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Gilby Clarke

Gilbert J. Clarke (born August 17, 1962) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter and record producer. He is known for having a three-year tenure as the rhythm guitarist of Guns N' Roses, replacing Izzy Stradlin in 1991 during the Use Your Illusion Tour, and also featured on "The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993). Following this, Clarke went on to forge a solo career as well playing guitar with Slash's Snakepit, Kat Men, Heart, Nancy Sinatra, Kathy Valentine (of The Go-Go's), MC5 and forming his own group Rock Star Supernova with members of Metallica and Mötley Crüe.

Clarke's production work includes albums by L.A. Guns, Bullets and Octane, The Bronx and Vains of Jenna.

1985–1991: Early career
Gilby Clarke started his musical career during the first half of the Eighties, replacing Candy's original guitarist, Geoff Siegel, who later played with the Nymphs. Gilby eventually replaced the band's lead vocalist and penned several unreleased fan favorites including, "Dance America". He left them to form Kill for Thrills, a metal band which released the EP Commercial Suicide and the LP Dynamite from Nightmareland before eventually disbanding. Kill for Thrills was a supergroup of sorts with Jason Nesmith (son of former Monkees Mike Nesmith) on Guitar, and Todd Muscat formerly of seminal L.A. Punk band Decry, on Bass and then later with Junkyard after Kill for Thrills. Muscat is also the brother of Brent Muscat (Faster Pussycat, L.A. Guns, Sin City Sinners). All members have deep roots in the Los Angeles rock scene.

1991–1994: Guns N' Roses
Following rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin's decision to abruptly quit the band, during Use Your Illusion Tour in 1991, citing a combination of Axl Rose's personal behavior (he would consistently delay the start of shows by hours at a time) and his mismanagement of the band and difficulties being around Slash, Sorum, and McKagan due to his new-found sobriety and their continuing alcohol and substance addictions, Clarke was chosen as his replacement, playing out the rest of gigs of the tour which lasted until 1993. His first show with the band was December 5, 1991 in Worcester, MA, USA.

During many shows throughout the tour, Rose introduced Clarke and had him play "Wild Horses", a Rolling Stones cover with Slash.

On November 23, 1993, Guns N' Roses released a collection of punk and glam rock covers entitled "The Spaghetti Incident?" where many of the tracks were recorded with original Guns N' Roses guitarist Izzy Stradlin during the Use Your Illusion I and II sessions and then were later re-recorded by Clarke.

Clarke's contract was not renewed and he was gone from the band by 1995. Slash stated in his book that Rose fired Clarke without consulting anyone, claiming he was only a "hired hand". Clarke was not involved in the recording of "Sympathy for the Devil", stating "I knew that that was the ending [of Clarke's involvement in Guns N' Roses] because nobody told me about it. Officially I was in the band at that time, and they did that song without me". Clarke also mentioned that before the final show of the Use Your Illusion Tour, Rose came up to him and told him "Hey, enjoy your last show". Clarke later sued the band over the use of his likeness in Guns N' Roses Pinball.

Clarke's only other appearances on a Guns N' Roses release would be on the live and compilation albums Live Era '87–'93 and Greatest Hits.

Clarke is featured on Guns N' Roses video releases Use Your Illusion I, Use Your Illusion II and Welcome to the Videos.

1994–1996: Pawnshop Guitars & Slash's Snakepit
In 1994, he released his debut solo album Pawnshop Guitars on Virgin Records which featured contributions from several of his close friends. Ryan Roxie (Alice Cooper) on guitar, Will Effertz on Bass and Marc Danzeisen (Riverdogs, Little Caesar) Drums and backing vocals, also including all the then members of Guns N' Roses. It went gold in Argentina.

Following the end of the Use Your Illusion Tour in 1993, Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash began recording demos of material that he had written during the tour, at his home studio with bandmate Matt Sorum. Clarke and Alice in Chains bassist Mike Inez soon started to come around to jam with them. They eventually recorded twelve demo songs. Eric Dover, live guitarist for Jellyfish, successfully auditioned to become the group's singer. Slash and Dover wrote the lyrics for all the tracks, except "Monkey Chow" which was contributed by Clarke and "Jizz da Pit" which is an instrumental written by both Slash and Inez. The album was released by Geffen Records in February 1995 charting at No. 70 on the Billboard 200. For the tour in support of the album, James LoMenzo and Brian Tichy, both members of Zakk Wylde's solo band, joined the band to replace Inez and Sorum who could not tour with the group due to other commitments. With Guns N' Roses regrouping to record a new album, Snakepit disbanded with Clarke resuming his solo career.

