text:
Peyton Place (film)

Peyton Place is a 1957 American drama film starring Lana Turner, Hope Lange, Lee Philips, Lloyd Nolan, Diane Varsi, Arthur Kennedy, Russ Tamblyn, and Terry Moore. Directed by Mark Robson, it follows the residents of a small fictional New England mill town in the years surrounding World War II, where scandal, homicide, suicide, incest, and moral hypocrisy belie its tranquil façade. It is based on Grace Metalious's bestselling 1956 novel of the same name.

Released in December 1957, Peyton Place was a major box-office success, though its omission of the novel's sexually explicit material was widely criticized. The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It won none, tying the record set by The Little Foxes for most nominations with no wins.

Plot
In the New England town of Peyton Place, Paul Cross, fed up with his alcoholic stepfather, Lucas Cross, for his stealing, leaves town. Lucas is the school custodian and his downtrodden wife, Nellie, works as housekeeper for Constance "Connie" MacKenzie, a widow who owns a clothing shop. The daughters of both families, Allison MacKenzie and Selena Cross, are best friends and about to graduate from high school. While the MacKenzies live a comfortable life, the Cross family lives in poverty.

At Peyton Place High School, town newcomer Michael Rossi has been hired as the new principal by school board president Leslie Harrington; the students had favored veteran teacher Elsie Thornton. Rossi wins Ms. Thornton over by offering to work with her.

Connie allows Allison to have an unchaperoned birthday party. She invites her classmates, including the overtly sexual Betty Anderson and her boyfriend, Rodney Harrington. Connie is horrified to arrive home and find the teens, including Allison, making out. The next morning, Allison goes to meet Selena for church. She witnesses and then intervenes during an altercation between Lucas and Selena.

Allison is named class valedictorian, and Rossi asks Connie to help chaperone the graduation dance; the two gradually develop a romantic relationship. Meanwhile, Harrington disapproves of his son, Rodney, dating Betty. Rodney then invites Allison to the dance, though she likes Norman Page, a shy, bookish boy raised by an emotionally abusive mother. During the dance, Rodney takes Betty to his car and tries to make out with her, but she remains angry that Rodney broke up with her. Rossi asks Ms. Thornton to give a short speech and lead the song "Auld Lang Syne". This annoys Marion Partridge, a member of the school board and a malicious gossip. Shortly after, Lucas rapes and impregnates Selena. She goes to Dr. Matthew Swain. He assumes Selena's boyfriend, Ted, is the father, but Selena breaks down and admits Lucas raped her. Furious, Dr. Swain forces Lucas to sign a confession that he will keep secret if Lucas permanently leaves town. Unknown to either, Nellie overhears their conversation. A vengeful Lucas chases Selena when she returns home. Selena escapes but falls, starting a miscarriage. Dr. Swain records it as an appendectomy to protect Selena from scandal.

At the Labor Day parade, Rodney and Betty make up and go skinny dipping; nearby, Allison and Norman are also swimming, wearing bathing suits. When Marion and Charles Partridge see a naked couple, they believe it is Allison and Norman and tell Connie. During an ensuing argument with Allison, Connie angrily blurts out that Allison is illegitimate, the result of an affair she had with Allison's still living and already-married father. Upset, Allison runs upstairs, only to find that Nellie, distraught over Lucas, has committed suicide. Some time later, Rodney and Betty elope, infuriating Rodney's father, who nevertheless offers his son a job at the mill. Bitter at her mother, Allison leaves home for New York City.

When World War II breaks out, many of Peyton Place's young men enlist. When Rodney is killed in action, his bereaved father finally accepts Betty as family after she explains she only acted racy to attract Rodney. During Christmas 1942, Connie visits Rossi and admits her affair. Rossi still wants to marry her.

A drunken Lucas returns to town and attempts to rape Selena again. She bludgeons him to death in self-defense, then she and her younger brother, Joey, hide the body. After Easter 1943, Selena breaks down and tells Connie that she killed Lucas. After Connie reports Selena to the police, Selena is arrested and tried. Allison returns for the trial, as does Norman. The truth about Selena killing Lucas in self-defense, his physical and sexual abuse, and Dr. Swain's false medical report all come to light. Dr. Swain openly berates the townspeople for their constant vicious gossip and rumors. Selena is acquitted and the town sympathetically reaches out to her; she and Ted are free to marry. Allison approaches Connie, wanting to reconcile; Norman is welcomed into the house.

Cast
Cast notes
 * Both Diane Varsi and Lee Philips made their film debuts in Peyton Place.
 * The film marked the first time that David Nelson had appeared separately from his family, Ozzie, Harriet, and Ricky.
 * Erin O'Brien-Moore, who played Mrs. Evelyn Page, played Nurse Esther Choate in the 1960s Peyton Place TV series.

Development
Less than a month after the novel's release in October 1956, producer Jerry Wald bought the rights from author Grace Metalious for $250,000 and hired her as a story consultant on the film, though he had no intention of allowing her to contribute anything to the production. Her presence in Hollywood ensured the project additional publicity, but Metalious soon felt out of place there. "I regarded the men who made Peyton Place as workers in a gigantic flesh factory," she recalled, "and they looked upon me as a nut who should go back to the farm."

The screenplay, by John Michael Hayes, omits many of the novel's sexually explicit moments, because Hayes was working under the Hays Code, which restricted depictions of content the U.S. Motion Picture Production Code deemed explicit.

Mark Robson said the script "went through at least eleven drafts. The first one I read was about two hundred and sixty pages. While it was imperfect, and structurally wrong, still one could see that it was possible—with hard work—to pull it together. Jerry was tireless, and John Michael Hayes worked extremely hard; on a weekend he would rewrite a whole script. The final screenplay was written on the stage as the film was actually being made."

Metalious was horrified by what she deemed a sanitized version of her novel, and was also displeased with the thought of the casting of Pat Boone as Norman Page (the role was eventually given to Russ Tamblyn). She returned to her home in Gilmanton, New Hampshire, and publicly derided the film, though she eventually earned a total of $400,000 in exhibition profits from it.

Filming
Principal photography of Peyton Place began on June 4, 1957. The film's exterior sequences were shot primarily in mid-coastal Maine, mostly in Camden, Maine, with additional exteriors filmed in Belfast, Maine; Rockland, Maine; Thomaston, Maine; and Lake Placid, New York. Additional interior photography was completed on film sets in Los Angeles. All of Turner's scenes were shot in California.

Musical score
The film's score is by Franz Waxman, and was recorded by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra. The score was released on CD for the first time in 1999. In 2016, journalist Graydon Carter praised the score as "haunting" and "instantly recognizable even today." In 2005, the American Film Institute recognized the score in its 100 Years of Film Scores, for which it received a nomination.

 * Track listing

Box office
The film premiered in Camden one day before opening in 24 cities across the U.S. on December 12, 1957.

Peyton Place was the second highest-grossing film released in the United States in 1957, and received significant public interest in April 1958, after Lana Turner's daughter, Cheryl, killed Turner's abusive boyfriend, Johnny Stompanato, during a domestic struggle. Though Cheryl was acquitted on the grounds of justifiable homicide, the press coverage boosted ticket sales for Peyton Place by 32% in April 1958. The film ultimately earned $11 million in domestic rentals.

Critical reception
Peyton Place was a commercial hit, but many critics noted that the most salacious elements of Metalious's novel had been whitewashed or excised completely. In The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote, "There is no sense of massive corruption here", but he did like the film overall, praising Hope Lange's "gentle and sensitive performance" and finding Lloyd Nolan "excellent." Variety wrote that the film was "impressively acted by an excellent cast" but noted that "in leaning backwards not to offend, Wald and Hayes have gone acrobatic ... On the screen is not the unpleasant sex-secret little town against which Grace Metalious set her story. These aren't the gossiping, spiteful, immoral people she portrayed. There are hints of this in the film, but only hints." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote, "While the four-letter words of the Grace Metalious novel have been adroitly erased, it's easy for one of the apparent few who didn't read the book to see why so many did. There are several strong stories and the characters are sharply drawn. Without these two characteristics the best written novels remain unread." Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times called the film "probably the most powerful small-town picture ever produced" and Harrison's Reports praised it as "an absorbing adult drama" that "grips one's attention the whole time it is on the screen, thanks to the sensitive direction and the effective acting of the capable cast." Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote, "The film is better than the book."

John McCarten of The New Yorker wrote that the film "makes no attempt to exploit the sensational aspects of the tale it has to tell; on the contrary, it is woefully diffuse, and before it's over—roughly, three hours—boredom has set in like the grippe." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "Slick and passionless, the film is an expensive and heavily bowdlerised adaptation of Grace Metalious' best-seller", adding that "the film never quite makes up its mind whether to extol small-town America or castigate it." TV Guide wrote, "This is the kind of hypertensive trash that gives melodrama a bad name, cynically tempering its naughty bits with smug moralizing. The fact that the film won an 'A' rating from the Catholic Legion of Decency, meaning it was deemed 'acceptable to all,' is a dead giveaway." (In actuality, it was given an "A-III" rating, meaning appropriate only for adults.)

In the years since its release, critics have continued to comment on the film's sterilized screenplay, though Graydon Carter wrote in 2016, "Despite the movie's almost picture-postcard tone of whimsy, it did manage to retain some of Grace's finger-pointing—most notably in a stunning montage of duplicitous citizens filing into a myriad of churches, all dressed in their Sunday best."

Accolades
The film received nine Academy Award nominations and no wins, tying a record set by The Little Foxes. This was later surpassed by The Turning Point and The Color Purple, both of which received 11 nominations and no wins.

