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Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta, San Gimignano

The Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta or Duomo di San Gimignano is a Roman Catholic collegiate church and minor basilica in San Gimignano, in Tuscany in central Italy. It contains important cycles of Renaissance frescoes by artists including Domenico Ghirlandaio, Benozzo Gozzoli, Taddeo di Bartolo, Lippo Memmi and Bartolo di Fredi. It falls within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the "Historic Centre of San Gimignano", with its frescoes being described by UNESCO as "works of outstanding beauty".

History
The first church on the site was begun in the 10th century. During the early 12th century the importance of San Gimignano, and its principal church, grew steadily, owing to the town's location on the pilgrimage route to Rome, the Via Francigena. The present church on this site was consecrated on 21 November 1148 and dedicated to St. Geminianus (San Gimignano) in the presence of Pope Eugenius III and 14 prelates. The event is commemorated in a plaque on the facade. The power and authority of the city of San Gimignano continued to grow, until it was able to win autonomy from Volterra. The church owned land and enjoyed numerous privileges that were endorsed by papal bulls and decrees. It was elevated to collegiate status 20 September 1471.

During the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, the church was enriched by the addition of frescos and sculpture. The western end of the building (liturgical east) was altered and extended by Giuliano da Maiano between 1466 and 1468, with the work including vestries, the Chapel of Conception and the Chapel of St Fina. The church was damaged during World War II, and during the subsequent restoration in 1951 the triapsidal eastern end of the earlier church was discovered lying beneath the nave of the present church.

The church possesses the relics of St. Geminianus, the beatified Bishop of Modena and patron saint of the town, whose feast day is celebrated on 31 January. On 8 May 1300 Dante Alighieri came to San Gimignano as the Ambassador of the Guelph League in Tuscany. Girolamo Savonarola preached from the pulpit of this church in 1497.

Architecture
The Collegiate Church stands on the west side of Piazza del Duomo, so named although the church has never been the seat of a bishop. The church has an east-facing facade, and chancel to the west, as at St Peter's Basilica. The architecture is 12th and 13th century Romanesque with the exception of the two chapels in the Renaissance style. The facade, which has little ornament, is approached from the square by a wide staircase and has a door into each of the side aisles, but no central portal. The doorways are surmounted by stone lintels with recessed arches above them, unusual in incorporating the stone Gabbro. There is a central ocular window at the end of the nave and a smaller one giving light to each aisle. The facade, which is stone, was raised higher in brick in 1340, when the ribbed vaulting was constructed, and the two smaller ocular windows set in. Matteo di Brunisend is generally credited as the main architect of the medieval period, with his date of activity given as 1239, but in fact his contribution may have been little more than the design of the central ocular window. Beneath this window is a slot which marks the place of a window which lit the chancel of the earlier church, and may be the most visible sign of the church's reorientation in the 12th century rebuilding, although this is not entirely agreed upon by scholars.

To the north side of the church, in the corner of the transept and chancel, stands a severely plain campanile of square plan, with a single arched opening in each face. The campanile may be that of the earlier church, as it appears to mark the extent of the original western facade, or it may have been one of the city's many tower houses, pressed into service of the church. To the south side of the church is the Loggia of the Baptistry, a 14th-century arcaded cloister with stout octagonal columns and a groin vault.

Internally, the building is in the shape of a Latin Cross, with central nave and an aisle on either side, divided by arcades of seven semi-circular Romanesque arches resting on columns with simplified Corinthianesque capitals. The chancel is a simple rectangle with a single arched window at the terminal end. The roofs throughout are of quadripartite vaults which date from the mid 14th century. Although Gothic by date and decoration, the profiles of the ribs are semi-circular in the Romanesque manner. The clerestory has small windows, inserted when the nave was vaulted, along with lancet windows in the north aisle, the aisle windows were subsequently blocked for the painting of the fresco cycle, making the interior very dark.

Decoration
The Romanesque architectural details of the church's interior are emphasised by the decorative use of colour, with the voussoirs of the nave arcades being of alternately black and white marble, creating stripes, as seen at Orvieto Cathedral. The vault compartments are all painted with lapis lazuli dotted with gold stars, and the vaulting ribs are emphasised with bands of geometric decoration predominantly in red, white and gold.

The church is most famous for its largely intact scheme of fresco decoration, the greater part of which dates from the 14th century, and represents the work of painters of the Sienese school, influenced by the Byzantine traditions of Duccio and the Early Renaissance developments of Giotto. The frescoes comprise a Poor Man's Bible of Old Testament cycle, New Testament cycle, and Last Judgement, as well as an Annunciation, a Saint Sebastian, and the stories of a local saint, St Fina, as well as several smaller works.

Old Testament cycle
The wall of the left aisle had six decorated bays, of which the paintings of the first bay are in poor condition and those of the sixth have been damaged and in part destroyed by the insertion of the pipe organ. The remaining paintings, with the exception of a repainted panel in the sixth bay, are the work of Bartolo di Fredi, and, according to an inscription, were completed around 1356. The paintings are in three registers and proceed from left to right chronologically in each register.

Upper level
The upper register occupies the lunettes beneath the vault and depicts the story of Creation.
 * 1) Creation of the Firmament
 * 2) Creation of Man
 * 3) Adam names the animals
 * 4) Creation of Eve
 * 5) God commands Adam and Eve not to touch the forbidden fruit
 * 6) The Original Sin (lost)

Middle level
The second register has ten remaining scenes, with two at the furthest right having been lost with the insertion of the organ.
 * 1) The Expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden (very incomplete)
 * 2) Cain kills Abel (very incomplete)
 * 3) Noah and his family building the Ark
 * 4) Animals entering the Ark
 * 5) Noah and his family giving thanks after the Great Flood
 * 6) The Drunkenness of Noah
 * 7) The departure of Abraham and Lot from the land of the Chaldeans
 * 8) Abraham and Lot go separate ways.
 * 9) Joseph's dream
 * 10) Joseph is put into a well by his brothers
 * 11) Story of Joseph in Egypt (lost)
 * 12) Story of Joseph in Egypt (lost)

Lower level
In the lower register, there are ten scenes.
 * 1) Joseph, has his brothers arrested (very incomplete)
 * 2) Joseph makes his identity known to his family (incomplete)
 * 3) Moses changes the rod into a serpent
 * 4) The army of Pharaoh are drowned in the Red Sea. (this scene occupies two sections)
 * 5) Moses on Mount Sinai
 * 6) The devil is sent to Job by God
 * 7) The men and herds of Job are killed
 * 8) The house of Job falls, killing his sons.
 * 9) Job prays to God
 * 10) Job, plagued by boils, is visited by friends. (incomplete)
 * 11) (Lost scene)

New Testament cycle
The six decorated bays of the right aisle, with scenes of the New Testament, pose a problem of authorship. Giorgio Vasari states that they are the work of "Barna of Siena" and relates that Barna fell to his death from the scaffolding. The name "Barna" in relation to paintings at the Collegiate Church of San Gimignano appears to have originated in Lorenzo Ghiberti's Commentaries. In 1927 the archivist Peleo Bacci made the suggestion that Barna had never existed and that the paintings are the work of Lippo Memmi. This hypothesis received no support and little comment for fifty years. In 1976 discussion of Bacci's attribution was revived, with Moran suggesting that there had been a mis-transcription of "Bartolo" as "Barna", with the name "Bartolo" referring to Bartolo di Fredi, painter of the Old Testament cycle.

The attribution of the New Testament cycle to Lippo Memmi, perhaps assisted by his brother Federico Memmi and father Memmo di Filippucci, is now generally agreed. Lippo Memmi was influenced by his more famous brother-in-law, Simone Martini. Lippo Memmi also painted a large Maesta in the Town Hall of San Gimignano, in imitation of that done by Simone Martini at the Town Hall of Siena. The New Testament cycle of the right aisle appears to pre-date the Old Testament cycle and is generally accepted to date from c.1335-1345.

The scenes within the New Testament cycle are organised into four separate narratives, and do not follow a clear left-to-right pattern as do those of the left aisle. As with the left aisle, they are divided into three registers, the upper being the lunettes between the vaults.

Upper level
The upper register shows the Birth of Christ. The series reads from right to left, in six bays.
 * 1) The Annunciation
 * 2) The Nativity and adoration of the shepherds
 * 3) The adoration of the Magi
 * 4) The Presentation at the Temple
 * 5) The Massacre of the Innocents
 * 6) The Flight into Egypt

Middle level
The middle register shows scenes of the Life of Christ, beginning at the 4th bay, below the picture of the Presentation at the Temple, and reading left to right, with eight scenes. The scenes have been skilfully juxtaposed so that narrative elements may be compared or contrasted. Within the fourth bay is shown the Presentation of the Temple, Jesus sitting among the Doctors of the Temple of Jerusalem as a twelve-year-old, and Jesus before his crucifixion, enthroned, crowned with thorns and mocked.
 * 1) Jesus among the Doctors of the Temple of Jerusalem
 * 2) The Baptism of Jesus
 * 3) The Calling of Peter
 * 4) The Wedding at Cana of Galilee (damaged in WWII)
 * 5) The Transfiguration
 * 6) The Resurrection of Lazarus
 * 7) Jesus enters Jerusalem
 * 8) The people welcome Jesus to Jerusalem (the final two scenes are a single event spread over two frames)

Lower level
The lower register, showing the Passion of Christ, continues beneath the Entry into Jerusalem, and is read from right to left in eight scenes over four bays.
 * 1) The Last Supper
 * 2) Judas agrees to betray Jesus for thirty pieces of silver
 * 3) Jesus prays in the Garden of Gethsemane
 * 4) The Kiss of Judas
 * 5) Jesus at the Praetorium
 * 6) The Scourging of Jesus
 * 7) Jesus crowned with thorns and mocked
 * 8) Jesus carrying the cross to Calvary

Bays five and six
Bay five, beneath the lunette of the Slaughter of the Innocents, has a single large scene of the Crucifixion.

Bay six, beneath the lunette of the Flight into Egypt contained four scenes (destroyed in the 15th century) of post-crucifixion events which are thought to have been:
 * 1) The Deposition
 * 2) The Descent into Limbo
 * 3) The Resurrection
 * 4) Pentecost

The Last Judgement
This scene is painted in fresco on the inner wall of the facade and the adjoining walls of the nave. The work was completed in 1393 by Taddeo di Bartolo, one of the foremost Sienese painters of the 14th century. The central section shows the figure of Christ as Judge, accompanied by the Virgin Mary and St John, with the Apostles. On the right wall is the image of Paradise, in a ruined state. On the left side Hell is represented, along with various depictions of the gruesome torments to be suffered by those who commit and of the Seven Deadly Sins.