1997-2006: Solo career and new projects
Since then he has released another three solo albums, The Hangover, Rubber and 2002's Swag as well as the live album 99 Live.

He formed the band Col. Parker with ex-Stray Cat Slim Jim Phantom and former touring additional GN'R keyboardist Teddy "Zig Zag" Andreadis, releasing the album Rock N Roll Music in 2001.

In addition, he made a guest appearance on the L.A. Guns album Shrinking Violet, which he also produced. Clarke also produced The Bronx's self-titled album released in 2003 and Girlsplayboys debut album From Ritual to Romance in 2006, and L.A. Guns' 2001 album Man in the Moon.

In 2002, Clarke worked with Nancy Sinatra on her album California Girl and a year later joined Heart on their national tour.

In 2005, he played along with the reformed MC5, joining original members Wayne Kramer, Dennis Thompson, and Michael Davis, along with new vocalist Handsome Dick Manitoba.

2006–2012: Rock Star Supernova and reunion with GNR on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
In 2006, Mötley Crüe drummer, Tommy Lee, formed Supernova with Clarke on guitars and former Metallica bassist Jason Newsted. The band used the TV show Rock Star to find a new lead singer. Lukas Rossi was chosen as their lead singer. However, there was already a band from California called Supernova. On June 26, 2006, the California band filed a federal lawsuit and on September 12, 2006, U.S. District Judge John A. Houston in San Diego ruled in favor of the original Supernova, granting their request for a preliminary injunction. The injunction stopped the band from Rock Star: Supernova from "performing rock and roll music, or recording, or selling rock and roll music recordings under the same name, pending a trial of this action on its merits, or until otherwise ordered by the court." The band renamed itself Rock Star Supernova.

Clarke produced a cover of Johnny Cash's "Ring of Fire" on Rock Star: Supernova runner-up Dilana Robichaux's 2007 album, also released as a single on digital download websites.

In 2007 he released a best of album featuring tracks from all of his solo albums as well as two songs from the Col. Parker project and a rerecording of the song "Black", featuring vocals by Dilana.

In July 2008 Clarke played at the G-TARanaki Guitar Festival in New Zealand. His solo band included bassist Muddy Stardust and drummer Dennis Morehouse. He then toured North America as part of the Rock n' Roll Fantasy Camp.

Clarke reunited with Guns N' Roses members Slash, Steven Adler, Matt Sorum and Duff McKagan, during the live performance, at the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction on April 14, 2012. Clarke himself was not inducted as part of the band.

2021-present: "The Gospel Truth" and touring
In 2021 Clarke released his most successful album to date, The Gospel Truth on Golden Robot Records. It featured a host of well known musicians including Nikki Sixx.

With Candy

 * Whatever Happened To Fun (1985)
 * Teenage Neon Jungle (2003)

With Kill for Thrills

 * Commercial Suicide (1989)
 * Dynamite From Nightmareland (1990)

With The Loveless

 * guest lead guitar on "Wish I Could Fly" (1994) track on album "A Tale of Gin and Salvation".

With Guns N' Roses

 * "The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993)
 * Live Era '87–'93 (1999)

Solo

 * Pawnshop Guitars (1994)
 * Blooze E.P. (1995)
 * The Hangover (1997)
 * Rubber (1998)
 * 99 Live (1999)
 * Swag (2001)
 * Gilby Clarke (2007, compilation)
 * The Gospel Truth (2021)

With Slash's Snakepit

 * It's 5 O'Clock Somewhere (1995)

With Col. Parker

 * Rock N Roll Music (2001)

With Nancy Sinatra

 * California Girl (2002)

With Rock Star Supernova

 * Rock Star Supernova (2006)

title: Gilby Clarke


text:
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

The Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS) is a Brazilian public federal research university based in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. UFRGS is among the largest and highest-rated universities in Brazil,  having one of the largest number of scientific publications. From 2012 to 2019, the university was elected as the best federal university of Brazil. UFRGS has over 31,000 undergraduate students, over 12,000 graduate students, and more than 2,600 faculty members. As a Brazilian public federal institution, students do not pay tuition fees to enroll in courses offered by the university.