Home media
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released Peyton Place on DVD in 2004, featuring an audio commentary by Terry Moore and Russ Tamblyn, an AMC-produced documentary on the film, and vintage newsreel footage. The film had its debut on Blu-ray in 2017 by Twilight Time, in an edition limited to 3,000 copies. The Blu-ray repurposes the bonus materials from the 20th Century Fox DVD, and adds a new commentary by filmmaker and historian Willard Carroll.

title: Peyton Place (film)


text:
Andrew Caddick

Andrew Richard Caddick (born 21 November 1968) is a former cricketer who played for England as a fast bowler in Tests and ODIs. At 6 ft 5in, Caddick was a successful bowler for England for a decade, taking 13 five-wicket hauls in Test matches. He spent his entire English domestic first-class cricket career at Somerset County Cricket Club, and then played one Minor Counties match for Wiltshire in 2009.

Early life
Caddick was born in Christchurch, New Zealand to English parents, and educated at Papanui High School. As a youngster, he modelled his bowling action on that of Richard Hadlee. He appeared three times for New Zealand Young Cricketers, all of his appearances coming in February 1988.

His performances were unremarkable, the highlight being an unbeaten 20 with the bat and bowling figures of 1/16 off three overs in the first One Day International (ODI) against the touring India Under 19 team. In spite of his modest figures in the two matches against the Indians, he retained his place for the first match of the McDonald's Bicentennial Youth World Cup. However, after struggling with 0/39 he lost his place, and did not appear for New Zealand again.

Opportunity in England
Frustration at what he saw as a lack of opportunities to be selected for the New Zealand Test side drove him to try his luck in England, something New Zealand captain Ken Rutherford would later rue, commenting that "he slipped through the net and given our lack of depth we can ill afford to lose players like him". He played a handful of games for Middlesex Second XI in late 1988 and early 1989, taking 17 wickets in four matches for them at 26.71. On his Somerset Second XI debut in June 1989, Caddick took 8/46 in Surrey Second XI's first innings.

He was restricted to playing in the Second XI Championship for the 1990 and 1991 seasons, as Jimmy Cook was the club's overseas player and Caddick had yet to serve his four years to qualify as an English player. In spite of this, he made his first-class debut for Somerset against the West Indians in May 1991, but his only further match of the season was against the touring Sri Lankans in the August.

Domestic career
His County Championship debut and breakthrough came in the 1992 season, with Caddick immediately amongst the wickets, taking 4/96 against Gloucestershire. Later in the season, he took his maiden 10 wicket haul against Kent, and finished the season with a respectable 71 wickets at 27.01. He impressed the right people and was rewarded with his county cap, and a place in the England A squad touring Australia. He shone on the tour, finishing with a first-class bowling average of 28.60, by far the best on the England team. A strong start to the following season, including a career best 9/32 in the second innings of a match against Lancashire, saw him called up to the Test and one-day squads for the 1993 Ashes series.

Period of uncertainty
Injuries plagued Caddick through the 1994 and 1995 seasons, limiting his appearances for Somerset and keeping him out of the England squad altogether. He was initially hampered with a shoulder injury, and then with recurring shin issues that for a time threatened to finish his career completely. When he did play, he showed his class, taking 6/70 against Nottinghamshire, and 6/51 against Durham in the space of a few weeks. In his final match of the 1995 season, he hit his highest total with the bat, 92 against Worcestershire.

The start of the 1996 season saw him back to full fitness and in irresistible form. He claimed a five-fer in each innings against Warwickshire to take his first of three 10 wicket hauls for the season, the next coming only two matches later against Worcestershire. These figures, along with his general good form saw him recalled to the England team for the second Test against Pakistan. He took three wickets in each innings to give him match figures of 6/165, and could consider himself unlucky to be dropped immediately after. He finished off his season with 10 wickets against Sussex, once again claiming a five-fer in each innings.

Later county career
In 2007 Caddick, at the age of thirty-eight, finished the season as the leading English wicket-taker with 75 wickets at 23.10 as Somerset gained promotion from Division Two of the County Championship. That Christmas, Caddick underwent surgery on his back to correct pain he had felt during the final games of the season, and he rejoined training with Somerset in February 2008.

Somerset awarded Caddick benefit seasons in 1999 and in 2009. Also, in June 2009, he played one match for Wiltshire against Wales Minor Counties. In early August 2009, Caddick announced that he would be retiring from first-class cricket at the end of the season.

Debut years
Making his debut in the first ODI of the 1993 Texaco Trophy series at Old Trafford, after an average display with the ball in which he took 1/50, Caddick arrived at the crease with 11 runs required to win. Four runs were added to the score prior to the final over, leaving Caddick and Richard Illingworth needing to score seven runs off the last over to secure the match for England. A leg bye reduced the target, but they still needed six from the last two balls. Facing the penultimate ball, Caddick stroked the ball to long leg and launched himself off for the single, turned and sprinted back for the second, only to find that Illingworth had remained in his crease. Illingworth was run out, and England lost by four runs. Caddick had no such excitement in the second ODI, as he was not required to bat, and failed to take any wickets on a batting track at Edgbaston. With the series already lost, Caddick found more joy in the third ODI, taking three wickets and helping to restrict the Australians to 230; a total England must have felt they could chase down. A batting collapse ensured that this would not be the case, and Australia took the series 3–0.

He found it difficult to penetrate the Australians batting line up through the Test series and, in a tough series for England, he flourished only through one session at Trent Bridge. He was eventually dropped for the fifth and sixth Ashes Tests. Returning to Somerset, he took three five-fers in the final two months of the season.

Caddick was not to be out of the England side for long, as he was named in the squad to tour the West Indies. He shone in the third Test at Queen's Park Oval, where he took 6/65 in the West Indies second innings, although this was overshadowed when England were bowled out for just 46 in their second innings, with Curtly Ambrose taking 11 wickets in the match. He also managed 5/63 in the second innings of the fourth Test at Kensington Oval, although he was yet again overshadowed, this time by Alec Stewart scoring centuries in both England innings' and Angus Fraser's 8/75 in the first innings. Caddick did however finish the series as England's leading Test wicket taker, with 18 wickets to his name.

Second international spell
In the winter of 1996–97, Caddick found himself rather more permanently back in the England set-up, touring Zimbabwe and New Zealand. Caddick's involvement in Zimbabwe was limited to two warm up matches, with his performances described by one newspaper as akin to "a camel loping into one of the hot dry harmattans that blow off the Kalahari". He thus travelled to his native New Zealand with a point to prove. He again failed to shine during the warm up matches, and was left out again for the first Test. His chance to prove his critics wrong came in the second Test, and he seemed to take it with a menacing streak to his game, snatching four wickets in the first innings and a further two in the second. He retained his place for the third Test and the majority of the One Day International series, and along with Darren Gough was one of the stand out bowlers of the tour.

Caddick took 24 wickets in five tests in the 1997 Ashes series. As of 2022, since 1985 only Graeme Swann has taken more wickets for England in an Ashes series. However, like most England players of his generation, Caddick would never play for a team that won the Ashes.

Playing against the West Indies in 2000, Caddick became one of only four bowlers ever to take four wickets in a single six-ball over, as England beat the West Indies in a series for the first time since 1969.

Caddick took his first Test match ten-wicket haul in the Test at Sydney in 2003. However, due to injury and falling out of favour, this proved to be last Test match. He would not appear for England again after the Cricket World Cup 2002–3.

Post-retirement life
Caddick is a qualified pilot, and works in aviation sales for a Devon based company.

Honours

 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2001

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andrew Caddick


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/User:IndigoGenius/Jus cerebri electronici

Another article in Indigo Genius's "personal" encyclopedia. We deleted the last one, and this is more of the same. Further propose that other articles along this vein be considered recreations of old pages and as speedy deletion candidates.

For those not familar with the situation, the relevent section of his main userpage declares that this article is "My Encyclopedia" and that "I am my own Admin, and I don't need those human rejects." The policy on userpages, on the other hand, says that you may not use your userspace as a personal webpage. Previously, User:IndigoGenius/Micronation was deleted for violation of the userpage guidelines - this is an identical case. Snowspinner 21:39, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * By your rather broad definition, there are a large number of user subpages that are equally or more qualified to be deleted. Are you sure you wish to be on this slippery slope?  I'm tempted to start listing them here, especially if you start speedy deleting user pages... The Steve 05:36, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. He's allowed to have pretty much whatever he wants on his own personal user page (exceptions being things like child pronography).  Samboy 21:57, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Untrue. The policy on userpages prohibits use of Wikipedia as a personal webpage, which this explicitly is. Snowspinner 22:37, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Exactly (what Snowspinner said).  Wikipedia is not a free webpage host, and user pages and subpages are not for the place for this.  He should try Geocities or Tripod.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  22:51, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. What Snowspinner said.  RickK 23:57, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm. Delete... yupyupyup. Do not support adoption of the Proposition based on discussion taking place in this context, however- list it in multiple locations? - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 00:21, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Honestly, this looks like a draft page or a personal view on law. There is no doubt a history that I'm unaware of, but I take "my encyclopedia" as figurative (i.e. "my sandbox") and this as either an article in preparation or a lost page that shows his views.  I don't see the violation of policy.  Geogre 00:25, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The history you're unaware of is that he's taking crap that's routinely deleted from articles and deleted entirely and keeping it in his userspace and calling it "his" article. The articles are about micronations - IndigoGenius claims to be the king of the Indigo Nation, which is an electronic micronation. Cessido Tallini, mentioned in the first sentence of the page in question, is Indigo Genius. Having failed to use Wikipedia as a means of self-promotion, he's cluttering the project with his repeatedly deleted articles, calling them his articles and operating under the mistaken belief that just because its in his userspace it's free from any oversight by anyone else.Snowspinner 01:13, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree, of course, that user pages are not a place for private web hosting, but this particular page, fantastic or not, doesn't seem to me to qualify. The user IndigoGenius may be disruptive or non-contributory.  I won't take any stand on that.  I'm not encouraged by his statements in this debate.  If that's true, though, it seems that ArbCom actions and blocks of the whole person are the solution, if warranted (don't know), rather than killing him by pieces.  Outside of the larger context, I see a page that isn't appropriate for main space but doesn't, by itself, seem outside of the lines.  More, though, I regret our having these discussions about the person's behavior in general take place on a VfD about a particular page.  Geogre 20:38, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It's tough - I've certainly considered an arbcom request against IG, but so much of his content has been deleted that it's very difficult to gather evidence. I've considered undeleting some of the pages and moving them into my userspace to present as evidence, but most of them were lost in the database crash in June, and can't be restored at all. Snowspinner 20:57, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: has User:IndigoGenius been asked about this? If he states that it is a draft page or work in progress, then keep, but unless he does so, clearly and distinctly, delete. Wikipedia is not a free webpage host - countless other places are. —Stormie 00:30, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Quite the opposite - its recreation of information that is routinely deleted from the main namespace as rubbish. Snowspinner 01:13, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but I can't understand why people are deleting MY Personal Pages which may serve as ideas for future articles or edits. Is Snowspinner even afraid of my ideas? If he is, may I ask why he's qualified to edit the Wiki, even destroy my own personal pages. This is CENSORSHIP from the Wiki. I can call it nothing else. This is "you are guilty, until proven innocent," the reverse of United States legal standard. --IndigoGenius 00:46, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps if you tried to write articles on things other than made up countries, you'd get further. As for the possibility of ideas for future articles and edits, since you clearly state that you do not care whether your writings get incorporated into the main encyclopedia or not, I have to say, I'm skeptical. Snowspinner 01:13, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Why is TTF-Bucksfan a made up country? It is a nation nonetheless, and like any nation, e.g. Italian-Americans, it has rights. This is not true?
 * Italian-Americans are not a "nation" either. They're an ethnic group within a nation - namely America. Snowspinner 03:04, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Now I understand why you don't like nations; you don't like them because you don't even understand what they are. And a nation and a people like Italian-Americans is the same thing. The US is a multinational state, and each ethnic groups that manages to preserve its own culture, language, and customs, is a people, and a nation. TTF-Bucksfan is a nation also.
 * And what country was not made up at some time in history, however remote?
 * Most of the ones that actually control, say, land. Snowspinner 03:04, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * You are confusing the concepts of nation and state. Nations exist even without land, and some in fact exist in exile, like Italian-Americans, who are prosecuted by Hollywood like no other people in America. But I suppose that doesn't matter to you also.
 * Let me add that this article is about the law, not micronations, yet you want to delete all the same.
 * Sorry. You're right. This one is about a made-up law, not about a made-up country. My bad. Snowspinner 03:04, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Why don't you just say you don't like me too much, because I certainly don't hide my criticisms of Wiki Admins, and that it shows, no matter what garbage you say here.
 * I don't like you too much because you write articles about your fantasy world and then seem surprised when they're deleted. Snowspinner 03:04, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The fantasy world you speak of cost me over 8,000 USD in TLDs alone. It is also not a fantasy to those that consider themselves Tallinians, Bucksfanians, or Cesidians (a new religion). Fantasies usually come a lot more cheap than that, and the shared fantasies of 17 people or more usually don't exist.
 * Why don't you just say THE TRUTH, that you are violating my rights even as a part-time wiki contributor.
 * Your rights as a Wikipedia contributor are to build an encyclopedia, to follow the rules of Wikipedia, and to go along with community consensus in building an encyclopedia. Wikipedia policy EXPLICITLY DENIES your right to use your userspace as a personal webpage. Snowspinner 03:04, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * What you mention is not my "right," but my duty (aka obligation), and Wiki has been so disrespectful towards me and my contributions, that I don't feel duty bound. Wiki is not the product of Tallinians, Bucksfanians, or Fifthworlders, since Wiki doesn't even recognise those people. First you treat me as even less than a 19th century negro slave, and then you expect me to work for you! I don't know where you're coming from Sir, but it isn't the place I live in, and it has been surpassed in the jurisdiction called America, at least with non-Italians. Wiki is even less than a sweat shop, if Wikipedians don't have the right to at least maintain their own personal pages, and you have already deleted one without my permission. You speak of rights, yet you have already violated my rights. I have nothing but contempt for you.
 * Why don't you say the truth, that Wiki will go bankrupt one day, and I promise you it will, because I will give it its final blow as soon as I have enough money. You are attacking my own personal file, yet you don't even see the disgusting things people like Gene Poole are doing right behind your backs, and claiming to be NPOV as well. --IndigoGenius 02:45, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * And how, exactly, will you "give it the final blow" when you have enough money? Snowspinner 03:04, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Generals never describe the strategy of the battle they will use before they will destroy you, and I will destroy Wiki by destroying something much larger and powerful than Wiki. --IndigoGenius 03:32, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not a free webpage host, I suggest IndigoGenius stops whining about CENSORSHIP and notes that many if not all computers come equipped with text editors and hard disks - excellent tools for saving "personal pages which may serve as ideas for future articles or edits." —Stormie 01:18, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wikipedia is not storage for personal files. →Raul654 04:24, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)

Anybody who wants to vote keep on this garbage, please see how this person who calls himself a King behaves. His articles are psycho. RickK 04:06, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Guanaco 04:31, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC) Delete. Guanaco 04:34, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. User pages are for constructive wikipedia-related work, not for personal promotion, etc. Sjc 05:27, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. IndigoGenius is a full blown certifiable lunatic who treats Wikipedia's established community standards with pure, unmitigated contempt. While his hallucinogenic ravings about being a "god", a "university dean", a "genius" and an "indigo child" etc provide a certain level of entertainment value, one must ask whether this is sufficient reason for continuing to tolerate his egregious presence. It should also be noted that Samboy who has voted to retain this drivel has been attempting, within the past few hours, to collude with IndigoGenius to promote edit wars and the vandalisation of the Micronation article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Samboy#About_the_Atlantium_attack --Gene_poole 05:39, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The "collusion" that George Cruickshank, "Emperor of Atlantium", a.k.a. Gene Poole is referring to here is deleting the following paragraph that he added himself:

 * The Kingdom of Bucksfan, an internet-based fantasy created by one Cesidio Tallini, who amongst other things, believes himself to be a god and a genius, although these asertions are unsupported by available evidence. Tallini refers to Bucksfan as being part of the Fifth World - a New Age concept of limited currency, derived from Hopi mythology.

 * He attempted to revert my change here and only stopped when IndigoGenius removed the description. George furthered the attack against this competing micronation by deleting any links to it on the Micronation page.  In addition, George Cruickshank is engaging in a campaign of attacking me personally since I have the courage to stand up to him. Samboy 08:32, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Fire Star 06:36, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep and stop policing user pages. Go edit some articles instead. Zocky 08:13, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Who died and left Snowspinner net cop hall monitor with a nifty orange plastic sash? Why does it even matter what Indigo has on his user page? Come back if it gets longer than 500K, and stop wasting VfD's time with personal grudge matches. Surely Snowspinner can find something better to do than to troll User pages looking for things to delete? Like, I dunno, edit an article (no, not a Proposed Policy, an article)? I know that I have better things to do than read these cat fights. -- orthogonal 10:06, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Then by all means, go do them. I'd hate to think I'm distracting you from adding vital content like putting Christian before uses of "Bible." Snowspinner 14:11, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * (In response to questions as to his vote) My bad. Sorry for not being more explicit. My vote is to Keep. As to IndigoGenius's vote, is there a policy that a page author can't vote on his page on VfD? If so I (and a number of others) have violated this policy all too often, and I owe yet another apology ;) -- orthogonal 06:28, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure about a policy, that's why I added the disclaimer, just in case. blankfaze |  (беседа!)  06:34, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep What Zocky said. What next, User:Ambivalenthysteria/top sekrit sysop kabal? ? The Steve 11:00, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inappropriate use of WP as personal web site. Agreed entirely w/ Snowspinner. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:32, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If someone is filling multiple user pages with huge amounts of articles, then I'd have a problem (anyone who says disk space is cheap can buy the next drive for the servers). If they've just got the one short page, they can say whatever they like as long as it's legal for all I care. No vote, as I don't care. Average Earthman 17:23, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep unless and until a) someone gives a reasonable estimate of the quantity of disk storage User:IndigoGenius is using in the directory tree underneath his home page. If there is no easy way to do this, then we need to request it as a feature from the developers, and b) we have a stated policy (do we?) about how much space is a reasonable allowance for a user's own user space. Admittedly his own description of how he is using his page is extremely provocative. But until we know how much he's using and how much is reasonable there's no basis for any intelligent discussion. IMHO, a reasonable allowance would be "my $0.02 worth" of disk space. If we assume disk space costs $5 per gig, that would be four megabytes per user. But that's just my $0.02. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 18:44, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC) P. S. And I have donated to WIkimedia within the last six months...
 * Delete. MWOT. Andrewa 22:35, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Of no use in building an encyclopedia. Delete - David Gerard 00:58, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. While I have differences with User:IndigoGenius' POV, I believe user pages are sacrosanct, and unless egregiously radical material is contained there, productive users should have the right to use the space as they wish. If Pokemon sub-characters have a right to exist on WP, so too should slightly daft user pages. Denni ☯ 03:07, 2004 Aug 14 (UTC)
 * No vote: although this is a violation of policy, I feel that user pages should be handled by the arbitration committee, not VfD. -Sean Curtin 04:17, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Agree. See the talk page. No change of vote. Andrewa 20:42, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete No pages are sacrosanct. If a page is in violation of policy, then delete it or change the policy. Enough of the continual non-enforcement of policies. If policies are not enforced then they are not really policies. Jallan 21:47, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This has no relevance to Wikipedia. Putting pages like this that wouldn't be allowed in the main namespace into the user space is just a sneaky way of trying to avoid deletion. This already exists at wikinfo and I see no need for it to be here as well. Angela.
 * I thought user pages were designed to be ones that would not be allowed in the main namespace. Main userpages tend to be vanity, do they not? The Steve 03:21, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, but this isn't a page about the user designed to tell people about himself. He is trying to put it across as an article which is why it is identical to the one in the main namespace at Wikinfo. Angela. 03:26, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * My point is that both your argument of relevance and that Putting pages like this that wouldn't be allowed in the main namespace are invalid for userpages. I would also have to say that trying to put it across as an article is overruled by it being in user space, which has been designated both non-article and not main namespace but rather what the user feels like putting there.  I don't know about you, but this article tells me almost as much about User:IndigoGenius as his user page :) The Steve 04:24, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Then nuke the article in article namespace as each appears. It will be the one to be found by Wiki's search engine. If the user insists on restoring articles from userspace to article namespace, there are disciplinary procedures in place. I've seen a goodly pile of nonsense on user pages, but have never questioned its presence there. Perhaps "sacrosanct" is a little imperative for what I think user pages should be, but I believe nonetheless they should not have to suffer the same scrutiny as articles. Denni ☯ 20:57, 2004 Aug 15 (UTC)
 * Keep -- from a fluffy liberal point of view (and because I think it's important for community building), it seems bad style to put user space subpages on VFD, if they are not copyvios or illegal. Yes, we have a policy that user space isn't a web hosting service, but have take a tour through wikipedia user space, and you'll see masses of user space use that isn't linked to the goal of encyclopedia creation. So, as long as there is no significant bandwidth problem, and as long as it is legal, user space should be rather "private" and not fall under "public observance". ((A related, but not really complete idea: what about a BJAODN:-namespace in wikipedia? Hoax and nonsense articles could be moved into that namespace, articles here wouldn't count as article edits etc., and the page layout would indicate sillyness, e.g. by giving neon pink backgrounds for this namespace. Something like a wikipedia underground (dungeon?), letting falled geniuses play their games without to much disturbance. Problem would be of course the possibility that BJAODN turns in a second Everything2 or something ...)) -- till we ☼ ☽ | Talk 11:07, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Strongly extremely gigantically reluctant keep. I'm extremely dissatisfied with the author's conduct, and the encyclopedic value of this article (it's definitely original research, but this doesn't count for much) but the guy can do pretty much whatever he wants with his user page until we get a better definition of personal webspace. He does seem to be designing his user page around a usual homepage concept, but still, the policies are too vague. Take this as a vote for keep, a vote for taking this to a higher authority (Jimbo? Arbitration?), and a vote for a better-defined policy relating to this. Johnleemk | Talk 17:08, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Comments:
 * For the record, at this point, the vote stands at: 15 (Delete), 10 (Keep), 2 (Neutral).
 * I'm not sure whether or not User:IndigoGenius is allowed to vote on this, as it's his article that is being voted on. If he is not allowed to vote here, then there are only 7 votes to keep at current.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  06:34, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * That's the most ridiculous thing I've seen in this discussion. Is he a registered wikipedia user?  He is?  Then he gets a vote.  Suddenly I am starting to worry about censorship.  The Steve 06:57, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Er, no. VfD convention is that the article creator doesn't get a vote - David Gerard 13:20, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * There is some dispute about that, apparently. I have seen elsewhere (in the context of a VfD debate) that the author of an article shouldn't vote on the article being voted upon, and when I later mentioned it on another VfD debate I was told by a sysop that it wasn't true (it was much more than 5 days ago, so I don't remember which debate it was). So, my question is, is it a convention (which not everyone follows) or a policy? No particular axe to grind, I just felt a bit foolish over the issue. Fire Star 14:13, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not aware of any written policy about whether the author gets to vote. "The author" is slightly problematic, since if two people edit, which one is "the author"? (That hasn't been much of a problem on vfd since many articles that wind up here are indeed the work of a single author.) Anyway, I've always assumed the author or authors get to vote. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:33, 14 Aug 2004
 * I'd say "convention", not "policy". I see nothing wrong with an article creator stating their opinion in a VfD (I'd say that's a good thing), but would question counting it as a 'vote'. In any case, it's a straw poll to ascertain consensus, rather than a vote per se - David Gerard 14:34, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Then why is this page called Wikipedia:Votes for Deletion? 67.149.62.8 04:09, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, it makes a bit more sense to me now.. Fire Star 20:21, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I really wanted to avoid this dicussion but I must object strongly to David Gerard's earlier comment that authors do not "get a vote". They absolutely do.  They are users just like everyone else here.  They have no less (and no more) voice than anyone else who chooses to contribute to the debate.  It is a point of courtesy to disclose if you have a vested interest in the article but that does not invalidate your vote. (No vote on the discussion of this page) Rossami 22:42, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * First of all, exact number of votes doesn't mean much. As David says, this is a straw poll to ascertain consensus. Secondly, why would you tally the number of votes after just two days on VFD? For which "record"? And at which point? How would people know at which point if other votes went in above your note? Or did you expect other votes to continue under your lap-time note? So everybody gets a vote, plus some people feel free to add off-hand remarks in the vote list? OTOH, if your intent is just to clarify what's going on, because it's very hard to see people's votes because of all these comments in the middle of the vote list, I would gladly join you in asking people to put their comments at the bottom of the page, so they look like they're commenting and not like they're trying to challenge other people's votes. Zocky 16:53, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, imagine that you should be expected to have to actually read through what all those bothersome other people have to say. Here's to McWikipedia! 67.149.62.8 04:09, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Imagine if you could read all the comments and yet be able to have a general idea of the votes without having to read all the comments. Zocky 12:18, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Zocky, you put it exactly right. My only intention with this is to "clarify what's going on, because it's very hard to see people's votes because of all these comments in the middle of the vote list".  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  19:23, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * When you start voting on personal pages, pages that are not part of the Official Wiki, you are basically voting on whether a person has the right to post a personal page, regardless of its content. While my personal pages are critical especially of Wiki Admins, they are certainly not excessive (I've seen folks with dozens more), and they are certainly not pornographic. Since you folks are voting then on basically whether I have the right to have a personal page, you are basically voting whether I have the right to participate in the Wiki. That is censorship even when the intent isn't censorship. It seems that many folks here believe I don't have the right to post in the Wikipedia, and simply because I'm a creative person. Since creative people can't post in the Wiki, or will be forced to stop posting at a certain point, just like I'm being forced, it is clear the Wikipedia is already dead, because without creative people it will never distinguish itself from the rest. It is not like a living human being, but more like a corpse. That's my two cents. I used to support projects less worthy than the Wiki, but I'm running out of money and inspiration in this case. --IndigoGenius 16:46, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * While I have no love for IndigoGenius, and have argued for deletion of some of his articles, I believe he has the situation nailed down quite clearly here. A user page is precisely that. It is not something which can be accessed by accident, and it does not pose a fire hazard to Wikipedia, except when some other user with matches and attitude happens by. Any contributor should have the right to a user page of modest size, in which content should not be an issue unless it is illegal. While I don't believe this gives a one-time editor the right to save his doctoral thesis on his userpage (yes, newcomers, it's been done), if a user wishes to promote his greatness in the eyes of the universe and pee on the peons, well, it's his space. While I do not agree with what IndigoGenius has to say, I respect his right to say it in his own space. Denni ☯  19:14, 2004 Aug 14 (UTC)

 * I've struck through my vote above, and would at this point like to abstain from the VfD process for IndigoGenius's page. Fire Star 20:21, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Would you like that counted as a neutral vote or just not counted at all? blankfaze |  (беседа!)  03:01, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't count me. I may come up with something before the 5 days run out. Thanks anyway. Fire Star 04:49, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

An Update

 * BTW, just wanted you guys that voted against me to know I started my own Wiki at the Fifth World Wiki :P Now I can write articles 'til my heart is content. I'm also pleased to announce that Dr Joe Baptista, Chief Internet Scientist of TTF-Bucksfan, and the Minister that manages our 8 pTLDs (Public Top-Level Domains), has also started a Tiki Wiki with his own server space. I had to put up with hostile Wikipedia Admins and even a Micronational Wiki Admin who was totally unsympathetic, but now I give both the MIDDLE FINGER! See you guys on Judgment Day. I be just a quick to judge you, and just as harsh. --IndigoGenius 21:22, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * So, is that a delete vote from IndigoGenius then? 67.149.62.8

 * Yay for you. The sight of a superego going down in flames thrills and excites me. May your ashes fertilize the good Earth. Denni ☯ 04:55, 2004 Aug 16 (UTC)
 * Delete - IndigoGenius has his own Wiki host and we aren't supposed to be one. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:54, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Burn baby burn. - UtherSRG 01:21, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: What Zocky said. And there is so many other dubious user pages that are much worse than this, like that page with users that had the same password or the page that listed what someone thought was someones sockpuppets. It seems like its not actually what is written that people vote on, but who who writes it. Eric B. and Rakim 13:38, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This article has been duplicated at User:Eric B. and Rakim/Jus cerebri electronici. -Sean Curtin 04:23, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Gray fox

The gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), or grey fox, is an omnivorous mammal of the family Canidae, widespread throughout North America and Central America. This species and its only congener, the diminutive island fox (Urocyon littoralis) of the California Channel Islands, are the only living members of the genus Urocyon, which is considered to be genetically basal to all other living canids. Its species name cinereoargenteus means "ashen silver".

It was once the most common fox in the eastern United States, and though still found there, human advancement and deforestation allowed the red fox to become the predominant fox-like canid. Despite this post-colonial competition, the gray fox has been able to thrive in urban and suburban environments, one of the best examples being southern Florida. The Pacific States and Great Lakes region still have the gray fox as their prevalent fox.

Etymology
The genus Urocyon comes from Ancient Greek οὐρά (ourá, “tail”) + κύων (kúōn, “dog”). The species epithet cinereoargenteus is a combination of 'cinereo' (from 'cinereus') meaning ashen, and 'argenteus' (from argentum), meaning 'silver', referencing the color of the tail.

Description
The gray fox is mainly distinguished from most other canids by its grizzled upper parts, black stripe down its tail and strong neck, ending in a black-tipped tail, while the skull can be easily distinguished from all other North American canids by its widely separated temporal ridges that form a 'U'-shape. Like other canids, the fox's ears and muzzle are angular and pointed. Its claws tend to be lengthier and curved.

There is little sexual dimorphism, save for the females being slightly smaller than males. The gray fox ranges from 76 to 112.5 cm in total length. The tail measures 27.5 to 44.3 cm of that length and its hind feet measure 100 to 150 mm. The gray fox typically weighs 3.6 to 7 kg, though exceptionally can weigh as much as 9 kg. The gray fox is readily distinguished from the red fox by its obvious lack of the "black stockings" that stand out on the red fox. The grey fox has a stripe of black hair that runs along the middle of its tail, and individual guard hairs that are banded with white, gray, and black. The gray fox displays white on the ears, throat, chest, belly, and hind legs. Gray foxes also have black around their eyes, on the lips, and on their noses.

In contrast to all Vulpes and related (Arctic and fennec) foxes, the gray fox has oval (instead of slit-like) pupils. The gray fox also has reddish coloration on parts of its body, including the legs, sides, feet, chest, and back and sides of the head and neck. The stripe on the fox's tail ends in a black tip as well. Their weight can be similar to that of a red fox, but gray foxes appear smaller because their fur is not as long and they have shorter limbs.

The dental formula of the U. cinereoargenteus is = 42.

Origin and genetics
The gray fox appeared in North America during the mid-Pliocene (Hemphillian land animal age) epoch ago (AEO) with the first fossil evidence found at the lower 111 Ranch site, Graham County, Arizona with contemporary mammals like the giant sloth, the elephant-like Cuvieronius, the large-headed llama, and the early small horses of Nannippus and Equus. Faunal remains at two northern California cave sites confirm the presence of the gray fox during the late Pleistocene. Genetic analysis has shown that the gray fox migrated into the northeastern United States post-Pleistocene in association with the Medieval Climate Anomaly warming trend.

Genetic analyses of the fox-like canids confirmed that the gray fox is a distinct genus from the red foxes (Vulpes spp.). The genus Urocyon is considered to be the most basal of the living canids. Genetically, the gray fox often clusters with two other ancient lineages: The east Asian raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the African bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis).

The chromosome number is 66 (diploid) with a fundamental number of 70. The autosomes include 31 pairs of sub-graded subacrocentrics, but one only pair of metacentrics.

Recent mitochondrial genetic studies suggests divergence of North American eastern and western gray foxes in the Irvingtonian mid-Pleistocene into separate sister taxa. The gray fox's dwarf relative, the island fox, is likely descended from mainland gray foxes. These foxes apparently were transported by humans to the islands and from island to island, and are descended from a minimum of 3–4 matrilineal founders.

Distribution and habitat
The species occurs throughout most rocky, wooded, brushy regions of the southern half of North America from southern Canada (Manitoba through southeastern Quebec) to the northern part of South America (Venezuela and Colombia), excluding the mountains of northwestern United States. The species prefers a mix of wooded and agricultural land in the Midwest, juniper forests as well as ponderosa pine in the west, and deciduous forests in the east. It is the only canid whose natural range spans both North and South America. In some areas, high population densities exist near brush-covered bluffs. The species prefers a mix of forest and agricultural land towards the southern part of their range (Belize ). In southeastern Mexico, the species prefers areas with a human presence such as near roads.

Behavior
The gray fox is specifically adapted to climb trees. Its strong, hooked claws allow it to scramble up trees to escape many predators, such as the domestic dog or the coyote, or to reach tree-bound or arboreal food sources. It can climb branchless, vertical trunks to heights of 18 m and jump from branch to branch. It descends primarily by jumping from branch to branch, or by descending slowly backwards like a domestic cat. The gray fox is primarily nocturnal or crepuscular and makes its den in hollow trees, stumps or appropriated burrows during the day. Such gray fox tree dens may be located 30 ft above the ground. For the most part, they rest on the ground rather than higher up in trees.

Prior to European colonization of North America, the red fox was found primarily in boreal forest and the gray fox in deciduous forest. With the increase in human populations in North America, their habitat selection has adapted: Gray foxes that live near human populations tend to choose areas near hardwood trees, locations used primarily by humans, or roads to utilize as their habitat.

The increase of coyote populations around North America has reduced certain fox populations, so gray foxes have to choose a habitat that will allow them to escape the coyote threat as much as possible, hence the choice of habitat nearer to areas where humans are active. The larger predators of the gray fox, like coyotes and bobcats, tend to avoid human-use areas and paved roads, making this habitat useful for the gray fox. They heavily utilize the edges of forests as a travel corridor, which is used for primary movement from place to place. Their choices do not change based on sex, the season, or the time of day. They also do the majority of their hunting in edges, and use them to escape from predators as well. Gray foxes are thus known as an "edge species".

Interspecies competition
Gray foxes often hunt for the same prey as bobcats and coyotes who occupy the same region. To avoid interspecific competition, the gray fox has developed certain behaviors and habits to increase their survival chances. In regions where gray foxes and coyotes hunt for the same food, the gray fox has been observed to give space to the coyote, staying within its own established range for hunting. Gray foxes might also avoid their competitors by occupying different habitats from them. In California, gray foxes do this by living in chaparral where their competitors are fewer and the low shrubbery provides them a greater chance to escape from a dangerous encounter. It also has been suggested that gray foxes could be more active at night than during the day to avoid their larger, diurnal competitors.

Still, gray foxes frequently fall victim to bobcats and coyotes. When killed, the carcasses are often unconsumed, suggesting they are victims of intraguild predation. These gray foxes are often killed on or near the boundary of their established range, when they begin to interfere with their competitors. Gray foxes are known as mesopredators because they are mid-tier predators and their prey consists mostly of smaller mammals, while coyotes are known as de facto apex predators due to the removal of other apex predators, like wolves, in North America. This explains the gray fox's tendency to change behavior in response to the coyote threat, as they are essentially lower on the food chain.

Reproduction
The gray fox is assumed to be monogamous, like other foxes. The breeding season of the gray fox varies geographically; in Michigan, the gray fox mates in early March, in Alabama, breeding peaks occur in February. The gestation period lasts approximately 53 days. Litter size ranges from 1–7, with a mean of 3.8 young per female.

The sexual maturity of females is around 10 months of age. Kits begin to hunt with their parents at the age of 3 months. By the time that they are 4 months old, the kits will have developed their permanent dentition and can now easily forage on their own. The family group remains together until the autumn, when the young males reach sexual maturity, then they disperse. In a study of 9 juvenile gray foxes, only the males dispersed up to 84 km. The juvenile females stayed within proximity of the den within 3 km and always returned. On the other hand, adult gray foxes showed no signs of dispersion for either gender. The gray fox will typically live between six and ten years.

The annual reproductive cycle of males has been described through epididymal smears and become fertile earlier and remain fertile longer than the fertility of females.

Logs, trees, rocks, burrows, or abandoned dwellings serve as suitable den sites. Dens are used at any time during the year but mostly during whelping season. Dens are built in brushy or wooded regions and are better concealed than the dens of the red fox.

Diet
The gray fox is an omnivorous, solitary hunter. It frequently preys on the eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) in the eastern U.S., though it will readily catch voles, shrews, and birds. In California, the gray fox primarily eats rodents (such as deer mice, woodrats, and cotton rats), followed by lagomorphs, e.g. jackrabbit, brush rabbit, etc. When available, gray foxes may also feed on carrion. In some parts of the Western United States (such as in the Zion National Park in Utah), the gray fox is primarily insectivorous and herbivorous. Fruit is an important component of the diet of the gray fox and they seek whatever fruits are readily available, generally eating more vegetable matter than does the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Generally, there is an increase in fruits and invertebrates (such as grasshoppers, beetles, butterflies, and moths) within the gray fox's diet in the transition from winter to spring. As nuts, grains, and fruits become more numerous, they are cached by foxes. Typically, they attempt to cover the area with their scent either through their scent glands or urine. This marking serves the dual purpose of allowing them to find the food again later and preventing other animals from taking it.

Ecosystem role
Since woodrats, cotton rats, and mice make up a large part of the gray fox's diet, they serve as important regulators of small rodent populations.

In addition to their beneficial predation on rodents, gray foxes are also less welcome hosts to some external and internal parasites, which include fleas, lice, nematodes, and tapeworms. In the United States, the most common parasite of the gray fox is a flea (Pulex simulans); however, several new parasitic arthropods were found in populations in central Mexico, and a warming climate may encourage them to migrate north.

Hunting
Gray foxes are hunted in the U.S. The intensity of the hunting has correlated with the value of their pelts. Between the 1970–1971 and 1975–1976 hunting seasons, the price of gray fox pelts greatly increased and the number of individuals hunted jumped over six-fold from 26,109 to 163,458. It has been recently reported that over 500,000 gray foxes are killed every year for their fur.

Subspecies

There are 16 subspecies recognized for the gray fox.
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis (New England)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus (southern California)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus (eastern United States)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis (Costa Rica)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus (Gulf states)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus (Yucatán)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus (Panama)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae (southernmost Mexico south to Nicaragua)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis (southern Sonora, south-west Chihuahua, and north-west Durango)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris (south-west Mexico)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous (Central Plains states)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus (southern Mexico, Isthmus of Tehuantepec)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis (Baja California)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii (south-western United States and northern Mexico)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi (northern California and Oregon)
 * Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae (Colombia and Venezuela)

Parasites
Parasites of gray fox include trematode Metorchis conjunctus. Other common parasites that were collected on gray foxes in Texas were a variety of tapeworms (Mesocestoides litteratus, Taenia pisiformis, Taenia serialis) and roundworms (Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Haemonchus similis, Spirocerca lupi, Physaloptera rara, Eucoleus aerophilus). T. pisiformis was the most common parasite species and was associated with frequent impacts on health.

title: Gray fox


text:
Talk:General Motors G platform

I am fairly sure this platform should be listed as beginning in 1978, when the GM intermediates were first downsized. There was a body reskinning for '81, but nothing substantial changed in the chassis as far as I know. RivGuySC 21:39, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Motors G platform


text:
Inzamam-ul-Haq

Syed Inzamam-ul-Haq SI ( born 3 March 1970 ), also known as Inzi, is a former Pakistan cricketer and captain of Pakistan national cricket team. He is regarded as one of the great players Pakistan has produced and one of the best middle-order batsmen of all time. He was the former chief selector of the Pakistan cricket team before resigning in 2023. He was a part of the Pakistani squad which won the 1992 Cricket World Cup.

He was the leading run scorer for Pakistan in one-day internationals, and the third-highest run scorer for Pakistan in Test cricket. He is the only Pakistani batsman to score 20,000 runs in international cricket arena. He was the captain of the Pakistan national cricket team from 2003 to 2007. As well as being a prolific batsman, he also occasionally bowled gentle left-arm spin.

Inzamam rose to fame in the semi-final of the 1992 Cricket World Cup. He remained one of the team's leading batsmen throughout the decade in both Test and ODI cricket. In 2003, he was appointed captain of the team. His tenure as captain ended after Pakistan's early exit from the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Inzamam retired from international cricket in 2007, following the second Test match against South Africa, falling three runs short of Javed Miandad as Pakistan's leading run scorer in Test cricket at the time. Following his retirement, he joined the Indian Cricket League, captaining the Hyderabad Heroes in the inaugural edition of the Twenty20 competition. In the ICL's second edition, he captained the Lahore Badshahs, a team composed entirely of Pakistani cricketers.

Inzamam-ul-Haq is a prominent member of the Tablighi Jamaat, an Islamic missionary organisation, and remains an influential personality in Pakistan cricket.

In April 2016, he was appointed the chief selector of the Pakistan national cricket team. In August 2023, he was again appointed chief selector of the Pakistan cricket team.

Family background
Inzamam-ul-Haq was born in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan, on 3 March 1970 into a Syed Sunni Muslim family. His family had moved from the city of Hansi in Punjab Province, British India (now in Haryana, India) during the partition of India.

The youngest of five siblings (four brothers and one sister), his Syed family was called pir for its historical involvement in Sufism and the preaching of Islam, descending from Jamal-ud-Din Hansvi, a scholar and poet who was from the lineage of Abu Hanifa and a direct disciple of the famous 12th-century Sufi poet Baba Farid. Inzamam's grandfather, Pir Zia-ul-Haq, was also a famed religious figure. This background led him to embrace the Islamic way of life quite early in his own life.

His nephew Imam-ul-Haq also plays cricket for Pakistan.

Business
In 2010, Inzamam and Saeed Anwar started Meat One, a chain of specialty meat shops.

In 2017, Inzamam launched Legends of Inzamam ul Haq, a clothing store in Lahore.

First-class cricket in Pakistan
Inzamam started his career playing for his hometown club, Multan, in 1985. He went on to represent United Bank Limited, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, National Bank of Pakistan, and Water and Power Development Authority in his homeland.

County cricket in England
Inzamam made his debut in English county cricket in August 2007 at the age of 37. He joined Yorkshire County Cricket Club as a replacement for Younus Khan who left to play for Pakistan in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. He was disappointing on the whole, making eight on debut at Scarborough's North Marine Road against Warwickshire before making nine and seven in his opening Pro40 games. He failed to transfer his international form into English county cricket.

ICL in India
In 2007, Inzamam joined the unsanctioned Indian Cricket League (ICL) which was highly controversial. In the inaugural competition, Inzamam captained the Hyderabad Heroes and scored 141 runs in 5 matches. In the 2008 competition in March, Inzamam captained the Lahore Badshahs, composed entirely of Pakistani cricketers.

The move to the ICL had proved to be a controversial one for Inzamam. The Pakistan Cricket Board's stance on players joining unsanctioned leagues meant that he had been banned from playing in any domestic competitions in Pakistan or any involvement with the international team. However, given Inzamam had recently retired, it was unlikely to have affected him.

It is reported that he was paid Pakistani Rs. 100 million (US$1,100,000) which was the highest salary for any player participating in the league along with the likes of Brian Lara.

One Day International
Inzamam made his ODI debut in a home series against West Indies in 1991, and made a good start to his career by scoring 20 and 60 runs in two matches against West Indies. This was followed by 48, 60, 101, and 117 runs against Sri Lanka. Inzamam also had his name in record books early on when he took wicket of his 1st ball in ODI cricket when he got Brian Lara caught behind.

Handpicked by former Pakistan captain Imran Khan for the 1992 Cricket World Cup in Australia and New Zealand, 22-year-old Inzamam was relatively unheard of before the tournament. To the surprise of many he was persevered with throughout the tournament, coming in at various positions in the batting line-up, despite not being very successful early on. Yet it was his performances at the most crucial stage of the competition that made fans and summarisers take note. Inzamam rose to fame in Pakistan's dramatic semi-final against New Zealand at Auckland. With his side in a precarious position, chasing 262 against an impressive New Zealand side, he hit a fiery 60 run innings from just 37 balls to rescue his side and guide them into the final. The innings was regarded as one of the finest World Cup performances. He hit a massive six in that match which was described by David Lloyd as the shot of the tournament.

Inzamam made an equally vital contribution in the final of the World Cup, scoring 42 runs off just 35 balls, helping Pakistan reach a score of 249 after a sluggish start. These innings established Inzamam's billing as a big-game player, although he was unable to replicate his World Cup success in later tournaments.

Inzamam regard his best least highlighted innings of 90 not out against West Indies when Pakistan won their first ODI in the West Indies on 27 March 1993.

In total, Inzamam set a record for scoring the most half centuries in One Day Internationals, 83 – though this is now surpassed by Sachin Tendulkar, Jacques Kallis and Kumar Sangakkara. He also became the second batsman to score 10,000 runs in One-day Internationals (again after Tendulkar) and was named in the ICC World XI for both Tests and One-day Internationals in the 2005 ICC Awards. In his final ODI for Pakistan, playing against Zimbabwe in the 2007 Cricket World Cup, he took three catches whilst fielding, including the last one of the match, ending his One Day career.

Test
Inzamam made his Test debut in 1992 against England at Edgbaston. He had little opportunity to make an impact in that match – he was not out with a score of 8. However, in subsequent matches he demonstrated vulnerability against swing bowling which resulted in his being dropped for the final Test of the series after averaging a lowly 13.20 runs per innings. Pakistan went on to secure a famous win in the match, taking the series 2–1.

After the England series, Inzamam aimed to establish himself in the Test side and he achieved this brilliantly, helping his side to many memorable victories. One of particular note came against Australia in Karachi, 1994, when he made 58 not out with the tail and helped Pakistan to a one-wicket victory and a 1–0 series win. As well as helping his side to become the top-ranked side in the world for a brief period, he achieved personal success by becoming International Cricket Council's number one ranked batsman in 1995 He later went on to reclaim top spot in the rankings in 1997. He remained amongst the top 20 ranked batsmen up until his retirement. He was the number one batsman in the world three times and held the title of the 3rd best batsman several times in his career including a long run from 2004 to 2006, the last time being after his twin fifties at Lords against England in 2006. The tour of England in 1996 was a particular success for both Inzamam and Pakistan, where Inzamam transformed his batting against seam bowling, averaging 64 runs per innings, with scores of 148, 70, 65, and 5.

His Test career highlights include 329 against New Zealand in Lahore in the 2001–02 season, which is the second highest Test score by a Pakistani and the twelfth highest overall. He also scored a century (184 runs) in his 100th Test, becoming only the fifth player to do so (after Colin Cowdrey, Alec Stewart, Gordon Greenidge and Javed Miandad; Ricky Ponting and Joe Root have subsequently emulated the feat). Inzamam made a century in each innings of the second Test match against England in 2005, to become Pakistan's leading centurion with 24 centuries, breaking Javed Miandad's record. His 25th century in the 2nd Test against India on 22 January 2006 made him the 10th player to score 25 or more centuries. He also managed 138 not out when the team was on the brink of a humiliating defeat against Bangladesh, eventually saving the Test match and leading his team to victory. His 92 not out against South Africa in late 2006 again showed his ability to bat in a crisis in a match winning manner. He scored twin half centuries when all appeared lost to draw the first test in Mohali against India in 2005, and also scored 184 runs in his 100th test match in the same away series causing the series to be drawn. He still holds the record for most consecutive half centuries against a country with nine in nine innings against England. This streak started from 31 May 2001 and lasted till 13 July 2006. He scored a century and a half century at Lords in 1996. His 118 against Australia in Hobart almost won the test for Pakistan but Adam Gilchrist's match winning 149 not out made the difference. His average in matches won is second only to Donald Bradman and Kumar Sangakkara.

After announcing that he would retire after the second Test against South Africa, at the stadium where he made his international debut, Inzamam needed 20 runs to surpass Javed Miandad for the record of most runs for a Pakistani Test cricketer. After falling for 14 in the first innings, he was dismissed for 3 in his final innings by Paul Harris, out stumped, leaving him three runs shy of the record. He needed only 70 more career runs for a batting average of 50.

Playing style
Helped by his 6 '3'' frame, Inzamam was a very destructive batsman in both One Day Internationals (ODIs) and Test matches. He had the ability to pick the length of a delivery very early and play very late. His footwork was generally considered to be fast, enabling him to position himself early for shots. He averaged just under 50 runs per innings in Tests and nearly 40 runs in ODIs, with a strike rate of 54.03 and 74.23 respectively. Inzamam was especially strong when playing shots off his legs and was considered to be amongst the best exponents of the pull-shot in world cricket.

His batting style brought him fans from all over the world. He was called "the best batsmen in the world against pace" by Imran Khan, because "he seems to have so much time on his hands before the ball reaches him".

Inzamam gained a reputation for being a rather poor runner between the wickets, having been involved in a number of comical run outs. He has the dubious distinction of being run out the second-highest number of times in ODIs, having been run out 40 times [behind Marvan Atapattu (41 times)].

Captaincy
Inzamam captained Pakistan in 31 Tests, winning 11, drawing nine and losing ten. Only three players have captained Pakistan in more Test matches, but all have better win–loss records and only Imran Khan has a lower win percentage than Inzamam. The Oval Test match in 2006 was poised as a victory for Pakistan before the controversy took place, and had it not occurred it is likely that Inzamam's record would have had one more win and one fewer loss. Notwithstanding his win–loss record, Inzamam held the captaincy until March 2007, the longest captaincy tenure since 1992 (when Imran Khan retired).

Captaincy had a positive effect on Inzamam's batting, and he often led by example in pressure situations, averaging more as a captain (52) than when not (50). Inzamam also held the highest average as captain in ODIs and is currently third on that list behind the former Australian skipper Ricky Ponting and the Indian captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni. After early failures in Australia, he took a depleted Pakistan side to India in 2005 and played an important role in securing a draw by winning the final test match from an unlikely position with an innings of 184 runs. He subsequently led his side to an ODI success against West Indies (away), England (home) and Sri Lanka (away) as well as Test Series victories against England (home), India (home), Sri Lanka (away). Inzamam had seemed to have united the Pakistan side and victories led them to 2nd place in the ICC Test Rankings and 3rd place in the ICC ODI Ranking. The latter part of Inzamam's tenure as Pakistan captain was less successful and the team was embroiled in many controversies culminating in a disappointingly early exit from the 2007 Cricket World Cup at the hands of lowly ranked Ireland.

In the 2007 Cricket World Cup, Inzamam captained the Pakistani team to its first loss to associate ICC member Ireland (on St Patrick's Day). This result and their previous loss to West Indies, led to them being knocked out of the tournament. A day later he announced his retirement from One Day International Cricket and resignation as Test captain. The announcement was made the same day that Bob Woolmer, Pakistan's coach, died in his hotel room in Kingston, Jamaica. He dedicated his final ODI to Woolmer to whom he shared a good relationship with for three years and affectionately called him 'The Bob'.

In December 2012, Inzamam was appointed as a batting consultant to Pakistan's national team on a short-term basis in preparation for the 2013 tour of India. In October 2015, he was appointed as the temporary head coach of the Afghanistan national cricket team for their tour of Zimbabwe in October 2015. His contract was then renewed until December 2016 after the successful tour of Zimbabwe where they won both the ODIs and T20Is which was Afghanistan's first series win against a Test playing nation. However, in April 2016 with almost eight months in his contract remaining, he resigned as Afghanistan coach to become Pakistan chief selector.

As the coach of the Afghanistan cricket team, Afghanistan beat Zimbabwe again in the Group Stage of ICC World Twenty20, which helped them progress to the Super 10 stage. His team battled hard against Sri Lanka and South Africa but were unable to pull off a victory. In their final game of the tournament, they secured a victory against the table-topping West Indies.

On 7 August 2023, Inzamam was appointed chief selector of the Pakistan cricket team.

Toronto incident
In a 1997 Sahara Cup match against India in Toronto, Inzamam assaulted a member of the crowd, Shiv Kumar Thind, a Canadian-based Indian, who had been comparing Inzamam to several kinds of potato over a megaphone. According to eyewitnesses a cricket bat was brought out by the Pakistan team's 12th man, Mohammad Hussain, who then waited at the boundary with the bat. Television replays confirmed those statements. The Guardian newspaper quoted another eyewitness as saying "If not for the spectators and security staff curbing him, he would have broken the head of that guy. The guy with the megaphone was no match for Inzamam and got mauled. Even when Canadian police took Inzamam back on to the field, he was trying to get back to the stands."

Oval Test incident
On Pakistan's 2006 tour of England, Inzamam captained a team that refused to re-enter the field after tea, on 20 August 2006 at The Oval after allegations of ball tampering from umpires Darrell Hair and Billy Doctrove. The umpires had awarded England five penalty runs and the choice of a replacement ball, after ruling that Pakistan had illegally altered the ball.

Inzamam and his team staged a protest at the decision. During the protest the umpires, having tried to persuade Inzamam to come out of the dressing room, decided that the match could not continue. Later, Inzamam returned to the field with his team, only to find both the umpires and the English team absent. After further discussions between both teams, umpires and cricket board officials it was eventually agreed that the match could not be restarted. Thus, Inzamam became the first captain in history to forfeit a Test match. Inzamam was later charged with tampering with the ball and bringing the game into disrepute (the latter charge associated with the teatime protest). He strenuously denied the charges. On 28 September 2006 the allegations of ball-tampering were dismissed, however he was found guilty of bringing cricket into disrepute and given a four match One-Day International ban with immediate effect.

Religious influence
In 2006–07, controversy arose that Inzamam and other players who were members of the Tablighi Jamaat Islamic missionary group, were coercing other players and giving preferential treatment to those players who grew beards and prayed regularly. The then-Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf expressed his concerns to the then-PCB chairman Nasim Ashraf, who warned Inzamam and told the players to stop public displays of religious beliefs. Late Pakistan coach Bob Woolmer also stated that while religion fostered a degree of unity, it also interfered in the team's training and practice sessions. Inzamam publicly denied accusations of forcing Islam on other players.

Yazoo International
In October 2023, it was reported that Inzamam was serving as a director of the UK-based Yazoo International Ltd. He was alongside three others: Mohammad Rizwan, a member of the Pakistan national cricket team; Talha Rehmani, managing director of Saya Corporation; and Intisar-ul-Haq, Inzamam's brother, who serves as the company secretary. They were all appointed to their respective positions on 7 December 2020. The association of a national cricket selector with both a player and an agency representative raised concerns over potential conflict of interest. Consequently, Inzamam-ul-Haq resigned from his role as the chief selector on 30 October 2023.

Honours
The Pakistani Government, in 2005, awarded Inzamam ul Haq with the Sitara-e-Imtiaz.

title: Inzamam-ul-Haq


text:
Nolan Richardson

Nolan Richardson Jr. (born December 27, 1941) is an American former basketball head coach best known for his tenure at the University of Arkansas, where he won the 1994 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament and led the Razorbacks to three Final Fours. Elected to the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2008 and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2014, Richardson coached teams to winning a Division I Basketball National Championship, an NIT championship, and a Junior College National Championship, making him the only coach to win all three championships. During his 22 seasons of coaching in NCAA Division I, Richardson made a post-season tournament appearance 20 times.

Early life
Richardson was born in El Segundo Barrio in El Paso, Texas, United States to Nolan Richardson Sr. and Clareast (Mims) Richardson. Clareast died from miliary tuberculosis in 1945, leaving behind three children: Shirley, age 5, Nolan Jr., age 3, and Helen, six months. Eventually they moved in with the children's grandmother, Rose Richardson or Ol' Mama. Ol' Mama had a profound impact on Nolan by helping instill the drive and determination to succeed. Nolan's father would visit, but often did not live with the family, battling alcoholism for much of his adult life.

Nolan Richardson played college basketball at Eastern Arizona Junior College during the 1959-1960 season. He then returned home to play for Texas Western College (now the University of Texas at El Paso), playing his junior and senior years under Hall of Fame coach Don Haskins for the Miners.

Early years
Richardson began his coaching career at Bowie High School in El Paso, Texas. He coached at Bowie for ten years then moved to Western Texas Junior College for three seasons, posting a record there of 101-13. In 1979-80, his third and last season at Western Texas, he led the team to a 37-0 record and the 1980 National Junior College championship.

University of Tulsa
Richardson was the head coach at Tulsa from 1980 to 1985, leading Tulsa to the NIT championship in 1981. This was the first time an African American coach won an NIT championship. Richardson is credited with bringing the Tulsa program to national prominence when hired in 1980, and led the school to season conference championships in 1984 and 1985 and conference tournament titles in 1982 and 1984 to go with the previously mentioned 1981 NIT championship. Richardson had a .763 winning percentage at Tulsa, and became the first coach in NCAA history to win 50 games in his first two seasons. While coaching at Tulsa, Richardson became known for wearing an assortment of polka dot ties. This trademark eventually led Tulsa students to don polka dots during home games.

University of Arkansas
In 1985, Richardson became the head coach at the University of Arkansas after Eddie Sutton left for Kentucky. Richardson became the first African-American coach at a major university in the South, and the first African-American head coach of a men's program in the Southwest Conference. He inherited a team and program that was used to Sutton's halfcourt-oriented, walk-it-up-the-court style. Richardson's frenetic, up-tempo system was new to Arkansas, and many fans questioned his coaching style after finishing 12-16 his first season. However, by year two he had Arkansas back in the post-season with an NIT berth. By year three, he had Arkansas in the NCAA Tournament. The Hogs would make the tournament in 13 of the next 15 seasons. In all, Arkansas under Richardson enjoyed 15 post-season appearances during the 17 seasons of his tenure.

He led Arkansas to three Final Fours—losing to Duke in the semifinals in 1990, winning the National Championship in 1994 against Duke, and losing in the Championship game to UCLA in 1995. He was named the National Coach of the Year in 1994. Richardson's Arkansas teams averaged 27 wins per season during the 1990s, and they were the winningest team of the decade until 1997. The Razorbacks' 270 wins from 1990 to 1999 were more than all but four programs in the NCAA. Nolan's Arkansas teams won at least 20 games 12 times, as well as four 30-win seasons during his 17 years.

His teams typically played an up-tempo game with intense pressure defense - a style that was known as "40 Minutes of Hell." In 2012, his coaching philosophy was featured in the documentary "40 Minutes of Hell" on ESPN as part of the network's SEC Storied series''. ''Richardson is the winningest basketball coach in Arkansas history, compiling a 389-169 (.690) record in 17 seasons. He is the only head coach to win a Junior College National Championship, the NIT Championship, and the NCAA Championship. Richardson is also among an elite group including Roy Williams, Denny Crum, Jim Boeheim, John Calipari and Tubby Smith as the only head coaches to win 365 games in 15 seasons or fewer.

University of Arkansas controversy
While at Arkansas, Richardson frequently spoke out about the negative stereotypes that he and other black coaches faced. His most controversial statement occurred in a post-game press conference in February 2002, when he spoke out against the athletic administration at the University of Arkansas. He claimed that he was being mistreated because of his race, and challenged Athletic Director Frank Broyles to ruffle feathers by declaring, "If they go ahead and pay me my money, they can take my job tomorrow." Shortly thereafter, Arkansas dismissed Richardson as head coach. In December 2002, Richardson filed a lawsuit against the university, the board of trustees, and the Razorback Foundation, citing a racially discriminatory environment; the lawsuit was dismissed in July 2004.

Richardson's former long-time assistant, Mike Anderson, was hired as Arkansas' head coach in March 2011. Anderson led Arkansas to three NCAA Tournament appearances in eight seasons as head coach. Richardson attended numerous Arkansas home games during Anderson's tenure. On March 26, 2019, Anderson was terminated as head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks after a lackluster 2018–19 season and was replaced by former Nevada head coach Eric Musselman.

Nolan Richardson Court
On March 28, 2019, two days after the termination of Nolan Richardson's protege Mike Anderson, the University of Arkansas Board of Trustees voted unanimously to name the court in Arkansas' Bud Walton Arena in honor of Nolan Richardson and his contributions to the University of Arkansas and the state of Arkansas. The honor became official in the wake of growing public support to honor Richardson in this way, including a resolution proposed during the 2019 regular session of the Arkansas General Assembly.

International
From 2005 to 2007, Richardson, (who speaks fluent Spanish) served as the head coach of the Panama national team. In March 2007, Richardson was named head coach of the Mexico national basketball team.

WNBA
In the middle of 2009, Richardson was named as head coach and general manager of a prospective WNBA expansion team in Tulsa. While it seemed unusual to hire a coach before securing an actual berth in the league, the investors behind the expansion effort claimed this proved they were serious about wanting a team. On October 20, 2009, the Tulsa group bought the Detroit Shock and moved it to Tulsa as the Tulsa Shock. It was Richardson's first time as a professional head coach, as well as his first time coaching women.

Richardson's tenure with the Shock was far from successful. His first season ended before it began when key players who had led the Shock to three WNBA titles opted, for various reasons, not to make the move to Tulsa. This forced Richardson to try to build the team around disgraced Olympic track star Marion Jones, who hadn't played a meaningful basketball game since her college days 13 years earlier. The players also found it difficult to adjust to Richardson's frenetic style. A lack of continuity plagued the team as well; all of the players who had come from Detroit had left the team by the middle of the season, and Richardson seemingly juggled the roster on a game-by-game basis. The final result was a dreadful 6-28 record, last in the league. Richardson tried to rebuild the team by coaxing Sheryl Swoopes out of retirement, but after a 1-10 start, Richardson resigned on July 8, 2011.

College
†Richardson was replaced by interim coach Mike Anderson before the end of the season.

title: Nolan Richardson


text:
Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)

Mushtaq Ahmed  (Urdu:مشتاق احمد ; born 28 June 1970) is a Pakistani cricket coach and former cricketer who currently acts as the spin bowling coach for the Bangladesh national cricket team. A leg break googly bowler, at his peak he was described as being one of the best three wrist-spinners in the world. In an international career that spanned from 1990 until 2003, he claimed 185 wickets in Test cricket and 161 in One Day Internationals. He was at his most prolific internationally between 1995 and 1998, but his most successful years were as a domestic player for Sussex in the early 2000s.

Mushtaq was part of the Pakistan team that won the 1992 Cricket World Cup, and five years later, he was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year. During his time with Sussex, he was the leading wicket-taker in the County Championship for five successive seasons, and helped the county win the competition in 2003, 2006, and 2007.

Early career
Mushtaq Ahmed made his first-class cricket debut in January 1987, at the age of 16. Playing for Multan, he claimed four wickets in the second innings of the match against Sukkur. He claimed his maiden recorded five-wicket haul in the format the following season, playing for the Punjab Chief Minister's XI against the touring England cricket team. Shortly thereafter, he competed in the 1988 Under-19 World Cup, where he was the joint leading wicket-taker, claiming 19 wickets at an average of 16.21. Pakistan reached the final of the tournament, in which they lost to Australia by five wickets. Early the following season, Mushtaq took the first ten-wicket haul of his career, collecting six wickets in the first innings and eight in the second innings of a match against Peshawar. He continued to impress that season, and took 52 wickets at an average of 22.84. He continued to appear for Pakistan Under-19s, and took 26 wickets in their series against India under-19s, more than double any other Pakistani player. His strong performances resulted in a call-up to the Pakistan national cricket team in March 1989.

International bowler
He made his full international debut on 23 March 1989, playing a One Day International (ODI) against Sri Lanka. He took two wickets for 33 runs in the match, which Pakistan won by 30 runs. He retained his place in the Pakistan side for the subsequent tri-series with India and the West Indies, and made his Test cricket debut in January 1990 against Australia at the Adelaide Oval. His only wicket of the match was that of Mark Taylor. A year later, took fourteen wickets in a match against Peshawar, collecting five in the first innings, followed by nine in the second, finishing the match with figures of 14 for 130.

In 1992, Mushtaq was part of the Pakistan team which won the Cricket World Cup. He was joint-second amongst bowlers by wickets taken, having claimed 16 during the tournament, trailing only his compatriot Wasim Akram. He struggled to make a significant impact in Test cricket for a number of years after his debut: between 1990 and 1994, he only claimed ten or more wickets in a Test series on one occasion, against England in 1992. However, between November 1995 and March 1998, he took at least ten wickets in every Test series, and claimed ten five-wicket hauls. The first occasion on which he claimed five wickets in an innings in Test cricket was the second Test against Australia in November 1995. He repeated the feat in the third Test of that series, and then in the only Test of the subsequent series against New Zealand, in which he recorded his best figures in a Test match, seven for 56. His only five-wicket haul in ODI cricket occurred in the fifth ODI of the Sahara 'Friendship' Cup, a series played between India and Pakistan in Toronto, Canada. He took five wickets for 36 runs to help Pakistan win the match by 52 runs, and thus clinch the series 3–2.

During his most prolific years of Test cricket, he played his first spell of county cricket, appearing for Somerset between 1993 and 1998. In his book Somerset County Cricket Club (100 Greats), Eddie Lawrence describes Mushtaq as "one of Somerset's best-ever "overseas" signings." He played 62 first-class matches for the county, and claimed 289 wickets at an average of 26.32. In 1997, he was named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year, in which he was described as being a member of "a glittering triumvirate of wrist-spinners who adorn the modern game."

In the late 1990s, Mushtaq was one of a number of Pakistan cricketers who were suspected of match-fixing. Saleem Pervez alleged that he had given Mushtaq, along with Salim Malik, £100,000 to intentionally lose a match against Australia in September 1994. After an inquiry, Mushtaq was fined £3,500, and banned from captaining Pakistan. The judge presiding over the inquiry stated that: "There are sufficient grounds to cast strong doubt on Mushtaq Ahmed."

Later career
After losing his place in the Pakistan national cricket team, Mushtaq played one season of county cricket for Surrey in 2002, having appeared in the Liverpool and District Cricket Competition for Northop Hall the previous year. He failed to impress for Surrey, claiming eight wickets at an average of 38.12. The following season, he joined Sussex, where he became the leading county wicket taker for five seasons in a row, playing a major role in Sussex's first ever County Championship title.

His form for the county prompted a recall to international duty, but it was short-lived: he played two Tests and one ODI before being dropped for the final time. He helped Sussex to win the County Championship twice more before persistent knee injuries forced him to retire at the end of the 2008 season. In 85 matches with Sussex, Mushtaq claimed 478 wickets at an average of 25.34.

Coaching career
In late 2008, the England and Wales Cricket Board appointed Mushtaq as spin-bowling coach to the England cricket team until 2014 when lost his job in Peter Moores reshuffle. He joins batting coach Graham Gooch and Richard Halsall, the fielding coach in not retaining their roles. His major success as bowling was to install Graeme Swann as lead spin bowler for England cricket team

He was bowling coach of Surrey County Cricket Club for brief period of time in 2012. He was the spin bowling consultant of the Delhi Daredevils for the 2013 IPL season, declining to reprise the role the next year.

In 2014, Mushtaq was named as Pakistan cricket team's bowling consultant under new coach Waqar Younis and his contract ended in May 2016.

In April 2016, Mushtaq was named as head coach of Pakistan's National Cricket Academy. In November 2018 Ahmed was appointed as the assistant coach and spin consultant of West Indies national cricket team ahead of the tour of Bangladesh. In April 2019 Mushtaq was honoured with the Outstanding Achievement in Sport award at The Asian Awards.

On 9 June 2020, the PCB appointed Mushtaq Ahmed as their spin-bowling coach for Pakistan's tour to England.

On 16 April, 2024, Bangladesh Cricket Board announced in a press release that Mushtaq Ahmed is appointed spin bowling coach for Bangladesh men's national cricket team; he will serve the team till the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.

Autobiography
He released his autobiography entitled Twenty20 vision : my life and inspiration in 2006, co-written with Andrew Sibson.

title: Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)