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Ceiling

A ceiling is an overhead interior roof that covers the upper limits of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the roof structure or the floor of a story above. Ceilings can be decorated to taste, and there are many examples of frescoes and artwork on ceilings, especially within religious buildings. A ceiling can also be the upper limit of a tunnel.

The most common type of ceiling is the dropped ceiling, which is suspended from structural elements above. Panels of drywall are fastened either directly to the ceiling joists or to a few layers of moisture-proof plywood which are then attached to the joists. Pipework or ducts can be run in the gap above the ceiling, and insulation and fireproofing material can be placed here. Alternatively, ceilings may be spray painted instead, leaving the pipework and ducts exposed but painted, and using spray foam.

A subset of the dropped ceiling is the suspended ceiling, wherein a network of aluminum struts, as opposed to drywall, are attached to the joists, forming a series of rectangular spaces. Individual pieces of cardboard are then placed inside the bottom of those spaces so that the outer side of the cardboard, interspersed with aluminum rails, is seen as the ceiling from below. This makes it relatively easy to repair the pipes and insulation behind the ceiling, since all that is necessary is to lift off the cardboard, rather than digging through the drywall and then replacing it.

Other types of ceiling include the cathedral ceiling, the concave or barrel-shaped ceiling, the stretched ceiling and the coffered ceiling. Coving often links the ceiling to the surrounding walls. Ceilings can play a part in reducing fire hazard, and a system is available for rating the fire resistance of dropped ceilings.

Types
Ceilings are classified according to their appearance or construction. A cathedral ceiling is any tall ceiling area similar to those in a church. A dropped ceiling is one in which the finished surface is constructed anywhere from a few inches or centimeters to several feet or a few meters below the structure above it. This may be done for aesthetic purposes, such as achieving a desirable ceiling height; or practical purposes such as acoustic damping or providing a space for HVAC or piping. An inverse of this would be a raised floor. A concave or barrel-shaped ceiling is curved or rounded upward, usually for visual or acoustical value, while a coffered ceiling is divided into a grid of recessed square or octagonal panels, also called a "lacunar ceiling". A cove ceiling uses a curved plaster transition between wall and ceiling; it is named for cove molding, a molding with a concave curve. A stretched ceiling (or stretch ceiling) uses a number of individual panels using material such as PVC fixed to a perimeter rail.

Elements
Ceilings have frequently been decorated with fresco painting, mosaic tiles and other surface treatments. While hard to execute (at least in place) a decorated ceiling has the advantage that it is largely protected from damage by fingers and dust. In the past, however, this was more than compensated for by the damage from smoke from candles or a fireplace. Many historic buildings have celebrated ceilings. Perhaps the most famous is the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo.

Ceiling height may have psychological impacts particularly low ceilings.

Fire-resistance rated ceilings
The most common ceiling that contributes to fire-resistance ratings in commercial and residential construction is the dropped ceiling. In the case of a dropped ceiling, the rating is achieved by the entire system, which is both the structure above, from which the ceilings is suspended, which could be a concrete floor or a timber floor, as well as the suspension mechanism and, finally the lowest membrane or dropped ceiling. Between the structure that the dropped ceiling is suspended from and the dropped membrane, such as a T-bar ceiling or a layer of drywall, there is often some room for mechanical and electrical piping, wiring and ducting to run.

An independent ceiling, however, can be constructed such that it has a stand-alone fire-resistance rating. Such systems must be tested without the benefit of being suspended from a slab above in order to prove that the resulting system is capable of holding itself up. This type of ceiling would be installed to protect items above from fire.

title: Ceiling


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McCormick

McCormick may refer to:

Business

 * McCormick & Company, an American food company specializing in spices and flavorings
 * McCormick & Schmick's, an American restaurant chain specializing in seafood
 * McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, a manufacturer of the first mechanical reaper
 * McCormick Distilling Company, an American distillery
 * McCormick Tractors, a manufacturer of tractors, headquartered in Fabbrico, Italy

Education

 * McCormick Observatory, at the University of Virginia
 * McCormick Theological Seminary, a Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, Illinois
 * Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois

Places in the United States

 * McCormick, Illinois
 * McCormick, South Carolina
 * McCormick, Washington
 * McCormick Gap, a windgap in Virginia

People

 * McCormick (surname)

Sports

 * McCormick Place, an exposition complex in Chicago, Illinois
 * McCormick Field, a Minor League Baseball park in Asheville, North Carolina

Other uses

 * McCormick Dam, a hydroelectric generating station in Baie-Comeau, Quebec
 * McCormick Ranch, a planned community in Arizona
 * USS McCormick (DD-223), a Clemson-class destroyer in the US Navy during World War II
 * USS Lynde McCormick (DDG-8), a Charles F. Adams class guided missile destroyer launched in 1959
 * Hardcastle and McCormick, a 1980s television series

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: McCormick


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M-14 (Michigan highway)

M-14 is an east–west state trunkline highway in the southeastern portion of the US state of Michigan. Entirely freeway, it runs for 22.250 mi to connect Ann Arbor with Detroit by way of a connection with Interstate 96 (I-96). The western terminus is at a partial interchange with I-94 west of Ann Arbor. From there, the freeway curves around the north side of Ann Arbor and runs concurrently with US Highway 23 (US 23). East of that section, M-14 passes through woodlands and fields in Washtenaw County. In Wayne County, the freeway returns to a suburban area of mixed residential neighborhoods and light industrial areas. It crosses two different rivers and a pair of rail lines as it approaches Detroit's inner suburbs, where it terminates at an interchange between I-96 and I-275.

When the state's highway system was first signed in 1919, there was a different M-14 that ran the length of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. This was later replaced by a pair of different US Highways in the 1920s and 1930s. Another M-14 was designated that lasted until the 1940s. The current highway dates back to 1956 when it was designated along a series of roads that previously carried US 12. During the 1960s and 1970s, M-14 was moved to the freeway alignment it currently uses; sections of the former route are still maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) as unsigned highways.

Route description
The western terminus of M-14 is west of Ann Arbor, at exit 171 on I-94. This is a partial interchange; only traffic from eastbound I-94 can access eastbound M-14, and traffic from westbound M-14 must follow westbound I-94. From this junction, M-14 runs northeasterly through suburban Scio Township. The freeway is bordered by residential subdivisions to the southeast and woodlands to the northwest. M-14 curves around to the east through an interchange that has ramps that connect Miller and Maple roads; the ramps connect to Maple Road through a pair of roundabouts. As it approaches the Huron River, the freeway has an interchange with Business US 23 (Bus. US 23); the two highways merge and run concurrently to the north over the river. Bus. US 23/M-14 then has an unusual right-in/right-out interchange that uses short connector roads to provide access to Barton Drive on the north side of the river. The freeway then continues north to an interchange with US 23. The business loop ends there, and M-14 turns eastward to follow the US 23 freeway around the north side of Ann Arbor.

The US 23/M-14 freeway runs for about 1 mi before US 23 turns southward to run between Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti while M-14 continues east through Ann Arbor Township past Domino's Farms, the office complex for Domino's Pizza that was to be the home to Tom Monaghan's Leaning Tower of Pizza. East of that complex, M-14 runs through woodlands and fields north of the community of Dixboro. The freeway turns northeasterly after the interchange with M-153. At the Napier Road underpass, M-14 crosses into Wayne County.

Once across the county line, the M-14 freeway runs through residential subdivisions from the western Detroit suburbs. There is an interchange for Beck Road and M-14 expands to six lanes, turning back to the east. The freeway crosses a rail line operated by CSX Transportation, and passes the Ford Motor Company's Sheldon Road Plant near the Sheldon Road interchange. There is a crossing for another CSX rail line near the bridges over the River Rouge by the St. Johns Golf Course. The freeway through this area curves around a bit north of its previous course. As M-14 nears the Livonia city line, it meets an interchange with I-96 and I-275 that marks the eastern terminus of M-14 in Plymouth Township.

M-14 is maintained by MDOT like other state highways in Michigan. As a part of these maintenance responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction. These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic, which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. MDOT's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M-14 were the 86,500 vehicles daily east of the Sheldon Road interchange in Plymouth Township; the lowest counts were the 26,641 vehicles per day west of the Miller Road interchange. All of M-14 has been listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.

Previous designations
In July 1919, M-14 was signed on a north–south route that ran most of the length of the Lower Peninsula, beginning at the Ohio state line south of Hudson to end 3 mi south of downtown Cheboygan. It mostly followed the path of present-day US 127, I-75 and M-27. This edition of M-14 was truncated in November 1926 when the US Highway System was formed. From the Jackson area north to Lansing, it was US 127; from Lansing to Cheboygan, it was US 27. In 1930, US 127 was rerouted to replace the remainder of M-14 when US 223 was created. Right afterwards, M-14 was designated from Battle Creek to Edmore. This designation of M-14 was eliminated when M-66 was rerouted to replace it in the mid-1940s.

Current designation
In 1956, the portion of US 12 from the west side of Ann Arbor into Detroit was rerouted from surface streets to new stretches of freeways running south of Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti. The former route of US 12, much of which was known as Plymouth Road, was retained as a trunkline and redesignated M-14. In 1964, a northern bypass connecting US 23 with M-153 was completed, and M-14 was rerouted onto the new freeway; the highway still ran through Ann Arbor along routes now designated Bus. US 23 and Business Loop I-94. The following year, the freeway was extended to its present western terminus at I-94, and M-14 is removed from the business routes and transferred to the expressway.

In 1977, when the Jeffries Freeway (I-96) was completed, M-14 was shortened to have its eastern terminus at I-275 exit 28 in Plymouth Township, and the portion of Plymouth Road within the city of Detroit was returned to local control. The portion of Plymouth Road–Ann Arbor Road between I-275 and the city boundary with Redford Township was retained as an unsigned trunkline, maintained by the state to this day. In 1979, the final segment of the M-14 freeway, between M-153 and I-275 was completed. The former route of M-14 in Washtenaw County along Plymouth–Ann Arbor Road was returned to local control. The portion of Ann Arbor Road from the Wayne County line east to I-275 also became an unsigned state trunkline, also still maintained by MDOT.

title: M-14 (Michigan highway)


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McCormack

McCormack is a family name (surname) that originated in Ireland Milltown Galway Spelling variations: Cormack, MacCormack, MacCormac, McCormac, Cormac, Cormach.

Architecture

 * Sir Richard MacCormac, (1938–2014), British architect, the founder of MJP Architects

Business

 * Arthur John McCormack (1865–1936), English businessman associated with Wolseley Motors
 * Derek McCormack (academic), New Zealand professor and administrator of the Auckland University of Technology
 * Emmet J. McCormack (1880–1965), US director and treasurer, One of the founders of Moore-McCormack
 * Gavan McCormack, Australian historian and orientalist, Visiting Professor of Social Science at the International Christian University in Tokyo

Entertainment

 * Adetokumboh McCormack (born 1982), Sierra Leone-born US film and television actor
 * Ange McCormack (born 1996 or 1997), Australian journalist and radio presenter
 * Catherine McCormack (born 1972), English film actress
 * Danielle McCormack (born 1983), English television actress
 * Daryl McCormack (born 1992/1993), Irish actor
 * David McCormack (born 1968), Australian singer and songwriter
 * Eric McCormack (born 1963), Canadian-born US television, Broadway and film actor
 * Franklyn MacCormack (1906–1971), US radio personality
 * Geoffrey MacCormack known as Warren Peace, English vocalist
 * John McCormack (1884–1945), Irish tenor singer
 * Kevin McCormack (born 1970), Irish dancer, one of the first dancers selected for Riverdance
 * Mary McCormack (born 1969), US television, Broadway and film actress
 * Niamh McCormack (born 2001), Irish actress
 * Patty McCormack (born 1945), US film, Broadway and television actress
 * Sean McCormack, Academy award nominated sound editor
 * Shane McCormack (singer), an Irish contestant in series 7 of The Voice UK (2018)
 * Will McCormack (born 1974), American actor and younger brother of Mary McCormack

Fictional characters

 * Cliff McCormack, fictional character on The CW television series Veronica Mars
 * Clive McCormack, fictional character in the video game The Getaway
 * Ren McCormack, fictional character in the film Footloose

Law

 * Bridget Mary McCormack (born 1966), Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (January 1, 2013 – Present)
 * Michael McCormack (born 1939), US state judge (Nebraska)
 * Mike McCormack, Toronto Police officer and Toronto Police Association president
 * William J. McCormack (1933–2016), Mauritius-born Canadian Chief of Police

Literature

 * Derek McCormack (born 1969), Canadian writer
 * Mike McCormack (born 1965), Irish writer
 * Una McCormack (born 1972), British-Irish novelist

Medicine

 * Henry MacCormac, Irish dermatologist and physician who served as a lieutenant-colonel in Royal Army Medical Corps during the First World War
 * Henry MacCormac, (1800–1886), Irish physician who advocated open-air theory
 * William MacCormac, (1836–1901), British surgeon who served as the President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Military

 * James McCormack (1910–1975), United States Army officer who served in World War II, and was later the first Director of Military Applications of the United States Atomic Energy Commission

Politics

 * Billy McCormack (1928–2012), director and vice president of the Christian Coalition of America and pastor of University Worship Center in Shreveport, Louisiana
 * Edward J. McCormack, Jr. (1923–1997), Massachusetts Attorney General, nephew of John William McCormack
 * Ellen McCormack (1926–2011), US third-party candidate for US president in 1980
 * John McCormac, US politician (Democratic Party)
 * John William McCormack (1891–1980), US Representative from Massachusetts and Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
 * Michael McCormack (born 1964), Australian Member of Parliament
 * Mike McCormack (1921–2020), US Representative from Washington
 * Pádraic McCormack (born 1942), Irish delegate to Teachta Dála
 * Richard T. McCormack (born 1941), United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States and United States Under Secretary of State for Economic and Agricultural Affairs
 * Sean McCormack (born 1964), US Assistant Secretary of State
 * William McCormack (1879–1947), Australian politician, Premier of Queensland

Sports

 * Alan McCormack (born 1984), Irish footballer
 * Charlie McCormack (1895–1975), Scottish footballer
 * Chris McCormack (triathlete) (born 1973), Australian triathlete
 * Damien McCormack (born 1987), Australian rules footballer
 * David McCormack (basketball) (born 1999), American basketball player
 * Don McCormack (born 1955), American baseball player
 * Fergal McCormack (born 1974), Irish hurler and Gaelic footballer
 * Frank MacCormack (born 1954), baseball pitcher for Detroit Tigers, Seattle Mariners
 * Jack McCormack (Australian rules footballer) (1904–1966), Australian rules footballer
 * Jack McCormack (rugby league) (1904–1996), Australian rugby league footballer
 * John McCormack, several sportspeople
 * Mark McCormack (1930–2003), American lawyer, sports agent and writer, founder and chairman of IMG
 * Mike McCormack (American football) (1930–2013), American football player (Cleveland Browns) and coach
 * Ross McCormack (born 1986), Scottish footballer
 * Steve McCormack (born c.1973), Scottish rugby league coach
 * Tom McCormack (Erin's Own hurler) (1888–1959), Irish hurler for Kilkenny and Erin's Own

Other genre

 * Billy McCormack (1928–2012), American clergyman
 * Bruce L. McCormack (born 1952), professor of theology at Princeton Theological Seminary
 * Franklyn MacCormack (1906–1971), US radio personality in Chicago
 * Sir William MacCormac, 1st Baronet (1836–1901), British surgeon

Other

 * MacCormack method, a discretization scheme for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. It is introduced by Robert W. MacCormack in 1969.
 * McCormack Motorsports, former Indy Racing League team owned by Dennis McCormack that operated from 1996 to 2001.
 * McCormack, Minnesota, an unorganized territory in St. Louis County, Minnesota

title: McCormack


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Inside

Inside was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Dictionary definition. Outside is almost identical. Thue | talk 14:00, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Speedy-deleted at 17:16, 20 Jul 2004 by Infrogmation. I do not believe this was a speedy candidate. Rossami 22:18, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Inside


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Jharkhand Disom Party

Jharkhand Disom Party was a political party in India. The party was founded 2002 by Bharatiya Janata Party Member of Parliament Salkhan Murmu. The party works for the rights of the Adivasi peoples. For example, the party works for more quotas and reservations for Adivasis.

In 2003, JDP launched the Jharkhand Front together with four other parties, namely Jharkhand People's Party, Jharkhand Party (Naren), Jharkhand Party (Horo) and Jharkhand Vikas Dal.

In the Lok Sabha elections in 2004, the JDP launched four candidates from West Bengal, two from Bihar and one from Jharkhand.

Jharkhand Disom Party supports Raj Thackeray's Maharashtra Navnirman Sena's agitations against North Indians in Maharashtra.

In August 2014, Salkhan Murmu merged his Jharkhand Disom Party into the BJP in presence of former Jharkhand Chief Minister Arjun Munda.

title: Jharkhand Disom Party


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User:Kjfasimpaur

=Current and Planned Projects=

I began by slowly chipping away at a series of updates to the Robert Sheckley entry here in the Wikipedia, but I haven't progressed too far on that lately. I do intend to return to add some items to the bibliography there, however. Other edits and additions will unfold as I randomly encounter gaps where my interests might be of use....

=Requisite Biographical Information=

Ken Fasimpaur is an IT professional, web designer, technical writer, occasional essayist and author of other unclassifiable text-based shards. He lives in the American Midwest with his wife, daughter and two cats of varying sizes and temperaments. Unlike one of the cats, Ken welcomes feedback and can be reached at owner (at) KenFasimpaur (dot) com. Additional material and links to other publications can be found on his website at www.KenFasimpaur.com.

title: User:Kjfasimpaur


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Interstate 190

Interstate 190 may refer to the following Interstate Highways in the United States related to Interstate 90:
 * Interstate 190 (Illinois), a spur into Chicago's O'Hare International Airport
 * Interstate 190 (Massachusetts), a spur from Worcester to Leominster
 * Interstate 190 (New York), a spur into Buffalo and Niagara Falls
 * Interstate 190 (South Dakota), a spur into downtown Rapid City

title: Interstate 190


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Sparkenhoe

Sparkenhoe was a hundred of Leicestershire, England in the south-west of the county, covering Market Bosworth and Hinckley, broadly corresponding to the modern districts of Blaby and Hinckley and Bosworth. The meeting place of the Sparkenhoe Hundred was probably at Shericles Farm near Desford (SK467026), which derives from scirac meaning "the hundred oak". Sparkenhoe hundred was not recorded in the Domesday Book as a wapentake, being formed in 1346 from part of Guthlaxton and Goscote.

title: Sparkenhoe


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Counts and dukes of Guise

Count of Guise and Duke of Guise were titles in the French nobility.

Originally a seigneurie, in 1417 Guise was erected into a county for René, a younger son of Louis II of Anjou.

While disputed by the House of Luxembourg (1425–1444), the county was ultimately retained by the House of Anjou and its descendants, passing in 1520 to the cadet branch of the ducal House of Lorraine that became known as the House of Guise, headed by Claude of Lorraine. In 1528, the county was elevated to a dukedom and peerage of France for him. The Dukes of Guise and their sons played a prominent role in the French Wars of Religion, during which they were the leaders of the ultra-Catholic faction.

This dukedom became extinct in 1688, and the lands attached to it passed to the Princess Palatine Anne, a great-granddaughter of Charles of Lorraine-Guise, Duke of Mayenne – although she was not the heiress in strict primogeniture, that being the Duke of Mantua. The dukedom was recreated for Anne and her husband, Henri Jules de Bourbon, Prince of Condé in 1704.

On the extinction of the Bourbon-Condé family in 1830, the Guise dukedom was inherited by the House of Orléans, descendants of Anne's granddaughter Louise Henriette de Bourbon, Duchess of Orleans. Louis Philippe of Orléans having become King of the French in 1830, henceforth the title Duke of Guise was used as a courtesy title for members of this family after it was deposed and went into exile in 1848, firstly for three sons of Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale, and then for Prince Jean, son of Robert d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres. In 1926, Jean, Duke of Guise became the Orléanist claimant to the throne of France as "Jean III".

House of Anjou

 * René I of Naples (René) (1417–1425)

House of Luxembourg

The House of Luxembourg had disputed the countship of Guise, and with the approval of John, Duke of Bedford, English Regent of France, seized the county in 1425.

 * John, Count of Ligny (John I) (1425–1441)
 * Louis de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol (Louis I) (1441–1444)

House of Anjou

The marriage of Charles of Le Maine, younger brother of René, to Isabelle of Luxembourg, sister of Louis, allowed him to peacefully recover Guise.

 * Charles of Le Maine (Charles I) (1444–1472)
 * Charles IV, Duke of Anjou (Charles II) (1472–1481)

House of Armagnac – House of Rohan

Charles IV left his lands to the Crown, but Guise was granted to his nephew Louis in 1491.

 * Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours (Louis II) (1491–1503)
 * Marguerite d'Armagnac, duchesse de Nemours (Marguerite) (d. 1503)
 * held by her husband Pierre de Rohan-Gié (Peter) (1503–1504)
 * Charlotte d'Armagnac, duchesse de Nemours (Charlotte) (d. 1504)
 * held by her husband Charles de Rohan-Gié (Charles III) (1504–1520)

House of Lorraine

In 1520, the Parlement of Paris awarded the countship of Guise to Claude of Lorraine, second son of René II of Lorraine (the grandson of René I of Naples) and heir to his French possessions. The countship was elevated to a dukedom in 1528.

 * Claude de Lorraine (Claude) (1520–1528)

House of Guise

Marie did not marry and had no descendants. She willed Guise to a relative, Charles François de Stainville on 8 January 1688. This was undone by the Parlement of Paris at the request of other claimants to the estate, among whom was the wife of France's premier prince du sang Anne Henriette of Bavaria, Princess of Condé, a great-granddaughter of Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne through her mother. In this way the lands of the House of Guise—and later the ducal title—came to the House of Bourbon-Condé.
 * Claude, Duke of Guise (1496–1550; s.1528) (Claude) (Father of Mary of Guise mother of Mary, Queen of Scots)
 * Francis (1519–1563; s. 1550), son of the above;
 * Henry I (1550–1588; s. 1563), son of the above;
 * Charles (1571–1640; s. 1588), son of the above;
 * Henry II (1614–1664; s. 1640), son of the above;
 * Louis Joseph (1650–1671; s. 1664), nephew of the above;
 * Francis Joseph (1670–1675 s. 1671), son of the above;
 * Marie (1615–1688; s.1675), sister of Henry II.

House of Bourbon-Condé

 * Anne Henriette of Bavaria (1648–1723), 3rd cousin of Louis Joseph;
 * Henry III (1643–1709), husband of the above;
 * Louis II (Louis II) (1668–1710), son of the above;
 * Louis III Henry (1692–1740), son of the above;
 * Louis IV Joseph (1736–1818), son of the above;
 * Louis V Henry (1756–1830), son of the above.

Afterwards, the title was extinguished and no longer bestowed. It returned to the royal domain. Louis Henri though left his estate to his godson, Henri d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale. He was bestowed with the personal title of Duke of Guise by Louis-Philippe, King of the French, his grandfather, in 1847.

House of Bourbon-Orléans
From here on the title became a courtesy title used by the House of Orléans.

 * Henri d'Orléans (1847–1847) son of Henri d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale
 * François Paul d'Orléans (1852–1852) brother of Henri
 * François Louis d'Orléans (1854–1872) brother of Henri and François Paul
 * Jean d'Orléans (1874–1940) grandson of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans

title: Counts and dukes of Guise


text:
Guthlaxton

Guthlaxton is an ancient hundred of Leicestershire. Its jurisdiction was in the south of the county, and covered Lutterworth and Wigston Magna. At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, it was one of Leicestershire's four wapentakes, and covered a much larger area, including Market Bosworth and Hinckley, which would later be made part of the Sparkenhoe hundred.

The original meeting place of the hundred was at the Guthlaxton stone. The Sparkenhoe hundred was split from Guthlaxton in 1346.

Guthlaxton College in Wigston Magna was named after the hundred. The school was renamed Wigston College in 2015.

In the late 19th century the administrative aspects of most hundreds were given to other specialized governmental divisions.

title: Guthlaxton


text:
Adobe Range

The Adobe Range is a minor mountain range of Nevada. Located northwest and north of Elko, Nevada, it runs generally north-south for about 80 mi, and has an area of about 314 sqmi. Its highest point is an unnamed summit of 8134 ft and the named peaks include Sherman Peak (7522 ft), Twin Peaks (East and West, 7475 ft and 7472 ft respectively) and The Buttes (6674 ft).

The vegetation of the range is primarily sagebrush steppe. Various intermittent creeks feed the Humboldt River, which borders the range to the south and east.

Ownership is split roughly equally between private ownership and the Bureau of Land Management. Suburbs of Elko back up to the southern part of the Adobes, where the ski area Elko Snobowl is located. Several coal mines are to be found in the northern part of the range.

The Adobe Range is a newly developed climbing area, with routes on conglomerate rock ranging from YDS 5.6 to 5.10.

title: Adobe Range


text:
Intermediate-density lipoprotein

Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) belong to the lipoprotein particle family and are formed from the degradation of very low-density lipoproteins as well as high-density lipoproteins. IDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. Each native IDL particle consists of protein that encircles various lipids, enabling, as a water-soluble particle, these lipids to travel in the aqueous blood environment as part of the fat transport system within the body. Their size is, in general, 25 to 35 nm in diameter, and they contain primarily a range of triglycerides and cholesterol esters. They are cleared from the plasma into the liver by receptor-mediated endocytosis, or further degraded by hepatic lipase to form LDL particles.

Although one might intuitively assume that "intermediate-density" refers to a density between that of high-density and low-density lipoproteins, it in fact refers to a density between that of low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins. In general, IDL, somewhat similar to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), transports a variety of triglyceride fats and cholesterol and, like LDL, can also promote the growth of atheroma.

VLDL is a large, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secreted by the liver that transports triglyceride to adipose tissue and muscle. The triglycerides in VLDL are removed in capillaries by the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, and the VLDL returns to the circulation as a smaller particle with a new name, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). The IDL particles have lost most of their triglyceride, but they retain cholesteryl esters. Some of the IDL particles are rapidly taken up by the liver; others remain in circulation, where they undergo further triglyceride hydrolysis by hepatic lipase and are converted to LDL. A distinguishing feature of the IDL particle is their content of multiple copies of the receptor ligand ApoE in addition to a single copy of ApoB-100. The multiple copies of ApoE allow IDL to bind to the LDL receptor with a very high affinity. When IDL is converted to LDL, the ApoE leaves the particle and only the ApoB-100 remains. Thereafter, the affinity for the LDL receptor is much reduced.

title: Intermediate-density lipoprotein


text:
Thunder on the Left

Thunder on the Left is a novel by Christopher Morley, originally published in 1925. In it, Morley looks at maturity, individual growth, and human nature. It was adapted as a play by Jean Ferguson Black in 1934.

Movie rights in perpetuity were sold to Picture Entertainment International, Lee Caplin, for $52,000 in the 1990s.

Editions

 * Garden City, New York : Doubleday, Page & Company, 1925 LCCN 25027460
 * Garden City, New York : Doubleday, Page & Company, 1926
 * Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1936 LCCN 36009351
 * New York, Philosophical Library [1959] LCCN 59016366
 * Los Angeles, CA : Sun & Moon Press, 1995 LCCN 94048249 ; ISBN 1-55713-190-2
 * Poughkeepsie, NY : Vivisphere, 2000 LCCN 00101946 ; ISBN 1-892323-88-5

title: Thunder on the Left


text:
User:Gdr/Test

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title: User:Gdr/Test


text:
Gartree Hundred

Gartree was a hundred of Leicestershire.

It was in the south-east of the county, roughly corresponding to today's Harborough district. The town of Market Harborough was its largest settlement. It gives its name to HMP Gartree, and also to the Gartree electoral division of Leicestershire.

The original meeting place of the hundred, which was used for local administration, justice and taxation, was the Gartree Bush, or Gartree (possibly from the Scandinavian word geir or spear), lying north east of Kibworth and south west of Gaulby on the Roman Via Devana, now known as the Gartree Road. This was the open-air meeting place from the tenth century to the eighteenth century where jurors, drawn from the local villages, handed out justice and administered taxes each month. It may have been the site of a prehistoric burial mound, and the site of a previous Anglo Saxon moot place. In 1750, this was moved to the Bull's Head at Tur Langton.

title: Gartree Hundred


text:
Goscote Wapentake

Goscote was a wapentake in the county of Leicestershire, England; consisting of the north and north-west of the county. It was recorded in the Domesday Book, but as the wapentakes evolved to form hundreds, was split into East Goscote Hundred and West Goscote Hundred in 1346.

title: Goscote Wapentake


text:
User:Akula4211

Akula = shark in Russian, 42 = answer to life, the universe, and everything, 11 = random number

title: User:Akula4211


text:
Interstate 290

Interstate 290 may refer to the following Interstate Highways in the United States:
 * Interstate 290 (Illinois), a highway from Chicago, Illinois, to Rolling Meadows, Illinois
 * Interstate 290 (Massachusetts), a highway in Massachusetts that connects Auburn to Marlborough via Worcester
 * Interstate 290 (New York), a bypass route connecting Interstate 90 to Interstate 190 in Buffalo, New York
 * Interstate 290, a cancelled freeway in Cleveland, Ohio, part of which was built anyway as Interstate 490 (Ohio)

title: Interstate 290


text:
West Goscote

West Goscote was a hundred of Leicestershire, that arose from the division of the ancient Goscote hundred into two. It covers the north west of the county, an area broadly corresponding to the western part of Charnwood district along with North West Leicestershire.

The hundred's main town was Loughborough. Other settlements include Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Coalville and Overseal (now in Derbyshire).

The hundred was created by the subdivision of the Goscote hundred in 1346.

title: West Goscote


text:
Manado

Manado is the capital city of the Indonesian province of North Sulawesi. It is the second largest city in Sulawesi after Makassar, with the 2020 census giving a population of 451,916, and the official estimates for mid 2023 showing 458,582 inhabitants (229,982 males and 228,600 females), distributed over a land area of 157.26 km2. The Manado metropolitan area had a population of 1,377,815 as of mid 2023. The city is situated on the Bay of Manado, and is surrounded by a mountainous area.

Manado is among Indonesia's top-five tourism priorities and Bunaken National Park is one of the city's most famous tourist attractions. Tunan Waterfall in Talawaan village and Mount Tumpa are some of the many attractions for visitors who like to take Manado city tour especially to natural places. The city is served by Sam Ratulangi International Airport, which connects Manado with various domestic destinations, as well as international destinations in East Asia and Southeast Asia. The city is also known for its Christian-majority population, and holds the country's biggest Christmas celebration annually. It is also recognised as one of the most tolerant and peaceful cities in Indonesia.

Etymology
The name Manado is derived from the Sangir language word manaro, meaning 'on the far coast' or 'in the distance', and originally referred to the further of two islands which can be seen from the mainland. When the settlement on this island was relocated to the mainland, the name Manado was brought with it, after which the island itself became referred to as Manado Tua (Old Manado). The name for Manado in the Sangir language is Manaro, while in Gorontalo is Moladu.

History
The first mention of Manado comes from a world map by French cartographer Nicolas Desliens, which shows the island of Manarow (today's Manado Tua). Before Europeans arrived in North Sulawesi, the area was under the rule of the Sultan of Ternate, who exacted tribute and introduced Islam to its inhabitants. The Portuguese made the Sultan their vassal, ruling over the Minahasa people, and establishing a factory in Wenang.

Meanwhile, the Spanish had already set themselves up in the Philippines and Minahasa was used to plant coffee because of its rich soil. Manado was further developed by Spain as a centre of commerce for the Chinese traders who traded the coffee in China. With the help of native allies, the Spanish took over the Portuguese fortress in Amurang in the 1550s, and Spanish settlers also established a fort at Manado, so that eventually, Spain controlled all of the Minahasa. It was in Manado where one of the first Indo-Eurasian (Mestizo) communities in the archipelago developed during the 16th century. The first King of Manado (1630) named Muntu Untu was in fact the son of a Spanish Mestizo.

Spain renounced its possessions in Minahasa by means of a treaty with the Portuguese in return for a payment of 350,000 ducats. Minahasan natives made an alliance treaty with the Dutch, and expelled the last of the Portuguese from Manado a few years later.

The Dutch East India Company or Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (VOC) built a fortress in Manado named Fort Amsterdam in 1658. As with regions in eastern Indonesia, Manado has undergone Christianisation by Dutch missionaries, including Riedel and John Gottlieb Schwarz. The Dutch missionaries built the first Christian church in Manado called Oude Kerk (Old church), which still stands, and is now called Gereja Sentrum. HMS Dover captured Manado in June 1810. The Javanese prince Diponegoro was exiled to Manado by the Dutch government in 1830 for leading a war of rebellion against the Dutch. In 1859, the English biologist Alfred Wallace visited Manado and praised the town for its beauty.

In 1919, the Apostolic Prefecture of Celebes was established in the city. In 1961, it was promoted to the Diocese of Manado.

The Japanese captured Manado in the Battle of Manado in January 1942. The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during World War II.

In 1958, the headquarters of the rebel movement Permesta was moved to Manado. When Permesta confronted the central government with demands for political, economic and regional reform, Jakarta responded by bombing the city in February 1958, and then invading in June 1958.

In 1962, the People's Representative Council declared Manado as the official capital city of North Sulawesi Province.

Geography
Manado has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification, as there is no real dry season. The wettest month is January, with an average rainfall of 465 mm, while the driest is September with an average rainfall of 121 mm. The abundance of rain seems to be influenced by the monsoon. As its location is near the equator, the temperature seems constant throughout the year. The hottest month is August with an average temperature of 26.6 C, while the coolest months are January and February with an average temperature of 25.4 C. Winter (Dec-Feb) can be considered wetter, rainier and cooler than summer (Jun-Aug). Unlike other cities in Indonesia, the temperature seems to be cooler.

Administrative districts
The city is divided into eleven districts (kecamatan), including the new districts of Bunaken Kepulauan (Bunaken Islands) and Paal Dua established in 2012. These are all tabulated below with their areas and populations at the 2010 census and 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022. The table also includes the location of the district administrative centres, the number of urban villages (all rated as kelurahan) in each district, and its post codes.

Notes: (a) the 2010 population of Paal Dua District is included in the figure for Tikala District, from which it was cut out in 2013. (b) including the small offshore islands of Pulau Bunaken, Pulau Siladen, and Pulau Manado Tua. (c) the 2010 population of Bunaken Kepulauan District is included in the figure for Bunaken District, from which it was cut out in 2013.

The boundaries of Manado city are as follows:
 * East = Minahasa Regency
 * North = North Minahasa Regency
 * South = Minahasa Regency
 * West = Celebes Sea

Ethnicity and languages

Currently, the majority of Manado city residents are from the Minahasa ethnic group. The indigenous people of Manado are from the Tombulu people. The Tombulu language is considered one of the Minahasa languages and is spoken widely in several urban villages within Manado, for example: Wenang (Wenang / Mahawenang - kolintang), Tumumpa (down), Mahakeret (yelling), Tikala Ares (Walak Ares Tombulu, where the word 'ares' means punishable), Ranotana (ground water), Winangun (built), Wawonasa (wawoinasa - sharpened above), Pinaesaan (unity place), Pakowa (Tree of Treasure), Teling (fur / bamboo to make equipment), Titiwungen (excavated), Tuminting (from the word Ting-Ting: a bell, the inserted syllable -um- changing the noun to a verb, so Tuminting: ringing bell), Pondol (Edge), Wanea (from the word Wanua: meaning the country), etc. While the Malalayang area has residents mainly from the Bantik people, other indigenous groups in Manado today are from the Sangir, Gorontalo, Mongondow, Babontehu, Talaud, Tionudese, Siau, and Borgo peoples. There are also Arabian peranakan communities, mainly in the Kampung Arab area which is near Pasar '45 and has become a destination for religious tourism. Other ethnicities represented include Javanese, Chinese, Batak, Makassar, and Moluccans. A small Jewish community also exists.

Manado Malay is the main language spoken in Manado. It is a Malay-based creole. Some of the loan words in the Minahasan vernacular are derived from Dutch, Portuguese, and other foreign languages. There are many words in Manado Malay comes from foreign language.

Religion
Protestant Christianity is the major religion in Manado, constituting around 63 per cent of all residents, Islam comes second forming about 31 per cent, Catholicism comes in third forming around 5 per cent, and the rest follow Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism, each coming in at less than 1 per cent each, according to the 2020 national census. In addition, about 20 Indonesian Jews live in Manado. The people of Manado identify as tolerant, harmonious, open and dynamic. Therefore, the city of Manado has a relatively conducive social environment, and is known as one of the safest cities in Indonesia. When Indonesia was vulnerable to political upheaval around 1999, and there were riots in other Indonesian cities, Manado was little affected. This is shown through the slogan of the people of Manado: Torang samua basudara, which means We are all family. And also through the words of Dr. Sam Ratulangi: "Sitou, Timou, Tumou, Tou", which roughly translates to 'Man lives to educate others'.

Transportation

Sam Ratulangi International Airport of Manado is one of the main ports of entry to Indonesia. In 2005, more than 15,000 international passengers entered Indonesia via Manada airport, connected with other cities like Jakarta, Surabaya and Makassar etc.

Other public transportation in Manado are:
 * 1) Local minibuses known as "Mikrolet"
 * 2) Perum DAMRI buses serving airport to Manado
 * 3) Other buses serving Manado to other cities in North Sulawesi as well as other cities in the island of Sulawesi

Manado–Bitung Toll Road connects the city with Bitung. Terminal Malalayang, or Malalayang Bus Terminal serves as the main gateway for long-distance buses in Manado.

Main sights
Manado is home to some of the biggest and most influential churches in the province, with many of them located along the iconic Sam Ratulangi Street.

Tourism

 * Ban Hin Kiong Temple is the oldest temple in the city of Manado, which was established in 1819. It is also a popular tourism spot in the city, especially during the Chinese New Year celebration.
 * Citraland, a wealthy suburb of Manado, is home to Asia's second tallest and the world's fourth tallest statue of Christ (Christ Blessing Statue), and perhaps the world's first statue in the flying posture.
 * Manado Boulevard Carnaval (MBC) is a fashion carnival annually every 16 July, aligned with Manado City Birthday.
 * Other places of interest include nearby Lake Tondano, Lake Linow, Lokon Volcano, Klabat Volcano and Mahawu Volcano, Bukit Kasih (hill of love), and Watu Pinabetengan.
 * Scuba diving and snorkelling are practised in the nearby Bunaken National Park, including the island of Bunaken.
 * Several shopping malls in the city are: Manado Town Square, Star Square, and Grand Kawanua City

Cuisine
Food typical of Manado include tinutuan, a porridge consisting of various kinds of vegetables. In addition to tinutuan, there is cakalang fufu, a smoked skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), roa fish (exocoetidae or torani) Parexocoetus brachypterus, kawok which is based on the meat of the forest rodent white rat Maxomys hellwandii; paniki, bat meat-based dishes; such as (Pteropus pumilus) and rinte wuuk (abbreviated to RW) which is a local name of dog meat, pork (a pig is cooked rotating over embers, usually served at parties), and babi putar (made from pork mixed with Manado spices, rolled and burned in bamboo).

There is also a typical drink from the area of Manado and its surroundings are saguer which is a kind of wine or palm wine derived from enau / aren tree (Arenga pinnata), which is then fermented. Saguer is a cap tikus (spirits with an average of 40% alcohol content). The exact amount of alcohol depends on the technique of distillation, which varies among different Minahasa villages).

Woku is a type of bumbu (spice mixture) found in Manado cuisine of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. It has rich aroma and spicy taste. Woku consist of ground spices paste; red ginger, turmeric, candlenut, and red chili pepper, mixed with chopped shallot, scallion, tomato, lemon or citrus leaf, and turmeric leaf, lemon basil leaf, and bruised lemongrass. Rub main ingredients (chicken or fish) with salt and lime juices, and marinate for 30 minutes. All spices are cooked in coconut oil until the aroma came up and mixed together with the main ingredients, water, and a pinch of salt, well until all cooked well.

Other typical food of Manado city which is also quite famous is nasi kuning which taste and looks different from yellow rice in other area because it is spiked with abon of cakalang rica fish and presented in a parcel using sugar palm leaves. There is also grilled fish roasted head. Dabu-dabu is a very popular typical Manado sauce, made from a mixture of red chilies, cayenne pepper, sliced red onion, and freshly diced tomatoes, and finally given a mixture of soy sauce.

Sister cities

 * Bristol, United Kingdom
 * 🇵🇭 Cebu, Philippines
 * 🇵🇭 Davao, Philippines
 * 🇳🇱 Eindhoven, Netherlands
 * 🇵🇼 Koror, Palau
 * Liverpool, United Kingdom
 * 🇨🇳 Qingdao, China
 * 🇪🇸 San Sebastian, Spain
 * 🇵🇭 Zamboanga City, Philippines

Language
The local language spoken in Manado and the surrounding area is a creole of the Malay language called Manado Malay. It exhibits significant influence of Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch, for example:
 * "But" in Indonesian is "tapi", in Manado it is called "mar" (maar- Dutch word for but).
 * Chair in Indonesian is "kursi", in Minahasa it is called "kadera" (cadeira - Portuguese for chair).
 * Horse in Indonesian is "kuda", a word of Sanskrit origin. In the town of Tomohon, a horse is called "kafalio" ("cavalo" - Portuguese, "caballo" - Spanish).

While there is not much known about the origin of ideogramatical Minahasa writing system, currently the orthography used for indigenous Minahasan languages closely matches that used for Indonesian.

Notable people

 * Adrianus Taroreh (1966–2013), boxer; competed in the men's lightweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics
 * Alexander Andries Maramis (1897–1977), politician; national hero of Indonesia
 * Arthur Frets Assa (born 1984), former footballer
 * Audrey Vanessa Susilo (born 1999), Miss Indonesia 2022 winner
 * Bahar bin Smith (born 1985), Islamist scholar, sayyid and preacher (da'i)
 * Benny Dollo (1950–2023), football coach; former head coach of Indonesia national football team
 * Daan Mogot (1928–1946), military officer; involved in the Indonesian National Revolution
 * Firman Utina (born 1981), footballer; former captain of Indonesia national football team
 * Greysia Polii (born 1987), badminton player; gold medalist at the 2020 Summer Olympics
 * Henk Ngantung (1927–1991), painter and politician; governor of Jakarta (1964–1965)
 * John Lie (1911–1988), navy officer; national hero of Indonesia
 * Kezia Warouw (born 1991), Puteri Indonesia 2016 winner
 * Kristania Virginia Besouw (born 1985), Miss Indonesia 2006 winner
 * Liliyana Natsir (born 1985), badminton player; gold medalist at the 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Monica Khonado (born 1996), Miss Earth Indonesia 2020 winner
 * Robert Wolter Mongisidi (1925–1949), national hero of Indonesia; involved in the Indonesian National Revolution
 * Rocky Gerung (born 1959) Indonesian philosopher and public intellectual
 * Yaakov Baruch (born 1982), rabbi of Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue (Tondano)

title: Manado


text:
Manado Malay

Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.

Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and Ternate loan words, as well as having traits such as its use of kita as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon. For example, the pronouns ngana ('you', singular) and ngoni ('you', plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin. Manado Malay has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.

Vowels
The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.

Consonants
Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.

Stress
Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable:

However, there are also many words with final stress:

Possessives
Possessives are built by adding pe to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus pe has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".

Interrogative words
The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:

Grammatical aspect
Ada ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:
 * Dorang ada turung pigi Wenang = 'They already went down to Wenang'
 * Torang so makang = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already'
 * kita = 'me', 'myself', 'I' or 'we', 'us'
 * torang = 'we', 'us'.

Nasal final
The final nasals and  in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia, e.g.:
 * makang (Indonesian makan) = 'to eat',
 * jalang (Indonesian jalan) = 'to walk',
 * sirang (Indonesian siram) = 'to shower', etc.

"ba-" prefix
The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, 'walking'), batobo (berenang, 'swimming'), batolor (bertelur, 'laying eggs')

"ma(°)-" prefix
° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.

The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, 'hooking fish'), manari (menari, 'dancing'), mancari (mencari, 'searching'), mamasa (memasak, 'cooking'), manangis (menangis, 'crying').

Loanwords
Due to the historical presence of the Dutch and the Portuguese in eastern Indonesia, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages. However, there is little influence from the local Minahasan languages, and borrowings from Spanish are not very prominent either – in spite of the historical Spanish dominance – suggesting that Manado Malay was transplanted from outside the Minahasa region. On the other hand, Portuguese influence is comparatively significant, considering that the Portuguese presence in the area was relatively limited. There is also a layer of loanwords from the non-Austronesian language of Ternate, which was controlled by the Portuguese in the period 1512–1655.

Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay
Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:
 * baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: baku hantam ('to punch each other'), baku ajar ('to hit each other'), baku veto ('to debate one another'), baku sedu ('to laugh oneselves off'), and baku dapa ('to meet each other'). Originally a loanword from Ternate, it has spread through Manado Malay into other regions of Indonesia.

Examples
Examples :
 * Kita or ta	= I
 * Ngana or na	= you
 * Torang or tong	= we
 * Dorang or dong	= they
 * Io	= yes
 * Nyanda’ or Nda	= no (' = glottal stop)

Sentences :
 * Kita/ta pe mama da pi ka pasar : My mother went to the market
 * Nyanda’/Nda’ makang Ngana dari kalamareng. : You haven't eaten since yesterday.
 * Jang badusta ngana pa kita! : Don't lie to me!
 * Pasti torang/tong bisa! : We can surely it.

title: Manado Malay


text:
Mint stamp

In philately, a mint stamp is one which is unused, has never been mounted and has the original gum, (if issued with gum). The term applies equally to postage stamps and revenue stamps.

In practice, the term is used within philately to refer to any stamp that appears to be unused with gum. It also includes those without gum but only when they have been issued without gum.

To avoid confusion the various states of mint can be distiguised in the abbreviations stated under "Variations".

Variations
Variations of the term mint include: The hinging referred to in these terms is mounting of the stamp in a stamp album by the application of a stamp hinge to the back of the stamp. The highest grade is unmounted mint or mint never hinged. The term mint never hinged has developed to provide reassurance to buyers that the stamp has not been tampered with to remove traces of mounting, as the term unmounted mint was thought to be ambiguous.
 * Mint hinged (MH) – the stamp is unused but has been previously hinged. Remains of the hinge or gum disturbance are visible.
 * Mounted mint (MM) – the same as Mint hinged.
 * Mint no gum (MNG) – the stamp is as has been issued without gum.
 * Unmounted mint (UM) – the stamp is unused and appears never to have been mounted.
 * Mint never hinged (MNH) – the same as unmounted mint but with an assertion that the stamp is not a formerly mounted stamp that has been tampered with to remove traces of mounting.

In practice only the terms MNH and MH are used, but in some cases the term MNG when there are no, or hardly any stamps are known with gum.

Value
Mint stamps are often more valuable than used stamps as in many cases fewer mint stamps survive. A mint stamp may also be in better condition than a used stamp which has passed through the mail. Sometimes, however, used stamps may be more valuable than mint ones where higher numbers of mint stamps have survived, perhaps because large numbers of mint stamps were bought by collectors but few used on letters.

Tampering
Differences between mint and used values for the same stamp have led to a small industry in removing, or adding, postal cancellations to stamps. Another common practice is to attempt to remove fiscal cancellations, which are often pen cancels, in order to change a stamp used fiscally (for tax purposes) to one apparently unused. Stamps available for both postage and revenue (fiscal) purposes are usually worth more unused or with a postal cancellation. Madame Joseph specialised in the addition of forged cancels to stamps that were worth more used than unused.

title: Mint stamp


text:
LP (singer)

Laura Pergolizzi (born March 18, 1981), known professionally as LP, is an American singer, musician and songwriter. LP has released seven albums and three EPs. LP has written songs for other artists including Rihanna, Christina Aguilera, the Backstreet Boys, Leona Lewis, Mylène Farmer, Cher Lloyd and Céline Dion.

Early life
LP was born on Long Island in 1981 to Italian-American parents, their paternal grandfather coming from Palermo and grandmother from Naples. They began using the name "LP" after moving to New York City.

Career
David Lowery of the band Cracker saw LP performing and featured them on "Cinderella", a hidden track on the band's 1998 album, Gentleman's Blues, which featured LP's backing vocals on two other tracks. Lowery followed up by producing LP's debut album Heart-Shaped Scar, released in 2001 through Koch Records. LP's second album, Suburban Sprawl & Alcohol, was released in June 2004 through Lightswitch Records. On the record, they collaborated with songwriter and music producer Linda Perry. However, in spite of extensive touring to promote the release and positive reviews from music critics, the album failed to gain widespread recognition.

2006–2010
In 2006, LP appeared at the music conference South by Southwest and reportedly sparked a bidding war amongst major music labels, eventually being signed by L.A. Reid to his The Island Def Jam Music Group record label, part of the Universal Music Group. However, due to artistic differences, LP left the contract. They signed with SoBe Entertainment in 2007, an independent record label, with the album tracks they have written at the major label. "Love Will Keep You Up All Night", one of the tracks they had written at The Island Def Jam Music Group with Billy Mann, was released in late 2007 on the Backstreet Boys album, Unbreakable. LP wrote and performed "Wasted", from the album Suburban Sprawl & Alcohol. "Wasted" was used as the theme song for the TV series South of Nowhere, which aired on Noggin's teen block, The N. MTV's The Hills also featured LP's song "Damage Is Done" in late 2009, and it was released on iTunes.

During 2009, LP started writing songs for other artists, including several songs which ended up on Heidi Montag's album, Superficial released by Warner Music Group. LP co-wrote the single, "More Is More", as well as the album tracks, "Twisted", "Hey Boy" and "Love It or Leave It". They also co-wrote other tracks for and with Montag, such as the Cathy Dennis co-written, "Look How I'm Doin'", "I Do This" and "Who's That Girl". A song LP wrote with Alexander Kronlund, "Standing Where You Left Me", was released on Erik Hassle's debut UK album, Pieces released by Island Records and Republic Records. LP moved to Los Angeles in 2010.

2011–2012
In August 2010, it was announced that LP had signed with RedOne's record label, 2011 Records. LP landed their first major breakthrough as a songwriter, co-writing Rihanna's song, "Cheers (Drink to That)", featured on Rihanna's fifth studio album Loud, released on November 12, 2010, on Def Jam Recordings. "Cheers" features a vocal hook performed by LP (taken from Avril Lavigne's "I'm with You"). In a 2010 interview with MTV News, Rihanna said: "I love that song ("Cheers"). That is one of my favorite songs on the album. It makes you feel like celebrating. It gives you a great feeling inside like you want to go out and have a drink. ... People can't wait for the weekend." LP's major label songwriting breakthroughs continued, and they co-wrote "Beautiful People", performed by Christina Aguilera. The song is featured on the Burlesque: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack album, which was released on November 22, 2010, through RCA Records.

In June 2011, LP co-wrote "Afraid to Sleep", which was performed by NBC's The Voice finalist Vicci Martinez and reached #10 on the iTunes Top Singles Chart. In September 2011, LP signed a deal with Warner Bros. Records. Shortly after, "Into the Wild", written and performed by LP, was prominently used in a Citibank national television advertisement campaign. In April 2012, LP released their first major label album, Into the Wild: Live at EastWest Studios, a five-song live extended play, and started touring extensively including festivals such as SXSW, Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza, Bumbershoot, Tropfest as well as Tokyo's Sonic Boom and London's Hyde Park. In 2012, LP became the first female Martin Guitar ambassador.

2013–2017
In May 2012, LP was featured as the Artist of the Week in Vogue magazine. Over the following two years, they completed the recording of their album that included collaborations with Billy Steinberg, Isabella "Machine" Summers (from Florence and the Machine), Josh Alexander, Claude Kelly, Justyn Pilbrow, Carl Ryden and Rob Kleiner. The album was produced by Rob Cavallo, Warner Bros. Records' chairman and producer. On April 1, 2014, it was announced that LP's third full-length studio album would be titled Forever for Now and was scheduled to be released on June 3, 2014. The album was promoted by the lead single "Night Like This". Following the album, a second single, "Someday", was released in June 2014 in Canada. On September 16, 2014, a music video for "Tokyo Sunrise" officially premiered on Time magazine's website.

In September 2015, the song "Muddy Waters" was released as the first single from LP's fourth studio album Lost on You. In November 2015 one of LP's best known songs, "Lost on You", was released to great success.

In June 2016, "Muddy Waters" featured in the closing scene of the season four finale of Netflix's original series Orange Is the New Black. It was also featured in the trailer for the NBC show Shades of Blue. "Muddy Waters" clarifies the ending of season 5, episode 4 of Starz Power. In November, the album's eponymous second single was released, while LP held a residency at the No Vacancy club. Both songs originate from a collaboration with Mike Del Rio. An EP titled Death Valley was released on June 17, 2016.

On April 25, 2017, LP appeared on the BBC Show "Later... With Jools Holland" and performed their single "Lost on You".

The song "Hi Ho Nobody Home" by David Baerwald featuring LP was used in an episode of Mr. Mercedes. In 2017 LP performed the song "Back Where I Belong" (Otto Knows featuring Avicii) for episode 5 of season 2 of Netflix's original series Sense8.

LP duets with Mylène Farmer on the single N'oublie pas, released on June 22. The single immediately hit number 1 on the French iTunes chart upon release. The track is the second single from Farmer's upcoming studio album, Désobéissance.

2018–present
On June 15, 2018, LP announced on their Facebook page that they had been working on a new album. A day later, the first track from the record, "Girls Go Wild" was released. "Recovery" was released later.

In September 2018, LP recorded two songs for the singer Morrissey for his new album of cover songs.

In October 2019, the song "Strange" was featured on the commercial for the Samsung Galaxy phone.

In June 2019, LP gave an exclusive interview to ÖMC Dergi, Turkey's biggest digital music magazine, as part of the promotion of the new album Heart to Mouth, and became the cover star of a magazine for the first time in Turkey. Sharing the cover photo of ÖMC Dergi, which introduced their album for the first time and gave an interview, LP posted on all their social media accounts, "Interview + Cover Artist for June!! Ankara - See you Soon!" The director and photographer Darren Craig took the photoshoot for the ÖMC Dergi - June 2019 issue of the LP. LP performed three big concerts in Istanbul, İzmir, Ankara, respectively, in Turkey after giving an interview to the magazine.

"How Low Can You Go" and "The One That You Love" were released in 2020. "One Last Time", "Goodbye", and "Angles" were released in 2021. All five songs were released as singles for the album Churches, which was released on December 3 that year. In 2021, LP also released the song "Fighter" with Imanbek.

In October 2022, LP was featured on the song "Line It Up" by American band Palaye Royale on their album Fever Dream`.

In February 2024, LP appeared in a Russian hoodie in an Instagram video, which they said to be a gift from their Russian fans. Their concert in Kaunas, Lithuania was later cancelled in response.

Personal life
LP identifies as a lesbian, and said in a 2016 interview: "It's not important to prove myself as a lesbian. But nevertheless visibility is important. We are normal people just like anybody else."

LP wrote the song "Lost on You" after a breakup with actress Tamzin Brown, and LP was then in a relationship with American singer-songwriter Lauren Ruth Ward, who appears in the music video. LP also dated Mexican actress Julieta Grajales: their relationship ended in 2022. In 2023 LP began a relationship with Czech model Iveta Maurerová.

LP identifies as gender-neutral, and said they are "equally comfortable" being considered a "garden variety lesbian woman." In 2021, LP shifted to using "they/them" pronouns, stating in an interview "I’m kind of transitioning over to the they/them [pronoun] thing — it's more my kind of vibe". As of May 2023, LP's official bio also uses the singular they.

title: LP (singer)


text:
Warranty

In law, a warranty is an expressed or implied promise or assurance of some kind. The term's meaning varies across legal subjects. In property law, it refers to a covenant by the grantor of a deed. In insurance law, it refers to a promise by the purchaser of an insurance about the thing or person to be insured.

In contract law, a warranty is a contractual assurance given, typically, by a seller to a buyer, for example confirming that the seller is the owner of the property being sold. A warranty is a term of a contract, but not usually a condition of the contract or an innominate term, meaning that it is a term "not going to the root of the contract", and therefore only entitles the innocent party to damages if it is breached, i.e. if the warranty is not true or the defaulting party does not perform the contract in accordance with the terms of the warranty. A warranty is not a guarantee: it is a mere promise. It may be enforced if it is breached by an award for the legal remedy of damages.

Depending on the terms of the contract, a product warranty may cover a product such that a manufacturer provides a warranty to a consumer with whom the manufacturer has no direct contractual relationship because it is purchased via an intermediary.

A warranty may be express or implied. An express warranty is expressly stated (typically, written); whether or not a term will be implied into a contract depends on the particular contract law of the country in question. Warranties may also state that a particular fact is true at a point in time, or that the fact will continue into the future (a "continuing warranty").

Express warranty
Express warranties are created when the seller makes a guarantee to the buyer that the product/service being offered has certain qualities. For there to exist an express warranty 1) a statement regarding the product/service must be made to the buyer and 2) the statement must play a role in the buyers decision to purchase the product/service. If, after purchase, the buyer feels that the given statement was a misrepresentation of the actual product/service, the buyer can file for breach of express warranty.

Implied warranty
Implied warranties are unwritten promises that arise from the nature of the transaction, and the inherent understanding by the buyer, rather than from the express representations of the seller.

Sale of goods
Warranties provided in the sale of goods (tangible products) vary according to jurisdiction, but commonly new goods are sold with implied warranty that the goods are as advertised. Used products, however, may be sold "as is" with no warranties. Each country, however, defines its own parameters with regard to implied conditions or implied warranties. This is because each country (a country as defined by international civil law) has its own system of contract law with its own set of rules. Said rules are largely standardised; i.e., the concepts of offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity to contract and intention to create legal relations. Those are the five elements to create a legally binding contract in the United States (all 50 states), England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, each of the seven states of Australia, and all other common law countries. Countries with civil law systems, however, recognise legally binding contracts which are not supported by consideration.

United States
In the United States, various laws apply, including provisions in the Uniform Commercial Code which provide for implied warranties. However, these implied warranties were often limited by disclaimers. In 1975 the Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act was passed to strengthen warranties on consumer goods. Among other things, under the law implied warranties cannot be disclaimed if an express warranty is offered, and attorney fees may be recovered. In some states, statutory warranties are required on new home construction, and "lemon laws" apply to motor vehicles.

Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, which has been adopted with variations in each state, provides that the following two warranties are implied unless they are explicitly disclaimed (such as an "as is" statement):

 * The warranty of merchantability is implied unless expressly disclaimed by name, or the sale is identified with the phrase "as is" or "with all faults." To be "merchantable", the goods must reasonably conform to an ordinary buyer's expectations. For example, a fruit that looks and smells good but has hidden defects may violate the warranty if its quality does not meet the standards for such fruit "as passes ordinarily in the trade". In most states, products inherently come with implied warranty of merchantability; however, in states like Massachusetts under consumer protection law, it is illegal to disclaim this warranty on household goods sold to consumers. (Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 106: Section 2-316A)
 * The warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is implied unless disclaimed when a buyer relies upon the seller to select the goods to fit a specific request. For example, this warranty is violated when a buyer asks a mechanic to provide tires for use on snowy roads and receives tires that are unsafe to use in snow.

Defects In Materials and Workmanship
A common kind of warranty on goods is a warranty that the product is free from material defects in materials and workmanship. This simply promises that the manufacturer properly constructed the product, out of proper materials. This implies that the product is not defective for the purposes for which it was made.

Warranties may be time limited, thus limiting the time the buyer has to make a claim for breach of warranty. For example, a typical 90-day warranty on a television gives the buyer 90 days from the date of purchase to claim that the television was improperly constructed. Should the television fail after 91 days of normal usage, which because televisions customarily last longer than 91 days means there was a defect in the materials or workmanship of the television, the buyer nonetheless may not collect on the warranty because it is too late to file a claim. Consumer protection laws implemented by statute, however, provide additional remedies as it is not usually expected that a television will last for only 90 days.

Time-limited warranties are often confused with performance warranties. A 90-day performance warranty would promise that the television would work for 90 days, which is fundamentally different from promising that it was delivered free of defects and limiting the time the buyer has to prove otherwise. But because the usual evidence that a product was delivered defective is that it later breaks, the effect is very similar.

One situation in which the effect of a time-limited warranty is different from the effect of a performance warranty is where the time limit exceeds a normal lifetime of the product. If a coat is designed to last two years, but has a 10-year limited warranty against defects in materials and workmanship, a buyer who wears the coat for 3 years and then finds it worn out would not be able to collect on the warranty. But it is different from a 2-year warranty because if the buyer starts wearing the coat 5 years after buying it, and finds it wears out a year later, the buyer would have a warranty claim in Year 6. On the other hand, a 10-year performance warranty would promise that the coat would last 10 years.

Satisfaction guarantee
In the United States, the Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act of 1976 provides for enforcement of a satisfaction guarantee warranty. In these cases, the advertiser must refund the full purchase price regardless of the reason for dissatisfaction.

Lifetime warranty
A lifetime warranty is usually a warranty against defects in materials and workmanship that has no time limit to make a claim, rather than a warranty that the product will perform for the lifetime of the buyer. The actual time that product can be expected to perform is normally determined by the custom for products of its kind used the way the buyer uses it.

If a product has been discontinued and is no longer available, the warranty may last a limited period longer. For example:

 * the Cisco Limited Lifetime Warranty currently lasts for five years after the product has been discontinued, but only if you know where you bought it from as the seller is responsible for administering it.
 * HP Networking product lifetime warranties last for as long as one owns the product.

Limited warranty
A warranty may be limited in duration (as above) and/or in scope. In Avrora Fine Arts v Christie, Manson and Woods (a UK High Court case), the auctioneers had issued a "limited warranty" that a certain painting sold at auction had been painted by the Russian painter Boris Kustodiev, which experts subsequently stated was not the case. The sale was cancelled and the buyer was reimbursed, but further claims of negligence and misrepresentation were denied because they fell outside the warranty's scope.

Breach of warranty
Warranties are breached when the promise is not performed at all, or not performed in accordance with the contract. The seller may honor the warranty by making a refund or a replacement. The statute of limitations depends on the jurisdiction and contractual agreements. In the United States, the Uniform Commercial Code § 2-725 provides for a four-year time limit, which can be limited to one year by contract, starting from the date of delivery or if future performance is guaranteed from the date of discovery. Refusing to honor the warranty may be an unfair business practice. In the United States, breach of warranty lawsuits may be distinct from revocation of contract suits; in the case of the breach of warranty, the buyer's item is repaired or replaced while breach of contract involves returning the item to the seller.

Some warranties require that repairs be undertaken by an authorized service provider. In such cases, service by non-authorized personnel or company may void (nullify) the warranty. However, according to the Magnuson-Moss Act (a U.S. Federal law that governs warranties, which was passed in 1975), if the warranty does not provide full or partial payment of labor (to repair the device or system), it is the owner's choice who will provide the labor, including the possibility of DIY ("Do It Yourself") repairs, in which case the device or system owner will pay zero dollars for labor, yet the company that provided the warranty must still provide all the parts needed for the repair at absolutely no charge to the owner.

If the defective product causes injury, this may be a cause of action for a product liability lawsuit (tort). Strict liability may be applied.

Extended warranty
In addition to standard warranties on new items, third parties or manufacturers may sell or offer extended warranties (also called service contracts). These extend the warranty for a further length of time. However, these warranties have terms and conditions which may not match the original terms and conditions. For example, these may not cover anything other than mechanical failure from normal usage. Exclusions may include commercial use, "acts of God", owner abuse, and malicious destruction. They may also exclude parts that normally wear out such as tires and lubrication on a vehicle.

These types of warranties are provided for various products, but automobiles and electronics are common examples. Warranties which are sold through retailers such as Best Buy may include significant commission for the retailer as a result of reverse competition. For instance, an auto warranty from a car dealership may be subcontracted and vehicle repairs may be at a lower rate which could compromise the quality of service. At the time of repair, out-of-pocket expenses may be charged for unexpected services provided outside of the warranty terms or uncovered parts. Extended Warranties are mostly back to back underwritten by underwriters, who are the actual bearer of the risk.

Representations versus warranties
Statements of fact in a contract or in obtaining the contract are considered to be either warranties or representations. Traditionally, warranties are factual promises which are enforced through a contract legal action, regardless of materiality, intent, or reliance. Representations are traditionally *pre*contractual statements which allow for a tort-based action if the misrepresentation is innocent, negligent or fraudulent. In U.S. law, the distinction between the two is somewhat unclear; warranties are viewed as primarily contract-based legal action while negligent or fraudulent misrepresentations are tort-based, but there is a confusing mix of case law in the United States. In modern English law, sellers often avoid using the term 'represents' in order to avoid claims under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 (although English law will look to the substance rather than the form of the representation to decide what it is), while in America 'warrants and represents' is relatively common. Some modern commentators suggest avoiding the words and substituting 'state' or 'agree', and some model forms do not use the words; however, others disagree.

Canada and United States
Written warranties on new major appliances, such as refrigerators, kitchen stoves and dishwashers, usually cover the cost of parts and labor to repair defects in materials or workmanship which appear under normal home use.

Warranties often cover defects up to a year after purchase or delivery. However some exclude new owners when a house or appliance is sold within the year (Frigidaire, LG, Samsung ). Others do let warranties transfer to new buyers (Amana, General Electric, Whirlpool). Some manufacturers cover refrigerators' sealed parts (compressors, tubing, etc.) for five years (General Electric, Samsung, Whirlpool) or seven years (LG ) or ten years (KitchenAid ).

Warranties on water heaters cover parts for 5 to 12 years in single family residences, one year otherwise. They do not cover new owners when a house or heater is sold; nor do they cover the original owner if the heater is moved to a second location. Tank models from A. O. Smith do not allow heating elements to be replaced with lower (or higher) wattages, and do not cover renter-occupied single family. They end if the unit is flooded or ever uses desalinated or deionized water, such as municipal desalination plants or reverse osmosis filters. Smith's tank models for manufactured housing do not provide coverage if a whirlpool or hot tub is connected.

Tank water heater warranties exclude labor, liability for water damage, and shipping cost to return the old heater or parts. Tankless warranties do not exclude water damage; they cover labor for a year, and Ruud/Rheem covers return shipping on tankless models. Smith's tankless water heaters do not restrict coverage to a single family, and require professional installation.

Implied warranties under US law could extend for longer periods. However, most states allow the written warranties to include clauses which limit these implied warranties to the same time period as the written warranty.

United States
New car factory warranties commonly range from one year to five years and in some cases extend even 10 years, with typically a mileage limit as well. Car warranties can be extended by the manufacturer or other companies with a renewal fee.

Used car warranties are usually 3 months and 3,000 miles.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, types of warranties have been classified as either an:
 * 1) original manufacturer warranty,
 * 2) insurance warranty underwritten and regulated as insurance or
 * 3) obligor warranty, typically written by a car dealership or garage.

In the United Kingdom, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), which began to regulate insurance contracts in this context in 2005, determined that additional warranties sold by car dealerships are "unlikely to be insurance". Insurance warranties may offer greater protection to the consumer.

Home Warranty
A home warranty protects against the costs of home and appliance repair by offering home warranty coverage for houses, townhomes, condominiums, mobile homes, and new construction homes. When a problem occurs with a covered appliance or mechanical system such as an air conditioning unit or furnace, a service technician repairs or replaces it. The homeowner may have to pay for a service call fee and the home warranty company pays the balance for the repair or replacement of the covered item.

Intellectual property right warranty
An intellectual property right (IPR) warranty provides contractual protection against breach of rights in software development and other fields where IPR is protected. Increasing reluctance on the part of suppliers to offer an IPR warranty or indemnity has been noted in recent years.

Warranty data
Warranty data consists of claims data and supplementary data. Claims data are the data collected during the servicing of claims under warranty and supplementary data are additional data such as production and marketing data. This data can help determine product reliability and plan for future modifications.

title: Warranty


text:
Gerd Heidemann

Gerd Heidemann (born 4 December 1931) is a German journalist best known for his role in the publication of purported Hitler Diaries that were subsequently proved to be forgeries.

Early Life and career
Born in Hamburg, Heidemann showed an early interest in photography, and began his career as a freelance photo journalist. He joined the permanent staff of the weekly magazine Stern in 1955. He proved to be a tenacious researcher and a determined traveller to exotic and dangerous locales, but a writer of limited ability. His early work included extensive research into the identity of author B. Traven.

In the 1970s, Heidemann bought the yacht Carin II, which had belonged to Hermann Göring, met his daughter Edda Göring and had an affair with her which lasted for five years. They entertained on the yacht and their guests included two Second World War generals, Karl Wolff and Wilhelm Mohnke.

Hitler diaries
Heidemann came forward with his story of lost diaries written by Adolf Hitler in 1983. He sold the rights to Stern for DM 10,000,000 (then approximately US$6 million), along with his tale about how they had been hidden in a barn in East Germany for many years. Several experts, including the British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, came forward to pronounce the diaries to be authentic. The "diaries" were exposed as fabrications and Heidemann was fired from Stern just weeks later. Following the revelations, Heidemann was arrested, tried and sentenced in 1985 to four and a half years in prison for fraud. Heidemann had also stolen some of the money from Kujau; and kept $600,000 of the money from Stern to acquire the diaries. He was renting expensive residences, buying new cars and jewellery and buying more Nazi memorabilia, of which a great amount was more of Kujau's forgeries.

Later Life
In 2002, Der Spiegel alleged that Heidemann had worked as a double-agent for the Stasi, and that the publication of the Hitler diaries had been part of a Soviet and East German plan to embarrass and discredit the Capitalist West. In the BBC Radio 4 programme The Reunion broadcast on 7 September 2008, Heidemann vehemently denied that he had ever been a spy for the Stasi.

By 2008, Heidemann was living in poverty in Hamburg, receiving a €350 monthly welfare payment. At the time he had extensive debt estimated to be €700,000. In 2013, Heidemann was lobbying for the return of the manuscripts citing a contractual obligation of Stern publisher Gruner & Jahr.

title: Gerd Heidemann


text:
User talk:Sir Norris

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Sir Norris


text:
Heart-Shaped Scar

Heart-Shaped Scar is the debut studio album by American singer LP, released in 2001.

Reception
Allmusic reviewed the album positively, grading it with four stars out of five. Thom Jurek, who reviewed the album noted: "LP's debut, Heart-Shaped Scar, is a roaring, snotty, bratty, bad-ass pop/rock record full of killer riffs, crunching guitars, and LP's voice, which is equal parts Maggie Bell, Pat Benatar, and Robert Plant ground like glass through a deep Rolling Stones, Bad Company, Lynyrd Skynyrd, blues-rock, and biker sensibility."

title: Heart-Shaped Scar


text: User talk:205.188.116.70

title: User talk:205.188.116.70


text:
Rashtriya Janata Dal (Democratic)

Rashtriya Janata Dal (Democratic) (National People's Party (Democratic)), political party in India, formed when a group of five MPs (three Lok Sabha, two Rajya Sabha) broke away from Rashtriya Janata Dal 2001. RJD(D) joined National Democratic Alliance and RJD(D) leader Nagmani became a minister in the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee 2003. Later the same year RJD(D) merged with the Bharatiya Janata Party.

title: Rashtriya Janata Dal (Democratic)


text:
Talk:Duke Paoa Kahanamoku

 * I am researching for a book about Arthur Godfrey, his activities and associates. The latter most definitely includes Duke Kahanamoku.  Although Duke was older by 13 years, they were close friends.  He hosted Mr. Godfrey on his visits to Hawaii, was feted by Mr. Godfrey on Duke's US visits, and visited on Mr. Godfrey's programs.

 * The Wikipedia article on Kahanamoku reveals that Duke was named for the Duke of Wellington. Obviously this meant something to the senior Kahanamokus.  Does anyone know why or what?

 * I'll appreciate hearing from anyone who can contribute photos, recollections or anecdotes relating to Messrs. Kahanamoku or Godfrey, or to Hawaiian guests on the Godfrey programs.

 * This of course includes Haleloke, the singer/dancer so popular on the Godfrey shows in the 1950s. Hally was also formerly performer and manager at the Hawaiian Room of the Hotel Lexington, where for many years Arthur Godfrey maintained his own suite.  Many thanks!  Gratefully,

Lee Munsick Piney Ridge Road RR 1 Box 134B Pamplin VA 23958-9465 USA damyankeeinva@earthlink.net

 * A lengthier article exists at Duke Kahanamoku. There should be a consideration of merging the two articles and creating at redirect from one of them.  --Farinas 20:13, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duke Paoa Kahanamoku