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Eugène Boudin

Eugène Louis Boudin (12 July 1824 – 8 August 1898) was one of the first French landscape painters to paint outdoors. Boudin was a marine painter, and expert in the rendering of all that goes upon the sea and along its shores. His pastels, summary and economic, garnered the splendid eulogy of Baudelaire; and Corot called him the "King of the skies".

Biography
Born at Honfleur, Boudin was the son of a harbor pilot, and at age 10 the young boy worked on a steamboat that ran between Le Havre and Honfleur. In 1835 the family moved to Le Havre, where Boudin's father opened a store for stationery and picture frames. Here the young Eugene worked, later opening his own small shop. Boudin's father had thus abandoned seafaring, and his son gave it up too, having no real vocation for it, though he preserved to his last days much of a sailor's character: frankness, accessibility, and open-heartedness.

In his shop, in which pictures were framed, Boudin came into contact with artists working in the area and exhibited in the shop the paintings of Constant Troyon and Jean-François Millet, who, along with Jean-Baptiste Isabey and Thomas Couture whom he met during this time, encouraged young Boudin to follow an artistic career. At the age of 22 he abandoned the world of commerce, started painting full-time, and travelled to Paris the following year and then through Flanders. In 1850 he earned a scholarship that enabled him to move to Paris, where he enrolled as a student in the studio of Eugène Isabey and worked as a copyist at the Louvre. To supplement his income he often returned to paint in Normandy and, from 1855, made regular trips to Brittany. On 14 January 1863 he married the 28-year-old Breton woman Marie-Anne Guédès in Le Havre and set up home in Paris.

Dutch 17th-century masters profoundly influenced him, and on meeting the Dutch painter Johan Jongkind, who had already made his mark in French artistic circles, Boudin was advised by his new friend to paint outdoors (en plein air). He also worked with Troyon and Isabey, and in 1859 met Gustave Courbet who introduced him to Charles Baudelaire, the first critic to draw Boudin's talents to public attention when the artist made his debut at the 1859 Paris Salon.

In 1857/58 Boudin befriended the young Claude Monet, then only 18, and persuaded him to give up his teenage caricature drawings and to become a landscape painter, helping to instil in him a love of bright hues and the play of light on water later evident in Monet's Impressionist paintings. The two remained lifelong friends and Monet later paid tribute to Boudin's early influence. Boudin joined Monet and his young friends in the First Impressionist Exhibition in 1873, but never considered himself a radical or innovator. Both Boudin and Monet lived abroad during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Boudin in Antwerp and Monet in London; from 1873 to 1880 the Boudins lived in Bordeaux. His growing reputation enabled him to travel extensively at that time, visiting Belgium, the Netherlands and southern France. He continued to exhibit at the Paris Salons, receiving a third place medal at the Paris Salon of 1881, and a gold medal at the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In 1892 Boudin was made a knight of the Légion d'honneur, a somewhat tardy recognition of his talents and influence on the art of his contemporaries.

Late in his life, after the death of his wife in 1889, Boudin spent every winter in the south of France as a refuge from his own ill-health, and from 1892 to 1895 made regular trips to Venice. In 1898, recognizing that his life was almost spent, he returned to his home at Deauville, to die on 8 August within sight of the English Channel and under the Channel skies he had painted so often. He was buried according to his wishes in the Saint-Vincent Cemetery in Montmartre, Paris.

Legacy
The Eugène Boudin Prize is an award given by the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts. Among the laureates of this award, the following painters were nominated:
 * Maurice Boitel, in 1989.

title: Eugène Boudin


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Charles Wolf (astronomer)

Charles Joseph Étienne Wolf (9 November 1827 in Vorges – 4 July 1918) was a French astronomer.

In 1862, Urbain Le Verrier offered him a post as assistant at the Paris Observatory.

In 1867 he and Georges Rayet discovered Wolf–Rayet stars.

He was elected to the positions of Vice-President (1897) and President (1898) of the French Academy of Sciences.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles Wolf (astronomer)


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OLAC

OLAC, the Open Language Archives Community, is an initiative to create a unified means of searching online databases of language resources for linguistic research. The information about resources is stored in XML format for easy searching. OLAC was founded in 2000, and is hosted at the Linguistic Data Consortium webserver at the University of Pennsylvania.

OLAC advises on best practices in language archiving, and works to promote interoperation between language archives.

Metadata
The OLAC metadata set is based on the complete set of Dublin Core metadata terms DCMT, but the format allows for the use of extensions to express community-specific qualifiers. It is often contrasted to IMDI (ISLE Metadata Initiative).

Attributes
The OLAC metadata is based on five primary attributes, refine, code, scheme, lang, and langs, although the last attribute is only for completed metadata sets. Each attribute serves a different function and is applicable in a different section of the metadata.

Elements
There are currently 23 different elements that OLAC lists on its metadata page. Elements may be used more than once, and not every element is required in a metadata submission. Each element's entry on the official OLAC page includes the name of the element, its function, notes on its usage, and examples of its coding.

In addition, OLAC provides a list of metadata extensions to augment descriptions.

title: OLAC


text:
Dresden TV tower

The Fernsehturm Dresden-Wachwitz is a TV tower in Dresden, Germany. It is situated on the Wachwitzer Elbhöhen and serves as a transmitting tower for television and radio broadcasts. Due to its visibility over large distances and its unusual form, it has become a landmark of Dresden and the Elbe Valley. Its address is 37 Oberwachwitzer Way, Dresden.

Construction
The architects of the Dresdner TV tower were Kurt Nowotny, Hermann Rühle and Johannes Braune. Built between 1963 and 1969, its cup-like design was inspired by a sparkling wine glass. It is 252 metres high and is the second highest building in the former GDR after the Berlin TV tower, which is 368 metres high. The tip of the building towers approximately 373 metres above the Elbe river level and the foot is 230 metres above sea level. The shank of the building consists of reinforced concrete and has a diameter of 21 metres, which is buried underground to a depth of six metres in Lausitzer granite. The total weight of the tower amounts to 7300 tonnes.

Radio engineering
On September 18, 1969, radio transmissions were started from the tower. It possesses four transmission mechanisms for VHF broadcasts and three transmitters for television. In 2003, a small fire occurred in the transmitting rooms, which was quickly brought under control.

Analogue radio (FM)

 * 89.2 MHz: R.SA
 * 90.1 MHz: MDR Jump
 * 92.2 MHz: MDR Radio 1 Sachsen
 * 93.2 MHz: Deutschlandradio Kultur
 * 95.4 MHz: MDR Figaro
 * 97.3 MHz: Deutschlandfunk
 * 100.2 MHz: Energy Sachsen
 * 102.4 MHz: Radio PSR
 * 103.5 MHz: Radio Dresden
 * 105.2 MHz: Hitradio RTL Sachsen
 * 106.1 MHz: MDR info

Digital radio (DAB)

 * Block 12A (223.936 MHz):
 * Deutschlandfunk
 * Deutschlandradio Kultur
 * MDR Klassik

Analog television (PAL)

 * UHF 59 (visual 775.25 MHz, aural 781.25 MHz): Dresden Fernsehen

Historical broadcasts
East German television (DFF) was transmitted from the tower between 1969 and 1990. The first programme (DFF/DDR-FS/DDR1/DFF1) was on channel 10, with the second programme (DFF2/DDR2) broadcasting on channel 29 from 1972. DFF2/DDR2 broadcast in SECAM colour. This was deliberately different from the West German PAL standard, so East German residents could not watch West German broadcasts in colour. In practice, however, few East Germans owned colour sets, and reception of both standards was possible in black-and-white.

Dresden, because of its location in a valley, was one of the few areas of East Germany (and the only major city in the country) that could not receive the broadcast of West Germany's ARD (now known as Das Erste) from either Ochsenkopf or West Berlin, despite the best efforts of West German broadcasters to cover the whole of the East. This led to Dresden and the surrounding area being called "Tal der Ahnungslosen" ("The Valley of the Clueless"), because its citizens only had access to the propaganda of East Germany. ARD was said to stand for "Außer ("except") Rügen und Dresden" or rather "Außer Raum Dresden" ("except/outside of Dresden area").

The two East German programmes were replaced upon reunification by ARD and MDR Fernsehen, respectively, with ZDF broadcasts commencing on channel 46. All analogue transmissions of public stations from the tower ended on 22 July 2007. Analogue transmission of the commercial networks, which began with reunification, ended at different times. Broadcasts of RTL on channel 43 ended in 1995, when it was replaced by VOX. This was followed by the switchoff of Sat.1 on channel 48 in 2002, and finally VOX in 2004.

Digital television (DVB-T)

 * UHF 29 (538 MHz): Regional third programmes
 * MDR
 * RBB
 * WDR
 * BR
 * UHF 36 (594 MHz): ZDF programming
 * ZDF
 * 3sat
 * KI.KA/ZDFdokukanal
 * ZDFinfokanal
 * UHF 39 (618 MHz): ARD programming
 * Das Erste
 * arte
 * Phoenix
 * EinsFestival

Tourism
Until its renovation in 1991 by Deutsche Telekom (German Telecom) and the closing-down of the GDR state-owned company which ran the HO Restaurant, the public could reach the tower by two elevators. Within the public area was a two-story restaurant with 132 seats at a height of 145 metres and above that was an observation platform. Annually, there were around 200,000 visitors enjoying the view over the Elbe valley and Dresden. The renovations of the elevators, for a second escape route, for air conditioning and building services, catering and parking would cost 8 million euros. It is estimated that an economical enterprise would only be possible with 500,000 visitors per year.

title: Dresden TV tower


text:
Striker

Striker or The Strikers may refer to:

People

 * A participant in a strike action
 * A participant in a hunger strike
 * Blacksmith's striker, a type of blacksmith's assistant
 * Striker's Independent Society, the oldest mystic krewe in America

People with surname Striker

 * Eric Striker (born c. early 1990s), American football linebacker for the Oklahoma Sooners
 * Fran Striker (1903–1962), American writer for radio and comics
 * Gisela Striker (born 1943), professor of Philosophy and Classics at Harvard University
 * Jake Striker (1933–2013), former left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball
 * Joseph Striker (1898–1974), American actor
 * Matt Striker (born 1974), WWE wrestler
 * "Mighty Striker", Trinidadian calypsonian Percival Oblington (1930–2011), also known simply as 'Striker'
 * Striker (gamer), handle of Overwatch player Kwon Nam-joo

Entertainment

 * Striker (2010 film), a 2010 Hindi film
 * Striker (1987 film), a 1987 Italian war-action film
 * Striker (comic), a comic strip in the British tabloid The Sun
 * The Striker, a 2013 novel in the Isaac Bell series, by Clive Cussler and Justin Scott

Fictional characters

 * Striker (Marvel Comics)
 * Striker, a character in Helluva Boss
 * Striker, a fictional villain in the 2013 Indian film Krrish 3
 * Ted Striker, a character in the films Airplane! and Airplane II: The Sequel

Sports

 * Striker (association football), a position in association football
 * Striker (field hockey), a position in field hockey
 * Striker (FIFA World Cup mascot) (1994)
 * Four different American soccer teams were called the Fort Lauderdale Strikers:
 * The current Fort Lauderdale Strikers (2011) who play in the North American Soccer League
 * Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1977–83) played in the NASL from 1977 to 1983
 * The Minnesota Strikers played in the NASL and MISL from 1984 to 1988 and were a continuation of the original Fort Lauderdale Strikers
 * Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1988–94) played in the ASL and APSL from 1988 to 1994
 * Florida Strikers played in the USISL from 1994 to 1997
 * Richmond Strikers, an unrelated soccer club in Richmond, Virginia
 * The active batsman in cricket
 * Striker, a term used in mixed martial arts to refer to a fighter that is especially skilled in stand-up fighting
 * PCB Strikers, a Pakistani women's cricket team