Among the main alumni affiliated with UFRGS, there are three former presidents of Brazil, former state governors, former members of the Supreme Federal Court, members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and important Brazilian actors, musicians and journalists.

History
The university originated from the Escola de Farmácia e Química (School of Pharmacy and Chemistry) in 1895. It was expanded in 1896, when the Engineering College was created. This was the beginning of higher education in Rio Grande do Sul. In the end of the 19th century, the Medicine and Law schools were founded, the latter being the first school of humanities tertiary education in the state.

In November 1934, the Universidade de Porto Alegre (University of Porto Alegre) was founded, initially composed of the following units:

 * Engineering School, with its Astronomy, Electrical and Industrial Chemistry institutes;
 * Medical College, with its Dentistry and Pharmacy institutes;
 * Law College, with the School of Commerce;
 * Communication College (called FABICO), which comprises the Journalism, Advertising and Public Relations programs;
 * Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Colleges;
 * Philosophy, Science and Linguistics Colleges; and
 * Institute of Fine Arts

The third transformation took place in 1947, when it became the Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul (University of Rio Grande do Sul), URGS, incorporating the Law and Dentistry Colleges from Pelotas and with the Pharmacy College from Santa Maria. These units, however, separated from URGS when the Federal University of Pelotas and the Federal University of Santa Maria were founded.

In December 1950, control of the university passed to the Federal Government. After that, the name of the institution became Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). The institute also has a profound political history. Between 1964 and 1969, during the worst years of the military dictatorship, 33 professors were eliminated, as well as a good number of students. Many high-ranking officials, including three presidents - Getúlio Vargas and João Goulart - as well as the majority of the history, philosophy and social sciences teachers in smaller universities throughout the state were educated in the institution. The climate of intellectual debate and analysis of public issues has also been important in training students (often with scholarships and/or student apprenticeships) to work for non-governmental and governmental organisations which contribute to the critical reflection and planning of development programs.

Organization
UFRGS is almost completely located in Porto Alegre, with four campuses: Campus Centro (Downtown Campus), Campus Saúde (Health Sciences Campus), Campus Olímpico (Olympic Campus, housing the School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance) and Campus do Vale (Vale Campus), a few off-campus buildings (including the Business School and the Institute of Arts) and units in other cities, such as the Agriculture Experimental Station and the Campus Litoral Norte (a new campus in the state's northeastern coastal city of Tramandaí).

Infrastructure
Offering graduate and undergraduate courses, UFRGS is the largest university of Rio Grande do Sul. Its more than 300 buildings accommodate 29 faculties, schools and institutes, which are divided into 94 departments.

The university spreads through 2,185 ha, and it has 402,000 m2 of constructed area. It is divided into four campuses and minor units (see above).

The undergraduate program's students make up for a population of about 31 thousand students, while the graduate program has 12 thousand students. The elementary, high-school and technical school sum up to 1,300 students.

The university's infrastructure comprises more than 500 laboratories, 33 libraries, 37 lecture halls, the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (the university's clinical research hospital), UFRGS Press, UFRGS Museum, Botanical Garden, Broadcasting Center, Observatory, 3 buildings for Campus Accommodation, 5 refectories, 2 summer camps and several other centers and facilities.

