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Rally of the Republicans

The Rally of the Republicans (Rassemblement des Républicains; abbreviated RDR) is a liberal party in Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire). The party is the country's governing party; the party's leader, Alassane Ouattara, is the current President of Ivory Coast.

History
The RDR, which has most of its support in the north of the country, was formed as a liberal offshoot of the ruling party, the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI), in mid-1994. Djéni Kobina became the new party's Secretary-General. The RDR sought for Ouattara, who had served as Prime Minister from 1990 to 1993, to become its candidate in the 1995 presidential election. However, amendments to the electoral code required presidential candidates to have lived in the country for five years and to have been born of Ivorian parents. It was thought that these provisions were specifically intended to keep Ouattara out of the running; he had been deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund for almost five years and his father's family had roots in Burkina Faso. For this reason the RDR boycotted the election.

The RDR held its first ordinary congress on July 2–3, 1995, at which Ouattara was nominated as its presidential candidate. Following Kobina's death, the party held its first extraordinary congress in January 1999 to elect a new Secretary-General. Ouattara was elected President of the RDR on August 1, 1999 at the second extraordinary congress of the party, and he was designated as the party's candidate for the next presidential election.

Ouattara said that he was eligible to stand in this election, scheduled to be held in 2000, pointing to documents which he said demonstrated that he and his parents were of Ivorian birth, as required by the electoral code. He was accused of forging these papers, however, and an investigation was begun. His nationality certificate was annulled by a court in October 1999 and an arrest warrant for Ouattara was issued a month later, although he was in France at the time.

The RDR demonstrated in favor of Ouattara's candidacy; a demonstration in Abidjan reported as being 10,000 strong was held on September 27. A number of RDR leaders, including the party's Secretary-General, Henriette Diabate, were arrested on October 27 on the grounds that they were responsible for violence occurring during protests they organized; in November, they were convicted and sentenced to prison. When soldiers rebelled on December 23, 1999, one of their demands was the release of the imprisoned RDR leaders; when President Henri Konan Bédié rejected the demands, they seized power on December 24 and promptly released the RDR prisoners. Ouattara returned to Ivory Coast on December 29, hailing Bédié's ouster as a "revolution supported by all the Ivorian people".

Despite Ouattara's support for the coup, his candidacy in the October 2000 presidential election was rejected by the Supreme Court, on the same nationality basis that was used to prevent his candidacy during Bédié's presidency. As a result, the RDR decided to boycott the presidential election. It also boycotted the parliamentary election held on 10 December 2000 and 14 January 2001, but nevertheless won five out of 225 seats. The RDR is a full member of the Liberal International, which it joined at the Liberal International's Dakar Congress in 2003.

On May 18, 2005, despite their history of hostility, the RDR and the PDCI signed an agreement to form a coalition, the Rally of Houphouëtists for Democracy and Peace, along with two smaller parties, the Union for Democracy and Peace in Côte d'Ivoire (UDPCI) and the Movement of the Forces of the Future (MFA), ahead of the presidential election then planned for October 2005.

Ouattara was designated as the RDR's presidential candidate at its Second Ordinary Congress on February 1–3, 2008 and also re-elected as President of the RDR for another five years. At the congress, he invited the former rebel Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire (New Forces) to team up with the RDR for the election.

In the first round of the 2010 presidential elections, Ouattara finished second, behind incumbent Laurent Gbagbo. In the runoff, Ouattara was announced as finishing first with 54 percent of the vote—a result recognized by virtually the entire international community. Gbagbo, however, refused to step down, touching off a major political crisis that only ended with Gbagbo's capture on 11 April 2011.

Between 2012 and 2016, the RDR's Fadika Sarra Sako served as vice-president of the National Assembly.

At the RDR's Third Ordinary Congress on 9–10 September 2017, it was expected that Ouattara would be elected as President of the RDR, but he instead proposed Henriette Diabaté for the post, and she was duly elected by acclamation. Kandia Camara was designated as Secretary-General and Amadou Gon Coulibaly as First Vice-President. In 2020, Célestine Olibé Trazéré left the RDR for the Rally of Houphouëtists for Democracy and Peace.

Congress of Republican Women
Aya Virginie Toure was elected President of the Rally of Republican Women with a majority vote of 59%.

title: Rally of the Republicans


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Norman Lovett

Norman Lovett (born 31 October 1946) is a British stand-up comedian and actor best known for his portrayal of Holly, the ship's computer in Red Dwarf.

Career
Lovett became a stand-up comedian in his thirties, initially supporting punk bands in the late 1970s, before establishing himself on the alternative comedy scene during the 1980s. He played London's Comedy Store on many occasions.

From 1989 to 1993, Lovett wrote and starred in his own surreal BBC2 sitcom called I, Lovett. He played a version of himself who is an inventor living in a world of surrealism with his talking dog, voiced by Geoffrey Hughes; spider, voiced by Mary Riggans; and talking inanimate objects. During this time, he also wrote and starred in a one-off special called Lovett Goes To Town, which was aired as part of Galaxy series The Last Laugh.

In 1996, Lovett played a doctor in the short-lived sitcom Asylum, created by Edgar Wright, alongside Simon Pegg, Jessica Stevenson, Julian Barratt and an ensemble cast. Lovett later worked with Edgar Wright again on Is It Bill Bailey?, a stand-up/sketch series starring Bill Bailey.

Lovett's first television appearances include a stand-up performance on Pyjamarama in 1983, and a brief role in The Young Ones in the episode Summer Holiday. He appeared again with The Young Ones star Rik Mayall in sketches for UK music series The Tube, and television act The Dangerous Brothers.

Lovett has made a number of other acting appearances such as the Ghost of Christmas Past in a television adaptation of A Christmas Carol, Mr. Follett in The History of Tom Jones, the film The Criminal, BBC docudrama Seven Wonders of the Industrial World, as well as the BBC One sitcom Keeping Up Appearances. He also appeared in three episodes of drama The Bill, three episodes of the Scottish sitcom Rab C Nesbitt, an episode of EastEnders, comedy drama series Happy Families, and children's television series Gordon the Gopher. He played a supporting role in two series of the television series Don't Miss Wax, hosted by Ruby Wax.

In 2006, Lovett appeared in the comedy-horror film Evil Aliens. In 2013, he featured in the mockumentary feature film Behind the Scenes of Total Hell.

Lovett's comedy has a quiet, dead-pan surrealism, and in 2000, he made a successful stand-up tour, co-headlining with Chris Barrie, who played Rimmer in Red Dwarf. In 2008 Lovett co-headlined a stand-up tour with Hattie Hayridge, who played the female version of Holly in Red Dwarf. His career as a stand-up comedian has included regular appearances at the Edinburgh Fringe. Comedian Stewart Lee has cited Lovett as an influence, and on occasion the two have featured on the same bill, including an alternative comedy showcase event in 2011, curated by Lee at the Royal Festival Hall. In 2008, Lovett released his first stand-up DVD Bags and Biscuits. In 2012, he released his second stand-up DVD, Norman Lovett: Outside the Box.

From 2014 to 2018, Lovett was a main cast member in BBC Radio 4 comedy To Hull and Back, alongside Maureen Lipman and series creator Lucy Beaumont.

Red Dwarf
Lovett played the role of Holly in Red Dwarf in its first and second series. Starting from the third series, Lovett declined to join the cast when Red Dwarf filming moved to London, while Lovett had moved to Edinburgh, with the distance between the two cities decreasing his willingness to participate.

Lovett returned in the seventh series as a guest star and the eighth as a regular. However, a disagreement with writer/producer Doug Naylor meant that for a period Lovett refused to take part in any further Red Dwarf productions.

Following the success of Red Dwarf X, Lovett resumed contact with Naylor, resulting in his guest appearance in the twelfth series episode "Skipper". After this, Lovett resumed his role as Holly in the 2020 special The Promised Land.

Lovett has also played the role of Holly in Red Dwarf-related releases, such as the "Tongue Tied" music video, a sketch for BBC's Children in Need, the interactive DVD game Beat the Geek, and additional footage filmed for Red Dwarf Remastered.

Other activities
Lovett is known for political activism. He has performed stand-up comedy on numerous occasions for 'Stand Up For Labour' in support of said party. In 2016, he was awarded Stand Up For Labour's Act of the Year. In September 2016, Lovett performed at the 'Keep Corbyn' rally in Brighton, in support of Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election.

Lovett's voice is available as an in-game purchase in the 2014 game Elite Dangerous, allowing the user to customise the ships 'COVAS' speech system.

Lovett has stated that one of his personal career highlights was supporting punk rock band The Clash.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Norman Lovett


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Talk:Photic sneeze reflex

Backronym
Good article, but unless somebody can come up with a mildly authoritative cite, that clever "ADCHOO" backronym has got to go... Jpatokal 09:20, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, it should read ACHOO. See for yourself: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=OMIM&dopt=Detailed&tmpl=dispomimTemplate&list_uids=100820 Delta G 02:28, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"...is a medical condition by which people exposed to bright light involuntarily sneeze" Is it possible to voluntarily sneeze? Benny 17:46, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * So fix it. I can voluntarily sneeze by tickling my nostril with Q-Tips. JFW | T@lk  13:24, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

ACHOO is legit ... added the reference. sallison 23:00, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know enough about the science bit (hah!) to confidently edit the page, but if that's what 'ACHOO' actually stands for, then surely it's not a backronym? If you take a look at the backronym article, it describes it in detail. I'd say that's an acronym, maybe even an apronym? Backronyms attribute new (and often ironic) meanings to an acronym and often stem from folk etymologies, such as POSH supposedly meaning Port Out Starboard Home. ACHOO might be 'whimsical', but it's still from the initial letters of the recognised phrase, from the looks of the article. Well quite 19:31, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have this condition, but only when there is a need to sneeze. It basically assists the sneezing and so causes no problem looking at brights light alone.  This is an advantage to me. If look at bright light on purpose, I get the sneeze done faster if I feel the need to do. Is there any information about this occuring? Or am I the only one of the kind?

 * This is the wrong place to talk about it but I'm exactly the same. If I have even a mild urge to sneeze that feels like it might pass, glancing towards a bright light or especially looking out of a window at the bright sky will trigger the sneeze and it will usually be more intense than a normal one. I've noticed lately though that being in a bright location can make me a bit "sneezy" in general. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.213.12.174 (talk) 14:28, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

 * I have this condition too, so do both of my daughters. I can voluntarily sneeze by looking at bright lights, even if I didn't previously feel the urge to sneeze. Another thing about this condition, as it is with me, it will prolong the euphoric feeling that preceeds a sneeze and make me drowsy. If I forget my shades on a sunny day, I'll want to sleep all day.... Willie —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.197.159.221 (talk) 17:08, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I have it. I was told that a likely cause could be that the bright light caused tears to go down the ducts that lead to nasal cavity. The sneeze was a response to the tears in the nasal area. Is this the case? I have no answer for that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.133.76.5 (talk) 02:51, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

Merge photic reflex into photic sneeze reflex
It has been proposed that the photic reflex page be merged into this page. I agree. The information on that page should just be replaced with a redirect to this page. None of the information currently there needs to be carried over. sallison 07:34, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Earliest known written reference
For the historically curious, I found the Aristotle quote that this article mentions:

Q. Why does the heat of the sun provoke sneezing, and not the heat of the fire? A. Because the heat of the sun doth dissolve, but not consume, and therefore the vapour dissolved is expelled by sneezing; but the heat of the fire doth dissolve and consume, and therefore doth rather hinder sneezing than provoke it.

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12699/12699-h/12699-h.htm#BOOK_OF_PROBLEMS_Of_the_Nose I will leave it up to others to decide whether or not that is interesting enough to add to the article. Bob the Hamster 18:11, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That in itself is just a full quote, which IMHO is not particularly suitable, but it is a great reference. Thanks. JFW | T@lk  23:07, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Missing References
What is the source of this fact?

''In addition this sneeze reflex can be brought on by a sudden inhailing of cold air or a strong flavor such as a strong mint gum. This implies an overstimulation of any nerve close to the trigeminal nerve can cause the sneeze reflex.''

 * I don't know about the source, but I will say, I sneeze when I eat a strong mint, but not bright sunlight or sudden cold. --WhiteDragon 18:03, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I too have this reaction with both sunlight and mints in particular (though other strong flavours can trigger it). I don't think it's that unusual either - a short search for "why do mints make me sneeze" should show that. --80.194.240.200 (talk) 08:54, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Not sure where the original reference came from, but I read it here. https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/bright-lights-and-things-make-11245150 I can't read the full article, but the abstract of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19617285 mentions "physical stimulants of the trigeminal nerve". The abstract doesn't say mint, but the full article may. Devilsbane (talk) 18:08, 2 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I haven't noticed that I sneeze because of bright sunlight or sudden cold either, however I do sneeze after having strong flavours - not just strong mints. Such as: Marmite, dark chocolate, tonic water or even soft mints like toothpaste. Ethansomekh (talk) 18:35, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

Another
What is the source of this assertion? It has been suggested that the photic sneeze reflex occurs only after someone has been adapted to the dark for at least five minutes, although this is not certain, and is not uniform amongst people with the photic sneeze reflex Also: always and not uniform are contradictory. rewinn 04:18, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Where does it say always? frogTape (talk) 02:43, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps he meant only and not uniform?

Malfunction...or protective reflex?
Is there evidence that this reflex is truly a malfunction or could it be a protective reflex? The fact that it's found more with caucasians suggests that it could have a protective purpose which could have something to do with snow (especially in spring time and high UV exposure), ambient lighting and dark winters vs bright summers. What I've noticed is that it's almost always only sunlight that triggers the effect and rarely an artificial light source suggesting that its triggered by something in sun light, like UV rays. - G3, 12:54, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * For a protective reflex, what is being protected? Just curious and I "suffer" from the condition firsthand. I likewise almost always sneeze when exposed to a sudden change in natural lighting and likewise rarely sneeze when the light source is artificial. I can also back up the multiple sneezes mention in the article as nearly always my sneezes tend to be triggered for three consecutive times, rarely two and extremely rarely, if at all, one. Though my brother shares the condition, my parents do not.

 * I believe it's simply that sunlight is much much brighter than any artificial light. In the presence of very bright artificial light, I can sometimes feel a sneeze building, but it usually "gets stuck". I would be willing to throw out the protetion theory based on that experience. It seems to get stronger with a brighter light, and it isn't only sunlight that does it. --BennyD 00:06, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Ditto. For me, it's not so much artificial vs. natural light, but rather the brightness of the light. -- Superdosh 00:11, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have no problem sneezing from artificial light; I just have to get really close. --72.43.149.190 15:30, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe it has something to do with the total amount of light hitting the retina. I very bright light in the distance doesn't do it, but looking up at the sky on a bright day does, as does getting up close to a bright light so that it covers most of my field of view.  --JeffW 22:38, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I do this, I have always thought of it as a protective reflex as it forces me to look away from the sky when I sneeze. It could possibly protect against a blinding light. In the land of the blind the Photic Sneezers are king... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 143.117.161.148 (talk) 14:15, 9 March 2007 (UTC).

Proposed merger with Autosomal Dominant Compelling Helio-Ophthalmic Outburst Syndrome
These articles refer to the same condition and should be merged. --apers0n 09:42, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, merge the painfully long ACHOO title into this one. --Blainster 21:31, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Ditto (hilarious though)--DO11.10 01:18, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

This was merged LeeVJ (talk) 22:45, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Proposede new section
Well, I happen to have this disease, and I have seen on this talk page various descriptions of what triggers the sneeze. Should we add a section listing possible irritants that bring on a sneeze? Should say something like:
 * Sneezes can be brought on by any of these (but not necessarily all, from person-to-person)
 * Most commonly, a sudden transition from the eye receiving little light to a lot of light (e.g., stepping out of a dark theater into a bright parking lot)
 * For some, it can only be brought on by sunlight; others by any bright light.
 * A sudden transition from breathing warm air to breathing cold air.
 * A particularly strong taste, such as strong mint gum.
 * Some people don't even have to be in a dark place and transition to a bright place; any especially strong light will trigger a sneeze.
 * Some people can only sneeze once; quite a few always sneeze twice. A few can even sneeze three times in particularly harsh conditions. There is evidence that sneeze-once (under normal conditions) and sneeze-twice (under normal conditions) is genetically based. [citation needed]

sounds good to me, except for that last item, which seems too detailed to leave unsourced. I happen to sneeze upwards of a half dozen times when it happens to me.

 * Personally I'd say leave all of it out until you can find a reference. Anecdotal evidence isn't encyclopaedic. Potkettle 15:43, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * agreed. I'd leave it out til finding a reference. they can probably be found on pubmed. sallison 19:37, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

I can vouch for the strong mint causing sneezes. Definitely always happens to me...

Possible merger with sneeze Richardson j 00:09, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
I just wondering if its appropriate to merge this article whith the article labled as Richardson j 00:09, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Possible reasons...
There was talk of possible protective causes of this effect. Thinking about this, it occured to me that you cannot sneeze with your eyes open. Is it possible the sneeze is a way of making you shut your eyes and therefore shield them from the bright light bringing on the sneeze?? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 130.194.13.102 (talk) 07:29, 14 March 2007 (UTC).

hi ummmmm.... yea did you know that Photic Sneeze Reflex is also called the ACHOO syndrome? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.227.94.253 (talk) 18:07, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

All I know is that if I feel a sneeze coming on, I can induce it with any bright light, even a bright TV screen or monitor (or a 40W bulb at close range.) Sure, I sneeze a half a dozen times when going out into sunlight, but that's better than walking around with a sneeze stuck up your nostrils that won't quite come. Got it from my Mom and passed it on to my son. . . I should ask my sisters about it sometime: I think one of them has it as well.206.45.135.233 (talk) 21:37, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Everyone including professionals are certain that this isn't triggered by sudden eye-watering? When my eyes suddenly tear up, I feel a stab of nasal irritation.  Obvious cause: the 'drainage duct' at the corner of our eyes which connects with the sinuses.  Yes, and also crying makes your nose run. 128.95.172.173 (talk) 20:30, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

not a disease
I don't really care for the "pathological" tone of the article, with references e.g. to people "suffering" from the reflex. There's not much suffering involved -- you look into the Sun, you sneeze, you look away, you stop sneezing. No big whoop. This isn't a disease, just a variant reflex well within the range of normal human variation. --Trovatore (talk) 19:52, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Agreed, I "suffer" from this reflex and I even find it quite handy when I can't quite manage to sneeze, I just have to gaze directly into the sun for a splitsecond or at night a bright bulb does the same thing.

On a tangent, is there any evidence supporting the notion that people with Blue eyes are more predisposed to this reflex? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.232.96.66 (talk) 22:59, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

It is also listed on List of neurological disorders ... I agree, for me it's a nifty feature. It's not really clear from the article if it causes real problems for some people. JöG (talk) 09:31, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

How does this "genetic disease" reduce fitness? If it exists at all it's a trait, not a disease. Natural selection would put the kabosh on a harmful disorder before it spread to 18% to 35% of the population. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.165.129.154 (talk) 23:55, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Thank you! My reaction to the article was "You mean doctors have medicalized this common, neutral human trait and are trying to convince us it is a disorder or disease in need of 'management'?" I know they need to drum up business but this is pretty repulsive.

 * First off, do not confuse diseases with disorders. A sneeze 1-3 times isn't suffering, for sure, but my husband gets those fits and it's usually more than 10 sneezes. People all around us start glaring at him, thinking he's joking around. I can assure you, one CAN suffer. Besides, who cares what doctors treat? It's really not your concern. The human race has this thing about choice, you know. It's up to them to decide for themselves whether or not to seek treatment. Just because YOU don't like it, means absolutely nothing. If you don't like it, then don't seek treatment, but to insult people who really have a problem here, is asinine. May I add that I'm a retired nurse who worked as a nurse for decades. I know more about it than anyone not in the medical field. MagnoliaSouth (talk) 17:33, 24 February 2016 (UTC)

Horses
Some horses have a similar response to glaring light, known as photic head tossing. That might be worth adding to this article. --Una Smith (talk) 14:21, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Definitely not a Support Group
The last link to the Experience Project is not a "support group" for photic sneezers. EP is a site where people network through shared experiences. Since it is not a support group, the link really serves no purpose in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.59.181.232 (talk) 12:25, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Whether it's a support group or simply a discussion group on the subject is irrelevant. It *is* relevant to this article whether you or I personally like the site it's on or not.173.12.172.149 (talk) 17:42, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

is this a hoax?
What's up with the 18-35% incidence? The article is less than 6 months old and while I haven't looked into it but this appears to be a possible hoax. Will PROD it if a subsequent examination confirms the suspicion. Lycurgus (talk) 21:12, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * J.J.Askenasy (1990) "The Photic Sneeze" suggests "25% of the general white population"? Martinevans123 (talk) 22:02, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

 * 23andme did a web survey of 10,000+ of its users in which 30% responded "yes" to the prompt "do you have a tendency to sneeze when exposed to bright sunlight?". They found a genetic association and published in PLoS genetics. http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000993 . So, no, it's not a hoax. 98.156.99.74 (talk) 11:17, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Evolutionary Basis?
Missing from both the article and the discussion is reference to a possible evolutionary basis for photic sneezing. Consider the following:

(1) Sneezing has a purpose, which is "to expel mucus containing foreign particles or irritants and cleanse the nasal cavity" (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneeze). (2) "Some prehistoric humans were cave dwellers, but most were not." (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_dweller) (3) The article states that "The condition affects 18-35% of the human population." (4) We Homo sapiens have 75 million years of primate evolution, 15 million years of Hominidae evolution and 2.5 million years of genus Homo evolution behind us.

Hypothesis: During the last 75 million years, plus or minus 18% of our evolutionary ancestors spent time (minutes to hours) in caves or other dark, dirty places for whatever reason. Often enough, they got foreign particles or irritants in their nasal passages, some of which may have contained bio-hazardous material (animal feces?). Upon completing their activities in such places, they exited into the sunlight. Our cave dwelling ancestors who then sneezed reduced their exposure to inhaled contaminants, possibly increasing their odds of survival. The other 82% of our ancestors who didn't spend much time in caves, etc. didn't need this reflex, but the caveman population found the reflex useful. TwentyForty (talk) 04:50, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

Important information
Exacerbating photic sneeze reflex can be female hormones from what I've experienced and what my opthalmologist said; this could be added to the article. Also, other posts on here downplay how severe this condition can get. Around my cycle I sometimes am so debilitated by it (needing to spend the day under covers in a dark room to get relief/escape from light) that I can't function. It feels like I have to sneeze every 2 seconds even when I don't sneeze, and my eyes burn, and I feel feverish though my temperature is normal; when I do sneeze it is violent and my nose won't stop running. These are not viral or bacterial symptoms as they reliably happen almost every cycle (I occasionally get a reprieve, when the increase in hormones must be milder and my cycle symptoms are less), and it feels different than a cold or bacterial reaction. I wish this condition were more researched and cures (surgical or not) were found; I have tried antihistamines and they don't work consistently, they lose efficacy over time. I envy those who have this mild enough that they think it's a "blessing." All I can say is, try living with it at this level of severity, with no doctors able to give you answers. Nc1408 (talk) 05:31, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Hereditary or not?
Early in the article: "is a hereditary trait" appears, but then later a study shows it's "more likely to be acquired than inherited". Is this a contradiction? There doesn't seem to be any attempt to reconcile these opposing statements. Wilcfry (talk) 13:47, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Might there not be a hereditary pre-disposition for the condition to be acquired more readily? Evenso I think we'd need WP:RS for either/both claims. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:17, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Looks like "hereditary" has now been removed from first paragraph. This issue is moot, I guess. Wilcfry (talk) 12:33, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

PS is clearly autosomal dominant in many families including mine. A neurologist has previously documented the autosomal dominant inheritance is his family. I can trace it through four generations in my family. I have investigated this for over 20 years. I have never seen it occur without a family history. In all cases of family history it appears without skipping generations and is equally likely in males and females. The study by 23andme suggests this gene is on chromosome 2. -EtherDoc — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.232.3.102 (talk) 14:36, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

Proposed etiology for the photic sneeze reflex
A sneeze is a physiological phenomenon characterized by positive feedback, as are other functions such as ejaculation, micturition, defecation, parturition and more. Self-excitation by the afferent nerve endings serving the process is known in some cases, but not yet in the case of the trigeminal endings of the nasal mucosa. What is necessary to provoke a sneeze is a crescendo of impulses in fibers travelling from the nasal mucosa via the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Most commonly, some factor that causes irritation of the mucosa triggers the cascade of increasing excitability until a sensation of profound irritation and subsequent sneeze occurs. In the case of the photic sneeze, an interaction of the pupillary light reflex and the sneeze reflex occurs. This interaction comes about due to a proximity of nerve fibers serving each reflex. Cranial nerves characteristically combine with one another in their peripheral courses as they approach common anatomical destinations. In the human, there is a short peripheral nerve called the nasociliary nerve in which both the trigeminal sneeze afferents and the parasympathetic oculomotor efferents are bundled together. Nerve fibers rarely interact (cross-talk) with each other because of the insulation provided by the connective tissue investment of the neurovascular bundle that makes up the whole nerve. But in the case of the photic sneeze reflex, it is quite clear that provoking a discharge in the oculomotor parasympathetic preganglionic fibers travelling in the nasociliary nerve exacerbates the excitablity of the fellow nasal mucosal afferents.

The microstructure of the nasociliary nerve in the human has not been adquately studied to detect a difference between the populations that do and do not express the photic sneeze reflex. The photic sneeze is not a health problem that might ever warrant invasive electrophysiological studies on live human subjects, but a basic understanding of the phenomenon could well be achieved by taking tissue at autopsy from consenting donors and looking at microstructural details of the nasociliary nerve.

Patrick James Reynolds (talk) 00:36, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * There are no references, is this original research? Ifnord (talk) 08:13, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

This is a proposal derived from introspective thinking about the nasociliary nerve by a photic sneezer. I am retired and without institutional affiliation. I do not have access to the literature for current references nor an avenue through which to publish. But the proposal here is certainly testable and represents a clear link between light exposure and the sneeze reflex. I'd be glad to team up with anyone interested in researching and publishing on this topic.Patrick James Reynolds (talk) 01:25, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I have removed this section from the article until references can be established. Best Regards, 67.10.226.142 (talk) 05:44, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

Propofol-induced sneezing
How is propofol-induced sneezing related or relevant for this article? The two sections about it does not seem to be connected at all to the rest of the text. Sivizius (talk) 19:05, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

Proposed removal of the ACHOO. It depresses the validity of the entry
No scholarly work uses that acronym. It seems to have been started and pushed hard by one person. "Also Known As" should have a higher standard than just one person thinking of something silly and funny and trying to force that onto the public. None of the cited journal articles use this.

If it is included, it should be noted as "One writer humorously coined the acronym ACHOO which may have entered popular media as an attention grabbing name, but that is only a recent pop cultural addition and most researchers do not use it."

Duplicate references
References 8 and 12 appear to be the same citation. Some of the places in the article referencing it don’t actually appear to be related. Did someone overwrite something somewhere? 2605:59C8:177D:A410:74AE:E2A:36EE:9417 (talk) 00:43, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Photic sneeze reflex


text:
Cuban Liberal Union

The Cuban Liberal Union (Unión Liberal Cubana) is a liberal party in Cuba. The party is a member of Liberal International.

title: Cuban Liberal Union


text:
Socialite

A socialite is a person usually from a wealthy or aristocratic background who is prominent in high society. A socialite generally spends a significant amount of time attending various fashionable social gatherings, instead of having traditional employment.

Word history
The word socialite is first attested in 1909 in a Tennessee newspaper. It was popularized by Time magazine in the 1920s.

United Kingdom
Historically, socialites in the United Kingdom were almost exclusively from the families of the aristocracy and landed gentry. Many socialites also had strong familial or personal relationships to the British royal family.

Between the 17th and early 19th centuries, society events in London and at country houses were the focus of socialite activity. Notable examples of British socialites include Beau Brummell, Lord Alvanley, the Marchioness of Londonderry, Daisy, Princess of Pless, Lady Diana Cooper, Mary Constance Wyndham, Lady Ursula d'Abo, Margaret Greville and the Mitford sisters. Since the 1960s, socialites have been drawn from a wider section of society more similar to the American model, with many socialites now coming from families in business or from the world of celebrity. Despite this, the notion of the Sloane Ranger still emphasises many socialites' connections to Britain's ruling class. The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea is widely regarded as the current home of socialite activity in the UK. The television show Made in Chelsea has explored the lifestyles of young socialites living in London in the 21st century.

United States
American members of the Establishment, or an American "society" based on birth, breeding, education, and economic standing, were originally listed in the Social Register, a directory of the names and addresses of the "preferred social contacts" of the prominent families in the 19th century. In 1886, Louis Keller started to consolidate these lists and package them for sale.

18th and 19th centuries
The concept of socialites dates to the 18th and 19th century. Most of the earliest socialites were wives or mistresses of royalty or nobility, but being a socialite was more a duty and a means of survival than a form of pleasure. Bashful queens were often forced to play gracious and wealthy hostess to people who despised them. Mistresses had to pay for their social reputation and had to use their social skills to obtain favor in the court and retain the interest of their lovers.

With the increase of wealth in the US in the 19th century, being a socialite developed into a role that brought power and influence.

21st century
In the 21st century, the term "socialite" is still attached to being wealthy and socially recognized. The lines between being a socialite and celebrity with an exuberant partying lifestyle have since become blurred due to the influence of both popular culture and the media, particularly when the status of being a celebrity is largely due to that lifestyle. Celebrity Paris Hilton is an example of a 21st-century socialite due to her ability to attract media attention and fame based only on her connections and associations. Hilton is the great-granddaughter of Conrad Hilton, the founder of Hilton Hotels & Resorts, and heiress to the Hilton Hotel fortune. Due to her outrageous lifestyle, Hilton was hailed by the media as "New York's leading It Girl" in 2001.

Gossip Girl, an American television series airing between September 2007 and December 2012, focuses on the lives of New York City socialites who live on Manhattan's Upper East Side. The show is a strong influence on how socialites are regarded in the 21st century because of the presence of scandal, wealth, and fashion in each episode. Pop culture gives the impression that by simply being wealthy and fashionable, an individual has the opportunity to become famous. Consequently, it is an individual's ability to climb the social ladder due to his or her wealth and recognition that makes them a socialite.

According to The New York Times, socialites spend between $98,000 and $455,000 per year (young and old, respectively) to maintain their roles as successful socialites. Just the evening wardrobe of an individual regularly attending society functions can cost $100,000 annually. Examples of modern-day American socialites include: The Kardashian-Jenner family, Jill Kelley, Tinsley Mortimer, EJ Johnson, Olivia Palermo, Lauren Santo Domingo, Paris Hilton, Derek Blasberg, and Jean Shafiroff.

title: Socialite


text:
Constitution of Hawaii

The Constitution of the State of Hawaii (Kumukānāwai o Hawaii), also known as the Hawaii State Constitution, is the fundamental governing document of the U.S. state of Hawaii. As an organic text, it establishes the principles and framework of government, enumerates the rights and freedoms of Hawaiian citizens, and serves as the supreme law of the state.

Hawaii was governed by several constitutions during its period as a sovereign kingdom and short-lived transitional republic, prior to U.S. annexation in 1900. The current constitution was adopted by referendum in 1950, amended upon admission to the Union in 1959, and further amended at the constitutional convention of 1968; it was most recently amended in 1978, which saw the most significant changes to government and popular rights to date.

As in most states, the Hawaiian Constitution is modeled after United States Constitution and reinforces many of the same basic rights and structures, albeit with more expansive or unique provisions; unlike its federal counterpart, it lists key individual rights of citizens, guarantees an explicit right to privacy, safeguards collective bargaining, and prohibits sex-based discrimination. Reflecting the state's unique history and cultural heritage, Constitution of Hawaii establishes protections for the environment, public wellness, and Native Hawaiians.

Hawaii's local governmental structure is unique among the U.S. states in that it is limited to two levels of government: the state and the four counties, each with a mayor and a council; there are no municipal governments. The amendment process is similar to that of the federal constitution, requiring a proposal by constitutional convention or by the legislature. At close to 21,500 words, the Hawaii State Constitution is nearly five times longer than the U.S. Constitution, but shorter than the average state constitution.

Background
The Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, provides that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." The Guarantee Clause of Article 4 of the Constitution states that "The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government." These two provisions indicate that the constituent states of the U.S. have wide latitude to adopt a constitution as the fundamental document of state law.

History
The Hawaii Constitution was framed by a Constitutional Convention under Act 334, Session Laws of Hawaii 1949. It was adopted by popular ballot on November 7, 1950, and was deemed amended when three propositions submitted to the people—in accordance with the Act of the U.S. Congress approved March 18, 1959 —were adopted by the people on June 27, 1959. It was subsequently accepted, ratified, and confirmed by Congress on March 18, 1959, and became effective on August 21, 1959, upon the issuance of a presidential proclamation admitting the state of Hawaii into the Union.

The Constitution has since been amended a number of times in accordance with proposals adopted by the legislature or by constitutional convention and ratified by the people. Its most dramatic and sweeping changes came with the Constitutional Convention held on July 5, 1978. All 34 amendments proposed by the convention passed; collectively, they redefined the relationship between citizens and government, establishing term limits for state office holders, providing a requirement for an annual balanced budget, laying the groundwork for the return of federal (such as the island of Kahoolawe) and created the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to address the wrongs perpetrated against native Hawaiians. The 1978 convention also created an ambitious project of preservation of the Hawaiian culture including the adoption of Hawaiian diacritical marks for official usage, use of Hawaiian names, etc. The Hawaiian language became the official state language of Hawaii for the first time since the overthrow.

Based upon language the U.S. Supreme Court had used to legalize abortion and birth control around the same time, the 1978 convention added the text: "the right of the people to privacy is recognized and shall not be infringed without the showing of a compelling state interest." The Hawaii State Constitution is one of only five in the U.S. to explicitly define a right to privacy.

Preamble
The preamble to the current Constitution of Hawaii states, "We, the people of the State of Hawaii, grateful for Divine Guidance, and mindful of our Hawaiian heritage, reaffirm our belief in a government of the people, by the people and for the people, and with an understanding heart toward all peoples of the earth do hereby ordain and establish this constitution for the State of Hawaii."

Bill of Rights
The preamble is followed by a twenty-point Bill of rights:

 * All political power of this State is inherent in the people; and the responsibility for the exercise thereof rests with the people. All government is founded on this authority.
 * All persons are free by nature and are equal in their inherent and inalienable rights. Among these rights are the enjoyment of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, and the acquiring and possessing property. These rights cannot endure unless the people recognize their corresponding obligations and responsibilities.
 * No law shall be enacted respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
 * No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor be denied the equal protection of the laws, nor be denied the enjoyment of his civil rights or be discriminated against in the exercise thereof because of race, religion, sex or ancestry.
 * The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches, seizures, and invasions of privacy shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized or the communications sought to be intercepted.
 * No citizen shall be disfranchised, or deprived of any of the rights or privileges secured to other citizens, unless by the law of the land.
 * No citizen shall be denied enlistment in any military organization of this State nor be segregated therein because of race, religious principles or ancestry.
 * No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the armed forces when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy; nor shall any person be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.
 * Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. The court may dispense with bail if reasonably satisfied that the defendant or witness will appear when directed, except for a defendant charged with an offense punishable by life imprisonment.
 * In suits at common law where the value in controversy shall exceed one hundred dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved. The legislature may provide for a verdict by not less than three-fourths of the members of the jury.
 * In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, or of such other district to which the prosecution may be removed with the consent of the accused; to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. The State shall provide counsel for an indigent defendant charged with an offense punishable by imprisonment for more than sixty days.
 * No person shall be disqualified to serve as a juror because of sex.
 * The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. The power of suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and the laws or the execution thereof, shall never be exercised except by the legislature, or by authority derived from it to be exercised in such particular cases only as the legislature shall expressly prescribe.
 * The military shall be held in strict subordination to the civil power.
 * A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.
 * No soldier or member of the militia shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner or occupant, nor in time of war, except in a manner prescribed by law.
 * There shall be no imprisonment for debt.
 * Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation.
 * The power of the State to act in the general welfare shall never be impaired by the making of any irrevocable grant of special privileges or immunities.
 * The enumeration of rights and privileges shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people.

List of constitutions

 * 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
 * 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
 * 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
 * 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
 * 1893 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
 * 1894 Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii
 * 1950 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention
 * 1959 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention
 * 1968 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention
 * 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention

title: Constitution of Hawaii


text:
Ontario Highway 17

King's Highway 17, more commonly known as Highway 17, is a provincially maintained highway and the primary route of the Trans-Canada Highway through the Canadian province of Ontario. It begins at the Manitoba boundary, 50 km west of Kenora, and the main section ends where Highway 417 begins just west of Arnprior. A small disconnected signed section of the highway still remains within the Ottawa Region between County Road 29 and Grants Side Road. This makes it Ontario's longest highway.

The highway once extended even farther to the Quebec boundary in East Hawkesbury with a peak length of about 2,180 km. However, a section of Highway 17 "disappeared" when the Ottawa section of it was upgraded to the freeway Highway 417 in 1971. Highway 17 was not re-routed through Ottawa, nor did it share numbering with Highway 417 to rectify the discontinuity, even though Highway 417 formed a direct link between the western and eastern sections of Highway 17. However, from East Hawkesbury to Ottawa, Highway 17 retained the Trans-Canada Highway routing and signs until it met up again and merged with Highway 417 until 1997 when Highway 17 through Ottawa was downgraded. The Trans-Canada Highway designation now extends along all of Highway 417.

Ontario Highway 17 is a very important part of the national highway system in Canada, as it is the sole highway linking the eastern and western regions of the country. Although other small roads connect the province of Ontario with the province of Manitoba, it is the only major highway that links the two, making it a crucial section of Canada's primary commercial and leisure route.

Beginnings
With the establishment of the provincial highway network on February 26, 1920, the Department of Public Highways, predecessor to today's Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, sought to establish a network of reliable roads through the southern part of the province. Through July and August 1920, a highway east of Ottawa to Pointe-Fortune at the Quebec boundary, known as the Montreal Road, was assumed by the department. This original routing of Highway 17 followed what is now Montreal Road, St Joseph Boulevard, and the Old Montreal Road eastward out of Ottawa; Laurier Street through Rockland; Regional Road 55 and 26 between Clarence and Plantagenet; Blue Corner Road and Bay Road (Regional Road 4) to L'Original; John Street, Pharand Street, Eliza Street, and Main Street to Hawkesbury; Front Road along the shore of the Ottawa River from Hawkesbury to Chute-a-Blondeau and Des Outaouais Road just west of and Pointe-Fortune, and Regional Road 17 elsewhere. A portion of this original highway was lost when the completion of the Carillon Generating Station in 1964 raised the water level of the Ottawa River north of Voyageur Provincial Park.

West of Ottawa, a route was assumed to Arnprior on October 6, following today's Carling Avenue, March Road and Donald B. Munro Drive between Ottawa and Kinburn, and Kinburn Side Road and Madawaska Boulevard between Kinburn and Arnprior. On June 15, 1921, the highway was extended to Pembroke via Renfrew, Cobden, and Beachburg. The entire route between Pembroke and Pointe-Fortune became known as Highway 17 in the summer of 1925.

Although the jurisdiction of the soon-to-become Department of Highways did not extend beyond Pembroke, a rough trail continued to North Bay, and a trunk road constructed by the Department of Northern Development beyond there to Sault Ste. Marie by 1923, roughly following the route of Highway 17 today. The Pembroke and Mattawan Road Colonization Road was constructed between 1853 and 1874 to encourage settlement in the Upper Ottawa Valley. Between Mattawa and North Bay, many aboriginals and early settlers made use of the Mattawa River, the headwaters of which lie just north of Lake Nipissing. From there they would travel down the French River into Georgian Bay and onwards to Lake Superior. Highway 17 between Mattawa and Sault Ste. Marie roughly traces this early voyageur route.

Northern development and the Lakehead
Following World War I, discussions of a cross-continental road through Canada became vocal and construction of such a route was underway in several places. However, funding for this work was soon halted as the government distributed funding to projects that were believed to be more important than the luxury of the new road. The most significant accomplishment of this work was the Nipigon Highway between Thunder Bay and Nipigon, opened in 1924.

With the signing of the Department of Northern Development (DND) Act in 1926, construction resumed on improving many northern roads; the Ferguson Highway was the main project to begin as a result of the act. The onset of the Great Depression would result in federally funded relief projects being signed with provinces in late 1930. Thousands of men were hired to construct highways in remote areas of the province from temporary camps, named Bennett Camps after then-Prime Minister R. B. Bennett. This provided the necessary labour to open road links through vast expanses of wilderness in a relatively short period of time. Beginning in 1931, certain routes were designated as the Trans-Canada Highway, including the route between Sault Ste. Marie and the Quebec boundary as well as the planned connection to Thunder Bay and Winnipeg.

By June 1931, planning for the route of the highway was complete, and work underway on the new link between Thunder Bay and Winnipeg that would roughly parallel the Canadian Pacific Railway. The first section to open was between the Manitoba town of Whitemouth and Kenora. On July 1, 1932, (Dominion Day), an inter-provincial ceremony was held in Kenora to dedicate the new route. The next link would connect the road through the Kenora with the rough road connecting Vermilion Bay, Dryden and Dyment. This section opened in early 1933.

From the east, construction proceeded at a similar pace, although through much more barren expanses of forests and lakes. By the end of 1932, construction had proceeded from Thunder Bay through Upsala to English River. A 75 mi gap was all that remained, between Dyment and English River. On June 4, 1934, crews cleared the last section of forest separating Thunder Bay from Winnipeg. However, it would require another year of rock blasting and construction to make the route navigable by vehicles. On July 1, 1935, a multi-day motorcade celebration was held to officially open the new highway. A convoy of vehicles travelled from Thunder Bay to Winnipeg along the route, resting overnight in Kenora before completing the two-day journey.

By the end of 1935, numerous factors combined which resulted in the termination of the highway camps. The federal government of R. B. Bennett used Section 98 of the Criminal Code in 1931 to arrest several leaders of the Communist Party of Canada. However, the lack of evidence and protests would eventually lead to the early release of the men, much to the embarrassment of the government. The men, with public support behind them, headed north to highway camps, where mounting tensions due to low wages, poor conditions, lacklustre food, isolation, and military-like discipline resulted in organized labour strikes. Funding was pulled from the Trans-Canada Highway in 1936.

On April 1, 1937, the DND was absorbed into the Department of Highways, and the road west of Pembroke became an extension of Highway 17. At this point, the highway from Sault Ste. Marie to the Quebec boundary was 1045.8 km long. Portions were paved at this point: east of Sault Ste. Marie, west of Blind River, through Sudbury, east of Sturgeon Falls, through Mattawa, and from Chalk River to Quebec; the remainder was a gravel road. The highway between the Manitoba boundary and Nipigon was 659.8 km, mostly gravel-surfaced. The only significant exceptions were in the Kenora and Thunder Bay areas.

Before the outbreak of World War II in 1939, a new bridge spanning the Nipigon River was completed alongside a 91.6 km highway eastward to Schreiber. Both were opened together ceremoniously on September 24, 1937. When the war began, construction on Highway 17 halted, with effort instead focused on the simpler northern route via Geraldton and Hearst.

The Gap
Following the war, construction on the missing segment of Highway 17 between Schreiber and Sault Ste. Marie proceeded slowly; the completion of Highway 11 between Nipigon and Hearst already provided a road between the east and west. However, in 1949 the federal government signed the Trans-Canada Highway Act, which provided up to a 90% subsidy to provinces to complete their portion of the highway to the required standards. Two portions of Ontario's route were eligible for this subsidy: Highway 69 between Parry Sound and Sudbury, and Highway 17 along the north shore of Lake Superior.

Amongst some of the most difficult terrain encountered in Canada, engineers blasted 2,087,234 cubic metres (2,730,000 cubic yards) of rock, removed 5,982,641 cubic metres (7,825,000 cubic yards) of earth, and cleared 6.97 km2 of forest in order to bridge the 266 km of wilderness known as "the Gap". The Gap was completed and opened to traffic on September 17, 1960, uniting the two segments and completing the route of Highway 17 from the Manitoba border to the Quebec border.

The Queensway
During the 1950s, the Greber Plan called for the creation of numerous parkways and divided highways through the growing city of Ottawa. One of these, known as The Queensway, was a grade-separated freeway that would bypass the urban alignment of Highway 17. The Greber Plan was produced by Jacques Gréber under the direction of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King in the late 1940s. Although Gréber had been corresponding with King as early as 1936, World War II halted any plans from reaching fruition at that time. Following the war, Gréber was again contacted and his expertise requested. He arrived on October 2, 1945, and began working almost immediately. The Greber Plan, as it came to be known, was released in 1950 and presented to the House of Commons on May 22, 1951. The plan called for the complete reorganization of Ottawa's road and rail network, and included amongst the numerous parkways was an east to west expressway along what was then a Canadian National Railway line.

With the rail lines removed, construction of the new expressway got underway in 1957 when Queen Elizabeth visited Ottawa to open the first session of the 23rd Parliament. On October 15, the Queen detonated dynamite charges from the Hurdman Bridge, which now overlooks the highway as it crosses the Rideau River, and formally dedicated the new project as the Queensway. At the ceremony, premier Leslie Frost indicated that the entire project would cost C$31 million and emphasized the importance of the link to the Trans-Canada Highway.

The Queensway was constructed in four phases, each opening independently: phase one, from Alta Vista Drive (now Riverside Drive) east to Highway 17 (Montreal Road); phase two, from Highway 7 and Highway 15 (Richmond Road) to Carling Avenue; phase three, from Carling Avenue to O'Connor Street; and, phase four, from O'Connor Street to Alta Vista Drive, crossing the Rideau Canal and Rideau River. Phase one opened to traffic on November 25, 1960, extending up to the Rideau River. On the western side of Ottawa, phase two opened a year later in October 1961. The central section presented the greatest challenge, as an embankment was built to create grade-separations. In addition, the structures over the Rideau Canal and river required several years of construction. On May 15, 1964, the majority of the third phase was ceremonially opened. completing the Carling Avenue interchange and extending the freeway as far as Bronson Avenue. Several months later, on September 17 the short but complicated section east to O'Connor Street was opened. This left only phase four, the central section of the Queensway, which was opened in three segments. On November 26, 1965, the structures over the Rideau Canal were opened to traffic. At the same time, the westbound lanes of the Queensway were extended to Concord Street, located west of the Nicholas Street interchange. The interchange opened on January 1, 1966, allowing travel in both directions over the canal. The final segment, linking the two section of the Queensway, was placed into service on October 28, 1966. Following this, the Highway 17 designation was applied along the Queensway and the old routing renumbered as Highway 17B.

Bypasses and upgrades
Although it was completed from Manitoba to Quebec in 1960, many upgrades to the original routing of Highway 17 had and would take place over the years. In addition to bypasses around almost every urban centre it encountered, many original sections have been downloaded to regional and local jurisdiction or decommissioned entirely to lie abandoned in the forest. Of special note are reroutings in the Ottawa Valley – where the highway follows very little of the original routing – and around Thunder Bay, where it has undergone several reroutings and upgrades since the 1920s. In the following section, upgrades are listed from west to east due to complex chronologies.

The original routing of Highway 17 travelled into Port Arthur along the Dawson Road, now Highway 102.
 * Thunder Bay

Highway 17 originally entered Red Rock along what is now Highway 628 before turning north alongside the Nipigon River north to Nipigon.
 * Nipigon

Although the route into and out of Sault Ste. Marie has remained generally the same, Highway 17 has been rerouted through the city numerous times. In addition, to the east of the city, the route has been redirected onto a four lane at-grade expressway around Echo Bay. As recently as 2022, local government has reached out to the provincial government to revisit possibilities of creating a bypass around Sault Ste. Marie—however this plan has long been stalled by the MTO and provincial government, largely due to the high cost of construction and uncertain demand; there has also been no environmental impact assessment to date.
 * Sault Ste. Marie

 * Espanola

The route of Highway 17 in Sudbury currently follows the Southwest and Southeast Bypasses through the south end of the city. Prior to the completion of this route, the highway followed what is now Municipal Road 55 through the downtown core.
 * Sudbury

 * North Bay

Construction of the Renfrew Bypass began in June 1974, and continued for three years, opening in 1977.
 * Upper Ottawa Valley

 * Ottawa

 * Lower Ottawa Valley

The last gravel stretches of Highway 17, between Kenora and Dryden and north of Batchawana Bay, were paved in 1964.
 * Elsewhere

Downloads
On April 1, 1997, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) transferred the responsibility of maintenance and upkeep along 14.2 km of Highway 17 east of "the split" with Highway 417 to Trim Road (Regional Road 57), a process commonly referred to as downloading. The Region of Ottawa–Carleton designated the road as Regional Road 174. Despite the protests of the region that the route served a provincial purpose, a second round of transfers saw the remainder of Highway 17 to the Region's eastern limit downloaded on January 1, 1998, adding 12.8 km to the length of Regional Road 174. The highway was also downloaded within the United Counties of Prescott and Russell, where it was redesignated as County Road 17. The result of these transfers was the truncation of Highway 17 at the western end of Highway 417, while the Trans-Canada Highway designation was taken from the former Highway 17 and applied to Highway 417. A short disconnected section of Highway 17 between Ottawa Road 29 and Grants Side Road remains under provincial jurisdiction to the present day.

Conversion to Highway 417 northwest of Ottawa
Expansion of the two lane Highway 17 west of the interchange with Highway 7 got underway in 1991; this section was renumbered as Highway 417 as construction progressed westward. The construction saw a second two lane roadway built parallel to the existing route to create a divided freeway, a process known as twinning.

When the twinning of Highway 17 reached March Road, new contracts were tendered to continue the process northward. Bot Construction was awarded the contract for the section north to Panmure Road on December 9, 1998. On February 16, 2000, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) officially announced that Highway 417 would be extended to Arnprior over the next several years. A contract to build the freeway from north of Panmure Road to south of Arnprior was tendered in early 2002. This work was completed and the extension opened to traffic on September 24, 2004.

Concurrent with the twinning of Highway 7 between Carleton Place and Ottawa, the interchange with Highway 417 was upgraded to support the divided traffic flows; a new flyover ramp was built connecting westbound Highway 417 with westbound Highway 7. Construction began on August 22, 2006, and was opened in June 2008 along with the Highway 7 expansion.

Construction to twin the Arnprior Bypass portion of Highway 17, which included a new interchange at White Lake Road, began during the spring of 2009. The bypass was originally built in 1981 as one of a number of upgrades to Highway 17 between Ottawa and North Bay. It was intended for directing through traffic around downtown Arnprior and was designed for an eventual upgrade to a divided freeway. The major structure in this project was a second crossing of the Madawaska River. Work was completed in late 2012; the new 5.6 km section was opened ceremonially on November 29 and cost $63 million, $7 million less than projected.

Route description
Highway 17, particularly west of Sault Ste. Marie, crosses some of the most remote regions of Ontario. Despite the isolation of the highway, it is well-travelled throughout its length. The section of Highway 17 north of Lake Superior is regarded as one of the most scenic drives in the province.

Manitoba to Nipigon
Highway 17 begins at the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba, where a large installation greets drivers in both directions. The highway is two lanes wide and travels over and between the surface features of the Canadian Shield; further west into Manitoba the highway widens into a four-lane divided expressway. To the east, the highway travels through thick boreal forest towards Keewatin, where the Kenora Bypass, Highway 17A, splits to the north. Through the town of Kenora, Highway 17 is signed but maintained under a connecting link agreement between the town and the province. Full provincial maintenance resumes at the eastern town limits. Further east, the highway merges with the Kenora Bypass. It meets the northern terminus of Highway 71, then makes a gradual eastward journey through the lake-dotted Kenora District to the town of Dryden. Here the highway encounters one of the few agriculturally-sustainable areas of northern Ontario. The highway begins to zig-zag southeasterly, passing through several minor settlements before entering the mining town of Ignace. Shortly thereafter, it begins to curve to the south. It meets Highway 11 475 km east of the Manitoba boundary.

The two highways travel concurrently towards Thunder Bay at the western Lakehead of Lake Superior. Though it originally travelled through what was then the twin-cities, the highway bypasses to the northwest on the at-grade Thunder Bay Expressway.

Nipigon to Sudbury
Within Nipigon, Highway 11 and Highway 17 cross the Nipigon River on the Nipigon River Bridge. Along with the railway crossing immediately to the south, and another on the northern shore of Lake Nipigon, this forms the narrowest bottleneck in Canada between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. On the eastern shore of the river, Highway 11 separates and travels north towards Geraldton and Hearst. Highway 17 continues east along the northern shore of Lake Superior. Near White River, the highway enters Algoma District and turns southward. It meets the western terminus of Highway 101 near Wawa, which provides for a shorter route to Sudbury via the Sultan Industrial Road.

South of Wawa, the highway enters Lake Superior Provincial Park. After proceeding through several mountain ranges, and crossing numerous rivers and the Montreal River Hill, the highway enters Sault Ste. Marie. Here a border crossing into the United States is provided via the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge, which connects with I-75 in Michigan. As the highway exits Sault Ste. Marie to the east, a newly constructed segment of four-lane divided highway branches north; Highway 17B (one of two remaining business routes of Highway 17 in service) continues east through Garden River. The divided highway bypasses Garden River and passes east of Echo Bay before curving south and merging with Highway 17B.

Shortly thereafter, it turns to the east and travels along the North Channel of Lake Huron towards Sudbury, passing through numerous small towns, including Thessalon, Blind River, Massey and McKerrow. At Sudbury, the highway widens into a freeway through the Walden area of the city until reaching the Southwest / Southeast Bypass at Lively, where it narrows again to a Super 2 road. This segment is currently undergoing an environmental assessment, with plans to upgrade it to a full freeway in the next ten years.

Sudbury to Arnprior
Highway 17 passes to the south of the urban centre of Sudbury. It meets Highway 69 at an interchange. At this interchange, the Southwest and Southeast Bypasses meet, and for just over a kilometre, Highway 17 is a divided four-lane freeway.

The Super 2 continues northeast to meet the original alignment of Highway 17 east of downtown Sudbury. Here it turns east and travels through the city's outlying neighbourhoods of Coniston and Wahnapitae; a new freeway alignment of this route is currently in the planning stages.

The highway route passes through the rural municipalities of Markstay-Warren and West Nipissing before reaching North Bay, where it follows an undivided four-lane expressway alignment, with reduced but not full control of access, through the city of North Bay; as of 2012, early preparations have taken place for a freeway conversion and realignment of this segment. For 4.1 kilometres from Algonquin Avenue to the Twin Lakes area, the route is once again concurrent with Highway 11. At the northern end of this concurrency, Highway 11 travels north towards Cochrane before continuing westward to Nipigon; at the southern end, it continues southward towards Barrie, while Highway 17 turns east toward the Ottawa Valley. An at-grade intersection with Highway 63 is located at approximately the midpoint of the concurrency.

East of North Bay, Highway 17 meets Highway 94, thereafter travelling alongside the Mattawa River to its confluence with the Ottawa River in Mattawa, where it meets Highway 533 at a roundabout. The highway then parallels the Ottawa River through a mountainous region, first passing through the villages of Stonecliffe and Rolphton before arriving in Deep River, a planned community developed as part of the Manhattan Project. It then passes through Chalk River and enters Canadian Forces Base Petawawa.

Beginning at the southern end of the army base, Highway 17 follows the Pembroke Bypass, bypassing west of Petawawa and Pembroke, where it intersects Highway 41. The bypass ends at Renfrew County Road 40, north of Muskrat Lake. The highway then travels south through the town of Cobden. It follows a bypass east of Renfrew and meets Highway 60. Highway 17 curves east and passes north of Alexander Stewart Provincial Park. Approximately 200 m west of Scheel Drive, 6 km west of Arnprior, the highway divides and widens to four lanes, at which point Highway 417 begins. A disconnected section of Highway 17 still exists within the City of Ottawa, between Ottawa Road 29 and Grants Side Road, travelling parallel to Highway 417. However, it is likely to be downgraded, becoming an extension of Ottawa Road 117.

Business routes
For many decades, Highway 17 had five business routes. All were at one time the primary route of Highway 17 through their respective locations, and were given the Highway 17B business route designation following the construction or designation of a newer bypass alignment. Only the route in North Bay remains as the business routes in Ottawa, North Bay, Thessalon and Sault Ste. Marie have been decommissioned.

In 2009, a new Highway 17B route was created in the Garden River First Nation.

Future
With all route planning studies now completed on Highways 11 and 69/400, in the latter half of the 2000s, the Ministry of Transportation's planning branch began undertaking more active preparations for the eventual conversion of Highway 17 to freeway. Although no comprehensive conversion plan is currently in place, planning and construction projects are now underway at a number of locations along the highway.

Sault Ste. Marie MPP David Orazietti has spearheaded a petition to have the entire highway four-laned from Arnprior to Sault Ste. Marie, similar to the campaign previously undertaken by his caucus colleague Rick Bartolucci regarding the extension of Highway 400. Cheryl Gallant, the federal Member of Parliament for Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke, has also advocated the four-laning of the highway through the Ottawa Valley toward North Bay, and ultimately the entire length of the highway throughout Northern Ontario.

A 2009 study commissioned by the forestry trade magazine The Working Forest, titled "A Vision for Ontario's Trans Canada Highway, North Bay to the Manitoba Border", determined that it would cost the Ontario government $600 million per year over 25 years to convert the entire length of both Highway 17 and Highway 11 to freeway, suggesting that a comprehensive plan would be affordable and achievable if the provincial and federal governments could reach a cost-sharing agreement.

Renfrew County
Studies are underway on the extension of Highway 417 through the Ottawa Valley region from its current terminus at Arnprior to Petawawa. From Arnprior to Haley Station and from Meath to Petawawa, the proposed freeway route largely follows the existing alignment — in these areas, the current highway route largely avoids existing communities, and thus a second set of lanes can be easily added alongside the existing route. Within the township of Whitewater Region, however, a new alignment is planned several kilometres east of the existing road in order to bypass communities such as Cobden.

In August 2017, the Ministry of Transportation formally confirmed that detail design studies have commenced on the next westward extension of Highway 417, from the existing terminus at Scheel Drive in Arnprior to three kilometres west of the Bruce Street intersection at Renfrew.

North Bay
Planning studies have been completed for the conversion of Highway 17's alignment through North Bay, which is currently a four-lane expressway with partial but not full control of access, into a full freeway. The plan will include an interchange with a new alignment of Highway 11, which would replace the existing Algonquin Avenue segment. In the city, the four-laned route will follow the existing highway route from the western city limits to Meighen Avenue, and then a new alignment from there to the eastbound Highway 11/17 interchange. The bypassed portion of the current route will be realigned to connect with Lansdowne Avenue. This alignment, nicknamed "Route 6", has been planned since the 1970s; although minor adjustments to the plan have been made since, as of 2017 the ministry has not announced an official construction schedule.

Studies commenced on an extension of the four-lane route easterly to Bonfield in early 2011, and from Eau Claire Station to the Nipissing District-Renfrew County boundary in early 2012; further studies on the routes from Bonfield to Eau Claire Station and from North Bay to Cache Bay are expected to begin at a later date.

Sudbury
As the extension of Highway 400 approaches Sudbury, the MTO began a route planning and environmental assessment study on Highway 17 easterly from Highway 69 to Markstay in 2010; studies for the segment from Highway 69 westerly to the existing freeway in Walden were completed in 2007. The current route plan involves twinning the existing Southeast Bypass to its terminus, along with the construction of a new four-lane route north of Coniston and Wahnapitae.

Original plans called for a new multi-level interchange with Highway 69 in the Lake Laurentian Conservation Area. However, public consultation has since removed this proposal from the route planning process; all of the plans currently under consideration involve converting the existing alignment of Highway 69 to a full freeway which would meet Highway 17 at the existing interchange.

Preliminary route planning studies have also been completed on the freeway's westerly extension to McKerrow, near Espanola, but no construction schedule has been announced to date. However, the first phase of this route, extending the existing freeway from Municipal Road 55 in Sudbury for six kilometres farther west through the Den-Lou neighbourhood, is currently in the detail design phase.

Sault Ste. Marie
At Sault Ste. Marie, the expressway segment currently ends six kilometres short of its eventual terminus at Black Road and Second Line, as an agreement has yet to be reached with the Batchawana First Nation regarding land use through Rankin. The completion date for this segment is not currently known. In the interim, highway traffic travels between the expressway and the current highway alignment through Sault Ste. Marie by means of the previously planned northerly extension of Trunk Road.

The former segment of Highway 17 through Garden River was initially redesignated as part of Highway 638, although the Garden River First Nation disputed this designation and insisted that the highway be renamed Highway 17B. As of February 2009, the former route is now designated as Highway 17B. In February 2010, Garden River's band council publicly warned that they would consider imposing tolls on the routes of both Highway 17 and Highway 17B through their territory if the provincial government did not assist the council with a funding shortfall of approximately $1 million.

In February 2011, the Ministry of Transportation announced that the expressway's current level intersection at Highway 638 in Echo Bay will be converted to a full interchange.

Thunder Bay and Kenora
Construction started in 2004 on a westerly extension of Thunder Bay's Harbour Expressway, from the Thunder Bay Expressway to Vibert Road, intended to serve as a new alignment for Highways 11 and 17.

In July 2008 the federal and provincial governments announced a $6.2 billion infrastructure program that makes the four-laning of Hwys. 11 and 17 near Kenora and Thunder Bay a priority. Engineering work on twinning 11/17 between Nipigon and Thunder Bay was to begin in 2008. On May 1, 2009 the federal and provincial government announced that twinning of Highway 11/17 would begin in 2010. On May 15, 2009, the federal and provincial government announced that twinning of Highway 17 at the Manitoba/Ontario boundary easterly toward Kenora would also begin in 2010. Construction to twin the highway between Ouimet and Dorion northeast of Thunder Bay is currently underway.

On November19, 2021, the first contracts for the twinning of Highway17 east from the Manitoba boundary to Kenora were signed. Work is set to begin in the spring of 2022 on the portion from the provincial boundary to Highway 673.

title: Ontario Highway 17


text:
Tomato juice

Tomato juice is a juice made from tomatoes, usually used as a beverage, either plain or in cocktails such as a Bloody Mary, a Caesar, or Michelada.

History
Tomato juice was first served as a beverage in 1917 by Louis Perrin at the French Lick Springs Hotel in southern Indiana, when he ran out of orange juice and needed a quick substitute. His combination of squeezed tomatoes, sugar and his special sauce became an instant success as Chicago businessmen spread the word about the tomato juice cocktail.

Production
Many commercial manufacturers of tomato juice also add salt. Other ingredients are also often added, such as onion powder, garlic powder, and other spices. In the United States, mass-produced tomato juice began to be marketed in the mid 1920s, and became a popular breakfast drink a few years thereafter.

In the United States, most tomato juice is made from tomato paste, but pressing is allowed as well. The tomatoes are required to be ripe (using a color standard on the finished product), mostly blemish-free, and mostly deseeded. The total solid content is more than 5.0%, with no added water allowed. Additional salt and organic acidulants, but not sweeteners, are allowed.

