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Benito Pérez Galdós

Benito Pérez Galdós (10 May 1843 – 4 January 1920) was a Spanish realist novelist. He was a leading literary figure in 19th-century Spain, and some scholars consider him second only to Miguel de Cervantes in stature as a Spanish novelist.

Pérez Galdós was a prolific writer, publishing 31 major novels, 46 historical novels in five series, 23 plays, and the equivalent of 20 volumes of shorter fiction, journalism and other writings. He remains popular in Spain, and is considered equal to Dickens, Balzac and Tolstoy. He is less well known in Anglophone countries, but some of his works have now been translated into English. His play Realidad (1892) is important in the history of realism in the Spanish theatre. The Pérez Galdós museum in Las Palmas, Gran Canaria features a portrait of the writer by Joaquín Sorolla.

Pérez Galdós was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1912, but his opposition to religious authorities led him to be boycotted by conservative sectors of Spanish society, and traditionalist Catholics, who did not recognize his literary merit.

Galdós was interested in politics, although he did not consider himself a politician. His political beginnings were liberal, and he later embraced republicanism and then socialism, under Pablo Iglesias Posse. Early on he joined the Sagasta Progressive Party and in 1886 became a deputy for Guayama, Puerto Rico. At the beginning of the 20th century he joined the Republican Party and was elected deputy to the Madrid cortes for the Conjunción Republicano Socialista in the legislatures of 1907 and 1910. In 1914 he was elected deputy for Las Palmas.

Childhood and first years
Pérez Galdós was born on 10 May 1843 in Calle Cano in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, in a house that is now the Casa-Museo of Pérez Galdós. He was the tenth and last son of lieutenant colonel Don Sebastián Pérez and Doña Dolores Galdós. He was baptised Benito María de los Dolores at the church of San Francisco de Asís, (es) two days after his birth.

Pérez Galdós studied at San Agustín school, where he was taught by teachers trained in the principles of the enlightenment. In 1862, after completing his secondary studies, he travelled to Tenerife to obtain his certificate in bachillerato in arts. That same year he moved to Madrid to start a law degree, which he did not complete.

While at university, Pérez Galdós frequented the Ateneo of Madrid and other gatherings of intellectuals and artists. He became acquainted with life in Madrid and witnessed the political and historical events of the time, which were reflected in his journalistic works and in his early novels, The Golden Fountain Café (La Fontana de oro) (1870) and El audaz (1871).

Career as a writer
Pérez Galdós led a comfortable life, living first with two of his sisters and then at the home of his nephew, José Hurtado de Mendoza. He got up at sunrise and wrote regularly until ten o'clock in the morning, in pencil, because he considered the use of a pen a waste of time. He would then go for walks in Madrid to eavesdrop on other people's conversations and to gather details for his novels. He did not drink, but smoked leaf cigars incessantly. In the afternoons he read in Spanish, English or French; he preferred the classics, including Shakespeare, Dickens, Cervantes, Lope de Vega and Euripides. In later years, he began to read Leo Tolstoy. In the evenings he would return to his walks, unless there was a concert, for he adored music. He went to bed early and almost never went to the theater.

According to Ramón Pérez de Ayala, Pérez Galdós dressed casually, using sombre tones to go unnoticed. In winter he would wear a white woollen scarf wrapped around his neck, with a half-smoked cigar in his hand and, when seated, his German shepherd dog beside him. He was in the habit of wearing his hair cropped "al rape" and, apparently, suffered from severe migraines.

By 1865, he was publishing articles in La Nación on literature, art, music, and politics. He completed three plays between 1861 and 1867, but none were published at the time. In 1868, Pérez Galdós' translation of Pickwick Papers introduced Dickens' work to the Spanish public. In 1870, Pérez Galdós was appointed editor of La Revista de España and began to express his opinions on a wide range of topics from history and culture, to politics and literature. Between 1867 and 1868, he wrote his first novel, La Fontana de Oro, a historical work set in the period 1820–1823. With the help of money from his sister-in-law, it was published privately in 1870. Critical reaction was slow, but this was eventually hailed as the beginning of a new phase in Spanish fiction, and was highly praised for its literary quality as well as for its social and moral purpose.

National Episodes
Pérez Galdós next developed the outline of a major project, the Episodios Nacionales: a series of historical novels outlining the major events in Spanish history starting from the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The Mexican-Spanish writer Max Aub said:

"If all the historical material of those years (19th century) were lost, saving the work of Galdós, it would not matter. There is complete, alive, real life of the nation during the hundred years that covered the author's claw. There are, forever, its hundreds and hundreds of historical and imagined characters, as true one as the other (...) Only the greatest in the world, and there are enough fingers to count them, achieved as much. And even more: I would leave him in the novel glory of his time hand in hand with Tolstoy, because, besides giving life to beings forever present, they knew how to bring to light the genius of their homeland through its struggles, glories and misfortunes (...) Galdós has done more for the knowledge of Spain by the Spaniards (...) than all the historians together".

The first volume was called Trafalgar and appeared in 1873. Successive volumes appeared irregularly, until the forty-sixth and final novel, Cánovas, was published in 1912. These historical novels sold well, and they remained the basis of Pérez Galdós' contemporary reputation and income. He used careful research to write these stories, and to achieve balance and wider perspectives, Pérez Galdós often sought out survivors and eyewitnesses to the actual events – such as an old man who had been a cabin boy aboard the ship Santísima Trinidad at Trafalgar, who became the central figure of that book. Pérez Galdós was often critical of the official versions of the events he described, and often ran into problems with the Catholic Church, then a dominant force in Spanish cultural life.

Other novels
Literary critic José Montesinos classified Pérez Galdós' other novels into the following groups:

 * 1) The early works from La Fontana de Oro up to La familia de León Roch (1878). The best known of these is Doña Perfecta (1876), which describes the impact made by the arrival of a young radical on a stiflingly clerical town. In Marianela (1878) a young man regains his eyesight after a life of blindness and rejects his best friend Marianela for her ugliness.
 * 2) The novelas españolas contemporáneas, from La desheredada (1881) to Angel Guerra (1891), a loosely related series of 22 novels which are the author's major claim to literary distinction, including his masterpiece Fortunata y Jacinta (1886–87). They are bound together by the device of recurring characters, borrowed from Balzac's La Comédie humaine. Fortunata y Jacinta is almost as long as War and Peace. It concerns the fortunes of four characters: a young man-about-town, his wife, his lower-class mistress, and her husband. The character of Fortunata is based on a real girl whom Pérez Galdós first saw in a tenement building in Madrid, drinking a raw egg – which is the way in which the fictional characters come to meet.
 * 3) The later novels of psychological investigation, many of which are in dialogue form.

Influences and characteristics
Pérez Galdós was a frequent traveller. His novels display a detailed knowledge of many cities, towns and villages across Spain – such as Toledo in Angel Guerra. He visited Great Britain on many occasions, his first trip being in 1883. The descriptions of the various districts and low-life characters that he encountered in Madrid, particularly in Fortunata y Jacinta, are similar to the approaches of Dickens and the French Realist novelists such as Balzac. Pérez Galdós also showed a keen interest in technology and crafts, for example the lengthy descriptions of ropery in La desheredada or the detailed accounts of how the heroine of La de Bringas (1884) embroiders her pictures out of hair.

Galdós was also inspired by Émile Zola and naturalism in which writers strove to show how their characters were forged by the interaction of heredity, environment and social conditions. This set of influences is perhaps clearest in Lo prohibido (1884–85), which is also noteworthy for being told in the first person by an unreliable narrator who dies during the course of the work. This pre-dates similar experiments by André Gide such as L'immoraliste.

Pérez Galdós was also influenced by philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, made famous in Spain via the educationalist Francisco Giner de los Ríos. One example of this can be seen his novel El Amigo Manso (1882), but it is also clear that the mystical tendencies of krausismo led to his interest in the wisdom sometimes shown by people who appear to be mad. This is an important theme in the works of Pérez Galdós from Fortunata y Jacinta onwards, for example in Miau (1888) and his final novel La razón de la sinrazón.

All through his literary career, Pérez Galdós incurred the wrath of the Catholic press. He attacked what he saw as abuses of entrenched and dogmatic religious power rather than religious faith or Christianity per se. In fact, the need for faith is a very important feature in many of his novels and there are many sympathetic portraits of priests and nuns.

Return to the theatre
Pérez Galdós' first mature play was Realidad, an adaptation of his novel of the same name, which had been written in dialogue. Pérez Galdós was attracted to the idea of making direct contact with the public and seeing and hearing their reactions. Rehearsals began in February 1892. The theatre was packed on the opening night and the play was received enthusiastically. However, the play did not receive universal critical acclaim due to the realism of the dialogue which did not accord with the theatrical norms of the time; and the setting of a scene in the boudoir of a courtesan, and the un-Spanish attitude towards a wife's adultery. The Catholic press denounced the author as a perverse and wicked influence. The play ran for twenty nights.

In 1901, his play Electra caused a storm of outrage and floods of equally hyperbolic enthusiasm. As in many of his works, Pérez Galdós targeted clericalism and the inhuman fanaticism and superstition that can accompany it. The performance was interrupted by audience reaction and the author had to take many curtain calls. After the third night, the conservative and clerical parties organised a demonstration outside the theatre. The police moved in and arrested two members of a workers’ organization who had reacted against the demonstration. Several people were wounded as a result of the clash and, the next day, the newspapers were divided between liberal support for the play and Catholic/conservative condemnation. Over one hundred performances were given in Madrid alone and the play was also performed in the provinces. In 1934, 33 years later, a revival in Madrid produced much the same degree of uproar and outrage.

Later life and political involvement
Despite his attacks on the forces of conservatism, Pérez Galdós had shown only a weak interest in being directly involved in politics. In 1886 the Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta appointed him as the (absent) deputy for the town and district of Guayama, Puerto Rico at the Madrid parliament; he never visited the place, but had a representative inform him of the status of the area and felt a duty to represent its inhabitants appropriately. This appointment lasted for five years and mainly seems to have given him the chance to observe the conduct of politics at first hand, which informs scenes in some of his novels. Later, Pérez Galdós was elected as a representative in the cortes of 1907. In 1909, together with Pablo Iglesias, he led the Republican–Socialist Conjunction, although Pérez Galdós, who "did not feel himself a politician", soon withdrew from the struggles "for the minutes and the farce" and turned his already diminished energies to the novel and the theater.