Colleges, Institutes, and Schools
(Source: )

 * College of Architecture (Faculdade de Arquitetura)
 * College of Communication (Facultade de Biblioteconomia e Comunicação)
 * College of Economics (Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas)
 * College of Education (Faculdade de Educação)
 * College of Law (Faculdade de Direito)
 * College of Pharmacy (Faculdade de Farmácia)
 * College of Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina)
 * College of Dentistry (Faculdade de Odontologia)
 * College of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Veterinária)
 * Institute of Biosciences (Instituto de Biociências)
 * Institute of Chemistry (Instituto de Química)
 * Institute of Fine Arts (Instituto de Artes)
 * Institute of Food Technology (Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos)
 * Institute of Geosciences
 * Institute of Health Sciences (Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde)
 * Institute of Hydraulic Research (Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas)
 * Institute of Informatics (Instituto de Informática)
 * Institute of Linguistics, Languages and Literature (Instituto de Letras)
 * Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (Instituto de Matemática)
 * Institute of Philosophy and Human Sciences (Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas)
 * Institute of Physics (Instituto de Física)
 * Institute of Psychology (Instituto de Psicologia)
 * School of Agronomy (Faculdade de Agronomia)
 * School of Engineering (Escola de Engenharia)
 * School of Management (Escola de Administração)
 * School of Nursing (Escola de Enfermagem)
 * School of Sports (Escola de Educação Física)

SECOM
SECOM is an executive office of UFRGS directly connected to the Central Administration's cabinet – as well as to other sectors and the Provosts' Offices. SECOM defines the communication policies and strategies employed by UFRGS, facilitating services inside the university through the creation of informative and institutional materials. Its goal is to promote new activities and establish initiatives which recognize and publicize the institution's potential. Some of its sections are the university newspaper, TV channel and radio station.

Hospital

UFRGS university hospital is located in the centre of Porto Alegre.

Research

 * Undergraduate Research Grant Program

The objective of the Undergraduate Research Internship Program is to integrated students from undergraduate courses into research activities, technological development and, innovation. Besides contributing for students’ academic and professional growth, the program also offers the opportunity to take part in the community of the university researchers fostering dialogue between undergraduate and graduate programs.

 * Research Promotion Program

The research promotion program has as goal to support the continuity of research projects, the organization of events and the qualification of technical and administrative personnel, besides stimulating the national and international exposure of works made in research by professors, technical and administrative personnel, and students.

 * Science in Society and Science in School Program

This program has the compromise of stimulating university developed projects which are turned to popularization and spreading of science and technology in a variety of social groups and in school environment, through participation of UFRGS undergraduate students, in activities which enable the permanent development of human capital in these areas.

 * Journal Editing Supporting Program

The Journal Editing Supporting Program implements ways of support and stimulus for journal editing at UFRGS. Its objective is to grant visibility to scientific periodicals of the institution.

Admission
Students are accepted through the vestibular, which is an open examination where the top-placed candidates are offered a placement at the university. Since UFRGS is free of charge, the Vestibular is usually a very hard examination since there are many candidates for few open placements. Examinations take place in January and classes begin in March.

ENEM
The Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as the other Brazilian federal universities, adopted the National High School Examination (ENEM) in 2010 as a standard of admission. The applicants’ participation in ENEM is optative. Initially, their performances in the examination were analyzed together with their performances in the university entrance exam, comprehending 10% of the final grade. However, as of 2019, UFRGS decided to withdraw the sum of 10% in the final score, having only vacancies through the National High School Exam (30%) and/or through the Vestibular (70%).

Quality of education
According to the ranking sponsored by the Ministry of Education (MEC, Ministério da Educação), UFRGS is Brazil's best university (in a ranking which doesn't include Universidade de São Paulo—see rankings of universities in Brazil for details). According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities in 2012, UFRGS was placed 71st worldwide.

Notable alumni
This is an incomplete list of famous UFRGS alumni, sorted by Faculty.

 * Law School
 * Ellen Gracie Northfleet, lawyer and Supreme Court Justice
 * Germano Rigotto, politician and former State governor
 * Getúlio Vargas, Brazilian former president
 * João Goulart, Brazilian former president
 * Jorge Gerdau Johannpeter, businessman, chairman of Gerdau
 * Nelson Jobim, former Supreme Court Justice and defence minister
 * , Supreme Court Justice

 * Philosophy and Social Sciences
 * , politician and former Porto Alegre mayor
 * , philosopher
 * , political scientist and former dean of UFRGS

 * School of Medicine
 * Gustavo S. Oderich, American vascular surgeon and professor
 * Patricia Pranke, stem cell researcher
 * Moacyr Scliar, writer

 * School of Mathematics
 * Marco Antonio Raupp, Professor of Mathematics, former Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation.