Weapons

 * FV102 Striker, a British Army anti-tank guided missile carrier
 * Armsel Striker, a revolver action shotgun
 * A form of firing pin, part of the firing mechanism of a firearm
 * The Mk 47 Striker, an automatic grenade launcher

Military

 * Camp Striker, a logistical and life support bases on Victory Base Complex, Iraq
 * HMS Striker, the name of three ships of the Royal Navy
 * A helmet-mounted display, in service on the Eurofighter Typhoon
 * A member of the U.S. Navy or Coast Guard working toward a specific rating; see List of United States Navy enlisted rates

Gaming

 * Strikers, initial North American release name for the Spriggan manga series
 * Striker (video game), a 1992 football video game for numerous systems
 * Striker (miniatures game), a 1981 wargame in the Traveller Universe
 * Striker, a type of character in the King of Fighters video game series
 * Mario Strikers, a series of soccer video games published by Nintendo with Mario franchise characters
 * Striker, a sub-class of the Titan character class in the Destiny franchise

Other

 * Oshkosh Striker, a make of fire truck
 * Dolphin striker, a spar aboard a sailing ship
 * Raw Striker, a kit car manufacturer
 * Sylva Striker, a Sylva Autokits car model later acquired by Raw Striker
 * Fire striker, a piece of iron or steel used to generate sparks by striking it against a hard material such as flint

Music

 * The Strikers (funk band)
 * The Strikers (psychobilly band)
 * Striker (band)

title: Striker


text:
Swisscom-Sendeturm St. Chrischona

Swisscom-Sendeturm St. Chrischona is a communications tower built in 1980–1984 near Basel, Switzerland, on the territory of the municipality Bettingen, Basel-Stadt.

It was built as a replacement for a 136 metre tall lattice tower, which was erected at the site in 1962. This lattice tower was once a part of the famous Beromünster transmitter.

The tower is 250 m tall – a 98 m steel antenna on a 152 m concrete base – and not generally accessible for the public, although guided visits can be booked. Apart from television, FM radio and DAB transmitters, and microwave relays, the tower also contains meteorological instruments, two 100 m3 drinking water tanks, and a meeting/conference room near the top of the concrete structure.

Architecture
The television tower St Chrischona shows some architecturally specific features. It features a "3-leg-construction," in contrast to most other television towers nearby. It has an aerodynamic shape; with a round shaft, the wind from both sides splits and causes, at the rear, an effect that keeps the tower from swaying too strongly. The lower part is star-shaped, and the tower at the apex sways up to 30 cm even with strong winds. The "Anntennenspitze" (round construction method), can sway up to 2.5 m. The microwave radio relay antennas are of a height between 98 and 131 m. VHF antennas are 152 m high.

On the north side is a construction similar to a "backpack" which has a height of 103 m; and two drinking water tanks that are 100 m high that contain water supplies for the municipality of Bettingen. During the construction, the weight of the water had to be included in the tension of the tower, which is why it stood southwardly inclined before the completion.

The tower stands on a base construction which includes three basements which accommodate company / technical equipment. As the location of the tower lies in the seismic zone of Basel – Erdbebengebiet in the Upper Rhine district, this has been built especially securely about the base. The tower should remain stable in an earthquake up to 8 on the Richter scale.

The television tower was under construction from July 1980 until December 1983, and was put into operation on 2 August 1984. It replaced a 136 m tall steel radio tower that was built in 1962 in Beromünster, where it carried an antenna for medium wave transmission, like today's backup broadcasting tower. St Chrischona has been in use since 1954, as a broadcasting tower that was 30 m tall at that time which transferred Swiss television programmes. Today's tower of St Chrischona carries broadcasting antennas for Swiss Radio (DRS) and "Southwest German Radio" (SWR). Due to the unique construction, it is said that the tower could remain standing during the high winds of a hurricane, where wind speeds appear up to 220 km/h, with an oscillation of only 40 cm.

Technical data

 * The entire height of 250 m is divided into a 152 m tall shaft with a tower basket and a 98 m tall antenna
 * Architects: Vischer & Weber
 * Civil Engineer work: Aegerter & Bosshardt
 * Building cost: 50 million Swiss francs
 * Concrete volume: 10,000 m3
 * Total weight: 23,000 metric tons, of which; 13,500 metric tons are in the foundation and 9,500 metric tons in the tower
 * Armouring weight; 1,300 metric tons, steel pipe tower, 135 metric tons
 * Steel for the antenna terraces: 120 metric tons, introduction steel: 90 metric tons

 * Uses
 * Transmitter, for among other things, television programmes SF 1 and SF two, the radio programmes DRS 1, DRS 2, DRS 3, Baden-Wurttemberg SWR1, SWR2, SWR 3, Baden-Wurttemberg SWR4, radio Basel 1 and radio basilisk.
 * In addition, the tower serves for the radio and phone transference and for the water supply communications. Measuring instruments are, in addition, used for weather forecasting and aerial coordination. In an emergency, the tower can be likewise used as a transmitter.

Broadcast television channels
* for the programs on: SF1, SF2, TSI1, TSR1

title: Swisscom-Sendeturm St. Chrischona


text:
Goldenberg scandal

The Goldenberg scandal was a political scandal where the Kenyan government was found to have subsidised exports of gold far beyond standard arrangements during the 1990s, by paying the company Goldenberg International 35% more (in Kenyan shillings) than their foreign currency earnings. Although it notionally appears that the scheme was intended to earn hard currency for the country, it is estimated to have cost Kenya the equivalent of more than 10% of the country's annual gross domestic product, and it is possible that no or minimal amounts of gold were actually exported. The scandal appears to have involved political corruption at the highest levels of the government of Daniel Arap Moi. Officials in the former government of Mwai Kibaki have also been implicated.

Background
Similar to most countries, Kenya encourages international trade by granting tax-free status to commercial enterprises involved in the export of goods and sometimes subsidises these exports. The Goldenberg scandal was based on the fact that exporters who deposited US$ earnings with the Kenya central bank received in exchange the equivalent in Kenyan shillings plus 20 percent.

However, gold mining represented a tiny portion of Kenya's GDP, with only one operational gold mine (at Kakamega). Goldenberg International therefore developed a scheme of smuggling gold into Kenya from Congo, so that they could legally export it at the higher export price offered by the Kenyan government.

Details
The chief architect behind the scheme was a relative of the Kenyan businessman Kamlesh Pattni. However, it was Pattni who established Goldenberg International to implement the scheme. Almost all the politicians in the Moi government and a considerable percentage of the Kibaki government have been accused. The judicial system also appears to have been deeply involved, with twenty-three of Kenya's senior judges resigning after evidence indicated their involvement.

The scheme began in 1991, almost immediately after the Kenya government, following directions from the IMF, introduced measures to reform the economy and increase international trade and investment, and seems to have stopped in 1993 when it was exposed by a whistleblower, David Munyakei. As a result of this, Munyakei was fired from his position at the Central Bank of Kenya, and remained largely unemployed until his death in 2006. There have been two investigations on the scam, one under the Moi government and the other under the Kibaki's government. The gold, if there was any, was likely imported from Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Bosire report
On 3 February 2006, following an investigation under the Kibaki government, a report by Justice Bosire recommended that the Education Minister at that time, George Saitoti, should face criminal charges for his actions and that former President Daniel arap Moi should be further investigated. Saitoti was both vice-president and finance minister under Moi in the early 1990s. On 13 February, Saitoti's resignation was announced by President Kibaki in a television address.

The Bosire report found that KSh.158.3 billion/= of Goldenberg money was transacted with 487 companies and individuals. A list of exhibits compiled by the commission placed Goldenberg International Ltd at the top of the primary recipients of the money, at KSh.35.3 billion/=. The directors of Goldenberg were named as Pattni and James Kanyotu. Although Kanyotu was the director of the Special Branch (intelligence unit of the Kenya Police, now known as National Intelligence Services, NIS) and a director of First American Bank, he described himself as a farmer in Goldenberg documents. President Moi was named by Pattni as having been a shareholder of GIL by nominee. However, President Moi himself was never called to present evidence despite this alleged link.

Cost
In response to a query by Joseph Lekuton, on 16 December 2008, Orwa Ojode the Assistant Minister for Provincial Administration and Internal Security confirmed to parliament that the commission had cost the Kenya Government Kshs 511,569,409.90.

Travel restrictions
Shortly after, Saitoti along with 20 several others suspected to be involved in the scandal were prohibited from leaving the country and ordered to surrender any weapons they possessed. Among those named were

 * Gideon Moi, retired President Moi's son, also the Baringo Central MP
 * Mr Philip Moi, retired President Moi's son
 * Mr Moi's lawyer, Mr Mutula Kilonzo
 * Mr Moi's former personal assistant, Mr Joshua Kulei
 * Former Central Bank of Kenya governor Eric Kotut
 * former Central Bank of Kenya deputy governor Eliphas Riungu
 * former Central Bank of Kenya employee Job Kilach.
 * former Central Bank of Kenya employee Tom Werunga
 * former Central Bank of Kenya employee Michael Wanjihia
 * Philip Murgor, the former director of public prosecutions
 * Mr Murgor's law firm represented the Central Bank of Kenya during the two-year public inquiry headed by Mr Justice Bosire.
 * Former Treasury permanent secretary Charles Mbindyo
 * former Treasury permanent secretary Wilfred Karuga Koinange
 * former Treasury permanent secretary Joseph Magari
 * Prof George Saitoti, who resigned as Education minister.
 * Goldenberg architect Kamlesh Pattni
 * Pattni's business partner and former Special Branch chief James Kanyotu
 * former commissioner of Mines and Geology Collins Owayo
 * Mr Arthur Ndegwa, senior mining engineer in the Commissioner of Mines Nairobi office
 * former commissioner of Customs and Excise Francis Cheruiyot.
 * former Kenya Commercial Bank general manager Elijah arap Bii

Former president Moi himself was not listed.

The Law Society of Kenya chairman Tom Ojienda criticised Police Commissioner Hussein Ali's move to seize travel documents. He described the decisions as "a total violation of the law and the Constitution". Ojienda regretted that individuals had been charged, tried and convicted by the court of public opinion and the media or through political statements. He commended three Cabinet ministers who resigned to pave way for investigations into the Anglo Leasing and Goldenberg scandals. "The resignation of three members of Cabinet signifies the maturity of our democracy, where leaders whose reputations are besmirched would opt to resign pending investigations to clear their names rather than hold the Government hostage. Such resignations are no pointers to guilt."

Prosecution
Two transactions stand out – one for KSh.5.8 billion/= from the Central Bank to Goldenberg International in 1993, personally authorised by then-president Daniel Arap Moi, and another for KSh.13.5 billion/=. The then CID director Joseph Kamau told reporters on 9 March 2006 that files on Pattni, Kanyotu, Koinange, Kotut, Bii, Riungu and Werunga had been passed to attorney-general Amos Wako. Wako has been attorney-general since 1991, when Moi was in power.

Wako is recommending that the country's chief justice consider overturning a previous court order exempting Mr Saitoti from prosecution. All except Werunga are to be charged. The prosecution hopes that Werunga will be their witness.

