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Erik Weihenmayer

Erik Weihenmayer (born September 23, 1968) is an American athlete, adventurer, author, activist and motivational speaker. He was the first blind person to reach the summit of Mount Everest, on May 25, 2001. Due to this accomplishment he was featured on the cover of Time magazine. He completed the Seven Summits in September 2002, one of only 150 mountaineers at the time to do so, but the only climber to achieve this while blind. In 2008, he also added the Carstensz Pyramid thus completing the Eight Summits. Weihenmayer has also made noteworthy climbs up the Nose of El Capitan in Yosemite in 1996, and ascended Losar, a 2700 ft vertical ice face in the Himalayas in 2008.

In 2005, he co-founded No Barriers, a nonprofit organization that helps people of diverse backgrounds and abilities to attack challenges head on, problem solve, build winning teams, and serve others. In September 2014, Weihenmayer and blinded Navy veteran Lonnie Bedwell kayaked the entire 277 miles of the Grand Canyon, considered one of the most formidable whitewater locations in the world. Today, while still adventuring, he is a prominent worldwide speaker, focusing on the topic of living a "No Barriers Life."

Early life and education
Weihenmayer was born September 23, 1968, in Princeton, New Jersey. At 15 months old, he was diagnosed with juvenile retinoschisis, with blindness the expected outcome by age 13. At age 4, Weihenmayer and his family moved to Coral Gables, Florida, and, in 1975, to Hong Kong, where Weihenmayer attended the Hong Kong International School for grades 2–6. As he was going blind, Weihenmayer fought against using canes and learning Braille. He wanted to hang on to his life in the sighted world. Upon returning to America, Weihenmayer and his family settled in Connecticut, where he attended Weston High School. He eventually turned to wrestling and became a prominent force in high school, captaining his team and representing Connecticut in the National Junior Freestyle Wrestling Championship in Iowa.

At age 16, he started using a guide dog. He tried rock climbing, and found he was a natural at scrambling up a face using his hands and feet to find holds. Then he attended Boston College and graduated with a double major in English and communications. He did his student-teaching at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Massachusetts, became a middle-school teacher at Phoenix Country Day School, where he met his fellow teacher and future wife, Ellie Reeves. He also coached wrestling in Phoenix.

Weihenmayer has been granted honorary degrees from Lehigh University, Lafayette College, Babson College, Colorado Mountain College, the University of Vermont, and Lesley University.

Seven Summits
Weihenmayer's first big mountain was Denali, in 1995, and in 2004, with Jeff Evans, Sabriye Tenberken and six blind Tibetan teenagers, he climbed on the north side of Everest to 21,500 feet, higher than any group of blind people have ever stood. A documentary based on the project, Blindsight, was released in 2006.

On May 25, 2001, Weihenmayer became the first blind person to reach the summit of Mount Everest. For this feat, he was honored with a Time Magazine cover story. Of his Everest ascent, Time stated, "There is no way to put what Erik has done in perspective because no one has ever done anything like it. It is a unique achievement, one that in the truest sense pushes the limits of what man is capable of."

He completed the Seven Summits in September 2002, joining 150 mountaineers at the time who had accomplished that feat, but as the only blind climber. In 2008, he also added Carstensz Pyramid in Indonesia, the tallest peak in Australasia, thus completing the more respected Eight Summits.

Climbing
Weihenmayer has climbed rock and ice faces around the world. These include the first blind ascent of the 3,000-foot Nose of El Capitan in Yosemite, a difficult alpine climb of spectacular Alpamayo in Peru, and an ascent of a rarely-climbed 700-meter frozen waterfall in Nepal.

Kayaking
In September 2014, Weihenmayer and blinded Navy veteran, Lonnie Bedwell, kayaked the entire 277-miles of the Grand Canyon, considered one of the most formidable whitewater venues in the world.

Other adventures
In 2006, Weihenmayer created the Adventure Team Challenge, a first-of-its-kind adventure race in which teams of disabled and non-disabled athletes compete; his team won five years in a row. In 2010, he completed the Leadville 100 mountain bike race, with elevations all above 10,000 feet, on a tandem, once again becoming the first blind person to complete a world-class competition. And in 2011, Weihenmayer's Team No Limits raced across the deserts and mountains of Morocco for a month, finishing in second place on the ABC reality show Expedition Impossible.

He has also completed the Primal Quest, an adventure race over 460 miles with 60,000 feet of elevation gain.

Books
In addition to being an adventurer and speaker, Weihenmayer is also the author of the book, Touch the Top of the World: A Blind Man's Journey to Climb Farther Than the Eye can See, which has been published in twelve countries and nine languages. Publishers Weekly described Weihenmayer's memoir as "moving and adventure packed, Weihenmayer tells his extraordinary story with humor, honesty and vivid detail, and his fortitude and enthusiasm are deeply inspiring." The book was made into an A&E movie and released on DVD by Sony.

Weihenmayer's second book, The Adversity Advantage: Turning Everyday Struggles Into Everyday Greatness, shares hard-earned lessons and practical advice for using adversity as fuel for growth and innovation. Stephen Covey, author of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, stated, "This book led me to look carefully at myself with an awareness of how the challenges of my life can be the fuel that will enable me to swim against the stream, against cultural currents, against all forms of adversity inherent in my most important goals."

Weihenmayer's latest release, No Barriers: A Blind Man's Journey to Kayak the Grand Canyon, was published in 2017. The book is Weihenmayer's second memoir, and chronicles his descent of the Grand Canyon aimed to encourage those who have encountered obstacles to their goals. Kirkus Reviews, a leading literary trade magazine, wrote: "Weihenmayer presents an exhilarating adventure story of arduous mountain climbing and whitewater kayaking, but he also offers broader life lessons. A wonderful tribute to the greatness of the human spirit."

Media and film appearances
Weihenmayer's adventures have earned him dozens of awards, recognitions, and TV interviews. He's received the ESPY, Nike's Casey Martin award, and the Helen Keller Lifetime Achievement award. He's appeared on NBC's Today Show and Nightly News, Oprah, Good Morning America, Nightline, and the Tonight Show. He was featured on the cover of Time, Outside, and Climbing magazines. Weihenmayer has also carried torches for both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games.

Farther Than the Eye Can See, the documentary of his Everest ascent, is ranked by Men's Journal as one of the top 20 adventure films of all time. The film won first prize at 21 international film festivals and was nominated for two Emmy awards. In 2004, Weihenmayer and six Everest team members trained a group of blind Tibetan students and then lead them to 22,000 feet on the north side of Everest. Blindsight, the documentary of the ascent, won People's Choice Awards at the Los Angeles, London, and Berlin Film Festivals, and was released in theaters in 2007 to major accolades from film critics.

Weihenmayer was featured in the 2012 award-winning film, High Ground. This film documents a team of injured veterans; led by Weihenmayer and his Everest team, as they embark on a Himalayan climbing expedition, and along the trail, struggle to heal mentally and spiritually from the devastating wounds of war.

In 2017, Weihenmayer was named one of "The 25 Most Adventurous Men of the Past 25 Years" by Men's Journal.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Erik Weihenmayer


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List of storms named Isidore

The name Isidore was used for four tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean.

 * Tropical Storm Isidore (1984) - made landfall at Andros Island in the Bahamas and then crossed central Florida, causing USD$750,000 in damage.
 * Hurricane Isidore (1990) - Category 2 hurricane that remained over the open ocean.
 * Hurricane Isidore (1996) - Category 3 that never made landfall.
 * Hurricane Isidore (2002) - Category 3 hurricane that struck western Cuba and the Yucatán causing $330 million in damage and seven deaths.

Isidore was retired after the 2002 hurricane season and replaced with Ike for the 2008 season.

title: List of storms named Isidore


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Kumeyaay

The Kumeyaay, also known as  'Iipai-Tiipai or by the historical Spanish name Diegueño, is a tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Americas who live at the northern border of Baja California in Mexico and the southern border of California in the United States. They are an indigenous people of California.

The Kumeyaay language belongs to the Yuman–Cochimí language family. The Kumeyaay consist of three related groups, the  'Iipai, Tiipai, and Kamia. The San Diego River loosely divided the 'Iipay and the Tiipai historical homelands, while the Kamia lived in the eastern desert areas. The 'Iipai lived to the north, from Escondido to Lake Henshaw, while the Tiipai lived to the south, in lands including the Laguna Mountains, Ensenada, and Tecate. The Kamia lived to the east in an area that included Mexicali and bordered the Salton Sea.

Name
The Kumeyaay or 'Iipai-Tiipai were formerly known as the Diegueños, the former Spanish name applied to the Mission Indians living along the San Diego River. They are referred to as the Kumiai in Mexico.

The term Kumeyaay translates as "People of the west", with the word meyaay meaning "steep" or "cliff".

Language
All languages and dialects spoken by the Kumeyaay belong to the Delta–California branch of the Yuman language family, to which several other linguistically distinct, but related, groups also belong (including the Cocopa, Quechan, Paipai, and Kiliwa). Native speakers contend that, within their territory, all Kumeyaay ('Iipay/Tiipay) can understand and speak to each other, if even after a brief familiarization.

Nomenclature and tribal distinctions are not widely agreed upon. According to Margaret Langdon, who is credited with doing much of the early work on documenting the language, the general scholarly consensus recognized three separate languages:

 * 'Iipai (Northern Digueño)
 * Kumeyaay proper (Kamia)
 * Tiipay (Southern Digueño) in northern Baja California

Katherine Luomala considered that the wide range of dialect variations reflected only two distinct languages, 'Iipai and Tiipai, a view mostly supported by other researchers.

Pre-European contact
Evidence of the settlement in what is today considered Kumeyaay territory may go back twelve millennia. Circa 7000 B.C. marked the emergence of two cultural traditions: the California Coast and Valley tradition and the Desert tradition. The Kumeyaay had land along the Pacific Ocean from present Oceanside, California in the north to south of Ensenada, Mexico and extending east to the Colorado River. The Cuyamaca complex, a late Holocene complex in San Diego County is related to the Kumeyaay peoples. The Kumeyaay tribe also used to inhabit what is now a popular state park, known as Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve.

