the Movies – nationally syndicated film review program, produced at WLS-TV's studios, and distributed by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. It aired Saturdays 10:35 p.m. with reruns Sundays 10:30 a.m. The program aired its final original broadcast on August 14, 2010.
 * The Oprah Winfrey Show – previously a local program A.M. Chicago, it received the name about one year after Oprah Winfrey began hosting. The program was created by WLS-TV, but was later produced by Harpo Productions and CBS Television Distribution at Oprah's Harpo Studios. It aired weekdays at 9 a.m., in both its local and syndicated incarnations. The program ended with its final original broadcast airing on May 25, 2011. Reruns continued weeknights at 11:02 p.m. until September 9, 2011.

Sports programming
WLS-TV is the local over-the-air host of Monday Night Football games involving the Chicago Bears, airing simulcasts of the team's ESPN-televised games (WLS-TV's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company, owns 80% of ESPN, and the ABC Owned Television Stations have right of first refusal for simulcasts of ESPN's NFL telecasts within a team's home market). Because of this, atypical for a network-owned station outside of breaking news and severe weather coverage necessitating such situations, the station has had to reschedule ABC network programs preempted by the telecasts. The preseason and MNF telecasts mark the only NFL games to have aired on WLS-TV since ABC lost the rights to NFL games in 2006; during the regular season, Bears games are rotated between WBBM-TV (through the NFL on CBS), WMAQ-TV (through NBC Sunday Night Football) and especially WFLD (through the NFL on Fox). Since 2010, however, it has deferred the right of first refusal due to the popularity and live voting requirements of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, with WCIU-TV carrying the MNF games when the former program's fall season is ongoing (an exception being WLS' carriage of an MNF Bears game against the Dallas Cowboys on December 9, 2013, when the team honored former head coach Mike Ditka, after the DWTS fall season had already ended).

On December 12, 2014, WLS-TV signed a new five-year broadcast agreement with the Chicago Cubs, in which WLS televised 25 of the Major League Baseball team's games per year, starting with the 2015 season. The arrangement partially replaced one with WGN-TV (which had broadcast Cubs games since its inception in April 1948), which voluntarily pulled out of its existing broadcast deal with the team for the 2015 season and subsequently agreed to carry a reduced slate of 45 games. The WLS broadcasts were seen on DirecTV's version of MLB Extra Innings, and the feed provided was the WLS signal seen in the Chicago market (unlike with the feeds of WGN broadcasts, where public service announcements were seen in place of local commercials and station promos).

As ABC has a limited sports programming schedule during the Major League Baseball season prior to September (when the MLB regular season and college football season overlap), the station mainly carried the team's weekend daytime games in order to limit preemption of the network's prime time programming. The deal (along with all of the Cubs' broadcast television deals) ended after the 2019 season, when the team launched the cable-only Marquee Sports Network to carry their game telecasts.

WLS-TV also carries select Chicago Bulls games as part of their NBA on ABC telecasts.

From 1999 to 2004 and again since 2021, WLS-TV carries select Chicago Blackhawks games as part of their NHL on ABC telecasts.

News operation
WLS-TV broadcasts 41 hours, 25 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with 6 hours, 5 minutes each weekday and $5 1/2$ hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). WLS-TV also contracts with iHeartMedia to provide weather forecasts for their Chicago market stations, including WLIT-FM (93.9), WCHI-FM (95.5), WVAZ (102.7), WKSC-FM (103.5), and WGCI-FM (107.5).