In 1914 Pérez Galdós was elected as republican deputy for Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. This coincided with the promotion, in March 1914, of a national board tribute to Pérez Galdós, made up of personalities as Eduardo Dato (head of the Government), the banker Gustavo Bauer (Rothschild's representative in Spain), Melquiades Álvarez, head of the reformists and the Duke of Alba, as well as writers including Jacinto Benavente, Mariano de Cavia and José de Echegaray. Politicians such as Antonio Maura or Lerroux were not included in the board, nor were representatives of the Church, or the socialists. He had been blind since 1912, was in financial difficulties and increasingly troubled by illness.

Pérez Galdós was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature for five years, 1912–16, but neither was successful. Among those who nominated Pérez Galdós was the 1904 winner José Echegaray. So, the 1914 national board was established to raise money to help Pérez Galdós, to which the King and his Prime Minister Romanones were the first to subscribe. The outbreak of World War I led to the scheme being closed in 1916 with the money raised being less than half of what was required to clear his debts. In that same year, however, the ministry of public instruction appointed him to take charge of the arrangements for the Cervantes tercentenary, for a stipend of 1000 pesetas per month. Although the event never took place, the stipend continued for the rest of Pérez Galdós's life.

In 1918, he joined in a protest with Miguel de Unamuno and Mariano de Cavia against the encroaching censorship and authoritarianism coming from the monarch.

In the literary aspect, his admiration for the work of Tolstoy is reflected in a certain spiritualism in his last writings and, in the same Russian line, he could not conceal a certain pessimism for the destiny of Spain, as can be perceived in the pages of one of his last National Episodes, Cánovas (1912):

"The two parties that have agreed to take turns peacefully in power are two herds of men who aspire only to graze on the budget. They lack ideals, no lofty goal moves them, they will not improve in the least the living conditions of this unhappy, very poor and illiterate race. They will pass one after the other, leaving everything as it is today, and they will lead Spain to a state of consumption that, for sure, will end in death. They will tackle neither the religious problem, nor the economic problem, nor the educational problem; they will do nothing but pure bureaucracy, caciquism, sterile work of recommendations, favors to cronies, legislating without any practical efficacy, and on with the little lanterns..."

In 1897, Pérez Galdós was elected to the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy). After becoming blind he continued to dictate his books for the rest of his life. Pérez Galdós died at the age of 76. Shortly before his death, a statue in his honour was unveiled in the Parque del Buen Retiro, the most popular park in Madrid, financed solely by public donations. And a ceremony was held in which Pérez Galdós participated. The writer, now blind, explored her face with his hands and after recognizing her, he began to cry and said to the sculptor, a great friend of his, "Magnificent, my friend Macho, and how she looks like me!

Works
Early Novels

 * La Fontana de Oro (1870)
 * La Sombra (1871)
 * El Audaz (1871)
 * Doña Perfecta (1876)
 * Gloria (1877)
 * Marianela (1878)
 * La Familia de León Roch (1878)

Novelas Españolas Contemporáneas

 * La Desheredada (1881)
 * El Amigo Manso (1882)
 * El Doctor Centeno (1883)
 * Tormento (1884)
 * La de Bringas (1884)
 * Lo Prohibido (1884–85)
 * Fortunata y Jacinta (1886–87)
 * Celín, Tropiquillos y Theros (1887)
 * Miau (1888)
 * La Incógnita (1889)
 * Torquemada en la Hoguera (1889)
 * Realidad (1889)
 * Ángel Guerra (1891)

Later Novels

 * Tristana (1892)
 * Torquemada en la Cruz (1893)
 * La Loca de la Casa (1893)
 * Torquemada en el Purgatorio (1894)
 * Torquemada y San Pedro (1895)
 * Nazarín (1895)
 * Halma (1895)
 * Misericordia (1897)
 * El Abuelo (1897)
 * Casandra (1905)
 * El Caballero Encantado (1909)
 * La Razón de la Sinrazón (1915)

Episodios Nacionales

 * Episodios Nacionales

Plays

 * Quien Mal Hace, Bien no Espere (1861, lost)
 * La Expulsión de los Moriscos (1865, lost)
 * Un Joven de Provecho (1867?, published in 1936)
 * Realidad (1892)
 * La Loca de la Casa (1893)
 * Gerona (1893)
 * La de San Quintín (1894)
 * Los Condenados (1895)
 * Voluntad (1896)
 * Doña Perfecta (1896)
 * La Fiera (1897)
 * Electra (1901)
 * Alma y Vida (1902)
 * Mariucha (1903)
 * El Abuelo (1904)
 * Barbara (1905)
 * Amor y Ciencia (1905)
 * Pedro Minio (1908)
 * Zaragoza (1908)
 * Casandra (1910)
 * Celia en los Infiernos (1913)
 * Alceste (1914)
 * Sor Simona (1915)
 * El Tacaño Salomón (1916)
 * Santa Juana de Castilla (1918)
 * Antón Caballero (1922, unfinished)

Short stories

 * Una industria que vive de la muerte. Episodio musical del cólera (1865)
 * Necrología de un proto-tipo (1866)
 * La conjuración de las palabras. Cuento alegórico (1868)
 * El artículo de fondo (1871)
 * La mujer del filósofo (1871)
 * La novela en el tranvía (1871)
 * Un tribunal literario (1872)
 * Aquél (1872)
 * La pluma en el viento o el viaje de la pluma (1873)
 * En un jardín (1876)
 * La mula y el buey (1876)
 * El verano (1876)
 * La princesa y el granuja (1877)
 * El mes de junio (1878)
 * Theros (1883)
 * La tienda-asilo (1886)
 * Celín (1889)
 * Tropiquillos (1893)
 * El Pórtico de la Gloria (1896)
 * Rompecabezas (1897)
 * Rura (1901)
 * Entre copas (1902)
 * La república de las letras (1905)

Miscellaneous

 * Crónicas de Portugal (1890)
 * Discurso de Ingreso en la Real Academia Española (1897)
 * Memoranda, Artículos y Cuentos (1906)
 * Política Española I (1923)
 * Política Española II (1923)
 * Arte y Crítica (1923)
 * Fisonomías Sociales (1923)
 * Nuestro Teatro (1923)
 * Cronicón 1883 a 1886 (1924)
 * Toledo. Su historia y su Leyenda (1927)
 * Viajes y Fantasías (1929)
 * Memorias (1930)

Novels

 * Gloria (1879. London: Remington and Co. Translated by Natham Wetherell; 1883. Trübner & Co. Translated by Clara Bell)
 * Doña Perfecta, a tale of Modern Spain (1886. London: Samuel Tinsley, Translated by D. P. W.)
 * Marianela (1893. London: Digby, Long. Translated by Mary Wharton)
 * Doña Perfecta (1894. London: The Fisher Unwin. Translated by Mary Wharton; 1999. London: Widenfeld & Nicolson Ltd. Translated by A. K. Tulloch; 2009. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Translated by Graham Whittaker)
 * The Spendthrifts [La de Bringas] (1951. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. The Illustrated Novel Library. Translated by Gamel Woolsey; 1953. London: Reader's Union. Translated by Gamel Woolsey)
 * Torment [Tormento] (1952. London: Widenfeld & Nicolson Ltd. Translated by J. M. Cohen)
 * Miau (1963. London: Methuen. Translated by J. M. Cohen)
 * Fortunata and Jacinta: Two Stories of Married Women [Fortunata y Jacinta] (1973. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Translated by Lester Clarck)
 * La desheredada (1976. London: The Folio Society. Translated by Lester Clarck)
 * Torquemada on the Fire [Torquemada en la hoguera] (1985. Glasgow: University of Glasgow. Translated by Nicholas Round)
 * Fortunata and Jacinta [Fortunata y Jacinta] (1987. London: Viking. Translated by Agnes Moncy Gullón; 1992. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Translated by Harriet S. Turner; 1998. London: Penguin Books. Translated by Agnes Moncy Gullón)
 * Torquemada (1988. London: André Deutsch. Translated by Frances M. López-Morillas)
 * Nazarín (1993. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Translated by Jo Labanyi)
 * Misericordia (1995. Santry: Dedalus. Translated by Charles de Salis; 2007. Madrid: Isidora. Revista de Estudios Galdosianos no. 3, pgs. 6-293. Translated by Robert H. Russell; 2013. Madrid: Ediciones. Translated by Robert H. Russell)
 * That Bringas Woman: The Bringas Family [La de Bringas] (1996. London: Phoenix. Translated by Catherine Jagoe)
 * Tristana (1996. London: Bristol Classical Press; 1998. London: Duckworth Publishers; 1998. London: Bloomsbury Publishing; 2016. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Translated by Pablo Valdivia)
 * Inferno [Tormento] (1998. London: Phoenix House (Weidenfeld & Nicolson). Translated by Abigail Lee Six)
 * Halma (2015. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Translated by Robert S. Rudder, Ignacio López-Calvo)

Episodios Nacionales

 * Trafalgar (1905/1921/1951. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Translated by Frederick Alexander Kirkpatrick)

Plays

 * Meow. A Tragicomedy [Miau] (2014. Liverpool: Aris & Phillips Hispanic Classics. Translated by Ruth Katz Crispin)

Short stories

 * The Conspiracy of Words [La conjuración de las palabras] ( 2007. Madrid: Isidora. Revista de Estudios Galdosianos no. 4, pgs. 165-170. Translated by Robert H. Russell)

Novels

 * Gloria (1882. New York: William S. Gottsberger Publisher. Translated by Clara Bell; 2012. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub. Translated by N. Wetherell)
 * Doña Perfecta (1884. New York: Gottsberger. Translated by Clara Bell; 1883. New York: George Munro, Publisher. Translated by D. P. W.; 1885. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. Translated by Mary jane Serrano; 1940 New York: P. F. Collier & Son; 1960. New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Translated by Harriet de Onís; 2013. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub. Translated by D. P. W)
 * Marianela (1883. New York: William S. Gottsberger Publisher. Translated by Clara Bell; 2013. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub; 2015. Scholar's Choice Publisher. Translated by Mary Wharton)
 * La familia de León Roch (1888. New York: William S. Gottsberger Publisher. Translated by Clara Bell)
 * Marianela: A Story of Spanish Love [Marianela] (1892. Chicago: A.C. McClurg and Company. Translated by Hellen W. Lester)
 * The Spendthrifts [La de Bringas] (1952. Mew York: Farrar Straus & Young. The Illustrated Novel Library. Translated by Gamel Woolsley; 2013. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub)
 * Tristana (1961. Peterborough, NH: R. R. Smith. Translated by R. Selden-Rose. 2014. Review Books Classics. New York: ReadHowYouWant. Translated by Margarte Jull Costa)
 * Compassion [Misericordia] (1962. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. Translated by Toby Talbot)
 * El amigo Manso (1963. New York: Oxford University Press)
 * Miau (1970. New York: Oxford University Press. Translated by Eduard R. Mulvihill, Roberto G. Sánchez)
 * León Roch: a Romance [La familia de León Roch] (1974. New York: Howard Ferting. Translated by Clara Bell)
 * The Shadow [La sombra] (1980. Ohio: Ohio University Press. Translated by Karen O. Austin)
 * Fortunata and Jacinta: Two Stories of Married Women [Fortunata y Jacinta] (1986. Georgia: University of Georgia Press. Translated by Agnes Moncy Gullón)
 * Torquemada novels: Torquemada at the Stake - Torquemada on the Cross - Torquemada in Purgatory - Torquemada and Saint Peter [Torquemada en la hoguera. Torquemada en la Cruz. Torquemada en el Purgatorio. Torquemada y San Pedro] (1986. New York: Columbia University Press. Translated by Frances M. López-Morillas)
 * The Golden Fountain Café: a Historic Novel of the XIXth Century [La Fontana de Oro] (1989. Pittsburgh, PA: Latin American Literary Review Press. Translated by Walten Rubin et al.)
 * Our Friend Manso [El amigo Manso] (1987. New York: Columbia University Press. Translated by Robert Russell)
 * Ángel Guerra (1990. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. Translated by Karen O. Austin)
 * The Unknown [La incógnita](1991. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. Translated by Karen O. Austin)
 * Reality [Realidad] (1992. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. Translated by Karen O. Austin)
 * The Cape of Don Francisco Torquemada: 1.Torquemada in the Bonfire. 2. Torquemada on the Cross. 3. Torquemada in Purgatory. 4. Torquemada and Saint Peter [Torquemada en la hoguera. Torquemada en la Cruz. Torquemada en el Purgatorio. Torquemada y San Pedro] (1996. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press. Translated by Robert G. Trimble)
 * Nazarín (1997. Pittsburgh, PA: Latin American Literary Review Press. Translated by Robert S. Ruder, Gloria Chacón de Arjona)
 * Torquemada at the Stake [Torquemada en la hoguera] (2004. Mineola, New York: Dover. Translated by Stanley Appel Baum)
 * Dona Perfecta [Doña Perfecta] (2009. ReadHowYouWant Publisher. Easy Read Edition; 2014. United States: Independent Publishin-Platform)
 * Halma (2010. Volume 69. Charleston: Nabu Press)
 * Misericordia (2017. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub)
 * Leon Roch: a Romance. Volume 1. [La familia de León Roch] (2018. Franklin Classics Trade Press)

Compilations

 * Benito Pérez Galdós. Best Novels (2017. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub. Translated by Mary J. Serrano)

Episodios Nacionales

 * Trafalgar. A Tale (1884. New York: William S. Gottsberger Publisher. Translated by Clara Bell; 1993. New York: H. Fertig)
 * The Court of Charles IV. A Romance of the Escorial [La Corte de Carlos IV] (1886. New York: William S. Gottsberger Publisher. Translated by Clara Bell; 1993. New York: H. Fertig)
 * La batalla de los Arapiles (1985. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. Translated by R. Ogden)
 * Saragossa. A History of Spanish Valor [Zaragoza] (1899. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Translted by Minna Caroline Smith)
 * The Campaign of the Maestrazgo [La campaña del Maestrazgo] (1990. Wakefield. N. H.: Longwood Academic. Translated by Lila Wells Guzmán)
 * Gerona (1993. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. Translated by G. J. Racz; 20115. Scholar's Select. Palala Press. Goodreads)
 * A Royalist Volunteer [Un voluntario realista] (Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. Translated by Lila Wells Guzmán)
 * Juan Martin el Empecinado (2009. Charleston: Nabu Press)
 * El Grande Oriente (2009. Charleston: Nabu Press)
 * Aita Tettuaen (2009. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub)
 * The Court of Charles IV [La Corte de Carlos IV] (2009. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub. Translated by Clara Bell)
 * Saragossa [Zaragoza] (2015. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub. Translated by Minna Smith)
 * Trafalgar (2016. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub)

Plays

 * The Grandfather. Drama in five acts [El abuelo] (1910. Boston: Poet Lore XXXI, no. 3. Translated by Elizabeth Wallace; 2017. Miami: Editorial Rarebooksclub)
 * Electra (1911. Chicago: The Drama, no. 2, pgs. 12-138; 1919. Boston: R. G. Badger in Contemporary Spanish Dramatists. Translated by Charles Alfred Turrell)
 * The Duchess of San Quintín, Daniela [La de San Quintín] (1928. New York-London: D. Appleton and Company. Translated by Eleanor Bontecou, P. M. Hayden, J. G. Underhill)
 * Marianela (2014. Texas: Stone Cottage Theater. Adapted by Mark-Brian Sonna)
 * The Duchess of San Quintín: a play in three acts [La de San Quintín] (2016. Newark: Juan de la Cuesta Cop. Translated by Robert M. Fedorcheck)

Works by Pérez Galdós, online

 * The Pérez Galdós Editions Project at University of Sheffield
 * Torquemada en la hoguera ISBN 0-9542608-3-X
 * [inauthor:"Benito Pérez Galdós" - Google Search Benito Pérez Galdós] - [[google books]]
 * Pérez Galdós House Museum
 * [Obra Completa en ePub Complete works] ([[ePub]]) (in Spanish)
 * Online library (works in English) Canary Islands government
 * [inauthor:"Benito Pérez Galdós" - Google Search Benito Pérez Galdós] - [[google books]]
 * Pérez Galdós House Museum
 * [Obra Completa en ePub Complete works] ([[ePub]]) (in Spanish)
 * Online library (works in English) Canary Islands government

Film adaptations
His novels have yielded many cinematic adaptations: Beauty in Chains (Doña Perfecta) was directed by Elsie Jane Wilson in 1918; Viridiana (1961), by Luis Buñuel, is based upon Halma; Buñuel also filmed the adaptations Nazarín (1959) and Tristana (1970); La Duda was filmed in 1972 by Rafael Gil; El Abuelo (1998) (The Grandfather), by José Luis Garci, was internationally released a year later; it had previously been adapted as the Argentine film El Abuelo (1954). In 2018, Sri Lankan director Bennett Rathnayke directed the film adaptation Nela.

Works about Pérez Galdós

 * Alfieri, J.J. (1968). "Galdós Revaluated (sic)" Books Abroad, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 225–226.
 * Bishop, William Henry (1917). "Benito Pérez Galdós." In: The Warner Library. New York: Knickerbocker Press, pp. 6153–6163.
 * Chamberlin, Vernon A. (1964). "Galdós' Use of Yellow in Character Delineation," PMLA, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 158–163.
 * Ellis, Havelock (1906). "The Spirit of Present Day Spain," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 98, pp. 757–765.
 * Geddes Jr., James (1910). "Introduction." In: Marianela. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., pp. iii–xvi.
 * Glascock, C.C. (1923). "Spánish Novelist: Benito Perez Galdos," Texas Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 158–177.
 * Gómez Martínez, José Luis (1983). "Galdós y el Krausismo español" Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 55–79.
 * Huntington, Archer M. (1897). "Perez Galdós in the Spanish Academy," The Bookman, Vol. V, pp. 220–222.
 * Karimi, Kian-Harald (2007): Jenseits von altem Gott und ‘Neuem Menschen’. Präsenz und Entzug des Göttlichen im Diskurs der spanischen Restaurationsepoche. Frankf./M.: Vervuert. ISBN 3-86527-313-0
 * Keniston, Hayward (1920). "Galdós, Interpreter of Life," Hispania, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 203–206.
 * Madariaga, Salvador de (1920). "The Genius of Spain," Contemporary Review, Vol. 117, pp. 508–516.
 * Miller, W. (1901). "The Novels of Pérez Galdós," The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 291, pp. 217–228.
 * Pattison, Walter T. (1954). Benito Pérez Galdós and the Creative Process. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
 * Ridao Carlini, Inma (2018): Rich and Poor in Nineteenth-Century Spain: A Critique of Liberal Society in the Later Novels of Benito Pérez Galdós. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-85566-330-5
 * Waldeck, R.W. (1904). "Benito Pérez Galdós, Novelist, Dramatist and Reformer" The Critic, Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 447–449.
 * Warshaw, J. (1929). "Galdós's Apprenticeship in the Drama," Modern Language Notes, Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 459–463.

Pérez Galdós museum
The Pérez Galdós museum (Casa-Museo Pérez Galdós in Spanish) is located in Triana, in the centre of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The house where Pérez Galdós was born was acquired in 1954 by the cabildo de Gran Canaria, and inaugurated on 9 July 1960 by María Pérez Galdós Cobián, the writer's daughter.