One view holds that historic 'Iipai-Tiipai emerged around one millennium ago, though a "proto-'Iipai-Tiipai culture" had been established by about 5000 B.C. Katherine Luomola suggests that the "nucleus of later Tipai-Ipai groups" came together around A.D. 1000. The Kumeyaay themselves traditionally hold that they have lived in San Diego since 10,000 B.C. At the time of European contact, Kumeyaay comprised several autonomous bands with thirty patrilineal clans.

Spanish exploration and colonization
The first European to visit the region was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. He had initially met with the Kumeyaay, but this did not lead to any colonial settlement. Sebastián Vizcaíno also visited in 1602 and met with a band of Kumeyaay during the feast of San Diego de Alcalá, thus giving the region of San Diego its name; however, this also did not lead to colonial settlement.

Missionization period
In 1769, the Portolá expedition anchored in San Diego Bay and, once on land, traveled to the Kumeyaay village of Cosoy (Kosa'aay) to recover and resupply. After their recovery, the Spanish established a presidio over the village and the Misión San Diego de Alcalá, incorporating the village into the settlement of San Diego. In 1769, under the Spanish Mission system, bands living near Misión San Diego de Alcalá (overlooking the San Diego River, in present-day Mission Valley), were called Diegueños; later bands, living near Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, were called the Luiseño. The Spaniards brought with them new, non-native, invasive flora and domestic animals, which brought about some level of degradation to local ecology. This included grazing and foraging livestock animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, donkeys, and various birds, like chickens, pheasants and ducks; the latter dirtying local water sources considerably.

After years of sexual assaults from the Spanish soldiers in the Presidio, and physical torture of Mission Indians using metal-tipped whips (by Mission staff), the 'Iipay-Tiipay-Kumeyaay villages led a revolt against the Spanish, burning down Mission San Diego and killing Father Luis Jayme along with two others. Missionaries and church leaders “apologized” and forgave the Kumeyaay, rebuilding their mission closer to the Kumeyaay village of Nipaquay or Nipawai. Ultimately, the Spanish solidified their control over the area until the end of the mission era.

Colorado River conflict
In the east, the Kamia-Kumeyaay were engaged in an armed regional conflict in the Colorado River region against a coalition of Yuman speaking tribes east of the Colorado River and the Cahuilla led by the Maricopa. The Kumeyaay aligned with Quechan-led coalition, along with the Mohave, Yavapai, Chemehuevi, and other smaller groups on the Colorado River. The Spanish mediated peace talks between the two warring factions in the mid-1770s, largely siding with the Quechan-aligned alliance. However, increased tensions between the Spanish and the Quechan led to resumed conflict in 1781, but with the Spanish being denied overland access to Alta California and siding with the Maricopa-aligned coalition. The Spanish would then refocus their attention westwards to secure their maritime access to Alta California on 'Iipay-Tiipay-Kumeyaay lands.

First Mexican Empire and First Mexican Republic period
The Mexican Empire assumed ownership of Kumeyaay lands after defeating Spain in the Mexican War of Independence in 1821. The following year, Mexican troops confiscated all coastal lands from the Kumeyaay in 1822, granting much of the land to Mexican settlers, who became known as Californios, to develop the land for agriculture, beginning the California rancho era.

Kumeyaay fell victim to smallpox and malaria epidemics in 1827 and 1832, reducing their population.

Various disputes culminated to a skirmish between the Kumeyaay and Mexican soldiers stationed in San Diego in 1826, killing 26 Kumeyaay. This provoked Lt. Juan M. Ibarra to lead several attacks on Kumeyaay-controlled lands, killing 28 people in his attack on Santa Ysabel.

After decades of debates and delays, the missions in Alta California were secularized in 1833, and Ipai and Tipais lost their lands; band members had to choose between becoming serfs, trespassers, rebels, or fugitives. This increased tensions between the Kumeyaay and the Mexican settlers as the economic instability threatened the security of Mexican and American merchants transiting through the area.

Centralist Republic of Mexico period
Under territorial governor José Figueroa, some of the Kumeyaay from Mission San Diego were allowed to resettle and establish San Pasqual pueblo in 1835, who would later become the San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians. The Kumeyaay pueblo fought against hostile bands and protected Mexican settlers, with a decisive victory over an anti-Christian uprising and capturing its leader, Claudio.

With conditions worsening, the Kumeyaay led an attack on Rancho Tecate in 1836, forcing the alcalde of San Diego to send an expedition to suppress the Kumeyaay, but returned unsuccessfully. Because of the failed venture, Mexico failed to adequately suppress talk of Californian secession from American settlers in northern Alta California.

Further Kumeyaay raids on El Cajon (1836) and Rancho Jamul (1837) threatened the security of San Diego, as many residents of San Diego fled the city. The Kumeyaay were able to attack San Diego in the late 1830s. Kumeyaay advancements into Rancho Bernardo in the north and San Ysidro and Tijuana to the south at the end of the decade threatened to cut off San Diego from the rest of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. The Kumeyaay made preparations to lay siege on San Diego in the early 1840s and launched a second attack on San Diego in June 1842. However, San Diego managed to defend itself once more. While the siege failed, the Kumeyaay managed to control much of the south, east, and most of the north of the settlement, with the town becoming dependent on sea access maintain connections to the rest of Mexico. Together with Quechan resistance in the east, the Kumeyaay cut off Alta California of all land routes to the rest of the Mexican republic between the Colorado River and the Pacific Ocean up until the Mexican–American War, further threatening Mexican control of the southern Alta California coast. The Kumeyaay prevented Mexican usage of the ranchos around San Diego and evicted most of the Californios in the area by 1844, and continued launching raids deep into the Mexican controlled coast up until the start of the Mexican–American War. The Mexican settlers became refugees on Point Loma as they waited for ships, hoping to evacuate from San Diego as Kumeyaay victories challenged their ability to hold the pueblo.

Mexican-American War

During the Mexican–American War, the Kumeyaay were initially neutral. The Kumeyaay of the San Pasqual pueblo were evacuated as the Americans approached the town. The Mexicans and the Californios were victorious over the Americans at the Battle of San Pasqual. A Kumeyaay leader, Panto, called on the Mexicans to cease hostilities with the Americans so that the Kumeyaay could tend to the wounded Americans, to which provided Panto and the San Pasqual Kumeyaay resupplied the Americans and helped ensure the American capture of the Pueblo de Los Ángeles and San Diego.

Late modern era
After the Mexican–American War, Kumeyaay lands were split between the U.S. and Mexico through the Mexican Cession resulting from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Yuma War and California genocide
In 1851, San Diego County unilaterally charged property taxes on Native American tribes in the county and threatened to confiscate land and property should they fail to pay up. This led to the San Diego Tax Rebellion of 1851 or "Garra's Revolt", with the destruction of Warner's Ranch led by the Cupeño, opening up a new western front of the Yuma War. The Kumeyaay agreed to join the revolt alongside Cahuilla, Cocopah, and Quechan warriors, but made no military commitments to attack San Diego or capture Fort Yuma.

However, not all Kumeyaay bands fought on the same side of the Yuma war; the San Pasqual Band of Kumeyaay fought against the Quechan campaign to attack San Diego and defeated the Quechan in the San Pasqual Valley.

The Kumeyaay withdrew from the war after the capitulation of the Cahuilla to the US and the failed attempt to capture Fort Yuma.

Compared to other California tribes, the Kumeyaay did not face the same magnitude of destruction and exploitation under the California genocide. This was due to the strategic positioning of the Kumeyaay and the lack of gold in the mountains. Additionally, Mexican officials in Baja California Territory threatened to intervene in the conflict if they committed any atrocities on tribes along the border, due to a mix of Mexican sympathies towards the Native Californians and a fear of refugees coming across the border.

Establishment of Kumeyaay reservations in the U.S.
On January 7, 1852, representatives of a number of Kumeyaay clans, including Panto, met with Commissioner Oliver M. Wozencraft and negotiated the Treaty of Santa Ysabel. The agreement was part of the "18 Treaties" of California, negotiated to protect Indian land rights. After the 18 Treaties were completed, the documents were sent to the United States Senate for approval. Under pressure from white settlers and the California Senate delegation, the treaties were all rejected.

From 1870 to 1910, American settlers seized lands, including arable and native gathering lands. In 1875, President Ulysses S. Grant created reservations in the area, and additional lands were placed under trust patent status after the passage of the 1891 Act for the Relief of Mission Indians. The reservations tended to be small and lacked adequate water supplies. The situation was made worse during the famine of 1880–1881, which forced many Kumeyaay to survive by accepting charity from whites, as they faced diseases, starvation and attacks from white settlers.

Some Kumeyaay chose not to establish a reservation inland and sought work in San Diego, many of whom migrated to the Kumeyaay village in what is now Balboa Park led by the Florida Canyon Kumeyaay Band. The village experienced growth after receiving immigrants from other Kumeyaay bands as well as from other indigenous Californian and Bajeno tribes, who sought work in the city, transforming the village into a neighborhood integrated into the city fabric. The village was then demolished in the early 1900s in preparation for the 1915 Panama-California Exposition, displacing the residents of the village.

In 1932, the Coapan Kumeyaay living and farming on the San Diego River were removed to make way for the El Capitan Dam and Reservoir and relocated their inhabitants at the Barona Reservation and the Viejas Reservation, further cutting down the agricultural capacity of the Kumeyaay reservations.

Kumeyaay in the Mexican Revolution (1910–1911)
During the Mexican Revolution, the Magonistas gained the support of the Kumeyaay with an enthusiastic base, particularly in the Tecate region; many Kumeyaay from both sides of the border were enticed by their anarcho-syndicalist message of indigenous liberation from the Mexican and American colonial nation-states starting with the end of the Porfirio Díaz dictatorship. The Kumeyaay supported the Magonistas as guides throughout the land, whose aid allowed them to control Mexicali, Tecate, and Tijuana during the Magonista rebellion of 1911. However, the Kumeyaay did not participate in much of the active fighting in the Magonista Rebellion, and did not participate with Cocopah, Kiliwa, and Paipai tribes in raiding on small towns or looting Chinese-Mexican businesses in the region, and may have even smuggled Chinese-Mexican refugees to the American side of the border. By the end of June, the rebellion was suppressed by the Madero administration.

After the revolution, the ban on Ejidos and other forms of communal living were lifted and the Kumeyaay were able to resume their traditional communal way of life legitimately with their communities in Valle de Las Palmas, Peña Blanca, and their five other reservations.

Kumeyaay-American economy and casino industry
Kumeyaay people supported themselves by farming and agricultural wage labor; however, a 20-year drought in the mid-20th century crippled the region's dry farming economy. For their common welfare, several reservations in the US formed the non-profit Kumeyaay, Inc.

Cuts in Native American welfare programs under the Reagan and Bush Sr. administrations forced the reservation to find other means of income and capitalize on industries not possible off-reservation.

In 1982, the Barona Band won its case in Barona Group of the Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians v. Duffy (1982) to operate high-stakes bingo games, leading to the expansion of many Kumeyaay bingo operators into the casino industry. This helped establish Las Vegas-style gaming operations in the reservations in the region, evaporating reservation unemployment and poverty in a short time. In total, the Kumeyaay operate six casinos: Barona Valley Ranch Resort and Casino, Sycuan Resort and Casino, Viejas Casino & Resort, Valley View Casino and Hotel, Golden Acorn Casino and Travel Center, and Jamul Casino.

In response to the casino construction boom, the San Diego County government maintained a policy of opposition to any growth in tribal expansion under any circumstance in fears that land would be used to build more casinos, which broke down relations between the County and the Kumeyaay, Payomkawichum (Luiseño), and Kuupangaxwichem (Cupeño) tribal reservation governments. This San Diego County Board of Supervisors repealed these policies in May 2021.

The relative success of gaming operations on many reservations has allowed them to buy naming rights of infrastructure around the San Diego region, such as the Sycuan Green Line of the San Diego Trolley and the SDSU Viejas Arena. Some reservations have also diversified their economic profile such as Campo Reservation-based Muht Hei inc which oversees the reservation's wind farm or Sycuan Band's acquisition of the U.S. Grant Hotel. Additionally, Sycuan also became the first Native American tribe to own part of a professional soccer franchise by becoming the co-owner of San Diego FC, a Major League Soccer expansion team, and the second to have an ownership stake in any professional sports team.

Kumeyaay-Mexican economy and the wine tourism industry
On the Mexican side of the border, Kumeyaay reservations manufacture traditional craftwork to sell on the American side of the border with partnering Kumeyaay souvenir gift shops and casinos.

Many Kumeyaay there have moved into urban areas to seek better employment opportunities compared to their agrarian employment on the reservation. The depopulation of their reservations has allowed neighboring non-native Ejidos to encroach on their lands.

The Kumeyaay reservations on the Mexican side of the border have largely retained their traditional heritage. Some reservations faced water shortages, making it difficult to continue agricultural operation. This led many communities to enter wine-tasting and tourism industries in the Guadalupe Valley. Many bands began launching wine tours and festivals to attract tourists and foreign visitors from southern California and cruise passengers stopping at the Port of Ensenada.

Kumeyaay and the US-Mexican border
In 1998, the Kumeyaay established the Kumeyaay Border task force to work with federal immigration officials to secure free passage of Baja Kumeyaay bands to visit the US Kumeyaay bands and ensure their rights to protected graves and artifacts protected by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990.

However, border wall construction accelerated in 2020 and Kumeyaay representatives at the border to protect and preserve Kumeyaay artifacts were turned away from the construction area. This sparked protests among the bands and Kumeyaay women organized to lead a protest at the border in July. The La Posta Band filed a lawsuit in August against the Trump administration seeking to block further construction of the border wall through their sacred cemetery (burial sites).

Social structure
Prior to Western assimilation, the Kumeyaay were organized into bands or clans called sibs or shiimull, which were grounded in family lineages with each sib home for 5 to 15 families. Each sib had their own territory and had the right to enforce land property rights in punishing thieves and trespassers. However, Kumeyaay did recognize the right to water and were also obligated to share food with visitors.

The Kumeyaay had a patriarchal society where the position of chief, or Kwaapaay, was inherited from the father to son, although widows were sometimes permitted to assume the position. It was the Kwaapaay's role to protect traditions, hold ceremonies, and resolve disputes and was responsible for political, religious, and economic activities of the sib. Future Kwaapaays were often selected by a Kwaapaay of another with no family relations to ensure impartiality.

Kwaapaays were also accompanied by assistants and had a council of Kuseyaays. Kuseyaays were made up of male or female priests, doctors, and other specialists in the fields of health, ecology, resource management, tradition, and religion. Kuseyaays could be called by the kwaapaay to provide information or to make decisions for the sib's welfare. Each family in the sib was allowed to follow and participate in the decision making, or could leave the sib and pursue their own decision.

The Kumeyaay practiced arranged marriage made by parents of different sibs. The future husband was expected to demonstrate his ability to hunt and needed to present the future bride the game he had killed. The bride would move into the husband's sib once they were married. Marriage relations were also made between sibs and other neighboring tribal groups as a gesture of peace between warring groups or as part of a trade relationship.

Shelter

Kumeyaay generally lived in dome-shaped homes made from branches and covered with leaves of willow or tule, called 'ewaa. These structures had a hole at the top to let smoke out and rocks along its base to keep out wind and small animals. Some Kumeyaay who lived in the mountains made their home out of slabs of bark.

These structures were often temporary. When families moved or if someone died in the house, they were often burned down.

Clothing
During warm seasons, men wore nothing except for a hide breechcloth to hold tools while women wore an apron or a skirt made from willow or elderberry bark. In the colder months, they would wear blankets made from willow bark or rabbit skins.

They wore agave sandals made from yucca and agave fibers when going over long distances, over sharp rocks, or hot sand. Some would wear bead necklaces as jewelry, with beads made of clam, abalone, or olivella shells. Additionally, men could get their nose pierced and women might have their chins tattooed.

The Kumeyaay started to abandon much of their traditional clothing after coming in contact with the Spanish, and adopted European-style clothing, wearing clothes that were normal in Latin America.

Diet
Acorns were a staple of the Kumeyaay diet, and made acorn mush they called shawii, which could be used in dough to make bread by grinding with a mano and a metate. Other grains like pinon nuts or chia seeds were also stone-ground and consumed. The Kumeyaay stored these grains in basket granaries made of willow leaves. They also consumed the leaves and fruits of the prickly pear and copal cactus, as well as cherries, plums, elderberries, and Manzanita berries. They also fermented many of these plants with water and honey to create alcohol.

They hunted for animals such as birds, rabbits, squirrels, and woodrats, as well as larger animals like antelope, deer, and mountain sheep. The Kumeyaay also ate more nutrient-rich insects such as crickets, grubs and grasshoppers.

Kamia Kumeyaay in the Imperial Valley practiced some forms of agriculture, producing maize, beans, and teparies. Like other Kumeyaay, though, they largely relied on gathering.

Economy and communication
The Ipai-Tipai Kumeyaay traded with the Kamia Kumeyaay to obtain obsidian from an area south of the Salton Sea. Within the Tipai-Ipai, the coastal Kumeyaay traded salt, seaweed, and abalone shells for acorns, agave, mesquite beans, and gourds from the mountain Kumeyaay. They also traded along the Pacific coast to obtain Olivella shell beads from the Chumash, as well as tribes along the Gulf of California and in the American Southwest as far east as to trade with the Zuni. Granite was also plentiful in Kumeyaay lands, which was used to trade for pestles, steatite, eagle feathers, and colored minerals for paint.

The Kumeyaay's maritime economy relied on shell fishing, and they built fishing boats, either balsa rafts made of reeds or dugout canoes. To support their maritime economy, they manufactured fishing spears, hooks, and nets made of agave fiber.

Upon Spanish arrival, woven baskets were highly prized by the Europeans, as these baskets were so well made that they could hold water and it was possible to cook food with these baskets in an open fire. The strong demand for Californian woven baskets in Mexican and European markets strengthened the basket weaving economy among the Kumeyaay.

The Kumeyaay had a system of trail runners who carried messages and announcements between bands, which notified the presence of the Spaniards prior to Cabrillo's arrival in San Diego.

Weaponry
The Kumeyaay used archery in order to hunt prey. The arrows were made of wood, reeds, or cane, as well as chamise or greasewood plant for larger animals. Bows were made of mesquite or ash, as well as animal hides. They also equipped with throwing sticks better known as rabbit sticks, which were used to knock out small animals and were sometimes used in war.

Culture
The Kumeyaay has a continuous song and dance culture, of which many are still passed on to the next generation during special occasions. Occasions like the mourning of an important figure was honored by an Eagle Dance, and a War Dance accompanied those heading for battle. Men often sang songs with a rattle, while women supported the song through dance. Through the Mission, the Kumeyaay picked up skills in Western musical instruments, and joined the Mission choirs and orchestras.

They also had animal companions and domesticated mockingbirds and roadrunners as pets.

Stories
One Kumeyaay creation story involves the original state of the world as being covered with salt water and tule, without land. The older brother Tuchaipa (also known as Tu-chai-pai, Tcaipakomat) and the younger twin brother Yokomatis (Yo-ko-mat-is) make the world. Tuchaipa rubs tobacco in his hand and blows it three times, causing the heavens to rise up and form the sky. He draws a line from east to west, named Y-nak and A-uk. He draws a line from north to south, named Ka-tulk and Ya-wak. He tells Yo-ko-mat-is that from the east three or four men are coming from the east, and from the east three or four Indians are coming, and he makes hills and valleys with hollows of water so the humans will not die of dehydration. He makes forests so humans will not die of cold. Then he makes humans out of mud, who can walk but never get tired, and tells them that they must walk to the east towards the light. When the humans reach the Sun, he makes the Moon, and tells the men they must run races when the Moon is small. Later, when there is less food and water, Tuchaipa calls together the men without the women and gives them three choices; to die forever; to live for a time and return; or to live forever. The men are divided over what to choose, and talk and talk without knowing what to do. Then the fly comes and says to choose to die forever, and so the men choose to be done with life and die forever. This is the reason why the fly rubs his hands together, to beg the forgiveness of humans.