In August 2006, it was reported that a constitutional court had ruled that Saitoti could not be charged. The Kenyan media reacted negatively to the decision. The Kenya Times saw political motives behind it, while The Daily Nation editorialised that the "War on graft is, indeed, lost".

title: Goldenberg scandal


text:
Pilatus P-2

The Pilatus P-2 is a trainer aircraft designed by Swiss manufacturer Pilatus in 1942 and first flown on April 27, 1945. It was used by the Swiss Air Force from 1946 until 1981. The Pilatus P-2 emerged from an unbuilt project of the Pilatus P-1, which can be seen as a single-seat version of the P-2.

Design and development
The P-2 is a low-wing monoplane of mixed construction (metal, wood and fabric) with a fully retractable tailwheel undercarriage and dual control tandem seating. To save cost, several parts came from older Swiss Air Force machines, for example landing gear parts from their Messerschmitt Bf 109s. There were two series of production machines, one (P-2-05) unarmed and the second (P-2-06) equipped as weapons trainers, with a machine gun above the engine and wing racks for light bombs and rockets.

After the end of their Swiss Air Force service, the survivors (numbering about 48) were sold into civilian service. In 2008 at least 23 appeared on the national registers of Switzerland, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and the United States. They proved to be a popular civil flyer's airplane and have often appeared in Luftwaffe garb in films and airshows as an unidentified "enemy" aircraft.

Variants

 * P-2-01
 * First prototype (HB-GAB/A-101/U-101), Argus-powered.

 * P-2-02
 * Non-flying static testframe.

 * P-2-03
 * Hispano-Suiza HS-12Mb upright V water-cooled engined prototype. Large ventral radiator.

 * P-2-04

 * Armed version of P-2-03.

 * P-2-05
 * Production version of unarmed machine, Argus motor. 26 delivered to Swiss AF.

 * P-2-06
 * Production version of armed machine, Argus motor. 26 delivered to Swiss AF.

Operators

 * 🇭🇹 Haiti
 * Haitian Air Force
 * Swiss Air Force
 * Swiss Air Force

title: Pilatus P-2


text:
Shaanxi Provincial TV Tower

Shaanxi Radio & TV Tower (陕西广播电视塔) or Shaanxi TV Tower is a free standing concrete telecommunications tower built in 1987 in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. It is 245 m tall.

title: Shaanxi Provincial TV Tower


text:
The Courtship of Miles Standish

The Courtship of Miles Standish is an 1858 narrative poem by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow about the early days of Plymouth Colony, the colonial settlement established in America by the Mayflower Pilgrims.

Overview

The Courtship of Miles Standish is set in the year 1621 against the backdrop of a fierce Indian war and focuses on a love triangle among three Mayflower passengers: Miles Standish, Priscilla Mullins, and John Alden. Longfellow said that the story was true, but the historical evidence is inconclusive.

The poem was a literary counterpoint to Longfellow's earlier Evangeline (1847), the tragic tale of a woman whose lover disappears during the deportation of the Acadian people in 1755. Together, Evangeline and The Courtship of Miles Standish captured the bittersweet quality of America's colonial era. However, the plot of The Courtship of Miles Standish deliberately varies in emotional tone, unlike the steady tragedy of Longfellow's Evangeline. The Pilgrims grimly battle against disease and Indians, but are also obsessed with an eccentric love triangle, creating a curious mix of drama and comedy. Bumbling, feuding roommates Miles Standish and John Alden vie for the affections of the beautiful Priscilla Mullins, who slyly tweaks the noses of her undiplomatic suitors. The independent-minded woman utters the famous retort, "Why don't you speak for yourself, John?" The saga has a surprise ending, one full of optimism for the American future.

Fictionalized history
A debate persists as to whether the tale is fact or fiction. Main characters Miles Standish, John Alden, and Priscilla Mullins are based upon real Mayflower passengers. Longfellow was a descendant of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins through his mother Zilpah Wadsworth and he claimed that he was relating oral history. Skeptics dismiss his narrative as a folktale. At minimum, Longfellow used poetic license, condensing several years of events. Scholars have confirmed the cherished place of romantic love in Pilgrim culture, and have documented the Indian war described by Longfellow. Miles Standish and John Alden were likely roommates in Plymouth; Priscilla Mullins was the only single woman of marriageable age in the young colony at that time and did in fact marry Alden. Standish's first wife, Rose Handley, died aboard the Mayflower in January 1621. Two years later, Standish married a woman named Barbara in Plymouth in 1623. The Standish and Alden families both moved from Plymouth to adjacent Duxbury, Massachusetts in the late 1620s, where they lived in close proximity, intermarried, and remained close for several generations. Upon his death in 1656, Standish's widow, Barbara, appointed John Alden to take inventory of Standish's estate.

Composition and publication history
The first reference to the poem recorded in Longfellow's journal is dated December 29, 1857, where the project is referred to as "Priscilla". By March 1 the next year, it was renamed The Courtship of Miles Standish.

The ballad was very popular in nineteenth-century America. It was published in book form on October 16, 1858, and it sold 25,000 copies after two months. Reportedly, 10,000 copies were sold in London in a single day.

Standish is memorialized in a low relief sculpture of six characters from Longfellow's epic poems executed by Daniel Chester French and installed at Longfellow Park, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, located in front of Longfellow's former home, now a U.S. National Historic Site maintained by the National Park Service.

Poetic meter
Courtship of Miles Standish is written in dactylic hexameter, the same meter used in classical epic poetry such as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey and Vergil's Aeneid. Longfellow used the same meter in his poem Evangeline.

Cultural references
The story of Standish, Alden, and Mullins is referenced in A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving.

A 1940 Merrie Melodies cartoon depicts their own version of the story in The Hardship of Miles Standish. The Krazy Kat episode "The Pilgrim's Regress" depicts a comedic version of the story.

title: The Courtship of Miles Standish


text:
Talk:Gideon Fell

Sir Henry Merrivale is barrel-chested, not Dr. Fell, who is merely fat.

Dates
Dates the novels were written needs to be checked. Many are wrong Jon Ascton   (talk)  17:52, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

The Burning Court
Is not a Fell novel Jon Ascton   (talk)  18:33, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Patrick Butler for the Defense
Is not a Fell novel either Jon Ascton   (talk)  22:05, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Gideon Fell


text:
Leather pride flag

The leather pride flag is a symbol of leather subculture as well as kink and fetish subcultures more broadly, including BDSM. The flag was designed by Tony DeBlase in 1989.

History
The leather pride flag was designed by Tony DeBlase in Chicago, Illinois. DeBlase explained his decision to create the flag: "For the 20th anniversary of Stonewall, I felt that the time was right for the Leather men and women who have been participating in these same parades and events more and more visibly in recent years to have a similar simple, elegant banner that would serve as a symbol of their own identity and interests."

DeBlase described the flag design as follows: The flag is composed of nine horizontal stripes of equal width. From the top and from the bottom, the stripes alternate black and royal blue. The central stripe is white. In the upper left quadrant of the flag is a large red heart.

DeBlase had no specific symbolism in mind when he designed the flag. He once said, "I will leave it to the viewer to interpret the colors and symbols."

DeBlase first presented the flag at International Mr. Leather (IML) on May 28, 1989. He considered the flag to be a first draft and expected the community would suggest changes to the design. While some community members wanted a say in the final design, the majority embraced DeBlase's original design as-is. To this day, the flag has not undergone any significant revisions. In June 1989, the flag was used by the leather contingent in a Portland, Oregon pride parade, which was its first appearance at a pride parade.

By 1990, IML had incorporated the flag's design into the sash awarded to IML contest winners.

In 1991, Melbourne Leather Men became the first club to incorporate the design elements of the leather pride flag into their club colors.

On December 12, 2000, NLA Florida presented a suggested pledge of allegiance to the leather pride flag at its holiday party in Fort Lauderdale, which reads, "I pledge allegiance to the Leather Pride flag, and the union of Leather people for which it stands, with safety, sanity and consent for all."

For the 24th annual Folsom Street Fair, held September 30, 2007, the official poster artwork was a controversial photo featuring well-known LGBT and BDSM community members in festive and fetish attire including Sister Roma "as players in an innovative version of the culturally iconographic" The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci, complete with table draped with the leather pride flag and "cluttered with sex toys, whips, and various (BDSM) restraints". The image by FredAlert was used on the official event guide and produced as collector's posters that were displayed throughout the city as advertising for the event.

In 2010 DeBlase was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame.

Significance
Although the flag is common in the gay leather community, it is not an exclusively gay symbol, but rather for the entire leather community and fetish subcultures.

In 2019, the Schwules Museum remarked on the flag's impact: "The Leather Pride flag is at the beginning of a long line of similar flags, marking a turning point in the history of the mostly gay leather and BDSM movements: moving away from secret signs and symbols (hanky cloths, for example) to more obvious and public visibility, both in the gay scene and society in general."

Original flag (Chicago)
One of the three original flags that DeBlase assembled was donated to the Leather Archives & Museum (LA&M), where it is on public display. LA&M also holds DeBlase's papers.

Twin Cities Pride (Minnesota)
Since 1998, the Twin Cities Pride parade in Minnesota has featured a "curb-to-curb and a block long" leather pride flag measuring approximately 75 x 50 feet. The first such flag was donated to LA&M in 2008.

San Francisco Armory
In 2006, fetish pornography studio Kink.com bought the San Francisco Armory building. The company flew the leather pride flag atop the armory and featured imagery of the flag atop the armory in the intro to many of its videos.

Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District (San Francisco)
The leather pride flag is featured throughout San Francisco's Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District. The San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley, which opened in 2017, features the flag as well as metal bootprints honoring DeBlase, among other important members of the city's leather community. Since 2023, a 20 x 30 foot leather pride flag has flown 80 feet high above Eagle Plaza (adjacent to the San Francisco Eagle).

Variations
Although Tony DeBlase is quoted as saying the design of the leather pride flag, which he created, is copyrighted in the U.S. (as well as all countries where the Berne Convention standards apply), copyright is automatic, and need not be obtained through official registration with any government office. Once an idea has been produced as a tangible form, for example by securing it in a fixed medium (such as a drawing, sheet music, photograph, a videotape, or a computer file), the copyright holder is entitled to enforce their exclusive rights.

Nevertheless, variations on the original leather pride flag have been created. On September 18, 1990, Clive Platman (Mr. Australia Drummer) presented Tony DeBlase with an Australian version of the flag, incorporating the southern cross featured on the flag of Australia, with the original design of the leather pride flag. On October 11, 1991, at the opening ceremonies of Living in Leather, a Canadian version of the leather pride flag was presented, which added to the original flag's design a row of red maple leaves running horizontally through the white stripe.

Leather & Grace, a (now defunct) organization of Unitarian Universalist kinksters, founded in 2011, combined a red flaming chalice with the stripes of the leather pride flag for their logo.

The BDSM rights flag, designed by Tanos, a Master from the United Kingdom, is partially loosely based on the design of the leather pride flag and also includes a version of the BDSM Emblem (but not similar enough to fall within Steve Quagmyr's specific copyright claims for the Emblem). The BDSM rights flag is intended to represent the belief that people whose sexuality or relationship preferences include BDSM practices deserve the same human rights as everyone else, and should not be discriminated against for pursuing BDSM with consenting adults.

title: Leather pride flag


text:
Vidhu Vinod Chopra

Vidhu Vinod Chopra (born 5 September 1952) is an Indian film director, producer, screenwriter and editor. He is the recipient of several accolades, including four National Film Awards, ten Filmfare Awards and an Academy Award nomination. He is known for directing films such as the crime drama Parinda (1989), the patriotic romantic drama 1942: A Love Story (1994), the action drama Mission Kashmir (2000) and the biographical drama 12th Fail (2023). He is also known for producing the Munna Bhai film series, 3 Idiots (2009), PK (2014), and Sanju (2018) under his banner Vinod Chopra Films.