In the museum visitors can see the house where the writer grew up, as well as a display of documents, furniture, musical instruments, paintings and photos that belonged to the writer and his family. The aim of the museum is the conservation, study and dissemination of the legacy of Pérez Galdós. The management of the museum has supported international congresses, conferences and exhibitions, and has developed a publishing line. The museum also has a library with numerous works by Pérez Galdós in different languages, as well as the author's complete collection.

title: Benito Pérez Galdós


text:
Talk:Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)

Title of article
Don't think this is a very good title for the article - Shakespear is spelled in varying ways and I'm not 100% sure that this fits the naming conventions. She is, however, only famous for being his wife so what should it be called? violet/riga 16:11, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I think that's why it's named the way it is. The spelling matches what we have the Bard's article titled. We have to have the suffix, of course, because of the clash with the actress.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:38, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know. Random IP contributor. But why not title the article Anne Shakespeare née Hathaway? It differentiates it from the actress, does it not? -Random IP User — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.186.99.121 (talk) 19:19, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Because she is known as Anne Hathaway, not Anne Shakespeare. Wikipedia biographies are titled according to the name they are most commonly known by. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 13:52, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

On that subject, there is no mention in the article about her name. Why was she known by her maiden name? Was it common in that era? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.43.51.142 (talk) 16:00, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

I think I can answer the question. No, actually, it is the reverse that is true. Anne would have been known as Mrs. Shakespeare to everybody, including her husband (properly she would have been addressed as "Goodwife Shakespeare" or 'Mistress Shakespeare," since her husband was first a craftsman and later a gentleman with a coat of arms.)  It is bordering on the bizarre that scholars continue to call her by a name she stopped answering to in her mid 20s when an entire town called her Mrs. Shakespeare.§  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Liviamaxima14 (talk • contribs) 04:40, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

I think you will find that while her public name was Mrs William Shakespeare her name amongst her intimate family continued to be Anne Hathaways. The one was her married name the other was her own name. The hybrid "Mrs Anne Shakespeare" is a more modern invention. ¬¬¬¬ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeremytrewindixon (talk • contribs) 04:46, 9 July 2017 (UTC)

Tourist attraction
Anne Hathaway's Cottage is quite a tourist attraction near Stratford and may be worthy of mention. As very little is known of Anne Hathaway perhaps a small link "Anne Hathaway was also the name of William Shakespeare" could be added to the present Anne Hathaway article - there is a bit of information on Shakespeare's page already. violet/riga 16:27, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * As for your first comment, go ahead and add it. :-)
 * As for your second comment, the main disambiguation page does state that Anne Hathaway was Shakespeare's wife. Do you mean the article about the actress, Anne Hathaway?
 * For both of these changes, be bold and make them. :-)  — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:38, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * The main disambiguation page was created on 14 Aug 2004, the day after the first post in this section. Before that there was only a page on the actress. - Matthew238 01:42, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * For both of these changes, be bold and make them. :-)  — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:38, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Bizarre wording
At 26 when they married, she was eight years Shakespeare's senior. Sounds weird. Being x years somebody's senior doesn't depend on your age. Mayavada 12 Mar 2005
 * Looks like someone changed it. :-)  — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:38, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I changed it to mention their ages (26 and 18).  --Grmagne 12:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Anne Hathaway was 26 whilst William was 18 when they got married and they had 3 children called Susannah, Judith and Hamnet. Judith and Hamnet were twins and they were baptised in the Holy Trinity Church. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.153.232.86 (talk) 17:20, 10 November 2006 (UTC) Anne Hathaway's childhood was spent in a house near where they had sex in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. What? Who had sex? Why is this important to the location of her childhood house? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jpowersbaseball (talk • contribs) 12:49, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Anne Hathaway Shakespeare???
Why has this page been moved to "Anne Hathaway Shakespeare" (see here)?

Whatever the shortcomings of the former title, the new one strikes me as just plain daft. Does anyone want to defend it? If no, can an admin please fix? AndyJones 20:12, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The brackets have been reinstated, as she is known as Anne Hathaway, not Anne Hathaway Shakespeare. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 13:55, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Germaine Greer's new book
I've added a bit of stuff from Aunt Germaine's recent effort (which is outstanding piece of imaginative scholarship BTW, thought provoking and helpful about Mr Shakepeare too) haven't added page refeences but will ultimately.Jeremytrewindixon 03:58, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Fiction about Mrs Shakepeare
Robert Nye's novel Mrs Shakepeare, I think 1993, also worth mentioning. Notable for scene in which Will sodomises Ann on that famous second-best bed. Jeremytrewindixon 03:58, 10 October 2007 (UTC)Also, there isn't a lot about her background except a small paragraph —Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.252.128.7 (talk) 16:30, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

Identity is widow, rather than wife
Earlier today, I corrected her identity in the first line from wife to widow. That was reverted by a user who claimed my correction was 'bizarre'; that she was a wife for much longer than she was a widow. However, all widows were previously wives, but not all wives become widows, hence why widow is the better term for a woman who remained married to her husband until the husband's death, and whom did not remarry. The argument that being a wife for longer than being a widow makes said woman's identity wife rather than widow is nonsense: Nancy Reagan and Betty Ford are both currently described in the first sentence of their articles as widow, not wife, despite the fact that they were both wives for far longer than they have been widows. A widow's identity does not revert to wife when she dies, her identity is still widow. Thus, Anne Hathaway's identity has been widow for over 390 years, which is many times longer than she was a wife for. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 15:35, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I disagree. I might entertain the idea if she was still alive while, but otherwise this change seems absurd to me. More to the point, none of the relevant sources describe her as Shakespeare's widow but as his wife. --Xover (talk) 16:46, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I just added a short addition to the introduction to write in the year in which she was widowed. Snowman (talk) 21:34, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Nancy Reagen and Betty Ford are alive. They are currently the widow of their notable husband. All married historical figures who never divorced will have been a widow or widower, but we do not describe them as such. Calpurnia Pisonis is the last wife of Julius Caesar, not the widow of Caesar. John Adams is not referred to as the widower of Abagail. There are many other examples. Paul B (talk) 23:27, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Second Best Bed
I remember reading that the best bed stayed with the house, like a door or a fireplace, so this may be why Shakespeare willed the second best bed to his wife. Can't remember where I read it, though. 69.104.55.200 (talk) 17:50, 10 August 2010 (UTC)
 * In the BBC podcast "Great Lives" featuring Shakespeare available here, one of the guests, Dominic Dromgoole, Artistic Director of the Globe Theatre, claims that the 2d best bed was the marital bed and hence the appropriate bequest to his wife (showing his love to her). Will this do to satisfy the 'citation needed' tag on the main page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.221.152.231 (talk) 23:58, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion
Another page move proposal has been made to make the Anne Hathaway (actress) article the primary topic of "Anne Hathaway", and move the Anne Hathaway page to Anne Hathaway (disambiguation). Please make any comments at Talk:Anne Hathaway (actress). Thank you. Zzyzx11 (talk) 04:43, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

Rather rambling
The text of this article rambles around quite a bit, perhaps it could be checked for consistency. Wistchars (talk) 13:38, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Can you be more specific? Paul B (talk) 14:01, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I read the article from top to bottom, not as part of a proofreading task, but merely out of interest in the topic. I noticed that the text started to become very inconsistent and difficult to follow around the "Shakespeare's will" section and subsequent sections. Do you agree with me? If not perhaps it is the fault of my way of reading things. Wistchars (talk) 15:15, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, I guess I haven't read it through myself for a while. I agree that it gets a bit confusing around that point, though I don't see anything that's actually "inconsistent". I think the reason is that it refers to her younger daughter Judith's marriage, but not to the older daughter Susanna's. It then starts talking about the "second best bed", without really explaining what that refers to, and then suddenly mentioning Susanna's husband in the middle of the discussion. As for the 'literary references' section, that starts in the 20th century, and says nothing about the Victorian era. Essentially Anne is typically portrayed as a traditional 'good wife' in Victorian fiction. There's a novel about her, which should be mentioned. Then after Frank Harris's books she gets to be portrayed as an a conniving slut or a "shrew" for a period, before more varied portrayals come in. The problem with these sections is that it's difficult to organise them, as people just add books, plays, films etc in an ad hoc way, but I think the evolution of her portrayal could be more clearly outlined. Paul B (talk) 16:02, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I've done my best to smooth it out, adding some material on Victorian literature. Paul B (talk) 17:35, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

Latin Tomb Inscription
Looking at a photo of the Ann Shakespeare's tomb inscription and playing with Bable fish interpretor I believe I have spotted two minor errors in the Latin of the tomb inscription, which is in ref 13. I tried to edit ref 13, but don't see how to do it. Here are the changes I think should be made to ref 13 latin:

1) (line 4) Exatvt => Exeat ('exeat is clear in photo and means 'out'. Latin translator does not recognize exatvt or exatut)

2) (line 6) 'et petet' => 'et astra petet' (In photo there is clearly is a word between 'et' and 'petet', which looks like 'as??a' or as?ra. This is probably 'astra', which translates to 'stars' and is in the Wiki english translation). 24.61.212.124 (talk) 20:38, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I transcribed the inscription by hand from another website. I probably missed out "astra" by accident. The other changes are in the version that I copied. From what I can gather, the original says "Exeat christi", but some versions add "Ut" (or "vt") to the end of "Exeat" for grammatical reasons. Paul B (talk) 13:00, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

Other William Shakespeares
Dear Mr. Barlow, By leaving my contribution in (with regard to there were other people with the surname of Shakespeare), this would have informed Wikepedia readers that there were other people during Shakespeare's time who had the surname "Shakespeare," and I went on to show how the name was spelled in other ways. I disliked it that someone (not you)would assume that seeing the name "Wm Shaxpere" on a marriage licence would automatically mean it to be the playwright William Shakespeare. I didn't like it that someone felt so certain that the "Whately" name on the marriage license was "Hathaway" but just misspelled badly. So, we are supposed to assume that this marriage license was definitely the one filed by William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway? To me, especially in matters of history, we have to be more certain. The purpose of my contribution was to provide more information to further enlighten the reader. Okbrand (talk) 01:54, 6 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi, Oakbrand. I removed your addition for several reasons. It was not properly cited for a start. There was just a vague reference to a book. That's not a big problem in itself. I did check the source, which is online, and yes, there was a "Manasses Shakespeare" living in London who got married in 1710. There's also a Henry Shaksper, Jonathan Shakspeare and John Shackspeare who married during the 17th century. It's not really news that other people existed with the name Shakespeare, or variations on it. None of this is directly connected to William or his marriage, as A) none of them have the first name William, and B) none of these marriages were registered in Worcester in 1582. You've used a book about London to make an argument about the Diocese of Worcester. That's what we call WP:SYN. If anything the evidence indicates how unlikely such a coincidence would be, since even in heavily-populated London there are no other "Wm Shakespeares" getting married at all between 1521 and 1869, a period of more than 300 years. In fact research has been undertaken to find out whether there would have been another William Shakespeare who, by amazing coincidence, was getting married to another woman called Anne at almost exactly the same time in the same diocese. William Ingram in The business of playing: the beginnings of the adult professional theater in Elizabethan London (Cornell University Press, 1992, p.24) states that there is no evidence in surviving records of any other William Shakespeares of marriageable age in the diocese of Worcester. No evidence of an Anne Whateley has even been found either. The arguments concerning this issue are given in more detail in the article on Anne Whateley. Paul B (talk) 08:35, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

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Requested move 6 December 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved Fuortu (talk) 19:43, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare's wife) → Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare) – Must be very consistent with other disambiguators using "wife of". Also formal. This isn't a rehash of primacy of "Anne Hathaway". George Ho (talk) 19:14, 6 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Support First: the person; second: reference related to ~person's role; third: the external reference. GregKaye 11:16, 7 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination and GregKaye. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 02:03, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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To all the editors who have contributed to this article
Well done! I genuinely enjoyed reading this article, and learned quite a bit that was unfamiliar to me. Schazjmd (talk) 22:36, 1 April 2019 (UTC) As did I. - Lisa —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ljadwin (talk • contribs) 12:26, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 22 November 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. There is a strong consensus in favour of the current title. (closed by non-admin page mover) Lennart97 (talk) 15:27, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare) → Anne Hathaway (16th century) – We should avoid marking women as belonging to men. Georgia guy (talk) 14:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per WP:NCPDAB. This is what she is known for, and there are no other Anne Hathaways known for their marriages to need a date-based disambiguator here. If the current title is rejected, then the NCPDAB fallback would be Anne Hathaway (died 1623) (which was in the 17th century) Iffy★Chat -- 17:45, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Iffy, please note that this is not a proposed move to "Anne Hathaway (16th century death)". Georgia guy (talk) 17:56, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose as noted above this is what she's primarily known for, I don't really think the title suggests she belongs to William but merely she's his wife. If a man was primarily known for being a woman's husband we would also use it.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:01, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose move. Bad argument with no basis in policy.  O.N.R.  (talk) 19:35, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose - As other editors have mentioned, her marriage to Shakespeare is the main reason why she's notable. ModernDayTrilobite (talk) 20:17, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * oppose per WP:NCPDAB we really don't know much about here besides she was married to shakespeare—blindlynx (talk) 17:50, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Iffy; Crouch, Swale; O.N.R.; ModernDayTrilobite and —blindlynx. Family relationships have been used as parenthetical qualifiers on a number of previous occasions — Wang Yi (wife of Zhao Ang), Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon), Calpurnia (wife of Caesar), Eunoe (wife of Bogudes), Gomer (wife of Hosea), Naamah (wife of Solomon), Laodice (sister-wife of Mithridates VI of Pontus), Laodice (wife of Mithridates II of Commagene) or Mariamne (third wife of Herod), to say nothing of numerous other entries, such as Iotapa (daughter of Artavasdes I), Nysa (daughter of Nicomedes III of Bithynia), Pompeia (daughter of Pompey the Great), Salome (daughter of Herod the Great) or Porcia (sister of Cato the Younger). For a lengthy discussion of using parenthetical qualifiers to delineate centuries-ago family relationships, see Talk:Pontius Pilate's wife. For the equivalent of such a discussion regarding a modern-day personality, see Talk:Sarah Jane Brown/Archive 10. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 10:38, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I thought I remembered a discussion about Tony Blair's wife, but it turns out it was Brown I was thinking of. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 15:46, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose On a Fandom Wiki, there was a similar discussion a few years ago. We changed it to the person's occupation and not their status as another character's spouse––something they were known for.  In my opinion, it is just confusing.  People have, and are a part of, families.  Sometimes these familial relationships become what they are known for, and pointing this out, in my opinion, does not objectify (dehumanize) them.Joesom333 (talk) 14:36, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Joesom333, please show me the wiki your discussion took place on as well as the page move it was about. Georgia guy (talk) 14:48, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Here you go, Georgia guy: Here is the page. Joesom333 (talk) 14:58, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Why remove direction?
I dobn't understand why you remove

 For American actress, see Anne Hathaway  in this page

Vwqvj qwhiu (talk) 04:44, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

Comments from Jimbotalk

 * Copied from User talk:Jimbo Wales. Sandizer  (talk) 05:48, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

Dear Mr Wales,

I am a regular user of Wikipedia and I noticed the following comment in the article of Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare’s wife: “Harris believed that "Shakespeare's loathing for his wife was measureless" because of his entrapment by her and that this was the spur to his decision to leave Stratford and pursue a career in the theatre.” Apparently in the opinion of this scholar, Ms Hathaway entrapped Shakespeare by getting pregnant. A woman does not entrap a man by getting pregnant. A woman cannot get pregnant without the input of a man. He is responsible for his own actions (and body fluids). Moreover, at that time, she had little choice but to get pregnant...If this opinion needs to be included, it should say something like: "According to Harris, Shakespeare measureless loathing for his wife was caused by his lack of desire to marry her after getting her pregnant." Right?

Young men and women read these comments from scholars and, because they are included in Wikipedia, they may think this type of opinion is valid; whereas it is obviously sexist and misogynistic. Should Wikipedia publish misogynistic opinions? My kids are likely to come across Anne Hathaway in their studies and read this article. Could you please get it changed for the sake of the next generation's education? I am not a regular contributor so my changes will no doubt be removed from such an important article. Many thanks and wish you a wonderful Christmas. Sofia. Sofiairiondo (talk) 13:51, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @Sofiairiondo. Talk:Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare) may be a better place to post your message. – Novem Linguae (talk) 15:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Indeed, that's good advice. Speaking only to broad general principles, which may be helpful to some degree in this case, we will often be confronted with opinions stated by reliable sources in the past which strike us as offensive or otherwise problematic today.  We shouldn't always therefore simply hide those views or dismiss them out of hand, but we should take care to contextualize them appropriately.  For example, in this case Sophia is objecting (rightly, in my view) to the old fashioned view of "entrapment" and so rather than use the word ourselves (in the voice of Wikipedia, as it were) we should quote from the original if that's possible.  Reading the rest of the passage we see that Harris's view is far from universally held, which is all the more reason to treat it with due caution.  It is noteworthy that the word 'entrapment' doesn't appear in the source.  (Although a cursory reading of the passage in question leaves little doubt that Harris thought in those terms more or less at least. source)--Jimbo Wales (talk) 15:47, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * In fact we have an essay, WP:PRESENTISM related to this area, in that we should not apply modern sensibilities to sourced content that wasn't seen as offensive in the past. M asem (t) 16:08, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Kurihara, Miyagi

Kurihara (栗原市) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 66,565, and a population density of 83 persons per km2 in 24,994 households. The total area of the city is 804.97 sqkm. Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park.

Geography
Kurihara covers a part of the northwestern corner of Miyagi Prefecture. It is mostly rice farmland, and small mountain ridges, the largest of which cluster around Mount Kurikoma, the tallest mountain in Kurihara, which is located at the furthest northwestern point of Miyagi Prefecture. In summer, the lotus on Lake Izunuma bloom. In fall, Mount Kurikoma is covered in fall colors and in winter migrating swans and geese come in flocks to spend the season on Kurihara's lakes.

Neighboring municipalities
Miyagi Prefecture Akita Prefecture Iwate Prefecture
 * Tome
 * Ōsaki
 * Yuzawa
 * Higashinaruse
 * Ichinoseki

Climate
The climate of Kurihara is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) per the Köppen climate classification system. As with most of Japan, the summers in Kurihara are hot and humid with temperatures usually around 24.5 C. Summer is also typhoon season, however, since Kurihara is so far north and inland the area is rarely affected. Fall and spring are mild, with temperatures in the low to mid 20s (Celsius). In fall, the days usually begin foggy and cold but clear up by midday. Spring comes late to the region and is mostly sunny punctuated with random light showers. The temperature fluctuates around freezing in winter, falling to an average low of -1.3 C, and snow levels vary with altitude.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kurihara peaked at around the year 1950 and has declined over the past 70 years.

History
The area of present-day Kurihara was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people. During the later portion of the Heian period, the area was ruled by the Northern Fujiwara. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate.

With the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889, the area was organized into Kurihara District, Miyagi Prefecture.

During the Meiji period, many mines were dug in the mountains of Kurihara, and the Hosokura mine was at one point Japan's largest producer of lead and zinc. The mine closed in 1987.

The city of Kurihara was established on April 1, 2005, from the merger of the towns of Ichihasama, Kannari, Kurikoma, Semine, Shiwahime, Takashimizu, Tsukidate, Uguisuzawa and Wakayanagi, and the village of Hanayama (all from Kurihara District, which was dissolved as a result of the merger). The new city hall is located in former Tsukidate. Although technically referred to as a "city", Kurihara in fact functions more like a county composed of ten separate towns. This arrangement is similar to English unitary authorities in the United Kingdom, such as Herefordshire.

During 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, Kurihara–specifically the former town of Tsukidate–experienced the strongest shaking, with a Shindo 7 intensity.

Government
Kurihara has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 26 members. Kurihara contributes two seats to the Miyagi Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Miyagi 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Kurihara is largely based on agriculture. Mining, which once formed a significant percentage of the economy has largely disappeared with the closure of the last mines in the 1980s.

Education
Kurihara has 13 public elementary schools and eight public junior high schools operated by the city government and five public high schools operated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Tōhoku Shinkansen East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Tōhoku Main Line
 * Kurikoma-Kōgen
 * Semine, Arikabe

Local attractions

 * Kurikoma Quasi-National Park is centered on Mt. Kurikoma, a dormant volcano straddling the tri-prefectural border of Miyagi, Akita and Iwate. It is 1627 meters high, conical, and has a 365 degree panoramic view. There is an abundance of diverse alpine flora in the wetlands near its peak and expansive virgin beech forests that are home to many precious birds, insects, and other fauna. There are extensive hiking trails with hot springs located at the base and top of the mountain.
 * Iji Castle ruins, a National Historic Site
 * Sekai Yachi Wetlands Flower Park is a 14.34-hectare wetlands area is situated in the southern foothills of Mt. Kurikoma, between 669 and 707 meters above sea level. Late June is the best time to see the Middendorff's daylilies. The flowering seasons are spring and summer.
 * Miyagi Prefectural Sanctuary Center of Izunuma-Uchinuma is a protected area created in order to protect the abundant plant and animal life in the area. Lake Izunuma, the largest lake in Miyagi, is home to 223 species of waterfowl, or 42% of Japan's 535 total species of water birds. Migrating birds including swans, geese, and ducks, winter here. From late July to late August is when the lotus flowers bloom and the Izunuma-Uchinuma Lotus Festival is held.
 * Former Arikabe-juku Honjin, National Historic Site
 * Sannō-Gakoi Site, National Historic Site
 * Nuruyu Bansho Site, National Historic Site
 * Irinosawa Site, National Historic Site

Culture
Kurihara is known for its rice production. There are also a number of waterfalls, parks filled with cherry blossoms in spring, and flower gardens. These include: Abazu Gorge, Shiraito Falls, Gorindoyama Park, Hasama River Park, and Sanno Historic Park Iris Garden.

It is also a renowned place for viewing the autumn leaves, especially around Mt. Kurikoma. Kurihara also has an abundance of hot spring resorts. These include: Yu-no-Kura Hot Spring, Yubama Hot Spring, Hanayama Hot Spring, and Nuruyu Hot Spring.

Festivals

 * Late March Tohoku Draft Horse Pull Kurikoma Tournament (Kurikoma)
 * 1st Sun of April Obasama Festival and Longevity Rites (Kannari)
 * Mid-April Izumiya Oyashiki Festival (Semine)
 * April 29 Masaoka Festival (Ichihasama)
 * Mid-April Cherry Blossom Festivals (all areas)
 * May 5 Hanayama Rifle Festival (Hanayama)
 * Mid-June Iris Festival (Ichihasama)
 * Mid-June Ichihasama Lily Garden Opening (Ichihasama)
 * 1st Sun of July Iris Festival and Kagura Sacred Dance (Ichihasama)
 * 3rd Sun of July Michinoku Kagura Sacred Dance Festival (Tsukidate)
 * Late July Kurikoma Float Parade Festival (Kurikoma)
 * August Izunuma-Uchinuma Lotus Festival (Wakayanagi, Tsukidate)
 * August 5–6 Tsukidate Tanabata Festival (Tsukidate)
 * August 14 Waterwheel (Suisha) Festival (Shiwahime)
 * August 15–16 Wakayanagi Summer Festival (Wakayanagi)
 * Early October Autumn Lake Festival (Hanayama)
 * Oct-Nov Tagaiichi Markets and Festivals
 * November 3 Tsukidate Yakushi Festival
 * Early Nov Industries Festival
 * Dec-Feb Festivals to Beckon and Welcome Spring (all areas)
 * Mid-Jan Donto Festivals (all areas)

Noted people from Kurihara

 * Yoshiaki Hoshi, musician
 * Kōbōyama Daizō, sumo wrestler
 * Jun Izumida, professional wrestler
 * Yohei "Yoh" Komatsu, Japanese professional wrestler

title: Kurihara, Miyagi


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Ely Airport

Ely Airport (Yelland Field) is a county-owned airport three miles northeast of Ely, in White Pine County, Nevada, United States.

The Federal Aviation Administration says this airport had 239 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 216 in 2009 and 245 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation airport.

Historical airline service
Ely's first airline service began with United Airlines in 1955 providing one daily direct flight each to Salt Lake City and San Francisco using Convair 340 aircraft. The flight to San Francisco made stops in Elko and Reno, Nevada, as well as Sacramento and Oakland, California. Service was later upgraded using Douglas DC-6s that continued into 1970. This was United's last service using piston engine propeller aircraft. United then began a subcontract arrangement with Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) using Convair 580s for its Ely service. In 1977, United brought the service back in house using Boeing 737-200 jets flying a San Francisco - Reno - Elko - Ely - Salt Lake City - Denver route with one daily round trip. Ely was the smallest destination ever to be served year round by United jets. United's service ended on April 1, 1982.

Scenic Airlines also served Ely from about 1973 through 1976 with flights to Las Vegas using Cessna 402 aircraft. Chaparral Aviation flew from Ely to several smaller communities throughout northern Nevada in 1981 and 1982.

With the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, service to Ely became subsidized under the Essential Air Service program so that the city would not lose all service. A series of commuter airlines then provided service to Ely.

SkyWest Airlines provided service to Salt Lake City (SLC) as well as Elko and Reno, Nevada, offering three daily flights each using Piper Navajo aircraft. In 1986, SkyWest began operating as Western Express, a code-share affiliate for Western Airlines which had built a major hub at SLC. Service was reduced to only one daily roundtrip to SLC using a larger Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner aircraft. Western Airlines merged with Delta Air Lines in 1987, and the SkyWest flight then took on the designation as Delta Connection. Service continued until 1996.

Alpine Aviation provided two daily flights to SLC from 1996 through 1999 using Piper Cheyenne aircraft.

Scenic Airlines returned to Ely from 1999 through 2006 with flights to North Las Vegas Airport and Elko Regional Airport. On November 12, 2006, Air Midwest began flights to McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas via Cedar City Regional Airport in Cedar City, Utah, using Beechcraft 1900Ds. The stop in Cedar City was due to the fact that McCarran Airport requires Transportation Security Administration screening not available at Ely. The return flights operated nonstop from Las Vegas to Ely. The service began as America West Express, a feeder service for America West Airlines. America West merged with US Airways in 2007 at which time the service became US Airways Express. This service ended in mid-2008.

Great Lakes Aviation then took over serving Ely with Beechcraft 1900Ds as well. At first, a single flight to Denver was operated with a stop at Moab, Utah. In 2011, the service was switched to one daily nonstop flight to Las Vegas. Great Lakes service ended in March, 2013, as passenger traffic fell below the minimum required to maintain subsidies. Ely has not seen scheduled airline service since.

Facilities
Ely Airport covers 4,999 acres (2,023 ha) at an elevation of 6,260 feet (1,908 m). It has two asphalt runways: 18/36 is 6,017 by 150 feet (1,834 x 46 m) and 12/30 is 4,825 by 60 feet (1,471 x 18 m).

In the year ending April 30, 2022, the airport had 5,583 aircraft operations, average 107 per week: 73% general aviation, 23% air taxi, and 4% military. 10 aircraft were then based here: 9 single-engine, and 1 multi-engine.

Other sources

 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-1995-361) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Order 2006-4-9: selecting Scenic Airlines, Inc., to continue to provide subsidized essential air service at Ely, Nevada, consisting of six nonstop round trips a week to Elko and six nonstop round trips a week to North Las Vegas Airport, for a new two-year term, through February 29, 2008.
 * Order 2006-8-29: selecting Mesa Air Group Inc. d/b/a Air Midwest to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) at Merced and Visalia, California, and Ely, Nevada, for two years, beginning when the carrier inaugurates service. Merced and Visalia will receive 23 weekly round trips to Las Vegas, operated on a Las Vegas - Merced - Visalia - Las Vegas or Las Vegas - Visalia - Merced - Las Vegas routing at an annual subsidy rate of $1,599,207. Ely will receive 6 nonstop round trips each week to Salt Lake City at an annual subsidy rate of $647,709. Air Midwest will operate as America West Express/US Airways Express and serve each community with 19-passenger Beech 1900-Ds.
 * Order 2008-6-26: selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd. to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) at Merced and Visalia, California, and Ely, Nevada, for the two-year period beginning when the carrier inaugurates full EAS pursuant to this Order, at an annual subsidy of $4,900,401 with 19-seat Beech 1900Ds.
 * Order 2010-9-13: re-selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd., to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) with 19-passenger Beechcraft B-1900Ds at Merced and Visalia, California, and Ely, Nevada, from October 1, 2010, through September 31, 2012. The annual subsidy rates will be $1,961,174, $1,746,507, and $1,752,067 for Merced, Visalia and Ely, respectively, for a total of $5,459,748.

title: Ely Airport


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Toyoma, Miyagi

Toyoma (登米町) was a town in the former Tome District, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It is now a part of the city of Tome.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,790 and a population density of 126.78 persons per km2. The total area was 45.67 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Toyoma, along with the towns of Hasama, Ishikoshi, Minamikata, Nakada, Towa, Toyosato and Yoneyama (all from Tome District) were merged with the town of Tsuyama (from Motoyoshi District) to create the city of Tome.

title: Toyoma, Miyagi


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Luscious Jackson

Luscious Jackson is an alternative rock/rap-rock group formed in 1991. The band's name is a reference to former American basketball player Lucious Jackson.

The original band consisted of Jill Cunniff (lead vocals, bass), Gabby Glaser (vocals, guitar), and Vivian Trimble (keyboards, vocals). Drummer Kate Schellenbach joined the band midway through the recording of their 1992 debut EP In Search of Manny.

Between 1993 and 2000, the band released one EP, three full-length LPs, and ten singles on the Beastie Boys' Grand Royal label. Their biggest hit—and only Billboard Hot 100 entry—was "Naked Eye". Other singles include "Here", "Daughters of the Kaos", "Citysong", "Under Your Skin" and "Ladyfingers".

Keyboardist Vivian Trimble left the group in 1998, and in 2000 the group announced their breakup, after releasing one album as a trio. February 2007 saw the release of the group's Greatest Hits.

In 2011, the three remaining members announced that they had reunited and were planning to make new music. The band released two new albums, including a children's album, in November 2013.

1991–1993
In 1991, Jill Cunniff and Gabby Glaser (the niece of graphic designer Milton Glaser) created the first Luscious Jackson demo with tip money from their restaurant jobs. The band's name was derived from a malapropism of the name of former American basketball player Lucious Jackson, after the band members heard an announcer on ESPN's SportsCenter mispronounce Jackson's first name as "Luscious" and thought it would make for a great band name. Their first live performance was opening for Beastie Boys and Cypress Hill at the now-defunct Building in lower New York City. The Beastie Boys asked Luscious Jackson to be the first band on their Grand Royal label.

Former Beastie Boys band member Kate Schellenbach soon joined Luscious Jackson on drums, while Vivian Trimble took keyboard and backing vocal duties.

Three tracks from the original Luscious Jackson demo, along with four new songs, were released in 1992 as the In Search of Manny EP. "Let Yourself Get Down" and "Daughters of the Kaos" were issued as promotional singles, while a video was also filmed for the latter.

1994–1995
After previewing two new recordings from their forthcoming album on the promotional Daughters of the Kaos EP, Luscious Jackson released their first full-length LP for the Grand Royal label, Natural Ingredients (1994). The album spawned three minor hits with "Citysong", "Deep Shag" and "Here", the latter featured in the film Clueless (1995). In addition, all three singles had music videos which received airplay on MTV.

The years 1994 and 1995 brought continued success for the band. They took part in the Lollapalooza tour and were the musical guest on numerous television shows, including Saturday Night Live, Viva Variety and MTV's 120 Minutes. They were also featured in a fashion segment on MTV's House of Style and on the Nickelodeon series The Adventures of Pete and Pete in the episode titled "Dance Fever", where the band performed "Angel", "Satellite", "Pele Merengue" and "Here" at Little Pete's first junior high dance.

While on tour in 1995, Trimble and Cunniff recorded a collection of mellow, acoustic-driven songs under the name Kostars, titled Klassics with a "K". The album was released in 1996 and featured contributions by Schellenbach and Glaser, as well as Gene and Dean Ween of Ween, and was produced by Josephine Wiggs, bass player of the Breeders.

1996–1997
The time between 1996 and 1997 was Luscious Jackson's most commercially successful period. While promoting the release of their second full-length album, 1996's Fever In Fever Out (produced by Daniel Lanois), they scored their first Billboard Top 40 hit with "Naked Eye". Two follow-up singles were released: "Under Your Skin" and "Why Do I Lie?", the latter of which was featured in the Gus Van Sant film Good Will Hunting (1997).

During this time, Luscious Jackson's "Nice Duds" fan club members received a 10-track CD album of demos and live rarities titled Tip Top Starlets.

1998–2000
In 1998, Luscious Jackson recorded George Gershwin's "I've Got a Crush on You" for the Red Hot Organization's compilation album Red Hot + Rhapsody, a tribute to Gershwin which raised money for various charities devoted to increasing AIDS awareness and fighting the disease. Luscious Jackson were featured in an ad campaign for the Gap throughout 1998 and 1999. Their Christmas ad "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" was voted the most popular of the campaign in TV Guide.

In April of that year, Trimble left Luscious Jackson to pursue other interests, stating that she had grown tired of touring and wanted to ground herself in New York City. Two years later, Trimble and Josephine Wiggs released a self-titled album under the name Dusty Trails.

In 1999, Luscious Jackson (recording as a trio) released their third full-length LP, Electric Honey. The single "Ladyfingers" was a moderate success, with the video put into heavy rotation on VH1. "Ladyfingers" was also featured in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV series episode "Beer Bad", as well as the "Witch Trial" episode of Charmed. A second single, "Nervous Breakthrough", was issued without a music video or commercial single release. Plans for releasing "Devotion" as the third single from Electric Honey were scrapped as interest in the album waned, although a radio/single remix was prepared.

The band embarked upon a tour that year with Cibo Matto, and both bands had performed at that year's Lilith Fair. Trimble was replaced by Singh Birdsong on keyboards, and the touring group was joined by DJ Alex Young and bassist/percussionist Tia Sprocket. In August, the tour included a date at the Opera House in Toronto.

In 2000, Luscious Jackson announced they would no longer be recording or touring, as they wanted to spend more time with their families.

Greatest hits and solo albums
In February 2007, Capitol Records released a Greatest Hits album.

On February 20, 2007, Cunniff released her first solo album, City Beach, on the Militia Group label.

On June 26, 2007, Glaser released her debut solo album, Gimme Splash, via Latchkey Recordings.

Reunion (2011–present)
In 2006, Luscious Jackson announced plans to reunite to record a new album of songs for children. By September of that year, the band had completed eleven tracks for the album and was seeking a label to release it. It was untitled, although Cunniff told MTV she wanted to call it It's All Goo.

On July 8, Luscious Jackson's official Twitter and Facebook accounts became active and confirmed that the band had reunited. Cunniff, Glaser and Schellenbach all returned to the band, while Trimble did not. Working with Pledgemusic as part of a fundraising drive, the band hoped to finish their album for children that had first been planned in 2006. They also revealed plans to make a new studio album, their first since 1999. A previously unreleased track from 1999 called "Girlscout" was also made available by the band as a free download.

On February 8, 2012, Rolling Stone magazine posted an article on how the band had reunited quietly in 2011 after more than a decade apart to begin work on their first album of new material since Electric Honey. The band opted to skip signing to a traditional label in favor of funding their new project through Pledgemusic. A track titled "Are You Ready?" was made available via internet stream. In September 2013, the lead single from their forthcoming album Magic Hour, "So Rock On", was premiered on NPR's All Songs Considered program.

The trio released Magic Hour on November 5, 2013, followed by their children's album, Baby DJ, on November 12. The band performed two shows in support of Magic Hour in Philadelphia on November 23 and New York on December 7, followed by an appearance on Late Show with David Letterman on November 18. Sporadic performances followed in 2014 and 2016.

On April 6, 2023, it was reported that former keyboard player, Vivian Trimble had died two days prior, on April 4, at the age of 59, due to cancer.

Side and solo projects
Band members have been involved in the following side and solo projects:

 * Kims We Love 7” by Ladies Who Lunch (1995)
 * Klassics with a "K" by Kostars (1996)
 * Everybody’s Happy Nowadays 7” by Ladies Who Lunch (1997)
 * Dusty Trails by Dusty Trails (2000)
 * Punk Debutante by Cooler Kids (2003)
 * City Beach by Jill Cunniff (2007)
 * Gimme Splash by Gabby Glaser (2007)

title: Luscious Jackson


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Toyosato, Miyagi

Toyosato (豊里町) was a town in the former Tome District, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It is now a part of the city of Tome.

As of November 2005, the town had an estimated population of 7,194 people and a population density of 219.00 persons per km2. The total area was 32.85 km2 (apx. 13 mi2.).

On April 1, 2005, Toyosato, along with the towns of Hasama, Ishikoshi, Minamikata, Nakada, Toyoma, Towa and Yoneyama (all from Tome District) were merged with the town of Tsuyama (from Motoyoshi District) to create the city of Tome.

Train stations

 * Kesennuma Line: Rikuzen-Toyosato - Mitakedō

Major roads

 * Sanriku Expressway (Monou-Toyosato interchange)
 * Route 346

title: Toyosato, Miyagi


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sloppy Giuseppe's

Sloppy Guiseppe's is a restaurant that many people eat at and want to know facts!


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Guido Guinizelli

Guido Guinizelli (ca. 1225–1276) was an esteemed Italian love poet and is considered the "father" of the Dolce Stil Novo. He was the first to write in this new style of poetry writing, and thus is held to be the ipso facto founder. He was born in, and later exiled from, Bologna, Italy. It is speculated that he died in Verona, Italy.

Poetry
Guinizelli's poetry can be briefly described as a conciliation between divine and earthly love with deep psychological introspection. His major works are Al cor gentil rempaira sempre Amore (Within the gentle heart abideth Love), which Peter Dronke considers "perhaps the most influential love-song of the thirteenth century" (Dronke 1965, 57), as well as Io vogli[o] del ver la mia donna laudare and Vedut'ho la lucente stella Diana.

The main themes of the Dolce Stil Novo can be found in Guinizelli's Al cor gentil rempaira sempre amore: the angelic beauty of the beloved women, the comparison of nobility to the sun and the rampant use of topoi such as cor gentil and Amore.

Purgatorio XI
Guido Guinizelli appears twice in Dante Alighieri's Purgatorio. At first, he is briefly mentioned in Purgatorio XI, when Dante encounters the great Italian artist, Oderisi da Gubbio, on the terrace of Pride. While discussing the fleeting nature of fame and recognition, Oderisi refers to Guido Guinizelli and his successor, Guido Cavalcanti (ca. 1250–1300): Thus has one Guido taken from the other

the glory of our tongue, and he, perhaps, is born

who will drive one and then the other from the nest (Purgatorio XI. 97-99).

Purgatorio XXVI
In Purgatorio XXVI, Dante journeys through the terrace of Lust, where he finally meets Guido Guinizelli. Like the other shades on this terrace, Guido is engulfed in flames to repent for his burning desires while alive. Once Guido reveals his identity, Dante narrates the awe and respect he has for the esteemed poet: when he gave his name and I knew he had been

father to me and to others, my betters,

who always used love's sweet and graceful rhymes (Purgatorio XXVI. 97-99). In this tercet, Dante refers to Guinizelli's influence on Italian poetry and the style of Dolce Stil Novo.

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Tome, Miyagi

Tome (登米市) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 77,897 and a population density of 150 persons per km2 in 27,298 households. The total area of the city is 536.12 sqkm. The area is noted for its rice production.

Geography
Tome is in far northeastern Miyagi Prefecture, bordered by Iwate Prefecture to the north. The Kitakami River flows through the city. The city is approximately 70 kilometers north of the prefectural capital of Sendai.

Neighboring municipalities
Miyagi Prefecture Iwate Prefecture
 * Ishinomaki
 * Kurihara
 * Ōsaki
 * Kesennuma
 * Wakuya
 * Minamisanriku
 * Ichinoseki

Climate
Tome has a humid climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters. The average annual temperature in Tome is 11.5 C. The average annual rainfall is 1078.2 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.8 C, and lowest in January, at around -0.1 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tome peaked in the 1950s and has declined steadily over the past 70 years.

History
The area of present-day Tome was part of ancient Mutsu Province, and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people. During the later portion of the Heian period, the area was ruled by the Northern Fujiwara. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate.

The town of Tome was established on June 1, 1889 within Tome District, Miyagi with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. The city of Tome was established on April 1, 2005, from the merger of the towns of Hasama, Ishikoshi, Minamikata, Nakada, Toyoma, Towa, Toyosato, Tsuyama, and Yoneyama (all from Tome District), and the town of Tsuyama (from Motoyoshi District). Tome District was dissolved as a result of his merger.

2011 earthquake and tsunami
Tome was one of several cities severely affected by an earthquake and tsunami on Friday, 11 March 2011, with as many as 6,000 people left homeless. On 15, 2011, authorities announced that German and Swiss teams with search dogs would be deployed to the city to aid in search and recovery efforts. Other search and rescue team came from Australia and New Zealand. Early reports suggest that many residents of the nearby town of Minamisanriku, which was one of the hardest hit by the tsunami, had evacuated to Tome.

Government
Tome has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 26 members. Tome contributes two seats to the Miyagi Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Miyagi 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Tome is largely based on agriculture.

Education
Tome has 21 public elementary schools, one combined public elementary/middle school, nine public junior high schools operated by the city government, and three public high schools operated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Tōhoku Main Line East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Kesennuma Line
 * Umegasawa - Nitta - Ishikoshi
 * Rikuzen-Toyosato - Mitakedō - Yanaizu - Rikuzen-Yokoyama

Highway

 * (Tsukidate and Wakayanagi interchanges)
 * (Monou-Toyosato, Toyoma (Tome), Towa/Mitakido, and Monou-Tsuyama interchanges)

Local attractions

 * Toyoma Education Museum
 * Naganuma Futopia Park

Twin towns – sister cities
Tome is twinned with:
 * 🇯🇵 Nyūzen, Japan
 * 🇺🇸 Southlake, United States
 * 🇨🇦 Vernon, Canada

Noted people from Tome

 * Shotaro Ishinomori, manga artist
 * Katsuhiro Otomo, manga artist
 * Kouzou Sasaki, politician
 * Shio Satō, manga artist
 * Maruyama Gondazaemon, sumo
 * Shinobu Sugawara, Japanese professional wrestler

title: Tome, Miyagi


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Geonim

Geonim (גאונים; ; also transliterated Gaonim, singular Gaon) were the presidents of the two great Babylonian Talmudic Academies of Sura and Pumbedita, in the Abbasid Caliphate. They were generally accepted as the spiritual leaders of the Jewish community worldwide in the early medieval era, in contrast to the Resh Galuta (exilarch) who wielded secular authority over the Jews in Islamic lands.

Geonim is the plural of (Ga'on), which means "pride" or "splendor" in Biblical Hebrew and since the 19th century "genius" as in modern Hebrew. As a title of a Babylonian college president it meant something like "His Excellency".

The Geonim played a prominent and decisive role in the transmission and teaching of Torah and Jewish law. They taught Talmud and decided on issues on which no ruling had been rendered during the period of the Talmud.

Era
The period of the Geonim began in 589 CE (Hebrew date: 4349), after the period of the Sevora'im, and ended in 1038 (Hebrew date: 4798). The first gaon of Sura, according to Sherira Gaon, was Mar Rab Mar, who assumed office in 609. The last gaon of Sura was Samuel ben Ḥofni, who died in 1034 CE; the last gaon of Pumbedita was Hezekiah Gaon, who was tortured to death by zealots of the Buyid dynasty in 1040; hence the activity of the Geonim covers a period of nearly 450 years.

There were two major Geonic academies, one in Sura and the other in Pumbedita. The Sura Academy was originally dominant, but its authority waned towards the end of the Geonic period and the Pumbedita Gaonate gained ascendancy (Louis Ginzberg in Geonica).

Role in Jewish life
The Geonim officiated, in the last place, as directors of the academies, continuing as such the educational activity of the Amoraim and Saboraim. For while the Amoraim, through their interpretation of the Mishnah, gave rise to the Talmud, and while the Saboraim definitively edited it, the Geonim's task was to interpret it; for them it became the subject of study and instruction, and they gave religio-legal decisions in agreement with its teachings.

During the geonic period the Babylonian schools were the chief centers of Jewish learning; the Geonim, the heads of these schools, were recognized as the highest authorities in Jewish law. Despite the difficulties which hampered the irregular communications of the period, Jews who lived even in most distant countries sent their inquiries concerning religion and law to these officials in Babylonia.

In the latter centuries of the geonic period, from the middle of the tenth to the middle of the eleventh, their supremacy lessened, as the study of the Talmud received care in other lands. The inhabitants of these regions gradually began to submit their questions to the heads of the schools in their own countries. Eventually they virtually ceased sending their questions to Babylonian Geonim.

The title "Gaon"
The title gaon came to be applied to the heads of the two Babylonian academies of Sura and Pumbedita, although it did not displace the original title of Rosh Yeshivah Ge'on Ya'akov (Hebrew, head of the academy, pride of Jacob). The Aramaic term used was Resh metivta.

The title gaon properly designated the office of head of the academy. The title became popular in use around the end of the 6th century. As the academies of Sura and Pumbedita were invested with judicial authority, the gaon officiated as supreme judge.

The organization of the Babylonian academies recalled the ancient Sanhedrin. In many responsa of the Geonim, members of the schools are mentioned who belonged to the "great sanhedrin", and others who belonged to the "small sanhedrin". In front of the presiding gaon and facing him were seated seventy members of the academy in seven rows of ten persons each, each person in the seat assigned to him, and the whole forming, with the gaon, the so-called "great sanhedrin". Gaon Amram calls them in a responsum the "ordained scholars who take the place of the great sanhedrin". (A regular ordination ("semichah") is of course not implied here: that did not exist in Babylonia, only a solemn nomination taking place.)

Gaon Ẓemaḥ refers in a responsum to "the ancient scholars of the first row, who take the place of the great sanhedrin". The seven masters, or "allufim" and the "ḥaberim", the three most prominent among the other members of the college, sat in the first of the seven rows. Nine sanhedrists were subordinated to each of the seven allufim, who probably supervised the instruction given during the entire year by their subordinates. The members of the academy who were not ordained sat behind the seven rows of sanhedrists.

Responsa
Early in the Geonic era, the majority of the questions asked them were sent from Babylonia and the neighboring lands. Jewish communities in these regions had religious leaders who were somewhat acquainted with the Talmud, and who could on occasion visit the Jewish academies in Babylon. A literature of questions and answers developed, known as the responsa literature.

The questions were usually limited to one or more specific cases, while the responsum to such a query gave a ruling, a concise reason for it, together with supporting citations from the Talmud, and often a refutation of any possible objection.

More discursive were the responsa of the later geonim after the first half of the 9th century, when questions began to be sent from more distant regions, where the inhabitants were less familiar with the Talmud, and were less able to visit the Babylonian academies, then the only seats of Talmudic learning.

The later geonim did not restrict themselves to the Mishnah and Talmud, but used the decisions and responsa of their predecessors, whose sayings and traditions were generally regarded as authoritative. These responsa of the later geonim were often essays on Talmudic themes, and since a single letter often answered many questions, it frequently became book-length in size. Two important examples of such books are the Siddur of Amram Gaon, addressed to the Jews of Spain in response to a question about the laws of prayer, and the Epistle of Sherira Gaon, which sets out the history of the Mishnah and the Talmud in response to a question from Tunisia.

Some of the responsa that have survived are in their original form, while others are extant only as quotations in later works. Many have been found in the Cairo Genizah.

Examples of responsa collections are:
 * Halakhot Pesukot min ha-Geonim (Brief Rulings of the Geonim): Constantinople 1516
 * Sheelot u-Teshuvot me-ha-Geonim (Questions and Answers/Responses from the Geonim): Constantinople 1575
 * Shaare Tzedek (Gates of Justice), edited by Nissim ben Hayyim: Salonica 1792, containing 533 responsa arranged according to subject and an index by the editor
 * Teshuvot Ha-Geonim, ed. Mussafia: Lyck 1864
 * Teshuvot ha-Geonim: Shaare Teshuvah with commentary Iyye ha-Yam by Israel Moses Hazan: Livorno 1869; linked here
 * Shaare Teshuvah ha-Shalem, ed. Leiter: New York 1946
 * Teshuvot Geone Mizrach u-Ma'arav, ed. Mueller: Berlin 1888
 * Lewin, B. M., Otzar ha-Geonim: Thesaurus of the Gaonic Responsa and Commentaries Following the Order of the Talmudic Tractates (13 vols): Haifa 1928
 * Assaf, Simhah, Teshuvot ha-Geonim: Jerusalem 1927 (second volume 1942).

Other works
Individual Geonim often composed treatises and commentaries. Three handbooks on Jewish law are:
 * Halachot Pesukot of Yehudai Gaon (not to be confused with the responsa collection of the same name): this was the basis of many other abridgments
 * She'iltot of Achai Gaon
 * Halachot Gedolot, by Simeon Kayyara.

The most notable author among the Geonim was Saadia Gaon, who wrote Biblical commentaries and many other works: he is best known for the philosophical work Emunoth ve-Deoth.

Yarchei Kallah
Two months of the year were denoted as yarchei kallah, or "months of the bride" (referring to the Talmud) – the Hebrew months of Adar and Elul. During this time, foreign students assembled in the academy for common study.

During the first three weeks of the yarchei kallah the scholars seated in the first row reported on the Talmud treatise assigned for study during the preceding months; in the fourth week the other scholars and also some of the pupils were called upon. Discussions followed, and difficult passages were laid before the gaon, who also took a prominent part in the debates, and freely reproved any member of the college who was not up to the standard of scholarship. At the end of the yarchei kallah the gaon designated the Talmudic treatise which the members of the assembly were obliged to study in the months intervening until the next gathering took place. The students who were not given seats were exempt from this task, being free to choose a subject for study according to their needs.

During the yarchei kallah, the gaon laid before the assembly a number of the questions that had been sent in during the year from all parts of the Diaspora. The requisite answers were discussed, and were finally recorded by the secretary of the academy according to the directions of the gaon. At the end of the yarchei kallah the questions, together with the answers, were read to the assembly, and the answers were signed by the gaon. A large number of the geonic responsa originated in this way; but many of them were written by the respective Geonim without consulting the kallah assemblies convened in the spring.

Individual Geonim

 * Achai Gaon (died c. 761)
 * Amram Gaon (died 875)
 * Dodai ben Nahman, gaon of the Talmudic academy at Pumbedita (761–764)
 * Hai Gaon (939–1038)
 * Saadia Gaon (882 or 892 – 942)
 * Sherira Gaon (906–1006)

Chananel Ben Chushiel (Rabbeinu Chananel) (990–1053) and Nissim Gaon (990–1062) of Kairouan, though not holders of the office of Gaon, are often ranked among the Geonim. Others, perhaps more logically, consider them as constituting the first generation of Rishonim. Maimonides (1135–1204) sometimes uses the term "Geonim" in an extended sense, to mean "leading authorities", regardless of what country they lived in.

title: Geonim


text:
Ogatsu, Miyagi

Ogatsu (雄勝町) was a town formerly located in Monou District, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

On April 1, 2005, the old city of Ishinomaki absorbed the towns of Kahoku, Kanan, Kitakami, Monou and Ogatsu (all from the former Monou District), and the town of Oshika (from Oshika District) to more than quadruple its area and added nearly 60,000 people to its population.

Ogatsu was famous for its inkstones and had a scallop festival every year in the fall.

Traditional performance art

 * Ogatsu Houinkagura (雄勝法印神楽)
 * Ogatsu-cho Dateno Kurofunetaiko (雄勝町伊達の黒船太鼓)

title: Ogatsu, Miyagi


text:
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title: User talk:169.253.4.21