News department history
In 1969, WLS-TV adopted the Eyewitness News format that the other ABC owned-and-operated stations began implementing in the late 1960s, after the news format was popularized when it originated at New York City flagship WABC-TV. Beginning in 1968, the station's main evening newscasts were co-anchored by Fahey Flynn, a bowtie-wearing broadcaster who had spent the previous 15 years at WBBM-TV; and Joel Daly, who was hired away by WLS from WJW-TV in Cleveland in 1967. The duo served as the anchors of the station's 6 and 10 p.m. newscasts until Flynn's death in August 1983. In 1970, the two were joined by John Drury, who helmed the 5 p.m. newscast. By 1973, WLS' Eyewitness News broadcasts surpassed NBC-owned WMAQ-TV (channel 5)'s newscasts to become Chicago's top-rated news operation, a lead it held until WBBM-TV surpassed channel 7 for the top spot in 1979. For much of the 1970s and 1980s, it waged a spirited battle for second place in the Chicago news ratings between its two main competitors.

Around the time of Flynn's death, Channel 7 had been experiencing a ratings decline, prompting major changes to the station's management. ABC hired Bill Applegate from WNEV-TV in Boston (now WHDH) as the station's news director. Shortly after, general manager Peter Desnoes resigned to co-found Burnham Broadcasting. His replacement was Chicago native Dennis Swanson, who worked for WGN-TV and WMAQ-TV before becoming news director at ABC's Los Angeles station, KABC-TV. ABC also commissioned Frank Gari to compose an updated version of the Cool Hand Luke "Tar Sequence" theme widely associated with the Eyewitness News format. The result was "News Series 2000", a theme package that was quickly picked up by other ABC O&Os and affiliates.

Upon his return to Chicago, Swanson would be tasked with finding a replacement for Flynn on the 6 p.m. news, as well as a new host for its AM Chicago program after host Robb Weller departed for New York City. He responded to the latter by bringing in Oprah Winfrey, at the time the host of People Are Talking on ABC's then-affiliate in Baltimore, WJZ-TV.

Within a year, the program had moved to first place in the ratings. AM Chicago entered into national syndication in 1986 and was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show. Channel 7 was the flagship station for the show, and it, along with most of ABC's other owned-and-operated stations, carried it until it went out of production in September 2011. Swanson also re-hired lead anchor John Drury, who had left for WGN-TV in 1979; and Floyd Kalber, who had led WMAQ-TV to the top of the ratings in the 1960s. Drury and Mary Ann Childers were a popular anchor team at WLS-TV during the 1980s and 1990s, accompanied by weather anchor Steve Deshler and sports anchor Tim Weigel. In March 1986, channel 7 passed WBBM-TV as the highest-rated news station in Chicago. It has held the lead ever since, aside from a brief period when WBBM-TV forged a tie for first in the late 1980s.

In 1992, the station replaced the "News Series 2000" package (as the other ABC O&Os did over the following year, due partly to increased royalties for use of the Cool Hand Luke theme and its variants by the original theme's composer, Lalo Schifrin) with a new news music package, also produced by Gari, called "News Series 2000 Plus" (since renamed "Stimulus"), which has remained in use by WLS ever since and was updated in 2013. In 1996, WLS-TV dropped the Eyewitness News brand after 26 years, in favor of the network-centric ABC 7 News; the move was part of a standard branding effort imposed by ABC across its owned-and-operated stations which saw the incorporation of the ABC name into their local brands (most of the other ABC O&Os retained their existing news branding, as sister stations such as WABC-TV and WPVI-TV in Philadelphia retained their Eyewitness News or Action News identities).

WLS-TV debuted a street-side studio at its North State Street facility on April 10, 2006, during the station's morning newscast, although the station had begun broadcasting its newscasts from that studio two days earlier on April 8. On the weekend of April 29–30, 2006, WLS-TV upgraded its news helicopter with a high definition camera, rebranding it as "Chopper 7 HD". On January 6, 2007, WLS-TV became the first Chicago television station to broadcast all of its local programming—including newscasts—in high definition, although most remote field footage remained in 16:9 widescreen standard definition at the time. Since then, WLS-TV upgraded most of its field footage to HD, although some field reports remain in widescreen SD.