Early life
Chopra was born and grew up in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India to a Punjabi Hindu family. His father was D. N. Chopra and veteran filmmaker Ramanand Sagar was his half-brother. His parents were originally from Peshawar, British India. His mother was Shanti Devi Mahalakshmi, who left Kashmir, due to the Kashmir conflict in 1990. He dedicated his film Shikara to his mother, which was based on the same. He studied film direction at the Film and Television Institute of India in Pune.

Career
Chopra's first student short film, Murder at Monkey Hill (1976), won the National Film Award for Best Short Experimental Film and the Guru Dutt Memorial Award for Best Student Film.

This was followed by a short documentary highlighting the plight of India's destitute children, called An Encounter with Faces (1976), which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film in 1979. It also won the Grand Prix at the Tampere Film Festival in 1980.

Sazaye Maut, his first full-length feature film, was an adaptation of his previous short, Murder at Monkey Hill. It starred Naseeruddin Shah, Radha Saluja and Dilip Dhawan. Vanraj Bhatia composed the music for the film.

He founded his own production company, Vinod Chopra Films, in 1985. Since then, the company has gone on to produce major Bollywood films, and is currently one of the biggest and most successful film production houses in India.

For Khamosh, his next directorial venture, Chopra assembled a cast featuring some of the finest acting talent in India. Shabana Azmi, Amol Palekar, Naseeruddin Shah and Pankaj Kapoor, among others, appeared in prominent roles. An inventive meta thriller set in Kashmir, Khamosh remains one of the notable Indian films in the genre.

His next directorial, the crime drama Parinda (1989), proved to be a landmark film in Hindi cinema. It expanded the orbit of the crime drama and the vocabulary of images used in Hindi films while garnering widespread critical acclaim and numerous awards. Several modern Indian filmmakers have expressed their admiration for and drawn inspiration from Chopra's film.

Chopra's next film, 1942: A Love Story (1994), was a patriotic romantic drama set during the decline of the British Raj. With Anil Kapoor and Manisha Koirala in lead roles, it was also the last film to have its music composed by the legendary R. D. Burman. Burman received a Filmfare Award for Best Music Director and the film won a total of nine awards at the 40th Filmfare Awards. His following two films, Kareeb and Mission Kashmir, were also critically and commercially successful.

Chopra then produced 5 films with filmmaker Rajkumar Hirani for 5 films: Munna Bhai MBBS, Lage Raho Munna Bhai, 3 Idiots, PK, and Sanju. The first 3, which Chopra also co wrote, each won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment, and Lage Raho Munna Bhai also won the National Film Award for Best Screenplay. They were all also very commercially successful, with 3 Idiots and PK becoming the highest grossing Indian films of all time in India and worldwide, also breaking into East Asian markets. He also wrote and produced Parineeta, Ferrari Ki Sawaari, and Wazir.

However, Chopra's next directorials after 2000 were not as successful. His 2007 film Eklavya: The Royal Guard was a financial disappointment. He also made his Hollywood directorial debut in 2015 with the film Broken Horses, a remake of his own film Parinda. However, it received a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 22%, and was a commercial disaster, only making Rs. 60 lakh in its opening weekend. His 2020 release Shikara was a romantic drama about the Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus. It became his lowest grossing film since Khamosh.

Chopra then saw a return to success with his 2023 release, the biopic 12th Fail. Despite a low opening day box office, due to great reviews and word of mouth, it became a financial hit, grossing 70 crores on a 20 crore budget. It then won 5 Filmfare Awards, including Best Film, Director, Screenplay, and Editing for Chopra.

IIFA Awards

 * 2007: Winner, Best Screenplay for Lage Raho Munna Bhai
 * 2001: Nominated, IIFA Award for Best Director for Mission Kashmir
 * 2010: Winner, Best Screenplay for 3 Idiots

Stardust Awards

 * 2009: Winner, Readers' Choice Award for 3 Idiots

FICCI Awards

 * 2009: Winner, Most Successful Film of the Year for 3 Idiots

Screen Awards

 * 2006: Winner, Best Film for Lage Raho Munnabhai
 * 2006: Nominated, Best Screenplay for Lage Raho Munna Bhai
 * 2009: Winner, Best Film, 3 Idiots
 * 2009: Winner, Best Screenplay, 3 Idiots

Zee Cine Awards

 * 2007: Winner, Best Screenplay for Lage Raho Munna Bhai
 * 2005: Winner, Best Dialogue for Parineeta
 * 2005: Winner, Best Director for Mission Kashmir

Tampere International Short Film Festival

 * 1980: Winner, Grand Prix for An Encounter with Faces

Personal life
He has been married thrice, his first wife was noted editor Renu Saluja (m. 1976–1983), he was then married to filmmaker Shabnam Sukhdev (m. 1985–1989), the daughter of S. Sukhdev (1933–1979) a well known director of documentaries for the Films Division of India. He has a daughter with Shabnam, Ishaa Chopra, who works as a dance instructor and choreographer.

He is currently married to Indian film critic Anupama Chopra, whom he married on 1 June 1990. He has two children with her, a son, Agni and a daughter, Zuni Chopra.

title: Vidhu Vinod Chopra


text:
Yash Chopra

Yash Raj Chopra (27 September 1932 21 October 2012) was an Indian film director and film producer who worked in Hindi cinema. The founding chairman of the film production and distribution company Yash Raj Films, Chopra was the recipient of several awards, including 6 National Film Awards and 8 Filmfare Awards. He is considered among the best Hindi filmmakers, particularly known and admired for his romantic films with strong female leads. For his contributions to film, the Government of India honoured him with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2001, and the Padma Bhushan in 2005. In 2006, British Academy of Film and Television Arts presented him with a lifetime membership, making him the first Indian to receive the honour.

Chopra began his career as an assistant director to I. S. Johar and his elder brother, B.R. Chopra. He made his directorial debut with Dhool Ka Phool in 1959, a melodrama about illegitimacy, and followed it with the social drama Dharmputra (1961). Chopra rose to prominence after directing the critically and commercially successful family drama Waqt (1965), which pioneered the concept of ensemble casts in Bollywood. In 1970, he founded his own production company, Yash Raj Films, whose first production was Daag: A Poem of Love (1973), a successful melodrama about polygamy. His success continued in the seventies, with some of Indian cinema's most successful and iconic films, including the action-thriller Deewaar (1975), which established Amitabh Bachchan as a leading actor in Bollywood; the ensemble musical romantic drama Kabhi Kabhie (1976) and the ensemble family drama Trishul (1978).

Chopra collaborated with Sridevi in two of what has been considered to be his finest films; the romantic musical Chandni (1989), which became instrumental in ending the era of violent films in Bollywood and rejuvenating the romantic musical genre, and the intergenerational musical romantic drama Lamhe (1991), considered by critics and Chopra himself to be his best work, but underperformed at the domestic box-office, although bringing major profits overseas. After helming the critically-panned Parampara (1993), Chopra directed the musical psychological thriller Darr (1993), the first of his collaborations with Shahrukh Khan. Chopra directed three more romantic films, all starring Khan; Dil To Pagal Hai (1997), Veer-Zaara (2004) and Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012), before announcing his retirement from direction in 2012. He died of dengue fever during Jab Tak Hai Jaan's production in 2012. He is considered one of the all-time best directors in Bollywood industry.

Early life
Chopra was born on 27 September 1932 in Lahore, Punjab Province, British India into a Punjabi Hindu Khatri family. His father was an accountant in the PWD division of the British Punjab administration. He was the youngest of eight children, the oldest of whom was almost 30 years his senior. The eminent film-maker B. R. Chopra is one of his brothers, and Yash Johar is his sister's husband, thus making him the uncle of Karan Johar and Ravi Chopra.

Chopra was largely brought up in the Lahore house of his second brother, B. R. Chopra, then a film journalist. Chopra studied at Doaba College Jalandhar and originally sought to pursue a career in engineering. He later moved to Ludhiana, East Punjab (in India) after the Partition of India.

His passion for film-making led him to travel to Bombay, where he initially worked as an assistant director to I. S. Johar, and then for his director-producer brother, B. R. Chopra, while another brother, Dharam Chopra, worked as his cameraman.

Early career (1959–1969)
Chopra received his first directorial opportunity in 1959 with the social drama Dhool Ka Phool, produced by his elder brother B.R. Chopra and starring Mala Sinha, Rajendra Kumar and Nanda. The film revolved around a Muslim bringing up an "illegitimate" Hindu child. The film was well received by critics and became the fourth highest-grossing film of the year. Encouraged by their success, the Chopras made another hard-hitting social drama, Dharmputra (1961). It was one of the first films to depict the Partition of India and Hindu fundamentalism. The film marked the debut of Shashi Kapoor in a fully fledged role and was awarded with the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi.

Chopra's collaboration with his brother continued in the form of the 1965 film Waqt, which featured an ensemble cast including Sunil Dutt, Raaj Kumar, Shashi Kapoor, Sadhana, Balraj Sahni, Madan Puri, Sharmila Tagore, Achala Sachdev and Rehman. The film became a critical and commercial success. It is acknowledged as a "found film" of the "lost-and-found" genre. Setting many other trends, it was one of Indian cinema's first multi-starrers, a mode which became increasingly popular among the producers during the 1970s. It also began the now-obligatory style of depicting wealth and social class. Chopra received his first Filmfare Award for Best Director for the film.

In 1969, Chopra directed two films produced by his brother. The first was Aadmi Aur Insaan, which featured Dharmendra and Saira Banu in the lead roles. He directed Ittefaq (1969), a mystery thriller film based on a Gujarati play, depicting the events of a single night, with Rajesh Khanna and Nanda in the lead roles. Shot in a month and on a low budget, the film was deemed unusual by critics. It was one of the first Hindi films which did not have any songs or an interval. It was eventually declared a semi-hit at the box-office and won Chopra his second Filmfare Award for Best Director.

Formation of Yash Raj Films (1970–1992)
In 1970, Chopra founded the independent Yash Raj Films, terminating his creative collaboration with his brother. His first independently-produced film, Daag: A Poem of Love (1973), a melodrama about polygamy, starring Rajesh Khanna, Sharmila Tagore and Raakhee was a major critical and commercial success and Chopra won his third Filmfare Award for Best Director for the film.

He directed a number of cult classics starring Shashi Kapoor and Amitabh Bachchan, and scripted by Salim–Javed, notably Deewaar (1975) and Trishul (1978), which were major critical and commercial successes and remain popular even today. These films set the trend for the late-'70s and '80s, establishing Bachchan as the "angry young man". Chopra produced, directed and scripted two more films starring the duo. Unlike his earlier action-oriented films, these were musical romantic dramas: Kabhi Kabhie (1976), co-starring Waheeda Rehman, Raakhee, Rishi Kapoor and Neetu Singh, followed by Silsila (1981), co-starring Jaya Bachchan, Rekha and Sanjeev Kumar. Chopra suggested Javed Akhtar to become a lyricist, starting from this film. He also directed the duo in the action drama Kaala Patthar (1979), based on the Chasnala mining disaster. However, the film fared average at the box office. Chopra received nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Director for all of these films, except Silsila, winning for Deewaar, his fourth win in the category.

The '80s marked a professional setback in Chopra's career, as several films he directed and produced in that period failed to leave a mark at the Indian box-office. His film Mashaal (1984) was his first collaboration with the legendary actor, Dilip Kumar. The action-oriented film, which was based on the well-known Marathi play titled Ashroonchi Zhali Phule, received critical acclaim, but fared only average at the box-office. A year later, he made Faasle, a romantic drama starring Sunil Dutt, Rekha, Rohan Kapoor and Farah, which proved to be a critical and commercial disaster at the box-office. He and critics consider it his worst film. Vijay (1988) was also a box-office failure. The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and was dubbed a remake of Trishul.