Chapel of Santa Fina
This chapel off the right aisle, which has been described as "one of the jewels of Renaissance architecture, painting and sculpture", is dedicated to a young girl, Serafina, known as "Fina" and regarded locally as a saint. Fina, a child renowned for her piety, was orphaned at an early age, and then suffered a disease which rendered her invalid. She lay each day on a wooden palette, and was nursed by two women. According to her legend, eight days before her death at the age of fifteen, Fina had a vision of Pope Gregory who told her that death was near. On the day of her death, 12 March 1253, the bells of San Gimignano rang spontaneously, and large pale mauve flowers grew around her palette. As her nurse laid out her body, her hand moved, touching the nurse and healing her of paralysis that she had suffered as the result of many hours of supporting Fina's head. On the day of her funeral, a blind choir boy had his sight restored by touching her feet. It is said that mauve flowers bloom in San Gimignano every year on the anniversary of her death.

A chapel dedicated to St Fina was built off the right aisle by Giuliano da Maiano, and has architectural details and a finely carved altarpiece by Benedetto da Maiano. The side walls of the chapel were painted in fresco by Domenico Ghirlandaio around 1475, showing, on the walls, Santa Fina's visitation by Pope Gregory and Santa Fina's Funeral, with the various miracles including the two healings and an angel rings the bells in the background. The vault and spandrels were decorated by Sebastiano Mainardi and have figures of Evangelists, Prophets and Doctors of the Church.

Chapel of the Conception
The chapel was built in 1477 and modified in the 17th century. The side lunettes have frescoes by Niccolo di Lapi representing the Birth of the Virgin and St Philip Neri celebration mass. The vault shows the Coronation of the Virgin painted by Pietro Dandini. The altarpiece is the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception by Ludovico Cardi, late 16th century.

St Sebastian
On the rear wall of the nave, beneath the Last Judgement is a fresco of the Martyrdom of St Sebastian painted by Benozzo Gozzoli in 1465. The work was commissioned by the people of San Gimignano as the result of a vow that they made to honour the saint, whose intervention was believed to have brought relief from an outbreak of plague in 1464. The painting shows the figure of Christ and the Virgin Mary in Glory, while below, St Sebastian, standing on a Classical plinth and bristling with arrows, suffers martyrdom and is crowned by angels.

Benozzo Gozzoli received his training under Lorenzo Ghiberti while working on the Baptistry doors. He fulfilled two other important commissions in San Gimignano. Both were at the Church of Sant' Agostino, a fresco cycle of the life of St Augustine of Hippo executed 1464-65, and another St Sebastian, showing the townsfolk sheltering beneath his cloak.

The Annunciation
In the Baptistery Loggia to the south of the church are several small frescoes of saints, and a major work, The Annunciation, previously attributed to Ghirlandaio but now believed to be the work of Sebastiano Mainardi and dated to 1482. In front of The Annunciation stands the font, which was removed from the church and placed in this position in 1632. It is hexagonal, with a sculptured relief on the side, that to the front being the Baptism of Christ, with the two adjoining panels containing kneeling angels. It is the work of the Sienese sculptor Giovanni di Cecco and was commissioned by the Wool-workers Guild in 1379.

Works by Jacopo della Quercia and others

 * The Annunciate angel and the Virgin Mary, two figures carved in wood by Jacopo della Quercia stand towards the end of the nave. They were created around 1421 and later decorated with polychrome by Martino di Martolomeo.
 * Pope Gregory predicts the death of St Fina, an early 14th-century fresco in a lunette of the right nave arcade, thought to be the work of Nicolo di Segna di Bonaventura.
 * The main altar of the church has a large marble ciborium and two kneeling angels with candlesticks, the work of Benedetto Maiano, created at the same time as the altarpiece and tabernacle in the Chapel of Santa Fina, 1475.
 * The crucifix of the chancel is by the Florentine sculptor, Giovanni Antonio Noferi, 1754. Noferi also designed the marble pavement of the chancel.


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Long-distance swimming

Long-distance swimming is distinguished from ordinary swimming in that the distances involved are longer than are typically swum in pool competitions. When a given swim calls more on endurance than on outright speed, it is the more likely to be considered a long-distance swim. Long-distance swims, however, may take place in pools, such as the 1st official 24 hours World Championship in 1976 won by Peppo Biscarini with a record of 83.7 km (24 hour swims in a 50 m-long pool) or the current 25 meter pool world record of 2008 Olympic gold medalist Maarten van der Weijden. Some of the better-known long-distance swims are crossings of the English Channel, Catalina Channel, Fehmarn Belt and Cook Strait.

Ultra-long-distance swimming is sometimes referred to as marathon swimming. The minimum distance that constitutes a marathon swim has dramatically shortened over time. Different organizations adopt various minimum distances. The swimming marathon events at the Olympic games have a distance of 10 km.

Long-distance swims tend to fall into one of two categories: (1) swims in which the start date and start time are chosen by the individual swimmer (often called solo-swims), and (2) swims that involve a group-start.

Long-distance swimming is one of the events wherein there are women's records that beat men's records under equal conditions.

Organization regulations
Swim organizations, for the purposes of their record keeping, often impose other rules. FINA and International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame do not keep records for swims that employ thermal insulating material, drag reduction fabrics, buoyancy aids, breathing apparatus, propulsion prosthetics, etc. For major channel crossings, most organizations do allow the swimmer to use outside help, an example being that the swimmer swims alongside a boat that uses sophisticated electronics and telecommunications to help the swimmer take the easiest path through surface currents and tides. Such boats can also make the challenge easier for the swimmer by blocking wind and surface chop. Such boats also carry food and hot beverages for the swimmer to consume periodically during the swim (e.g. every 20 to 30 minutes).

In another variant, some swim organizations simply have different sets of records for different equipment scenarios (e.g. wetsuit and non-wetsuit divisions), similar to the structure of free diving record keeping.

Long-distance swimming in the Netherlands
The Netherlands has a rich tradition in these races, which are known in Dutch as langebaanzwemmen (literally "long-lane swimming"). , some have been organised continually for over 50 years. Many Dutch competitors have also achieved prestige in the international arena, such as Herman Willemse, Judith de Nijs, Lenie de Nijs, Joke van Staveren, Barry Van der Chuckle, Monique Wildschut, Irene van der Laan, Hans van Goor, Edith van Dijk and Maarten van der Weijden (Olympic medalist).

In the Netherlands, there are three categories of langebaanzwemmen:
 * Prestatietochten (lit. "achievement-tour"): distances over 250 m for all categories (inclusive of participants without a racing permit).
 * Langeafstandzwemmen (lit. "long-distance swimming): distances up to 10 km. This category includes open water events. In this category there are the Open Nationale Kampioenschappen in 5 km and 10 km freestyle, with separate events for professionals and amateurs, and
 * Marathonzwemmen (lit. "marathon swimming"): distances over 10 km. The Nationale Kampioenschappen (national championships) in this category is a joint venture with neighbouring Belgium.

Most events are in the long-distance category, with around 25 in the Netherlands. An approximately equal number are organised in Flanders in Belgium. The waterways of the Low Countries, therefore, are some of the busiest in open-water swimming in the world.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Long-distance swimming


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CFB Summerside

Canadian Forces Base Summerside (CFB Summerside) was an air force base located in St. Eleanors, Prince Edward Island, Canada, now part of the city of Summerside.

World War II
The airfield was constructed by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) between 1940–1941 and was named RCAF Station Summerside.

It was home to No. 9 Service Flying Training School RCAF, a flight school that operated under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP). Relief or emergency airfields were located at nearby RCAF Station Mount Pleasant and Wellington. Airmen were trained on Harvards. In July 1942 No. 9 SFTS moved to RCAF Station Centralia and was replaced by No. 1 General Reconnaissance School RCAF which flew Ansons. No. 1 GRS was renamed to No. 1 Reconnaissance and Navigation School in 1945.

Aerodrome information
The airfield was constructed in the typical BCATP wartime pattern, with runways formed in a triangle. In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as RCAF Aerodrome - Summerside, Prince Edward Island at 46.45°N, -63.83333°W with a variation of 25 degrees west and elevation of 50 ft. Six runways were listed as follows:

Relief landing field – Mount Pleasant
The primary relief landing field (R1) for RCAF Station Summerside was RCAF Station Mount Pleasant. The station was located east of the community of Ellerslie, Prince Edward Island.

Relief landing field – Wellington
The secondary relief landing field (R2) for RCAF Station Summerside was located north-east of the community of Wellington, Prince Edward Island. In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as RCAF Aerodrome - Wellington, Prince Edward Island at 46.48333°N, -64.01667°W with a variation of 24 degrees west and elevation of 150 ft. Three runways were listed as follows:

Cold War
The station was closed in 1946 but reopened in 1947 with the formation of No. 1 Air Navigation School (ANS). This was a NATO training facility. No. 1 ANS left in 1953 and the Central Navigation School was established. In 1949 No. 2 (Maritime) Operational Training Unit started operation. The influx of personnel and their families required the building of more accommodation quarters. In 1949 the base housing was completed and named "Slemon Park" in honour of Air Marshal Roy Slemon.

During the Cold War, the base was home to anti-submarine and coastal patrol aircraft such as the Lancaster B.X, CP-122 Neptune, CP-107 Argus, and CP-121 Tracker. Other aircraft operated from Summerside include the CC-115 Buffalo and CH-113 Labrador. These aircraft were operated by various squadrons and units including No. 2 (Maritime) Operational Training Unit, No. 107 Rescue Unit, 413 Transport and Rescue Squadron, 420 Air Reserve Squadron, 880 Maritime Reconnaissance Squadron (Royal Canadian Navy), 31 Support Air Group (Royal Canadian Navy), and 415 Maritime Patrol Squadron.

On 1 February 1968, the merger of the three service branches into the unified Canadian Forces saw RCAF Station Summerside change its name to Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Summerside.