On December 23, 2007, a Mazda MPV minivan drove through a reinforced studio window at the State Street Studio two minutes into the 10 p.m. newscast, startling anchor Ravi Baichwal on air and creating a 20-degree draft as the glass shattered upon the car's impact; no one was injured in the crash. Evanston resident Gerald Richardson was subsequently charged with felony damage to property for the incident. On November 11, 2012, WLS-TV expanded its Sunday 8 a.m. newscast from $1 1/2$ to two hours, leading into ABC's This Week. The 8 a.m. portion of the Saturday morning newscast was expanded to two hours from 8 to 10 a.m. on August 24, 2013. Nearly a week later on August 30, WLS-TV discontinued its hour-long weekday 11 a.m. newscast (which originated in 1992 as a half-hour program at 11:30, before it expanded into an earlier, one-hour broadcast on October 6, 2003, following the cancellation of Port Charles) after 21 years, and replaced it on September 2 with Windy City Live, whose original 9 a.m. slot became occupied by ''Live! with Kelly and Michael'' when it moved to WLS from WGN-TV on that date (as such, it became the first – and currently, the only – ABC owned-and-operated station without a midday newscast). With the move and the midday newscast's cancellation, news and weather cut-ins were incorporated into Windy City Live.

On October 26, 2013, WLS-TV reintroduced the Eyewitness News brand (as ABC 7 Eyewitness News), as part of an overall rebranding of its newscasts that included new graphics and a modernized update to the "Stimulus" theme. In an interview with media columnist Robert Feder, WLS-TV president/general manager John Idler said the reasoning behind the restoration of the Eyewitness News brand, was that it "[still] resonated strongly with [viewers in] the Chicago market", despite being dropped by the station 17 years earlier. On November 2, 2013, WLS expanded the early block of its weekend morning newscasts, with the extension of its hour-long 6 a.m. newscast on Saturdays and Sundays to two hours at 5 a.m.

On February 10, 2014, WLS-TV entered into a partnership agreement with the Chicago Sun-Times to include the use of the station's weather team in the newspaper's weather section, replacing WMAQ-TV, whose previous partnership ended the day before; in addition, the station would air a 'look ahead' of the newspaper's front page and stories, with the Sun-Times promoting WLS's newscasts and programming in turn.

On December 14, 2014, WLS-TV entered into a news share agreement with WCIU-TV to produce a weeknight-only 7 p.m. newscast titled ABC 7 Eyewitness News at 7:00 on The U; the program debuted on January 12, 2015, and is the fifth newscast produced by ABC O&O for a separately owned station in the station's home market (along with existing programs produced by sister stations in Raleigh, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Los Angeles for WLFL, WPHL-TV, KOFY-TV and KDOC-TV in the respective markets, and a since-canceled newscast produced by KFSN-TV for KAIL in Fresno).

On June 27, 2016, WLS-TV revived its 11 a.m. newscasts for the first time since 2013, becoming the fourth television station in Chicago to do so; which completes against WMAQ-TV (who revived its midday newscasts in September 2011 and moved to the time period in September 2014), WBBM-TV (who began airing a half-hour 11 a.m. newscasts in early 2000s), and WGN-TV (who began its midday newscasts in 1984; followed by some expansions in September 2008 and October 2009). In June 2016, after several years of unsuccessful syndicated talk show replacements for the canceled All My Children (including Katie and FABLife), the station moved General Hospital to 2 p.m., then Windy City Live to 1 p.m. to accommodate the 11 a.m. newscast, with a replay of the latter late night after Nightline.

On July 29, 2019, It was announced that WLS-TV would end its news share agreement with WCIU-TV, ending the weeknight program for that station, the 7 p.m. newscast ABC 7 Eyewitness News at 7:00 on The U after 4 years, with the final broadcast on August 30 of that same year. The mutual parting of ways came as WCIU became the market's CW affiliate on September 1, leaving no room for a newscast on the station's schedule.

On June 19, 2023, WLS-TV debuted its new on-air look for the first time in a decade as it was the first ABC owned-and-operated station to unveil its new standard graphics package.