Chopra's lean phase ended in 1989 with the highly-successful romantic musical Chandni, a film with all the hallmarks of what has come to be known as the "Yash Chopra style": heroine-oriented, romantic, emotional, depicting the lifestyle of the elite, with melodious music used in songs picturized in foreign locations. It marked the first collaboration between Chopra and Sridevi. The huge success of its soundtrack was instrumental in ending the era of violence in Bollywood films and bringing back music into Hindi films. After a string of critically and commercially films, the success of Chandni consolidated Sridevi's position as the top female Bollywood star of the era. Though it was not the first time Chopra shot a film in Switzerland, the extensive scenes shot there made it a popular tourist destination for Indians. The film won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment for 1989, in addition to earning Chopra his eighth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.

He followed it with Lamhe (1991), an intergenerational musical romantic drama starring frequent collaborators Sridevi and Anil Kapoor. The film received widespread critical acclaim, had exceptional music, and was one of the biggest Bollywood hits in the overseas market; however, it was a moderate box-office success in India due to its controversial storyline. The film won five Filmfare Awards, including the Filmfare Award for Best Film, and earned Chopra his ninth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director. Over the years, Lamhe has been hailed as a cult classic; it is regarded as a modern masterpiece and possibly his finest film to date. It was featured in Outlook magazine's list of All-Time Great Indian films. It has been cited by Chopra as his personal favourite of his films.

In 1992, Chopra directed Parampara. Despite an all-star cast of Ramya Krishnan, Aamir Khan, Raveena Tandon, Sunil Dutt, Anupam Kher, Vinod Khanna, Ashwini Bhave and Saif Ali Khan (in his film debut), the film was a commercial failure and was panned by critics for its weak storyline and soundtrack, although Chopra's direction was commended.

Later career (1993–2012)
In 1993, Chopra directed the newcomer Shahrukh Khan along with Juhi Chawla and Sunny Deol in the musical psychological thriller Darr. The film depicted the story of an obsessed lover (Khan) and the lengths to which he goes to get the girl (Chawla) who is already happily engaged to another man (Deol). The film was a runaway success and is now considered a cult classic. Darr emerged as one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of 1993. It also established Khan as a bankable star and earned Chopra the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment, in addition to his tenth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.

In 1995, Chopra launched the television production house Metavision. This company produced a singing reality show Meri Awaaz Suno (1995–1997), a talk show Meri Pasand (1995–1996), and a telefilm Humko Ishq Ne Mara (1997).

In 1997, Chopra directed, produced and co-wrote the musical romantic drama Dil To Pagal Hai, starring yet again Shahrukh Khan in a love quadrangle with Madhuri Dixit, Karisma Kapoor and Akshay Kumar. It was the first Bollywood film to be shot in Germany. The film became the highest grosser for the year and won several awards, including 8 Filmfare Awards (including an eleventh nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director for Chopra) and 3 National Film Awards, including the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. Chopra then took a sabbatical from directing and focused solely on producing films for over 7 years.

In 2004, he returned to direction with the epic love saga Veer-Zaara. Starring Shahrukh Khan again, Preity Zinta and Rani Mukerji in lead roles, the film was the biggest hit of 2004 in both domestic and overseas markets, with a worldwide gross of over ₹940 million and was screened at the Berlin Film Festival to high critical appreciation. The film which narrated the star-crossed love story of an Indian air-force officer Veer Pratap Singh (Khan) and a Pakistani woman, Zaara Hayaat Khan (Zinta) was highly appreciated by critics. Rama Sharma from The Tribune wrote: "Giving love its due, Chopra has understandably linked the script to the life of a common man. The pace is exacting. Drawing from the best of the two countries, the story is made more colorful by a spray of the Punjabi culture—be it celebrating Lohri in India or visiting a dargah in Pakistan. He has handled the script cleverly. Whenever the pace begins to slacken, he introduces a new character and a twist." Veer-Zaara won 4 Filmfare Awards, including the Filmfare Award for Best Film, and earned Chopra a record-setting twelfth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director. The film also won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment.

In September 2012, in a special interview with actor Shahrukh Khan on the occasion of his 80th birthday, Chopra announced that Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012) would be his last directorial venture and that he would opt to focus on his production company and his personal life. For the shoot of the last remaining song in Jab Tak Hai Jaan, director Yash Chopra wanted to shoot a scene with a sari-clad Katrina Kaif romancing Shahrukh Khan in the lush meadows of the Swiss Alps. But his illness, caused by a bout of dengue, stymied the plan for the song, which would have reflected his trademark directorial style.

Frequent collaborations
Chopra was known to often cast the same actors in his films, his most famous collaborations being with Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjeev Kumar, Madan Puri, Amrish Puri, Prem Chopra, Nirupa Roy, Aruna Irani, Bindu, Manmohan Krishna, Poonam Dhillon, Parikshit Sahni, Shashi Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor, Neetu Singh, Raakhee, Rajesh Khanna, Sunil Dutt, Anil Kapoor, Waheeda Rehman, Hema Malini, Anupam Kher, Iftekhar, Achala Sachdev, Vikas Anand and more recently, Shahrukh Khan.

Personal life
In 1970, Chopra married Pamela Singh and together they have two sons Aditya Chopra and Uday Chopra, born in 1971 and 1973, respectively. Aditya Chopra is also a film director and producer and holds the position of chairman and managing director of Yash Raj Films, while Uday is an assistant director turned actor who made his acting debut in 2000 in his brother's directorial, Mohabbatein. He is currently the Director – Yash Raj Films, CEO – YRF Entertainment.

Death
On 13 October 2012, Chopra was diagnosed with dengue fever and was admitted to Lilavati Hospital in Bandra, Mumbai. On 21 October, Yash Chopra succumbed to death following multiple organ failure. He was 80 years of age. The Chautha ceremony for Yash Chopra was held on 25 October 2012 at Yash Raj Films studio. Yash Chopra's final rites took place at Pawan Hans crematorium on 22 October 2012.

Honours and recognitions

 * 1996: Founder Trustee of Film Industry Welfare Trust established.
 * 1998 & 2001: Received BBC Asia Awards in both years – in 1998 and 2001 for his outstanding contribution to films.
 * 2001: Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the topmost and the highest honour given in the Indian film industry.
 * 2001: Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Millennium Lifetime Achievement award.
 * 2003-2012: Vice President of the Film Producers’ Guild of India for 10 years.
 * 2005: Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honours.
 * 2005: Honoured along with the Egyptian comedian Adel Emam and the Oscar-winning actor Morgan Freeman as the Asian, Arab and Hollywood honorees in the Dubai International Film Festival "In the Spotlight", which honours the work of eminent actors, producers and directors from around the world for their distinguished service to the film industry.
 * 2006: A lifetime membership to BAFTA for his contribution to the Indian film industry. He is the first Indian to be honoured at BAFTA in 59-year history of the academy.
 * 2006: Punjab Rattan, Punjab's highest civilian honour.
 * 2006: Lifetime Achievement Award at the 4th Pune International Film Festival (P.I.F.F.)
 * 2007: The veteran director was on the advisory board of the Information & Broadcasting Ministry of the Government of India.
 * 2007: He has been given the Maharashtra state government's Raj Kapoor and V. Shantaram’ Awards, in recognition of his impressive contributions to the Hindi film industry.
 * 13 November 2007: Chopra was conferred the Zenith Asia Honour for his contribution to Indian cinema.
 * 5 July 2008: France's Legion of Honour
 * 2008: FIAPF Award for Outstanding Achievement in Film at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards.
 * 2009: Yash Chopra received the Lifetime Achievement Award at Satya Brahma-founded India Leadership Conclave, moderated by NDTV.
 * 2009: Pusan International Film Festival – Asian Filmmaker of the Year
 * 2010: National Kishore Kumar Award by the Government of Madhya Pradesh.
 * 2010: Honoured by the Swiss Government for rediscovering Switzerland, and recently, he was presented a Special Award by Ursula Andress on behalf of the Swiss Government.
 * 2010: Swiss Ambassador's Award for his contribution in promoting "Brand Switzerland" through his movies.
 * October 2010: Chopra was given the Outstanding Achievement in Cinema award at The Asian Awards.
 * 2011: Chopra was honoured with the title of Ambassador of Interlaken.
 * 2011: In Mumbai, the India Leadership Conclave felicitated him in the category of "Excellence in outstanding contribution to Indian Cinema".
 * 2013: Awarded the "Father of Contemporary Indian Cinema" at Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (IFFM).
 * 3 May 2013: A postage stamp, bearing his likeness, was released by India Post to honour him.
 * Handpicked by the British Film Institute for a book written by Rachel Dwyer in their "World Directors Series". This book showcases the glorious five-decade career of Yash Chopra.
 * Certificate of Recognition from the British Tourist Authority and British Film Commission for promoting tourism in the UK through his films.
 * Vocational Excellence Award by the Rotary Club
 * Outstanding Achievement Awards by the apex bodies of Indian Industry – like the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
 * Honoured by National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) and All India Association of Industries (AIAI) for his outstanding achievements.
 * He has also been awarded the Priyadarshini Award for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema.

Honorary Doctorate degrees

 * 2004: by the Guru Nanak University, Amritsar, India in recognition of his stature as a leading luminary of India.
 * 2007: by the Leeds Metropolitan University in Yorkshire.
 * 2008: by the Panjab University, Chandigarh, India for his contribution to Indian cinema.
 * 2010: from the School of Oriental and African Studies.
 * 2012 Honorary Professorship from Trinity College Dublin.

Memorial Awards
The Yash Chopra Memorial Award ceremonies were instituted by the TSR Foundation of T. Subbarami Reddy, which carries Rs 10.00 lakhs cash and citation. These awards ceremonies started in 2013, on the eve of Chopra's death and are dedicated to his memory. The ceremonies are held annually in Mumbai, and feature awards to people in recognition of their outstanding contribution in the field of art and culture.

title: Yash Chopra


text:
Argadnel

In Celtic mythology, Argadnel (celtic: Maig Arggatnéul, meaning "plain of silver cloud") is one of the Islands of the Earthly Paradise that were visited by Bran the Blessed.

In 2003, the International Astronomical Union adopted the name for a regio of Europa.

title: Argadnel


text:
Cath Maige Tuired

Cath Maige Tuired (modern spelling: Cath Maighe Tuireadh; ) is the name of two saga texts of the Mythological Cycle of Irish mythology. It refers to two separate battles in Connacht: the first in the territory of Conmhaícne Cúile Tuireadh near Cong, County Mayo, the second near Lough Arrow in County Sligo. The two texts tell of battles fought by the Tuatha Dé Danann, the first against the Fir Bolg, and the second against the Fomorians.

Maigh Tuireadh is typically anglicised as Moytura or Moytirra.

Etymology
The word cath is an Old Irish word meaning "battle, combat". Mag is an earlier spelling of maigh, meaning "plain". Ellis suggests that tuired (tuireadh in modern spelling) means "pillars" or "towers", but the Royal Irish Academy's Dictionary of the Irish Language translates tuiredh as "a lament".