 * Engineering School
 * Leonel de Moura Brizola, politician and former State governor
 * José Mauro Volkmer de Castilho, engineer
 * Helena Amélia Oehler Stemmer civil engineer and university professor

 * Agronomy School
 * José Lutzenberger, agronomist and ecologist

 * School of Economics
 * Paulo Renato Souza, politician, education minister 1995–2002
 * Dilma Rousseff, politician and the 36th President of Brazil

 * School of Fine Arts
 * Jorge Furtado, actor
 * Radamés Gnattali, musician
 * Maristela Salvatori, printmaker

 * Linguistics School
 * Caio Fernando Abreu, writer
 * João Gilberto Noll, writer
 * Lya Luft, writer
 * Olívio Dutra, politician and former State governor

 * Architecture School
 * Humberto Gessinger, musician

Notable faculty

 * Adriana Neumann de Oliveira
 * Artur Oscar Lopes
 * Irajá Damiani Pinto
 * Ivan Izquierdo
 * Jairton Dupont
 * Kepler de Souza Oliveira
 * Mara Alvares
 * Marcia Barbosa
 * Miriani Griselda Pastoriza (born 1939), astronomer
 * Patricia Pranke
 * Thaisa Storchi Bergmann

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul


text:
78th Infantry Division (United States)

The 78th Training Division (Operations) ("Lightning" ) is a unit of the United States Army which served in World War I and World War II as the 78th Infantry Division, and currently trains and evaluates units of the United States Army Reserve for deployment.

World War I

The 78th Division of the United States Army was constituted on 5 August 1917 and activated on 23 August 1917, over four months after the American entry into World War I, at Camp Dix, New Jersey. It consisted of four infantry regiments: the 309th, 310th, 311th and 312th; and three artillery Regiments: the 307th, 308th and 309th.

The division was originally allocated to New York and northern Pennsylvania in the National Army recruiting plan. While the headquarters of the 78th Division was activated in August, with the first draftees arriving in September, it was not fully active until early 1918. After several more months of training, the 78th was transported to France in May and June 1918.

In France, during the summer and fall of 1918, it was the "point of the wedge" of the final offensive which knocked out Germany. The 78th was in three major campaigns during World War I – Meuse-Argonne, St. Mihiel, and Lorraine. The division was demobilized on 9 July 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.

 * Activated: 27 August 1917.
 * Overseas: May 1918.
 * Major Operations: Meuse-Argonne, St. Mihiel.
 * Roll of Honor: two Medal of Honor recipients
 * Casualties: Total-7,144 (KIA-1,169; WIA-5,975).
 * Commanders: Maj. Gen. Chase W. Kennedy (23 August 1917), Brig. Gen. John S. Mallory (28 November 1917), Brig. Gen. James T. Dean (28 December 1917), Maj. Gen. Hugh L. Scott (2 January 1918), Brig. Gen. James T. Dean (16 March 1918), Maj. Gen. James H. McRae (20 April 1918).
 * Inactivated: June 1919.

Order of battle

 * 78th Division Distinctive Unit Insignia.PNG Headquarters, 78th Division
 * 78th Division Distinctive Unit Insignia.PNG 155th Infantry Brigade
 * 309 Inf Rgt DUI.png 309th Infantry Regiment
 * 310th_Regiment_Distinctive_Unit_Insignia.jpg 310th Infantry Regiment
 * 78th Division Distinctive Unit Insignia.PNG 308th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 78th Division Distinctive Unit Insignia.PNG 156th Infantry Brigade
 * 311 Inf Rgt DUI.jpg 311th Infantry Regiment
 * 312 Inf Rgt DUI.png 312th Infantry Regiment
 * 78th Division Distinctive Unit Insignia.PNG 309th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 78th Division Distinctive Unit Insignia.PNG 153rd Field Artillery Brigade
 * 307th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 308th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 309th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 * 303rd Trench Mortar Battery
 * 307th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 303rd Engineer Regiment
 * 303rd Field Signal Battalion
 * Headquarters Troop, 78th Division
 * 303rd Train Headquarters and Military Police
 * 303rd Ammunition Train
 * 303rd Supply Train
 * 303rd Engineer Train
 * 303rd Sanitary Train
 * 309th, 310th, 311th, and 312th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