Ratings
According to the Nielsen local news ratings for the February 2011 sweeps period, WLS-TV remained in first place overall, with the 10 p.m. newscast getting a 9.7 rating share, down a tenth of a point from a 9.8 during the same time the previous year. The station remained in second place for its prime time lead-in.

On-air staff

 * Cheryl Burton – anchor
 * Ryan Chiaverini – Windy City Weekend host; also host of Countdown Chicago
 * Chuck Goudie – chief investigative reporter
 * Diane Pathieu – reporter and fill-in anchor
 * Mark Schanowski – freelance sports anchor (also with NBC Sports Chicago)
 * Tom Waddle – NFL contributor

Former on-air staff

 * Mike Adamle (retired)
 * Diane Allen
 * Jim Avila (now at ABC News)
 * Roberta Baskin
 * Kathy Brock (retired)
 * Diann Burns
 * Jann Carl
 * Susan Carlson
 * Mary Ann Childers
 * Lauren Cohn (now a radio talk show host at WLS-AM)
 * John Coleman
 * Joel Daly
 * Steve Dolinsky (now at WMAQ-TV)
 * Alex Dreier
 * John Drury
 * Tom Duggan
 * Roger Ebert
 * Steve Edwards
 * Russ Ewing
 * Fahey Flynn
 * Sandi Freeman
 * Bill Frink
 * Judie Garcia
 * Mark Giangreco
 * Dick Johnson
 * Rob Johnson
 * Jack Jones
 * Floyd Kalber
 * Tal Kopan
 * Alan Krashesky (retired)
 * Ron Magers (retired)
 * Larry Moore (now anchor emeritus at KMBC-TV)
 * Johnny Mountain
 * Terry Murphy
 * Kent Ninomiya
 * Sylvia Perez (now at WFLD)
 * Kim Peterson (now a radio talk show host at WTZA in Atlanta)
 * Bob Petty
 * Dan Ponce (now at WGN-TV and radio talk show host at WLS-AM)
 * Frank Reynolds
 * Charlie Rose
 * Jim Rose (retired)
 * Jim Rosenfield (now at WCAU in Philadelphia)
 * Jerry Taft
 * Rafer Weigel
 * Tim Weigel
 * Robb Weller
 * Oprah Winfrey
 * Linda Yu (retired)

 * undefined Indicates deceased

Studios
WLS-TV's studios at 190 North State Street include the former State-Lake Theatre's gutted and converted interior.

Beginning in 1959, Playboy's first television show, Playboy's Penthouse, filmed for two years at 190 North State Street.

Subchannels
Prior to February 24, 2011, WLS-DT3 carried ABC 7 News NOW, featuring local news and weather and national/sidebar content from The Local AccuWeather Channel. The ABC O&Os discontinued their Local AccuWeather channels on February 24, 2011, replacing its programming with a letterboxed standard-definition simulcast of their Live Well subchannels, though AccuWeather's content/branding agreement with ABCOTS, including WLS-TV, continued unchanged. WLS-DT3 formerly served as a charter affiliate of Laff diginet from its launch in January 2015. To accommodate the WXFT channel share which took effect in December 2017, WLS-TV discontinued the third Laff subchannel, which shifted over to a subchannel of WXFT's sister station, WGBO-DT2, and reduced the Live Well feed from a reduced-bitrate 720p broadcast to a 480i format. After WLS moved to their new channel post-spectrum transition, it soon picked up This TV after ABCOTS picked up the network for their stations in the spring of 2021.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WLS-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, at noon on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 52, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcast use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era VHF channel 7.

WLS operated its digital signal at low power (4.75 kW) to protect the digital signal of NBC affiliate WOOD-TV in Grand Rapids, Michigan (which also broadcasts on channel 7, but at a much higher radiated power). As a result, many viewers were not able to receive the station. The FCC sent extra personnel to Chicago, Philadelphia and New York City to deal with difficulties in those cities. WLS had received 1,735 calls just by the end of the day on June 12 (WBBM only received 600), and an estimated 5,000 calls in total by June 16.

WLS-TV was just one station which needed to increase its signal strength or move its frequency to solve its problems, but a power increase required making sure no other stations were affected. WLS received a two-week experimental permit for a power increase late in June. WLS had also applied for a permit to construct a low-power fill-in digital translator station on UHF channel 32 (the former analog frequency of WFLD), but abandoned that plan (the channel 32 RF frequency has since been claimed by WMEU-CD). Eventually the FCC granted it a permit to transmit on a second frequency, UHF channel 44, formerly occupied by WSNS-TV; WLS announced the availability of that frequency on October 31, 2009.

Throughout construction of the new maximized transmitting facilities at the Willis Tower, WLS operated both channels 7 and 44 from its auxiliary facilities at the John Hancock Center under an STA. WLS operated channel 7 as a fill-in translator with a power of 7 kW, and operating their full power operations on channel 44 with a power of 1 MW. Through the use of virtual channel technology, both operating frequencies were re-mapped and displayed as channel 7, which would cause some digital tuners to have two versions of virtual channels 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3, while tuning sequentially. In October 2012, WLS-TV completed construction from the Willis Tower and its operating channel 44 at the 1 million watt power level. The station continued its dual-frequency operations until 12:03 p.m. on March 18, 2013, when WLS-TV formally ceased operations on VHF channel 7, leaving UHF channel 44 as its permanent allotment. Since WLS-TV officially moved its full-power operations to channel 44, it is the only ABC-owned station to vacate its former analog allotment for its digital operations and the second ABC O&O to operate its full-power operations on the UHF band, after Fresno sister station KFSN-TV (which was forced onto UHF in 1961 when it was a CBS affiliate, as the FCC preferred Fresno to be a "UHF island").

On June 12, 2017, WLS-TV's parent company ABC Owned Television Stations and Univision Communications announced they would enter into a channel sharing agreement following the sale of the over-the-air spectrum of UniMás owned-and-operated station WXFT-DT in the FCC's spectrum reallocation auction for $126.1 million on April 13, 2017; as mentioned above, the transition of WXFT to the WLS-TV spectrum occurred eight months later. During the 2019 digital television repack, the station relocated from UHF channel 44 as it was no longer allocated to broadcast television and is now broadcasting on UHF channel 22.

title: WLS-TV


text: Category:Elections in Netherlands

title: Category:Elections in Netherlands


text:
Social Liberal Party (Moldova)

The Social Liberal Party (Partidul Social Liberal) was a liberal political party in Moldova, led by Oleg Serebrian. At the legislative elections, 6 March 2005, the party was part of the Electoral Bloc Democratic Moldova (Blocul Electoral Moldova Democrată), that won 28.4% of the popular vote and 34 out of 101 seats. Inside the Bloc the party won 3 seats. After the elections the bloc fell apart in three parliamentary groups of the constituent parties.

In 2001 Oleg Serebrian released a manifest with the intention to found a social liberal party. This initiative was joined by the Christian Democratic League of Women and the National Youth League of Moldova. In 2002 the Party of Democratic Forces merged into the party. Since November 2006 the Social Liberal Party was a member of Liberal International.

It merged into the Democratic Party of Moldova in February 2008.

title: Social Liberal Party (Moldova)


text:
Our Moldova Alliance

The Our Moldova Alliance (Partidul Alianță Moldova Noastră, Party Alliance Our Moldova, AMN) was a social-liberal political party in Moldova led by Serafim Urechean, former mayor of Chișinău. It merged into the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova (PLDM) during April 2011.

History
The Our Moldova Alliance was established as a party in 2003 from the merger of:

 * the Social Democratic Alliance of Moldova or the Braghiș Alliance, successor of the social-political Movement "Civic Alliance for Reforms" and the Party of Social Democracy "Furnica" (Ant), was a social-democratic party established in 1997 and adopted this name in 2001. It was led by Dumitru Braghiș and absorbed the Socio-political Movement "Plai Natal" in 2002.
 * the Liberal Party, a liberal party created as a merger of the Party of Rebirth and Conciliation of Moldova (1995), National Peasant Christian Democratic Party (1993) and the Social Liberal Union "Force of Moldova", the latter was being a merger of the National Liberal Party (1993) and the Social-Political Movement "For Order and Justice" (2000). Among its leaders was former president Mircea Snegur. The last party leader was Veaceslav Untila.
 * the Independents' Alliance of Moldova, a party founded in 2001 by Serafim Urechean, mayor of Chișinău.
 * the Popular Democratic Party of Moldova, a party established in 1997.

Moldovan parliamentary election, 2005
At the 2005 parliamentary elections, on 6 March 2005, the party was part of the Democratic Moldova Electoral Bloc with the Democratic Party of Moldova (PDM) and Social Liberal Party (PSL), which won 28.4% of the popular vote and 34 out of 101 seats. After the elections the bloc fell apart in three parliamentary groups of the constituent parties, so the Alliance formed a separate group with 23 deputies until the 2009 elections, when they won fewer seats.

Moldovan parliamentary election, 2009
At the April 2009 parliamentary elections, the Our Moldova Alliance won 11 seats. With the other opposition parties, it participated in the successful blocking of the election of a presidential candidate from the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) during the May–June 2009 presidential election, which led to new elections. At the July 2009 parliamentary election, the Our Moldova Alliance lost 4 seats, receiving a total of 7 seats. However, other opposition parties gained enough seats for a majority and the PCRM was defeated. In August 2009, the party became a political force within the Alliance For European Integration. The party lost all parliamentary representation in the 2010 parliamentary election.

Notable members

 * Vasile Balan
 * Leonid Bujor
 * Valentin Chepteni
 * Mihai Cimpoi
 * Vladimir Ciobanu
 * Ivan Ciontoloi
 * Iurie Colesnic
 * Vasile Colța
 * Valeriu Cosarciuc
 * Nicolai Deatovschi
 * Vasile Grozav
 * Ion Guțu
 * Lidia Guțu
 * Alexandru Oleinic
 * Victor Osipov
 * Vasile Pîntea
 * Veaceslav Platon
 * Ion Pleșca
 * Mihail Silistraru
 * Anatol Țăranu
 * Veaceslav Untilă
 * Serafim Urechean

title: Our Moldova Alliance


text:
User:Rbrwr/sandbox2

rbrwr± rbrwr± 22:12, 15 November 2005 (UTC) 22:12, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Rbrwr/sandbox2


text:
Talk:Graptolite

comment
Added text from an article I originally wrote in 1998 and published on the Web.

Dlloyd 22:12, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Portions of this text are :

"Copyright © 1995-1997 The Fossil Company Ltd. © 1997-1999 The British Fossil Company Inc. and licensed by the owner under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright." Please contact me if you need further clarification on this.

Dlloyd 00:52, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I added the link to the British and Irish Graptolite Group (BIG-G). --Lenn 02:00, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

" Linneaus, originally regarded as being 'pictures resembling fossils rather than true fossils', though later workers supposed them to be related to the hydrozoans. "

that seems like a terrible thing to say about linneaus. can someone with more understanding of the subject fix it? pauli 05:03, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It does seem to be badly phrased. CFLeon 22:25, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * True, though. I think I remember seeing that their first mention in literature was by a Swiss worker who believed they were fossil plant leaves (one of J Hall's volumes from the 1800's mentioned it in a timeline of Graptolite studies; also discussed Linneaus somewhat). The little guys have had quite a complicated history, as far as our understanding of them changes. -(Guest from SUNY Buffalo) 18 July 2006

Still exist?
The cryptozoology article mentions Graptolites as a group once thought extinct but now observed still in existance. This page, however, doesn't mention this. So 1) is this true? and 2) should it be mentioned here?

 * I have heard this said as well in more than a few locations. Maybe an add would be helpful?

 * Nature had an article about a supposed "living graptolite" several years back. Whether a rhabdopleuran with a spike ("nema?") counts as a graptolite is something likely to start arguments between graptolite paleontologists. Planktonic graptolites are definetely extinct, however. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.205.129.102 (talk) 20:49, 11 April 2007 (UTC).

 * In the book "Fylogeneze živočišné říše" (The Phylogeny of Animalia, 2006) by Czech scientist Jan Zrzavý is mentioned, that graptolites are actualy group of pterobranchia. The "living graptolite" is evidently pterobranchia and at the same time its body parts able to phossilize looks realy like graptolit. Its name shoud be Cephalodiscus graptolitoides.--Dr. Killer (talk) 19:03, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

The paper being referred to above was by Dilly. He claimed, with a largely agreeing accompanying editorial by Rigby, that a spinose process on the living Cephalodiscus satisfied the only barrier to inclusion of all of the pterobranchs into a single group. Most graptolite workers at the time rejected this, and it has not been supported over time. However, several recent papers, including one in press by Melchin et al. (PLoS 1) argue for expansion of the graptolithina to include the rhabdopleurans (but excluding the cephalodiscans), making Rhabdopeuurus a living graptolite (technically). This is a bit of a cheat in terms of cryptozoology/importance, as this move involves grouping all benthic (bushy and encrusting) graptolites, as well as the traditional planctic graptos within an inclusive clade a group. This makes a rhabdopleurus a graptolithid, but not a graptoloid, i.e., not a member of the main subclade of graptolites that most people think of. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.30.142.96 (talk) 11:38, 16 March 2011 (UTC)
 * This is not quite accurate, as several authors have now published on the phylogeny of Rhabdopleura being placed within the Graptolithina, which this article is about. It even mentions several of these articles within the main text. While the accuracy of this classification may be still debated, it does group Rhabdopleura within the clade of graptolites.Rolf Schmidt (talk) 01:00, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

Range Chart: Graptoloidea / Anisograptoloidea
The anisograptids were a polyphyletic group of planktic graptolites with siculae and bithecae; they stop appearing in the Ordovician. The graptoloids, generally defined as either the planktic graptolites with siculae or those without bithecae.

Thus, the ranges shown on this chart are pretty much random.

 * Yes, this range chart of the different groups is quite inaccurate, and needs to be redone. For example the monograptids range from the Ordovician right through to the Carboniferous, whereas the other groups don't and die out much earlier. I work with a graptolite expert and will consult on a more accurate chart. However, I may need help with the coding as I've not done this before.Rolf Schmidt (talk) 01:12, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graptolite


text: User talk:168.226.118.71

title: User talk:168.226.118.71


text:
Talk:Juromaru

Why is this page at 'Jûromaru' instead of 'Juromaru'? According to the relevant Manual of Style, article titles should use short vowels. Even if 'Jûromaru' is the most common form, (which I doubt, since Google finds nothing for 'Jûromaru', yet 436 pages for 'Juromaru') few people will go through the trouble of typing in 'Jûromaru'.

That is not to say that long vowels should not be indicated anywhere in the article, just that they should not be in the article title. Instead, long vowels should be shown in the first reference to the topic (preferably with macrons, as it recommends in the aforementioned manual). A good example is the Kōga article.

--Josh 22:18, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, there do not seem to be any objections, so I am moving the article to 'Juromaru'. -- Josh 05:26, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * I changed my mind, I am going to mention this on the Inuyasha talk page to try and get more input first. -- Josh 06:16, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * I concur... -- EmperorBMA|話す 20:11, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The matter is done with. It has been moved to "Juromaru". :) WhisperToMe 23:03, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Juromaru