The First Battle of Mag Tuired
The first text, sometimes called Cét-chath Maige Tuired ("The First Battle of Mag Tuired") or Cath Maighe Tuireadh Cunga ("The Battle of Mag Tuired Conga") or Cath Maighe Tuireadh Theas ("The Battle of Southern Mag Tuired"), relates how the Tuatha Dé Danann took Ireland from the Fir Bolg, who then inhabited the island. It begins with the children of Nemed, an earlier group of inhabitants of Ireland, leaving for Greece to escape their oppression by the Fomorians. A group of Nemed's descendants, the Fir Bolg, return to Ireland and conquer it, occupying it for thirty years until the coming of the Tuatha Dé Danann, another group of Nemed's descendants.

The Tuatha Dé Danann, led by their king, Nuada, come to Ireland in three hundred ships from the islands of the north. Their arrival is foreseen in a dream by the Fir Bolg king, Eochaid mac Eirc. When they land, they burn their ships. Negotiations begin between Sreng, the champion of the Fir Bolg, and Bres of the Tuatha Dé Danann, and Bres demands that the Fir Bolg either give battle or cede half of Ireland to them. The Fir Bolg choose battle. After a delay to prepare weapons, they met at the Pass of Balgatan, and the battle rages for four days. Nuada encounters Sreng, and with one swing of his sword Sreng cuts off Nuada's right hand. However, the Tuatha Dé Danann gain the ascendancy. A truce is called, and the Fir Bolg are given three options: leave Ireland, share the land with the Tuatha Dé Danann, or continue the battle. They choose to fight. Sreng challenges Nuada to single combat. Nuada accepts on the condition that Sreng ties up one arm to make the combat fair, but Sreng rejects this condition. The Tuatha Dé Danann then decide to offer the Fir Bolg one of the provinces of Ireland. Sreng chooses Cóiced Ol nEchmacht, and the two sides make peace.

Dian Cecht, the god of physicians, made an artificial hand of silver for Nuada, and Nuada was named Nuada Airgetlám (Nuada of the Silver Hand). However, the goddess Brigid had told the Tuatha Dé Danann that no-one with a blemish can rule them, and, having lost a hand, the Tuatha Dé Danann had to choose another king. They chose Bres, son of Elatha, king of the Fomorians or the Children of Domnu. Seven years later Bres dies after taking a drink while hunting, and Nuada, having had his arm replaced, is restored.

The First Battle is distinguished from the Second as the Battle of Muigh Tuiredh Conga or the Battle of Southern Moytura.

The Second Battle of Mag Tuired
The second text of this name, also known as Cath Dédenach Maige Tuired ("The Last Battle of Mag Tuired"), Cath Tánaiste Maige Tuired ("The Second Battle of Mag Tuired"), and Cath Maighe Tuireadh Thúaidh ("The Battle of Northern Mag Tuired"), tells how the Tuatha Dé Danann, having conquered Ireland, fall under the oppression of the Fomorians, and then fight a battle to free themselves from this oppression. It expands on references to the battle in Lebor Gabála Érenn and the Irish Annals, and is one of the richest sources of tales of the former Irish gods. It is found in a 16th-century manuscript, but is believed to be a composite work compiled in the 12th century from 9th century material.

It begins with a brief account of the first battle, the loss of Nuada's arm, and his replacement as king by Bres, and then tells how Bres was conceived from a union between Ériu of the Tuatha Dé Danann and Elatha of the Fomorians. Because of his ancestry Bres oppressed the Tuatha Dé Danann, making the noblest of them do menial work, imposing heavy tribute, and failing to show the level of hospitality expected of a king. He is deposed as king, and Nuada, who has had his arm replaced with one of silver by the physician Dian Cecht (whose son Miach caused flesh to grow over it), is restored. Bres appeals for assistance from the Fomorians to take back the kingship, and although his father Elatha refuses, another Fomorian leader, Balor of the Evil Eye, agrees to help him and raises a huge army. Meanwhile, Lugh, another product of a Tuatha Dé Danann and Fomorian union, arrives at Nuada's court, and, after impressing the king with his many talents, is given command of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Nuada is killed by Balor in the battle, but Lugh, Balor's grandson, kills the Fomorian leader with his sling, smashing his deadly eye through the back of his head where it wreaks havoc on the Fomorian ranks. Bres is found alive in the aftermath of the battle, and is spared on the condition that he teach the Tuatha Dé Danann how to plough, sow and reap. Finally, Lugh, the Dagda and Ogma rescue the Dagda's harp, Uaithne, which had been captured by the retreating Fomorians.

Adaptations

 * Pádraic Colum adapted Cath Maige Tuired into the play Moytura: A Play for Dancers, first performed during the 1963 Dublin Theatre Festival (24 September–6 October 1963).

title: Cath Maige Tuired


text:
Prem Chopra

Prem Chopra (born 23 September 1935) is an Indian actor in Hindi films. He has acted in 380 films over a span of over 60 years. He has 3 children (Rakita, Prerna, and Punita), and 7 grandchildren (Risha, Veer, Vaaryan, Vihaan, Sanchi, Khyana).

Life and education
Chopra, the third of six children of Ranveerlal and Rooprani Chopra, a Punjabi Hindu family, was born on 23 September 1935, in Lahore. After the partition of India, his family moved to Shimla, where he was brought up. He has studied in S.D. Senior Secondary School, Shimla. His father desired for him to be a doctor or an Indian Administrative Services Officer.

Chopra completed his schooling and college from Shimla after his father, who was a government servant, got transferred there. He graduated from Panjab University. He took part in college dramatics enthusiastically. At his father's insistence, he completed his graduation and then went to Bombay (present-day Mumbai). Soon after he made his debut film, his mother was diagnosed with mouth cancer and she died, leaving his then nine-year-old sister Anju to be looked after by his father and his four other brothers. The brothers had given warning to their respective wives that only if their sister is happy, would they be happy and Prem considers his sister to be his first daughter. Noted writer-director Lekh Tandon brought the proposal of Uma for marriage to Prem. Uma was the younger sister of the siblings Krishna Kapoor (wife of Raj Kapoor), Prem Nath and Rajendranath. The couple have three daughters, Rakita, Punita and Prerna Chopra. Rakita is married to film publicity designer Rahul Nanda, the son of author and screenwriter Gulshan Nanda. Punita owns a pre-school called Wind Chimes in Bandra, suburban Mumbai, and is married to singer and television actor Vikas Bhalla. Prerna is married to Bollywood actor Sharman Joshi. Chopra resides in a duplex apartment in Pali Hill, Bandra in Mumbai.

He became estranged with two of his four brothers in the late 1980s. Chopra had bought a bungalow in 1980 in Delhi, which was jointly owned by him and his father, and his father and one brother used to stay there. Chopra had gotten his brother a job in Delhi, and made him stay at the bungalow. But his father, a day before his death, was made to sign a will favouring one of his brothers, taking away Chopra's rights to the bungalow. Later, an income tax raid happened in that same house, and his brother said in the raid that Chopra had given them the bungalow, but the house still was in name of Prem Chopra. Chopra had two other houses in Mumbai as well, which were sold off cheaply by his other brothers without telling him, as they needed the money.

His biography titled Prem Naam Hai Mera, Prem Chopra, written by his daughter Rakita Nanda, was released in April 2014.

Beginnings (1960–1967)
In Simla, Chopra developed an interest in acting as he had begun to take part in many plays in his college days. Despite stiff opposition from his parents, he managed to go to Bombay to pursue his dream of acting in Bollywood films. In his initial days he stayed at guest-houses in Colaba, Mumbai. He started visiting film studios to display his portfolio: The response was not encouraging.

To survive in the fast life of Bombay, he took up a job with The Times of India while trying to gain a foothold in the film industry. He looked after circulation of the paper in Bengal, Orissa and Bihar and was required to tour 20 days a month. Chopra used to cut his touring time by calling the agents to come and meet him at the station so that he could quickly return. This way a tour that would normally take 20 days would get completed in 12, and he would spend the rest of the time going from one studio to the other. While traveling by the suburban train one day, a stranger accosted him and asked if he was interested in joining films. Chopra nodded in agreement and went with that stranger to Ranjit Studios where the producers of Chaudhary Karnail Singh were in search of a hero. Jagjit Sethi, a Punjabi producer, gave him a break as the hero of the established star Jabeen Jalil in Chaudhary Karnail Singh, a Punjabi film. His debut film was a Hindu-Muslim romantic love story set against the backdrop of Indo-Pak partition and it turned out to be a big hit. The film won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi. He was paid Rs 2500 for his debut film.

During his stint with the Times of India, he worked in Punjabi films including Sapani and Hindi films such as Woh Kaun Thi?, Shaheed, Main Shaadi Karne Chala and Teesri Manzil. Prem did not consider acting as a full-time profession in the early 1960s, but he kept trying to get roles in films due to his passion for acting. Among his early films he played Sukhdev in Shaheed, one of his rare positive leading roles. Prem had done four movies before Woh Kaun Thi?, a box office hit of 1964, had released. On the sets of Woh Kaun Thi? which had Manoj Kumar as lead hero, Prem met Manoj for the first time. Manoj offered Prem a positive role in Shaheed, for which Manoj was the presenter. During the shooting of Main Shadi Karne Chala someone suggested that he become a villain. He continued working with The Times of India, when he was already a part of box office hits like Nishan, Sikandar E Azam in 1965 and Sagaai, Mera Saaya in 1966. After Teesri Manzil and Upkaar, he was flooded with films as a villain.

After Upkaar in 1967, he left The Times of India to concentrate solely on acting.

Established actor (1969–1995)
Since 1967, he has been a leading villain in Hindi films and his peak period as main villain was from 1967 to 1995. In the 1970s he got plum roles as villains often with Sujit Kumar and Ranjeet. In a few films he played secondary villain to villainous characters of Ajit, Madan Puri, Pran, Prem Nath, Jeevan in the 1970s and 1980s and to Amrish Puri and Amjad Khan in the late 1980s.

In the critically acclaimed comedy film Hulchul (1971), a remake of Anubavam Pudhumai, he played the lead hero in this suspense thriller. He played the main lead in the 1970 box office hit small budget comedy film Samaj Ko Badal Dalo as lead hero, and was paired opposite Telugu film actresses Kanchana and Sharada. The song sung by Rafi and picturised on Prem Chopra – "Tum Apni Saheli Ko Itna Bata Do Ki Usse Koi Pyar Karne Laga Hai" from this 1970 film and the song "Rah Mein Kaliya" – a song sung by Kishore Kumar and performed on-screen by Prem Chopra in the film Nafrat (1973), a box office flop, continues to be popular. The dialogue "Prem naam hai mera, Prem Chopra" (My name is Prem, Prem Chopra) from the film Bobby has been very popular. Another famous Prem Chopra dialogue is from the film Souten – "Main wo bala hoon jo sheshay se pathar ko todte hai", which closely translates to "I am that trouble which crushes stones with glass". Another dialogue from Souten was – "Jinke Ghar Sheeshe Ke Hote Hain Woh Batti Bhujakar Kapde Badalte Hai". "Main jo aag lagata hoon use boojhana bhi jaanta hoon" from Kati Patang.

He was the regular in villainous roles in the films with Rajesh Khanna in the lead role from 1969 to 1991 from Doli (1969) till Ghar Parivar (1991). The duo of Prem and Rajesh Khanna acted in 19 films together and 15 of them were box office hits, and they were very close friends in real life till Khanna's death. Prem quoted in an interview "Rajesh Khanna and I were considered a lucky pair and distributors used to tell Rajesh Khanna that we don't care who your heroine is, all we want to know is whether Prem Chopra is in the film." He also mouthed dialogues in the song "Aaj Pila Dey Saathi Apni" sung by Mahendra Kapoor from the film Doli (1969). He also mouthed dialogues in the song "Lo Mera Pyar Lelo" from Nafrat in 1973 with Asha Bhosle and "Kab Se Ye Dil Hai Pyaasa" from Mera Muqaddar in 1988.