In another story, Tcaipakomat and Yokomatis have their eyes closed from the blinding salt water. Yokomatis tries to see atop the water, but opens his eyes and is blinded. Tcaipakomat goes on top of the water and sees nothing, so he makes little red ants (miskiluiw, ciracir) which fill the water with their bodies to make land. Then Tcaipakomat makes a type of black bird with a flat bill (xanyil) to come into being, but they were lost without their roosts, so Tcaipakomat takes red clay, yellow clay, and black clay to make a round flat object, and throws it into the sky to make a dimly-shining moon (halya). Tcaipakomat tries again with another piece of clay to make the brighter sun (inyau). Then he takes a light colored piece of clay (mutakwic), and splits it up, making a man, and the a woman (Sinyaxau, First Woman). The children of this man and this woman are people (ipai).

Reservation era Kumeyaay institutions
The Kumeyaay Community College was created by the Sycuan Band to serve the Kumeyaay-Diegueño Nation, and describes its mission as "to support cultural identity, sovereignty, and self-determination while meeting the needs of native and non-native students". The college's focus is on "Kumeyaay History, Kumeyaay Ethnobotany and traditional Indigenous arts" It "serves and relies on resources from the thirteen reservations of the Kumeyaay Nation situated in San Diego county". In the fall of 2016, Cuyamaca College began offering an associate degree in Kumeyaay Studies with courses at its Rancho San Diego campus, as well as at Kumeyaay Community College on the Sycuan reservation.

The Sycuan Institute on Tribal Gaming was also established at SDSU by the Sycuan Band with the focus on research and policy related to the tribal gaming industry.

Population
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. In 1925, Alfred L. Kroeber proposed that the population of the Kumeyaay in the San Diego region in 1770 had been about 3,000. More recently, Katharine Luomala points out that this estimate depended on calculations of rates of baptisms at the Mission, and as such "ignores the unbaptized". She suggests that the region could have supported 6,000–9,000 people. Florence C. Shipek goes further, estimating 16,000–19,000 inhabitants.

In the late eighteenth century, it is estimated that the Kumeyaay population was between 3,000 and 9,000. In 1828, 1,711 Kumeyaay were recorded by the missions. The 1860 federal census recorded 1,571 Kumeyaay living in 24 villages. The Bureau of Indian Affairs recorded 1,322 Kumeyaay in 1968, with 435 living on reservations. By 1990, an estimated 1,200 lived on reservation lands, while 2,000 lived elsewhere.

Present-day cities with Kumeyaay village origins

 * Kosa'aay (Cosoy) (San Diego)
 * Pa-tai (Ensenada)
 * Pawai (Poway)
 * Sinyweche (Santee)
 * Tecate
 * Tecuan (Tijuana)

Other former villages in the US
In Tepacul Watai (City of San Diego in 'Iipay Kumeyaay): In the County of San Diego In Imperial County
 * Nyip 'ewai (Nipaquay) (Mission Valley)
 * Matt Xtaat (Choyas) (Barrio Logan)
 * Utay (Otay Mesa)
 * Jamo (Pacific Beach)
 * 'Iilh Taawaa (Ystagua) (Sorrento Valley)
 * Milh Ixox (Melijo) (Tijuana River Valley)
 * Onap (San Clemente Canyon)
 * Tisirr (Downtown San Diego)
 * Totakamalam (Point Loma)
 * Sinyau-Pichkara (Rancho Bernardo)
 * Awil-Nyawa (Rancho Penasquitos)
 * Ahwell-ewa (North City, San Diego)
 * Hatam's Village (within the former Native American neighborhood in San Diego) (Balboa Park)
 * Chaip/Chayp (Chula Vista)
 * Meti (National City, California)
 * Neti (Spring Valley, San Diego County, California)
 * 'Aa Kuskilly (Apusquel) (Bonita, California)
 * Tapin/Jacunmat (El Cajon)
 * Matt Tumau (Matamo) (El Cajon near Dehesa, California)
 * Milh 'Ewa (Michegua) (Sycramore Canyon, Santee, California)
 * Alyshuhwi (Imperial Beach)
 * Hayal/Jayal (Olivenhain, Encinitas)
 * Hakutl (Encinitas)
 * Kulaumai (Solana Beach)
 * Tehayiiw/Ajopunquile (La Costa)
 * Hamashaw (Jamacha)
 * Canapu (Ramona, California)
 * Shpank/Epegam (Ballena, California)
 * Hapatul
 * Cojuat
 * Hakwa (Anza-Borrego)
 * Hortluke (near Ranchita)
 * Winal (near Ocotillo Wells)
 * Wi-i (near Ocotillo Wells)
 * Kwpol (Imperial, California)
 * Sitcarknyewa (near Brawley, California)
 * Matakal (near Rockwood, California)
 * Hacamikalau

Other former villages in Mexico
In the Municipality of Tijuana In the Municipality of Tecate In the Municipality of Mexicali In the Municipality of Ensenada
 * Kwa-kwa (Cuero de Venado)
 * Wanya pu:wam (Cerro de Bonifacia)
 * We-ilmex (near Presa El Carrizo)
 * Mat g'tay
 * Mat Hasil Ewik Kakap (Islas Coronado)
 * Mat'haina:l (Villareal de San José)
 * Cikaú (Tanama)
 * Mat'kwoho:l (Cañon Manteca)
 * Uap 'cu:l uit (Cañon Manteca)
 * Ja-kwak-wak (Las Juntas)
 * Hacamum/Ha'kumum (Agua Tule)
 * Metot'tai (Valle de las Palmas)
 * Kwat' Kunšapax (Las Calabazas)
 * Cukwapa:l (El Compadre)
 * 'Ui'ha'tumer
 * Mutu Cata (Cañon del Cansio)
 * Jat'ám (Santa Clara)
 * Ha'mat'tai (Jamatay)
 * Ha'kume (Ejido Jacume)
 * Hwat Nyaknyuma (Ejido Lázaro Cárdenas)
 * Wekwilul
 * Hakwisiay
 * Jhlumúk (Valle de Guadalupe)
 * Jiurr-jiurr (Agua Escondida)
 * Kwar Nuwa (El Sauzal)
 * 'Ui'cikwar (Real del Castillo)
 * Yiu kwiñi:l (Ojos Negros)
 * Ha'cur (San Salvador)
 * Hispap
 * Matnuk
 * Hakwisay
 * Hacukpin
 * Hameskiny

title: Kumeyaay


text:
Talk:Niger

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:15, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Niger Product Exports (2019).svg

Semi-protected edit request on 12 April 2023
I think that I can update some of the information in this webpage 103.215.237.119 (talk) 10:59, 12 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. M.Bitton (talk) 11:14, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

2023 Nigerien coup d'état
I added the WP:CET 'Current Event' template since there appears to be an ongoing coup. There is a 2023 Nigerien coup d'état page documenting the coup. P37307 (talk) 08:25, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

 * @Vif12vf
 * Niger is not a republic but a military dictatorship. Indeed, a republic is, and I quote: "a form of government
 * form of government with a constitution and whose representatives are elected by the people for a fixed term", but in the case of Niger 🇳🇪, the military came to power by force (they were not elected by the people and, in addition, there are no representatives of the people, since the national assembly has been dissolved). Consequently, this is not a republic... France-Pt9301 (talk) 19:19, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * this is not a republic do you have sources to back this claim? M.Bitton (talk) 19:26, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @M.Bitton 2958009 https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3552918/us-says-july-ouster-of-nigers-government-was-a-coup/] https://www.europe1.fr/international/niger-la-france-ne-reconnait-pas-les-autorites-issues-du-putsch-4196311]. Here are a few sources. The 3 countries cited in these sources (France, the United States and the United Kingdom) do not recognise the military as legitimate authorities and describe this putsch as a "coup d'état". Beyond that, the Wikipedia page for the National Assembly of Niger (National Assembly (Niger)) indicates that this body is currently suspended and unless you have sources to prove the contrary, I have not seen any articles saying that there was a parliament (Transitional Assembly or Senate) representative of the people of Niger, which is one of the characteristics of the republic. From that moment on, Niger is no longer a republic. France-Pt9301 (talk) 22:18, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * None of the sources that you presented supports your assertion. M.Bitton (talk) 22:24, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * M.Bitton On the contrary, my sources confirm that the military putsch in Niger is considered a coup d'état by the international community. Here is another source (https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-rights-risk-military-coup) other than the Wikipedia article which confirms that the parliament which represented the citizens of Niger was dissolved, as was the Constitution. A republic is characterised by the fact that its citizens are represented by the legislature and therefore by parliaments. So unless you have a source proving that the military junta has set up a Transitional Assembly or a Senate, yes, it's a military dictatorship and not a republic. France-Pt9301 (talk) 22:45, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Your assertion (in green) is not confirmed by the sources that you presented. On the other hand, reliable sources describing Niger as a republic can be cited ad nauseam. M.Bitton (talk) 22:58, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @M.Bitton First of all, I don't see where you see green. Secondly, on the contrary, the sources I cited confirm my statement and confirm that the international community considers the 2023 military putsch in Niger to be a coup d'état. Furthermore, the military who came to power illegally dissolved the National Assembly, as detailed in the Wikipedia page of the National Assembly of Niger, which I invite you to reread, as well as this source (https://reliefweb.int/report/ niger/niger-rights-risk-military-coup) and a Republic is, I quote: a mode of organization of a country in which power is exercised by the population or its representatives according to the Wikipedia article and numerous dictionaries. Apart from the National Assembly having been suspended, the people are no longer represented and the Republic is no longer... But perhaps you have a source to prove the opposite to me? I would like to see your articles saying that Niger is a Republic.... France-Pt9301 (talk) 23:20, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Let me highlight it for you again.
 * this is not a republic
 * Just use your favourite search engine to search for "Niger is a Republic" and help yourself to countless reliable sources.
 * Hope that helps because I don't intend on repeating what was said here and on your talk page. M.Bitton (talk) M.Bitton (talk) 23:24, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @M.Bitton I typed "Niger is a Republic" and the articles I came across date from the time when Bazoum was in power so not updating... Instead of bothering to scroll for hours I'm going to ask for the opinions of other Internet users: @Doug Weller,@BTBG,@Melecie,@Clyde H. Mapping, @EditorOnOccasion, @Aminabzz, @Cactus Ronin, @MarcioRob, @P37307, @Cirkill, @Joshb92004, @Dixmakr, @Gilimi, @Szyign, @Pdhadam, @Jochem van Hees, @Claraaa2611, @Edward-Woodrow, @IvanScrooge98, @Escj123, @Adxm e12, @Jjj1238, @OxmiThree, @Ira Leviton, @JESCFan11, @Smthngnw, @Materialscientist, @Tastilazo,  What do you think of this debate? For my part I think that in the infobox, in the type of government part, the word Republic must be removed and replaced by Military dictatorship because the military junta came to power illegally through a coup d'état and that it dissolved not only the Constitution but also the National Assembly (as detailed in the Wikipedia article on the National Assembly of Niger). There are therefore no longer any representatives of the Nigerien population in the country's politics and I am not aware of the creation of a parliament representing citizens as was the case in Mali where the military junta currently in power power created the Transitional Assembly. However, as the Wikipedia page for the Republic specifies, one of the characteristics of the Republic is that it is "a method of organizing a country in which power is exercised by the population or its representatives". Therefore, I do not consider Niger (led by the military junta) as a Republic but would like to have your opinion on it since Mr. Bitton is a supporter of the Republic. Having other opinions will allow us to decide. France-Pt9301 (talk) 23:58, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @France-Pt9301 I don't think it is appropriate to cold tag everyone who has ever talked on a page before with a new topic. P37307 (talk) 00:06, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @P37307 Technically you can also read the discussions and take part in the debate ... France-Pt9301 (talk) 05:46, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * If I wanted to take part in a debate or discussion, I will follow (star) a page and keep tabs on it. It's not your decision to bring others into a discussion that they weren't apart of. You were in a discussion with another editor about whether it was under a dictatorship or republic after several edits and reverts and wanted to make a significant classification change based on your opinion. Also, NOTFORUM they are not for general discussion about the subject of the article. Also, we don't edit on opinions. OR or original research. You were near an edit war and wanted to bring in other editors into it on this talk page. P37307 (talk) 06:55, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Your WP:OR aside, you seem to think that Wikipedia is a newspaper. M.Bitton (talk) 00:26, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @M.Bitton I don't see what a newspaper has to do with wanting to correct a typo that crept into this article ... 🫥 France-Pt9301 (talk) 06:09, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Don't know why I got pinged... Edward-Woodrow  •  talk  00:26, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * "#MeToo" Aminabzz (talk) 01:25, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @Aminabzz ,@Edward-WoodrowI've sent it to you so that you can read the exchanges on this discussion page and give your opinion ^^ France-Pt9301 (talk) 05:48, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I just had a topic regarding Nigerien flag in this Talk page. Aminabzz (talk) 10:20, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @France-Pt9301 Niger is a republic under a military junta, the constitution Niger 2010 (rev. 2017) is still in effect therefore the state is same but government has changed. Cactus Ronin (talk) 00:46, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @Cactus Ronin The 2010 Constitution was suspended by the military junta on July 28, 2023, at the same time as the National Assembly was dissolved ( here's a source to confirm my point: https://www.reuters.com/article/niger-securite-macron-idFRKBN2Z80LR] ) France-Pt9301 (talk) 06:01, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @France-Pt9301 You seem to be right, but, disprove of an evidence if not disproval of a statement. There is no active removal of word "republique" anywhere i could find, unless an otherwise action is taken the country is republic.
 * Suggest an alternative, if they are not a republic what they are? Monarchy? Theocracy? Anarchy? Military juntas, with exception of Greece, Spain and Italy, were almost always formed on the framework of republic. This did not dissolve republic, it did damaged the democratic institutions yes but unless you prove military is against use of word republic and suggests a new type of state then we wpuld reach an agreement here. Cactus Ronin (talk) 06:14, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @Cactus RoninIt's not a theocracy, since there is no state religion. Islam is certainly in the majority in Niger, but that doesn't make it the state religion. Nor is it anarchy, since even if there are no longer any institutions representing the people, there is still a head of state and a prime minister appointed by the latter. On the other hand, Niger's current political regime can be described as a military dictatorship, in the sense that the military took power illegally (not through democratic elections, but by force), and that the population's representative institutions and the constitution (which made the country a republic) have been suspended. Moreover, just because the military junta in Niger says it's a republic doesn't mean it is, otherwise North Korea 🇰🇵 is a republic... 2A02:8440:340A:BC23:5851:F2E0:7D2A:6145 (talk) 10:50, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @2A02:8440:340A:BC23:5851:F2E0:7D2A:6145 North Korea IS a republic per nom, a republic does not mean it is democratic. Cactus Ronin (talk) 10:57, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * elaboration: yes indeed republics are tend to be more democratic than, lets say, monarchies but not all republics are democracies and many of them are flawed democracies. Saddam's Iraq and Gaddafi's Libya were republics. Cactus Ronin (talk) 10:59, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

France-Pt9301 has been blocked as a sockpuppet. Doug Weller talk 08:58, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 July 2023
In the primary infobox, replace "Interim President CNSP Chairman" with "President," and "Omar Tchiani" with "National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland". Tchiani's inclusion is based entirely on the unsourced claims of one editor; there are no existing sources which claim that Tchiani has been appointed CNSP chair or even that he is a member of the CNSP at all. 73.59.167.156 (talk) 05:57, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Clyde H. Mapping (talk) 06:06, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Edit request
In the lead, "After the military coup in 2010, Niger became a multi-party state."

Is this sentence outdated? Niger is now in another period of military rule. The lead should be updated to reflect current events. We might add something like "until 2023" or something. There are probably better ways to word this.

Also, "three periods of military rule" in the previous sentence. Is it now four? Update accordingly if needed. 108.160.120.130 (talk) 16:09, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't believe the first sentence is outdated, it reads fine and is factually correct. It would be worth adding a short sentence afterwards mentioning the recent coup and at least linking to the article on the present crisis but I don't believe enough information is yet available to state that Niger is no longer a "multi-party state": activities by political parties have been suspended but not political parties themselves, and with the situation continuing to develop any change here may need regular updates.
 * Likewise on your latter point, this may be subject to rapid change and (in my opinion) a "period" of military rule implies a reasonable length of time. However input from any editors that have contributed to articles during a similar crisis in the past would be helpful. EditorOnOccasion (talk) 22:29, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

The MIDI file I added for national anthem is temporary
I am well aware that the MIDI file is in poor quality. I do not know music theory and my expertise is history and linguistics, and not music, therefore the file I compiled is not in very good shape.

Therefore, until a better quality file is added the file should stay there. But I hope it is not for long time because it decreases the page's encyclopedic quality. You are free to remix and edit the file (as it is licensed under CC 3.0 by original creator.). Cactus Ronin (talk) 20:30, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

Flag
Is the ratio of flag correct? In the French article the flag is longer. Aminabzz (talk) 22:01, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Covered in the article "Flag of Niger". 108.160.120.91 (talk) 08:06, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

The Niger capitalization
shouldn't be the term 'The Niger' with T capitalized? 83.168.137.1 (talk) 21:30, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

Name Pronunciation
The opening has "The standard pronunciation in English is /niːˈʒɛər/," Since when and "standard" according to what? It's always been pronounced the same as the river, NYE-jer, in the US, until a few in the media recently.Venqax (talk) 21:02, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

 * All I can tell you is that the English-speaking expatriate community in Niamey is divided in the pronunciation of the name. Most of us use the French pronunciation /niːˈʒɛər/, including the U.S. embassy. Some English-speakers do use the NYE-jer pronunciation, and that's fine. When I'm in the U.S., I hear a wild variety of pronunciations, but usually something close to Nye-JEER. What source do you have that it's "always been pronounced the same as the river, NYE-jer, in the US"? seberle (talk) 22:00, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

Edit Request
The current article incorrectly states that Hausa is the official language of Niger. However, the official language of Niger is French. I request the following phrases to be replaced: "Jamhuriyar Nijar" be replaced with "République du Niger", the motto "Zumunci, Aiki, Ci gaba" with "Fraternité, Travail, Progrès", the anthem be replaced from "Girmama Uban (Hausa)" to "L'honneur de la patrie" and lastly the official languages be changed from "Hausa" to "French". There are no credible sources that state Hausa being the official language of Niger.

YourAverageBenghazian (talk) 16:02, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done This change was reverted shortly after your request was posted. Jamedeus (talk) 22:57, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Niger


text:
Talk:Battle of Nördlingen (1645)

Batle
If anyone has exact location would be very helpful Kurtk60 (talk) 00:29, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Nördlingen (1645)


text:
Talk:Sun Yun-suan

Untitled
Anyone want to try to decipher the following, taken from : educ...Engr. Tng. in Tennessee Valley Authority 43-45; Hon. Ph.D., Asian Inst. of Tech., Thailand 86; Engr., Nat. Resources Com. 37-40; Supt., Tienshui Elec. Power Plant 40-43; Head Engr., Elec. & Mech. Dept., Twn. Power Co. 46-50, Chief Engr. 50-53, V. Pres. & concur. Chief Engr. 53-62, Pres. 62-64; CEO & Gen. Mgr., Electricity Corp. of Nigeria 64-67;

Please do so and add the text to the article. --Jiang 02:58, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sun Yun-suan


text:
Blackfriars, London

Blackfriars is in central London, specifically the south-west corner of the City of London.

Blackfriars Priory
The name first occurs in records of 1317 in many orthographies. Friar evolved from frater as frère has, meaning 'brother'. Black refers to the black cappa worn by Dominican Friars. They moved their 1220s-founded priory from just west of Holborn bridge at the top of Shoe Lane (modern Holborn Circus) a few hundred metres south to be between the tidal Thames and the west of Ludgate Hill, a modest rise, but the highest in the city proper, in about 1276. Edward I gave permission to rebuild London's city wall, against the Fleet brook and Ludgate Hill, north and west of their precinct. The site hosted great occasions of state, including meetings of Parliament and the Privy Council, state visits, such as of Emperor Charles V in 1522, then, seven years later, a divorce hearing of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII. The priory was by legal process dissolved in 1538 under Henry's dissolution of the monasteries. Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth and final wife, was born in an associated parish.

Local wharves of Puddle Dock
Until the early 20th century the local wharves were linked to the main street by the formerly narrow street Puddle Dock. These stood by an often dredged up to, pier- and mooring post-lined, substantial mudbank of the City – in the south-east of modern Blackfriars. Among these were Wheatsheaf Wharf. Paul's Stairs is east of the modern floating pier, leading to the much narrowed, wholly tidal foreshore (meaning immersed for much of the tidal phases).

Amenities
Some of the buildings were later leased to a group of entrepreneurs who created the Blackfriars Theatre on the site, near Shakespeare's Globe Theatre which stood almost directly across the river. In 1632, the Society of Apothecaries (a livery company), acquired the late medieval guesthouse which they converted as their base. This was destroyed in the Great Fire of London of 1666 but the Society rebuilt it, becoming today's Apothecaries' Hall due north of the station.

At the very centre of the zone, in typical London equidistance from stations post-pariochial terms, is Blackfriars station on a large wholly built-up roundabout. Southwest of this is Blackfriars Bridge and south, the railway bridge. A notably long road, Blackfriars Road, in Bankside, Southwark – a main approach to the road bridge – hosts near its northern extreme skyscraper One Blackfriars. For a short arc north-west of the small gyratory around the large station complex (with Bridge House, office and retail buildings) stretches back the Crowne Plaza London – The City hotel, a conversion from Spicers Brothers papermakers headquarters, of 1916 facing a few mature trees on a hardscaped small "square" or piazza. Southeast of this circle is Blackfriars Millennium Pier, a stop for river-bus services on London River Services.

The Victoria Embankment stretches along the north bank of the river west from Blackfriars to Westminster Bridge. Notable buildings include the large Art Deco Unilever House, and also facing the station's gyratory, the Art Nouveau Black Friar pub. Further clockwise, facing, are the Bank of New York/Mellon building and the Mermaid Theatre, now a conference centre.

The forerunner station stood south of the river, Blackfriars Bridge railway station, no major trace of which remains. It was closed to passengers in 1885 when the current station opened, as "St Pauls" for some decades.

Listed buildings

One or two elaborate streets of Blackfriars were well repaired after the City was heavily bombed in the Blitz (1940 to 1945). These, of genuine Victorian or city Georgian architecture, are frequently sets for film and television series. These include Sherlock Holmes and David Copperfield.

Burials at Blackfriars, London

 * Elizabeth de Badlesmere, Countess of Northampton
 * Edward Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings
 * Robert St. Lawrence 3rd Baron Howth
 * Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent
 * John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope

Neighbouring parts of London

 * North bank, clockwise:
 * Temple
 * Fleet Street
 * Ludgate Hill/City Thameslink
 * St Paul's
 * Mansion House (south-east of above)
 * South bank:
 * Bankside

title: Blackfriars, London


text:
User:Ploi

link title

title: User:Ploi


text:
Colin Hay

Colin James Hay (born 29 June 1953) is a Scottish-Australian musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He came to prominence as the lead vocalist and the sole continuous member of the band Men at Work, and later as a solo artist. Hay's music has been used frequently by actor and director Zach Braff in his work, which helped a career rebirth in the mid-2000s. Hay is a member of the band Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band.

Hay has made appearances in movies such as Cosi (1996) and in television shows such as The Larry Sanders Show, JAG, The Mick Molloy Show, A Million Little Things, and Scrubs. In Scrubs, he performs an acoustic version of the Men at Work hit "Overkill". His music also appeared in the television series What About Brian, The Black Donnellys, Cane, and the BBC medical drama Casualty.

Early life
Colin James Hay was born on 29 June 1953 in Saltcoats, a town on the west coast of North Ayrshire, Scotland to James and Isabela Hay. In 1967, when he was 14, the Hays emigrated to Melbourne in Australia. His parents owned a small music shop; his father, a piano tuner, had been a stage singer and dancer in Glasgow.

1978–1986: Men at Work
In 1978, Hay met Ron Strykert and they formed an acoustic duo. In 1979, Hay and Strykert added Jerry Speiser and Greg Ham started composing songs for what would become Men at Work.

The band released their debut studio album, Business as Usual, in 1981, which was followed by Cargo (1983) and Two Hearts (1985) before breaking up in January 1986.

In 1986, Hay joined as guest vocalist with the Incredible Penguins for a cover of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)", a charity project for research on little penguins, which peaked at No. 10 on the Australian Kent Music Report in December 1985.

1987–1993: Solo career beginnings
Following the break-up of Men at Work in 1986, Hay released his debut single "Hold Me" in January 1987. The song peaked at number 40 on the Kent Music Report. His debut studio album, Looking for Jack was released in January 1987 and peaked at number 58.

Hay relocated to Los Angeles in 1989. He settled in the Topanga region of the city and has resided in the United States since. In January 2016, he became a US citizen.

In March 1990, Hay released "Into My Life", the lead single from his second studio album, Wayfaring Sons, which was released in April 1990. Neither single nor album reached the ARIA top 100. The album was credited to the Colin Hay Band, which consisted of Gerry Hale, Paul Gadsby and Robert Dillon.

In 1992, Hay released the acoustic album Peaks & Valleys. The album featured Hay's sister, Carol on vocals.

1994–2004: ARIA Hall of Fame and Lazy Eye Records
At the ARIA Music Awards of 1994, Hay was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame as a member of Men at Work.

In 1994, Hay established his own recording label, Lazy Eye Records, and released his fourth studio album, Topanga.

In 1996, Hay reunited with Men at Work and toured South America, which led to the live Men at Work album, Brazil.

In October 1998, Hay released his fifth studio album, Transcendental Highway and in 1999 recorded and released the song "Misty Bay" with his girlfriend, Cecilia Noël.

On 1 October 2000, Hay performed with Men at Work at the 2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. In 2001, Hay released his sixth studio album, Going Somewhere.

In 2002, Hay released his seventh studio album Company of Strangers and the video album Live at the Continental recorded in 2000.

In July 2003, Hay released his eighth studio album, Man @ Work, re-recording some Men at Work hits and his solo songs, including a reimagined version of "Down Under" recorded with Hay's wife, Cecilia Noël, described as "more carnivale than outback". Hay toured North America with former Beatles Ringo Starr, as a member of his Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band.

In 2004, Hay launched his one-man show named Man at Work, a mixture of songs and stories.

2005–2020: Continued success
In 2006 Hay provided his voice for one of the characters in the animated film The Wild.

In April 2007, Hay released his ninth studio album, Are You Lookin' at Me?. In 2008, Hay plays the role of Nick at the horror movie The Uninvited.

In May 2009, Hay performed at the Artist for the Arts Foundation benefit at Barnum Hall, Santa Monica High School, Santa Monica, California. Performing alongside Curt Smith of Tears for Fears, Fee Waybill of the Tubes, Venice, and over 70 members of the Santa Monica High School Orchestra and Girls Choir, the benefit helped to provide funds for the continuation of music education in public schools.

In August 2009, Hay released his tenth studio album, American Sunshine.

In 2010, Hay released the live album, Live at the Corner, filmed in 2007 at the Corner Hotel in Melbourne, Australia.

In August 2010, Hay performed in Missoula, Montana with a Los Angeles roots rock band named Patrolled By Radar.

In May 2011, Hay released his eleventh studio album Gathering Mercury. In 2011, Hay commented on his early solo career, stating, "After Men at Work, for the better part of a decade, I was stumbling around being unfocused. It was pre-internet; I really had to try to find my audiences by going out on tour. Men at Work really didn't build a foundational audience. We came in as a pop band with enormous radio success; once that goes away and the band breaks up the audience tends to go away with it. You're left with what you want to make of it. When you start out doing those tours, you start again [and] you tend not to attract a very big number of people. I'd play to a hundred people or sometimes less".

In December 2013, Hay announced on his website that he was done touring "for the time being" and would spend 2014 writing and recording.

In February 2015, Hay released his twelfth studio album, Next Year People. The album was preceded by the single "Trying to Get to You".

On 4 August 2015, Colin Hay: Waiting for my Real Life, a documentary film about Hay, debuted at the Melbourne International Film Festival.

On 27 January 2017, he released the first single, "A Thousand Million Reasons", from his thirteenth studio album Fierce Mercy, released in March 2017. Fierce Mercy debuted at number 44 on the ARIA chart, becoming his second solo chart entry in Australia. The album was promoted with his segments on Julia Zemiro's Home Delivery and Sunday Night.

Also in 2017, Hay released his first audiobook, Aesop's Fables with Colin Hay, published by Devault-Graves Digital Editions, for which he narrated 24 of Aesop's Fables written by author Tom Graves.

2021–present: "Down Under" remix success
In August 2021, Hay released his fourteenth studio album, I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself. The album features 10 versions of some of Hay's favourite songs from the Beatles (Norwegian Wood, Across the Universe) Blind Faith, Del Amitri, Dusty Springfield, Faces, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Glen Campbell (Wichita Lineman), Jimmy Cliff (Many Rivers to Cross) and the Kinks (Waterloo Sunset).

In late 2021, Australian producer Christian "Luude" Benson (from the Tasmanian electronic dance music duo Choomba)  remixed Men at Work's "Down Under" as a drum and bass track, with Hay re-recording the vocal for the track's release on the Sweat It Out  record label. "Down Under" by Luude featuring Colin Hay charted at number 32 on the UK Singles chart on 7 January 2022 and at number 48 in Australia (ARIA Top 50 Singles for week of 10 January 2022).

Hay's fifteenth studio album, Now and the Evermore, was released on 18 March 2022.

Personal life
Hay is married to singer Cecilia Noël, who often provides backing vocals at his shows. Noël has also helped with production on Hay's solo studio albums. Hay said of his ninth solo studio album, Are You Lookin' at Me? (2007) that "She was really crucial. She was a really great sounding board for me. She's a really good producer in the sense that she's very musical and has a great sense of song structure and so forth. So she was great to bounce ideas off. And she sang on nearly all the songs. So she was really a great part of this record". Hay and Noël live in Topanga Canyon in the Los Angeles area.

On 13 February 2009, former Men at Work band member Ron Strykert was arrested for allegedly making death threats against Hay.

Hay became an American citizen in 2016. He also has a residence in St Kilda, Melbourne.

Discography

 * Looking for Jack (1987)
 * Wayfaring Sons (1990)
 * Peaks & Valleys (1992)
 * Topanga (1994)
 * Transcendental Highway (1998)
 * Going Somewhere (2001)
 * Company of Strangers (2002)
 * Man @ Work (2003)
 * Are You Lookin' at Me? (2007)
 * American Sunshine (2009)
 * Gathering Mercury (2011)
 * Next Year People (2015)
 * Fierce Mercy (2017)
 * I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself (2021)
 * Now and the Evermore (2022)

Acting
After performing in Men at Work, Hay performed in a number of films and TV shows, usually in small roles. {| class="wikitable" ! Year !! Film/Show !! Role !! Notes
 * 1985 || Wills & Burke || Publican || Australian black comedy film
 * 1988 || Raw Silk || Parker || Australian film
 * 1994–95 || Blue Heelers || Brad Fielding and George Patterson || 2 episodes
 * 1996 || Cosi || Zac || Australian comedy-drama film
 * 1997 || JAG: Judge Advocate General || Miles || Episode – "Trinity"
 * 1997 || Heaven's Burning || Jonah || Australian crime film
 * 1998 || The Larry Sanders Show || himself || S6E2
 * 1999 || The Craic || Barry || Australian comedy film
 * 1999 || The Mick Molloy Show || Gary Builder and himself || S1E2 and S1E4
 * 2002–2009 || Scrubs || || 4 episodes
 * 2006 || The Wild || Fergus Flamingo (voice) ||
 * 2008 || The Uninvited || Nick || American horror thriller film
 * 2012 || Jack Irish – Bad Debts || Tony Baker || Australian television drama series
 * 2017 || FishCenter Live || himself ||
 * 2018 || The Resident || Rhys Barrett (musician) || S2E4
 * 2022 || A Million Little Things || himself || S4E16
 * 1999 || The Mick Molloy Show || Gary Builder and himself || S1E2 and S1E4
 * 2002–2009 || Scrubs || || 4 episodes
 * 2006 || The Wild || Fergus Flamingo (voice) ||
 * 2008 || The Uninvited || Nick || American horror thriller film
 * 2012 || Jack Irish – Bad Debts || Tony Baker || Australian television drama series
 * 2017 || FishCenter Live || himself ||
 * 2018 || The Resident || Rhys Barrett (musician) || S2E4
 * 2022 || A Million Little Things || himself || S4E16
 * 2012 || Jack Irish – Bad Debts || Tony Baker || Australian television drama series
 * 2017 || FishCenter Live || himself ||
 * 2018 || The Resident || Rhys Barrett (musician) || S2E4
 * 2022 || A Million Little Things || himself || S4E16
 * 2018 || The Resident || Rhys Barrett (musician) || S2E4
 * 2022 || A Million Little Things || himself || S4E16
 * 2022 || A Million Little Things || himself || S4E16
 * 2022 || A Million Little Things || himself || S4E16

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters".

 * 2020 || Colin Hay || Distinguished Services Award || awarded
 * 2023 || Colin Hay || Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Services to Australian Music || awarded
 * 2023 || Colin Hay || Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Services to Australian Music || awarded
 * 2023 || Colin Hay || Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Services to Australian Music || awarded

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. Men at Work were inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1994.

! Ref.
 * 1994
 * (as a member of) Men at Work
 * ARIA Hall of Fame
 * Inductee
 * 1998
 * Transcendental Highway
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated
 * 2011
 * Gathering Mercury
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2022
 * rowspan="2"| "Down Under" (Luude featuring Colin Hay)
 * Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Best Dance / Electronic Release
 * Won
 * "Down Under" (featuring Colin Hay) (Luude, Peter Hume)
 * Best Video
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Best Dance / Electronic Release
 * Won
 * "Down Under" (featuring Colin Hay) (Luude, Peter Hume)
 * Best Video
 * Nominated
 * Best Video
 * Nominated

Country Music Awards of Australia
The Country Music Awards of Australia is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival. Celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. They commenced in 1973.

! Ref.
 * 2020 || "Next Year People" (with Sara Storer) || Vocal Collaboration of the Year || Nominated ||
 * }
 * }

Countdown Australian Music Awards
Countdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.

 * 1982
 * himself (Men at Work)
 * Best Songwriter
 * Nominated
 * 1983
 * himself
 * Songwriter of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Songwriter of the Year
 * Nominated

title: Colin Hay


text:
Talk:Community informatics

The Community in Community Informatics
I provided additional background information in reference to how the idea of community fits in reference to the topic of Community Informatics to look at the potential of the discipline in regards to actual human populations. Moreover, I added additional clarification of the definition posed by Michael Gurstein. Eugene37 21:38, 25 October 2011 —Preceding undated comment added 01:36, 25 October 2011 (UTC).

Untitled
Much of this article reads like someone's personal essay on the subject rather than an encyclopedia article. heqs 13:21, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed this article does not seem to have a variety of sources and the information is not well cited. I was specifically wondering if there is a source for the section on concerns about community informatics or for the significant investments being made into community informatics. Jh004 (talk) 23:49, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Amsterdam Free City
Does this refer to De Digitale Stad- (http://www.dds.nl) or another activity? I'd be interested in a link to the reference. mgaved 10:11, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Community informatics is not a part of Information Systems, as the article states, but of the much broader discipline of Information Sciences. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.170.143.157 (talk) 16:16, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

I would not merge this article with Community informatics, simply b/c SI is an independent field / school of thought that is at large based on the work of Rob Kling. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.90.166.45 (talk) 20:59, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

Note about merging SI with CI
Social Informatics and Community Informatics both have a similar science background, but they are distinct in a sense that Social Informatics is more focused on theoretical considerations about social aspects of computerization [1], while Community Informatics has the goal to engineer practical solutions in a social context [2]. This may be illustrated by the analogy of distinguishing "Computer Science" and "Software Engineering". The principal focus of computer science is studying the properties of computation in general, while the principal focus of software engineering is the design of specific computations to achieve practical goals, making the two separate but complementary disciplines [3]. Similarly, Social Informatics focuses primarily on studying social aspects of computerization in general, while Community Informatics focuses on how to design, develop and use ICT in specific communities.

Probably it's good to have separate pages for Social Informatics and Community Informatics, with links to each other and explanation about their relation to each other.

[1] Kling, 2007, What Is Social Informatics and Why Does It Matter? [2] Gurstein, 2007:What is Community Informatics and why does it matter? [3] Parnas, 1998, Software Engineering Programmes are not Computer Science Programmes —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nanirandra (talk • contribs) 21:10, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

It would be interesting to know why Social Informatics is forwarded to the Community Informatics page. Is there any good reason for that? Nanirandra (talk) 14:13, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Social Informatics has it's own page. No more forwarding. EDiT755 (talk) 18:48, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

Addition to Criticism section
Added a note about feminist criticism, complete with citation. A lot of the language in this entry does not read like an encyclopedia article. EDiT755 (talk) 18:47, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

= Attempting to correct for tone ==

Trying to correct for the non-encyclopedic tone of the article. This is my first wiki edit so feedback is welcome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ndickens (talk • contribs) 17:03, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

Two Suggestions to Improve this Article
Hello everyone. I am Mohammed. I am participating in the Wiki Education Foundation's classroom program to improve the quality of some Wikipedia articles. I would like to improve this article by adding further information to the lead and the background sections and by editing their content. The lead section can be improved by rewriting the definition and by eliminating some of the synonyms that may distract readers. The following book is useful since it presents various aspects of the topic. I am planning to use it to make the lead section clearer than the current version. Stillman, L., Drnison, T., & Sarrica, M. (2014). Theories, practices and examples for community and social informatics. Clayton, Vic: Monash University Publishing.

 * Maldosari, not sure which part of the book you mention here you are going to use and specially how to improve the lead section Rostaf (talk) 14:35, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Rostaf, Hello Professor Farzan. Thank you for the feedback. The introduction of this book includes further information regarding the definition, and the author presented general overview of the topic while introducing the chapters in the book. For instance, the authors mentioned three important dimensions each community informatics works upon. I thought that adding these dimensions will improve the lead section. Also, the book has many chapters, and I may add more details as I find something important.Maldosari (talk) 04:22, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Maldosari, I think what you mention about the introduction of the book is clear and the three dimensions will be useful for the article. However, if you can provide specific sections and pages that will be used to improve the article, it will help anyone to critique what are you going to improve in the article. Also, the three dimensions that you mentioned, if they have details about each one, then you can create a new subheading to mention them in more details. TheRakan (talk) 02:51, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

Furthermore, the background section can be improved by introducing how communities are formed and evolve. Knowing how communities are formed and how they evolve are important factors that have to be considered while designing and building new technological solutions. The following book includes several chapters that are related to the topic; specifically, I am planning to use the first chapter as a reference to add this part. This information may be added in a separate subheading. Azzopardi, A., & Grech, S. (2012). Inclusive communities: A critical reader (1. Aufl. ed.). Rotterdam: SensePublishers. doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-849-0

 * Maldosari, this citation is relevant and seems beneficial to the article; The first chapter looks interesting tho seems to be more focusing on inclusion and exclusion in the communities. Please go ahead with reading the chapter and integrating relevant parts to the article. Rostaf (talk) 14:35, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Maldosari, What will be the name of the new subheading? TheRakan (talk) 03:07, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * TheRakan, Hello Rakan. The name of the new subheading will be understanding communities.Maldosari (talk) 23:18, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

Also, some sentences in both sections lack proper citations, and other sentences indicate stating personal opinions. I am planning to review these sentences, match them with proper citations, and eliminate the signal words that indicate personal opinions. Maldosari (talk) 03:27, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

Changing the tone of the article, editing, and adding information from a useful recent reference
This is Rakan AlHaqbani and I'm trying to update this article since that I am a part of Wiki Education Foundation's classroom. I found a book that can help updating and improving this article. The book is called: "Connecting Canadians: Investigations in Community Informatics" (edited by Andrew Clement, Michael Gurstein, Graham Longford, Marita Moll, and Leslie Regan Shade). The book was originally published in 2012 and has updated information about the topic by professional in Information field. TheRakan (talk) 12:22, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

I will change the background section to have a more scientific and neutral definition of community informatics. In addition, it will have a brief history on how it started and some examples of projects and works in Community Informatics. Moreover, since the Network section doesn't have much information, there's a section in the book that has accurate and more dense information about this subheading. I'll edit and add some information here. Next, there are some examples about the Canadian experience that can be mentioned in the practical section (which can be separated as a subheading). Also, there is the conceptual approach section in the book that has more information and details that can enrich the article. Next, there are information in the article without a reference or with an outdated information that can be updated.