Interwar period
The division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Second Corps Area, and assigned to the XII Corps with the state of New Jersey as its home area. The division headquarters was organized on 1 July 1921 at 39 Whitehall Street in Manhattan, but relocated on 26 March 1924 to the Globe Indemnity Building, Washington Place, Newark, New Jersey. The headquarters was relocated on 25 July 1936 to the Federal Building, 1180 Raymond Boulevard in Newark and remained there until activated for World War II. Like the 77th Division, the initial formation of the “Lightning Division” was expedited by the enrollment of many officers who were World War I veterans of the division. To maintain communications with the officers of the division, the division staff published a newsletter, the “78th Division Gazette.” The newsletter informed the division’s members of such things as when and where the inactive training sessions were to be held, what the division’s summer training quotas were, where the camps were to be held, and which units would be assigned to help conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps (CMTC). The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Camp Dix, the location where much of the 78th’s training activities occurred in the interwar years. The division headquarters often conducted its summer training there, and on a number of occasions, participated in CPXs at Camp Dix as well. The 78th Division headquarters also occasionally trained with the staffs of the 1st Division or the 1st Infantry Brigade at Camp Dix. In 1924, the division officers with assistance from Colonel Edward A. Shuttleworth, the division chief of staff, established Camp Silzer at Sea Girt, New Jersey, for the purposes of providing a training area for the division. Camp Silzer was used some summers by the division staff for command post exercises and frequently for “contact camps” by subordinate units. For the 1937 camp at Camp Dix, the division staff and subordinate units planned and conducted an unusual division night attack exercise in coordination with the 303rd Chemical Regiment and the 40th Engineer Battalion (Camouflage). As of 1937, the division was commanded by Brigadier General Perry L. Miles.

The subordinate infantry regiments of the division held their summer training primarily with the units of the 1st Infantry Brigade. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster, usually trained at various posts in the Second and Third Corps Areas also with other units of the 1st Division. For example, the division’s artillery units trained with the 7th Field Artillery at Pine Camp, New York; the 303rd Engineer Regiment usually trained with the 1st Engineer Regiment at Fort DuPont, Delaware; the 303rd Medical Regiment trained with the 1st Medical Regiment at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania; and the 303rd Observation Squadron trained with the 5th Observation Squadron at Mitchel Field, New York. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility for conducting the infantry CMTC held at Camp Dix each year. On a number of occasions, the division participated in Second Corps Area or First Army command post exercises in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. These training events gave division staff officers’ opportunities to practice the roles they would be expected to perform in the event the division was mobilized. Unlike the Regular Army and National Guard units in the First Corps Area, the 78th Division did not participate in the Second Corps Area maneuvers and the First Army maneuvers of 1935, 1939, and 1940 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular Army and National Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some were assigned duties as umpires or as support personnel.

Order of battle, 1939

 * Headquarters (Newark, NJ)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops (Newark, NJ)
 * Headquarters Company (Newark, NJ)
 * 78th Military Police Company (Newark, NJ)
 * 78th Signal Company (Newark, NJ)
 * 303rd Ordnance Company (Medium) (Newark, NJ)
 * 78th Tank Company (Light) (Newark, NJ)
 * 155th Infantry Brigade (Englewood, NJ)
 * 309th Infantry Regiment (Camden, NJ)
 * 310th Infantry Regiment (Englewood, NJ)
 * 156th Infantry Brigade (Newark, NJ)
 * 311th Infantry Regiment (Elizabeth, NJ)
 * 312th Infantry Regiment (Newark, NJ)
 * 153rd Field Artillery Brigade (Englewood, NJ)
 * 307th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm) (Trenton, NJ)
 * 308th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm) (Hoboken, NJ)
 * 309th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm) (Brooklyn, NY)
 * 303rd Ammunition Train (Trenton, NJ)
 * 303rd Engineer Regiment (Paterson, NJ)
 * 303rd Medical Regiment (Newark, NJ)
 * 403rd Quartermaster Regiment (Newark, NJ)