He played son to villainous character of actor Ajit in films like Azaad, Chhupa Rustom, Jugnu and co-starred with him in Des Pardes, Ram Balram and Barood. In the late 80s, he played second fiddle to Amrish Puri only in a few films such as Awaaz, Shahenshah and Aaj Ka Arjun. Amrish Puri had played Prem Chopra's henchman in Dostana, Immaan Dharam and a minuscule role in Naseeb. Otherwise in majority of the films from 1969 to 1991 – Prem Chopra was the main villain. In fact, in Rajesh Khanna's films from 1969 to 1991, Prem Chopra was always the main villain and was never given a henchman's role except in Awaaz. He was main villain in all films starring Manoj Kumar from Upkar (1967) to Santosh (1989).

He was paired opposite actress Bindu regularly in films such as Lagan (1971), Kati Patang, Do Raaste, Daag, Chhupa Rustam, Phandebaaz, Tyaag, Nafrat, Gehri Chaal and Daastan.

Unlike other villains, Chopra's on-screen evil didn't rely on gizmos, his characters didn't rely on henchmen to do the dirty work and he never needed wicked names. Some of his famous dialogues from the 1990s include – "Sharafat aur imaandaari ka certificate ye duniya sirf unhe deti hai jinke paas daulat hoti hai" from Aag Ka Gola (1990), "Bhains poonch uthayegi to gaana to nahi gayegi, gobar hi degi" from Aaj Ka Arjun (1990), "Tu Madhuri se thodi kum aur Mandakini se thodi zyada hai" from Aaj Ka Goonda Raj (1992), "Rajneeti ki bhains ke liye daulat ki lathi ki zaroorat hoti hai" from Khiladi (1992), "Kar bhala to ho bhala" from Raja Babu (1994) and "Nanga nahayega kya aur nichodega kya" from Dulhe Raja (1998).

Late career (1996–present)
After 1996, he appeared as a villain in very few films. He took up positive character roles from 1996 and started getting more positive roles from 2007. His screen space got reduced in the films after 2007.

Prem Chopra considers that his best roles were in Shaheed (1965), Upkaar (1967), Purab Aur Pashchim, Do Raaste (1969), Kati Patang (1970), Do Anjaane (1976), Jaadu Tona (1977), Kala Sona, Dostana (1980), Kranti (1981),  Jaanwar(1982),Oonche Log (1985), Indira (1989), Phool Bane Angaarey (1991), Bewaffa Se Waffa and the 19 films with Rajesh Khanna. He considers that his best performances in positive roles came in Sikander-e-Azam, Kunwari, Shaheed, Jaadu Tona and Chori Chori Chupke Chupke. He disclosed in an interview that "My films with Rajesh Khanna are very special to me. Right from Doli then Do Raaste, Kati Patang, Daag, Ajnabee, Prem Nagar, Maha Chor, Mehbooba, Tyaag, Bebus, Aanchal, Jaanwar, Souten, Maqsad, Awaaz, Shatru, Oonche Log, Waapsi and Ghar Parivaar. 15 of 17 released were hits. Each of those films showed different shades of my personality in villainous role." When asked how he could continue so long in a cinematic career, he quoted "Although I came to be a hero, my films as a leading man flopped. Which was good in a way because a whole new world opened in front of me. There were so many more roles I could do. When I established myself as a villain it could continue for years."

1960s

 * Dr Vidya (1962)
 * Chaudhary Karnail Singh (1960) as Shera Punjabi movie
 * Hum Hindustani (1960)
 * Main Shadi Karne Chala (1962)
 * Aeh Dharti Punjab Di (1963) Punjabi Movie
 * Sapni (1963) Punjabi movie
 * Woh Kaun Thi? (1964) as Ramesh
 * Shaheed (1965)
 * Sikandar E Azam (1965)
 * Nishan (1965)
 * Poonam Ki Raat (1965) as Peter
 * Mera Saaya (1966) as Daku Suryavar Singh / Ranjit
 * Kunwari (1966)
 * Sagaai (1966) as Kailash
 * Teesri Manzil (1966) as Ramesh
 * Latt Saheb (1967)
 * Aamne – Saamne (1967)
 * Upkar (1967) Puran 'Kumar'
 * Duniya (1968) Mohanchand
 * Jhuk Gaya Aasman (1968)as Prem Kumar Saxena
 * Haye Mera Dil (1968)
 * Do Raaste (1969)Birju Gupta
 * Ek Shriman Ek Shrimati (1969) as Ajit Choudhury
 * Pardesan as Raj (Punjabi Movie)
 * Anjaana (1969) as Ramesh
 * Waris (1969) as Ravi/ Ram Kumar#2
 * Doli (1969) as Prem

1970s

 * Prem Pujari (1970) as Bilkish Mohammad (Billy)
 * Samaj Ko Badal Dalo (1970) as Shyam
 * Pagla Kahin Ka (1970) as Shyam
 * Purab Aur Paschim (1970) as O.P Omkar
 * Himmat (1970) as Boss
 * Jawab (1970) as Sagar (Zamindar's Son)
 * Yaadgaar (1970)
 * Kati Patang (1970) as Kailash
 * Haré Raama Haré Krishna (1971) as Dronacharya
 * Pyar Ki Kahani (1971) as Banke
 * Lagan (1971)
 * Hulchul (1971) as Mahesh Jetley # 1
 * Aap Aye Bahaar Ayee (1971) as Kumar
 * Dastaan (1972) as Rajan
 * Raja Jani (1972) as Pratap Bahadur Singh
 * Gora Aur Kala (1972) as Shamsher Singh
 * Apradh (1972) as Harnam Khanna
 * Be-Imaan (1972) as Deepak Das
 * Raaste Kaa Patthar (1972) as Ranjeet Choudhry
 * Bobby (1973) as Prem Chopra
 * Jugnu (1973) as Ramesh
 * Jheel Ke Us Paar (1973) as Pratap
 * Gehri Chaal (1973) as Madan
 * Chhupa Rustam (1973) as Bahadur Singh
 * Nafrat (1973)
 * Keemat (1973) as Shaktiman
 * Daag: A Poem of Love (1973) as Dheeraj Kapoor
 * Benaam (1974) as Kishanlal
 * Ajanabee (1974) as Motibabu
 * Jab Andhera Hota Hai (1974)
 * Prem Nagar (1974) as Shamsher Singh
 * Vachan (1974)
 * Pocket Maar (1974) as Madan Malhotra
 * Kala Sona (1975) as Poppy Singh
 *  Do Jhoot (1975) as Shailesh
 * Do Jasoos (1975) as Prem Chopra
 * Raaja (1975)
 * Sanyasi (1975) as Banwari
 * Mehbooba (1976) as Appa
 * Lagaaam (1976)
 * Bairaag (1976) as Kunwar Pratap Singh
 * Barood (1976)
 * Maha Chor (1976)
 * Do Anjaane (1976)
 * Tyaag (1977)
 * Immaan Dharam (1977)
 * Kasum Khoon Ki (1977)
 * Jagriti (1977)
 * Adha Din Adhi Raat (1977)
 * Adha (1977)
 * Darling Darling (1977)
 * Thief of Baghdad (1977)
 * Jadu Tona (1977)
 * Dream Girl (1977)
 * Dildaar (1977)
 * Paapi (1977)
 * Dil Aur Deewar (1978)
 * Phandebaaz (1978)
 * Des Pardes (1978)
 * Azaad (1978)
 * Do Musafir (1978)
 * Trishul (1978)
 * Kaala Patthar (1979)
 * Jhoota Kahin Ka (1979)
 * The Great Gambler (1979)
 * Bebus (1979)

1980s

 * Dostana (1980)
 * Aanchal (1980)
 * Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1980)
 * Lootmaar (1980)
 * Saboot (1980)
 * Dhan Daulat (1980)
 * Nishana (1980)
 * Ram Balram (1980)
 * Ek Aur Ek Gyarah (1981)
 * Shakka (1981)
 * Naseeb (1981)
 * Kranti (1981)
 * Aas Paas (1981)
 * Sansani: The Sensation (1981)
 * Sawaal (1982)
 * Desh Premee (1982)
 * Gopichand Jasoos (1982)
 * Haathkadi (1982)
 * Do Dishayen (1982)
 * Khud-Daar (1982)
 * Raksha (1982)
 * Farz Aur Kanoon (1982)
 * Mawaali (1983)
 * Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka (1983)
 * Betaab (1983)
 * Souten (1983)
 * Prem Tapasya (1983)
 * Jaanwar (1983)
 * Daulat Ke Dushman (1983)
 * Pukar (1983)
 * Andha Kanoon (1983)
 * Awaaz (1984)
 * Manzil Manzil (1984)
 * Duniya (1984)
 * Ram Tera Desh (1984)
 * Maqsad (1984)
 * Ghar Ek Mandir (1984)
 * Teri Bahon Mein (1984)
 * Bhavani Junction (1985)
 * Oonche Log (1985)
 * Mard (1985)
 * Telephone (1985)
 * Sitamgar (1985)
 * Arjun (1985)
 * Sarfarosh (1985)
 * Ram Tere Kitne Nam (1985)
 * Bond 303 (1985)
 * Kali Basti (1985)
 * 3D Saamri (1985)
 * Haqeeqat (1985)
 * Aaj Ka Daur (1985)
 * Avinash (1986)
 * Preeti (1986)
 * Ilzaam (1986)
 * Swarag Se Sunder (1986)
 * Waapsi (1986)
 * Shatru (1986)
 * Saveray Wali Gaadi (1986)
 * Nagina (1986)
 * Insaf Ki Pukar (1987)
 * Hiraasat (1987)
 * Hawalaat (1987)
 * Majaal (1987)
 * Kalyug Aur Ramayan (1987)
 * Hukumat (1987)
 * Mard Ki Zabaan (1987)
 * Watan Ke Rakhwale (1987)
 * Mahaveera (1988)
 * Charnon Ki Saugandh (1988)
 * Shukriyaa (1988)
 * Shahenshah (1988)
 * Mera Muqaddar (1988)
 * Mera Shikar (1988)
 * Gunahon Ka Faisla (1988)
 * Sagar Sangam (1988)
 * Sikka (1989)
 * Daata (1989)
 * Dana Paani (1989)
 * Jung Baaz (1989)
 * Abhimanyu (1989)
 * Garibon Ka Daata (1989)
 * Rakhwala (1989)
 * Clerk (1989)
 * Santosh (1989)
 * Sachché Ká Bol-Bálá (1989)
 * Joshilaay (1989)
 * Indira (1989)
 * Dav Pech (1989)
 * Aakhri Badla (1989)
 * Paanch Paapi (1989) as Chaudhary Raghuveer Singh
 * Kanoon Ki Awaaz (1989)
 * Kanoon Ka Harz (1989)
 * Mitti Aur Sona (1989)
 * Gharana (1989)