In Canada, tomato juice is unconcentrated and pasteurized. The other requirements are largely similar, except that additives allowed are a sweetening agent, citric acid and salt. Reconstituted juices in general are required to be labelled clearly.

Uses
In Canada and Mexico, tomato juice is commonly mixed with beer; the concoction is known in Canada as Calgary Red-Eye, and in Mexico as Cerveza preparada. Tomato juice is the base for the cocktails Bloody Mary and Bloody Caesar, and the cocktail mixer Clamato. In the UK tomato juice is commonly combined with Worcestershire sauce. In Germany, tomato juice is a base ingredient in the Mexikaner mixed shot.

Chilled tomato juice was formerly popular as an appetizer at restaurants in the United States.

Tomato juice is frequently used as a packing liquid for canned tomatoes, though it is sometimes replaced by tomato purée for international commerce due to tariff issues on vegetables vs. sauces. According to Cook's Illustrated magazine, tomatoes packed in juice as opposed to purée tend to win taste tests, being perceived as fresher tasting.

Tomato juice is used in the preparation of tomato juice agar, used to culture various species of Lactobacillus.

Tomato juice is a popular drink among airplane passengers. A small study by Yan and Dando hints that this is due to an increased perception of umami flavor while in the loud and pressurized environment of the cabin. An alternative explanation is that it has become tradition similar to eating popcorn at the cinema.

title: Tomato juice


text:
Talk:Formal verification

Untitled
Sorry 216.201.222.104, I can't agree with your last edit. formal verif. doesn't "describe" ... but rather "is" ...

And about the link title you changed: I agree it's better english speaking to put it your way but it's missleading that way. I guess it's better to have something slighlty uglier but cleared...

--[[User:Gedeon|Ged (talk)]] 22:21, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I think we need at least one example here. - Furrykef 00:46, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"Verification" redirect?
Why does "Verification" redirect here? The concept of "verification" is not only the purview of Computer Science. Was there ever an article on the more broadly-accepted defitnition of "Verification"? Thanks. --NightMonkey 10:35, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Vaguely apropos of this, I've started a discussion of the distinction between verification and validation at Talk:Validation. -- JTN 20:36, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)

Automated theorem proving?
I am somehow confused with the tradition to use the term "automated" where something is actually only "computer aided": "automated theorem proving" for proof assistants, "automated programming" for program transformation tools. Some steps are automated, but the whole process is not. If the term "automated" was restricted to cases, where the whole process is automated, it would be more descriptive.

category in area of software verification
there are too many concepts in area of software verification. who can give me a clear relation or category of this area? I hope the category involves the concepts: software verification, software testing, functional verification, formal verification, whrite box, black box, static analysis, dynamic analysis, model checking, and lint

Merge from Program verification
Should be a section here. Ripper234 20:45, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Support merge of Program verification into the article on Formal verification. These are the same thing.  Jon Awbrey 03:34, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Support merge of Program verification into the article on Formal verification. These are the same thing.  Jimbonkers 16:27, 25 April 2006 (BST)

Done. -- Beland 00:31, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Actual use
Does anyone know if formal verification is used in any non-academic engineering endeavor, like a nuclear reactor or the Space Shuttle program? -- Beland 00:33, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

The FAA recommends (if not mandates) the use of formal verification for flight control systems. I believe the FDA has similar guidelines concerning formal verification. Staats 08:35, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Correctness of a system
A system is an instantiation of a set of algorithms. Algorithms are mathematical entities. Formal verification can prove or disprove the correctness of the mathematical entity (the algorithm). However, it cannot tell whether a particular instance correctly implements the, otherwise correct, algorithms. Therefore, formal verification cannot prove or disprove the correctness of a system.

Two suggestions:

1. The phrase “…the correctness of a system…” should be changed to: “…the correctness of algorithms in systems…”

2. A short explanation should be added, regarding to the difference between the scope of software testing (an actual instance of a system) and formal verification (an algorithm) as explained above.

I would like to have the opinion of the community on this before I edit the article. --Erhasalz 18:09, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

I agree with that. I am aware of no method of applying formal verification directly to code. It's all done with models. Staats 17:03, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Tool support
Only a small set of verification tools/environments were mentioned here. Conspicuous in its absence is the PVS verification environment. Rather than inviting anyone to place their pet tool (whether proprietary or open-source), may I suggest that only tools appearing in the open refereed literature (based on a search of IEEE Explore, ACM's Digital Library, or tool names appearing in DBLP) be included in a bulleted list with a one-sentence explanation as to what makes each tool unique, along with an in-line reference to a tutorial pertaining to that tool. Vonkje (talk) 15:39, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Even better, the article should simply link to articles about automatic theorem proving, interactive theorem proving, and model checking. Program verification should also be broken out into a separate article. This article should just explain conceptually the idea of applying mathematics to reason about systems, and guide the reader to the areas likely to be of interest. (Erniecohen (talk) 13:49, 12 October 2012 (UTC))

Third possible approach: Type Systems
Besides model checking and theorem proving there is also a third approach: type systems for verifying specific properties of programs —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.240.84.233 (talk) 08:46, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Verifiability redirect
Verifiability should not redirect here. As used in the social sciences, this term has nothing to do with formal verification. 210.54.98.199 (talk) 20:01, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Formal Verification of Operating System
This article currently contains a section titled "Formal Verification of Operating System" which contains the following:
 * The safety of a computer is dependent on the safety of the kernel. Functional correctness in case of a kernel means the implementation completely follows the high level abstract specifications. The common approach for ensuring safety of a kernel is by reducing the amount of privileged code thus reducing the exposure to bugs. We can guarantee absence of bugs by mathematically proving that the kernel implementation follows formal specifications and that it is free from programmer induced defects.

This does not make sense - for example "safety of a computer" is unclear, but where that term has been used in real life (try googling it) it's not directly related to terms such as "Type safety" used in the cited paper. My knowledge of formal verification (despite having worked in closely related fields) is insufficient for me to easily comprehend the cited paper, so I don't know whether the above text can be fixed (e.g. by making changes such as replacing "safety" with "integrity"). I propose deleting the section and adding a reference to the ACM paper to the L4 microkernel family article. DexDor (talk) 22:38, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I've removed the section referred to above and added a ref to the cited paper to the lead (instead of adding to seL4 article). DexDor (talk) 07:42, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Automated program repair
I have added a pointer to the (new, Dec 2015) article on Automatic bug fixing to the section on Automated program repair.

However I wonder if the section on Automated program repair should be combined with the article on Automatic bug fixing????

Bill

W102102 (talk) 15:30, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

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Neutral Point of View
In the "Software" section, it seems like the following statement is too editorial:

A promising type-based verification approach is dependently typed programming, in which the types of functions include (at least part of) those functions' specifications, and type-checking the code establishes its correctness against those specifications. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.73.25.5 (talk) 02:01, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

India Education Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment supported by Wikipedia Ambassadors through the India Education Program.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 19:56, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Formal verification


text:
Talk:FK Željezničar Sarajevo

Improving the article
I would love to improve this article, but it would be a lot easier with a "to do" list so that this article improves it's quality to at least B-rated or even GA. So any recomendention what to do is welcome. AnelZukic (talk) 00:33, 14 September 2011 (UTC)
 * After having all recomendations found here: WikiProject Football/Clubs, you can allways focus on the best rated club articles existing on Wikipeida, which are the ones found on this list. I´ll post here if I remember on anything specific. Best regards, FkpCascais (talk) 01:06, 14 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you, will start as soon as I found enough references for all the informations. AnelZukic (talk) 23:21, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.source.ba/clanak/4050527241090/sport/%E2%80%9EZasluge-idu-Odi,-%C5%BDeljo-izgleda-bolje-nego-u-prethodnih-nekoliko-godina%E2%80%9C

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Requested move 24 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the pages to the proposed titles at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 23:46, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

FK Željezničar Sarajevo → FK Željezničar
 * FK Željezničar Sarajevo in European football → FK Željezničar in European football
 * List of FK Željezničar Sarajevo managers → List of FK Željezničar managers
 * List of FK Željezničar Sarajevo players → List of FK Željezničar players
 * Category:FK Željezničar Sarajevo → [[Category:FK Željezničar]]
 * Category:FK Željezničar Sarajevo managers → [[Category:FK Željezničar managers]]
 * Template:FK Željezničar Sarajevo → Template:FK Željezničar
 * Template:FK Željezničar Sarajevo seasons → Template:FK Željezničar seasons
 * Template:FK Željezničar Sarajevo squad → Template:FK Željezničar squad

— The club's official and most common name (see official website, Bosnian FA, UEFA, Fox Sports, etc.). In addition, it is the most notable club of such name (FK Željezničar already redirects to this page). Also, Željezničar Sarajevo may refer to derby game between Željezničar and Sarajevo. ..::11soccero11::.. (talk) 22:44, 24 December 2018 (UTC).
 * Oppose, as there are other Željezničars, one of them among the top clubs of Bosnian second tier. 31.15.225.128 (talk) 23:13, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:39, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Amar Osim 2019.jpg

title: Talk:FK Željezničar Sarajevo


text:
User talk:Ultimatum479

Speedy deletion of Template:User C and H addict
A tag has been placed on Template:User C and H addict requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude>).

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 22:29, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ultimatum479


text: User talk:81.154.135.107

title: User talk:81.154.135.107