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Historical kana orthography

The historical kana orthography (歴史的仮名遣い), or old orthography (旧仮名遣い), refers to the kana orthography (正仮名遣い) in general use until orthographic reforms after World War II; the current orthography was adopted by Cabinet order in 1946. By that point the historical orthography was no longer in accord with Japanese pronunciation. It differs from modern usage (Gendai kana-zukai) in the number of characters and the way those characters are used. There was considerable opposition to the official adoption of the current orthography, on the grounds that the historical orthography conveys meanings better, and some writers continued to use it for many years after.

The historical orthography is found in almost all Japanese dictionaries, such as Kōjien. In the current edition of the Kōjien, if the historical orthography is different from the modern spelling, the old spelling is printed in tiny katakana between the modern kana and kanji transcriptions of the word. Ellipses are used to save space when the historical and modern spellings are identical. Older editions of the Kōjien gave priority to the historical orthography.

The historical orthography should not be confused with hentaigana, alternate kana that were declared obsolete with the orthographic reforms of 1900.

General differences

 * This section uses Nihon-shiki romanization for づ, ず, ぢ, じ, ゐ, and ゑ.

In historical kana usage:
 * Two kana are used that are obsolete today: ゐ/ヰ wi and ゑ/ヱ we. These are today read as i and e. Words that formerly contained those characters are now written using い/イ i and え/エ e respectively.
 * Outside of its use as a particle, the を wo kana is used to represent the o sound in some, but not all, words.
 * Yōon sounds, such as しょう shō or きょう kyō, are not written with a small kana (ゃ, ゅ, ょ); depending on the word, they are written with either two or three full-sized kana. If written with two kana and the last one is や ya, ゆ yu, or よ yo, then it represents a short syllable of one mora, such as きよ kyo. If written with two or three kana and the last one is う u or ふ fu, then it represents a long syllable of two moras. The first kana is not always the same as one used in the modern spelling, as in 今日 kyō "today", written けふ kefu. If written with three kana, the middle one will always be や ya, ゆ yu, or よ yo, and the last kana will always be う u or ふ fu, as in 丁 chō, the counter for tools, guns, etc., written ちやう chiyau.
 * The series of kana ha hi fu he ho are used to represent, in some words, the sounds wa, i, u, e, o, respectively.
 * Precedence is given to grammar over pronunciation. For example, the verb warau (to laugh) is written わらふ warafu, and in accordance with Japanese grammar rules, waraō, the volitional form of warau, is written わらはう warahau.
 * The kana づ du and ぢ di, which are mostly only used in rendaku in modern kana usage, are more common. Modern kana usage replaces them with the identically-pronounced ず zu and じ ji in most cases. For example, ajisai (hortensia) is written あぢさゐ adisawi.

Most of the historical kana usage has been found to accurately represent certain aspects of the way words sounded during the Heian period. As the spoken language has continued to develop, some orthography looks odd to the modern eye. As these peculiarities follow fairly regular patterns, they are not difficult to learn. However, some of the historical kana usages are etymologically mistakes. For example,
 * 或いは aruiwa (or) might be found written incorrectly as 或ひは *aruhiwa or 或ゐは *aruwiwa
 * 用ゐる mochiwiru (use) might be found written incorrectly as 用ひる *mochihiru
 * つくえ tsukue (desk, table) might be found written incorrectly as: つくゑ *tsukuwe

Those familiar with Japanese writing may notice that most of the differences apply to words which are usually written in Kanji anyway, and so would require no changes to switch from one Kana system to another (unless furigana are employed). In particular, yōon sounds occur almost exclusively in the Chinese-derived readings that are usually only seen in Kanji compounds (although not entirely; 今日 kyō "today," written けふ kefu in the old system, is a native Japanese word), and therefore do not look any different (without furigana). The relative lack of difference in appearance in practice between the two systems was a major reason the spelling reform succeeded, and also why the three grammatical particles o, e, wa continue to be written as を wo, へ he, and は ha instead of お o, え e, and わ wa; many felt that changing these exceedingly common spellings would unnecessarily confuse readers. It is also for this reason that many character dictionaries continue to include the historical spellings, since they are relevant there.

Some forms of unusual kana usage are not, in fact, historical kana usage. For example, writing どじょう (泥鰌/鰌) dojō (loach, a sardine-like fish) in the form どぜう dozeu is not historical kana usage (which was どぢやう dodiyau), but a kind of slang writing originating in the Edo period.

Examples
Here are some representative examples showing the historical and modern spellings and the kanji representation.

The table at the bottom gives a more complete list of the changes in spelling patterns.

Current usage
Historical kana usage can be used to look up words in larger dictionaries and dictionaries specializing in old vocabulary, which are in print in Japan. Because of the great discrepancy between the pronunciation and spelling and the widespread adoption of modern kana usage, historical kana usage is almost never seen, except in a few special cases. Companies, shrines and people occasionally use historical kana conventions such as ゑびす (Ebisu), notably in Yebisu beer, which is written ヱビス webisu but pronounced ebisu. Also, some long-standing company names retain yōon in full-sized kana, like キヤノン (Canon) or stamp manufacturer シヤチハタ (Shachihata).

In addition, alternate kana letterforms, known as hentaigana (変体仮名), have nearly disappeared. A few uses remain, such as kisoba, often written using obsolete kana on the signs of soba shops.

The use of を wo, へ he, and は ha instead of お o, え e, and わ wa for the grammatical particles o, e, wa is a remnant of historical kana usage.

Table of differences

The following tables summarize every possible historical spelling for the syllables which were spelled differently under the historical system. When more than one historical spelling is given for a particular modern spelling, the various historical spellings were etymologically (and at one point phonetically) distinct and occurred in different words (i.e. in most cases, they are not merely different ways to spell the same word). The tables are sorted using the gojūon ordering system.

Note that the dakuten (voicing mark) was frequently omitted as well, as in the station sign at right.

Romanization
Readers of English occasionally encounter words romanized according to historical kana usage. Here are some examples, with modern romanizations in parentheses:
 * yen, the universally-used romaji spelling for en, the Japanese currency

 * Kwannon (Kannon): A Bodhisattva
 * Kwaidan (Kaidan), meaning ghost story, the title of a collection of Japanese ghost stories compiled by Lafcadio Hearn
 * Kwansei Gakuin University (Kansai): A university in Kobe and Nishinomiya
 * Iwo Jima (Iō-jima; now officially Iō-tō): An island known as the site of a battle during World War II

title: Historical kana orthography


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User:DrakeCaiman

I'm in to video games, programming, LEGO, anime and other cartoons, Macs, and other nerdy stuff.

Past Projects

 * Shock Troopers - forgot to login on the inital entry, but I did do it. A nice way to spend a Sunday...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:DrakeCaiman


text:
Succession to the British throne

Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, sex, legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover who are in "communion with the Church of England". Spouses of Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible.

King Charles III has been the sovereign since 2022, and his heir apparent is his elder son, William, Prince of Wales. William's three children are next, in order of birth: Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis. Fifth in line is Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, the younger son of the King; sixth is Harry's elder child, Prince Archie. Under the Perth Agreement, which came into effect in 2015, only the first six in line of succession require the sovereign's consent before they marry; without such consent, they and their children would be disqualified from succession.

The United Kingdom is one of the Commonwealth realms, which are sovereign states that share the same person as monarch and the same order of succession. In 2011, the prime ministers of the then-16 realms agreed unanimously to amend the rules of succession. Male-preference (cognatic) primogeniture was abandoned, meaning that males born after 28 October 2011 no longer precede females (elder sisters) in line, and the ban on marriages to Catholics was lifted. The monarch still needs to be in communion with the Church of England. After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm's constitution, the changes took effect on 26 March 2015.

Current line of succession
No official, complete version of the line of succession is maintained. The exact number, in more remote collateral lines, of the people who would be eligible is uncertain. In 2001, American genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of Electress Sophia of Hanover, in order of succession without omitting Roman Catholics. When updated in January 2011, the list included 5,753. The final person in both lists, number 4,973 and 5,753, was Karin Vogel (born 1973), a therapist from Rostock, Germany.

The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession, being limited to descendants of the sons of King George V, King Charles III's great-grandfather. The order of the first twenty-four numbered in the list, all descendants of Queen Elizabeth II, is given on the official website of the British monarchy; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations and footnotes below. People named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession.