1990s

 * Majboor (1990)
 * Doodh Ka Karz / Upkar Dudhache (1990)
 * Paap Ki Kamaee (1990)
 * Police Public (1990)
 * Atishbaz (1990)
 * Azaad Desh Ke Gulam (1990)
 * Aag Ka Gola (1990)
 * Kali Ganga (1990)
 * Insaaf Ka Khoon (1991)
 * Ghar Parivaar (1991)
 * Princess from Kathmandu (1991)
 * Phool Bane Angaarey (1991)
 * Mast Kalandar (1991)
 * Veerta (1991)
 * Ghar Jamai (1992)
 * Aaj Ka Goonda Raj (1992)
 * Tahalka (1992)
 * Khiladi (1992)
 * Tyagi (1992)
 * Bewaffa Se Waffa (1992)
 * Virodhi (1992)
 * Prem Deewane (1992)
 * Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana (1992)
 * Khel (1992)
 * Santaan (1993)
 * 15th August (1993) as Home Minister Bhurelal Nagpal
 * Aaja Meri Jaan (1993)
 * Izzat Ki Roti (1993)
 * Phool Aur Angaar (1993)
 * Kshatriya (1993)
 * Jaagruti (1993)
 * Aasoo Bane Angaarey (1993)
 * Aao Pyaar Karen (1994)
 * Yaar Gaddar (1994)
 * Brahma (1994)
 * Prem Yog (1994)
 * Betaaj Badshah (1994)
 * The Law (1994)
 * Laadla (1994)
 * Insaniyat (1994)
 * Raja Babu (1994)
 * Gopalaa (1994)
 * Cheetah (1994)
 * Diya Aur Toofan (1995)
 * Zamaana Deewana (1995)
 * Saajan Ki Baahon Mein (1995)
 * The Don (1995)
 * God and Gun (1995)
 * Aazmayish (1995)
 * Jawab (1995)
 * Andaz (1995 TV Series)
 * Aashique Mastane (1995)
 * Raghuveer (1995)
 * Jallaad (1995)
 * Ahankaar (1995)
 * Ab Insaf Hoga (1995)
 * Sapoot (1996)
 * Hum Hain Premi (1996)
 * Daanveer (1996)
 * Sikander (1996 Video)
 * Prem Granth (1996)
 * Namak (1996)
 * Return of Jewel Thief (1996)
 * Mera Hindustan (1996)
 * Udaan (1997)
 * Jodidar (1997)
 * Bhai Bhai (1997)
 * Kaun Rokega Mujhe (1997)
 * Gupt: The Hidden Truth (1997)
 * Zulm-O-Sitam (1998)
 * Maharaja (1998)
 * Iski Topi Uske Sarr (1998)
 * Hatya Kaand (1998)
 * Dulhe Raja (1998)
 * Military Raaj (1998)
 * Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge! (1998)
 * Hindustan Ki Kasam (1999)
 * Hote Hote Pyar Hogaya (1999)
 * Jai Hind (1999)
 * Anari No.1 (1999)
 * Lal Baadshah (1999)
 * Lo Main Aa Gaya (1999)
 * Baadshah (1999)

2000s

 * Beti No. 1 (2000)
 * Agniputra (2000)
 * Tera Mera Saath Rahen (2001)
 * C.I.D. (2001 TV Series)
 * Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (2001)
 * Pyar Ki Dhun (2002)
 * Dil Pardesi Ho Gayaa (2003)
 * Koi... Mil Gaya (2003)
 * Dhund: The Fog (2003)
 * Hum Kaun Hai ? (2004)
 * Mysteries Shaque (2004)
 * Shikaar (2004)
 * Woh Tera Naam Tha (2004)
 * Mr Prime Minister (2005)
 * Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi! (2005)
 * Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara (2005)
 * Viruddh... Family Comes First (2005)
 * Ssukh (2005)
 * Bunty Aur Babli (2005)
 * Khullam Khulla Pyaar Karen (2005)
 * Saawan... The Love Season (2006)
 * Umar (2006)
 * Bold (2006)
 * Dhamaal (2007)
 * Buddha Mar Gaya (2007)
 * Undertrial (2007)
 * Broken Thread (2007)
 * Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love (2007)
 * Money Hai Toh Honey Hai (2008)
 * Khushboo (2008)
 * Humsey Hai Jahaan (2008)
 * World Cupp 2011 (2009)
 * Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year (2009)
 * Daddy Cool (2009)
 * Delhi-6 (2009)

2010s

 * Golmaal 3 (2010)
 * Mirch (2010)
 * Loot (2011)
 * Love U...Mr. Kalakaar! (2011)
 * Dharti (Punjabi) (2011)
 * Patiala House (2011)
 * Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron (2011)
 * Heart Land (Completed) (2012)
 * Power Cut (Punjabi) (2012)
 * Challo Driver (2012)
 * Delhi Safari (Voice) (2012)
 * Agent Vinod (2012)
 * 18.11: A Code of Secrecy (2014)
 * Disco Singh (2014)
 * Honour Killing (2014)
 * I Love NY (2015)
 * Patel Ki Punjabi Shaadi (2017)
 * Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai (2017)
 * Udanchhoo (2018)
 * Rangeela Raja (2019)
 * Line of Descent (2019)

2020s

 * Bunty Aur Babli 2 (2021)
 * Animal (2023)

Awards

 * 1971 – Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for Himmat
 * 1976 – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for Do Anjaane
 * 1976 – Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for Mehbooba
 * 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City
 * Among other awards won, the Giants honoured him with the "Lifetime Achievement Award".
 * He has been honoured with a Lions Club Award, Ashoka Award, Ashirwad Award and the "Punjabi Kala Sangam Award."
 * 2023: Lifetime Achievement Award at 68th Filmfare Awards.

title: Prem Chopra


text:
User:Zbihniew/piaskownica

dsa da Zbihniew 20:37, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Zbihniew/piaskownica


text:
Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby

The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) was a cancelled plan for a NASA-led exploratory mission designed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory during the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s, that planned to send a spacecraft to encounter an asteroid, and then to rendezvous with a comet and fly alongside it for nearly three years. The project was eventually canceled when it went over budget; most of the money still left was redirected to its twin spacecraft, Cassini–Huygens, destined for Saturn, so it could survive Congressional budget cutbacks. Most of CRAF's scientific objectives were later accomplished by the smaller NASA spacecraft Stardust and Deep Impact, and by ESA's flagship Rosetta mission.

Overview
Designed to be the first of the planned Mariner Mark II series of spacecraft, CRAF was to closely examine a comet during a part of its orbit around the Sun. It was to launch a heavily instrumented penetrator/lander into the comet's nucleus to measure temperatures and chemical composition. CRAF's other instruments would collect data on the comet's nucleus, its coma, and its dust and ion cloud and tail. CRAF was also to provide the first close-up look at how a comet's coma and its tail of dust and ions form. CRAF and Cassini missions were a collaborative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the federal space agencies of Germany and Italy, as well as the United States Air Force and the United States Department of Energy.

CRAF was to be launched aboard a Titan IV-Centaur rocket in August 1995, but as of February 1991 the launch date was swapped with Cassini and CRAF's launch was moved back to February 1996. The new launch profile included a Venus gravity assist, that added eight months to the planned flight time but offered an increase in payload and better alternatives if the February 1996 launch window were missed. The trajectory would carry CRAF out to the asteroid belt, where a propulsion maneuver would send the spacecraft back toward Earth for a gravity assist boost. CRAF would fly past the Earth in July 1997 to take up its final flight path. By using gravity assist, NASA can launch spacecraft aboard rockets that have less thrust than would be needed for a direct flight.

The spacecraft was to encounter an asteroid named 449 Hamburga in January 1998 en route to the comet. CRAF would take photographs and deploy other scientific measurements during the encounter period. Asteroid 449 Hamburga is about 88 km in diameter and is thought to be a carbonaceous type asteroid.

CRAF's planned cometary target was Comet Kopff. This was named for August Kopff, who discovered it on August 22, 1906, during an observing session at Koenigstuhl Observatory near Heidelberg, Germany.

Ninety-four years after Kopff's discovery, CRAF  would arrive at the rendezvous point with Comet Kopff — in August 2000. Comet and spacecraft would be at the distance of Jupiter's orbit, and 850 days before closest approach to the Sun, or perihelion. CRAF would fire its penetrator/lander at the comet in August 2001, then would continue to fly beside Kopff. The spacecraft would take data for a total of two and two-thirds years, until about 109 days after they pass closest to the Sun and are outward bound again. It was to be the first time a spacecraft would have flown in formation with a comet, though a U.S. spacecraft, International Cometary Explorer (ICE), flew  by Comet Giacobini-Zinner in 1985, spacecraft from several countries encountered Comet Halley in 1986, and the Giotto spacecraft flew past Comet Grigg-Skjellerup in 1992.

The comet rendezvous would allow study of matter that scientists think is the original, relatively unchanged material left behind when a cloud of dust and gas collapsed to form the Solar System 4.6 billion years ago. Scientists believe comets now reside in a distant region of the Solar System called the Oort cloud. Current theory holds that gravitational nudges from stars in the Sun's neighborhood send some comets from the Oort cloud falling toward the Sun.

The CRAF spacecraft would fly extremely close to the comet's nucleus, within 10 km. The close-up exploration would take place before the coma and tail begin to build, it would observe the nucleus as it becomes active in the growing sunlight and begins to have its lighter elements boil off and form a coma and tails. Later the spacecraft would move in and out through the coma and down the tail to study their properties and the complex processes occurring in them, and to collect samples of dust for detailed analysis on board the spacecraft.

In December 2002 the spacecraft and the comet would make their closest approach to the Sun. They would then head outward again toward aphelion near Jupiter's orbit. On March 31, 2003, the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby, first primary mission of Mariner Mark II, would end. At that time the Cassini mission, with the second Mariner Mark II spacecraft, would be in its Saturnian-tour phase.

Spacecraft design
Mariner Mark II class spacecraft developed for NASA by JPL were a new design approach advocated by NASA's Solar System Exploration Committee and were intended for flights in the 1990s to the outer planets and primitive bodies, such as comets and asteroids.

CRAF was to be the first Mariner Mark II mission. The second mission, called Saturn Orbiter Titan Probe or SOTP (later Cassini–Huygens), was a Saturn orbiter with a probe designed to plunge into the atmosphere of the ringed planet's largest satellite, Titan. CRAF and SOTP were to use identical Mariner Mark II spacecraft, but each was to carry unique science instruments.

Instrumentation
All of the phenomena associated with comets were to be examined by CRAF's instruments. And because of the long duration of the planned rendezvous — almost three years — it was expected to fill in many of the major gaps in scientific understanding of the strange objects.

The mission's scientific payload was selected in October 1986. It was to include:

 * Cameras to photograph the nucleus, coma and tail, and changes that occur as Kopff orbits the Sun. Photos also would help scientists determine the comet's size and structure, the location of its poles, its rotation rate and geological structure.
 * A surface penetrator-lander to be fired into Kopff's nucleus. The instruments aboard the penetrator-lander would collect a sample of cometary ices, study how they change when heated, and perform a chemical analysis of the gases released from the ice. The penetrator would bury its tip, which will contain a gamma-ray spectrometer measuring abundances of as many as 20 chemical elements, up to one meter (three feet) below the comet's surface. The penetrator was to carry accelerometers to determine Kopff's surface strength and its resistance to puncture, and thermometers to measure temperatures beneath the surface. The penetrator/lander would radio its findings to the spacecraft, which will then relay them to Earth.
 * Mass spectrometers to study composition of gases released by the nucleus and the cloud of plasma (ionized gas) surrounding the nucleus.
 * Dust counters, collectors and analyzers to capture samples of the comet's dust and study them on board. The information would help scientists determine the chemical elements that make up the  dust and ice. In addition, the mass, size, shape and composition of individual dust grains will be measured.
 * A visual and infrared mapping spectrometer to study chemical composition of the coma and the surface of the nucleus as they change with time.
 * A magnetometer and a plasma-wave analyzer to measure interactions between the coma and electrically charged particles streaming from the Sun. The magnetometer was also to measure the comet's intrinsic magnetic field, if it has one.

title: Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby