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Red Rose of Lancaster

The Red Rose of Lancaster (blazoned: a rose gules) was the heraldic badge adopted by the royal House of Lancaster in the 14th century. In modern times it symbolises the county of Lancashire. The exact species or cultivar which it represents is thought to be Rosa gallica officinalis.

John of Gaunt's younger brother Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341–1402), adopted the White rose of York as his heraldic badge. His descendants fought for control of the throne of England during several decades of civil warfare, which became known as the Wars of the Roses, after the heraldry of the House of York

Adopted after the civil wars of the fifteenth century had ended, the red rose was the symbol of the English Monarchy.

The opposition of the roses was a romantic invention created after the fact, and the Tudor arts under Poets like Shakespeare gave the wars their popular conception: The Wars of the Roses, coined in the 19th century. The conflict was ended by King Henry VII of England who, upon marrying Elizabeth of York, created the Tudor rose, the symbol of the Tudor dynasty.

Flower

Lancaster's Red Rose (also known as Apothecary's Rose, Old Red Damask and Rose of Provins) is an official variety and is possibly the first cultivated rose. The rose grew wild throughout Central Asia and was discovered by the ancient Persians and Egyptians. Later adopted by the Romans, who introduced it to Gaul (France) where it assumed the name Rosa gallica. It is documented that Charlemagne's court exploited the rose as a perfume. The rose was also appreciated for its medical value and was utilized in countless medical remedies.

Medieval symbol
The Red Rose of Lancaster derives from the gold rose badge of Edward I of England. Other members of his family used variants of the royal badge, with the king's brother, the Earl of Lancaster, using a red rose. It is incorrectly believed that the Red Rose of Lancaster was the House of Lancaster's badge during the Wars of the Roses. Evidence for this "wearing of the rose" includes scant evidence. there are, however, doubts as to whether the red rose was actually an emblem taken up by the Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. Adrian Ailes has noted that the red rose “probably owes its popular usage to Henry VII quickly responding to the pre-existing Yorkist white rose in an age when signs and symbols could speak louder than words." It also  allowed Henry to invent and exploit his most famous heraldic device, the Tudor Rose, combining the so-called Lancastrian red rose and the White Rose of York.  This floral union neatly symbolised the restoration of peace and harmony and his marriage in January 1486 to Elizabeth of York.  It was a brilliant piece of simple heraldic propaganda.” The Tudor Rose is used as the plant badge of England (Scotland uses the thistle, Ireland uses the shamrock, and Wales uses the leek).

Later use

The rose does not form any part of the insignia of the Duchy of Lancaster, but came to be seen as an emblem of the county of Lancashire, and as such was incorporated in the coats of arms of numerous Lancashire local authorities including the county council. Since 1974 a number of metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester and Merseyside have included red roses in their armorial bearings to show their formation from parts of Lancashire. It is also present in the crest of the coat of arms of the London Borough of Enfield.

The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field, was never officially registered with the Flag Institute and when this was attempted it was found that this flag had been registered by the town of Montrose, Scotland. As two flags of the same design can not be registered, Lancashire's official flag is now registered as a red rose on a yellow field.

Today the Red Rose is still widely used, and not necessarily on a yellow background. Lancashire County Cricket Club still use the rose as an emblem. The Trafford Centre also features Red Roses in its architecture, most noticeably on all of the glass panes in the shopping centre. Lancashire GAA features a red rose on its emblem. Manchester City Football Club featured the red rose on the club badge from 1972 to 1997 and reinstated it in 2015, reflecting Manchester's history as part of Lancashire. It also features on the badges of Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, and Barrow. Edge Hill University in Ormskirk uses the Red Rose on a yellow background on its crest along with a Liver bird which signifies its current location (Lancashire) and origins in Liverpool.

The shield of Lancashire County Council's coat of arms, however, displays not one but three red roses, on gold piles on a red background. The arms have been official since 1903.

Military use
From the nineteenth century the red rose was part of the badge of a number of units of the British Army recruiting in the county. During the First World War, the rose was worn by 55th (West Lancashire) Division; their motto was "They win or die, who wear the Rose of Lancaster". When the division was reformed in 1920, it maintained the rose as its insignia. The cap badge of the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment, formed in 2006, features the rose.

The Saskatoon Light Infantry of the Canadian Army also incorporated the red rose into the design of their cap badge and regimental buttons, due to an alliance with the York and Lancaster Regiment of the British Army.

International use
The Canadian city of Montreal has a Lancastrian rose in the top right hand corner of its flag, representing the city's historical English community. The U.S. City of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, known as "Red Rose City", uses the Lancastrian rose as its seal, and in its flag.

title: Red Rose of Lancaster


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Roger Peckinpaugh

Roger Thorpe Peckinpaugh (February 5, 1891 – November 17, 1977) was an American professional baseball player shortstop and manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1910 through 1927, during which he played for the Cleveland Naps, New York Yankees, Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox.

Nap Lajoie discovered Peckinpaugh as a high school student, and signed him to his first professional contract. Peckinpaugh debuted with the Naps, who traded him to the Yankees in 1913. He managed the Yankees for 20 games in 1914 and was the team captain for the remainder of his time with the club. The Senators acquired Peckinpaugh, where he continued to play until his final season, spent with the White Sox. After his playing career, Peckinpaugh managed the Indians from 1928 through 1933 and in 1941. He was also a minor league baseball manager, and served in the front office of the Indians and Buffalo Bisons from 1942 through 1947.

Peckinpaugh was considered an excellent defensive shortstop and strong leader. When he managed the Yankees, he became the youngest manager in MLB history. He was named American League Most Valuable Player in 1925. He played in the World Series three times: winning the 1924 World Series with the Senators, losing the 1921 World Series with the Yankees, and losing the 1925 World Series with the Senators.

Early life and amateur career
Peckinpaugh was born in Wooster, Ohio, the third child of Frank and Cora Peckinpaugh. His father played semi-professional baseball.

At a young age, the Peckinpaughs moved from Wooster to Cleveland. He attended East High School, where he played American football, basketball, and baseball. There, Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Naps, who lived in the same neighborhood, discovered Peckinpaugh. Lajoie signed Peckinpaugh to a contract with a salary of $125 per month ($0 in current dollar terms) when he graduated from high school in 1910.

Cleveland Naps and New York Yankees (1910–1921)
The Naps started Peckinpaugh's professional career by assigning him to the New Haven Prairie Hens of the Class-B Connecticut League. He was promoted to the Naps to make his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in September 1910, playing in 15 games for the Naps at age 19. The Naps assigned Peckinpaugh to the Portland Beavers of the Class-A Pacific Coast League for the entire 1911 season. He appeared in 70 games for the Naps in 1912, batting only .212. On May 25, 1913, after giving the starting shortstop position to Ray Chapman, the Naps traded Peckinpaugh to the New York Yankees for Jack Lelivelt and Bill Stumpf.

The Naps soon regretted the trade. With the Yankees, Peckinpaugh emerged as a team leader. He was named captain in 1914 by manager Frank Chance. Chance resigned with three weeks remaining in the season, and Peckinpaugh served as player–manager for the remainder of the season; at the age of 23, he became the youngest manager in MLB history. He finished the 1914 season fifth in the AL with 38 stolen bases.

Bill Donovan was hired as the Yankees manager in the offseason. In the 1914–15 offseason, Peckinpaugh considered leaving the Yankees to join the Federal League, as he received offers from the Chicago Federals, Buffalo Blues, and Indianapolis Hoosiers. After considering the offer from Chicago, he chose to stay with the Yankees, and received a three-year contract worth $6,000 ($0 in current dollar terms) per season from 1915 through 1917. He resigned with the Yankees in 1918. Peckinpaugh tied Buck Weaver for fourth in runs scored (89) and several players for eighth in home runs (7) in the 1919 season.

By the 1921 season, Peckinpaugh was one of three players, along with Wally Pipp and Bob Shawkey, remaining with the Yankees from the time Jacob Ruppert and Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston purchased the team in 1915. The Yankees reached the World Series in 1921, losing to the New York Giants. Peckinpaugh set an MLB record for most assists in one game by a shortstop with nine.

Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox (1922–1926)
Peckinpaugh was traded twice during the 1921–22 offseason. On December 20, 1921, the Yankees traded Peckinpaugh with Rip Collins, Bill Piercy, Jack Quinn and $100,000 ($0 in current dollar terms) to the Boston Red Sox for Bullet Joe Bush, Sad Sam Jones and Everett Scott. On January 10, 1922, Pecknipaugh was involved in a three-team trade involving the Red Sox, Washington Senators and Philadelphia Athletics, where Peckinpaugh joined the Senators, Joe Dugan and Frank O'Rourke went to the Red Sox, and the Athletics acquired Bing Miller, José Acosta, and $50,000 ($0 in current dollar terms). Though team owner Clark Griffith had indicated that Peckinpaugh would serve as his player-manager at the time of the trade, he named Clyde Milan player-manager for the 1922 season instead. This distracted Peckinpaugh, and along with injuries, limited his performance.

Chance, now managing the Boston Red Sox, attempted to acquire Peckinpaugh from the Senators before the 1923 season. Remaining in Washington, Peckinpaugh rebounded during the 1923 season with timely hitting and solid fielding.

Griffith appointed Bucky Harris as manager before the 1924 season. Harris considered Peckinpaugh his "assistant manager". Peckinpaugh was a key contributor in the 1924 World Series, in which the Senators defeated the Giants. He won the League Award as the AL's Most Valuable Player in 1925, edging Al Simmons by a small margin. In the 1925 World Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Peckinpaugh committed eight errors in the seven-game series, an MLB record.

On January 15, 1927, the Senators traded Peckinpaugh to the Chicago White Sox for Leo Mangum and Sloppy Thurston. However, his playing time with the White Sox was limited by a leg injury. He acted as an advisor to manager Ray Schalk. After one season with the White Sox, Peckinpaugh retired as a player.