In 1977, the Government of Canada formally ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which mandated the creation of an Exclusive Economic Zone extending 200 nmi off all coasts. This created a requirement for military enforcement of sovereignty to protect natural resources within the EEZ, such as oil and gas reserves, and fisheries.

CFB Summerside's primary mission evolved during the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s into providing support for Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the government department responsible for managing Canada's ocean resources. CP-121 Trackers were used to patrol Georges Bank and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to monitor foreign fishing fleets. Search and rescue (SAR) was a secondary role which was no less important to the civilian population of the Maritime Provinces which, relied on SAR aircraft for urgent medevac to large tertiary-care hospitals in Halifax, Nova Scotia and Moncton, New Brunswick, as well as for mariners and air crew who frequently found themselves in distress, requiring rescue.

The 1989 federal budget cuts to the Department of National Defence identified CFB Summerside as a candidate for base closure. At the time, the base employed some 1,200, and contributed about C$50 million to the province's economy each year. Local concern groups were formed to protest the closure. On 14 May 1989, about 10,000 people (more than the population of Summerside at the time) marched in protest. City streets were festooned in yellow ribbons, a symbol of opposition to the closure. About 400 Prince Edward Islanders travelled to Ottawa in June 1989 to protest at Parliament Hill. In response to this opposition, then-minister of national defence, Bill McKnight, told the House of Commons, "there is no military operational reason to maintain that base". In 1991 the base was closed and the majority of military units were transferred to CFB Greenwood in Nova Scotia.

Past scheduled passenger airline service
The airfield was served by Eastern Provincial Airways during the 1960s and early 1970s which operated nonstop flights to Moncton and the Magdalen Islands as well as direct service via a stop in Charlottetown to Halifax; Sydney, NS; Deer Lake, NL; Gander, NL; and St. John's, NL with Douglas DC-3 prop aircraft and Handley Page Dart Herald turboprop aircraft.

Current use
The entire property including airfield, housing units, hangars and support structures was renamed Slemon Park and was transferred to a local development authority named "Slemon Park Corporation". Today the site is host to a mix of public and private sector operations, including Vector Aerospace and several other aerospace companies. Employment at Slemon Park facilities now exceeds pre-1991 levels.

The airfield remains active as the Summerside Airport. Though the airfield has the longest runways in the province, it only supports general aviation with the closest scheduled passenger airline flights being offered via the Charlottetown Airport.

During its existence as an air force base, CFB Summerside was jurisdictionally situated in the township of Lot 17. In the 1995 municipal amalgamation that saw the city of Summerside created, the city's municipal boundary was extended to divide the former base, with the Summerside Airport and the industrial facilities of Slemon Park remaining in Lot 17, while the residential area of Slemon Park was placed within the city of Summerside.

Incidents and accidents

 * On 31 March 1977, a Canadair CP-107 Argus maritime patrol aircraft crashed while attempting to land at the base. Of the 16 crew members on board, three were killed.
 * On 24 May 1986, a CF-18 fighter jet attached to 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron at CFB Bagotville crashed into Malpeque Bay shortly after taking off from CFB Summerside, killing the pilot, Captain Tristan De Koninck. It was the third crash of a CF-18.

title: CFB Summerside


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List of companies of Hungary

Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. It covers an area of 93,030 km2, situated in the Carpathian Basin and bordered by Slovakia to the north, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, Slovenia to the west, Austria to the northwest, and Ukraine to the northeast. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe. Hungary's capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, classified as an Alpha- global city. Major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr.

Hungary is a middle power and has the world's 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the world's 36th largest exporter and importer of goods. Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a social security and universal health care system, and a tuition-free university education.

For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations, see "Business entities in Hungary".

Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

title: List of companies of Hungary


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Gavelkind

Gavelkind was a system of land tenure chiefly associated with the Celtic law in Ireland and Wales and with the legal traditions of the English county of Kent.

The word may have originated from the Old Irish phrases Gabhaltas-cinne or Gavail-kinne, which meant "family settlement" (Modern Gaelic gabhail-cine). The term came to describe all tenure and inheritance practices where land was divided equally among sons or other heirs.

Kent's inheritance pattern was a system of partible inheritance and bears a resemblance to Salic patrimony. As such, it may bear witness to a wider Germanic tradition that was probably ancient. Over the centuries, various acts were passed to disgavel individual manors, but the custom was only fully abolished in England and Wales by the Administration of Estates Act 1925.

Gavelkind in Kent
Before the abolition of gavelkind tenure by the Administration of Estates Act 1925, all land in Kent was presumed to be held by gavelkind until the contrary was proved. It was more correctly described as socage tenure, subject to the custom of gavelkind. The chief peculiarities of the custom were the following:

 * A tenant could pass on part or all of his lands as a fiefdom from the age of 15.
 * On conviction for a felony, the lands were not subject to corruption of blood.
 * The tenant could generally dispose of his lands in his will.
 * In case of intestacy, the estate was passed on to all sons or their representatives in equal shares, with all sons being left equally a gentleman. Although females claiming in their own right were given a second preference, they could still inherit through representation.
 * A dowager was entitled to half of the land.
 * A widow who had no children was entitled to inherit half of the estate as a tenant as long as she remained unmarried.

Gavelkind, an example of customary law in England, was thought to have existed before the Norman Conquest of 1066, but was generally superseded by the feudal law of primogeniture introduced by the Normans. Its survival in Kent has been popularly attributed to negotiations made between the people of the county and William the Conqueror, although this suggestion has been debated by scholars.

Gavelkind in Wales
 In medieval Wales, a legal framework had developed based on the ancient Celtic laws and traditions similar to those in Ireland. These included a custom of gavelkind inheritance known as cyfran.

Cyfran was an ancient tradition passed down orally by jurists and bards until the mid-10th century, when the laws were finally codified during the reign of Hywel Dda. The Cyfraith Hywel would become the most well-known and widely-adopted Welsh legal structure, and many of the laws were concerned with inheritance. The concept of cyfran stated that on a landowner's death, his land would be divided equally among all of the sons, including those who were illegitimate.

The continual division of lands and titles with each successive generation has been seen by some historians as detrimental to the success and stability of Welsh princes and lords, especially compared to the system of primogeniture practised in Norman England and by the Marcher Lords, whose entire patrimony was often passed on directly to the eldest son. The Welsh historian Philip Yorke, writing in 1799, summarised the situation:

"Our laws of gavelkind, had ill effect, applied to the succession as the freedom of the State; it balanced the power and raised the competition of the younger branches against the elder; a Theban war of Welsh brethren ending in family blood, and national destruction." The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 saw the Welsh legal system being replaced with English law, and the laws associated with gavelkind were replaced with those of primogeniture. However, as in England, the custom of gavelkind was not finally abolished until the Administration of Estates Act 1925.

Gavelkind in Ireland
In Ireland, gavelkind was a species of tribal succession by which the land, instead of being divided at the death of the holder amongst his sons, was thrown again into the common stock and redivided among the surviving members of the sept.

Under Traditional Irish law, land was divided at the death of the holder among his sons. The Normans called the Irish inheritance law gavelkind because of its apparent similarity to Jutish gavelkind inheritance in Kent.

title: Gavelkind


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Grant Sawyer

Frank Grant Sawyer (December 14, 1918 – February 19, 1996) was an American politician. He was the 21st Governor of Nevada from 1959 to 1967. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Early life
Sawyer was born on December 14, 1918, in Twin Falls, Idaho. He was the son of two osteopaths, Harry William and Bula Belle Cameron Sawyer. Sawyer's father was also a state legislator in Nevada.

Sawyer served in the U.S. Army during World War II. He married Bette Norene Hoge on August 1, 1946.

Education
Sawyer attended Linfield College for two years and later enrolled at the University of Nevada, Reno, where he graduated in 1941. While a student at Nevada, Sawyer was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. Sawyer then went to The George Washington University Law School but left to enlist in the army at the beginning of World War II. After his military service he enrolled at Georgetown University, where he received a law degree in 1946.

Political career
He served as District Attorney for Elko County, Nevada from 1950 to 1958. Sawyer served as the governor of Nevada from 1959 to 1967. He was defeated in his attempt at a third term by Paul Laxalt.

Governor Sawyer worked to push through civil rights policies and legislation, a difficult process in a state that had been accused of being "the Mississippi of the West."

He was responsible for the development of the modern casino regulatory system with the passage of the Gaming Control Act of 1959 and the formation of the Nevada Gaming Commission. Sawyer swam against the tide of history when he unsuccessfully fought to prevent corporate ownership over Nevada casinos.

Sawyer was the first western governor to endorse the fledgling presidential campaign of Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy in 1960.

Commentators have reflected on Sawyer's career as follows: Grant Sawyer served two turbulent terms as Nevada's governor from 1959 to 1967. Sawyer was an advocate of progressive change. By the late fifties he had come so far from his start in the conservative political machine of Senator Patrick McCarran that many powerful Nevadans considered his policies on education, the environment, and civil rights to be dangerously radical. When he demanded meaningful regulatory control over casino gaming and took decisive action to purge the industry of its mob connections, the establishment's resistance stiffened. Eventually, Sawyer's positions brought him into open conflict with special interests and led to a collision with the justice department of the federal government, but he never backed down.

Later years
In 1967, Sawyer co-founded Lionel Sawyer & Collins. For many years, this was the largest private law firm in Nevada. The firm ceased operations on December 31, 2014, with nineteen of its lawyers joining Fennemore Craig.

Sawyer died on February 19, 1996, in Las Vegas, Nevada of complications of a debilitating stroke suffered in 1993, at the age of 77. His wife Bette, a native of Baker City, Oregon, died on September 11, 2002, at the age of 79. They are both interred at the Palm Memorial Park in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Legacy
The following facilities are named for the former governor:
 * The Grant Sawyer Building, a state office building, located at 555 East Washington Avenue, Las Vegas
 * Grant Sawyer Middle School, located at 5450 Redwood Street, Las Vegas
 * The Grant Sawyer Center for Justice Studies, part of the School of Social Research and Justice Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno

title: Grant Sawyer


text:
Talk:Coming out

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is currently the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between January 24, 2022 and May 13, 2022. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Gussbus.

Expanding the article
As someone appropriately noted, the article mainly covers the topic of coming out as it relates to LGBT people in the United States. I do not think that there should be a new article written about coming out in other parts of the world as the United States is not the focal point of such human-level phenomena. I will personally be adding possible sources to this section for myself and other editors to consider while we expand the article. I think it is incredibly vital that an all-encompassing perspective be represented. If anyone would like to join me in sharing sources, please do! This should certainly be a team effort. Hopefully with the participation of LGBT editors in countries other than the States. 4theloveofallthings (talk) 07:35, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Possible sources:
 * Dangers faced by LGBTQ people in the Middle East
 * Recognizing coming out day in Europe
 * Progress and setbacks of LGBT rights in Africa
 * What’s behind the ‘terrifying’ backlash against Australia’s queer community?
 * 4theloveofallthings (talk) 07:43, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

US centred article
Paragraph three of the 'History' section mentions the 'first US citizen to come out'. should this not be cut? it is one of the explicitly mentioned issues within the article that it is primarily concerning the united states of america. why should this person be mentioned over, say, the first person to come out in the world? or for that matter any and every country on our planet? Sebimus (talk) 20:20, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I do think it's a bit US centred. I think that maybe some of them should be kept, but I see no real significance in Donald Webster Cory for the summary, but I am not familiar with him to know for certain. — Panamitsu (talk) 21:41, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coming out


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Frances Heflin

Mary Frances Heflin (September 20, 1920 – June 1, 1994) was an American actress. She is best known for her role as Mona Kane Tyler on the soap opera All My Children (1970–1994).

Early life
Heflin was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the daughter of Fanny Bleecker (née Shippey) and Dr. Emmett Evan Heflin, a dentist. She had two older brothers, Martin, a public relations executive, and Van, an actor. Through Martin, she was the aunt of actress Marta Heflin.

Career
Heflin made her Broadway debut in her teens and was later featured in the original productions of The Skin of Our Teeth (1942), The World's Full of Girls (1943), I Remember Mama (1944), and the U.S. premiere of Bertolt Brecht's Galileo on July 30, 1947 in Los Angeles.

Other Broadway credits included The Physicists, A Streetcar Named Desire, The Tempest, Sheppey, All in Favor, and The Walrus and the Carpenter.

She starred in London's West End, in John Gielgud's UK premiere of The Glass Menagerie as Laura opposite Helen Hayes.

A life member of The Actors Studio, Heflin had varying roles on many television series in the 1950s and 1960s, including small roles on Kraft Television Theatre and The Patty Duke Show. But her most notable and enduring role was of Mona Kane Tyler, mother of Erica Kane, on the soap opera All My Children. She played the role from January 1970 until her death in June 1994.

Personal life
Heflin was briefly married to filmmaker Sidney Kaufman from 1944 to 1945, before marrying composer Sol Kaplan in 1945. They remained together until his death in 1990 and had three children: Jonathan Kaplan, a film director, and Nora Heflin and Mady Kaplan, both actresses.

Death
Heflin died of lung cancer on June 1, 1994 in New York City. She was 73 years old.

title: Frances Heflin


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CFRC-FM

CFRC-FM (101.9 MHz) is the non-commercial campus radio station at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The station has one of the longest radio histories in Canada, with experimental broadcasts dating back to 1922 and serves Queen's University students and faculty as well as the greater Kingston community. CFRC-FM is also a member of the National Campus and Community Radio Association.

CFRC-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 3,000 watts. The transmitter is on Station Road in Kingston, near the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway (Ontario Highway 401).

History
A comprehensive oral history of the station was compiled by Arthur Zimmerman, which was broadcast on the station in 1982 and was published in book form in 1991.

Radio technology has a surprisingly long history in Kingston, dating back to the early radio experimentations of Queen's first Professor of General Engineering, James Lester Willis Gill. He mounted the first public exhibition of wireless telegraphy at a Queen's Convocation lecture on April 28, 1902, only four months after Guglielmo Marconi's first successful trans-Atlantic transmission from Signal Hill. By the 1910s regular courses on wireless technology and theory were being taught by Gill, and Professor Gill set up the Queen's wireless telegraph sets at Barriefield war Camp in 1915 and contributed directly to the use of wireless and radio technologies by the Allied forces during World War I.

An informal wireless club was formed by a group of Gill's students, who kept experimenting with the latest available wireless technology. With the help of Professor Douglas Jemmett an experimental station license (9BT) was obtained in the spring of 1922. The station's equipment was housed in the basement (later moved to the second floor) of the Electrical Engineering building, Fleming Hall (named after Sir Sandford Fleming). It had a power output of approximately 250 watts, and had an estimated range of 160 kilometres. While there were likely some preliminary, unscheduled broadcasts by 9BT, the station's first scheduled public broadcast was on October 7, 1922, as Professor Richard O. Jolliffe called the football game between Queen's and McGill. (At that time, the university's football/rugby team, the Queen's Tricolour, were the winners of the Grey Cup for three consecutive years, and it is a common myth that when the current call letters CFRC were assigned, their meaning was "Canada's Famous Rugby Champions"; this acronym being possible, however, was purely coincidental). Some student broadcasters also said that CFRC meant "Crazy Fellows Raising Cain".

An alumnus donation in early 1923 made possible the acquisition of better, more reliable transmitting equipment, and a private commercial licence was obtained under the call letters CFRC by July 1923. CFRC was Kingston's only radio station and began airing programs from the new Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission in 1934, becoming a full affiliate in 1936 in a commercial partnership with the Kingston Whig-Standard newspaper. With the replacement of the CRBC with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1936, CFRC became an affiliate.

In 1938, in what was possibly the station's most notable broadcast, United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's convocation speech at the university was relayed by CFRC to all North American radio networks.

CFRC remained a CBC station for several years however, with a weak signal and with commercial limitations placed on it by the university (such as a ban on advertising for patent medicine), the Whig-Standard sought its own station and, in 1942, launched CKWS 960 (now an FM station), at which time CKWS acquired CFRC's CBC affiliation and its commercial license. In exchange for CKWS carrying some programming from the university, CFRC agreed not to compete commercially with CKWS for ten years and to only engage in broadcasts that filled the university's educational mandate. The station reverted to an experimental outlet for the university's Electrical Engineering Department until 1945 when it resumed programming on a limited basis as part of the Summer Radio Institute - a training program for broadcasters run with the CBC - and thereafter broadcasting non-commercial radio plays by the Queen's Drama Guild. Since the station originally began broadcasting, CFRC periodically changed frequencies until it settled on 1490 AM on March 29, 1941. In 1954, CFRC-FM began broadcasting at 91.9 Megacycles on the FM dial to simulcast the programming of CFRC 1490. In 1957, the university appointed Margaret Angus as its first director of radio and students formed the CFRC Radio Club to produce programming and operate the station under her supervision as a fully fledged campus radio station. In 1986, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved Radio Queen's application to change CFRC-FM's frequency from 91.9 MHz to its current FM frequency, 101.9 MHz. In 1990 the AM frequency went dark and all CFRC programming moved to the FM frequency (which had been broadcasting separate programming since 1970) and a new stereo transmitter.

The station was for many years the only campus radio station in Canada to be owned and operated by a university rather than by its students. This changed in 2003 when ownership and management of the station was transferred from the university to the Alma Mater Society (Queen's student government).

Due to changes in CRTC regulations, CFRC's ownership transitioned from 2012 to 2014 so that it became an autonomous service, no longer owned and operated by the AMS. As a registered non-profit corporation, CFRC 101.9 FM is owned and operated by Radio Queen's University.

CFRC also hosts a podcasting network providing training and resources for independent podcast production.

CFRC Sports
CFRC has for years provided regular coverage of all Queen's Golden Gaels regular season and playoff football games. Intermittently, they have also provided coverage of Golden Gaels hockey and basketball.

Notable CFRC alumni

 * Lorne Greene (1915–1987), CBC wartime announcer, later star of Bonanza and Battlestar Galactica
 * Charles P. B. Taylor (1935–1997), radio/TV/print journalist (Reuters in London 1955-'62; The Globe and Mail in China 1962-'70s), author, horsebreeder (son of E. P. Taylor)
 * Matthew Barber, musician
 * Shelagh Rogers, CBC Radio personality
 * Stu (Stuart) Mills, CBC Radio host (Ottawa Morning)
 * Jeffrey Simpson, print journalist
 * Gord Sinclair, musician
 * The Arrogant Worms, musical group
 * Chris Cuthbert, hockey & football commentator, TSN
 * Peter Watts, football commentator, Calgary Stampeders (CHQR)

title: CFRC-FM


text:
Mentore Maggini

Mentore Maggini (6 February 1890 – 8 May 1941) was an Italian astronomer.

He was director of the Collurania Observatory and is best known for his maps of Mars and the work on binary stars.

A crater on Mars was named in his honor.

title: Mentore Maggini


text:
Dukla Prague

Dukla Prague was a Czech football club from the city of Prague. Established in 1948 as ATK Praha, the club won a total of 11 Czechoslovak league titles and eight Czechoslovak Cups, and in the 1966–67 season, reached the semi-finals of the European Cup. As late as 1985–86 they reached the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup semi-final and they also made a great impact in the American Challenge Cup competition in New York City with four wins between 1961 and 1964. The club sent seven players to the silver medal-winning Czechoslovakia national team in the 1962 World Cup, in a year which saw them win the fifth of their domestic league titles as well as their player Josef Masopust be named European Footballer of the Year. Between the start of the competition in 1955 and 1991, Dukla played more matches in the European Cup than any other team in Czechoslovakia.

Dukla Prague football club was connected to clubs of other sports, but this connection continues no longer. However, separate athletics, rowing, handball, modern pentathlon, cycling, etc. clubs named Dukla Praha still nurture world-class athletes in their respective sports (like Roman Šebrle and others). In contrast to the football clubs, these are still under patronage of the Czech Army.

History
Dukla Prague was formed in 1948 as "Armádní tělovýchovný klub (ATK) Praha" and started life in the top division of Czechoslovak football. The Dukla organisation, as it later became known, was run by the Czechoslovak Army and included seven sports teams. The club changed its name to "Ústřední dům armády (ÚDA) Praha" in 1953, winning the first of eleven league titles in the 1953 season. The club went on to win the 1956 league title, changing their name to "Dukla Praha" the same year in honour of those had fallen at the Battle of Dukla Pass in 1944. The subsequent 1957–58 season brought a second consecutive league title for the club, and its third overall.

The 1960–61 season marked the inaugural season of the Czechoslovak Cup. That season, the Dukla team completed a "double" as they defeated Dynamo Žilina in the cup final to add to their fourth league title. The club was on the verge of another double in 1962, winning the league but losing in the cup final to Slovan Bratislava. 1962 was also a World Cup year. Dukla was represented by seven players on the Czechoslovakia national football team, which reached the final before losing to Brazil. Dukla star Josef Masopust scored in the final as Brazil won 3–1, and was later named as the winner of the 1962 Ballon d'Or. Dukla spent the next two seasons winning the league again, making a total of four titles in a row. The 1964–65 season yielded just the Cup before Dukla completed its second double in 1965–66. The club's final trophy of the decade came in the 1968–69 cup. In the first nine seasons of the cup competition, therefore, Dukla had reached six finals and won four titles.

The competition's format changed after the 1968–69 season, and it was not until 1980–81 that Dukla would record another title in the competition, repeating the achievement in 1982–83, 1984–85 and 1989–90. In the 1985–86 season, the club recorded its record win, a 10–0 victory against Dynamo České Budějovice.

International competitions
Between the start of the competition in 1955 and 1991, Dukla played more matches in the European Cup (45) than any other team in Czechoslovakia. The five players from the Czechoslovak league with the most appearances in the competition in the pre-Champions League era of the European Cup all represented Dukla in the competition, these being Josef Masopust, Jozef Adamec, Jiří Čadek, Josef Vacenovský and Dušan Kabát.

Czech writer and sports journalist Ota Pavel wrote a unique book about Dukla's first victory in the American Challenge Cup and named it Dukla mezi mrakodrapy (Dukla Among Skyscrapers).

The supremacy of Dukla was so undisputed the organizers decided to establish the American Challenge Cup as the final of next International Soccer League editions, in which Dukla was invited to play against the winners of the group stage. Dukla won three American Challenge Cups, over Brazil's America-RJ in 1962 (1–1 and 2–1), over West Ham United in 1963 (1–0 and 1–1) and over Zagłębie Sosnowiec in 1964 (3–1 and 1–1). In later years they struggled to maintain international recognition, however they were well known to British fans thanks to Half Man Half Biscuit's cult song: "All I want for Christmas is a Dukla Prague away kit" which was the B-side of their 1986 single "The Trumpton Riots" and was subsequently issued on the album Back Again in the DHSS and then on the CD release of the album Back in the DHSS. Fans of the band have created considerable demand for replica Dukla Prague shirts and made the team a favourite among hipster football fans.

Dukla's overall record in the International Soccer League and the American Challenge Cup thus comprises 11 wins, four draws and one loss with a score of 49–19.

Czech Republic era
1994 saw the club's long-running association with the military come to an end and at the same time its status as a top-division team was lost. Dukla finished last in the 1993–94 Czech First League, employing three different managers over the course of the season. In a season which saw the club lose 7–0 to Viktoria Žižkov, Dukla won just one of their thirty matches, a 1–0 victory against Hradec Králové. Dukla played the following 1994–95 season in the third-tier Bohemian Football League, finishing in third place behind SK Chrudim and Pelikán Děčín. Dukla was unable to win the league in the 1995–96 season either, again finishing third, this time behind Atlantic Lázně Bohdaneč and Česká Lípa.

The club then merged with second division side FC Portál Příbram in 1996. The new club, which later became known as 1. FK Příbram, played one season in Prague at Juliska before moving to Příbram in 1997, the last home match at Juliska being a 2–2 draw with relegated Baník Havířov on 1 June 1997.

Reformation and return
The name of Dukla Prague disappeared from the Czech football for several years, but not forever. Dukla Dejvice, a local Prague team founded in 1959, began playing at Juliska stadium and adopted Dukla Prague's yellow and red colours.

The club entered the Prague Championship in 2001. In November 2006, Dukla Prague management announced that it had agreed to take over the second league rights of the Jakubčovice team. The legendary club returned to the Czech top league in 2011.

Managers
The following individuals managed Dukla. In the 1948 season there were joint managers.

 * Ladislav Ženíšek, Jiří Zástěra (1948)
 * Ladislav Ženíšek (1949–50)
 * Karel Kolský (1951–52)
 * Bohumil Musil (1953)
 * Karel Kolský (1954–59)
 * Bohumil Musil (1959–60)
 * Jaroslav Vejvoda (1960–65)

 * Bohumil Musil (1965–69)
 * Milan Tošnar (1965–70)
 * Jaroslav Vejvoda (1969–73)
 * Josef Masopust (1973–75)
 * Jaroslav Vejvoda (1975–80)
 * Ladislav Novák (1980–85)
 * Jiří Lopata (1985–87)
 * Jaroslav Jareš (1987–90)

 * Ivo Viktor (1990–91)
 * Michal Jelínek (1991–92)
 * František Plass (1992)
 * Jiří Fryš (1993)
 * Dan Matuška (1993–94)
 * Svatopluk Bouška (1994)

History in domestic competitions

 * Seasons spent at Level 1 of the football league system: 45
 * Seasons spent at Level 2 of the football league system: 0
 * Seasons spent at Level 3 of the football league system: 2

Czech Republic

 * Notes

Honours

 * Czechoslovak First League
 * Champions (11): 1953, 1956, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1981–82
 * Czechoslovak Cup
 * Winners (8): 1960–61, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1968–69, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90
 * Czech Cup
 * Winners (4): 1980–81, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90
 * International Soccer League
 * Winners: 1961

title: Dukla Prague


text:
Rafael Furcal

Rafael Antoni Furcal (born October 24, 1977) is a Dominican former professional baseball shortstop. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Dodgers, St. Louis Cardinals, and Miami Marlins. With St. Louis, he won the 2011 World Series over the Texas Rangers.

Early life
Furcal grew up in Loma de Cabrera, a small village in the Dominican Republic near the Dajabón River and the border with Haiti. His father, Silvino, drove a taxi, and his mother, Aura, was a schoolteacher. Furcal had three older brothers, José, Manuel, and Lorenzo, and a sister.

Silvino Furcal was a standout outfielder during an era when Dominican ballplayers did not get much recognition from Major League scouts. Silvino introduced his sons to baseball and Rafael credited his father with teaching him how to enjoy the game. Until his death in 2010, Silvino would often call Rafael to give him advice after games. Manuel Furcal pitched in the Seattle Mariners organization and Lorenzo played in the Oakland Athletics system before suffering career-ending injuries. José Furcal committed suicide in 1999 and Manuel died that same year in an accident.

Furcal attended Jose Cabrera High School and was prepared to enroll in engineering school before being spotted by a scout at a tryout in Santo Domingo. He was subsequently signed as an amateur free agent by the Atlanta Braves on November 9, 1996, for $5,000.

Minor League Baseball
He began his professional career as a second baseman with the Gulf Coast Braves in 1997. The following season, with the Danville Braves he hit .328 and stole a league record 60 bases in only 66 games. He was named Danville's Player of the Year and Appalachian League All-Star Second Baseman.

In 1999, he switched to shortstop and joined the Macon Braves in "A" ball and hit .337 with 73 stolen bases in 83 games. He was transferred to the advanced "A" team in Myrtle Beach and hit .293 for them with 23 steals in 43 games. He led all of minor league baseball with 96 steals total. He was named to Baseball America's first team All-Star team and the South Atlantic League All-Star team. In addition, he was the Braves Minor League Player of the Year, the South Atlantic League Most Outstanding Prospect and a Class A All-Star.

Atlanta Braves
An injury to Braves shortstop Walt Weiss prior to the 2000 season led to Furcal improbably making the jump from "A" ball to the Major League roster. He made his Major League debut on April 4, 2000, against the Colorado Rockies, getting 2 hits in 4 at-bats. His first hit was against Rockies pitcher Rolando Arrojo.

Furcal went on to hit .295 with 40 stolen bases for the Braves and won the National League Rookie of the Year Award that year.

He missed most of the 2001 season because of a dislocated left shoulder, suffered while stealing second base in a July 6 game at Boston.

The Braves learned Furcal's true age, then 23, at the start of the 2002 season. Before then, he had claimed he was only 21. He returned to the starting lineup that season and tied a modern Major League record with three triples in a game on April 21 against Florida.

Furcal completed an unassisted triple play for the Braves against the St. Louis Cardinals on August 10, 2003. It was the 12th in baseball history. In the fifth inning, the shortstop caught pitcher Woody Williams' liner with the runners moving in a hit and run attempt, stepped on second base to retire catcher Mike Matheny (who later became Furcal's manager in St. Louis) and tagged Orlando Palmeiro before he could return to first.

He was selected to the National League All-Star Team as a reserve in 2003.

In September 2004, during his final season with the Braves, he was arrested for drunk driving, violating his probation dating from an earlier drunk driving arrest in June 2000. Furcal was ordered to serve 21 days in jail. In an unusual arrangement, the beginning of the jail term was contingent upon the Braves' situation on the playoffs. His DUI attorney arranged that resolution so that the baseball team had its full contingency of players for the playoffs. Once the Braves were eliminated from post-season action, Furcal served his time.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On December 7, 2005, Furcal signed a free agent contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers for three years and $39 million. In September 2006 Furcal was selected as the inaugural winner of the Roy Campanella Award, given to the Dodgers player who best exemplifies the spirit and leadership of the late Hall of Fame catcher. The award was voted on by only his teammates.

In May 2007, he became one of only six Major League players to get 4 hits in each of 3 consecutive games.

Early in 2008, he suffered a back injury that kept him sidelined for most of the season, not returning until right before the playoffs started.

In the fifth inning of Game Five the 2008 National League Championship Series against the Philadelphia Phillies, Furcal made three errors to set records for most errors in one NLCS inning and game. He was just the second player to make three errors in one postseason inning. No shortstop had made three errors in one playoff game since Buck Weaver in the 1917 World Series. Two of the errors came on the same play as Furcal booted a routine groundball hit by Pat Burrell and then airmailed his throw behind home plate in a failed attempt to prevent Chase Utley from scoring.

On December 19, 2008, after speculation that he would re-sign with the Braves as a free agent, Furcal signed a 3-year $30 million contract to stay with the Dodgers.

Furcal struggled in the first year of his new contract, hitting only .269 for the Dodgers in 2009. His on-base plus slugging of .711 was also below his career average of .757.

Furcal was added to the 2010 National League All-Star team as a reserve after New York Mets shortstop José Reyes suffered an injury and was forced to withdraw. Furcal walked in his only plate appearance in the game. Due to injuries he only appeared in 97 games for the Dodgers in 2010, but finished with a .300 batting average and stole 22 bases.

In 2011, he spent more time on the disabled list than the active roster for the Dodgers, appearing in just 37 games, during which he hit only .197.

St. Louis Cardinals
Furcal was traded along with cash considerations to the St. Louis Cardinals on July 30, 2011 for Double-A outfielder Alex Castellanos. In 50 games with the Cardinals, he hit .255 with 7 home runs. In the 2011 World Series, he only hit .179 but picked up his only World Series ring when the Cards won the series by beating the Texas Rangers in seven games.

On October 31, 2011, the St. Louis Cardinals declined his $12 million option for 2012. The club signed Furcal to a 2-year, $14 million deal on December 10, 2011. During the 2012 season Furcal was batting .264 with five home runs and 49 RBIs until being sidelined with an elbow injury on August 30. An MRI of the elbow revealed damage to a ligament in his throwing arm. Furcal would be placed on the disabled list for the remainder of the season in order to undergo four to six weeks of physical rehabilitation in the hopes of forestalling surgical repair. As a replacement for Furcal, the Cardinals called up Pete Kozma from the Triple-A affiliate Memphis Redbirds.

On March 7, 2013 the Cardinals announced that Furcal would undergo Tommy John surgery and would almost certainly miss all of the 2013 baseball season. An off-season program of rest and rehabilitation for his damaged right elbow at first appeared to be successful, as Furcal reported for Cardinals spring training. However a bone spur began to cause discomfort prompting an MRI and examination by Cardinals team radiologist Greg Cizek on March 4, 2013, who recommended surgery. A second opinion from noted surgeon Dr. James Andrews confirmed the diagnosis on March 6, 2013. He became a free agent after the 2013 World Series on October 31, 2013.

Miami Marlins
On December 6, 2013, Furcal signed a one-year deal with the Miami Marlins. With the younger Adeiny Hechavarria at shortstop, Furcal was projected to play second base with the Marlins. He made his Marlins debut on June 13, 2014, against the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Kansas City Royals
On March 17, 2015, Furcal signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals. He was released on March 31 and then re-signed the following day to another minor league contract. He played just seven games in the minors for the Wilmington Blue Rocks and Northwest Arkansas Naturals, hitting .240. On May 19, he announced his retirement.

Personal life
During the offseason, Furcal played for the Aguilas Cibaeñas. He resides in Santiago, Dominican Republic with his family. Furcal met his wife, Glenny, during his final spring training with the Braves and the couple has two sons together, Rafael Jr. (born in 2006) and Anthony (born in 2008). Furcal also has a daughter named Ashley (born in 2004) from a previous relationship.

Furcal has used his baseball earnings to give back to his hometown. When Furcal re-signed with the Dodgers in 2008, he arranged to have the Los Angeles Fire Department donate a fire truck to Loma de Cabrera which, until then, did not have a fire department. He has also arranged to pay the hospital bills of Loma de Cabrera residents.

Furcal's father, Silvino, died on Father's Day in 2010 after being kicked by a horse on the family's farm.

Furcal was considered for election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame for the first time in 2020.

title: Rafael Furcal


text:
Lagan Valley (UK Parliament constituency)

Lagan Valley is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons.

The constituency had always returned unionist MPs from its creation until 2019, However it returned Sorcha Eastwood of the Alliance Party in the 2024 election.

Boundaries
1983–1997: The District of Lisburn, and the District of Castlereagh ward of Carryduff.

1997–2010: The District of Lisburn wards of Ballinderry, Ballymacash, Ballymacbrennan, Ballymacoss, Blaris, Derryaghy, Dromara, Drumbo, Dunmurry, Glenavy, Harmony Hill, Hilden, Hillhall, Hillsborough, Knockmore, Lagan Valley, Lambeg, Lisnagarvey, Maghaberry, Magheralave, Maze, Moira, Old Warren, Seymour Hill, Tonagh, and Wallace Park, and the District of Banbridge wards of Dromore North, Dromore South, Gransha, and Quilly.

2010–present: The City of Lisburn wards of Ballinderry, Ballymacash, Ballymacbrennan, Ballymacoss, Blaris, Dromara, Drumbo, Harmony Hill, Hilden, Hillhall, Hillsborough, Knockmore, Lagan Valley, Lambeg, Lisnagarvey, Maghaberry, Magheralave, Maze, Moira, Old Warren, Seymour Hill, Tonagh, Wallace Park, and part of Derryaghy; the District of Banbridge wards of Dromore North, Dromore South, Gransha, and Quilly and the Ballynahatty and Edenderry parts of the Belvoir ward of the City of Belfast.

The seat was created in 1983, as part of an expansion of Northern Ireland's constituencies from 12 to 17, and was predominantly made up from parts of South Antrim and North Down. In their original proposals, in January 1980, the boundary commission proposed calling it 'Lagan'. In further revisions in 1995 it lost some areas to both Belfast West and Strangford. Currently the constituency contains most of Lisburn district and part of Banbridge district.

Following their review of all parliamentary seats in Northern Ireland prior to the 2010 United Kingdom general election the Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland made alterations to Lagan Valley. In an unprecedented decision, passed by Parliament through the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order, one electoral ward was split between two constituencies. This followed concerns in Derriaghy about being moved into the neighbouring but republican West Belfast seat.

Future boundaries
In time for the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland has recommended minor alterations to Lagan Valley, including splitting the wards of Donaghcloney, and Gransha

History
For the history of the equivalent constituencies prior to 1950 please see Antrim (UK Parliament constituency) and Down (UK Parliament constituency) and from 1950 until 1983, please see South Antrim (UK Parliament constituency) and North Down.

Members of Parliament
The Member of Parliament since 1997 was Sir Jeffrey Donaldson who was elected as a member of the Ulster Unionist Party but switched to the Democratic Unionist Party in 2004. He succeeded James Molyneaux who had represented the seat for the UUP since the 1983 general election and previously sat for the old South Antrim constituency which covered much of the same area. Donaldson was elected Leader of the DUP in June 2021, but resigned the leadership in March 2024.

Elections in the 2010s
This seat saw a swing towards the Alliance Party of over 17%, and the largest decrease in vote share for the DUP at the 2019 general election.


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User talk:Guety~enwiki

Hello Guety, welcome to the English Wikipedia. Here are some links you might find useful: If you have any questions, feel free to ask on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 23:53, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Help desk
 * Community Portal
 * Village pump

Sometimes redirects are candidates for speedy deletion but only if they were recently and accidentally created. Usually they will be deleted if the original creator of the redirect asks for its deletion, but as Socialisticher Jugendverband Karl Liebknecht had been created a couple of days ago by a different user, it should remain a redirect unless it is problematic (spelling errors aren't really problematic as there is enough space to store them). Angela. 02:24, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

Ok, I understand, but I think it's still best left at WP:RFD where you've listed it now rather than speedily deleting it. Angela. 02:39, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * oki, maybe its really common in english, i don't know. -guety is talking english bad 02:43, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

English trouble
Perhaps you might like add these:  to your userpage? They result in the messages on the left. Ingoolemo  talk  00:51, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I know about the babel templates, but this account is rarely used. Mostly I am on en as an IP-Adress. -guety is talking english bad 00:59, 2 October 2005 (UTC) PS.: After reading my last two sentences I decidet to be
 * Are you a native German speaker? You might want {{User de}} instead of {{User de-4}}.   Ingoolemo   talk  01:17, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thx, I was confused that User de-5 did not exist. -guety is talking english bad 01:19, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello! SKREAM 02:20, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Situationsplan von Kapstadt.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Situationsplan von Kapstadt.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 15:24, 23 June 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Anrie 15:24, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Guety. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Guety~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:20, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:29, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

Puente Rodolfo Robles
Dieses Bild hat nichts mit Puente Rodolfo Robles und Puente Rodolfo Robles zu machen.. Peter Horn User talk 16:46, 1 February 2024 (UTC) Peter Horn User talk 16:52, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Guety~enwiki


text:
Talk:Villahermosa

old comment
Can someone check out this article? I'm not sure about grammar and style. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roberto.arias~enwiki (talk • contribs) 00:00, 30 July 2004 (UTC)

Removing puffery
I'm deleting the following from the first paragraph, in regard to the city's location:

...and 998 kilometers from Cancún, making it the virtual equidistant stopover point between these two world-renowned centers of tourism.

First of all, a difference of 150 kilometers in distance hardly makes the two locations "virtually equidistant," and it sounds like the whole sentence was simply written to persuade tourists to stop over in Villahermosa. The distance to Mexico City is relevant, perhaps, given that it's the capital. 850 C (talk) 18:27, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

But villermosa is a beautiful town but is that wat the article is about? Idubs1234567890 (talk) 15:39, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Villahermosa


text:
Blind River, Ontario

Blind River is a town situated on the North Channel of Lake Huron in the Algoma District, Ontario, Canada. The town, named after the nearby Blind River, celebrated its centennial in 2006.

History
French explorers discovered the North Channel and made it a renowned voyageur route. Fur traders, loggers and miners followed to seek natural resources. A fur trading post was established by the North West Company in 1789 at the mouth of the Mississagi River. When the fur trade slowed about 1820, the Hudson's Bay Company purchased the North West Company. A number of trappers settled along the rivers flowing into Lake Huron. One of the rivers, just three miles (5 km) east of the Mississagi mouth, was called Penewobecong, which translates to "smooth rock or sloping". The voyageurs named the river the Blind River because the mouth was not easily visible along the canoe route. The name Blind River was adopted by the settlement that grew at the mouth of the river. Blind River's post office was established in 1877.

The logging industry developed because of the accessibility of timber along the Blind River and Mississagi watersheds. The industry was spurred by a copper discovery in the mid-19th century in Bruce Mines. The first sawmill was built beside the mouth of the Blind River at the current site of the Old Mill Motel. The protected estuary of the east arm of the Blind River as well as the deep water offshore offered a good location for the mill. The sawmill provided timber and planks for the copper mine. The Canadian Pacific Railway arrived in Blind River in 1888 when its Algoma Branch was extended westward from Algoma Mills to Sault Ste. Marie.

By 1906, when Blind River had been incorporated as a town, a second larger sawmill had been erected on the west arm of the Blind River. Today the west arm is the location of the Blind River Marine Park. In 1929, the Carpenter Hixon Company built a state-of-the-art pine sawmill producing 89 million board feet of lumber in its first year. Through boom and bust the mill survived under the name McFadden Lumber Company for over forty years as the largest white pine sawmill east of the Rocky Mountains, with an annual capacity of 120,000,000 board feet (280,000 m³) of lumber, an output never reached in actual production.. The Great Mississagi Fire of 1948 led to a depletion of timber, difficult economic conditions and the eventual closing of the mill in 1969. The lumber history is commemorated in the Timber Village Museum.

In 1955, uranium was discovered near Blind River. The first uranium mine began operation as the Pronto Mine in Algoma Mills. Although its life was short-lived, its significance was that it led to the discovery of the entire Blind River-Elliot Lake uranium mining camp. In 1983 a uranium refinery was built just west of Blind River. This uranium refinery is owned and operated by the Cameco Corporation, which processes uranium concentrates from all over the world into uranium trioxide.

The town of Blind River made headlines in 1991 for a double homicide that occurred at the local rest stop off the Trans-Canada Highway. On June 28, 1991, an unknown assailant shot an elderly couple from Lindsay, Ontario, Gord McAllister, 62, and his wife Jackie, 59, and 29-year-old Brian Major. The killer gained entry into the McAllisters' motor home by posing as a police officer. Jackie McAllister and Brian Major died of their wounds. The case was profiled in 1993 on NBC-TV's Unsolved Mysteries. No one has ever been charged in the homicides, but a suspect, Ronald Glenn West (a former Toronto police officer convicted of two rape-murders in Toronto in 1970 for which he is currently serving two life sentences, and of a series of robbery-assaults in Sault Ste. Marie in 1995), was under suspicion. Gord McAllister died on February 14, 2012.

Until 1997, Blind River had its own radio station, CJNR-AM 730. In 1997, the station was absorbed into the new CKNR-FM, based in Elliot Lake.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Blind River had a population of $3,422$ living in $1,600$ of its $2,207$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $3,472$. With a land area of 513.98 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Population trend:
 * Population in 2016: 3,472
 * Population in 2011: 3,549
 * Population in 2006: 3,780
 * Population in 2001: 3,969
 * Population in 1996: 3,152 (or 4,374 when adjusted for 2001 boundaries)
 * Population in 1991: 3,355

Economy
Its main businesses are tourism, fishing, logging, and uranium refining.

Transportation links are Highway 17 (part of the Trans-Canada Highway), the Huron Central Railway operating on the leased Canadian Pacific Railway line that runs through the town, and the Blind River Marine Park, a town-owned marina servicing pleasure craft. A 1991 study by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation proposed the extension of Highway 555 (Granary Lake Road) from Blind River to meet Spine Road in Elliot Lake, creating a new route which would reduce the length of a commute between the two communities by approximately 20 kilometres. Although the ministry has announced no firm plans to construct the proposed road, Elliot Lake City Council passed a motion in August 2015 calling for the project's revival on the grounds that it would provide significant economic benefit to both communities.

The town also provides services to the surrounding communities through its District Health Centre, two high schools (W.C. Eaket Secondary School and École secondaire catholique Jeunesse-Nord) and three elementary schools (Blind River Public School, St. Mary's Catholic School and the French-language École Catholique St-Joseph). Blind River has seven churches, as well as a Kingdom Hall located just outside the town, and a variety of merchants and service industries.

Blind River has many beaches on Lake Huron, including Fourth Sand, Sellers Park, Boom Camp, Forest Glen Beach, as well as many others. Blind River is home to a large uranium refinery operated by the Cameco Corporation, which is situated just outside town as well as a world-renowned golf course by the name of Huron Pines Country Club, which is just 1.5 kilometres away from one of the longest running businesses in the area, MacIver's Motel & Camp Ltd, which has been family operated since 1946.

It is also home of Lauzon Aviation Co. Ltd since 1959. Lauzon Aviation is a family owned and operated outfitter offering Fly-In Hunting & Fishing Wilderness Vacations. They have appeared in several TV episodes of Fishing Canada and The New Fly Fisherman and featured in articles in Ontario Out of Doors, Field & Stream, Outdoor Life and published Trade History of the North Shore and Lake Huron.

Sports and culture

 * The town is home to the Blind River Beavers of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League.
 * The Voyageur Hiking Trail passes near the town.
 * "Rocking on the River" music festival held since 2010.

In pop culture
Well, it was back in Blind River in 1962 When I last saw you alive But we missed that shift on the long decline Long may you run.
 * Canadian singer Neil Young makes reference to Blind River in his song "Long May You Run", a story about the demise of his 1948 Buick Roadmaster hearse.

 * Wade Hemsworth's "The Black Fly Song", about a survey crew in northern Ontario in 1949, has a verse about a cook named "Blind River Joe".
 * In the 1959 film, Anatomy of a Murder, the character Mary Pilant, played by Kathryn Grant, was born in Blind River, Ontario.
 * The Blind River Beavers are mentioned in the 1986 film Youngblood, starring Rob Lowe and Patrick Swayze.

Notable people

 * Home town to former ice hockey player Tom Cassidy who played for the Pittsburgh Penguins. He was drafted 22nd overall in the 1972 by the California Golden Seals.
 * Home town to Claude Julien, a former head coach of the Montreal Canadiens and Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League.
 * Birthplace of Bob Dupuis who represented Canada at the 1980 Winter Olympics and played a game with the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League.

title: Blind River, Ontario


text:
Duran Duran (1993 album)

Duran Duran (commonly known as The Wedding Album ) is the seventh studio album and the second self-titled album by the English pop rock band Duran Duran, released on 15 February 1993 through Parlophone and Capitol Records.

Background
As the 1990s progressed, the once-certain popularity that Duran Duran enjoyed in the 1980s began to fade. Many critics began to write them off as a throwback to the new wave era, with some declaring their career "over". During this period, the band found themselves struggling to adjust to the evolving music scene, which was being shaped by the rise of genres like hip hop, techno, and alternative rock. Keyboardist Nick Rhodes said in a 2013 retrospective piece: "The '80s had ended and a lot of people wanted to lock the door and close Duran Duran in that decade, too, I think. At the end of the '80s, music changed considerably. We had grunge, techno and rave culture, which left us in a place where we felt we had to make ourselves relevant to the times. We weren't about to make a grunge or techno album, but we had our songwriting. We very much went back to basics."

Following the release of their studio album Liberty in 1990, Duran Duran faced worsening financial difficulties. This was primarily attributed to poor album sales, lack of touring to promote Liberty, and excessive spending.  The album saw limited commercial success, peaking at number 46 in the US. The singles "Violence of Summer (Love's Taking Over)" and "Serious" achieved only moderate to low success on the US and UK charts. Despite reaching number eight in the UK, it wasn't enough to convince Capitol or EMI, Duran Duran's record labels, that the band was on the right track. Nonetheless, Capitol did not completely abandon them, agreeing to provide financial support for a new album under strict supervision.

Recording
Duran Duran was recorded and produced mainly at American musician Warren Cuccurullo's home studio in Battersea, London, named "Privacy".

Title and packaging
The band ultimately chose to self-title the album after describing themselves as having to go "back to the basics". After its publication, the album became known alternatively as The Wedding Album, inspired by the album's cover art and to distinguish it from the band's 1981 album.

British visual design artist Nick Egan collaborated with graphic designer Eric Roinestad to create the album cover for Duran Duran. Departing from the band's traditional approach of costly album cover photoshoots, Egan opted to craft a "piece of art" that would stand out. His final design features a collage using sepia-toned wedding photos of each band member's parents, suggested by Nick Rhodes, with a gold Duran Duran logo at the centre. The inspiration behind the collage was drawn from the work of American graphic artist Robert Rauschenberg, known for his influence on the pop art movement. Egan aimed to capture the essence of Rauschenberg's collages, which he describes as having "seemingly random images [laid] on top of each other with the faintest hint of off-register color as if the whole thing were screen-printed". British magazine Classic Pop cited other potential inspirations for the album design, such as Jean-Michel Basquiat for its "raw illustrative sketching" and Andy Warhol for its "overlaid print effects". Throughout the album are liner notes created using embossing tape from a Dymo label printer and grease pencil writing on masking tape, contributing to the do-it-yourself concept Egan envisioned.

Prior to the creation of the album cover, John Taylor was looking for an artist to design the band's new album cover. He mentioned to American actor Billy Zane, who happened to be visiting London at the time, that he was interested in having Nick Egan create the artwork. To Taylor's surprise, Zane revealed that he was good friends with Egan, and that he was also in London. Taylor promptly reached out to Egan, arranging a meeting at his residence within hours to discuss the band's vision for the album design.

Release and singles
Recording of the album was completed in early 1992, with a planned mid-year release by their record label.  However, Duran Duran's new management company, Left Bank, was distressed at the industry's lack of interest in the band and the label's seeming lack of enthusiasm for promotion of the album. Despite receiving positive feedback from shared material of the album that Duran Duran had provided to Capitol-EMI, the band's label were hesitant in releasing the album, preferring to focus on what they considered to be "priority" acts. This led to the album being temporarily pulled from the release schedule as a way to address the concerns raised by Left Bank. In an interview with HitQuarters, Left Bank manager Tommy Manzi expressed frustration, stating that the industry seemed resistant to the comeback of Duran Duran. He believed that the focus was on promoting "the next hip band" rather than supporting established acts like Duran Duran. Manzi mentioned that industry insiders even "laughed at" Left Bank while they worked on reviving the careers of not only Duran Duran, but also Meat Loaf. Despite their efforts, industry insiders seemed to dismiss these "old" acts. This lack of recognition and support ultimately resulted in the album being shelved, with a release date set for 1993.

During the delay of the album, the remaining members of Duran Duran found themselves at a creative crossroads. John Taylor returned to his wife in Los Angeles, while Simon Le Bon, Nick Rhodes, and Warren Cuccurullo began working on cover songs for what would later become the Thank You album. The unexpected leak of their song "Ordinary World" to radio stations in Jacksonville, Florida caught the band off guard. Speculation arose that their own record label had intentionally leaked the track to gauge public interest, as Duran Duran had seen a decline in popularity after a decade of chart success. To their surprise, "Ordinary World" received positive reception from listeners and was a hit at radio stations, sparking a renewed interest in the band's music. The positive feedback led to Capitol Records advancing the song's release as a single. "Ordinary World" was officially released as a single on 19 December 1992 by Capitol Records and made its debut on record charts the following year, reaching number six in the UK and number three in the US.