 * Simple silver crown.svg King George V (1865–1936)
 * Simple silver crown.svg King Edward VIII (1894–1972)
 * Simple silver crown.svg King George VI (1895–1952)
 * Simple silver crown.svg Queen Elizabeth II (1926–2022)
 * Simple gold crown.svg King Charles III (b. 1948)
 * (1) William, Prince of Wales (b. 1982) $B D W$
 * (2) Prince George of Wales (b. 2013) $B D W$
 * (3) Princess Charlotte of Wales (b. 2015) $B D W$
 * (4) Prince Louis of Wales (b. 2018) $B D W$
 * (5) Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (b. 1984) $B D W$
 * (6) Prince Archie of Sussex (b. 2019) $B D W$
 * (7) Princess Lilibet of Sussex (b. 2021) $B D$
 * (8) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b. 1960) $B D W$
 * (9) Princess Beatrice (b. 1988) $B D W$
 * (10) Sienna Mapelli Mozzi (b. 2021) $B D$
 * (11) Princess Eugenie (b. 1990) $B D W$
 * (12) August Brooksbank (b. 2021) $B D$
 * (13) Ernest Brooksbank (b. 2023) $B D$
 * (14) Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (b. 1964) $B D W$
 * (15) James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex (b. 2007) $B D W$
 * (16) Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2003) $B D W$
 * (17) Anne, Princess Royal (b. 1950) $B D W$
 * (18) Peter Phillips (b. 1977) $B D W$
 * (19) Savannah Phillips (b. 2010) $B D W$
 * (20) Isla Phillips (b. 2012) $B D W$
 * (21) Zara Tindall (née Phillips; b. 1981) $B D W$
 * (22) Mia Tindall (b. 2014) $B D W$
 * (23) Lena Tindall (b. 2018) $B D W$
 * (24) Lucas Tindall (b. 2021) $B D$
 * Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (1930–2002)
 * (25) David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon (b. 1961) $D W$
 * (26) Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (b. 1999) $D W$
 * (27) Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones (b. 2002) $D W$
 * (28) Lady Sarah Chatto (née Armstrong-Jones; b. 1964) $D W$
 * (29) Samuel Chatto (b. 1996) $D W$
 * (30) Arthur Chatto (b. 1999) $D W$
 * Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974)
 * (31) Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1944) $D W$
 * (32) Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster (b. 1974) $D W$
 * (33) Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden (b. 2007) $D W$
 * (34) Lady Cosima Windsor (b. 2010) $D W$
 * (35) Lady Davina Windsor (b. 1977) $D W$
 * (36) Senna Lewis (b. 2010) $D W$
 * (37) Tane Lewis (b. 2012) $D W$
 * (38) Lady Rose Gilman (née Windsor; b. 1980) $D W$
 * (39) Lyla Gilman (b. 2010) $D W$
 * (40) Rufus Gilman (b. 2012) $D W$
 * Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902–1942)
 * (41) Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b. 1935) $D W$
 * (42) George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews (b. 1962) $M D W$
 * Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick (b. 1988) $X D W$
 * Lady Marina Windsor (b. 1992) $X D W$
 * (43) Lady Amelia Windsor (b. 1995) $D W$
 * Lord Nicholas Windsor (b. 1970) $X D W$
 * (44) Albert Windsor (b. 2007) $X? D W$
 * (45) Leopold Windsor (b. 2009) $X? D W$
 * (46) Louis Windsor (b. 2014) $X? D W$
 * (47) Lady Helen Taylor (née Windsor; b. 1964) $D W$
 * (48) Columbus Taylor (b. 1994) $D W$
 * (49) Cassius Taylor (b. 1996) $D W$
 * (50) Eloise Taylor (b. 2003) $D W$
 * (51) Estella Taylor (b. 2004) $D W$
 * (52) Prince Michael of Kent (b. 1942) $M D W$
 * (53) Lord Frederick Windsor (b. 1979) $D W$
 * (54) Maud Windsor (b. 2013) $D W$
 * (55) Isabella Windsor (b. 2016) $D W$
 * (56) Lady Gabriella Kingston (née Windsor; b. 1981) $D W$
 * (57) Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (b. 1936) $D W$
 * (58) James Ogilvy (b. 1964) $D W$
 * (59) Alexander Ogilvy (b. 1996) $D W$
 * (60) Flora Vesterberg (née Ogilvy; b. 1994) $D W$
 * (61) Marina Ogilvy (b. 1966) $D W$
 * (62) Christian Mowatt (b. 1993) $D W$
 * (63) Zenouska Mowatt (b. 1990) $D W$

England
The line of succession was governed by the common law rule of primogeniture until the fourteenth century, when Parliament first began to legislate on the subject. However, this was not invariably followed. The sons of William the Conqueror contested each other for the throne, and his granddaughter Matilda was passed over for his grandson King Stephen, even though Matilda's father had been king, and Stephen's claim was only that his mother had been William's daughter. After the death of Richard I in 1199, the throne should have gone to his nephew Arthur, the son of his next brother Geoffrey, but as Arthur was still only a child, Richard's youngest brother John was able to take the throne for himself, under the pretext that he was a closer relative to the late king than Arthur, who was one generation removed. John bolstered his claim to the throne by having his nephew secretly killed.

When Richard II was deposed in 1399 by Henry IV, Henry also usurped another relative with a better claim, Edmund, Earl of March. Richard and Henry were the grandsons of Edward III by, respectively, Edward's first and fourth sons; Edmund was descended from Edward's third son, and so was placed ahead of Henry in the line of succession. But as Edmund was only seven at the time, and Henry's position would not have been secure with any lesser title than king, Henry took the throne for himself, with the endorsement of Parliament. Decades later, the rival House of York, which was descended from Edmund's sister Anne de Mortimer, seized the throne from Henry's grandson during the Wars of the Roses.

In 1485, Henry Tudor, a female-line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster, the House of Beaufort, assumed the English crown as Henry VII, after defeating and killing Richard III in battle. Richard had been the last king of the House of York, and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field. Sir William Blackstone called Henry's hereditary claim "the most remote and unaccountable that was ever set up," and said that his subsequent marriage to Richard's sister Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV, was "his best title to the crown." Henry caused Richard's Titulus Regius (Parliament's recognition of his own claim) to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament. After Henry's coronation in London in October that year, his first parliament, summoned to meet at Westminster in November, enacted that "the inheritance of the crown should be, rest, remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord, King Henry VII, and the heirs of his body lawfully coming."

Henry VII was followed by his son, Henry VIII. Though his father descended from the Lancastrians, Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line, as his mother Elizabeth was the daughter of Edward IV. In 1542, Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland; this would pass down with the monarchs of England, and later Great Britain, until the separate crowns merged in 1800.

Henry VIII's multiple marriages led to several complications over succession. Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon, by whom he had a daughter named Mary. His second marriage, to Anne Boleyn, resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth. Henry VIII had a son, Edward, by his third wife, Jane Seymour. The Succession to the Crown Act 1533 declared Mary illegitimate; the Second Act in 1536, did the same for Elizabeth. The Third Act in 1543 did not legitimize the daughters, but did reinsert them into the line of succession after Edward, providing further "that the King should and might give, will, limit, assign, appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises … by letters patent or last will in writing." Mary and Elizabeth, under Henry VIII's will, were to be followed by the granddaughters of the King's deceased sister Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk. Still excluded were the duchess's still-living daughters, Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk and Eleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland). This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry's sister Margaret Tudor, who were the rulers of Scotland.

Edward VI succeeded Henry VIII in 1547. Edward VI attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half-sister, Mary, from inheriting the throne. He excluded both Mary and Elizabeth, settling on the Duchess of Suffolk's daughter, Lady Jane Grey. Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England. Nonetheless, the will, which originally referred to Jane's heirs-male, was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs-male. Upon Edward VI's death in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland. She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary. As Henry VIII's will had been approved by the Succession to the Crown Act 1543, Edward's contravening will was ignored as unlawful.

Mary was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth, who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors, and refused to name an heir. Whilst previous monarchs (including Henry VIII) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills, the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes, and made it treason to deny parliamentary authority. Wary of threats from other possible heirs, Parliament further passed the Safety of the Queen, etc. Act 1584, which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding (the act was repealed in 1863).

Scotland
The House of Stewart (later Stuart) had ruled in Scotland since 1371. It followed strict rules of primogeniture. In 1503 King James IV married Margaret Tudor, a daughter of England's Henry VII, which one hundred years later resulted in his great-grandson James VI inheriting the English Crown as well.

In 1543, Henry VIII had attempted to marry his son Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots, daughter of James IV, which would have drawn the kingdoms closer together. This marriage plan, outlined by the Treaty of Greenwich, was resisted by Scots who favoured the Auld Alliance with France. A nine year long war resulted, now known as the Rough Wooing. In July 1565, Mary, Queen of Scots, married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, a grandson of Margaret Tudor. Mary, Queen of Scots, was deposed in June 1567 and there was civil war in Scotland until May 1573. For the rest of the 16th century England's diplomatic relations with Scotland were characterised by a so-called "amity". Elizabeth I did not publicly name Mary's son James VI as her successor, but gave him an annual cash subsidy.

Stuarts
In 1603 Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland, her first cousin twice removed, even though his succession violated Henry VIII's will, under which Lady Anne Stanley, heiress of Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk, was supposed to succeed. James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision and, as King of Scotland, was powerful enough to deter any rival. He reigned as James I of England and Ireland, thus effecting the Union of the Crowns, although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707. His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament.

James's eldest surviving son and successor, Charles I, was overthrown and beheaded in 1649 and the monarchy was abolished. A few years later, it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, a de facto monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King. Cromwell had the right to name his successor, which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son, Richard Cromwell. Richard was ineffective and was quickly forced from office. Shortly afterwards, the monarchy was restored, with Charles I's son Charles II as King.

James II and VII, a Roman Catholic, followed his brother Charles II, despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles's illegitimate Protestant son, the Duke of Monmouth. James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688. Parliament then deemed that James had, by fleeing the realms, abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William, who as James's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him. The two became joint Sovereigns (a unique circumstance in British history) as William III of England and Ireland (and II of Scotland) and Mary II of England, Scotland and Ireland. William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James.

The English Bill of Rights and the Scottish Claim of Right Act, both passed in 1689, determined succession to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones. First in the line were the descendants of Mary II. Next came Mary's sister Princess Anne and her descendants. Finally, the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession. Only Protestants were allowed to succeed; those who married Roman Catholics were excluded.

After Mary II died in 1694, her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702. The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end; William and Mary had no children and Princess Anne's children had died. Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701. The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants, and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages. The Act declared that they would be followed by James I & VI's granddaughter Sophia, Electress Dowager of Hanover (the daughter of James's daughter Elizabeth Stuart), and her heirs. As under the Bill of Rights, non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded. Because Sophia was a foreign citizen, Parliament passed the Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 to make her and her descendants English and therefore eligible for the throne.

Upon William's death, Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne's heir-presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders, the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security. The Act provided that, upon the death of Anne, the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland, who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met. Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent, but was forced to grant it when the estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the queen's army. England's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705, which threatened to cripple Scotland's economy by cutting off trade with them. Thus, Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707; the crown of the new nation (along with the crown of Ireland) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement.

Hanoverians and Windsors

Anne was predeceased by Sophia, Electress Dowager of Hanover, and was therefore succeeded by the latter's son, who became George I in 1714.

Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne, supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession. The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed, and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules. In 1801, following the Acts of Union 1800, the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Between 1811 and 1820, when George III was deemed unfit to rule, the Prince of Wales (later George IV) acted as his regent. Some years later, the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death, but this event did not come about.

On the death of William IV in 1837, his 18-year-old niece Victoria succeeded to the throne. After a 63-year reign, often known as the Victorian era, she was succeeded in 1901 by her eldest son Edward VII. On his death in 1910, his second son acceded to the throne as George V (Edward's first son Prince Albert Victor died during an influenza pandemic in 1892).

Edward VIII became King on the death of his father, George V, in January 1936. Edward opened Parliament in November, but abdicated in December 1936, and was never crowned. Edward had desired to marry Wallis Simpson, a divorcee, but the Church of England, of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor, would not authorise the marriage of divorcees. Consequently, Parliament passed His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign "immediately upon" his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December. The Act provided that he and his descendants, if any, were not to have any "right, title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne". Edward died childless in 1972.

Edward's abdication was "a demise of the Crown" (in the words of the Act), and the Duke of York, his brother who was then next in the line, immediately succeeded to the throne and to its "rights, privileges, and dignities", taking the regnal name George VI. He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his elder daughter, Elizabeth II. By that time, the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland (which had become a republic in 1949), but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states (Commonwealth realms). She was then succeeded in 2022 by her eldest son, Charles III.

Commonwealth realms

By the terms of the Statute of Westminster 1931, each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and, to maintain that arrangement, they have agreed to continue the same line of succession; some realms do so through domestic succession laws, while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm. In February 1952, on her accession, Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms. In October 2011, the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth, Western Australia, to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture—wherein succession passes to an individual's children according to birth order, regardless of sex—instead of male-preference primogeniture. They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics. The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England. The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015, after legislation was made according to each realm's constitution.

Following the changes coming into effect, the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged, including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren, until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015. The first to be affected by the changes, on the day they came into effect on 26 March of that year, were the children of Lady Davina Windsor—her son Tane Mahuta Lewis (born 2012) and her daughter Senna Kowhai Lewis (born 2010)—who were reversed in the order of succession, becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively (now 36th and 35th ).

Current rules
The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement (restated by the Acts of Union) still govern succession to the throne. They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, which was passed mainly "to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender" and "to make provision about Royal Marriages" (according to its long title), thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that, by their laws, have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK. Other realms passed their own legislation.

Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were dead. That person's descendants are not also disqualified, unless they are personally ineligible.

Marriages
The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant "heirs of the body" (that is, legitimate descendants) of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, are eligible to succeed to the throne, unless otherwise disqualified. The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture (the "male-preference" criterion is no longer applicable, in respect of succession to the throne, to persons born after 28 October 2011), whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children, and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling. Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed. Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated, but remain ineligible to inherit.

The Royal Marriages Act 1772 (repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry. (The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families, as well as, from 1936, any descendants of Edward VIII, of whom there are none.) The Act provided, however, that if a dynast older than twenty-five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign, then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year, unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage. A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void, and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed, though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected. This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void, so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic. Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course. A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void "for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown" under the 2013 act.

The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne. The Act is no longer applicable, because Edward died in 1972 without issue.

Under the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign's approval before marrying. Marriage without the Sovereign's consent disqualifies the person and the person's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown, but the marriage is still legally valid.

Religion
Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement and the Acts of Union 1707. Under Article II of the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland (which was given legal force by the acts of the English and Scottish parliaments), the succession to the throne is limited to "the Heirs of [Electress Sophia's] body being Protestants." The Act of Settlement also states that "whosoever shall hereafter come to the Possession of this Crown shall join in Communion with the Church of England". The definition of being "in Communion with the Church of England" has been interpreted broadly; for instance, King George I was Lutheran.

The Bill of Rights specifically excludes Roman Catholics from being sovereign, to the extent that they "shall be excluded and be for ever uncapeable to inherit possesse or enjoy the Crowne", thus ignoring any potential conversion from Roman Catholicism to Protestantism. As such, a Roman Catholic is viewed as "naturally dead" for the purposes of succession. The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed. The Act did not require that the spouse be Anglican; it only barred those who married Roman Catholics. The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the ban on individuals who marry Roman Catholics, though not on Roman Catholics themselves, because the monarch is Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Treason
Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason (Ireland) Act 1703, it is treason to "endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm". Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment.

Accession

In the Commonwealth realms, upon the death of a sovereign, the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately, with no need for confirmation or further ceremony. Nevertheless, the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation, which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places, in London, York, Edinburgh and other cities. The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign's reign as Accession Day, including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom.

Formerly, a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession. But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England. James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland. This precedent has been followed since. Now, the Accession Council normally meets in St James's Palace. Proclamations since James I's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, the Privy Council, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and "other principal Gentlemen of quality", though there have been variations in some proclamations. The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth.

Upon his or her accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths. The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism. This declaration, known as the Accession Declaration, is required to be taken either at the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign (i.e. during the State Opening of Parliament) or at his or her coronation, whichever occurs first. The wording of the declaration was changed in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be overly anti-Catholic. Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism, the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will "uphold and maintain" the Protestant succession. In addition to the Accession Declaration, the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland. This oath is normally made at the sovereign's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession. According to the Regency Act 1937, should the sovereign be under the age of 18, such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon attainment of that age.

After a period of mourning, the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey. Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates, though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet during his short reign was the undoubted king.

Regency Act 1937
In the event that the sovereign is under 18, or is incapacitated, the first person in the line of succession who is over the age of 21 (or 18 in the case of the heir apparent) and is domiciled in the United Kingdom becomes regent, and exercises the powers of the sovereign.

The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 (or 18 in the case of the heir), and the sovereign's consort, may be appointed counsellors of state. Counsellors of state perform some of the sovereign's duties in the United Kingdom while the sovereign is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated.

Otherwise, individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles.

Princess Anne and Prince Edward were added as extra counsellors of state in 2022 by an act of Parliament, following the death of Elizabeth II.

title: Succession to the British throne


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Thom McKee

Thom McKee (born 1955) is a retired officer in the United States Navy and 1977 graduate from the United States Naval Academy. He is best known for being a contestant on the game show Tic Tac Dough, becoming the show's longest reigning champion and (at the time) the highest money winner in American game show history.

Performance on Tic Tac Dough
As a contestant on Tic Tac Dough, McKee won $312,700 (the equivalent of about $ in today's dollars) in cash and prizes over 46 days on the show. He played a total of 89 games, defeating 43 opponents (the remaining games other than his last being drawn), and answered 353 questions correctly. His total prizes included eight cars (as winners on Tic Tac Dough were awarded a new car every fifth win), three sailboats, 16 vacations (which he was unable to take), several other smaller prizes, and $200,000 in cash. Prior to McKee's record, the most ever won on a television game show was The Joker's Wild contestant Eileen Jason, who won $305,280 ($250,000 of which was won during the 1979 Tournament of Champions).

McKee was defeated on August 3, 1980 by Erik Kraepelien to end his winning streak. Three years after his original run on Tic Tac Dough, McKee made one more appearance on the show, this time to compete in a Tournament of Champions.

Records broken
The wins and consecutive days records were broken by 100% contestant Ian Lygo in 1998, while the winnings record was broken by Michael Shutterly during the original 15-night run of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire in 1999, where he won $500,000. McKee still holds the American record for most consecutive games played (100 games, 56 wins), due to the nature of Tic Tac Dough making ties possible (and frequent). However, Jeopardy! contestant Ken Jennings (who himself set a new cash winnings record), beat the wins record with 74, and most consecutive days with 75 in 2004–05.

Later life
In the 1990s, he became president of Hicks & Rotner Associates Inc. (now H&R Retail), a brokerage firm. He later moved to Maryland and became a realtor.

When Ken Jennings made news for his record-breaking run on Jeopardy! in 2004, McKee wrote to him to congratulate him. Jennings responded by telling McKee that he had been one of his inspirations as a trivia fan, having watched his original championship run as a child.

Other game show appearances
Shortly after his reign on Tic Tac Dough ended in 1980, McKee was invited to appear on To Tell the Truth as a subject. He fooled three of the four panelists, with Nipsey Russell being the only one who correctly identified him.

Later, in 2008, McKee was invited to participate in Grand Slam, an American super tournament featuring sixteen former game show contestants competing for a $100,000 cash prize. The contestants were seeded by their total winnings, with McKee drawing the #11 seed in the tournament. This matched him up with John Carpenter, who was the first contestant to win the top prize on the American version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 1998; McKee was defeated by Carpenter and did not advance in the tournament.

title: Thom McKee


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Category:Members of the Académie Française

The following are or were members of the Académie française.


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Landing helicopter dock

A landing helicopter dock (LHD) is a multipurpose amphibious assault ship that is capable of operating as a helicopter carrier and also has a well deck for supporting landing crafts. LHD vessels are built with a full flight deck similar in appearance to a light aircraft carrier to operate VTOL rotorcrafts such as utility and attack helicopters, and can also support tiltrotor aircraft (such as the MV-22 Osprey) and VSTOL fixed-wing aircraft (such as the AV-8 Harrier and the F-35B Lightning II). Some future designs might even support CATOBAR operations for light aircraft and UCAVs via aircraft catapults and arresting gears.

The United States Navy (USN) and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) use the term as a specific hull classification symbol. Examples of this kind of ship include the USN's Wasp-class amphibious assault ship, French Navy's Mistral-class amphibious assault ship and ships of the Spanish Navy's Juan Carlos I class including those designs based on the class, such as the RAN's Canberra-class landing helicopter dock. Other nations also use the designation for their vessels, such as the Republic of Korea Navy for its Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship. The Type 075 and Type 076 classes of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), though only regarded as amphibious assault ships in their native China, are considered LHDs in NATO reporting names.

The landing helicopter assault (LHA) is a similar USN hull classification with two classes that both precede and follow the ships classed LHD. Most LHAs also have well decks of a comparable size to LHDs, with the exception of the first two America-class amphibious assault ship ships (LHA-6 and LHA-7), which lack the well deck entirely to make room for larger hangars. However, LHA-8 will feature a well deck, returning the terms to their more interchangeable state.

title: Landing helicopter dock


text:
Category talk:Members of the Académie Française

To be added
(from List of members of the Académie française )
 * 1) Abel-François Villemain
 * 2) Abel Bonnard
 * 3) Abel Hermant
 * 4) Abel Servien
 * 5) Victor de Broglie
 * 6) Adolphe-Joseph Simonis Empis
 * 7) Adolphe Perraud
 * 8) Adolphe Thiers
 * 9) Aimar-Charles-Marie de Nicolaï
 * 10) Alain Decaux
 * 11) Alain Peyrefitte
 * 12) Alain Robbe-Grillet
 * 13) Albert Besnard
 * 14) Albert de Broglie
 * 15) Albert de Mun
 * 16) Albert Decourtray
 * 17) Albert Sorel
 * 18) Albert Vandal
 * 19) Alexandre-Vincent Pineux Duval
 * 20) Alexandre Dumas, fils
 * 21) Alexandre Guiraud
 * 22) Alexandre Ribot
 * 23) Alexandre Soumet
 * 24) Alexis de Guignard, Comte de Saint-Priest
 * 25) Alexis de Tocqueville
 * 26) Alfred-Auguste Cuvillier-Fleury
 * 27) Alfred Baudrillart
 * 28) Alfred Capus
 * 29) Alfred de Musset
 * 30) Alfred de Vigny
 * 31) Alfred Mézières
 * 32) Alphonse de Lamartine
 * 33) Alphonse Juin
 * 34) Amable de Bourzeys
 * 35) Anatole France
 * 36) André-Hercule de Fleury
 * 37) André Bellessort
 * 38) André Chamson
 * 39) André Chaumeix
 * 40) André Chevrillon
 * 41) André Dacier
 * 42) André Dupin
 * 43) André François-Poncet
 * 44) André Frossard
 * 45) André Maurois
 * 46) André Morellet
 * 47) André Roussin
 * 48) André Siegfried
 * 49) André Theuriet
 * 50) Ange-François Fariau
 * 51) Angelo Rinaldi
 * 52) Anne-Pierre de Montesquiou-Fézensac
 * 53) Antoine-François-Claude Ferrand
 * 54) Antoine-Léonard Thomas
 * 55) Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy
 * 56) Antoine-Louis Séguier
 * 57) Antoine-Marin Lemierre
 * 58) Antoine-René de Voyer d'Argenson de Paulmy
 * 59) Antoine-Vincent Arnault
 * 60) Antoine-Vincent Arnault
 * 61) Antoine Danchet
 * 62) Antoine de Lévis Mirepoix
 * 63) Antoine de Malvin de Montazet
 * 64) Antoine Furetière
 * 65) Antoine Gérard de Saint-Amant
 * 66) Antoine Godeau
 * 67) Antoine Houdar de La Motte
 * 68) Antoine Jay
 * 69) Antoine Portail
 * 70) Armand-Gaston-Maximilien de Rohan
 * 71) Armand-Jérôme Bignon
 * 72) Armand de Camboust, duc de Coislin
 * 73) Armand de Rohan-Soubise
 * 74) Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu
 * 75) Armand Prudhomme
 * 76) Auger de Moléon de Granier
 * 77) Auguste-Armand de la Force
 * 78) Auguste Barbier
 * 79) Auguste Jonnart
 * 80) Balthazar Baro
 * 81) Bernard-Joseph Saurin
 * 82) Bernard de La Monnoye
 * 83) Bernard le Bouyer de Fontenelle
 * 84) Bertrand Poirot-Delpech
 * 85) Bon-Joseph Dacier
 * 86) George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon
 * 87) Camille Doucet
 * 88) Camille Jullian
 * 89) Camille le Tellier de Louvois
 * 90) Camille Rousset
 * 91) Casimir Delavigne
 * 92) César d'Estrées
 * 93) Charles-Armand-René de la Trémoille
 * 94) Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve
 * 95) Charles-Claude Genest
 * 96) Charles-Guillaume Étienne
 * 97) Charles-Guillaume Étienne
 * 98) Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre
 * 99) Charles-Jean-Baptiste Fleureiau de Morville
 * 100) Charles-Jean-François Hénault
 * 101) Charles-Just de Beauvau
 * 102) Charles-Louis-Auguste Fouquet de Belle-Isle
 * 103) Charles-Marie-Dorimond de Féletz
 * 104) Charles-Marie de la Condamine
 * 105) Charles-Pierre Colardeau
 * 106) Charles Batteux
 * 107) Charles Blanc
 * 108) Charles Boileau
 * 109) Charles Brifaut
 * 110) Charles Costa de Beauregard
 * 111) Charles Cotin
 * 112) Charles d'Orléans de Rothelin
 * 113) Charles de Chambrun
 * 114) Charles de Freycinet
 * 115) Charles de Mazade
 * 116) Charles de Montalembert
 * 117) Charles de Rémusat
 * 118) Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu
 * 119) Charles de Viel-Castel
 * 120) Charles Lacretelle Jeune
 * 121) Charles le Goffic
 * 122) Charles Leconte de Lisle
 * 123) Charles Maurras
 * 124) Charles Nodier
 * 125) Charles Perrault
 * 126) Charles Pinot Duclos
 * 127) Claude-Carloman de Rulhière
 * 128) Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret
 * 129) Claude-François-Alexandre Houtteville
 * 130) Claude-François-Xavier Millot
 * 131) Claude-François Fraguier
 * 132) Claude-François Lysarde de Radonvilliers
 * 133) Claude-Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac
 * 134) Claude-Henri de Fusée de Voisenon
 * 135) Claude-Henri Watelet
 * 136) Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars
 * 137) Claude Bazin de Bezons
 * 138) Claude Bernard
 * 139) Claude Boyer
 * 140) Claude de L'Estoile
 * 141) Claude de Malleville
 * 142) Claude de Thiard de Bissy
 * 143) Claude Farrère
 * 144) Claude Favre de Vaugelas
 * 145) Claude Fleury
 * 146) Claude Gros de Boze
 * 147) Claude Lévi-Strauss
 * 148) Claude Sallier
 * 149) Constantin-François Chasseboeuf, Comte de Volney
 * 150) Daniel de Priézac
 * 151) Daniel Hay du Chastelet de Chambon
 * 152) Denis-Luc Frayssinous
 * 153) Denys Cochin
 * 154) Désiré Nisard
 * 155) Dominique-Joseph Garat
 * 156) Edgar Faure
 * 157) Edme-Armand-Gaston d'Audiffret-Pasquier
 * 158) Edme Mongin
 * 159) Edmond About
 * 160) Edmond Jaloux
 * 161) Edmond Jurien de la Gravière
 * 162) Edmond Rostand
 * 163) Edmond Rousse
 * 164) Édouard Estaunié
 * 165) Édouard Herriot
 * 166) Édouard Hervé
 * 167) Édouard le Roy
 * 168) Édouard Pailleron
 * 169) Elme-Marie Caro
 * 170) Émile Augier
 * 171) Émile Boutroux
 * 172) Émile Fauget
 * 173) Émile Gebhart
 * 174) Émile Henriot
 * 175) Émile Littré
 * 176) Émile Mâle
 * 177) Émile Ollivier
 * 178) Émile Picard
 * 179) Emmanuel-Félicité de Durfort de Duras
 * 180) Emmanuel-Joseph Siéyès
 * 181) Emmanuel Mercier Dupaty
 * 182) Érik Orsenna
 * 183) Ernest Lavisse
 * 184) Ernest Legouvé
 * 185) Ernest Renan
 * 186) Ernest Seillière
 * 187) Esprit Fléchier
 * 188) Étienne-Chrles de Loménie de Brienne
 * 189) Étienne-Denis Pasquier
 * 190) Étienne Aignan
 * 191) Étienne Bonnot de Condillac
 * 192) Étienne Gilson
 * 193) Étienne Lamy
 * 194) Étienne Lauréault de Foncemagne
 * 195) Étienne Pavillon
 * 196) Étienne Wolff
 * 197) Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé
 * 198) Eugène Brieux
 * 199) Eugène Guillaume
 * 200) Eugène Ionesco
 * 201) Eugène Labiche
 * 202) Eugène Scribe
 * 203) Eugène Tisserant
 * 204) Eusèbe Renaudot
 * 205) Évariste de Forges de Parny
 * 206) Fabio Brulart de Sillery
 * 207) Félicien Marceau
 * 208) Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu
 * 209) Félix Dupanloup
 * 210) Félix Vicq d'Azir
 * 211) Ferdinand Brunetière
 * 212) Ferdinand de Lesseps
 * 213) Ferdinand Foch
 * 214) Fernand Braudel
 * 215) Fernand Gregh
 * 216) Florence Delay
 * 217) Francis Charmes
 * 218) François-Auguste Mignet
 * 219) François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison
 * 220) François-Augustin Paradis de Moncrif
 * 221) François-Désiré Mathieu
 * 222) François-Eudes de Mézeray
 * 223) François-Henri d'Harcourt
 * 224) François-Henri Salomon de Virelade
 * 225) François-Honorat de Beauvilliers, duc de Saint-Aignan
 * 226) François-Jean de Chastellux
 * 227) François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis
 * 228) François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire
 * 229) François-Joseph de Champagny
 * 230) François-Juste-Marie Raynouard
 * 231) François-Nicolas-Vincent Campenon
 * 232) François-René de Châteaubriand
 * 233) François-Séraphin Régnier-Desmarais
 * 234) François-Timoléon de Choisy
 * 235) François-Urbain Domergue
 * 236) François-Xavier-Joseph Droz
 * 237) François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac
 * 238) François Albert-Buisson
 * 239) François Andrieux
 * 240) François Arnaud
 * 241) François Charpentier
 * 242) François Cheng
 * 243) François Coppée
 * 244) François de Callières
 * 245) François de Cauvigny de Colomby
 * 246) François de Clermont-Tonnerre
 * 247) François de Curel
 * 248) François de Harlay de Champvallon
 * 249) François de La Mothe-Le-Vayer
 * 250) François de Porchères d'Arbaud
 * 251) François de Salignac de La Mothe Fénelon
 * 252) François Furet
 * 253) François Guizot
 * 254) François Jacob
 * 255) François le Métel de Boisrobert
 * 256) François Mauriac
 * 257) François Maynard
 * 258) François Ponsard
 * 259) François Roger
 * 260) François Tallemant l'Aîné
 * 261) François Tristan l'Hermite
 * 262) Frédéric-Alfred de Falloux
 * 263) Frédéric Masson
 * 264) Frédéric Vitoux
 * 265) Gabriel-Henri Gaillard
 * 266) Gabriel-Marie Legouvé
 * 267) Gabriel de Broglie
 * 268) Gabriel Girard
 * 269) Gabriel Hanotaux
 * 270) Gabriel Villar
 * 271) Gaspard Abeille
 * 272) Gaston Boissier
 * 273) Gaston Paris
 * 274) Georges Clemenceau
 * 275) Georges Cuvier
 * 276) Georges de Porto-Riche
 * 277) Georges de Scudéry
 * 278) Georges Duby
 * 279) Georges Duhamel
 * 280) Georges Dumézil
 * 281) Georges Goyau
 * 282) Georges Grente
 * 283) Georges Izard
 * 284) Georges Lecomte
 * 285) Georges Vedel
 * 286) Géraud de Cordemoy
 * 287) Germain Habert de Cérizy
 * 288) Gilles Boileau
 * 289) Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
 * 290) Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes
 * 291) Guillaume Bautru
 * 292) Guillaume Colletet
 * 293) Guillaume Dubois
 * 294) Guillaume Massieu
 * 295) Hector Bianciotti
 * 296) Hélène Carrère d'Encausse
 * 297) Henri-Cardin-Jean-Baptiste d'Aguesseau
 * 298) Henri-Charles de Coislin
 * 299) Henri-Emmanuel de Roquette
 * 300) Henri-Jacques de la Force, Duc de la Force
 * 301) Henri-Louis Habert de Montmort
 * 302) Henri Barboux
 * 303) Henri Bergson
 * 304) Henri Bremond
 * 305) Henri d'Orléans, Duc d'Aumale
 * 306) Henri de Bornier
 * 307) Henri de Nesmond
 * 308) Henri de Régnier
 * 309) Henri Gouhier
 * 310) Henri Lacordaire
 * 311) Henri Lavedan
 * 312) Henri Martin
 * 313) Henri Massis
 * 314) Henri Meilhac
 * 315) Henri Mondor
 * 316) Henri Patin
 * 317) Henri Petiot (Daniel-Rops)
 * 318) Henri Poincaré
 * 319) Henri Robert
 * 320) Henri Troyat
 * 321) Henry Bordeaux
 * 322) Henry de Montherlant
 * 323) Henry Houssaye
 * 324) Henry Roujon
 * 325) Hippolyte-Jules Pilet de La Mesnardière
 * 326) Hippolyte Langlois
 * 327) Hippolyte Taine
 * 328) Honorat de Bueil, marquis de Racan
 * 329) Honorat de Porchères Laugier
 * 330) Honoré-Armand de Villars
 * 331) Hugues-Bernard Maret
 * 332) Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen
 * 333) Isaac de Benserade
 * 334) Jacqueline Worms de Romilly
 * 335) Jacques-André Naigeon
 * 336) Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert
 * 337) Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
 * 338) Jacques-François Ancelot
 * 339) Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
 * 340) Jacques-Louis de Valon, marquis de Mimeure
 * 341) Jacques-Nicolas Colbert
 * 342) Jacques-Yves Cousteau
 * 343) Jacques Adam
 * 344) Jacques Bainville
 * 345) Jacques Cassagne
 * 346) Jacques Chastenet
 * 347) Jacques de Bourbon Busset
 * 348) Jacques de Lacretelle
 * 349) Jacques de Serisay
 * 350) Jacques de Tourreil
 * 351) Jacques Delille
 * 352) Jacques Esprit
 * 353) Jacques Hardion
 * 354) Jacques Laurent
 * 355) Jacques Rueff
 * 356) Jacques Soustelle
 * 357) Jacques Testu de Belval
 * 358) Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet
 * 359) Jean-Antoine de Mesmes (premier président)
 * 360) Jean-Armand de Roquelaure
 * 361) Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Suard
 * 362) Jean-Baptiste-Henri de Valincour
 * 363) Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset
 * 364) Jean-Baptiste Biot
 * 365) Jean-Baptiste Colbert
 * 366) Jean-Baptiste de Lacurne de Sainte-Palaye
 * 367) Jean-Baptiste de Mirabaud
 * 368) Jean-Baptiste de Vivien de Châteaubraun
 * 369) Jean-Baptiste Dubos
 * 370) Jean-Baptiste Dumas
 * 371) Jean-Baptiste Dureau de la Malle
 * 372) Jean-Baptiste Massillon
 * 373) Jean-Baptiste Sanson de Pongerville
 * 374) Jean-Baptiste Surian
 * 375) Jean-Denis Bredin
 * 376) Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis
 * 377) Jean-François-Paul Lefèvre Caumartin
 * 378) Jean-François Boyer
 * 379) Jean-François Cailhava
 * 380) Jean-François Collin d'Harleville
 * 381) Jean-François de Chamillart
 * 382) Jean-François de la Harpe
 * 383) Jean-François de Saint-Lambert
 * 384) Jean-François Deniau
 * 385) Jean-François Du Bellay du Resnel
 * 386) Jean-François Ducis
 * 387) Jean-François Leriget de La Faye
 * 388) Jean-François Marmontel
 * 389) Jean-François Revel
 * 390) Jean-Gérard Lacuée de Cessac
 * 391) Jean-Gilles du Coëtlosquet
 * 392) Jean-Ignace de la Ville
 * 393) Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
 * 394) Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou
 * 395) Jean-Jacques Ampère
 * 396) Jean-Jacques Barthélemy
 * 397) Jean-Jacques de Mesmes
 * 398) Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan
 * 399) Jean-Jacques Gautier
 * 400) Jean-Jacques Lefranc, marquis de Pompignan
 * 401) Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer
 * 402) Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy
 * 403) Jean-Louis Bergeret
 * 404) Jean-Louis Curtis
 * 405) Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac
 * 406) Jean-Louis Laya
 * 407) Jean-Louis Vaudoyer
 * 408) Jean-Marie Lustiger
 * 409) Jean-Marie Rouart
 * 410) Jean-Paul Bignon
 * 411) Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian
 * 412) Jean-Pierre de Bougainville
 * 413) Jean-Pons-Guillaume Viennet
 * 414) Jean-Roland Mallet
 * 415) Jean-Sifrein Maury
 * 416) Jean-Sylvain Bailly
 * 417) Jean Aicard
 * 418) Jean Ballesdens
 * 419) Jean Barbier d'Aucour
 * 420) Jean Baudoin
 * 421) Jean Bernard
 * 422) Jean Boivin le Cadet
 * 423) Jean Bouhier
 * 424) Jean Chapelain
 * 425) Jean Cocteau
 * 426) Jean d'Estrées
 * 427) Jean d'Ormesson
 * 428) Jean Daniélou
 * 429) Jean de Dieu-Raymond Boisgelin de Cucé
 * 430) Jean de La Bruyère
 * 431) Jean de La Chapelle
 * 432) Jean de la Fontaine
 * 433) Jean de Montereul
 * 434) Jean de Montigny
 * 435) Jean Delay
 * 436) Jean Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin
 * 437) Jean Devaines
 * 438) Jean Doujat
 * 439) Jean Dutourd
 * 440) Jean Galbert de Campistron
 * 441) Jean Gallois
 * 442) Jean Guéhenno
 * 443) Jean Guitton
 * 444) Jean Hamburger
 * 445) Jean Le Rond, dit d'Alembert
 * 446) Jean Mistler
 * 447) Jean Ogier de Gombauld
 * 448) Jean Paulhan
 * 449) Jean Racine
 * 450) Jean Renaud de Segrais
 * 451) Jean Richepin
 * 452) Jean Rostand
 * 453) Jean Silhon
 * 454) Jean Sirmond
 * 455) Jean Terrasson
 * 456) Jean Testu de Mauroy
 * 457) Jean Tharaud
 * 458) Jean Vatout
 * 459) Jérôme Carcopino
 * 460) Jérôme Tharaud
 * 461) John Lemoinne
 * 462) José María de Heredia
 * 463) José Cabanis
 * 464) Joseph-Alphonse Esménard
 * 465) Joseph Autran
 * 466) Joseph Bédier
 * 467) Joseph Bertrand
 * 468) Joseph d'Haussonville
 * 469) Joseph de Pesquidoux
 * 470) Joseph Fourier
 * 471) Joseph Gratry
 * 472) Joseph Joffre
 * 473) Joseph Kessel
 * 474) Joseph Lainé
 * 475) Joseph Michaud
 * 476) Joseph Séguy
 * 477) Jules-Armand Dufaure
 * 478) Jules Cambon
 * 479) Jules Claretie
 * 480) Jules de Clérambault
 * 481) Jules Favre
 * 482) Jules Janin
 * 483) Jules Lemaître
 * 484) Jules Romains
 * 485) Jules Sandeau
 * 486) Jules Simon
 * 487) Julien Green
 * 488) Léon Bérard
 * 489) Léon Say
 * 490) Léopold Sédar Senghor
 * 491) Louis-Benoît Picard
 * 492) Louis-Élisabeth de La Vergne de Tressan
 * 493) Louis-François-Armand du Plessis de Richelieu
 * 494) Louis-François de Bausset
 * 495) Louis-Gabriel, vicomte de Bonald
 * 496) Louis-Georges de Bréquigny
 * 497) Louis-Gui de Guérapin de Vauréal
 * 498) Louis-Hubert Lyautey
 * 499) Louis-Jules Mancini-Mazarini, Duc de Nivernais
 * 500) Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes
 * 501) Louis-Pasteur Vallery-Radot
 * 502) Louis-Philippe de Ségur
 * 503) Louis-Pierre-Marie-François Baour-Lormian
 * 504) Louis-René-Édouard de Rohan-Guéménée
 * 505) Louis-Simon Auger
 * 506) Louis Armand
 * 507) Louis Barthou
 * 508) Louis Bertrand
 * 509) Louis Cousin
 * 510) Louis de Beaupoil, Comte de Sainte-Aulaire
 * 511) Louis de Boissy
 * 512) Louis de Bourbon Condé de Clermont
 * 513) Louis de Broglie
 * 514) Louis de Carné
 * 515) Louis de Courcillon de Dangeau
 * 516) Louis de Loménie
 * 517) Louis de Sacy
 * 518) Louis de Verjus, Comte de Crécy
 * 519) Louis Duchesne
 * 520) Louis Franchet d'Espèrey
 * 521) Louis Gillet
 * 522) Louis Giry
 * 523) Louis Irland de Lavau
 * 524) Louis Leprince-Ringuet
 * 525) Louis Madelin
 * 526) Louis Pasteur
 * 527) Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol
 * 528) Lucien Bonaparte
 * 529) Lucien Lacaze
 * 530) Ludovic Halévy
 * 531) Ludovic Vitet
 * 532) Marc-René d'Argenson
 * 533) Marc Boegner
 * 534) Marc Fumaroli
 * 535) Marc Girardin
 * 536) Marcel Achard
 * 537) Marcel Arland
 * 538) Marcel Brion
 * 539) Marcel Pagnol
 * 540) Marcel Prévost
 * 541) Marcellin Berthelot
 * 542) Marguerite Yourcenar
 * 543) Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier
 * 544) Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens
 * 545) Marie-Joseph Chénier
 * 546) Marin Cureau de La Chambre
 * 547) Marin le Roy de Gomberville
 * 548) Mathieu de Montmorency
 * 549) Mathieu Molé
 * 550) Maurice Barrès
 * 551) Maurice de Broglie
 * 552) Maurice Donnay
 * 553) Maurice Druon
 * 554) Maurice Garçon
 * 555) Maurice Genevoix
 * 556) Maurice Paléologue
 * 557) Maurice Rheims
 * 558) Maurice Schumann
 * 559) Maxime Du Camp
 * 560) Maxime Weygand
 * 561) Melchior de Polignac
 * 562) Melchoir de Vogüé
 * 563) Michel-Celse-Roger de Bussy-Rabutin
 * 564) Michel-Jean Sedaine
 * 565) Michel-Louis-Étienne Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
 * 566) Michel-Paul-Gui de Chabanon
 * 567) Michel Debré
 * 568) Michel Déon
 * 569) Michel Droit
 * 570) Michel Le Clerc
 * 571) Michel Mohrt
 * 572) Michel Poncet de La Rivière
 * 573) Michel Serres
 * 574) Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy
 * 575) Népomucène Lemercier
 * 576) Nicolas-Charles-Joseph Trublet
 * 577) Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur
 * 578) Nicolas-Hubert de Mongault
 * 579) Nicolas-Louis François de Neufchâteau
 * 580) Nicolas Beauzée
 * 581) Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
 * 582) Nicolas Bourbon
 * 583) Nicolas de Malézieu
 * 584) Nicolas Faret
 * 585) Nicolas Gédyon
 * 586) Nicolas Perrot d'Ablancourt
 * 587) Nicolas Potier de Novion
 * 588) Nicolas Thyrel de Boismont
 * 589) Octave Aubry
 * 590) Octave Feuillet
 * 591) Octave Gréard
 * 592) Odet-Joseph Giry
 * 593) Olivier Patru
 * 594) Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour
 * 595) Paul-Gabriel d'Haussonville
 * 596) Paul-Hippolyte de Beauvilliers, Duc de Saint-Aignan
 * 597) Paul-Philippe de Chaumont
 * 598) Paul-Philippe Hardouin de Péréfixe
 * 599) Paul Bourget
 * 600) Paul Claudel
 * 601) Paul d'Albert de Luynes
 * 602) Paul de Noailles
 * 603) Paul Deschanel
 * 604) Paul Hay du Chaastelet
 * 605) Paul Hazard
 * 606) Paul Hervieu
 * 607) Paul Morand
 * 608) Paul Pellisson
 * 609) Paul Tallement le Jeune
 * 610) Paul Thureau-Dangin
 * 611) Paul Valéry
 * 612) Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
 * 613) Philippe-Paul de Ségur
 * 614) Philippe de Dangeau
 * 615) Philippe Goibaud-Dubois
 * 616) Philippe Habert
 * 617) Philippe Néricault Destouches
 * 618) Philippe Pétain
 * 619) Philippe Quinault
 * 620) Pierre-Antoine Berryer
 * 621) Pierre-Antoine Lebrun
 * 622) Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée
 * 623) Pierre Daniel Huet
 * 624) Pierre-Édouard Lémontey
 * 625) Pierre-François Tissot
 * 626) Pierre-Henri Simon
 * 627) Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis
 * 628) Pierre-Jean Rémy
 * 629) Pierre-Joseph Alary
 * 630) Pierre-Joseph Thoulier d'Olivet
 * 631) Pierre-Laurent Buirette de Belloy
 * 632) Pierre-Louis Lacretelle l'Aîné
 * 633) Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
 * 634) Pierre-Louis Roederer
 * 635) Pierre-Marc-Gaston de Lévis
 * 636) Pierre-Paul Royer-Collard
 * 637) Pierre-Simon Ballanche
 * 638) Pierre-Simon Laplace
 * 639) Pierre Bardin
 * 640) Pierre Benoit
 * 641) Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux
 * 642) Pierre Corneille
 * 643) Pierre Cureau de La Chambre
 * 644) Pierre Daru
 * 645) Pierre de Boissat
 * 646) Pierre de Camboust, duc de Coislin
 * 647) Pierre de La Gorce
 * 648) Pierre de Nolhac
 * 649) Pierre de Pardaillan d'Antin
 * 650) Pierre de Ségur
 * 651) Pierre du Ryer
 * 652) Pierre Emmanuel
 * 653) Pierre Gaxotte
 * 654) Pierre Laujon
 * 655) Pierre Loti
 * 656) Pierre Messmer
 * 657) Pierre Moinot
 * 658) Pierre Nora
 * 659) Pierre Rosenberg
 * 660) Pierre Séguier
 * 661) Ponce-Denis Écouchard-Lebrun
 * 662) Prosper Brugière, baron de Barante
 * 663) Prosper Duvergier de Hauranne
 * 664) Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon
 * 665) Prosper Mérimée
 * 666) Raymond de Sèze
 * 667) Raymond Poincaré
 * 668) René Bazin
 * 669) René Boylesve
 * 670) René Clair
 * 671) René de Castries
 * 672) René de Obaldia
 * 673) René Doumic
 * 674) René Grousset
 * 675) René Huyghe
 * 676) René Rémond
 * 677) René Taillandier,
 * 678) Robert-Ambroise-Marie Carré
 * 679) Robert Aron
 * 680) Robert d'Harcourt
 * 681) Robert de Flers
 * 682) Robert Kemp
 * 683) Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard
 * 684) Roger Caillois
 * 685) Roger de Bussy-Rabutin
 * 686) Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas (Chamfort)
 * 687) Simon de la Loubère
 * 688) Stanislas de Boufflers
 * 689) Theirry Maulnier
 * 690) Théodore Gosselin
 * 691) Thomas Corneille
 * 692) Toussaint Rose
 * 693) Trophime-Gérard de Lally-Tollendal
 * 694) Ustazade Silvestre de Sacy
 * 695) Valentine Conrart
 * 696) Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
 * 697) Victor-Joseph-Ëtienne de Jouy
 * 698) Victor-Marie d'Estrées
 * 699) Victor Cherbuliez
 * 700) Victor Cousin
 * 701) Victor de Laprade
 * 702) Victor Duruy
 * 703) Victor Hugo
 * 704) Victorien Sardou
 * 705) Vincent Voiture
 * 706) François-Marie Arouet dit Voltaire
 * 707) Wladimir d'Ormesson
 * 708) Xavier Marmier
 * 709) Yves Pouliquen


text:
Pangkor Treaty of 1874

The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between Great Britain and the Sultan of Perak on 20 January 1874, on the Colonial Steamer Pluto, off the coast of Perak. The treaty is significant in the history of the Malay states as it legitimised British control of the Malay rulers and paved the way for British imperialism in Malaya. It was the result of a multi-day conference organised by Andrew Clarke, the Governor of the Straits Settlements, to solve two problems: the Larut War, and Sultanship in Perak.

Precedence

Perak was a major tin producer throughout the 19th century, leading Britain, which had already colonised Penang, Malacca and Singapore, to consider Perak of significant importance. However, local strife, collectively known as the Larut Wars (1861–1874), between the local Malay elites and frequent clashes between Chinese secret societies disrupted the supply of tin from the mines of Perak.

In 1871, Sultan Ali of Perak died. However, Raja Abdullah, the heir apparent, had not been present at his funeral. Raja Bendahara Sultan Ismail was proclaimed Sultan of Perak instead. At the same time, two Chinese secret societies, Ghee Hin (led by Chin Ah Yam) and Hai San (led by Chung Keng Quee), fought against each other over control of the tin mines.

Raja Muda Abdullah later appealed to the British regarding these two problems. He turned to Tan Kim Cheng, his friend in Singapore who was a well-known businessman. Tan, together with an English merchant in Singapore, drafted a letter to Governor Sir Andrew Clarke which Abdullah signed. The letter expressed Abdullah's desire to place Perak under British protection, and "to have a man of sufficient abilities to show (him) a good system of government." Chung Keng Quee had already presented a petition on 26 September 1872, signed by himself and 44 other Chinese leaders, seeking British interference following the attack of 12,000 men of Chung Shan by 2,000 men of Sen Ning. The British immediately saw this as an opportunity to expand its influence in Southeast Asia and to strengthen its monopoly on tin exports. As a result, the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was signed.

The Malay translation of the treaty was prepared by Frank Swettenham and Mohamed Said, the munshi for the Straits Settlements.

Summary of the conference
The Chinese chiefs arrived on 13 January, the Hai San group was accompanied by Swettenham, while the Ghee Hins group was escorted by Pickering. Mantri Ngah Ibrahim arrived the next day, escorted by his lawyer R. C. Woods and his security chief T. C. Speedy. Raja Muda Abdullah and the Malay chiefs arrived on 15 January. The afternoon session (circa 3:30 p.m.) on 16 January was a one-to-one meeting between Mantri Ngah Ibrahim and Clarke, in which Clarke highlighted to the Mantri that the problem in Larut was a direct consequence of his vacillating policy. The second day of the conference (17 January) was the meeting between Clarke and the Malay chiefs, whose opinions were individually considered before the candidate for the sultanship was decided. 18 January was a Saturday and no business was conducted. On 19 January the draft treaty was discussed with the Malay chiefs. The Treaty of Pangkor was officially sealed in the afternoon session of the concluding day (actually in the morning session of 20 January, another agreement between Clarke and the Chinese chiefs was signed, i.e. Bond of $50,000 to Keep the Peace).

Terms and conditions
The agreement dictated:

 * That the Raja Muda Abdullah be recognised as the Sultan of Perak.
 * That the Raja Bandahara Ismail, now acting sultan, be allowed to retain the title of Sultan Muda with a pension and a certain small territory assigned to him.
 * That all the other nominations of great Officers made at the time the Rajah Bandahara Ismail received the regalia be confirmed.
 * That the power given to the Orang Kayah Mantri over Larut by the late Sultan be confirmed.
 * That all revenues be collected and all appointments made in the name of the Sultan.
 * That the Sultan receive and provide a suitable residence for a British Officer to be called Resident, who shall be accredited to his Court, and whose advice must be asked and acted upon on all questions other than those touching Malay religion and custom.
 * That the Governor of Larut shall have attached to him as Assistant Resident, a British Officer acting under the Resident of Perak, with similar power and subordinate only to the said Resident.
 * That the cost of these Residents with their establishments be determined by the Government of the Straits Settlements and be a first charge on the Revenues of Perak.
 * That a Civil List regulating the income to be received by the Sultan, by the Bandahara, by the Mantri, and by the other Officers be the next charge on the said Revenue.
 * That the collection and control of all revenue and the general administration of the country be regulated under the advice of these Residents.
 * That the Treaty under which the Pulo Dinding and the islands of Pangkor were ceded to Great Britain having been misunderstood and it being desirable to readjust the same, so as to carry into effect the intention of the Framers thereof, it is hereby declared that the Boundaries of the said Territory so ceded shall be rectified as follows, that is to say: from Bukit Sigari, as laid down in the Chart Sheet No. 1 Straits of Malacca, a tracing of which is annexed, marked A, in a straight line to the sea, thence along the sea coast to the South, to Pulo Katta on the West, and from Pulo Katta a line running North East about five miles, and thence North to Bukit Sigari.
 * That the Southern watershed of the Krean River, that is to say, the portion of land draining into that river from the south be declared British Territory, as a rectification of the Southern Boundary of Province Wellesley. Such Boundary to be marked out by commissioners; one named by the Government of the Straits Settlements, and the other by the Sultan of Perak.
 * That on the cessation of the present disturbances in Perak and the re-establishment of peace and amity among the contending factions in that country, immediate measures under the control and supervision of one or more British Officers shall be taken for restoring as far as practicable the occupation of the mines, and the possession of machinery, &c., as held previous to the commencement of these disturbances, and for the payment of compensation for damages, the decision of such officers shall be final in such case.
 * The Mantri of Larut engages to acknowledge as a debt due by him to the Government of the Straits Settlements, the charges and expenses incurred by this investigation, as well as charges and expenses to which the Colony of the Straits Settlements and Great Britain have been put or may be put by their efforts to secure the tranquility of Perak and the safety of trade.

Result
Raja Ismail did not attend the meeting arranged between Sir Andrew Clarke and Raja Abdullah. He did not recognise the agreement but had no choice as he was faced with the alliance between Raja Abdullah and the British. As a result, Raja Abdullah was made sultan, and Sir James W. W. Birch was appointed as Perak's first British Resident after the treaty came into force.

Following this, the British actively became involved in three other Malay states: Negeri Sembilan, Selangor and Pahang. These states, along with Perak, were later reorganised into the Federated Malay States.

Clarke arrived in November 1873 and he put Perak, Selangor and Sungei Ujong under British protection within a year, and Pahang in 1888. In 1875, a British Resident was sent to Selangor. In 1874, a British Resident was sent to Sungei Ujong.

title: Pangkor Treaty of 1874


text:
Administrative divisions of Kalmykia

 * Cities and towns of republic significance
 * Elista (Элиста) (capital)
 * Districts:
 * Chernozemelsky (Черноземельский)
 * with 8 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Gorodovikovsky (Городовиковский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Gorodovikovsk (Городовиковск)
 * with 6 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Iki-Burulsky (Ики-Бурульский)
 * with 13 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Ketchenerovsky (Кетченеровский)
 * with 9 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Lagansky (Лаганский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Lagan (Лагань)
 * with 4 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Maloderbetovsky (Малодербетовский)
 * with 6 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Oktyabrsky (Октябрьский)
 * with 7 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Priyutnensky (Прию́тненский)
 * with 8 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Sarpinsky (Сарпинский)
 * with 9 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Tselinny (Целинный)
 * with 11 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Yashaltinsky (Яшалтинский)
 * with 11 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Yashkulsky (Яшкульский)
 * with 12 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Yustinsky (Юстинский)
 * with 7 rural administrations under the district's jurisdiction.

title: Administrative divisions of Kalmykia


text:
Smiley Versus Karla

Smiley Versus Karla (1982), by John le Carré, originally published as The Quest for Karla, is an omnibus edition of three novels concerning George Smiley's fight against Karla, his counterpart in Moscow Centre (the Soviet KGB). The "Karla Trilogy" includes:

 * Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy – (1974)
 * The Honourable Schoolboy – (1977)
 * Smiley's People – (1979)

title: Smiley Versus Karla


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Howard Computers

 * No potential to become encyclopedic, possibly an advert or other spam. Since when is Wikipedia in the business of advertising? Just a business with only 405 hits on google. Not worth an article.   — マイケル  ₪  18:47, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Not notable enough to become encyclopedic, and it's mostly an advert anyway. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 19:23, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with Mike. Quadell (talk) 20:22, Aug 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Advertising and link spam. Geogre 20:33, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, possibly spam. Andris 10:51, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not an advert, I added it.  I work for a company and we have howard computers.  I found that it was VFD, when I came to change it back to substub, as I added barely any info.  Apologies. (not logged in so not going to sign) p.s. you could have dns'd the ip to see where the post came from.
 * Actually, I did do a lookup on the ip and noticed it came from a college in the same area as the company. This doesn't nessesarily prove it's not an advert though since an employee of the company could have easyily used one of those computers to add the entry. In any case, this still doesn't warrent an article imho.   —  マイケル   ₪  16:05, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Category:Professional wrestling championships

In professional wrestling, a championship is a prop used by promotions elevate talent to higher levels within the promotion and/or to interest fans into focusing of certain storylines surrounding certain wrestlers.


text:
User talk:Gold Dragon

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

I liked your changes to Baptist -- looks very good to me! I may go over it later -- looks to me like in a few places you forgot to capitalize "Baptist". :-) Please keep contributing -- you do excellent work.  Leave me a note at User talk:Jwrosenzweig if you ever need my help or want a question answered.  Welcome to Wikipedia! Jwrosenzweig 18:52, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm all alone on the emerging church page and need your help (to walk me through in baby steps) on endnotes. Looking forward to hearing from your again.--Will3935 23:48, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

I understand being busy. Been there. You are still missed on the emerging church article. I do hope you noticed 1) My expression of gratitude for your concern and prayers for my health 2)My removal of the link to my article. Hope you get more free time soon.--Will3935 23:44, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Wanted you to know it wasn't me that added the link to my article. The guy who did runs theemerge.com (really).--Will3935 23:29, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Albigensian Crusade
I'm contacting you out of courtesy as you have contributed to the page and may wish to supply your own citations. If you feel this doesn't matter to you, please ignore it. This page was rated as a Good Article, but has been downgraded because nobody did the donkeywork of listing the attributions to the various statements provided, which is after all a fairly serious dereliction of duty in what's suppoed to be a historical record. Having discussed the withdrawal of GA with LuciferMorgan, I give notice that I am sitting down with the three classic original source texts (Puylaurens, Vaux-de-Cernay and de Tudèle - the last in the Livre de Poche edition as the Martin-Chabot is long out of print) to add the missing inline citations to this page. I do not intend at this point to make any textual alterations, but if comments are made which are NOT justified, be prepared to state your sources now. Jel 21:14, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Anonymity
I know you meant me no harm a while back when you mentioned that a particular article was written by Will3935. I sometimes discuss my articles with individuals on their talk pages, asking for their feedback or critiqes so I am not upset that you did this. Still, sometimes scary characters appear on Wikipedia. I encountered one about a year ago on a different article that I felt was threatening me with bodily harm. I am sure you will appreciate my concern to have some degree of anonymity. Thus, you would do me a real favor if you did not mention Will3935 as the author of a specific article on the discussion page (even though I may select some editors to tell that to on their talk pages). I suspect you would feel the same way as you once (a long time ago) told me about your concern to maintain anonymity. I hope all is well with you. I am still struggling with health problems but managing to get some things done nevertheless. I am sure medical school is going well for you. I would be interested to know sometime what specialty you are leaning toward.Will3935 (talk) 08:46, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Good GP's are very important. My wife was misdiagnosed by a GP and suffered needlessly for a couple of years before consulting a different physician. I have also found them to be vital as the first link in my healthcare. The one I have now works uncomfortably fast but he seems to be very sharp and is able to do his job very competently. I could elaborate but we are not supposed to use these pages for personal dialog. Competent GP's who really care are a valuable resource for the sick and suffering. I think that helping those of us with health problems is doing God's work.Will3935 (talk) 12:33, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gold Dragon


text:
User:Takaitra

I recently discovered Wikipedia and it's my new favorite source of information. I can't stand typos and bad grammar though so I fix them when I find them.

My Interests
Subject areas I feel I could participate in are tae kwon do, general aviation, Linux, Minnesota.

title: User:Takaitra


text:
Talk:Ladislaus V of Hungary

Untitled
Juro, how does Vence- equal Vladi-? I don't get it. --Shallot 18:56, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It does not. But he simply ASSUMED the Hungarian name László (Ladislaus). You can believe me - it is in any Czech (because he was a Czech), Slovak (because he was accepted basically only in Slovakia) and Hungarian (because it was the Hungarian throne) mini-encyclopedia. Juro 00:56, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Our article should say that, it doesn't make any mention of it. In our list of Hungarian rulers, he's not listed as a László either. --Shallot 12:31, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Done. Juro 20:18, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ladislaus V of Hungary


text:
Talk:Zübeyde Hanım

Copyright
But this is a newspaper article. How can there be a copyright violation from a summary taken from it?

I googled a couple random sentences and they were exact quotes from the article. It's fine to summarize, but do your best to put it in your own words. A good idea is to combine a few different sources. Trying rephrasing the info you already have, but mix in some other sources. (Note that I think it would be fine to leave the picture) - Mattingly23 20:27, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I have contacted the editor-in-chief of Turkish Daily News, Yusuf Kanlı (his contact info can be found at: http://www.turkishdailynews.com/UserCtr/contact/contact.htm ) and received permission to use this text. I can forward our communication if need be, but it is in Turkish. I explained him the terms of Wikipedia's license. The text from that article, if desired in its entirety, can be used by proper attribution. Probably mentioning the author (H. Ceyhun Alemdar), and a link to the URL in References is the best way to go. Could we please restore article and remove the copyvio notice? ato 08:07, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

That sounds good to me, I'm not sure who makes the final decision about things like this, but if you got his permission you can put the sotry back up. Like you said, make sure you note him as a reference and that you got permission. Mattingly23 12:20, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Whoa! He agreed to have his text used and "edited mercilessly"? Re-released under the GFDL, which allows anyone to redistribute and otherwise re-use it, even for commercial purposes? I'd really like to see an English statement of him confirming this! (Quite obviously he can communicate in English — his text at is in English, too.) Lupo 10:49, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * You are welcome to write to him in English, I have written the URL for his contact info above. I have written to him in Turkish because it is the mother tongue of both of us and looking sincere works better than looking formal in Turkish culture. I told him that if we use this, other people will "freely" change and redistribute it. I didn't use mercilessly or even for commercial purposes, but in Turkish language there is no ambiguity for "freely", it basically means "without limitation". BTW, I am not sure calling this his text is fair, he is the editor, not the author, but he certainly knows English. ato 16:19, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well then, if he is aware that the text may be changed and redistributed, all is ok. Thanks for the reply, ato. Lupo 18:16, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * ATO, good job! ---Eestevez 15:42, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Dates
She was born in 1857, and was widowed when Mustafa Kemal, who was born in 1881, was six. Thus her husband must have died in 1887, which would make her 30 at the time. The article states that she was 27. The discrepancy is probably due to inaccurate conversion of the dates from the Arabic to western calendar.

Must be improved
I don't support the tag. The article doesn't need to be rewritten. But it must certainly be improved. I saw the following:
 * 1) Mustafa Kemal's reaction to her second marriage is not clear. In one sentence we read that he is distanced and  in the second sentence we read that Mustafa Kemal did not speak to her until her marriage ( the word over missing ?)
 * 2) There is also a problem of timeline. Turkish war of independence is given before Balkan wars. (War of independence 1919-1922 and Balkan wars 1912-13)
 * 3) Her disapproval of Mustafa Kemal's marriage certinly needs citation. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 13:47, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

Hanım
I wonder why this article is named Zübeyde Hanım. Her name is simply Zübeyde. 'Hanım' is in fact a Turkish term of address for a woman (like 'Lady' or 'Madam') and not part of her name. Turks in those days did not possess surnames or family names in the commonly understood sense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alpertan (talk • contribs) 12:51, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zübeyde Hanım