text:
Talk:Phoebe Buffay

Ross made a pass at Joey????
LOL. Who WRITES these things????? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.2.216.155 (talk) 21:45, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

Birth Order
The Early Life section says: "Phoebe Buffay is the younger twin daughter ... her twin sister ... was born one minute later." If Phoebe is the younger, then she was born later, not Ursula. If this is an in-story joke, it should be noted as such. Neutron Jack (talk) 22:08, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Kisses
I'm not much for editing Wiki - and i'm probably wrong about this anyway, but the article says Joey and Phoebe share two great kisses, one when she turns 31 and one when he's practicing for a part...

Wasn't there a third time when Joey thought she was Ursula?

Anyway, whatever :)

Cberg86 21:05, 5 June 2007 (UTC)That's right. Phoebe wanted to stop Joey from dating her sister, so she pretended to be Ursula and yeah, they kissed. That's how Joe figured out that he kissed Phoebe, not Ursula :)

Denise
I always got the impression that Denise was someone Phoebe made up. Didn't she conveniently move in/out just when Rachel wanted to move in to Phoebe's appartment? It just seemed a little too weird, even for Phoebe! Wattylfc 21:48, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Triplets
Thanks whoever added that bit about the Triplets, I completely forgot.

--Crestville 18:20, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC) Jobe

Hey
'Twas me again - if you want to check that sort of thing, click on 'history'

Erolos 18:27, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I wanted to create a page on Janice, but there's already one for thew muppet. I don't think Janice had a last name, so is there any way i could open up a seperate page?

--Crestville 18:56, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC) Jobe

Janice Litman Garelnick nee Hosenstein (though I'm not sure how to spell any of them) :)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.21.194.179 (talk) 03:19, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Yes
Create one entitled Janice (Friends character), and make all links to it in the Friends article by changing them to Janice - 2[s Janice (friends character)|Janice 2]s!

Remember, as a minor character don't put too much detail into her article.

Erolos 19:25, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Why not? What harm is that going to do?

--Crestville 19:31, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC) Jobe

Nah, can't work it out for the love of me. Couldn't do it for us could yer? I think there's only two-one on chandler's page and one on Ross'. Cheers mate.

--Crestville 20:01, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC) Jobe

Ha Ha! sucess

Done
Well, I don't know if you managed to fix it first, but I did it for you, and in the Friends article.

When I wrote 2[s it was only because it would create a link if I actually did it - it was meant to be taken literally i.e. [[ etc.

Sorry if that was confusing - and have a nice evening!

Cheers Bud.

--Crestville 20:10, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC) Jobe

Is it "Filange" or "Phalange"?

The actual spelling is "Regina Phalangee"

"Phalange" is what they give on the DVD's subtitles.

Are you sure thats how to spell Buffay?
Shouldn't it be Buffet or Buffé or Something?!--Greasysteve13 10:16, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No, it is Buffay. Iola k ana • T  16:47, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If memory serves me I think the spelling of her name is shown on screen when they find out Phoebe's sister was using her name in 'blue' movies. ny156uk 19:06, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Mother
Am I the only one to note that in the later seasons the existance of Phoebe's real mother seems to have been completely forgotten? Timrollpickering 16:40, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's about right. Kil  o • T  19:09, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Year of birth
How do we know that Phoebe was born in 1967?

She said so in Season Two, when she thought she was old. Although I noticed that the scene was missing from the DVD. Maybe they got rid of it. I just remember it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.247.244.120 (talk) 01:15, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Guitar tuning
Phoebe didn't play with a drop D tuning on the show. In season 1 she played with an open tuning that did permit chords with one finger ... I don't know what it was, but it wasn't drop D (D-A-D-G-B-D), as the latter still requires additional fingers for full chords. Starting in season 2 she was playing at least part of the time with standard tuning (E-A-D-G-B-E), because she was actually endeavoring to use proper chords when she played (the sound suffered a bit as a result, but I highly respected the actress for making the effort).

(If I had the Friends DVDs I could sit down and figure out exactly what tunings she was using and when, and edit the article accordingly. But since I don't have all of the information, I'll have to leave that to someone else.  What I do know is that the information currently in the article is incorrect.)

Mystic fm 01:18, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

 * From season 3 onward she is surely playing on standard tuning. I can't say anything about seasons 1 and 2. I've changed the article to reflect that. Fbergo 22:51, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Season's One and Two she barely played at all, and if she did I'm almost certain it was standard.

Phoebe uses open tuning during season 7, when she wants to play at Monica and Chandler's wedding. At least when she sings "Who will perform the ceremony?" —Preceding unsigned comment added by CastingCrowns (talk • contribs) 14:40, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Is Phoebe a nudist?
In The One in Vegas, Part One, Phoebe says she walks around her appartment naked all the time, which is why it takes her so long to answer the door. I think if she does it all the time, she could be considered a nudist. — AnemoneProjectors (talk) 20:24, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * In ten seasons, The series have only made two hints to that, only one by Phoebe herself. And as far as we know, the only place she does it is at her home. Some MAY consider her a nudist, but I don't think it's notable in the article. DSMeatte 06:08, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * What was the other hint? — AnemoneProjectors (talk) 16:17, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Season 10 (Can't remember the exact episode) Phoebe stated to Monica that she won't be wearing a dress at her wedding, and Monica states "I told you, I'm NOT going to a nude wedding!" DSMeatte 19:22, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Vegan or Vegetarian?

 * There is a question as to whether Phoebe is a vegan or just a vegetarian and this should be addressed.

 * Technically, what we call a vegetarian  is actually a lacto-ovo-vegetarian. Phoebe stays away from dairy, but she might still eat eggs - I guess she does. That would make her an ovo-vegetarian. A vegan is one who cuts out all animal products. I am happy to be corrected here if you know Phoebe is a vegan, but she does frequently call herself a vegetarian, and being the animal rights activist she is, if she was a vegan she would make sure everyone knew she was one. Wattylfc 21:48, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * She does drink milk and she makes cookies, which almost certainly uses eggs in the recipe. (Reference: the episode where Pablo makes a pass at her; she offers both to Rachel before telling her about it). Captain Infinity 09:46, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, she also eats a cookie when she and Monica try and figure out her grandmothers recipe after her apartment burned down. I think it's safe to say she's not a vegan going by Wattylfc's description. DSMeatte 20:19, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Captain Infinity, she could be drinking soy milk! Or - which is more likely - it's an inconsistency. Wattylfc 22:00, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I find it unlikely she would offer Rachel soy milk, calling it milk. It seems pretty clear to me that she is a vegetarian in that she avoids meat (which fact is repeated many, many times throughout the series) and not a vegan who avoids all animal products, which is never mentioned at all. Captain Infinity 00:53, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Quite, there's no doubt over the vegetarian issue. The dairy ones seems to be an inconsistency though. Wattylfc 15:56, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

 * New York City has no power and the milk is getting sour but for me it is not scary 'cause I stay away from dairy. — AnemoneProjectors (zomg!) 19:04, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that was just a gag, She's had dairy before...DSMeatte 19:38, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

 * She has drunk normal milk before, with just a normal milk carton. You can see it sometimes in some episodes where they are at Central Perk. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.160.57.124 (talk) 08:32, 11 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I wonder if Phoebe is actually a pescatarian (avoids meat but eats fish) as she served fish at her wedding (In "The One With Phoebe's Wedding" she talks with Monica about serving salmon or halibut). It is possible that she got a vegetarian option at her own wedding, but it seems odd to me that she would pay for the guests at her wedding to eat something she is morally opposed to. Many vegetarians/vegans do vegetarian/vegan meals at their weddings for this reason. It doesn't make sense to say something is wrong and then feed it to other people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sjh11 (talk • contribs) 20:55, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

She is a fictional character. To the extent that it impacts the plots of episodes, we might mention that she says she is a vegan/vegetarian/whatever. Other than that, the only way there is anything for us to say on that is if independent reliable sources discuss it for some reason. Failing that, there is nothing to include in the article and, as a result, absolutely nothing to discuss here. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 23:27, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

Copyedit
ONLY for "Marriage" and "Trivia" sections. ~ Otterpops 19:12, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Regina Phalange Spelling
Does anyone have the official spelling of Regina Phalange? Is it Phalange, Philange, Filangi, Phalangey, etc....Does anyone have access to anything official from NBC spelling this, like a Friends book or official script? --Mezaco 20:49, 20 June 2007 (UTC) It spells it that way on the DVD's subtitles. So I assume that's the correct way.
 * The FAQ at friends-tv.org says "Regina Phalange".  Captain Infinity 22:52, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Also, in the original article it is claimed that phalange is not an English word. Yes and no. It is the Latin (scientific) name for the bones in fingers and toes.

Birthday
The note on Phoebe's birthday takes me to a non-canon site. Is this date mentioned in the show? If so, where? The reason I ask is this: I was just watching a season 9 DVD, and in the intro to an episode, (TOW Phoebe's Birthday Dinner), Pheebs says that they can't celebrate her birthday on her birthday, so they have to celebrate it on Thursday. Joey seems upset. When asked why, he says that it's scary, because dinner is now on Halloween. It seems that Phoebe's birthday is in late October, not February. Kjdamrau 03:56, 25 July 2007 (UTC)kjdamrau

On the Friends Trivia game it says her birthday is on February 23. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.33.11.248 (talk) 19:02, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

Aliases
Shouldn't Akia the Swedish Massuese be there? I saw an episode where Phoebe turns out to work at the massage place to hide her identity as Phoebe from Rachel.

Yes, but in just that one episode, she never used it after that.

She says her name is IKEA, like the store, probably because it is the only Swedish word she can think of. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.220.73.192 (talk) 07:21, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

IKEA is Swedish? I thought she used that a second time, over the phone is Season Seven. I might be wrong, I just remember it... I don't know. It's not really relevant, is it? I mean, they list Princess Consuela Bananahammock, and she only used that once. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.247.244.120 (talk) 01:13, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Princess Consuela Bananahammock was her legal name for at least a day or two, so it makes sense that it would be listed. IKEA was a fake name she used for one scene in an episode, so it might not be relevant enough to be called an "alias." --Sap005 (talk) 23:48, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

Regina Phalange section - gone!!
Who on earth removed the Regina Phalange paragraph? It is crucial to this article as it's one the most unique facets of her character. Are you telling me that having an overlong Joey paragraph that rambles on forever is okay, but deleting the ENTIRE Regina Phalange paragraph is worthwhile? Please replace or I will defiantely replace it in the next few days. Why do Edit-Nazis just remove entire sections on a whim?? Thanks! --Mezaco (talk) 02:16, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

I took a look at the section in question. The problem with the section seems to be that it was entirely trivia. If it could have been cleaned up to include more useful information it might have been kept. If you can find a way to clean it up and include information apart from when Phoebe mentions the name, you could add it without problem. It is notable as she used the alter ego over a half-dozen times throughout the show, but when the entire section is just about when she used it, it makes it seem unimportant. Johnred32 (talk) 04:12, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

 * If you found the need to shorten the Regina Phalange section, that's fine. But I'm sorry but I have a big problem with people who delete ENTIRE sections of articles without replacing them! Why just delete things without re-writing them? Now this article makes NO mention of Regina Phalange whatsoever, which is ridiculous because it was a repeatedly used part of her character over 10 years. Also, in keeping with your philosophy, there's no consistency. The Smelly Cat section describes every single use of the song and the Joey section is WAY too long, describing every encounter between Joey and Phoebe over 10 years. But why don't you have a problem with them? I guess becasue it's easier just to delete things than to take the time to re-write them. But anyway, thanks for your feedback and explanation.... --Mezaco (talk) 21:56, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Alright, it seems that you mistook what I said as an attack on your idea. First of all, the section was removed by Asyndeton, not me, on November 10 with many other sections. I am an inclusionist and do not like the idea of deleting entire sections, I prefer to fix them. I didn't even know that the section was deleted until I saw this. Second, I agreed with you that the section should be restored becuase of the notability of the alter ego. The problem is that if you restore it, it might just be deleted again. I was only suggesting that if you do restore it, you clean it up a bit. If you want, you can restore it and see what happens. Just go | here and then copy and paste. I am sorry if there was any misunderstanding. Johnred32 (talk) 23:37, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It's ok, I didn't mean it as an attack on you, it's just a real pet peeve of mine! --Mezaco 04:45, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Birthday Month
During season nine "the one with phoebe's birthday dinner" she states that she couldn't get dinner reservations for the night of her birthday so she got them for thursday. Then Joey comments that it was Halloween. Do we really know her birthday? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lvnsccer25 (talk • contribs) 13:22, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

February / October?
I know in Season 9 it is ambiguously stated that Phoebe's birthday should be around late October. But in The One With Frank Jr., in Season 3, when asked by her brother, Phoebe clearly says her birthday is February 16. So February should probably be listed as Phoebe's actual birthday. It's just more explicit than October.

sous-chef / Italian
What has speaking Italian to do with knowing what a sous-chef is? The latter is french after all?! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.217.53.106 (talk) 07:17, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Louise - Phoebe's middle name?
The current page says that Phoebe's middle name is Louise when it actually isn't. Phoebe doesn't know what her middle name is because her twin sister sold her birth certificate toa sweedish runaway or something like that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.161.92.180 (talk) 03:57, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

Grandmother's surname?
The box at the right side of the page lists Phoebe's grandmother's name as Frances Buffay. My understanding is that the grandmother was on the maternal side, why would she have the same last name as Phoebe's father? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.245.243.171 (talk) 23:49, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Languages
Phoebe probably speaks French (teaching Joey) and Italian (speaking to Joey's grandmother) while other characters don't seem to know any foreign languages.186.220.1.232 (talk) 17:48, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

Ambigious Age
There's no problem with her age as said in AGE section. In "04x01 The One with the Jellyfish" she was talking about the years between her own birth and the last time her birth mother heard about her parents (2 years ago) when she said "You had 29 years...", and not about her own age. As in "04x02 The One with the Cat" she said she hasn't seen her mother's smile in 17 years. Considering the fact that she was 14 when her mother commited suicide, it proves that she is 31 by then. So, again, she is two years older than Ross, and of course, the oldest in the group. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Babaali.amir (talk • contribs) 08:43, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Phoebe is, by sitcom standards at least, a villain and antagonist through and through
She is hypocritical, narcissistic, shallow, selfish and moronic Meehall23Therpe (talk) 10:36, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

 * This is a biased description of the character and therefore should not be discussed. Each character in the show has qualities that could be labeled positive or negative, and given the episodic nature of the show, could be classified as a protagonist and antagonist at multiple points. Her character is not black and white enough for anyone to truly label her one or the other, especially when there is no main character or main protagonist of the series. You might be able to make a protagonist/antagonist argument on an episode-basis, but not overall. --Sap005 (talk) 23:54, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

Bouffé or Buffay
Is Phoebe's name spelt like Bouffé or Buffay? 2A02:C7F:3B4A:E500:3018:A125:5CE9:802A (talk) 08:53, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

Article is poorly referenced
Article is poorly lacking in citations, such as in documenting that Phoebe is one of the greatest sitcom characters of all-time; that's as may be, but it needs attestation. Accuricist (talk) 18:43, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phoebe Buffay


text: Category:Becker County, Minnesota

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Becker County, Minnesota


text:
Northwest Asian Weekly

The Northwest Asian Weekly is an Asian American newspaper based in Seattle, Washington's International District. It was founded in 1983 by Assunta Ng, publisher of the Seattle Chinese Post, and published free weekly editions until January 2023.

History
Northwest Asian Weekly published its first edition on February 5, 1983, as the successor to an English insert in the Seattle Chinese Post that debuted in September 1982.

Both newspapers were published by Assunta Ng; among the early supporters of the Asian Weekly was Gary Locke, who later became the first Asian American governor of Washington. It was distributed for free and had a circulation of 9,500 prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

The Asian Weekly ceased print publication on January 21, 2023, and became an online-only news outlet; the Seattle Chinese Post also ceased on the same day.

In May 2024, Ng sold Asian Weekly to a group of four investors.

Distribution
Northwest Asian Weekly's print version were widely distributed in Seattle, primarily at Asian American businesses, grocery stores, and restaurants. They were also available at businesses in other parts of King and Snohomish counties, as well as public libraries statewide.

title: Northwest Asian Weekly


text:
Drapers Professor of French

The Drapers Professorship of French is a professorship in the study of the French language at the University of Cambridge. It was founded in 1919 by a donation from the Worshipful Company of Drapers, and was the first chair in French established at Cambridge. Its establishment was part of the growth of the study of modern European languages such as French, German, and Italian in the early 19th century. The Drapers Company initially guaranteed to fund the chair at £800 per year for ten years; the grant was renewed in 1939.

Drapers Professors

 * Oliver Herbert Phelps Prior (1919)
 * Frederick Charles Green (1934)
 * Lewis Charles Harmer (1951)
 * Lloyd James Austin (1967–1980)
 * Peter Rickard (1980–1982)
 * Terence Cave (elected but did not take the chair, 1985)
 * Peter James Bayley (1985)
 * Michael Moriarty (2011)

title: Drapers Professor of French


text:
United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions

The United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP) generally considers matters relating to these issues. Its jurisdiction also extends beyond these issues to include several more specific areas, as defined by Senate rules.

History
While currently known as the HELP Committee, the committee was originally founded on January 28, 1869, as the Committee on Education. Its name was changed to the Committee on Education and Labor on February 14, 1870, when petitions relating to labor were to its jurisdiction from the Committee on Naval Affairs.

The committee’s jurisdiction at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries focused largely on issues relating to federal employees’ working conditions and federal education aid. Prominent action considered by the committee in the 1910s and 1920s included the creation of a national minimum wage, the establishments of a Department of Labor, a Department of Education, and a Children’s Bureau. During the 1930s, the committee took action on the National Labor Relations Act, the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.

In 1944, the jurisdiction of the Public Health Service was transferred from the Commerce Committee to the Committee on Education and Labor, adding issues relating to public health matters to its jurisdiction. The committee's name was changed during the 80th Congress to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare as part of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 (Public Law 79-601). The act further expanded the committee's oversight to include the rehabilitation, health, and education of veterans. Mine safety was also added to the committee’s jurisdiction in 1949.

During the Administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson, the committee took the lead in shaping legislation as part of Johnson's War on Poverty, resulting in the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Through the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-510), certain issues pertaining to veterans were transferred to the newly created Committee on Veterans Affairs. In the 95th Congress, the Senate passed S. Res. 4, which renamed the committee to be the Committee on Human Resources. However, the name was again changed in the 96th Congress by S. Res. 30 to the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. On March 18, 1992, the committee’s jurisdiction was updated to include all of the areas listed below. The committee was given its current name, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, on January 19, 1999, by S. Res. 20.

Jurisdictional areas
Under the Rule 25 of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the following subject matters fall under the jurisdiction of the Committee:
 * Measures relating to education, labor, health, and public welfare
 * Aging
 * Agricultural colleges
 * Arts and humanities
 * Biomedical research and development
 * Child labor
 * Convict labor and the entry of goods made by convicts into interstate commerce
 * Domestic activities of the American Red Cross
 * Equal employment opportunity
 * Gallaudet University, Howard University, and St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C.
 * Individuals with disabilities
 * Labor standards and labor statistics
 * Mediation and arbitration of labor disputes
 * Occupational Safety and Health Administration, including the welfare of miners.
 * Mine Safety and Health Administration
 * Private pension plans
 * Public health
 * Railway labor and retirement
 * Regulation of foreign laborers
 * Student loans
 * Wages and hours of labor, including the federal minimum wage

111th Congress
The Committee was chaired by Democrat Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts until his death on August 25, 2009. Under seniority rules, Acting Chairman Christopher Dodd was next in line, but Dodd chose instead to remain chairman of the Senate Banking Committee. Tom Harkin, next in line by seniority, assumed the chairmanship on September 9, 2009, vacating his post as chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. Republican Mike Enzi of Wyoming continued to serve as Ranking Member.

Source: ,

112th Congress
Source:

113th Congress
Source: to 297

114th Congress
Source

Source: to 68

Defunct subcommittees
The committee has had other subcommittees in the past, such as:
 * the Subcommittee on Migratory Labor during the 1950s through 1970s.
 * the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research during the 1970s.
 * the Subcommittee Investigating Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor, informally known as the "La Follette Civil Liberties Committee"

Education 1869–1870

 * Charles D. Drake (R-MO) 1869–1870

Education and Labor, 1870 – 1947

 * Frederick Sawyer (R-SC) 1870–1873
 * James W. Flanagan (R-TX) 1873–1875
 * Orris S. Ferry (R-CT) 1875
 * John J. Patterson (R-SC) 1875–1877
 * Ambrose Burnside (R-RI) 1877–1879
 * James E. Bailey (D-TN) 1879–1881
 * Henry W. Blair (R-NH) 1881–1891
 * Joseph M. Carey (R-WY) 1891–1893
 * James H. Kyle (PO-SD) 1893–1895
 * George Shoup (R-ID) 1895–1897
 * James H. Kyle (PO-SD) 1897–1901
 * Louis McComas (R-MD) 1901–1905
 * Boies Penrose (R-PA) 1905
 * Jonathan P. Dolliver (R-IA) 1905–1909
 * William E. Borah (R-ID) 1909–1913
 * Hoke Smith (D-GA) 1913–1919
 * William S. Kenyon (R-IA) 1919–1922
 * William E. Borah (R-ID) 1922–1924
 * Lawrence C. Phipps (R-CO) 1924–1926
 * James Couzens (R-MI) 1926–1929
 * Jesse H. Metcalf (R-RI) 1929–1933
 * David I. Walsh (D-MA) 1933–1937
 * Hugo L. Black (D-AL) 1937
 * Elbert D. Thomas (D-UT) 1937–1945
 * James E. Murray (D-MT) 1945–1947

Labor and Public Welfare, 1947–1977

 * Robert A. Taft (R-OH) 1947–1949
 * Elbert D. Thomas (D-UT) 1949–1951
 * James E. Murray (D-MT) 1951–1953
 * H. Alexander Smith (R-NJ) 1953–1955
 * Lister Hill (D-AL) 1955–1969
 * Ralph Yarborough (D-TX) 1969–1971
 * Harrison A. Williams, Jr. (D-NJ) 1971–1977

Human Resources, 1977–1979

 * Harrison A. Williams, Jr. (D-NJ) 1977–1979

Labor and Human Resources, 1979–1999

 * Harrison A. Williams, Jr. (D-NJ) 1979–1981
 * Orrin G. Hatch (R-UT) 1981–1987
 * Ted Kennedy (D-MA) 1987–1995
 * Nancy Kassebaum (R-KS) 1995–1997
 * James M. Jeffords (R-VT) 1997–1999

Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, 1999–present

 * James M. Jeffords (R-VT) 1999–2001
 * Ted Kennedy (D-MA) 2001
 * James M. Jeffords (R-VT) 2001
 * Ted Kennedy (D-MA) 2001–2003
 * Judd Gregg (R-NH) 2003–2005
 * Michael Enzi (R-WY) 2005–2007
 * Ted Kennedy (D-MA) 2007–2009
 * Chris Dodd (D-CT) 2009, acting
 * Tom Harkin (D-IA) 2009–2015
 * Lamar Alexander (R-TN) 2015–2021
 * Patty Murray (D-WA) 2021–2023
 * Bernie Sanders (I-VT) 2023–present


text:
Saint Tudwal's Islands

Saint Tudwal's Islands (Welsh: Ynysoedd Tudwal) are a small archipelago lying south of Abersoch on the Llŷn Peninsula in North Wales, at the western end of Tremadog Bay. They were referred to as the Studwells in the early 19th century. The name of the islands derives from their traditional identification as the site of a hermitage used by Saint Tudwal during the 6th century. They are about 1 km east of the southern tip of the Llŷn Peninsula.

There are two main islands: Saint Tudwal's Island West (Welsh: Ynys Tudwal Fawr)( 52.7988°N, -4.4718°W ) and Saint Tudwal's Island East (Welsh: Ynys Tudwal Fach) ( 52.8053°N, -4.462°W ), plus the Carreg y Trai rocks.

The islands are part of the Llŷn Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and are known for their beaches and wildlife, having a variety of wild birds including razorbills, guillemots and choughs, and being a breeding site for grey seals. They are also popular for water sports. The western island houses the St Tudwal’s Lighthouse, and the eastern has the remains of a priory. The western island reaches 144 feet (44 metres) and is the higher of the two.

Saint Tudwal's Island East
Saint Tudwal's Island East (Ynys Tudwal Fach) is a grass covered, kidney-shaped island, about 550 yd in length and 220 yd in width. It was owned by author Carla Lane until her death in May 2016.

The highest point on the island is 125 ft above sea level. It is located just over 0.62 mi off the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd. The nearest settlement (apart from the lighthouse on Saint Tudwal's Island West) is Machroes. Small ships sail from the nearby town of Abersoch to take passengers to view the wildlife. The island is believed to be the original hermitage of Saint Tudwal, which is presumably where its name comes from. The remains of a priory, referred to in the 1291 tax rolls, are on its eastern side.

Saint Tudwal's Island West
The West island is 650 m long and 167 m at its widest point. It was sold into private ownership in 1935. More recently it was purchased by the adventurer Bear Grylls who holidays on the island, living in the former lighthouse keeper's cottage. On 22 August 2013 it was reported that he was facing a planning investigation by Gwynedd Council, after installing a slide into the sea. He has since taken the slide down, saying it was never intended to be permanent and that he would clear it with the council before using it again.

title: Saint Tudwal's Islands


text:
Pakenham line

The Pakenham line is a commuter railway line on the Melbourne metropolitan railway network serving the city of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. Operated by Metro Trains Melbourne, the line is coloured light blue and is one of the two lines that constitute the Caulfield group. It is the city's longest metropolitan railway line at 57 km. The line runs from Flinders Street station in central Melbourne to East Pakenham station in the south-east, serving 27 stations via South Yarra, Caulfield, Oakleigh, and Dandenong.

The line operates for approximately 20 hours a day (from approximately 4:00 am to around midnight) with 24 hour service available on Friday and Saturday nights. During peak hour, headways of up to 5 to 10 minutes are operated with services every 20 minutes during off-peak hours. Trains on the Pakenham line run with a seven-car formation operated by High Capacity Metro Trains.

Sections of the Pakenham line opened as early as 1859, with the line fully extended to Pakenham in October 1877. A limited number of stations were first opened, with infill stations progressively opened between 1879 and 2012. The line was built to connect Melbourne with the rural towns of Caulfield, Oakleigh, and Dandenong, amongst others. Significant growth has occurred since opening, with an extension to open on the Pakenham line one stop east to a new station in Pakenham East as part of the Level Crossing Removal Project. This extension opened on 3 June 2024.

Since the 2010s, due to the heavily utilised infrastructure of the Pakenham line, significant improvements and upgrades have been made. A $15 billion upgrade of the corridor included the replacement of sleepers, the introduction of new signalling technology, the introduction of new rolling stock, the removal of all level crossings, and works associated with the Metro Tunnel project. These projects have improved the quality and safety of the line and will be completed by the opening of the Metro Tunnel in 2025.

19th century
In 1877, the Pakenham line began operations from Oakleigh to Bunyip, as part of the main line to Gippsland. The section from Oakleigh to Flinders Street station was connected at South Yarra in April 1879. In 1877, the Pakenham line began operations from Oakleigh to Bunyip, as part of the single-tracked main line to Gippsland, with an extension of the duplicated section of the line opening in 1881 to Caulfield, Oakleigh in 1883, and Dandenong in 1891. In 1883 the line between Richmond station and South Yarra was quadrupled to accommodate an increase in train services due to the opening of Frankston and Sandringham lines.

In 1885, a number of level crossing removal works occurred between Flinders Street station and South Yarra due to an increase in freight and passenger operations. These crossings were removed through a combination of lowering and raising the corridor.

20th century
In 1915, the line between South Yarra and Caulfield was quadrupled, as part of level crossing removal works. This section of the line was lowered into a cutting to eliminate numerous level crossings. Power signalling was provided between Richmond and Hawksburn at the same time, then on to Caulfield in 1921.

Electrification of the line to Dandenong occurred in two stages during 1922. In May 1922, the section from South Yarra to Oakleigh station was electrified, with the section to Dandenong being electrified later in December 1922. The electrification of the line allowed for the introduction of Swing Door electric multiple unit trains for the first time.

Power signalling was extended to Carnegie in 1933, Oakleigh in 1940, and to Dandenong in stages between 1970 and 1972.

The line between Dandenong, Pakenham and Traralgon was electrified in 1954. Initially single track, duplication of the line between Dandenong, Pakenham and Nar Nar Goon was completed in 1955 and 1956. Suburban services were extended beyond Dandenong to Pakenham in January 1975. Previously, the stations between Dandenong and Pakenham were only served by regional passenger trains connecting Gippsland to Melbourne.

In 1981, Pakenham line services commenced operations through the City Loop, after previously terminating at Flinders or Spencer Street stations. The commencement of operations involved the service stopping at three new stations—Parliament, Melbourne Central (formally Museum), and Flagstaff. The Loop follows La Trobe and Spring Streets along the northern and eastern edges of the Hoddle Grid. The Loop connects with Melbourne's two busiest stations, Flinders Street and Southern Cross, via the elevated Flinders Street Viaduct. From 2025, the Pakenham line will no longer operate through the City Loop, instead operating via the north-south Metro Tunnel corridor.

21st century
In 2002, after the closure of the nearby General Motors factory in 1991, General Motors station closed permanently after 46 years of operation. A 2007 restructure of train ticketing in Melbourne involved the removal of Zone 3, with Zone 3 stations being re-classified to Zone 2. This brought the cost of train fares down, improving system accessibility to the public.

The Pakenham line received heavy investment during the 2010s to align with the 2013 PTV Development Plan. A new station at Cardinia Road opened in 2012 situated between Officer and Pakenham stations. This is the first infill station to open on the line since 1927, with an additional station at Pakenham East expected to open in 2024 in conjunction with level crossing removal works. In 2018, the Pakenham East Depot opened for the newly acquired High Capacity Metro Trains. This depot has stabling capacity for 30 seven-car trains with train maintenance, driver training, and washing facilities present onsite.

Announced in 2021, the Pakenham line was extended one stop east to East Pakenham. The extension involved the removal of the Main Street and Racecourse Road level crossings, the elevation of Pakenham station, the construction of a new station at East Pakenham and other associated safety and landscape works. These works were undertaken as part of the Level Crossing Removal Project. The rebuilt Pakenham and East Pakenham opened on 3 June 2024.

Route
The Pakenham line forms a relatively linear route from the Melbourne central business district to its terminus in Pakenham. The route is 57 km long and is predominantly doubled tracked, however between Flinders Street and Richmond, the corridor is widened to 12 tracks, narrowing to six tracks between Richmond and South Yarra before again narrowing to four tracks between South Yarra and Caulfield. After Caulfield station, the corridor again narrows to two tracks for the rest of the route. The only underground section of the Pakenham line is in the City Loop, where the service stops at 3 underground stations. Exiting the city, the Pakenham line traverses mainly flat country with few curves and fairly minimal earthworks for most of the line. However, between South Yarra and Malvern, the rail corridor has been lowered into a cutting to eliminate level crossings, and between Malvern and Caulfield, the corridor has been raised on an embankment for the same reason. After Caulfield, the line formerly had numerous level crossings, however, all have now been removed between Caulfield and Dandenong as part of an elevated rail project, as well as some older bridges over and under roads. Remaining level crossings between Dandenong and Pakenham stations will be removed by 2025 under smaller level crossing removal works.

The line follows the same alignment as the Cranbourne line with the two services splitting onto different routes at Dandenong. The Pakenham line continues on its eastern alignment, whereas the Cranbourne line takes a southerly alignment towards its final destination of Cranbourne station. Most of the rail line goes through built-up suburbs and some industrial areas, but after Dandenong, the line passes through more open countryside, including open fields and farms, particularly after Beaconsfield. This outer portion of the line is one of Melbourne's main growth corridors, where farmland is being replaced with housing and commercial developments, leading to a rise in patronage.

Stations
The line serves 28 stations across 57 km of track. The stations are a mix of elevated, lowered, underground, and ground level designs. Underground stations are present only in the City Loop, with the majority of elevated and lowered stations being constructed as part of the Level Crossing Removal Project. From 2025, services will cease to stop at Flinders Street, Southern Cross, Flagstaff, Melbourne Central, Parliament, Richmond and South Yarra stations due to the opening of the Metro Tunnel. From March-June 2024, Narre Warren and Pakenham stations were elevated as part of Level Crossing Removal Project. Once the Metro Tunnel has been constructed, the Pakenham and Cranbourne line will be routed through to Sunbury.

Services
Services on the Pakenham line operates from approximately 4:00 am to around 11:30 daily. In general, during peak hours, train frequency is 5 minutes on the Dandenong corridor (combined with the Cranbourne line) and 10 minutes in the AM peak on the Pakenham Line while during non-peak hours the frequency is reduced to 20–30 minutes throughout the entire route. Services run anticlockwise through the City Loop, and from 2025, Pakenham line services will cease to stop at South Yarra, Richmond, and all City Loop stations when trains are rerouted through the Metro Tunnel upon opening. On Friday nights and weekends, services run 24 hours a day, with 60 minute frequencies available outside of normal operating hours. Since 13 February 2022, some off-peak daytime Pakenham and Cranbourne line services stop at Malvern station, running express between South Yarra and Malvern stations.

Train services on the Pakenham line are also subjected to maintenance and renewal works, usually on selected Fridays and Saturdays. Shuttle bus services are provided throughout the duration of works for affected commuters.

Stopping patterns
Legend — Station status
 * ◼ Premium Station – Station staffed from first to last train
 * ◻ Host Station – Usually staffed during morning peak, however this can vary for different stations on the network.

Legend — Stopping patterns Some services do not operate via the City Loop
 * ● – All trains stop
 * ◐ – Some services do not stop
 * ▲ – Only inbound trains stop (trains operate counter-clockwise through the city loop all day)
 * ▼ – Only outbound trains stop
 * | – Trains pass and do not stop

Operators
The Pakenham line has had a total of 7 operators since its opening in 1877. The majority of operations throughout its history have been government run: from its first service in 1877 until the 1999 privatisation of Melbourne's rail network, four different government operators have run the line. These operators, Victorian Railways, the Metropolitan Transit Authority, the Public Transport Corporation and Bayside Trains have a combined operational length of 122 years.

Bayside Trains was privatised in August 1999 and later rebranded M>Train. In 2002, M>Train was placed into receivership and the state government regained ownership of the line, with KPMG appointed as receivers to operate M>Train on behalf of the state government. Two years later, rival train operator Connex Melbourne took over the M>Train operations including the Pakenham line. Metro Trains Melbourne, the current private operator, then took over the operations in 2009. The private operators have had a combined operational period of 24 years.

Rolling stock

The Pakenham line uses a fleet of electric multiple unit (EMU) High Capacity Metro Trains operating in a seven-car configuration, with three doors per side on each carriage and can accommodate of up to 1,380 passengers in each train-set. Shared with the Cranbourne, Sunbury, and Airport lines, the rolling stock will consist of 70 High Capacity Metro Trains (HCMT), once fully delivered. They are built in Changchun, China, with final assembly occurring in Newport, Melbourne, by Evolution Rail, a consortium composed of CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles, Downer Rail and Plenary Group. Previously, the Pakenham line was served by a fleet of Comeng and Siemens Nexas trains. The oldest Comeng trains (stage 1 and some stage 2) have been retired and scrapped as part of the HCMT introduction, however, some of these trains have been displaced onto other Melbourne metropolitan lines. In comparison, the Siemens Nexas trains have not been retired, instead being moved onto other lines to replace older Comeng sets. Since the end of 2022, the Pakenham line is almost exclusively operated by High Capacity Metro Trains.

Alongside the passenger trains, Pakenham line tracks and equipment are maintained by a fleet of engineering trains. The four types of engineering trains are: the shunting train; designed for moving trains along non-electrified corridors and for transporting other maintenance locomotives, for track evaluation; designed for evaluating track and its condition, the overhead inspection train; designed for overhead wiring inspection, and the infrastructure evaluation carriage designed for general infrastructure evaluation. Most of these trains are repurposed locomotives previously used by V/Line, Metro Trains, and the Southern Shorthaul Railroad.

Depot
Rolling stock on the Pakenham line is primarily served by the Pakenham East Depot located in the outer suburb of Pakenham East. This depot was built in 2018 to exclusively house and maintain 30 brand new High Capacity Metro Trains while they are out of service. Built by evolution rail the 118 ha depot consists of a stabbling yard and an advanced driver training simulator.

The depot is one of the most sustainable train maintenance regimes in Australia with:

 * Energy savings of 23%
 * Water savings of 46%
 * 77% of water recycled
 * 13% enchanment of biodiversity
 * 115000 kg of carbon saved every year

Signalling
Since the mid to late 20th century, the Pakenham line has used a fixed block three position signalling system designed for lower frequencies and less services. However, the ageing system had undermined reliability due to the presence of system faults and limited frequencies, requiring the Pakenham, Cranbourne, and Sunbury lines to upgrade their signalling system. Since 2021, high-capacity signalling (HCS) has been rolling out on the Pakenham, Cranbourne, and Sunbury lines, allowing trains to safely run closer together and run more frequently. The new system is being delivered by CPB Contractors and Bombardier Transportation under the Rail Systems Alliance. These works valued at $1 billion includes the roll-out of 55 km of HCS and communications systems on the aforementioned lines, allowing an increase in reliability and frequency. The line will be equipped with Bombardier’s CityFlo 650 communications-based train control system, that will enable operation at 2–3 minute headways.

The upgrading works were completed in phases from 2021. With the upgraded signalling system, trains are now able to run closer to each other. The new system was tested on the Mernda line and a section of the Cranbourne line before being fully implemented on the lines. In March 2022, the Pakenham line underwent further testing of high-tech signalling equipment, to ensure the new trains and signalling system can safely run alongside older-generation trains—including freight and V/Line trains—and the existing signalling system.

Customer service
All premium railway stations on the Pakenham line have customer service centres that are open from the first to the last service. Host stations on the line also have customer service centres, however these are only staffed for a few hours during the morning peak.

At the service centres, passengers can:

 * Buy tickets (Myki)
 * Pick up timetables
 * Collect change for vending machines and payphones

Accessibility
In compliance with the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992, all stations that are new-built or rebuilt are fully accessible and comply with these guidelines. The majority of stations on the corridor are fully accessible, however, there are some stations that haven't been upgraded to meet these guidelines. These stations do feature ramps, however, they have a gradient greater than 1 in 14. Stations that are fully accessible feature ramps that have a gradient less than 1 in 14, have at-grade paths, or feature lifts. These stations typically also feature tactile boarding indicators, independent boarding ramps, wheelchair accessible myki barriers, hearing loops, and widened paths.

Projects improving station accessibility have included the Level Crossing Removal Project that involves station rebuilds and upgrades, individual station upgrade projects, and associated Metro Tunnel works. These works have made significant strides in improving network accessibility, with more than 60% of Pakenham line stations classed as fully accessible. This number is expected to grow within the coming years, as a network restructure associated with the opening of the Metro Tunnel is completed and level crossing removal works are completed on the corridor by 2025.

Passenger information displays

Most stations on the Pakenham line are equipped with passenger information displays which provide real time departure information. These displays are owned by Public Transport Victoria and are managed by Metro Trains Melbourne. With the exception of the five central stations, most stations on the network are equipped with 2 line LED displays. However, since 2016 these are being replaced by flat screen displays that additionally show every station the train will serve.

Metro Tunnel
The 2012 Network Development Plan identified the need for a north-south tunnel connecting the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines to the Sunbury line. In 2017, the Metro Tunnel began construction, involving the construction of five new underground stations, twin 9 km tunnels, and other associated infrastructure improvements. Leaving the existing Pakenham line alignment before South Yarra station, new stations will be built at Anzac, Town Hall (with connections to Flinders Street), State Library (with connections to Melbourne Central), Parkville, and Arden, before continuing onto the Sunbury line. These works will be completed by 2025, and upon completion, will create a singular rail line from Cranbourne and Pakenham to Sunbury and Melbourne Airport (from 2029).

Melbourne Airport rail link
The Melbourne Airport rail link will involve the construction of a 27 km line from Sunshine to a new station at Melbourne Airport. Connected via the Metro Tunnel, services will operate from the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines through the tunnel before splitting off at Sunshine to either Sunbury or Melbourne Airport. Construction of the line will involve the renovation of Sunshine station to allow for additional platforms, construction of new track, and the addition of two new stations at Keilor East and Melbourne Airport. Construction started in 2022 with services expected to begin in 2029.

Level crossing removals
The Level Crossing Removal Project has announced the removal of all 22 remaining level crossings on the Pakenham line, to be completed in stages from 2018 to 2025. All level crossings between Caulfield and Dandenong were removed in 2018 as part of the Caulfield to Dandenong skyrail project. This included the removal of nine level crossings and the reconstruction of five elevated stations along the corridor. The second phase of removals involves removing individual crossings along the corridor through a variety of methods by 2025. Some crossings have been removed through elevating the rail corridor, some by lowering or raising the road, with other crossings being removed by closing the crossing off from motor traffic. These projects will leave the entirety of the Pakenham line level crossing free by 2025, with projects on the Sunbury line leaving the entire Sunshine-Dandenong corridor crossing free by the opening of the Metro Tunnel in 2025.

title: Pakenham line


text: Category:Benton County, Minnesota

title: Category:Benton County, Minnesota


text: User talk:83.64.153.100

title: User talk:83.64.153.100


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Talk:Laurence Rockefeller

Please delete this. I thought there wasn't a page for Laurance Rockefeller. There is, but I misspelled his first name, and made this page as a result.

--BKHal2007 18:23, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)BKHal2007

 * It's likely to be a common error so I have created it as a redirect. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:26, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laurence Rockefeller


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Jurek Becker

Jurek Becker (, probably 30 September 1937 – 14 March 1997) was a Polish-born German writer, screenwriter and East German dissident. His most famous novel is Jacob the Liar, which has been made into two films. He lived in Łódź during World War II for about two years and survived the Holocaust.

Childhood
Jurek Becker was born, probably, in 1937. His birth date is not entirely clear because his father gave a birth date that was intended to protect the child from deportation. After the war Becker was claimed by a father, but Jurek was never sure if he was his real father, and who said he no longer remembered Jurek's correct birth date. It is probable that Jurek Becker was some years younger than is generally reckoned.

He lived in the Łódź Ghetto as a child. When he was five, he was sent to the Ravensbrück concentration camp and later to Sachsenhausen. His mother was murdered in the Holocaust, but his father survived; father and son were reunited after the war and settled together in East Berlin.

Career
After completing his national service in the East German army in the 1950s, during which time he became firm friends with the actor Manfred Krug, Becker studied philosophy in East Berlin but was expelled for expressing non-conformist views. In the 1960s he wrote film scripts, one of which, Jakob der Lügner ("Jacob the Liar"), he turned into a novel when the film production was halted. It was made into a film by the East German film company DEFA in 1974, and in 1975 became the only East German film ever to be nominated for an Academy Award (in the foreign-language film category), though it did not win. A 1998 remake, starring Robin Williams in the title role, had limited success.

By the mid-1970s differences of opinion with the GDR authorities were becoming apparent, and Becker was one of the original twelve signatories of the petition against the expulsion of writer and singer Wolf Biermann in November 1976. In 1977 he moved from East to West Berlin, though somewhat unusually he retained his East German citizenship. He continued to publish novels and short stories, some on Jewish themes, others not.

Becker died in 1997 of colon cancer that was diagnosed in December 1995.

In German
Becker was primarily a novelist, but he also wrote film and TV scripts. Several of his novels deal with the victims of the Holocaust: Jakob der Lügner, Der Boxer, and Bronsteins Kinder. Jakob der Lügner remains his most successful work.

 * Jakob der Lügner (1969)
 * Irreführung der Behörden (1973)
 * Der Boxer (1976)
 * Sleepless Days (1978)
 * Nach der ersten Zukunft (1980) – short story collection
 * Aller Welt Freund (1982)
 * Bronsteins Kinder (1986)
 * Amanda herzlos (1992)
 * Warnung von dem Schiftsteller (1990) – lectures
 * Liebling Kreuzberg (1986 and 1988) – TV series

In English translation

 * Sleepless Days (1986)
 * Jacob the Liar (1990)
 * Bronstein's Children (1999)
 * The Boxer (2002)
 * My Father, the Germans and I (2010)

Filmography

 * Jacob the Liar, directed by Frank Beyer (1975, based on the novel Jacob the Liar)
 * The Boxer, directed by Karl Fruchtmann (1980, TV film, based on the novel The Boxer)
 * Sleepless Days, directed by Diethard Klante (1982, TV film, based on the novel Sleepless Days)
 * Shortcut to Istanbul, directed by Andreas Dresen (1991, short film, loosely based on the story Romeo)
 * Bronstein's Children, directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz (1991, based on the novel Bronstein's Children)
 * Sleepless Days, directed by Gabriele Denecke (1991, TV film, based on the novel Sleepless Days)
 * While All Germans Sleep, directed by Frank Beyer (1995, TV film, based on the story Die Mauer)
 * Jakob the Liar, directed by Peter Kassovitz (1999, based on the novel Jacob the Liar)

Screenwriter

 * Ohne Pass in fremden Betten (dir. Vladimír Brebera, 1965)
 * Jungfer, Sie gefällt mir (dir. Günter Reisch, 1969)
 * Meine Stunde Null (dir. Joachim Hasler, 1970)
 * Jacob the Liar (dir. Frank Beyer, 1975)
 * Das Versteck (dir. Frank Beyer, 1977/78)
 * David (dir. Peter Lilienthal, 1979)
 * Liebling Kreuzberg (1986–1998, TV series)
 * The Passenger – Welcome to Germany (dir. Thomas Brasch, 1988)
 * Neuner (film) (dir. Werner Masten, 1990)
 * Bronstein's Children (dir. Jerzy Kawalerowicz, 1991)
 * Wir sind auch nur ein Volk (1994–1995, TV series)
 * While All Germans Sleep (dir. Frank Beyer, 1995, TV film)

title: Jurek Becker


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Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic

The Lord Almoner's Professorships of Arabic were two professorships, one at the University of Oxford and one at the University of Cambridge. They were both founded before 1724, but records of the holders of the chairs only date from that year. The professors were appointed by the Crown and their salaries (£50 a year each) were paid by the Crown by a grant to the Lord Almoner. The Crown ceased to appoint the professors in 1903.

Both universities had existing chairs in Arabic, the Laudian Professorship at Oxford and Sir Thomas Adams's Professorship at Cambridge.

Oxford
At Oxford the chair, although endowed for the teaching of Arabic, was sometimes used for teaching Hebrew, and sometimes held by the same person as the Laudian Professor.

The chair was discontinued on the retirement of the incumbent in 1909.

Cambridge
At Cambridge the chair was initially founded as a readership. Before it was upgraded to a professorship before or in 1815 it was usually combined with the Sir Thomas Adams's Professor of Arabic chair and held by the same person.

The chair, "which for two centuries" had "a distinguished record, but carried only a nominal stipend", was discontinued on the death of the incumbent, Professor Anthony Ashley Bevan, in 1933.

Lord Almoner's Readers

 * David Wilkins (1724)
 * Leonard Chappelow (1729)
 * Samuel Hallifax (1768)
 * William Craven (1770)

Lord Almoner's Professors

 * George Cecil Renouard (1815–1821)
 * Thomas Musgrave (1821)
 * Thomas Robinson (1837–1854)
 * Theodore Preston (1855)
 * Edward Henry Palmer (1871–1882)
 * William Robertson Smith (1883)
 * Ion Grant Neville Keith-Falconer (1886)
 * Robert Lubbock Bensly (1887)
 * Anthony Ashley Bevan (1893) - contributor to the Encyclopaedia Biblica

title: Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic


text: Category:Big Stone County, Minnesota

title: Category:Big Stone County, Minnesota


text:
BT Ireland

BT Communications (Ireland) Limited is a telecommunications and internet company in Ireland. It is a subsidiary of BT Group plc.

Esat Telecom
The company was founded in 1990 by a consortium headed by business magnate Denis O'Brien and was originally known as Esat Telecom. The name Esat, said to be an abbreviation of "Éireann Satellite" and connected to O'Brien's bid for Ireland's communications satellite licence under the 1977 ITU frequency plans, would become much more associated with telecommunications in Ireland, however.

Esat Telecom applied a number of times for a telecommunications licence to the Department of Communications and was finally granted a limited one in March 1993. The company officially launched its services on 20 April 1994. It was the first domestic competitor to Bord Telecom Éireann (now Eircom) and, after initially reselling leased lines from that company, used "autodiallers" to route calls onto its network.

These devices proved controversial, with Telecom Éireann threatening legal action and the Department of Communications contending that these were a breach of Esat's limited licence. However, an Esat complaint to the European Commission was upheld, and eventually in 1997, the new Director of Telecommunications Regulation (now called ComReg) regularised Esat's position by ordering Telecom Éireann to provide a service to switch calls onto Esat's network.

In 1996, Esat Telecom, in conjunction with Telenor AB, bid successfully for the second GSM mobile telecommunications licence, against five other consortia. This became known as Esat Digifone. The Moriarty Tribunal found in 2008 that the awarding of the licence was influenced by payments made by O'Brien to Michael Lowry, the Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications. On 7 November 1997, Esat Telecom Group plc held an initial public offering and was listed on the Irish Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, and NASDAQ stock market.

Originally the company targeted just corporate customers, but from 1 December 1998, when the Irish telecommunications market was fully deregulated, domestic customers were also targeted, under the Esat Clear brand name. 1,300 customers signed up before it had even launched. In 1999, Esat entered the Internet service provider market, initially through the purchase of EUnet Ireland, which became Esat Net. However, it was the acquisition of Ireland On-Line from An Post that year which made Esat the biggest ISP in the country for a time. Also in 1999, Esat bid for Cablelink Limited, the cable and television company owned jointly by Telecom Éireann and RTÉ. However, NTL won.

In 1999, Esat Telecom was the first wholly owned Irish company to lay two optical submarine cables between Ireland and the UK. No other company had achieved such a milestone and since then, only operators from outside the state have managed to install their own optical submarine cables.

Esat BT
In 1999, relations became tense between Esat and Telenor over how Esat Digifone, their mobile joint venture, should be operated. Telenor tried to remove Denis O'Brien as chairman of Esat Digifone and remove the Esat name from the company. Esat for its part retaliated by threatening to sue Telenor, and making repeated offers to buy the Norwegian company out. Eventually, in November 1999, Telenor bid for the entire share capital of Esat Telecom Group plc as a way of solving the situation. The bid was rejected by the Esat board and so became a hostile takeover attempt. To defend this, in January 2000, British Telecommunications plc (now BT Group plc) made a friendly takeover offer for the company which was backed by the Esat board. Esat became a wholly owned subsidiary of BT and was delisted from the stock market.

When BT acquired Esat, they began integrating the business along with its Northern Ireland subsidiary, BT (NI). The combined unit was then registered as BT Communications (Ireland) Limited.

The company's main business is in fixed line telecommunications where it owns its own network in Northern Ireland and owns a network built along the Iarnród Éireann rail network in the Republic of Ireland and along the road which complements its rail network. The network build phase started in August 1997 and it also leases capacity from its fixed line incumbent, Eircom.

Following the company's acquisition by BT, Esat Telecom was rebranded as Esat BT in 2002, and replaced its own logo with the BT piper.

BT Ireland
In late 2004, it was announced from April 2005, the name of the company would change from "Esat BT" to just "BT Ireland". The company has performed well, winning some high-profile corporate clients. However, Eircom still commands over a 73% share of fixed-line telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland.

All company names in the Esat BT Group were officially re-registered with the Companies Registration Office as BT in March 2005, and on 12 April, the company was officially rebranded as "BT Ireland".

On 22 July 2009, BT Ireland agreed to transfer most of its consumer and small business operations in Ireland, other than its remaining dial-up internet operations, to Vodafone Ireland. Large industrial and commercial customers will remain with BT. Under the partnership, Vodafone will provide voice and broadband internet services over BT's network. The deal was subject to the Competition Authority's approval, which was approved in August 2009.

BT Ireland do not own any infrastructure in Northern Ireland, being owned by BT Group (UK) directly.

Esat Digifone
Esat Digifone, a GSM mobile phone network which was the first competitor to Eircell (then a Telecom Éireann subsidiary) was originally a joint venture between Esat Telecom and Telenor, however when Esat was sold to BT, the mobile division became part of BT Wireless, which was eventually spun off as O2 plc, which in turn was bought by Spanish-based Telefónica in 2005 (EU approved in 2006). The company is now officially registered as Telefónica O2 Ireland Limited, but trades as O2. In June 2013, Hutchison Whampoa announced it would acquire the Irish arm of O2 for €780m. O2 is now merged with Hutchison Whampoa's subsidiary Three Ireland following the completion of the sale.

title: BT Ireland


text:
Talk:Dust

Boomerang Contribution
My contribution to this page has again been removed - this time by Madchester. I thought that I had resolved all problems with Sam Blanning. Sorry if this comment is in the wrong place but the system is confusing to a novice. John Bolton MBICSc 01:01, 19 April 2007 (UTC) John E Bolton

Headline text
Somebody added the lines " dust sucks " and " say no to dust ". I cannot find these in the " edit page " fan. Could somebody please remove this vandalism?

I removed the following text:
 * Dust is a band made up of 3 young guys living right in Vancouver, B.C. The people that make up Dust are - Simon Marmorek, Anton Lipovetsky, and Koby Shuster. They have been playing in this band since May of 2002. They write all of our own music and lyrics to go along with it. Their current plans are to record some demo tracks and play lots of gigs. If you have one available, let them know at (604) 874-1153 or visit their website at Dust.i8.com.

There is an ongoing discussion on whether fame and importance should be a factor for including info in Wikipedia at Wikipedia_talk:Fame_and_importance. If you disagree with text removal, please argue here. Paranoid 18:30, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Defy the laws of physics with dust

 * The physical behavior of dust follows laws that are not always comparable with that of solid or fluid matter. For example, the pressure on a box full of dust need not be uniform.

Dust itself can be measured, the small particles whether it be organic, inorganic, enviromental, and seasonal. Enough of it together has a mass. so if dust particles from any form comes from and object wouldnt that mean that dust can make up an object.

YOU CAN ONLY DEFY THE LAWS OF PHYSICS WITH DUST IF YOUR A MONISTS. WHICH MEANS YOU ONLY BELIEVE THAT THE WORLD IS MADE UP OF ONE ELEMENT.

What is the complete distribution of house-dust sources?
If 70% of housedust comes from skin sloughing off the inhabitants, where does the other 30% come from? How much comes in the house on our clothes? How much comes in on our feet? How much comes through open windows and ventilation? Where does the rest of it come from? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 170.252.11.11 (talk) 19:01, 19 February 2007 (UTC).

Actually, 80% of dust is HUMAN skin, shed...the author of this article is implying that dust is made up mostly from pets. NOT SO. HUMANs, folks. HUMANS. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.47.55.57 (talk) 16:23, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I would also like to see some much more detailed cites on this subject. You see, I have heard the same dust = human skin quote, but began to wonder if it is not an urban legend. You see, I have been looking at our own household dust with a digital microscope, among other things. More than 90% of it is fibrous and hence probably not skin cells. Furthermore, the claims about the mass of skin cells being shed daily only make sense if one never bathes; I strongly suspect that a very high percentage of mine get washed down the drain. Indeed, it makes no sense that there would be a constant composition; it would surely depend on the local environment, house construction, number of occupants, cultural effects, and so on. So, can someone cite some actual research? -- Securiger (talk) 11:06, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

No mention of air cleaners
Why no mention of air cleaners or filters like HEPA or electronic ion? Do they work, and if so how effective are they. I think this article could be longer. --70.48.68.155 02:18, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Dead Skin Cells.
Added some references for dust material composition levels. Does anybody really use the word sloughing in daily conversation? Think the percentages listed in this article are a little off, not quite sure how to interpret the data for percentages of what's what in dust. -JasonAltenburg —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.55.118 (talk) 10:00, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Needing cleanup
Is the 'needs cleanup' tag serious, or humourous? The page is no messier than a lot one sees - is there a specific concern?Dickpenn 17:10, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Composition of dust
Dust in homes, offices, and other human environments is mainly generated by the inhabitants (especially domesticated pets such as dogs, cats and birds), and mainly from their skin cells that slough off.
 * Series 'E' - episode 6 ('Everything etc.') of QI claimed that this is a myth. The cite used in the article seems particularly poor. Jooler 23:48, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Dust...
If dust comes mostly from human skin, why then are vacant houses often so dusty? ~ UBeR 06:55, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Because their is no one to disturb the dust. Also it isn,t made of just dead skin cells. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.248.245.19 (talk) 14:36, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Dubious tag on the composition paragraph
I have added a tag to the composition paragraph, where we repeat the oft-repeated myth that household dust is 90% skin cells. I realise we currently have a cite to support the claim, but that cite is from a non-peer-reviewed source which is only peripherally concerned with the detailed composition of dust; it is entirely possible that the author simply repeated the myth as a gee-whiz by-the-by factoid.

So, I have been trying to find a suitable, definitive source on the composition of household dust, but without much luck. The reason seems to be that there is no single or representative composition (see, e.g. .) Even restricting ourselves to indoors, household dust in the USA, the composition varies by region, by season, by housing construction, by heating method, and even location within the house (dust on high surfaces having a different composition to that on floors.) Typical ingredients include, but are not limited to, microscopic natural mineral particles, mineral or synthetic particles sifting from building materials, microscopic plant matter particles, soot, fungi and fungal spores, bacteria, fibres from clothing and carpets, human hair, and yes, skin cells. However the closest I could get to hard numbers for this is not a peer reviewed paper but patent applications (this one and this one) in which it seems that human skin cell contribution is a maximum of 38% and usually much lower. To the extent that we can describe a "main" component for something so variable, in fact it seems to be cotton fibres, not human skin.

One peer reviewed study which did give hard data is this one, but it is for (Danish) office dust, not household dust. Not too surprisingly paper dust figured very highly in the organic fraction there, but more surprising was that the total organic fraction was only 33% by mass: 2/3 of Danish office dust is inorganic! (If this was a household dust study it would thoroughly debunk the myth, however one could quite reasonably claim that offices would have a lower skin cell fraction than homes due to a) reduced occupancy times; b) different cleaning methods; and c) personal grooming -- which tends to shed skin cells -- mainly occurs at home.)

These sources are not good enough, in my opinion, to rewrite the section but I do believe they cast grave doubt on it as it is written, hence I am adding the tag. -- Securiger (talk) 04:58, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I was the one who added the quotation, about a month ago. I found it on Google book search.. Although it is only a secondary source, the author does cite primary sources for the information. Specifically, the two references for the claim that house and office dust is 70-90% human skin are these two:
 * Clark, R P and Cox, R N, "The Generation of Aerosols from the Human Body", Article 95 in "Airborne Transmission and Airborne Infection", Eds., J F P Hers and K C Winkler, Oosthoek Publishing Co., Utrecht, the Netherlands, pp 413-426, 1973.
 * Clark, R P, "Skin Scales Among Airborne Particles", Journal of Hygiene (Cambridge), Vol. 72, pp 47-51, 1974.
 * So the authors certainly weren't just repeating a myth, but it would be nice to see a proper analysis from some primary sources to back up this information. Singinglemon (talk) 02:13, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've replaced the quotation with an alternative which seems to better reflect the highly variable nature of domestic dust. This article is still a long way from being half-decent. It needs a lot more analysis and references. And it badly needs a subsection on atmospheric dust. Singinglemon (talk) 01:30, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Trivia
I just added the "trivia" tag. IMO few of the fictional references are noteworthy and that whole section could go if no one disagrees. The religious section is a little better where it explains the religious significance of dust, as long as it's not just a list of quotes. JRocketeer (talk) 04:02, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
Yes, Ndenison, the irony of needing to cleanup an article on dust was not missed. Anyway, I tried to do a bit of a cleanup of the domestic dust section. A bit of moving sentences around to make it more coherent, and bullet points. In doing so I noticed some dubious unrefenced claims which I've queried, if anyone can come up with some references that might be good. The sentences about maintaining a throughflow of air in the house I've left alone, but does it really belong in a wikpedia article? I haven't deleted anything, but the whole idea of dust being a universally hazardous thing that needs to be eliminated still seems to permeate this section, it would be good to see somee more balanced perspectives, if anyone can reference them. What we have here looks like it has been written by people with dust allergies, OCD, and hygiene industry marketeers. SeventhHell (talk) 04:23, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I nested content under a subtitle. Feel free to revise further. Refimprove is necessary in all sections. gl. Dust and noise3 (talk) 05:19, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, feel free to delete unreferenced things, rather move it to here in talk page asking for citation. regards, Dust and noise3 (talk) 05:24, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Great reference! I added a sentence in domestic for balance.SeventhHell (talk) 05:37, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Big vandalism happened overnight, was corrected. I am noticing that the current flow of the article is illogical - it starts of talking about atmospheric dust, veers into domestic dust and control of domestic dust, then goes back to control of atmospheric dust. So I'm going to re-order that, which brings up the question: which comes first - atmospheric dust or domestic dust? (and yes, "who cares?" (I do)). I thinks its a bit of an arbitrary decision, but the fact that most of the comments on this discussion page pertain to domestic dust, I think that's as close an indication we are going to get at this stage of why people navigate to the dust article. So I'm going to put domestic dust first, if anyone thinks otherwise feel free to change, ta. SeventhHell (talk) 02:06, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, splitting domestic dust into subsections was a good cleanup. I moved dust control under single subsection. Still, subtitles need revisions. In talk page discussions are sorted by date, so i took this section to bottom. Dust and noise3 (talk) 04:02, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Added U.S.
I added english/U.S. equivalents to the size requirement. Now those who don't know what a µm is can understand it. The link will say its value compared to the Inch and not the `Meter` so we can get an idea of the size. 75.118.187.114 (talk) 00:16, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

What About Test Dust?
There are companies that actually produce dust according to ISO, ASHRAE and other standards for testing of filtering systems. Particles in the air, water, oil and other fluids are not only hazardous to humans, but create problems for machines, hence automobile filters. Test dust is manufactured out of various organic and inorganic materials and to very precise sizes for use in testing various filtration systems. Would this be an appropriate addition to the article on dust? --Sedona Dama (talk) 23:03, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Moon Dust
I found a couple of links that might be worthwhile for this article:

Jndrline (talk) 19:10, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

lol so dumb
Where's the mentioning that some people believe mankind was born from dust because people actually believe that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.160.98.143 (talk) 06:14, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Image
A user added an image with this edit. I submit that the picture is unnecessary, since there are already images that show dust. I also find the caption for the image ("Really dusty plastic, you can see it's not clean") quite inappropriate and unencyclopedic. Wikipedia articles do not address readers or refer to "you". ImprovingWiki (talk) 00:29, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it was a marginal picture that didn't improve the article. Reify-tech (talk) 13:49, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. The background is confusing...as is the caption. I have reluctantly undone the revert. ```Buster Seven   Talk  14:16, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The Dusty Fan Image creator has reverted me. I am not interested in getting into either an edit war about dust or a conversation about the merits (or demerits) of the image. ```Buster Seven   Talk  16:58, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a sockpuppet of banned User:David Beals, whose MO is posting pictures of ceiling fans and links to videos of ceiling fans. NawlinWiki (talk) 21:28, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Dust. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131029201819/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/10/27/stories/2007102759600100.htm to http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/10/27/stories/2007102759600100.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:06, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Lifespan of dust
Out of curiosity - how long could dust theoretically survive in the atmosphere (before it settles etc)? Jackiespeel (talk) 11:23, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

expand-section
There is currently a section on "Coal".

The current wording and the fact Coal dust is the only specific form of dust getting its own section makes it look like coal dust is some unique form of dust, which makes no sense. Either expand this to cover all Wiki articles on "dust made out of ..." (gold dust, diamond dust, bone dust, saw dust and so on...) or expand it to cover dust health hazards in general (dust pneumonia, radioactive dust, asbestos and so on... ). CapnZapp (talk) 09:03, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

And sprey ..
Придумали мощные пылесосы. Копейки вышли из оборота. Логично. Следовательно. Для обмоток. Далее ..

Теперь "версии" (или "гипотезы"). Типа "Декларации о независимостях".

1$:1Руб - 100:1. (по ранешнему курсу). US - не SU. Нуу.. ии.. шо??

Рубли карманы рвут. Золотыми делать нельзя. Бумажные мнутца, а магнитные то намагничиваютца, то размагничиваютца. Как ключи от домофона.. Есть автомобильные брелки. Но они светятца..

Итого - всё как всегда. Туманно всё .. А в SIM картах толи кристалл трескаетца, толи статическим электричеством пробиваетца. Што будет от спрейя "Антистатик"? Я протёр экран смартфона "Мистером Мускулом". Экран - сполз.. ??

176.59.204.2 (talk) 12:08, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

Almost advertisement
"Products like Pledge and Swiffer are specifically made for removing dust by trapping it with sticky chemicals." I think this line sounds too much like an advertisement to be included on the page. I'm sorry if I am posting this wrong as I do not really know how talk pages work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Trtbasnbi (talk • contribs) 23:57, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

road dust
hello, could someone make a link in the 'Dust' article, in the subheading 'Roads', to mention the method of spraying calciumchloride on the road. This can be found, with picture, in the article CalciumChloride, subheading 'Road Surfacing'. I don't seems to be able to pull this off myself. Thanks.EdwardDh (talk) 21:48, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Not exactly sure what you want to add to the article, give it a try, here's how to link to that section of Calcium Chloride: put double brackets around this: Calcium_chloride#Road_surfacing|Calcium Chloride like this: Calcium Chloride Raquel Baranow (talk) 01:50, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Ok, thanks for the help, feel free to view/destroy my (minor) edit.EdwardDh (talk) 20:04, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

RE: Dead Skin Cells
The main article has a line in the first paragraph that reads "Dust in homes is composed of about 50% dead skin cells." The statistic used in this line does not exactly match what is described in the statistic's citation. The citation implies that the larger the dust particles you are looking at, the lower the composition of dead skin cells, and the 50% number used on the main article only represent what is described for sizes between 0–100μm. A more accurate statistic would look something like "...about 20%–50% dead skin cells." Swaggerding (talk) 14:53, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

Troposphere
Yes 2409:4089:AE1C:B450:EDBF:D6C7:8B03:3EB7 (talk) 07:40, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

Gold dust
Dust 174.52.108.151 (talk) 06:30, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

As well as the wiki link to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palynology, which is the "study of dust". That the dust entry does not have a mention of this is an absurd oversight in the "See Also" section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.251.64.194 (talk) 17:43, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

"House dust mites did not become a problem until humans began to use textiles, such as western style blankets and clothing"
The source on this seems to state this significantly less strongly. From the text:

"Unfortunately, almost nothing is known of the mite fauna either of ancient bedding or that of present-day nomads. Research on mites associated with the tents and textiles of the few remaining nomadic tribes would provide an interesting and challenging field of study, not least because the very existence of this lifestyle is threatened" "It is important to note at this point that we know virtually nothing about the mites associated with ancient textiles, simply because researchers have not thought to look for them, nor question why they may possibly be of any significance."

The references to "western-style" in the source text are specifically referring to the Highlands of Papua New Guinea, Amazonians and Australian Aboriginal communities. I'd therefore vote to remove the reference to "western style"; it is apparently Eurocentric and not supported by the source. In addition, the use of "western" in this context is ambiguous: Is "Egypt" (referenced in the source text) a "western" country? 89.37.69.41 (talk) 08:51, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dust


text:
Black Widowers

The Black Widowers is a fictional men-only dining club created by Isaac Asimov for a series of sixty-six mystery stories that he started writing in 1971. Most of the stories were first published in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, though a few first appeared in Fantasy & Science Fiction, Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, and the various book collections into which the stories were eventually gathered.

Asimov wrote "there are few stories I write that I enjoy as much as I enjoy my Black Widowers."

Synopsis
Most of the stories follow the same basic convention: the six club members meet once a month at a private room at the Milano restaurant at Fifth and Eighteenth in New York. Each one takes a turn to act as host for the evening and brings along a guest for the occasion. The guest may be a friend, relative or colleague from work (women are not allowed ). The meal is served by the incomparable waiter Henry Jackson — almost invariably referred to as simply Henry — whom the regulars look upon with high regard and even consider an actual member. The room includes sketches of the guests drawn by Black Widower Mario Gonzalo and a bookcase with an encyclopaedia that is often consulted.

After the main course, the brandy is served and the host rattles his spoon on his water glass for silence. One of the other Widowers is appointed as "griller" and begins the questioning, most often by asking the guest to "justify his existence". In the course of the subsequent conversation, it always comes out that the guest has a problem, varying from personal issues to problems at work to actual crimes. The club members try to solve the problem, raising various related aspects in the course of the conversation, but are unable to come to a conclusion or resolution. In the end, it is Henry who provides the correct, and usually very simple, answer, obtained from details mentioned in the conversation. Asimov intended them to always follow that pattern.

Asimov uses the stories in order to delve into aspects of science, history, culture and other interests: for example, Goldbach's conjecture in "Sixty Million Trillion Combinations"; Gilbert and Sullivan in "The Year of the Action"; and the origins of the name "Susan" in "The Intrusion".

Origins
The Black Widowers were based on a literary dining club Asimov belonged to known as the Trap Door Spiders. Members of the Widowers were based on real-life Spiders, some of them famous writers in their own right:

 * Geoffrey Avalon, a patent attorney (based on L. Sprague de Camp)
 * Emmanuel Rubin, a mystery novelist and acquaintance of Isaac Asimov (based on Lester del Rey)
 * James Drake, a chemist (based on Dr. John D. Clark)
 * Thomas Trumbull, an expert in cryptography for the United States government (based on Gilbert Cant)
 * Mario Gonzalo, an artist, who usually draws a portrait of the evening's guest (based on Lin Carter)
 * Roger Halsted, a high school mathematics teacher, fond of jokes and limericks (based on Don Bensen)

Club waiter Henry Jackson was not based on a real person, but Asimov explained that he might have been inspired in large part by Wodehouse's immortal character Jeeves. Asimov was a P. G. Wodehouse fan and a member of the Wodehouse Society.

The deceased founder of the club, Ralph Ottur, on whom the plot of the story "To the Barest" turned, was based on the real-life founder of the Trap Door Spiders, Fletcher Pratt.

Some guests were also based on real people. The stage magician The Amazing Larri ("The Cross of Lorraine") was based on James Randi, while the arrogant science writer Mortimer Stellar ("When No Man Pursueth") was based on Asimov himself.

Books and stories
The first five books each contained twelve stories; in each case, nine stories were first published in various magazines while three were first published in the book. As was usual with Asimov's collections, many stories had chatty forewords or afterwords. The sixth book, published posthumously, contained six previously uncollected stories, eleven reprinted from previous collections, and additional material by Charles Ardai, William Brittain and Harlan Ellison.

A few Black Widowers tales have been written by other authors as tributes to Asimov. One is "The Overheard Conversation" by Edward D. Hoch, which appears in the festschrift anthology Foundation's Friends (1989); another is "The Last Story", by Charles Ardai, in The Return of the Black Widowers (2003).

The books and the stories collected in them are:

 * Tales of the Black Widowers (1974)
 * "The Acquisitive Chuckle"
 * "Ph as in Phony"
 * "Truth to Tell"
 * "Go, Little Book!"
 * "Early Sunday Morning"
 * "The Obvious Factor"
 * "The Pointing Finger"
 * "Miss What?"
 * "The Lullaby of Broadway"
 * "Yankee Doodle Went to Town"
 * "The Curious Omission"
 * "Out of Sight"
 * More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976)
 * "When No Man Pursueth"
 * "Quicker Than the Eye"
 * "The Iron Gem"
 * "The Three Numbers"
 * "Nothing Like Murder"
 * "No Smoking"
 * "Season's Greetings!"
 * "The One and Only East"
 * "Earthset and Evening Star"
 * "Friday the Thirteenth"
 * "The Unabridged"
 * "The Ultimate Crime"
 * Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980)
 * "The Cross of Lorraine"
 * "The Family Man"
 * "The Sports Page"
 * "Second Best"
 * "The Missing Item"
 * "The Next Day"
 * "Irrelevance!"
 * "None So Blind"
 * "The Backward Look"
 * "What Time Is It?"
 * "Middle Name"
 * "To the Barest"
 * Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984)
 * "Sixty Million Trillion Combinations"
 * "The Woman in the Bar"
 * "The Driver"
 * "The Good Samaritan"'
 * "The Year of the Action"
 * "Can You Prove It?"
 * "The Phoenician Bauble"
 * "A Monday in April"
 * "Neither Brute Nor Human"
 * "The Redhead"
 * "The Wrong House"
 * "The Intrusion"
 * Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990)
 * "The Fourth Homonym"
 * "Unique Is Where You Find It"
 * "The Lucky Piece"
 * "Triple Devil"
 * "Sunset on the Water"
 * "Where Is He?"
 * "The Old Purse"
 * "The Quiet Place"
 * "The Four-Leaf Clover"
 * "The Envelope"
 * "The Alibi"
 * "The Recipe"
 * The Return of the Black Widowers (2003)
 * "Northwestward" (reprinted from Magic)
 * "Yes, But Why"
 * "Lost In a Space Warp"
 * "Police at the Door"
 * "The Haunted Cabin"
 * "The Guest's Guest"
 * "The Last Story" (by Charles Ardai)
 * "The Acquisitive Chuckle" (reprinted from Tales of the Black Widowers)
 * "Ph As In Phoney" (reprinted from Tales of the Black Widowers)
 * "Early Sunday Morning" (reprinted from Tales of the Black Widowers)
 * "The Obvious Factor" (reprinted from Tales of the Black Widowers)
 * "The Iron Gem" (reprinted from More Tales of the Black Widowers)
 * "To the Barest" (reprinted from Casebook of the Black Widowers)
 * "Sixty Million Trillion Combinations" (reprinted from Banquets of the Black Widowers)
 * "The Wrong House" (reprinted from Banquets of the Black Widowers)
 * "The Redhead" (reprinted from Banquets of the Black Widowers)
 * "Triple Devil" (reprinted from Puzzles of the Black Widowers)
 * "The Woman in the Bar" (reprinted from Banquets of the Black Widowers)

title: Black Widowers


text: Category:Blue Earth County, Minnesota

title: Category:Blue Earth County, Minnesota


text: Category:Brown County, Minnesota

title: Category:Brown County, Minnesota


text: Category:Carlton County, Minnesota

title: Category:Carlton County, Minnesota


text: Category:Carver County, Minnesota

title: Category:Carver County, Minnesota


text:
Michael Boyce

Michael Boyce may refer to:

 * Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce (1943–2022), First Sea Lord of the Royal Navy and Chief of Defence Staff
 * Michael Boyce (field hockey) (born 1980), Australian field hockey player

title: Michael Boyce


text:
Feleknas Uca

Feleknas Uca (born 17 September 1976) is a German-Turkish politician of Kurdish descent. From 1999 to 2009, she was member of the European Parliament from Germany, serving with Die Linke. Feleknas Uca was at one time the world's only Yazidi parliamentarian until the Iraqi legislature was elected in 2005. She is currently HDP's Batman MP.

Life and work
Feleknas Uca was born in Celle, Lower Saxony, West Germany to an immigrant Yazidi family originally from Turkey. She graduated from Comprehensive School in Celle before taking an apprenticeship as a doctor's assistant, and completed her Abitur by distance learning. In 2010 she established the Feleknas Uca Foundation which focuses of the women and children rights. Uca was also the local spokesperson for representative of Terre des Femmes. Until July 2014, Feleknas Uca lived in Celle until she relocated to Diyarbakir in Turkey.

In Europe
In 1999, aged 22, she was elected to the European Parliament fifth of six places on the Party of Democratic Socialism national list. In the 5th European Parliament (1999–2004), she sat on the Parliament's committees on Culture, Education and the Media and Equal Opportunities. She maintained close links with pro-Kurdish groups in Turkey. She was a member of the EU-Turkey joint parliamentary committee.

In the PDS' selection of candidates for elections to the 6th European Parliament (2004–2009), Uca slipped to seventh place on the PDS national list, putting her seat under severe pressure. However, in the elections, she was returned in the last successful place.

While serving in the European Parliament, she attracted controversy within Turkey for her pro-Kurdish stances. In 2005, the Democratic People's Party (DEHAP) was investigated by Turkish police for a speech given by Uca in the Kurdish language in which she called for the decrease of the electoral threshold from 10%, declare a general amnesty and suspend all military actions.

In 2009, Uca left the European Parliament. In 2012, she was detained in Turkey's Istanbul Airport for attempting to take a large number of B-1 vitamins to Kurdish prisoners in Turkish prisons and was deported to Germany.

In Turkey
In July 2014, Uca resettled to Diyarbakır, the largest Kurdish populated city in Turkey. On 7 April 2015, Uca was nominated by the HDP to their electoral list for the upcoming parliamentary election as one of a number of Yazidis running for office. In the general elections on 7 June 2015 and 1 November 2015 she was elected a the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, both times representing the HDP for Diyarbakir. Turkish press reports write that she is the first ever Yazidi member of the Assembly along with Ali Atalan. In May 2016, her parliamentary immunity was lifted, which was condemned by several European politicians. She was re-elected in the Parliamentary Elections on 24 June 2018.

Kurdish politics
She was a member of the MP delegation in march to Cizre during the Curfew of Cizre in 2015. She is a supporter of the use of the Kurdish language, and opposes the prohibition of theater plays, events in the Kurdish language and the detention of people who teach in Kurdish language. She supports the co-chair system implemented in the municipalities governed by the Democratic Regions Party (DBP) and condemns the fact that the state appointed trustees assumed as acting mayors instead of the elected mayors of the BDP.

Foreign politics
She is a member of the EU-Turkey partner delegation for Turkey and the co-spokesperson for foreign relations of the HDP. She supports the autonomous Government in Syrian Kurdistan led by the Democratic Union Party (PYD). She is also grateful to the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) for their defense of the Yazidi against the Islamic State (IS) in Iraq.

Legal prosecution
In 2017 she was prosecuted for spreading terror propaganda. The State Prosecutor at the Court of Cassation in Turkey Bekir Şahin filed a lawsuit before the Constitutional Court on the 17 March 2021, demanding for Uca and 686 other HDP politicians a five-year ban for political activities. The lawsuit was filed together with a request for the HDP to be shut down due to the parties alleged organizational links with the PKK.

Personal life
She is prepared to be detained in any moment and keeps a packed suitcase ready with her belongings in the case of an arrest.

title: Feleknas Uca