Personnel
Adapted from the album's liner notes.

 * Duran Duran
 * Simon Le Bon – lead vocals
 * Warren Cuccurullo – acoustic and electric guitars
 * Nick Rhodes – keyboards
 * John Taylor – bass guitar (except track 6)

 * Additional personnel
 * John Jones – programming, engineer, keyboards, drums (all tracks except 1, 2, 7 and 9), bass (track 6)
 * Milton Nascimento – vocals (track 7)
 * Steve Ferrone – drums (tracks 1 and 2), percussion (track 10)
 * Vinnie Colaiuta – drums (track 7 and "Falling Angel")
 * Dee Long – additional keyboards (track 11)
 * Bosco – percussion (track 7)
 * Lamya – backing vocals (track 3)
 * Tessa Niles – backing vocals (track 6)
 * Karen Hendrix – vocal samples (track 4)
 * Jack Merigg – vocal samples (track 4)

 * Production
 * Duran Duran – production (all tracks), mixing (track 5)
 * John Jones – production (all tracks), engineering (all tracks except track 9) , sub-mixing, mixing (track 5)
 * Tony Taverner – live drum session engineering (tracks 1, 2, 7, and 9)
 * Stuart Every – assistant live drum session engineer (tracks 1, 2, and 7)
 * David Richards – mixing (tracks 1–3, 6–8, and 10–13)
 * David Leonard – mixing (tracks 4 and 9)
 * Kevin Metcalfe – mastering

title: Duran Duran (1993 album)


text:
Rubén Gómez (baseball)

Rubén Gómez (July 13, 1927 – July 26, 2004) was a professional right-handed starting pitcher who became the first Puerto Rican to pitch in a World Series game. He was also the winning pitcher in the first Major League Baseball game played west of Kansas City. In his homeland, Gómez was nicknamed El Divino Loco ("the Divine Madman"), on account of his willingness to pitch in tough situations and #22.

Major league career
Gómez (birth name: Rubén Gómez Colón ) was born in Arroyo, Puerto Rico. He debuted with the New York Giants on April 17, 1953. He finished his rookie season with a 13–11 record. Gómez created some controversy when, on the order of Giants' manager Leo Durocher, he hit Brooklyn Dodgers player Carl Furillo with a pitch. Gómez would hit other notables with pitches in his career, including Joe Adcock and Frank Robinson.

After going 17–9 in his second season, Gómez pitched and won Game 3 of the 1954 World Series in the Giants sweep of the Cleveland Indians. He thus became the first Puerto Rican player to be a member of a World Series championship team, becoming a hero in his native country (schools closed the day he pitched in the World Series so students could watch the game). When Gómez returned to Puerto Rico, he was greeted by thousands of fans at the San Juan airport and a holiday was declared.

After the 1957 season, the Dodgers and Giants moved to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively. On April 15, 1958, Gómez made baseball history when he pitched an 8–0 shutout against the Dodgers at San Francisco's Seals Stadium in the first Major League Baseball game played on the West Coast. He thus became the first pitcher to win a game played on the West Coast; the losing pitcher was future Hall of Famer Don Drysdale.

In 1958, Gómez was traded to the Phillies. In the 1959 season he was only 3–8 in 72 innings, and went 0–3 in 1960. He was out of the major leagues in 1961 and returned in 1962 to pitch for both the Indians and the Twins, compiling a combined 2–3 record. Five years later he returned to finish his major league career with $11 1⁄3$ innings for the Phillies.

Other professional leagues
Gómez later went to the Mexican League, where he pitched with Veracruz, Mexico. One day a young boy begged Gómez to buy a lottery ticket that he was selling to make some badly needed money. The boy insisted that Gómez buy the ticket because his uniform number matched that of the ticket, and Gómez, who did not normally buy such tickets, agreed. To his great surprise the ticket was a winner of a $35,000 prize. Gómez attempted to share the money with the boy's family and when they refused, he went to a local bank and set up a trust fund for the lad, to be given to him at age 18. In 1967, Gómez was 39 years old and still playing with Veracruz, when the Phillies gave him another shot. He pitched only $11 1⁄3$ innings that season in seven games, making his last appearance on May 2, 1967.

Between 1947 and 1977, Gómez played 28 winter seasons with the Cangrejeros de Santurce and Vaqueros de Bayamón of the Puerto Rican league, setting league marks for a pitcher in wins (174) and ERA (2.97). In addition, his six victories in the Caribbean World Series ties him with José Bracho and Camilo Pascual for the most all-time wins in the tournament.

Gómez also pitched in the Venezuelan league for the Navegantes del Magallanes during the 1965–1966 season, and from 1968 to 1970 in the Saguenay senior league for the Chicoutimi Bombardiers. He was the star of the league. His first year with Chicoutimi he got a perfect record of 12–0 and an earned run average of 1.20. Next year, 1969, he went 9–1 with a 0.82 ERA. Two other former MLB players also played in that league: Art Ditmar and Wayne Granger.

Baseball historians Bill James and Rob Neyer have ranked Gómez's screwball the tenth-best of all time.

Later years
In 2001, Gómez was hospitalized after a lengthy fight against cancer, and was about to receive surgery. A doctor from Mexico requested permission to attend the operation. When Gómez asked the doctor why he had come, he replied, "I was that little boy, the money that you left in trust was enough to pay for my medical school."

Rubén Gómez Colón died in Carolina, Puerto Rico, at the age of 77. Among those who attended his funeral services was his best friend and countryman, former big leaguer Luis Rodríguez Olmo. Gómez was buried in the Guayama Municipal Cemetery in Guayama, Puerto Rico.

title: Rubén Gómez (baseball)


text:
Category talk:Known Space

Work
I'm gonna be doing a load of work on all these articles (and prolly some new ones) over the next few weeks. I'm working my way through all the Niven books I have here at the moment and making notes on data that would be useful to expand all the Known Space articles on Wikipedia. — OwenBlacker 00:04, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree with the categorization into Category:Science fiction novels. The individual novels, a (IMHO not yet existing) list of Known Space novels, or perhaps the article Known Space seem to be a better fit. But as you are in the process of doing a lot of changes here, I won't interfere, only bring it to your attention. -- Pjacobi 19:19, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * For the same reason I disagree with the categorization into Category:Series of books. -- Pjacobi 22:38, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Rename request
The name of this category is a potential source of confusion. Could you consider changing the name to something like Category:Known Space series or Category:Known Space novels? User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 23:39, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Destiny's Road
I don't think Destiny's Road is in known space. In fact, if I remember correctly, it is in the Heorot universe, but I'm not sure about this. I added this a week or so ago, but forgot to sign it, so I'm signing it now. 69.91.52.42

title: Category talk:Known Space


text:
Rena Vlahopoulou

Irene "Rena" Vlahopoulou (Greek: Ειρήνη (Ρένα) Βλαχοπούλου; 28 July 1923 – 29 July 2004) was a Greek actress and singer. She starred in theatre, musical and Greek cinema productions, including The Gambler and The Countess of Corfu.

Biography
Vlahopoulou was born on 28 July 1923 on the island of Corfu, the fifth of nine children. She first began playing the piano, taught by her father, Giannis Vlahopoulos. When she turned ten, she began singing at a local bakery; she was a talented dancer and actress and a qualified mezzo-soprano. Over the course of her fifty-five-year career she appeared in 105 theatrical plays between 1939 and 1994, and twenty-six films between 1951 and 1985.

In 1939, Vlahopoulou and AEK Athens footballer, Kostas Vasiliou eloped to Athens and were married. She began singing at the Oasis varieté show in the Zappeion gardens, where Mimis Traiforos presented his new work. In the winter of 1930–40, she sang at the World Theatre of Kostas Makedos on Panepistimiou Street.

The marriage with Vasiliou ended. In 1942 she married her second husband, a banker, Giannis Kostopoulos; the couple divorced in 1946. She married her third and final husband, entrepreneur Giorgos Lafazanis, on 18 September 1967. They remained wed until her death in 2004. Vlahopoulou had no children by any of her marriages. She left Finos Film in 1966 and moved to Karagiannis-Karatzopoulos. From 1972, she continued to star in films for the next seven years. In 1992–93, she starred in the musical comedy Gia Tin Ellada Re Gamo To (Για την Ελλάδα ρε γαμώ το), after which she retired.

Vlahopoulou died at 7 pm on 29 July 2004, after being hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the Athens Medical Center, aged 81. On 30 July 2004, her body was exposed in a popular pilgrimage in the chapel of Saint Lazarus in the First Cemetery of Athens. She was buried at a public expense on 31 July 2004, accompanied by the band of the Philharmonic Society "Mantzaros" that came from Corfu, in the presence of many of her colleagues and ordinary people. On the day of her funeral all shops in Corfu remained closed, as a sign of mourning. Her hometown honored her by naming the old theatre "Mon Repo", to the "Rena Vlahopoulou" theatre.

Filmography

 * 1951: Anatolitikes nyhtes
 * 1956: The Girl from Corfu
 * 1962: Otan leipei i gata
 * 1962: Merikoi to protimoun kryo
 * 1963: Ena koritsi gia dyo
 * 1963: Kati na kaiei
 * 1964: I hartopaihtra
 * 1964: Koritsia gia filima
 * 1965: Fonazi o kleftis
 * 1966: Randevou ston aera
 * 1966: I vouleftina
 * 1967: Viva Rena
 * 1970: Mia treli sarantara
 * 1968: I ziliara
 * 1969: I Pariziana
 * 1970: I theia mou i hipissa
 * 1970: Mia Ellinida sto haremi
 * 1971: Ziteitai epeigontos gambros
 * 1972: I komissa tis Kerkyras
 * 1972: I Rena einai offside (Η Ρένα είναι οφσάιντ; Rena Is Offside)
 * 1979: Oi fantarines (Φανταρίνες; Women soldiers)
 * 1980: Rena na i efkairia (Ρένα να η ευκαιρία; Rena, this is your chance)

title: Rena Vlahopoulou