 * TheRakan, You can sign your posts on talkpages by adding four tilda signs at the end of your message like I have done here Rostaf (talk) 15:05, 28 February 2017 (UTC)
 * In terms of your changes, I am not sure which part of the book you cite here. I will help if you provide more details on the book chapter you are going to cite. Thanks. Rostaf (talk) 15:05, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Rostaf, Thank you Dr. Farzan for your response. I signed my post but mistakenly at the beginning instead of the end. I edited that now. About the book, there are sections that I can use in the book like Community Networks and Local Libraries p.341, The Library Ideal and the Community Network p.367, and Toward a Conceptual Framework for a Community Informatics p.6 & p.35. the last section was written by the founder of this field Michael Gurstein. TheRakan (talk) 01:13, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

 * TheRakan, Hello Rakan. Your suggestions of improving the article are great. The article lack focused and specific examples which are related to the topic. The reference that you chose seems to be focused and extensively discusses the topic. Regarding the Network section, I think that the title of this section needs to be changed to a specific title so that it becomes clear to readers. When we read it the first time, we did not get what it meant to be. The conceptual approach section has much information, and you may try to edit it and see if there are some irrelevant sentences that could be erased. Also, you mentioned, Michael Gurstein, who is one of the founders of the community informatics. I found a talk on Youtube which was presented by Professot Gurstein discussing community informatics. We may find useful information in the talk. This is link to the talk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWpFiebFRDI&t=449s. Maldosari (talk) 05:07, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Community informatics


text: User talk:62.150.203.217

title: User talk:62.150.203.217


text:
Please Save My Earth

Please Save My Earth (ぼくの地球を守って) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Saki Hiwatari. It was published by Hakusensha from December 1986 to May 1994 in the magazine Hana to Yume and collected in 21 tankōbon volumes. It is about six young people and a seven-year-old boy who share common dreams about their past lives as alien scientists who observed the Earth from the Moon.

The series was adapted as a six-part original video animation (OVA) in 1993. A sequel manga, Embraced by the Moonlight, was serialized in the bimonthly Hana to Yume as well as the special edition magazine, Hana to Yume Plus. It has since been followed by I Sing with the Earth. Both the anime OVA and manga are licensed for distribution in North America by Viz Media.

By May 2006, Please Save My Earth had over 15 million copies in circulation.

Plot
The story centers around high-school student Alice Sakaguchi, her seven-year-old next door neighbor, Rin Kobayashi who attends elementary school, and five other students who have recurring collective dreams about a group of alien scientists stationed on the Moon observing and collecting data about the Earth. Initially, when Alice learns that her classmates Jinpachi and Issei have been having common recurring dreams since middle school, she thinks nothing of it until one day she has one of these "Moon dreams" herself. Because of the nature of these dreams, the way Issei always dreams as the same person, and Jinpachi as well, now that Alice has provided a third perspective, they start to believe that people who dream as the other four scientists in their "Moon dreams" can each be found. Almost like playing a simple game, the three make plans to seek these other people out in the hopes of making sense of these dreams. After a suggestion from Issei, and a little bit of time and luck, they are finally able to make contact with the other four people. But as the six people and one child start to piece together the chronology and content of their dreams, they began to realize that their "dreams" are not simply dreams, but rather suppressed memories of their past incarnations that ended tragically. And now, as their "game" begins to unravel, the kids must strive to come to terms with what happened in their past lives, as they struggle to prevent their past incarnations' rivalries, jealousies, and dubious actions from taking over their new ones.

Production
Before starting to work on Please Save My Earth, Saki Hiwatari was exhausted by drawing her previous series Akuma-kun and wanted to create something that would feel "healing" for her to draw. She observed the magnolia tree at her workplace and started off from there. However, when working on the script, she added more suspense. She described working on the series as a result of her fighting with herself over whether she should draw something serious or something funny. Initially, the series was only supposed to last one year. The series mixes dramatic storytelling with comic relief. Many of the jokes in early volumes of the series refer to 1980s anime and manga. Critic Jason Thompson notes that the story becomes more dark and adult-themed from volume 9 on. The visual style, for example of the character design, changes throughout the series. The character design of Issei's sister Kyoko was influenced by Osamu Tezuka and is a homage to classic style of manga artists such as Miyako Maki, Makoto Takahashi, Hideko Mizuno, and Shotaro Ishinomori.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Saki Hiwatari, Please Save My Earth was serialized by Hakusensha in the monthly magazine Hana to Yume from December 20, 1986 to May 20, 1994, with its chapters collected in 21 tankōbon volumes. The series was later reissued in 12 bunkoban volumes in 1998; and again in an A5 format edition (wide-ban) of 10 volumes in 2004.

It is licensed in English in North America by Viz Media, with all volumes translated. The series has also been translated into French; German; and Spanish.

OVA
Please Save My Earth was adapted as an original video animation (OVA) directed by Kazuo Yamazaki and produced by Production I.G. The six-episode OVA anime covers the first 8 volumes in condensed form. It is licensed in English by Viz Media. Please Save My Earth – Special Omnibus Edition: From Alice to Rin (ぼくの地球を守って 総集編完全版 〜亜梨子から、輪くんへ〜) is a 100-minute compilation movie narrated by Alice, reminiscing on the events of the main OVA as she is on her way to meet with Rin in a park. Please Save My Earth – Music Image Video: The Golden Age is Gone (ぼくの地球を守って MUSIC IMAGE VIDEO 〜金色の時 流れて〜) contains six music videos with footage not seen in the main OVA and scenes taken from the manga, as well as a slightly different version of the OVA ending sequence, and the ending credits for the image videos.

Reception
By May 2006, Please Save My Earth had over 15 million copies in circulation.

Starting in volume 8 of the manga, a disclaimer appeared at the bottom of the first page of every compilation volume, stating that the story was entirely fictional. This was, because Hiwatari received letters from people who were convinced that they had been part of the Moon scientist's society or even one of the Moon scientists themselves, and had been sent on Earth. These disclaimers have since appeared in her others works, most notably on the first pages of each volume of Global Garden.

Several manga artists have cited Please Save My Earth as an influence on them, including Naoko Takeuchi and Bisco Hatori. Jason Thompson called Please Save My Earth in Manga: The Complete Guide a "masterpiece of young-adult science fiction" and praised Hiwatari's "slow-paced" as well as "consistently rewarding and unpredictable" storytelling.

title: Please Save My Earth


text:
Heather Farr

Heather Farr (March 10, 1965 – November 20, 1993) was an American professional golfer on the LPGA Tour.

Early years
Born and raised in Phoenix, Arizona, Farr was the elder of two daughters of Gerald D. (Jerry) and Sharon Farr. She and her sister Missy were introduced to golf by their father, a former rodeo cowboy and Air Force veteran, and the family spent countless hours together at the public Papago Golf Course in east Phoenix.

Farr won three state high school championships while at the all-girls Xavier College Preparatory, and is a member of the National High School Sports Hall of Fame and the azcentral.com Arizona High School Sports Hall of Fame. At a diminutive 5ft 1in, she was nicknamed "Mighty Mouse" during her teenage years.

College
Farr graduated from high school a year early in 1982 and was a top recruit with many scholarship offers. She chose to stay close and enrolled at Arizona State University in adjacent Tempe, where she played for the Sun Devils women's golf team. At ASU she became a well-known golfer, both in Arizona and nationwide, winning the 1982 U.S. Girls' Junior and 1984 U.S. Women's Amateur Public Links.

At the U.S. Women's Open, Farr tied for eleventh and was low amateur as an 18-year-old in 1983 in Oklahoma, then tied for fortieth in Massachusetts in 1984. Farr played on the U.S. teams in the 1984 Curtis Cup and Espirito Santo Trophy. She was an All-American and was inducted into the ASU Sun Devils' Hall of Fame in 1990.

LPGA Tour
After three years at ASU, Farr turned pro in June 1985; she tied for eighth at the LPGA Tour's qualifying tournament near Houston in October to earn her tour card, and began play in early 1986.

Farr's best finish on tour was a tie for third at the Mazda Classic at Boca Raton, Florida in early 1988, and she had six top ten finishes that season.

Breast cancer
With her pro career on the rise, Farr was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 24 in July 1989. Her battle with cancer became national news for the next four years. She played on tour on a limited basis in the fall of 1990, but more cancer was found in her spine and the base of her skull. In March 1991, Farr underwent a 13-hour operation to rebuild her vertebrae and stabilize her back with a 7 in metal rod. That August, she began working on her putting stroke, with hopes to return to the tour. In 1992, she married Goran Lingmerth in March, and played six holes of a skins game at the Sara Lee Classic in April, but in May more cancer was found on her pelvis and skull.

Through 1993, The Arizona Republic newspaper of Phoenix kept a daily column which updated Farr's health condition. She became admired by many Arizonans because she kept hope of returning to the golf links soon, despite her ordeal. Beginning in August, she had numerous surgeries to relieve internal bleeding, and underwent surgery at Scottsdale Memorial Hospital-North on November 11 to relieve a brain hemorrhage; she died nine days later at age 28, surrounded by her family and many LPGA tour pros.

Legacy
Farr was posthumously named an "ambassador" of the Grayhawk Golf Club in Arizona, and her family established the Heather Farr Foundation. In addition to that numerous golf awards have been named after her.

In 1994, the LPGA established the Heather Farr Player Award to celebrate the life of Farr. The award "recognizes an LPGA Tour player who, through her hard work, dedication and love of the game of golf, has demonstrated determination, perseverance and spirit in fulfilling her goals as a player, qualities for which Farr is so fondly remembered".

Farr is buried at St. Francis Cemetery in Phoenix, beside her father Jerry (1939–2014).

Her younger sister Missy Farr-Kaye became the head coach of the women's golf team at Arizona State in June 2015, after many years as an assistant at their alma mater. Also diagnosed with breast cancer at age 30, she is a two-time cancer survivor (1998, 2008) and leads her sister's foundation.

Amateur wins

 * 1982 U.S. Girls' Junior, AJGA Tournament of Champions
 * 1984 U.S. Women's Amateur Public Links

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
 * Curtis Cup: 1984 (winners)
 * Espirito Santo Trophy: 1984 (winners)

title: Heather Farr


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title: User talk:203.215.75.149