Managerial and executive career
Peckinpaugh was named manager of the Cleveland Indians after the 1927 season. After the Indians fell from first to fifth place during the 1933 season, the Indians fired Peckinpaugh, replacing him with Walter Johnson.

After being considered for the Detroit Tigers' managerial vacancy that offseason, Peckinpaugh took over as manager of the Kansas City Blues of the Class-AA American Association for the 1934 season. Out of professional baseball in 1935, Peckinpaugh joined Lew Fonseca on nationwide baseball tours, which involved the viewing of a movie and technical demonstrations. He applied to be manager of the Boston Bees for the 1938 season, but the job was given to Casey Stengel. Peckinpaugh returned to professional baseball as the manager of the New Orleans Pelicans of the Class-A1 Southern Association in 1939.

The Indians rehired Peckinpaugh as their manager in 1941, signing him to a two-year contract; team president Alva Bradley, who fired Peckinpaugh in 1933, promised Peckinpaugh full cooperation and minimal interference. After the 1941 season, he was promoted to vice president, later serving as Cleveland's general manager and president. When Bill Veeck bought the Indians in July 1946, he brought Harry Grabiner and Joseph C. Hostetler with him to serve in the front office. Peckinpaugh and Bradley resigned.

Peckinpaugh succeeded Harris as general manager for the Buffalo Bisons of the International League in the 1946–47 offseason. He was fired after the 1947 season, as the team's directors felt Peckinpaugh failed to sufficiently develop a farm system.

Personal
Peckinpaugh was considered a calm baseball player and manager, who did not let his temper get the best of him.

After the end of his baseball career, Peckinpaugh worked as a manufacturer's representative for the Cleveland Oak Belting Company. He retired in 1976 at the age of 85. Suffering from cancer and heart disease, he was brought to a hospital for a respiratory condition, and died on November 17, 1977, in Cleveland. He was buried in Acacia Masonic Memorial Park in Mayfield Heights, Ohio. His wife, Mildred, died five years earlier. Together, they had four sons. Peckinpaugh was survived by two of his sons.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Roger Peckinpaugh


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Greensand

Greensand or green sand is a sand or sandstone which has a greenish color. This term is specifically applied to shallow marine sediment that contains noticeable quantities of rounded greenish grains. These grains are called glauconies and consist of a mixture of mixed-layer clay minerals, such as smectite and glauconite. Greensand is also loosely applied to any glauconitic sediment.

Formation
Greensand forms in anoxic marine environments that are rich in organic detritus and low in sedimentary input. Having accumulated in marine environments, greensands can be fossil-rich, such as in the late-Cretaceous deposits of New Jersey.

Occurrence
Important exposures are known from both northern and western Europe, North America, southeastern Brazil and north Africa. Well known and important greensands are the Upper and Lower Greensands of England and occur within Eocene and Cretaceous sedimentary strata underlying the coastal plains of New Jersey and Delaware. Although greensand has been found throughout Phanerozoic and Late Precambrian sedimentary deposits, it appears to be most common in Eocene, Cambrian, and Cretaceous sedimentary deposits.

Brazil
In Brazil, greensand refers to a fertilizer produced from glauconitic siltstone units belonging to the Serra da Saudade Formation, Bambuí Group, of Neoproterozoic/Ediacaran age. The outcrops occur in the Serra da Saudade ridge, in Alto Paranaíba region, Minas Gerais. It is a silt-clay sedimentary rock, laminated, bluish-green, composed of glauconite (40–80%), potassium feldspar (10–15%), quartz (10–60%), muscovite (5%) and minor quantities of biotite (2%), goethite (<1%), titanium and manganese oxides (<1%), barium phosphate and rare-earth elements phosphates (<1%).

Enriched levels of potash have K2O grades between 8% and 12%, thickness up to 50 m and are associated to the glauconitic levels, dark green in color. Glauconite is authigenic and highly mature. The high concentration of this mineral is related to a depositional environment with a low sedimentation rate. The glauconitic siltstone has resulted from a high level flooding event in the Bambuí Basin. The sedimentary provenance is from supracrustal feldsic elements on a continental margin environment with an acidic magmatic arc (foreland basin).

Great Britain
In Great Britain, greensand usually refers to specific rock strata of Early Cretaceous age. A distinction is made between the Upper Greensand and Lower Greensand. The term greensand was originally applied by William Smith to glauconitic sandstones in the west of England and subsequently used for the similar deposits of the Weald, before it was appreciated that the latter are actually two distinct formations separated by the Gault Clay. The Upper Greensand was also once known as either the "Malm" or "Malm Rock Of Western Sussex".

Both Upper and Lower Greensand outcrops appear in the scarp slopes surrounding the London Basin and the Weald. Prominent seams are to be found in the Vale of White Horse, in Bedfordshire, in Kent, Surrey, the South Downs National Park, elsewhere in Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, and the Jurassic Coast in Dorset. Some minor seams are found further west in Devon in the Blackdown and Haldon hills.

The soil of the greensand is quite varied, ranging from fertile to fairly sterile. On the fertile soils chestnut and stands of hazel and oak are common, while Scots pine and birch colonise the poorer soils. These Greensand Ridges are popular long distance walking routes, for instance the Greensand Way in Kent.

Lower Greensand
The Lower Greensand (known as the Woburn Sand north of the London Basin) is of Aptian age. In the Weald the Lower Greensand consists of four deposits which are partly diachronous: the Atherfield Clay 15 – thick, the Folkestone Beds 60 – thick; the Hythe beds 60 – thick and the Sandgate Beds 5 – thick. Although it appears both north and south of the London Basin it is not present everywhere beneath the Chalk Group which underlies the basin; the Gault lies directly on eroded Jurassic or Devonian rocks under much of the area.

Upper Greensand
The Upper Greensand is of Albian age. It represents a sandy lithofacies deposited in areas of stronger currents than the Gault Clay. Like the Lower Greensand it is not present beneath the whole of the London Basin, apparently passing laterally into Gault clay east of a line between Dunstable and Tatsfield and of uncertain extent to the east of London.

Outcrops of the Upper Greensand occur in the southwest of England including the Blackdown Hills and East Devon Plateau and the Haldon Hills, remnants of a once much wider extent.

Properties and uses
The green color of greensand is due to variable amounts of the mineral glauconite, an iron potassium silicate with very low weathering resistance; as a result, greensand tends to be weak and friable. It is a common ingredient as a source of potassium in organic gardening and farming fertilisers. Greensand glauconite is used as a water softener for its chemical-exchange properties. Greensand coated with manganese oxide (called manganese greensand) is used in well water treatment systems to remove dissolved (reduced) iron and manganese with the addition of an oxidant, usually potassium permanganate, under controlled pH conditions. It is also used as a type of rock for stone walls in areas where greensand is common.

In Roman times in Britain, coarse grits derived from the lower greensand were used to line the inner surface of mortars (grinding bowls) produced in Oxfordshire pottery kilns.

Recently, glauconitic greensand has become a popular organic soil amendment. The porous properties of glauconite greensand allows for the absorption of water and minerals, making irrigation and nutrient delivery much more efficient (see soil conditioner). Greensand can be used to absorb excess water in clay-rich soils and to prevent water loss in sandy soils.

title: Greensand


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Northrop High School

Northrop High School was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. However, this editor merged the page into Fort Wayne Community Schools. Cool Hand Luke  21:13, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Another lost VfD. Not a stub, but nothing in it seems to establish notability. However, I'm also neutral on this: I think it might be improved enough to keep. Cool Hand Luke  05:19, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, delete. It's very trivial information. Am still open to improvements. Cool Hand Luke  06:08, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC) Merge and redirect, see below. Cool Hand  Luke  23:42, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The nominator doesn't even want to delete this page any more. Can we move this out of here and stop wasting people's time? anthony 警告 12:17, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There are still more combined votes for delete and merge than for keep. I think it deplorable that you would make such a brazen attempt to disregard wikipedia policy just because your position is losing. Indrian 16:25, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Why in the world would you combine votes for delete with votes for merge? Neither an administrator nor VFD is needed to merge a page. anthony 警告 16:37, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok, fair enough. There are still more votes for delete than keep, though the number is a little closer. Indrian 16:39, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * And there are move votes against deleting than there are for deleting. There is no possibility of reaching a consensus for deletion, even if you define consensus as 2/3rds majority, and this nomination is doing nothing but wasting people's time and bloating VFD.  If you really think it's useful to keep this here, then fine, but don't accuse me of disregarding policy just because my position is losing.  My position is not losing, in fact, my position is that keeping is preferable and that merging is acceptable, which is precisely what is going to happen unless some miracle occurs and 20 people all vote to delete, and I haven't diregarded policy, I have merely asked whether or not we can drop this silly debate which has been going on for almost 2 months now. anthony 警告 17:01, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with your points in principle; I was just shocked that you were trying to take it down before the appointed time. I think you are right that we will not reach consensus, but we need to allow this to take its natural course.  I may have been overly hostile above, and I apologize for that. Indrian 19:33, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not the nominator, anthony. In fact, I didn't want it deleted when I first listed it. This page has had a VfD flag since August (see the nominator JohnRDaily's comments below). It didn't seem to have ever been listed here, so I put it up. It deserves a vote, and it's at least ambiguous enough that simply deleting " " would be dishonest. Cool Hand  Luke  04:58, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clarifying this. anthony 警告 13:02, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It seems this debate goes on forever, but what little consensus I've seen would lead me to believe that a high school with no real notability doesn't belong (although the article is obviously well-intended and well-researched). --JohnRDaily 13:15, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Are you objecting to its scope, as being an article interesting to too slim of an audience? I believe it's quite notable to its 2,000+ students and fifty years of alumni, although I recognize my article has little scholarly value. Admittedly the article is fairly plain, and I don't see Northrop as any pinnacle of high schools myself, but those may simply be results of my own weak knowledge of my school's history. I wrote the article expecting other alumni and current students would find it and add what I don't know. --ChrisErbach 02:29, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * In general, there seems to be a prejudice against creating articles for public schools unless there is some notability/notoriety to the school, lest we end up with thousands of such. As no one seems to have ventured into the discussion, though, it's hard to assert that it's a strongly-held viewpoint. --JohnRDaily 02:08, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This claim seems to assert more than I've witnessed. At least on VfD, the school deletionists do have a broader base of support, but there hardly seems to be a general prejudice.  Posiduck 12:16, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I would argue that if a thousand Wikipedia high school articles are created, so be it, so long as they meet Wikipedia quality and NPOV standards and they contribute to the compilation of human knowledge we're building. If this were a physical encyclopedia, I would never have added a Northrop entry, but as Wikipedia is electronic, and my article is fattening no physical book, I believe it should stay. --ChrisErbach 05:23, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete for reasons eneumerated many times before. Indrian 06:10, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 06:47, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. To ChrisErbach; The bar for high schools is very high. Stuyvesant High School, for example. The problem is, we all went to high schools. I would encourage you to try again, because something tells me any high school has enough history to make an article, it just takes research. jericho4.0 07:42, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Fort Wayne, Indiana and delete -Skysmith 08:34, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This vote suggests we violate Wikipedia policy and copyright law and is invalid. anthony 警告 12:15, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This is all very trivial stuff. Fine for the school website or, say, Friends Reunited, but not notable enough for Wikipedia. Delete. Average Earthman 09:33, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If someone considers this school to be trivial, they can simply avoid searching for it. Then they won't see it, and will only see the things they consider to be personally notable.  Meanwhile, the tens of thousands of people who have gone to this school will be able to see it, and will consider it to be extremely notable to them.  Deletion is not warranted. Factitious 20:37, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * None of the schools I went to are notable, and a number of people on Wikipedia have expressed the same view. Just because you think something, it doesn't mean everyone else does. Average Earthman 08:27, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Here's why. Posiduck 12:15, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D Your logic is flawed. Chris 05:23, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools are inherently notible and important as people spend a large fraction of their life there.  You are killing a stub before it has a chance to bloom into something like this..  Would you delete this article?  Well, this article would have been deleted at the beginning before it had a chance to grow, think about it. --ShaunMacPherson 16:17, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I spend a large fraction of my life (over 1/3, in fact) in my bedroom. I spend a similarly large fraction of my life (another 1/3) in the workplace.  As for "blooming", that particular school is notable.  Your argument is equally screwed as if you'd used Eton College as an example. Chris 05:23, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, if you look a bit more closely at the school you hold up for acclaim, it was nearly deleted while still in stub form. The author realized that he had included too little information and quickly expanded it after the vfd vote began.  None of the schools brought up for vote recently have received the same treatment.  An article need not be perfect in its first form, but the reason for its inclusion should be readily apparent.  This particular article is more than a stub, yet still establishes no grounds for notability (some people think one or two famous alumni are enough, I do not).  I am more than happy to change my vote if notability is established within the vfd period.  My votes are not knee-jerk reactions like those of some people around here. Indrian 16:26, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would argue that, while the "model article"'s contents are certainly encyclopedic, the topic is not. I feel it's a shame to eliminate such content, but it doesn't belong on Wikipedia. I'm sure there's another mediawiki somewhere which would be happy to take such content. I would vote to delete Moanalua. --Improv 19:47, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Although I voted againsted keeping Reynolds Secondary, I feel that this one has enough of a start to be meaningful.  If we had thousands of these, Wikipedia would be a good source of finding basic information about schools.  -- JamesTeterenko 16:27, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Improv 17:22, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * merge and redirect to Fort Wayne, Indiana. I feel there is room for a section on the schools of a city.   The Steve  19:53, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, schools are in and of themselves not notable unless otherwise demonstrated, which this article does not. What (American) school does not have a prom? Which one does not have a Principal?  -Vina 20:17, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There's a difference between being notable and being unique. Nothing in the article demonstrates that this school is unique, but tens of thousands of people have had their lives greatly influenced by it.  That makes it notable, and in the absence of space considerations, we shouldn't destroy well-written articles about notable topics. Factitious 20:37, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools are notable, and this article has a lot of useful information. Factitious 20:37, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think this is a bit too detailed to merge with the city page. anthony 警告 21:45, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Create a Fort Wayne, IN School District page, and merge since it's unlikely that each school would be more than a stub, but one on the entire school district may be large enough to create descent articles. PPGMD 21:49, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I would support this. I don't believe this much trivial content should be dumped into Fort Wayne (as others have proposed), but on a school disctrict page it would work. There apparently already is such a page, so merge and redirect to Fort Wayne Community Schools. Cool Hand Luke  23:42, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe a merge would likely violate Article size, but it's a barely acceptable compromise in this particular case. anthony 警告 12:11, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. From the 47 credits, to copying the architecture of some other building, to the administrators with the flashlights (although that at least gave me something mildly amusing to visualize), not a shred of it is notable: Delete. — Bill 21:59, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - a school! Trollminator 00:13, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect to its town. For the record, this isn't a "lost VfD."  The VfD took place.  I do not know where the discussion is/was, but I believe (if you can believe it) it simply didn't get enough votes for consensus.  The author stepped forward saying that he was writing up all of the county information.  He left it with the implication that he was going to merge and write these things as parts of articles on the local municipalities.  Apparently not.  At any rate, that stopped the voting.  This is a fully written article that belongs in a discussion of its community so long as it has nothing to make the school particular and notable in its own right. Geogre 00:47, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Votng might have occured elsewhere, but the VfD has been sitting on the page with discussion pointing here since August 8. The author has not been on wikipedia for almost two months. Cool Hand Luke  06:01, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep or merge into its town. — siro  χ  o  04:16, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Abstain. Good article about non-notable school. I firmly believe that the article adds no significant value to Wikipedia. I firmly believe its presence does no significant harm to Wikipedia. Therefore I vehemently do not care whether or not the article is deleted. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:39, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non notable. - Defunkt [[User talk:Defunkt| (talk) ]] 17:03, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. older ≠ wiser 16:57, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 12:30, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. ugen64 01:24, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. As many have said in the past, having some info is better than having none, especially for newbies. Enochlau 04:44, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Removed/2004/Archive 3

This page contains nominations from the main Collaboration of the week page which have been removed due to lack of votes or because they're unsuitable nominations from July 17 to August 6, 2004.

Art theft (15 votes over 2 weeks)
Support:
 * 1) →Raul654 05:59, Jun 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Ambivalenthysteria 06:17, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) [[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 10:21, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Dmn 12:18, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Conti 23:11, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Burgundavia 07:40, Jun 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:16, Jun 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Jwrosenzweig 23:16, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Washington, DC 21:56, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Ravn 12:54, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Thue | talk 08:20, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Peak Freak 20:30, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Triskaideka 20:15, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) [[User:Avala|Avala| ★ ]] 13:39, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) Johnleemk | Talk 11:43, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This poor orphan of an article was written by someone who knows nothing about art (yours truely) because it was requested. Right now, it's pretty sad - but on the bright side, there's plenty of room for growth. PLus, it's a pretty interesting topic. →Raul654 05:59, Jun 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. This article's got potential.  I'm sure there have been at least a couple other famous art thefts in history. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:16, Jun 28, 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Listed for over 4 weeks. --Lexor|Talk 10:28, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Also lack of support after four weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:20, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Roman Empire (4 votes over 2 weeks)
Support
 * 1) Alsocal 02:32, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Adam Bishop 02:36, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) ALoan (Talk) 10:48, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Pjamescowie 21:36, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Conti|✉ 22:15, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * Good first half, but the lower half is devoid of vertically any text underneath the headers. That's a serious hole in the encyclopedia's coverage. --Alsocal 02:32, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * This is ridiculous. The top of this page says to nominate articles which do not exist or are stubs. This article is 8 printed-pages long. →Raul654 03:11, Jul 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Point taken - and it is filling up anyway. Support withdrawn. -- ALoan (Talk) 21:37, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I would be the first to agree that this article needs work. It needs a lot of work, & considering just how complex a topic it is, what is curretnly there can, in good faith, be considered a stub. (Consider if the articles United States, France, or Soviet Union were nothing more than what appears for Roman Empire.) But I don't think the place to fix it is by listing it as an "Article of the Week": there is just too much to be done to make a decent impact in the process of a week. Is it possible to find a way to gather some interested people to consider this problem, & together make the article somewhat better? I have some ideas for how this should be done, & would like to help fix this hole in Wikipedia's coverage. -- llywrch 01:11, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * You might want to consider a Wikiproject. I couldn't help, but that framework sounds like what you're looking for. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 04:04, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Independence Day (US) (4 votes over 2 weeks)
Support
 * 1) Neutrality 04:27, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2)    ALargeElk | Talk 11:49, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Rmhermen 20:35, Jul 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Sean Curtin 21:17, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * It's a wee bit more than a stub, but should have a whole lot more. There's nothing at all on July 4th celebrations, for one thing. --   ALargeElk | Talk 11:49, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Added some info on traditional celebrations. Not sure how much we could do with this. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:43, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Blockade (5 votes over 2 weeks)
Support
 * 1) Neutrality 04:27, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Burgundavia 07:30, Jul 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Geni 00:27, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) [[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 20:26, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Sean Curtin 21:17, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * A bit simular to siege but there should be more of an article than there is there nowGeni 00:27, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Green Berets (1 vote over 1 week)
Support
 * 1) Neutrality 04:47, Jul 10, 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Tourism in Egypt (2 votes over 1 week)

 * (currently redirecting to Egypt)

Support
 * 1) PFHLai 15:02, 2004 Jul 10 (UTC)
 * 2) Sean Curtin 21:17, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * Tourism in Egypt used to redirect to Luxor, now it redirects to Egypt. There are many places outside Luxor for tourists to visit in Egypt, right ?  There may be Wikipedians willing to share photos taken from various tourist attractions in Egypt to make this a pretty page without worrying about copyvio.  Someone may also want to write about the importance of tourism in the economy of Egypt, a page which so far has little info on tourism. PFHLai 15:02, 2004 Jul 10 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Eugene Onegin (6 votes over 2 weeks)
Support
 * 1) grendel|khan 04:22, 2004 Jul 6 (UTC)
 * 2) Ambivalenthysteria 04:49, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Avala 09:41, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4)    ALargeElk | Talk 12:09, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) [[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 20:26, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Sarge Baldy 08:27, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * A tremendously important work of world literature, famous for the very strict structure of Pushkin's sonnets, maintained over the novel's entire length. Russians have been known to memorize the entire book; its translation has been a tremendously controversial issue as well; Vladimir Nabokov claimed that it was impossible to translate into English verse. I know next to nothing about the Russian language, but the book deserves more than it has right now. grendel|khan 04:21, 2004 Jul 6 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:16, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Tendon (6 votes over 2 weeks)
Support
 * 1) grendel|khan 04:45, 2004 Jul 6 (UTC)
 * 2) Burgundavia 07:39, Jul 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Markalex 15:42, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) inks 15:22, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) [[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 20:26, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Sean Curtin 21:17, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * This is a really basic anatomical topic. It deserves more than a four-sentence stub. It also has a sizeable "what links here" list, so it's likely to be frequently traversed.
 * My only concern would be that anatomical topics aren't necessarily easy for non-specialists to work on - that was the problem when situs inversus was AOTW.--   ALargeElk | Talk 12:07, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Tendon general and simple enough for most people. The anatomy students can deal with the lingo :)--inks 15:22, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:16, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands (4 votes over 2 weeks)
Support
 * 1) Neutrality 04:46, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Ambivalenthysteria 04:49, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Jwrosenzweig 20:47, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Rmhermen 20:35, Jul 9, 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:16, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ballet (11 votes over 3 weeks)
Support
 * 1) Burgundavia 20:49, Jun 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 23:20, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Jwrosenzweig 23:21, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Ambivalenthysteria 05:03, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Lexor|Talk 14:40, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Jonik 11:32, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) ohka- 16:30 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) – PlatinumX 16:04, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) [[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 20:26, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Sean Curtin 21:17, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) mary 03:00, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * As ballet is skimpy, I so nominate it. Burgundavia 20:49, Jun 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * it needs lots of additional pages created as there is so little on the subject, this is a big task Ohka- 16:10, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after three weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:52, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Haute couture (1 vote over 1 week)
Support
 * 1) PFHLai 05:53, 2004 Jul 14 (UTC)

Comments
 * So far, just a brief history, and an incomplete list of fashion houses .... Couturier is also rather stubby ....
 * It's hardly stubby---at least a printed page and a half of real article text. I think there's too much in haute couture to be AotW. Couturier is definitely short enough, though. grendel|khan 07:21, 2004 Jul 14 (UTC)
 * Whether it's an AOTW or not, it needs some help. The problem is figuring out which fashion houses are only ready-to-wear and which actually do custom dress-making. The custom dressmaking is a loss-leader for the ready-to-wear, perfume, shoes, handbags, etc. and some fashionistas, like Ralph Lauren I believe, just skip the custom part. I've read Vogue for years and I still can't tell which of the touted dressmakers do real couture and which don't. The fashion industry seems to want to blur the distinction. If there's anyone in the Wikipedia community who's in the fashion industry, or knows someone in the fashion industry, please help! Zora 21:14, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Then this belongs on pages needing attention, not here. There's already an article there, and it doesn't belong here. grendel|khan 17:52, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)
 * It belongs as long as someone nominates the article, with the aim "to have a featured-standard article by the end of the week, from widespread cooperative editing." The fact that the page needs attention (though not really listed at WP:PNA, as indicated above) actually means that are things to add to the article, making it a reasonable candidate.  I was hoping to learn more about haute couture apart from the brief history.  Anyway, there is a lack of votes.  Never mind .... -- PFHLai 18:50, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:52, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Violence (9 votes over 4 weeks)
Support
 * 1) Sarge Baldy 18:33, Jun 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Ambivalenthysteria 05:03, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) grendel|khan 07:51, 2004 Jul 2 (UTC)
 * 4) TPK 04:44, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) – PlatinumX 16:04, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 6)    ALargeElk | Talk 11:45, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Sean Curtin 21:17, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Musschrott 23:21, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Conti|✉ 14:52, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * I found this article pitifully weak. Could be expanded to cover the sociological, psychological, cultural, and philosophical and ethical reasonings behind and against it, as well as some depth into the methods of violence, etc. Sarge Baldy 18:33, Jun 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Seconded. There is a lot that could be written here. It's a huge topic, and deserves so much more attention than it's had so far. Exactly the sort of thing AotW was made for. grendel|khan 07:51, 2004 Jul 2 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after four weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 09:19, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Carpet (3 votes over 1 week)
Support
 * 1) PFHLai 05:15, 2004 Jul 15 (UTC)
 * 2) Burgundavia 05:56, Jul 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) ALoan (Talk) 10:00, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * Much more is needed about manufacturing processes (Rug-making is also stubby), designs, materials used, usages, prominent exporters, and more. -- PFHLai 05:15, 2004 Jul 15 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- ALoan (Talk) 09:19, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Candidate (1 vote over 1 week)
Support
 * 1) Neutrality 21:05, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * I wonder whether this can be any more than a dictionary definition. Different nomination/electoral systems belong in relevant politics of X Country articles or equivilent. I've also added in the concept of candidate countries. Secretlondon 12:11, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:04, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Esoteric knowledge (4 votes over 2 weeks)
Support
 * 1) Conti|✉ 04:15, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Sean Curtin 21:17, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Ohka- 20:48, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) TPK 10:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) J3ff 07:56, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * I think this could be a very interesting article. --Conti|✉ 04:15, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. --Conti|✉ 18:33, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Maxim Gorky (2 votes over 1 week)
Support:
 * 1) blankfaze |  (беседа!)  15:53, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Ambivalenthysteria 15:14, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Secretlondon 12:01, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This article is seriously lacking. We have like 3 sentences and a list of works on him.  Shameful!  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  15:53, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. --Conti|✉ 18:35, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Song writing (3 votes over 1 week)
Support:
 * 1) Tom- 10:27, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) TPK 10:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) — siro  χ  o  20:52, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Wide-ranging subject, currently a stub. Tom- 10:27, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * To merge with Music composition (which currently redirects to Musical composition) ????? Both are stubs. -- PFHLai 18:55, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)
 * I'd give my support to both Song writing and musical composition (which could very prossibly be merged, and are both stubs). The article should address the history and development of method and style.  — siro  χ  o  20:52, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. --Conti|✉ 18:36, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Embargo (1 vote over 1 week)
Support:
 * 1) Neutrality 16:56, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. --Conti|✉ 18:38, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Art (7 votes over 2 weeks)
Support
 * 1) Bmills 08:32, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Tothebarricades.tk 07:03, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Lexor|Talk 10:27, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Ambivalenthysteria 15:14, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) TPK 10:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Dysprosia 11:46, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Hwarwick 3:23, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * Not a stub, but a pathetic attempt to address a subject of such importance.
 * Yes, I noticed this a while ago...a lot of things you could put on there (i.e. descriptions of various genres, types of art) already have pages of their own though, so I don't know how much we could write about "art" as an abstraction. It needs work, nonetheless. --Tothebarricades.tk 07:03, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * All the above and more. Of all these subjects listed, this is the largest and most sweeping omnibus subject that has such a truly inadequate article for it. It's just terrible, and a real shame. If I had the time, I'd sit and rewrite the whole thing myself, but I can't for at leastthe next few months. It's pretty easy to write about Art as an idea, if you are flexible in your discussion, and willing to propose competing and contradictory ideas. It MUST be fixed. Truly. Hwarwick 21:53, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The work has already begun, if anyone wants to come and help......!Bmills 07:44, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:53, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Pornocracy (9 votes over 3 weeks)
Support
 * 1)     ALargeElk | Talk 11:32, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) David Gerard 11:58, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Sarge Baldy 17:17, Jul 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Thue | talk 10:52, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Ambivalenthysteria 15:06, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) [[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 20:26, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Conti|✉ 14:51, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) TPK 10:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Earl Andrew 10:37, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * One of those classic "I can't believe that's for real" articles that Wikipedia does so well (so much so that it was speedy deleted as nonsense when it was first created). --   ALargeElk | Talk 11:32, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe overkill for AotW, but I'm certainly curious on this topic. Sarge Baldy 17:17, Jul 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * There seems to be plenty of stuff to write about, certainly not boring! Thue | talk 10:52, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after three weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:22, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Singer (2 votes over 1 week)
Support:
 * 1)  — siro  χ  o
 * 2) Burgundavia 09:04, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This article can definately be expanded well beyond what it is now. It barely explains anything about different types of singers (aside from some links to the vocal ranges).  There are so many styles of singing, and so much history to the profession; much has changed over the centuries and recent decades.  — siro  χ  o  04:57, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:22, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Darwin -- Wedgwood family (2 votes over 1 weeks)
Support:
 * 1) Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:47, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Andy Mabbett 21:27, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Although the main article is okayish, there is much biographical information to add (see Talk:Darwin–Wedgwood family/to_do) and I'm feeling a bit daunted by it all. Dunc_Harris|☺ 16:47, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:22, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Conceptual blending (1 votes over 1 week)
Support
 * 1) Gyan 00:59, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)-

Comments:
 * A very interesting topic. Deals with human creativity and meaning generation. I've created a Resources fork where I've linked to about 50 research papers and articles. Perusing these should be enough to compose a comprehensive article. -- Gyan 00:59, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)-
 * Just for information, and not expressing a preference either way, this was nominated by Gyan before on 30 April and removed on 3 July with 4 votes. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:52, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Sounds interesting; I'd certainly enjoy reading it if it were a feature-quality article. But I think the subject is too esoteric for it to be an AOTW, even with the 50 resources readily linked. --Benc 03:45, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:22, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

American Old West (14 votes over 4 weeks)
Support
 * 1) [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 22:08, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Conti|✉ 22:16, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Jwrosenzweig 23:20, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) llywrch 05:31, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Fredrik | talk 13:18, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) ALoan (Talk) 14:06, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Avala 13:11, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC) strongly support
 * 8) – PlatinumX 16:04, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Brassratgirl 09:08, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Amcaja 14:28, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Marlowe 19:58, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Secretlondon 11:55, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Benc 04:20, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) — siro  χ  o  01:15, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * Such a stubby entry for a topic that contains so much cultural material. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 22:08, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, there's a lot of missing detail, such as the German fascination with the genre (pulp novels written by Karl May), the Spaghetti Western ("Fist Full of Dollars"), & the irony that for some of us Westerners, much of the "Old West" took place far to the east of us. -- A native Northwesterner 05:30, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after four weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:19, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Scottish independence (6 votes over 2 weeks)
Support
 * 1) Neutrality 01:31, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) ALoan (Talk) 10:00, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Ambivalenthysteria 10:30, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Liberlogos (Talk) 17:21, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) PFHLai 19:46, 2004 Jul 15 (UTC)
 * 6) Secretlondon 11:53, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * This absolutely deserves something more exhaustive, akin to Quebec sovereigntism, for example. Scottish independence is a very interesting, important subject and it has centuries of information to be drawn from and to be clarified. Furthermore, to find information about it all in one place with a more thorough coverage would be much more usefull than having to dig through the history pages every time. --Liberlogos 17:21, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:19, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Little Rock Crisis (7 votes over 2 weeks)
Support:
 * 1) Ambivalenthysteria 15:09, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Conti|✉ 16:32, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) PFHLai 19:05, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)
 * 4) TPK 10:06, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Dysprosia 11:46, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Neutrality 03:20, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) PlatinumX 07:11, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * For such a crucial event in the civil rights movement, this is a pretty cruddy stub - and a fairly large hole in Wikipedia's coverage. I think it'd be perfect for AOTW - there's so much that could be added. Ambivalenthysteria 15:09, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Nice photo at Little Rock Nine. Let's merge and take the pic.  -- PFHLai 19:05, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 20:14, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Empire Windrush (5 votes over 2 weeks)
Support:
 * 1) Secretlondon 11:59, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Warofdreams 12:09, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) ALoan (Talk) 11:13, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Andy Mabbett 21:30, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) 81.156.152.186 18:08, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * It's an important topic in the history of multicultural Britain and deserves much better than my pitiful stub. It needs to talk about why they came, why they were needed etc. Secretlondon 11:59, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after two weeks. -- ALoan (Talk) 13:07, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Baby shower (2 votes over 1 week)
Support
 * 1) PFHLai 06:40, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)
 * 2) Benc 04:27, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Would be interesting to learn how people in different cultures welcome new babies into their communities. -- PFHLai 06:40, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)
 * If that's what you want to cover, the article would certainly need to be renamed. Baby shower is a very Americanism I believe. - Taxman 17:46, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * There shouldn't be any problems with renaming and redirects, but it's the same topic: we all "shower" the "baby" and the new mother with gifts. The timing varies.  Traditional choices of gifts also are different. Some cultures may have interesting and unique foods at the party, too. -- PFHLai 18:44, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)
 * Anyone know a more generic term for this? There must be one somewhere.... -FZ 13:05, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The term "baby shower" is used in Australia so I wouldn't know a more generic term --John Lynch 08:19, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:55, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Coastal Plain (2 votes over 1 week)
Support
 * 1) FZ 16:37, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Paranoid 08:55, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Important geographic concept that's appearing in the news more frequently with debates over climate change and sea level changes; is on the "Most Wanted Stubs" list. -FZ 16:37, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for removal:
 * Lack of support after one week. -- PFHLai 07:05, 2004 Aug 6 (UTC)


text:
Ultra low frequency

Ultra low frequency (ULF) is the ITU designation for the frequency range of electromagnetic waves between 300 hertz and 3 kilohertz, corresponding to wavelengths between 1,000 to 100 km. In magnetosphere science and seismology, alternative definitions are usually given, including ranges from 1 mHz to 100 Hz, 1 mHz to 1 Hz, and 10 mHz to 10 Hz.

Many types of waves in the ULF frequency band can be observed in the magnetosphere and on the ground. These waves represent important physical processes in the near-Earth plasma environment. The speed of the ULF waves is often associated with the Alfvén velocity that depends on the ambient magnetic field and plasma mass density.

This band is used for communications in mines, as it can penetrate the earth.

Earthquakes
Some monitoring stations have reported that earthquakes are sometimes preceded by a spike in ULF activity. A remarkable example of this occurred before the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in California, although a subsequent study indicates that this was little more than a sensor malfunction. On December 9, 2010, geoscientists announced that the DEMETER satellite observed a dramatic increase in ULF radio waves over Haiti in the month before the magnitude 7.0 Mw 2010 earthquake. Researchers are attempting to learn more about this correlation to find out whether this method can be used as part of an early warning system for earthquakes.

Earth mode communications
ULF has been used by the military for secure communications through the ground. NATO AGARD publications from the 1960s detailed many such systems, although it is possible that the published papers left a lot unsaid about what actually was developed secretly for defense purposes. Communications through the ground using conduction fields is known as "Earth-Mode" communications and was first used in World War I. Radio amateurs and electronics hobbyists have used this mode for limited range communications using audio power amplifiers connected to widely spaced electrode pairs hammered into the soil. At the receiving end, the signal is detected as a weak electric current between a further pair of electrodes. Using weak signal reception methods with PC-based DSP filtering with extremely narrow bandwidths, it is possible to receive signals at a range of a few kilometers with a transmitting power of 10–100W and electrode spacing of around 10–50m.

External articles

 * Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)". IK1QFK Home Page (vlf.it).
 * NASA live streaming ELF -> VLF Receiver
 * Amateur Radio Below 10 kHz "G3XBM's page on Earth Mode Communication"
 * Review of Earth Mode Communications "1966 abstract about Earth Mode Comms by Ames, Frazier and Orange"
 * Radio communications within the Earth's crust "Abstract of article by Burrows written in 1963"

title: Ultra low frequency


text:
Super low frequency

Super low frequency (SLF) is the ITU designation for electromagnetic waves (radio waves) in the frequency range between 30 hertz and 300 hertz. They have corresponding wavelengths of 10,000 to 1,000 kilometers. This frequency range includes the frequencies of AC power grids (50 hertz and 60 hertz). Another conflicting designation which includes this frequency range is Extremely Low Frequency (ELF), which in some contexts refers to all frequencies up to 300 hertz.

Because of the extreme difficulty of building transmitters that can generate such long waves, frequencies in this range have been used in very few artificial communication systems. However, SLF waves can penetrate seawater to a depth of hundreds of meters. Therefore, in recent decades the U.S., Russian and Indian militaries have built huge radio transmitters using SLF frequencies to communicate with their submarines. The U.S. naval service is called Seafarer and operates at 76 hertz. It became operational in 1989 but was discontinued in 2004 due to advances in VLF communication systems. The Russian service is called ZEVS and operates at 82 hertz. The Indian Navy has an operational ELF communication facility at the INS Kattabomman naval base to communicate with its Arihant class and Akula class submarines.

The requirements for receivers at SLF frequencies are less stringent than for transmitters, because the signal strength (set by atmospheric noise) is far above the noise floor of the receiver, so small, inefficient antennas can be used. Radio amateurs have received signals in this range using simple receivers built around personal computers, with coil or loop antennas connected to the PCs sound card. Signals are analysed by a software fast Fourier transform algorithm and converted into audible sound.

External articles

 * Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)". IK1QFK Home Page (vlf.it).
 * NASA live streaming ELF -> VLF Receiver

title: Super low frequency


text:
Bounty Hamster

Bounty Hamster is a 2003 British-New Zealand comic science fiction animated series created by David Max Freedman and Alan Gilbey.

Plot
Cassie Harrison, a 13-year-old girl, is searching the universe for her father after he was kidnapped by space pirates. To help her, she enlists the aid of the only bounty hunter she can afford, a talking blue hamster named Marion. They have an odd-couple style relationship and search the universe together for Cassie's father.

The blue space ship the pair use is divided into two parts, a driving cockpit which can be detached in order to fly down to a planet in a similar manner to a jolly boat from a vessel, and a larger booster component which is attached on top of the small driving compartment. Scenes involving driving often show large objects and rooms that appear within the ship. The name of the ship is Keith.

Running gags include Marion pulling many, or odd, objects from his cheeks as if they are large pockets. In one instance he pulls out a large assortment of objects to help him and Cassie when they are falling off a cliff and this includes a cruise ship. Also, one of the science fiction references is the gag in which C-3PO from Star Wars appears in the ship and Cassie asks who he is.

Every episode starts with a brief explanation of the basic running plot and features a sequence showing Cassie's father being taken away. This is followed by a short sequence showing Marion being uncovered from a 'tough' armoured outfit and standing on stilts. The next sequence features the screen divided into four quarters, each showing several different scenes from episodes. The credits culminate in Marion uttering a fierce growl. The closing credits show an image of stars in space. The tune to the theme sounds like the words 'bounty hamster' but with notes to a 3-4 beat.

Despite airing in a children's timeslot, the show has quite a broad appeal, containing frequent science fiction references, in-jokes and puns, as well as nods to other movies and TV series. Marion's name and eyepatch is a parody of John Wayne and the character he played in True Grit. The show's premise is also based on True Grit – a young girl loses her father and then hires a bounty hunter.

Characters

 * Marion, the hamster (voiced by Alan Marriott) – Marion is a 6 in blue talking hamster. He wears an eyepatch on his right eye (purely for aesthetic reasons, as he has both eyes) and can fit all manner of objects within his cheek cavities. He is often outraged by stronger characters calling him 'cute' and tries to defend his personality despite his feminine name and small structure and this is when he says his catchphrase Don't call me CUTE! before going berserk. He is often seen as being clumsy or forgetful, with the exception of comedic instances, such as when he remembers to use a remote-controlled locking device on his space ship.
 * Cassie Harrison (voiced by Juliet Cowan) – Cassie (short for Cassiopeia) has dirty blonde hair and is usually the more rational of the pair. She is constantly searching for her father and complaining of Marion's foolishness.

Episodes
In addition, A.I. (Artificial Idiocy), an episode between The Lost World and Planet of the Japes was originally slated to air as episode 21; but due to budget cuts at ITV, the episode was never made and was replaced by The Trial, a low-budget clip show episode. According to co-creator Alan Gilbey, the episode would have involved a past friend of Marion now hunting the duo down in a starship.

title: Bounty Hamster


text:
Talk:Kōki Hirota

Pulling from transcripts
I edited the section concerning Hirota's sentence to better reflect the IMTFE's holding. The previous version of this section stated that Hirota had no authority or influence over the military units whatsoever. According to the tribunal transcripts, the latter half of that statement is inaccurate, for the tribunal spoke of Hirota's positional influence within the Japanese government. See The Complete Transcripts of the Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, reprinted in R. John Pritchard and Sonia Magbanua Zaide (eds.), The Tokyo War Crimes Trial, vol. 20, 49,816 (R. John Pritchard and Sonia Magbanua Zaide, eds. Garland Publishing: New York and London 1981). A reprinting in part exists online within the ICTY decision, Prosecutor v. Delalic, et al., Case No. IT-96-21-T, Trial Judgment (Nov. 16, 1998) para. 357.

--Casestudent09 (talk) 08:48, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Removed image
Removed an image as the article was getting pretty cluttered. In my opinion it did not contribute much: it was an image of where Hirota's birthplace used to be (it's a parking space). I also removed an inline link to an image of the engraving on the statue that shows Hirota's father's name. Both images are in the Commons category linked at the bottom of the article. Richigi (talk) 01:08, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Infobox - Convictions
The Inbox currently includes a list of convictions "Crimes against peace; War crimes; Crimes against humanity". The article subject was convicted by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which did not hear charges for crimes against humanity. It did hear charges for both crimes against peace and 'ordinary' war crimes; and convicted the article subject on both these categories. Consequently, "crimes against humanity" should be removed. Rotary Engine talk 21:00, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kōki Hirota


text: User talk:67.136.130.235

title: User talk:67.136.130.235


text:
User talk:Gen0cide

Hi there, welcome to Wikipedia, seems you've been doing some work on quite a few articles. Your work is appreciated, but there's a few things you should know as you continue: Happy wikiing — siro χ  o  13:22, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * First, you should read through some helpful articles, a good place to start is Contributing to Wikipedia but read around the Style and How-to Directory and familiarize yourself with some things. Take your time, there's a lot of info, but its all useful. Make sure you learn how to use redirects as well.
 * Then, go back through some of your articles that you've created (you can find them here) and try to expand them to perfect stubs or even more.

title: User talk:Gen0cide


text:
USS Stringham (DD-83)

USS Stringham (DD–83) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I. Later she served in World War II as APD-6. She was the second ship named for Silas Horton Stringham.

Stringham was laid down on 19 September 1917 at Quincy, Massachusetts, by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company. The ship was launched on 30 March 1918, sponsored by Mrs. Edward B. Hill. The destroyer was commissioned on 2 July 1918.

World War I
Following commissioning, Stringham was assigned to convoy escort and antisubmarine duty through the end of World War I. Upon her return to the United States in 1919, she was assigned to Destroyer Division (DesDiv) 6 of the Atlantic Fleet Destroyer Force. Except for a six-month period from December 1919 to June 1920 when she was in reduced commission, Stringham remained fully active with the Atlantic Fleet until the middle of 1922. During that time, alpha-numeric hull numbers were adopted by the Navy; and Stringham was redesignated DD-83 effective 17 July 1920. On 2 June 1922, she was decommissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.

World War II
She remained inactive until 1940, when she was apparently moved to the Norfolk Navy Yard for conversion to a high-speed transport (APD). On 2 August 1940, Stringham was redesignated APD-6.

1940-1942
On 11 December 1940, she was recommissioned at Norfolk, whence she operated until mid-1942. Her duties consisted primarily of escorting coastal convoys from point to point along the eastern seaboard and to various bases in the Caribbean Sea. On 18 April 1942, Stringham attacked an enemy submarine, but could not confirm a kill, even though heavy black oil surfaced soon after her attack. On the following day, she put into Norfolk and participated in amphibious exercises in the Chesapeake Bay through the first week in July.

On 6 July, she got underway from Norfolk in company with a convoy bound for the Panama Canal. She transited the canal on 13 July, reported to the Commander, Southeastern Pacific, and continued west. After stops in the Society and Fiji Islands, she reached Espiritu Santo, in the New Hebrides, on 14 August. Two days later, she put to sea on the first of many resupply voyages to help bolster the marines defending the beachhead on Guadalcanal.

The Guadalcanal campaign was unique among the amphibious operations conducted in the Pacific during World War II. Neither the United States nor Japan enjoyed the overwhelming naval superiority which in almost every other case ensured victory for the greater force. Relative equality made the naval forces of each side a constant threat to the supply lines of the other. Consequently, both sides relied upon the high-speed transport, converted destroyers like Stringham, which were well armed for transports and fast enough to evade more powerfully armed warships. While the contribution of the larger elements of the American fleet cannot be overlooked, the struggle for Guadalcanal was to a great extent the battle of the high-speed transport. Stringham and similar high speed transports succeeded where their Japanese counterparts failed. They kept the marines supplied.

On 23 August, during Stringham's second run to Guadalcanal, a torpedo passed her close astern; and she immediately charged to the attack. She dropped 11 depth charges; forced the submarine to broach; and then lost contact. Although her crew thought at the time they had sunk the submarine, subsequent checking failed to verify their victory. Not long after her scrape with the submarine, Stringham was ordered out to join the group of ships attempting to tow the destroyer USS Blue (DD-387), torpedoed the previous evening, into Tulagi. The imminence of the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, however, forced that weak formation to abandon Blue and seek shelter. Accordingly, Blue sank at 2223 on 23 August. Stringham resumed her supply runs in the Solomons until 5 October, when she got underway from New Caledonia to return to the California coast.

1943
After six weeks in the Mare Island Navy Yard, she got underway for the South Pacific. Her return to action, however, was short-lived for—while operating in Pepasala Bay in the Russell Islands on 26 February 1943—a heavy squall forced her aground on a reef. In maneuvering clear of the reef, she was forced to back down to avoid a collision with the destroyer USS Humphreys (DD-236) and damaged her starboard propeller. After emergency repairs at Tulagi, she was routed back to Mare Island, where she arrived on 16 April.

Over the next six months, Stringham advanced up the Solomons staircase with the American forces. In mid-August, she participated in the landings at Vella Lavella in the central Solomons. That operation cut the Japanese supply lines to Kolombangara and delivered vital air bases to the Americans. On 27 October, she and six other APDs, along with various smaller ships, put a force of New Zealanders ashore at Mono and Stirling islands in the Treasury Islands sub-group. November found her supporting the assault on Bougainville at Empress Augusta Bay.

On the day after Christmas, Stringham joined the American forces which outflanked the Bismarck Barrier at Cape Gloucester, near the western terminus of New Britain. From that position, they could move in two directions—west to pounce upon the back of the New Guinea hen or north to the Admiralties to isolate Kavieng and Rabaul. Stringham participated in one operation in each direction.

1944
On 2 January 1944, she supported the forces which landed at Saidor, New Guinea; and, in March, she assisted in the invasion of Emirau. Between these two operations, Stringham helped land troops in the Green Islands, the northernmost subgroup of the Solomons, located between Buka and New Ireland.

During the spring of 1944, American military thinking focused increasingly upon the Central Pacific invasion route to Japan. Accordingly, Stringham returned to Hawaii with marines embarked; and both she and her passengers commenced preparations for the invasion of the Marianas. The initial waves of assault troops stormed the beaches at Saipan on 15 June. Stringham discharged her marines the following day and patrolled off Saipan throughout the Battle of the Philippine Sea on 19 and 20 June. On 22 June, Underwater Demolition Team (UDT) 7 shifted to her from USS Brooks (DD-232) for the Tinian phase of the Marianas operation. Until the landings, the high-speed transport conducted sporadic bombardment and harassment fire on Tinian. On 10 July, she sent her UDT men ashore to reconnoiter the two potential landing sites; and, just before the actual assault began on 24 July, her frogmen participated in a daylight feint at Tinian Town to divert Japanese attention from the actual landing sites. On 28 July, she completed her work with UDT 7 in the Marianas and headed for Espiritu Santo, via Eniwetok Atoll.

Stringham, was at Purvis Bay, Florida Island, in the midst of exercises preparatory to the invasion of the Palaus when UDT 7 rejoined her on 5 September. By 12 September, she and her frogmen were off the coast of Angaur with Task Group 32.5. At 1035, she disembarked the UDT men at Peleliu to clear a path through heavy minefields. That afternoon, she towed USS Afoa (DD-343) to Kossol Passage, and then returned to work with the UDT teams until 27 September, when she headed for Manus. There she was moored alongside USS Clemson (DD-186). On the night of 3 October, a fire broke out on Clemson and swept across Stringham amidships and aft, igniting the UDT teams' rubber boats and bags of explosives. Stringham drifted from her moorings after the lines were cut, and her crew finally got the fire under control.

1945
Stringham returned to the United States for overhaul, repairs, and alterations. She did not return to the western Pacific until 17 March 1945. She joined the southern defense group at Saipan and sortied with it for Okinawa on 26 March. The high-speed transport arrived off Okinawa on 2 April, the day following the initial assault, and screened the transport area until 7 April, when she headed for Guam. During that time, Stringham took two kamikazes under fire, one on 3 April and one on 6 April. The former succeeded in crashing USS LST-599 while the latter gave up his plunge in the face of Stringham's heavy antiaircraft fire, dove on a destroyer, but missed both American ships.

Stringham screened another convoy from Guam to the Ryukyus, reaching Okinawa on 22 April. She remained in the vicinity for five relatively uneventful days; then headed back to Guam. On this voyage, she rendered assistance to the hospital ship, USS Comfort (AH-6), which had been crashed by a Japanese kamikaze. Comfort was able to resume course without assistance, but Stringham shepherded her until relieved by USS Wickes (DD-578).

While at Guam, Stringham was rammed by USS La Vallette (DD-448), a battle casualty. The APD's starboard side was damaged, as was her bridge, her forward crew's compartment, and much of her electrical equipment. Because of this, Stringham was ordered back to San Diego for extensive repairs. On 19 June, she entered San Diego and began conversion back to a destroyer; and, on 25 June, she resumed her former designation, DD-83. In August, the end of the war brought a halt to Stringham's conversion. Later that month, it was determined that she would be decommissioned at Philadelphia. In September, she sailed from San Diego, transited the Panama Canal, and proceeded to Philadelphia, where she reported for duty to the Commandant, 4th Naval District, on 26 September. She was decommissioned on 9 November 1945, and her name was struck from the Navy list on 5 December 1945. Stringham was scrapped at Philadelphia in March 1946.

Awards

 * Navy Unit Commendation
 * World War I Victory Medal with "ESCORT" clasp
 * American Campaign Medal
 * American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with nine battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal

title: USS Stringham (DD-83)


text:
Volkov Commander

Volkov Commander (VC) is a file manager for DOS inspired by the Norton Commander. Volkov Commander is purely written in assembly language and has very small (less than 100 KB) and fast.

Volkov Commander was written by Vsevolod V. Volkov, a programmer from Ukraine, born in 1971. The stable version is released as shareware. A preview version is also available, which is interchangeably mentioned as an Alpha or Beta release on the website. The Webmaster for the public face of VC was Daniel R. Egner of Germany.

Version 4
Version 4.05 is the last fully functional release of the Volkov Commander. It is a pure DOS application, so it doesn't support special features of Windows 9x like long filenames. (Apart from that, it can be used under Windows 9x.) Besides the Russian version, there is an English one. Version 4 is shareware and can be tested free for 30 days.

Version 4.99
Vsevolod Volkov was working on a new version 5 of his commander (VC 5). It was still in a phase of development. This upgrade works in a Windows 9x / Windows NT or OS/2 environment. VC 5 supports long filenames, and can explore archives (*.zip, *.arc, *.rar, etc.) as though they were directories. When updated last time, the actual beta release was version 4.99.08 alpha. Most of the features of the final release are already available. Though it is a pure DOS application, the new commander supports some of the special features of Windows 95/98/NT. "Beta version (4.99.xx), of course, can be tested for free, because in this stadium of development it does not yet represent a complete program."

Rumored later version
Rumours about existing Version 5 of Volkov Commander:
 * In the community, someone posted about the existing VC 5. Here is what Vsevolod answered:
 * [...] VC 5.0 is a fake. The last released version is 4.99.08 alpha. [...] I really didn't release new version for very long time. So, development of VC is hold in fact. But I don't exclude possibility of new releases. I have no roadmap and could not promise something."

VC 4.99.08 is included within Ultimate Boot CD (UBCD) v3.4, as part of the general FreeDOS base package.

Volkov Commander is included in the NwDsk DOS network boot disk

title: Volkov Commander


text: User talk:203.199.165.161

title: User talk:203.199.165.161


text: Category:Bridges in France

title: Category:Bridges in France


text:
Szczebrzeszyn

Szczebrzeszyn (שעברעשין; Щебрешин) is a city in southeastern Poland in Lublin Voivodeship, in Zamość County, about 20 km west of Zamość. From 1975–1999, it was part of the Zamość Voivodeship administrative district. The town serves as the seat to the Gmina Szczebrzeszyn district. A 2004 census counted 5,357 inhabitants. It lends its name to the Szczebrzeszyn Landscape Park. Szczebrzeszyn is often called the "Capital City of Polish Language".

Early history
Szczebrzeszyn's history can be traced back to 1352, during the reign of Casimir III, although archaeological evidence suggests the area had been settled for several centuries prior to this. Neighboring villages named in Nestor's 11th century chronicle of Rus further support that Szczebrzeszyn is much older, once lying beside a major commercial route running from south to north.

By 1492, trade had developed enough to warrant a special act imposed by Jan Olbracht. The Act specified which roads Szczebrzeszyn merchants could use when traveling through Lesser Poland with their wares. As merchants traveled through Szczebrzeszyn, they paid set taxes which proved to be an excellent source of revenue. For example, the tax on a wagon with merchandise was 2 groschen, on an ox: 1 groschen, and on a wagon with salt from Drohobycz: a measure of salt.

After Jan Amor Tarnowski of Tarnów's death in 1500, Szczebrzeszyn stayed in the hands of the Tarnowski family for the next 20 years. Later it was included in a dowry to the Kmita family. At that time long-running feuds among family members re-ignited over the Szczebrzeszyn inheritance, while other magnates laid claims. King Zygmunt August issued a binding decree to end this dispute in 1555, which allocated rights over the city to the Gorka family of Greater Poland.

The Gorkas took a strong interest in religious matters and granted freedom to all religious groups. They built a Greek Orthodox church, transformed the Roman Catholic parish church into a Calvinist one, and opened a synagogue nearby. Well-known supporters of the Reformation from Szczebrzeszyn, Stankar and Felix Kreutziger, sought the protection of these feudal lords. During this time Szczebrzeszyn reached the highest levels of development.

Rise and fall
A variety of reasons led to the halting of development and later, a steep decline. In early September 1583, a fire swept through the castle keep which destroyed all of the documents relating to privileges granted by Andrzej Gorka. These privileges were quickly renewed by the reigning king, Stefan Batory. The Gorkas also confirmed and expanded the Magdeburg Laws, which benefited the citizens.

The last of the Gorkas, Stanislaw, died in 1592, after which the Szczebrzeszyn estates were taken over by the Czarnkowski family. In 1593, Jan Zamoyski purchased Szczebrzeszyn, along with 35 surrounding villages, and integrated them into his Ordinate. Zamoyski founded a new capital city in his Zamość estates and it was at this point that Szczebrzeszyn lost its significance and the decline began.

Despite the focus on Zamość, Zamoyski funded the Monastery of the Holy Franciscans and next to it the Cloister of the Holy Trinity, the modern-day Cloister of Saint Katarzyna. Apart from this he liquidated the Catholic church and returned the one-time parish cloister to the Catholics.

During the 17th century religious animosity increased, and a 1637 decree issued by Tomasz Zamoyski resulted in the expulsion of the Arians ( or Polish Brethren). The city was also assaulted by the Tatars, Turks, and Cossacks. In particular the city was torched and plundered by Tatars in 1672. A multitude of epidemics decimated the population and victims of the Plague were taken to a separate cemetery outside of the city. At the time of the partition of Poland, Szczebrzeszyn had fallen into the hands of Austria.

New development
The beginning of the 19th century saw a renewed interest in Szczebrzeszyn. With Zamość no longer functioning as the seat to the Zamoyski estates, the family transferred several functions to the city. The relocation of the provincial school and Holy Mercy Hospital stimulated growth and new buildings were constructed to accommodate the increasing population. The Chief Physician was moved here, and a hospital treating peasants for venereal diseases also opened.

Education became an important part of life in Szczebrzeszyn. The district school was under the direct oversight of Stanisław Zamoyski who recruited both talented teachers and students. Lady Teofilia Reder opened a private school for girls that taught many advanced subjects. Due to the strength of the schools and the direction of Stanisław Zamoyski, Szczebrzeszyn suffered less from the politics of Russification than other settlements did after the November Uprising. For this precise reason, Russian authorities disbanded the provincial school in 1852.

During the uprising
Pedagogue Wincenty Dawid wrote in his 1887 memoir about the November Uprising:

"In the end, our tranquillity and working lives were disrupted and the model order of the Szczebrzeszyn schools was wrecked. The news, that an uprising had broken out in Warsaw, and that the Russians had abandoned the capital city, and also the borders of the kingdom, elicited an unheard of exhilaration among everyone. The quiet shtetl, which knew of no other politics other than making appeals to the nobility, immediately felt demands to step out into the political arena together with the entire land.

"In the course of one hour, the black eagles on top of the Magistrate Building were torn down and smashed, as well as from other institutions. The old swords were unearthed, and pistols, they were cleaned off, and made ready. In the smithies, the blacksmiths worked even on holidays. Agricultural implements were beaten into pikes. Scythes were mounted on long poles.

"The intelligentsia, the professors and the Rector himself, call the youth to arm themselves. A rededication of the flag was celebrated, praying in the courtyard of the school. The Rector, Zenkowski gave a speech to the lined up rows of citizens and students, armed with all sorts of ammunition, that each individual was able to make for himself. At the end of the ceremonies, 'Jeszcze Polska nie zginela' was sung. This took place in the middle of December, and immediately, Prof. Kowalski, and many older students, went off with Zenkowski to the Polish military. Only a small number of students remained in the school, only children.

"After Christmas, a movement of the Russian military began. The first to enter Szczebrzeszyn were the Dragoons, whose wild, beard-covered physiognomies made a frightful impression on us. We looked with fear upon these huge men, who camped out on the same place where the battle-ready youth had stood.

"Immediately, news reached us about the decisive battles between the Polish military and its heroic leaders in the field, from Grochów, behind Wawer. Every bit of news was transmitted with great fervor from hand-to-hand, comments were made, and plans were made for the future, as is usual in a small shtetl. The joy became even greater in the spring, when our military [forces] entered Lithuania with Dembinski and Gieldung at their head, when [Wojciech] Chrzanowski and [Jozef] Dwernicki entered the Lublin region, marching on Wolhyn, on the second side of the Bug River, stopping along the way to conduct general battles outside of Czaczki, and Old-Zamość.

"On the same Schulhof, on that great Thursday, Dwernicki's Uhlans and the Krakusi billeted themselves, placing several cannons around the place, which it seems to me had been plundered from Czaczki. We spiritedly approached our riders, and played with their weaponry. For several days, food and drink was carried to them from the city. They were accepted as brothers.

"When the spring and summer heat set in, a cholera epidemic spread through the city here for the first time. Horse manure was burned in the marketplace and in the streets as a remedy against the cholera, but it didn't help. Many families left the city for the surrounding forests. Prayers were offered in the cloisters to end the epidemic, or prayers of thanksgiving for those victories from the arresting of the disease. The young priest Nowakowski, a fiery orator, would tell the worshippers after prayers about the heroic deeds of our leaders. He punished and accused those young people, who withheld themselves from the military, calling each of them by their name...

"Zamość, the nearby fortress, and other points, were threatened with encirclement. Many clashes took place in Szczebrzeszyn. The Cossacks would fall upon the city, plundered, beat the Jews, and the townsfolk. A minute later, the Uhlans or the Krakusi would arrive from the direction of Zamość. Once, the Cossacks, as a response to such an attack, decided to take revenge on the city, while the youth of the city took part in these clashed between the Polish military and the Cossacks. At night, the Cossacks drew near in order to torch the city and carry out a slaughter among its residents. A tumult arose in the city, and half the city's residents fled to the nearby forests. One could already hear the shooting from the direction of Janów.

"However confusion elicits wonder. The aggressive people armed themselves. The municipal policeman, an older military man, together with the sexton of the cloister, raised an alarm. Banging on the cloister drum, they gave orders in a loud voice, and in doing so, gave the impression that there was a large military detachment present. The Cossacks and Dragoons, which were already positioned outside the city, decided to pull back. Later orders restrained them from acts of vengeance."

When a national liberation movement developed before the January Uprising in 1863, the greatest reaction in the entire Zamość Powiat occurred in Szczebrzeszyn. For years afterwards local residents were arrested under suspicion for being a part of the uprising.

Russification methods
After the failure of the Uprising, the Russian authorities began to implement a severe policy of Russification, supplanting things which were not Russian. Elderly people were asked to record their recollections of that time but as the majority were illiterate, younger literate townspeople often had to transcribe oral recollections of their elders. The war interrupted these efforts.

The persecution of the Uniates was dramatic. An elderly peasant from Zurawnica told of a frightful scene when one of his neighbors, a Uniate, agreed to accept the Russian Orthodox faith. The protests of his wife had no effect. Everything was arranged, all the formalities settled, but when the peasant was about to begin the communion ceremony his wife went mad from mental confusion and attacked the priest. This had a fearful effect on her husband who refused to complete the ceremony. Being much taken by these tales effort was made to assemble details about the Uniates in Szczebrzeszyn. A notice from the year 1843 announces that the parish of the Uniates was very poor because it had 'a small number of adherents to the Szczebrzeszyn church (tserkva).' In December 1877, the priest, Aleksander Górski—who, it appears, did not belong to the resistance fighters—signed his letter as the 'Rector of the Szczebrzeszyn Orthodox Parish.' It was at that time that the Uniates and the Greek Catholic Church were liquidated and was transformed into a Russian Orthodox church.

Later on the priest Timofei Tracz came as Rector and a sorrowful era was initiated for the Polish Catholics, particularly the Uniates. Although the Rector himself was once a Uniate priest he voluntarily converted to the Russian Orthodox church and became an ideological Russifier and disseminator of his new faith. He led an ascetic existence and his activities had a fanatical character. Over time he became extremely influential as he became known to the highest institutional authorities.

Everyone in the Zamość region feared him. He met with little resistance in his efforts to spread the Russian Orthodox faith and he used any method necessary: promises, chicanery, threats, and violence.

Documents in the Zwierzyniec archives confirm that there never were any Russian Orthodox faithful residing year-round in Szczebrzeszyn, with the exception of officials, who would sometime spend time here. Apart from the Russian Orthodox church which had been transformed as previously mentioned from a Greek-Catholic church, the Catholic Church near the hospital was remade as a Russian Orthodox church in 1883. The number of adherents to the Russian Orthodox parish grew quickly in proportion and in that time totaled 486 individuals.

In the year 1905, in the first two months after the publication of the Tolerance Manifesto, 4,195 people in the Szczebrzeszyn parish converted from Russian Orthodoxy to the Roman Catholic faith, and 402 people from the outskirts of Zamość. The Tolerance Declaration was a severe blow to Tracz, as it undid all his efforts. He resisted the desertion, but to no avail; his health was damaged and he died in 1909.

During World War I, the Muscovites left Szczebrzeszyn and both Orthodox churches were locked down. The entire Russian Orthodox parish appeared to disappear; townspeople even changed the spelling on the grave stones of their kin from Russian to Polish, in order to erase all traces of their former church affiliations. Even Tracz's gravesite and memorial were eradicated. In accordance with an order from the bailiff someone during the night broke down the monument and Trascz's coffin was transferred from the churchyard to the public cemetery.

The Rector of the Roman Catholic parish was at that time the priest, Grabarski. He was very popular and known for his philanthropic activities—even for the benefit of Jews. He was very much beloved by Jews. For many years prayers were offered in synagogues on his behalf.

Life in Szczebrzeszyn during the time of the Russian rule was miserable. The pressure of rule was felt heavily from the side of the Russian authorities. Community activity was minimal: there was no manner of spiritual movement. Despite this, a certain amount of conspiratorial activity did continue such as illegal study. Certain organizations did exist: Mlodziez Szkolna, N.D., P.P.S.

The external character of Szczebrzeszyn was set down by the military; a Cossack battalion was stationed in the town. When World War I, military marched through the shtetl: Russian, Austrian, Russians again, and later a long time of Austrian occupation. Many forms of orientation manifested themselves: pro-Moscow, pro-Austrian, initiatives for independence. Part of the young people went off to military legions.

The Holocaust
Between 3,000 and 4,000 Jews lived in Szczebrzeszyn when the German Army occupied the city in 1939. Isaac Bashevis Singer's grandmother, Tema Blima Szejner was from the city. Singer mentions his grandmother Tema in his autobiographical novel 'In My Father's Court'. On October 14, 1939—in spite of the fact it was the Jewish Sabbath—the Germans ordered the Jews to clean the streets for the entire day. They treated them brutally by cutting or tearing off their beards, cursing them, and beating them. In mid-October a police force was formed in Szczebrzeszyn—composed of 60 men—and was instructed to persecute the Jewish population of the city.

Several hundred Jews from Kalisz and Wloclawek were re-settled in Szczebrzeszyn. The Judenrat was forced to provide several dozen men for work in Zamość each day. According to a Polish doctor in the town, Zygmunt Klukowski: "The Jewish laborers are sent to Bortatycze and Bialobrzeg outside of Zamosc. The work consists of digging ditches in order to drain the swamps there. They must work standing in the water. They sleep in barracks that are incredibly dirty. They must make this trip (to the labor camp) every day, and if they make the slightest mistake they are beaten with clubs. The Jewish slave laborers are covered with lice. They are mostly boys, 17–20 years old."

On November 10, 1942, Klukowski wrote: "In principle, all the Jews in the settlements of the Bilgoraj district, to which Szczebreszyn belongs, have been killed. The only ones remaining are those in the forests, valleys, etc." In total, there were six separate transports from Szczebrzeszyn to Bełżec extermination camp between May and November 1942—totaling more than 5,500 Jewish men, women and children to their immediate deaths. Hundreds of other Jews were murdered in Szczebrzeszyn, hunted down by police and Polish civilians and then murdered. One Polish couple did shelter a Jewish family and were named Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem after the war. The once vibrant Jewish community of Szczebrzeszyn ceased to exist.

After the Zamość Uprising
In July the Polish resistance carried out the country-wide Operation Tempest, and in the Zamość region the town of Szczebrzeszyn and Zamość itself were freed by the partisans.

In literature
The name Szczebrzeszyn is infamous for being very difficult to pronounce for non-native speakers. Polish poet, Jan Brzechwa, used the town's name in his poem entitled Chrząszcz. The line with Szczebrzeszyn goes like this: W Szczebrzeszynie chrząszcz brzmi w trzcinie (pronunciation)

This roughly translates to: "In [the town of] Szczebrzeszyn a beetle sounds in the reed". The phrase has been incorporated in everyday language as an epitome of Polish tongue twisters, and is often presented by natives to foreign learners of Polish. A two monuments depicting a cricket playing the violin that were erected in Szczebrzeszyn refers to the poem.

In 2004 Philip Bibel (1909–2006), brother of painter Leon Bibel, published his Tales of the Shtetl, a memoir of early 20th century life in the shtetl of Szczebrzeszyn. Sample chapters can be read here: Our Shabbos in Shebreshin Noise, Music, and Klezmer The Last Jew

People

 * Józef Brandt (1841–1915), painter, born in Szczebrzeszyn
 * Leon Bibel (1913–1995), painter, born in Szczebrzeszyn
 * Meir ben Samuel of Shcherbreshin (17th century), poet of Szczebrzeszyn
 * Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz (1872–1905), philosopher, sociologist, born in Szczebrzeszyn
 * Zygmunt Klukowski (1885–1959), physician, bibliophile and historian, lived in Szczebrzeszyn

title: Szczebrzeszyn