World War II
Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

The 78th Infantry Division was reorganized effective 20 February 1942, and was ordered into active military service on 15 August 1942 and reorganized at Camp Butner, North Carolina, and concurrently redesignated as Headquarters, 78th Infantry Division. It was designated as a replacement pool division on 1 October 1942, and remained in this assignment until 1 March 1943, when the 78th Division was restored to field duty, and to its training regimen. 78th Division moved to the Carolina Maneuver Area on 15 November 1943 to test its training, and then returned to Camp Butner on 7 December 1943. The personnel then went on Christmas leave, and deployed to the Tennessee Maneuver Area on 25 January 1944, where they participated in the 5th Second Army Tennessee Maneuvers. They then moved to Camp Pickett, Virginia, where they filled their TO&E, (table of organization and equipment), then deployed to the staging area at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, on 4 October 1944.

After two years as a training division, the 78th embarked for the European Theatre from the New York POE on 14 October 1944, whereupon they sailed for England. They arrived on 26 October 1944, and after further training crossed to France on 22 November 1944.

After landing in France, the division moved to Tongeren, Belgium, on 27 November 1944, and to Roetgen, Germany, on 7 December 1944, to prepare for combat. The 311th Infantry Regiment was attached to the US 8th Infantry Division in the Hurtgen Forest, 10 December. The 309th and 310th Infantry Regiments relieved elements of the 1st Division in the line in the vicinity of Entenpfuhl, 1–12 December. On the 13th these regiments smashed into Simmerath, Witzerath, and Bickerath and were fighting for Kesternich when Gerd von Rundstedt launched his counteroffensive in the Monschau area, on 18 December.

The 78th held the area it had taken from the Siegfried Line against German attacks throughout the winter. The Division attacked, 30 January 1945, and took Kesternich, 2 February, the town of Schmidt on the 8th, and captured intact the vital Schwammanauel Dam the next day. In the advance, the Roer River was crossed, 28 February, and the division joined the offensive of the First and Ninth Armies toward the Rhine. That river was crossed over the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, 8 March, by the 310th Regiment, the first troops to cross in the wake of the 9th Armored Division. That unit, attached to the 9th Armored and acting as a motorized unit had driven across Germany capturing Euskirchen, Rheinbach, and Bad Neuenahr. The 78th expanded the bridgehead, taking Honnef and cutting part of the Autobahn, 16 March. From 2 April to 8 May, the division was active in the reduction of the Ruhr Pocket and at VE-day was stationed near Marburg. In mid-November 1945 the division relieved the 82nd Airborne Division on occupation duty in Berlin. In May 1946, the 3rd Inf Regiment was moved to Berlin and on 15 June, it took over the Berlin Military District from the division.

The 78th Infantry Division was subsequently inactivated at Berlin on 16 June 1946. The division's infantry regiments were also inactivated as follows: 309th Infantry Regiment between 15 Apr – May 22, 1946, in Germany; 310th Infantry Regiment on 15 Jun 1946, at Berlin; 311th Infantry Regiment on 22 May 1946, in Germany. The division remained on occupation duty in Germany until it was inactivated on 22 May 1946.

World War II order of battle

 * Headquarters, 78th Infantry Division
 * 309th Infantry Regiment
 * 310th Infantry Regiment
 * 311th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 78th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 307th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 308th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 309th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 903rd Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 303rd Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 303rd Medical Battalion
 * 78th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 78th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 78th Infantry Division
 * 778th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 78th Quartermaster Company
 * 78th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 78th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment
 * Attachments
 * 552nd Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (AW) 20 December 1944 – after VE day
 * 628th Tank Destroyer Battalion 19 December 1944 – 23 December 1944
 * 709th Tank Battalion 10 December 1944 – 25 January 1945
 * 736th Tank Battalion 25 January 1945 – 1 February 1945
 * 774th Tank Battalion 3 February 1945 – 24 February 1945
 * 817th Tank Destroyer Battalion 1 December 1944 – 6 December 1944
 * 893rd Tank Destroyer Battalion 11 December 1944 – after VE day

Assignments in European Theater of Operations

 * 9 November 1944: Ninth Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 28 November 1944: XIX Corps
 * 5 December 1944: V Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 18 December 1944: VII Corps.
 * 20 December 1944: Attached, with the entire First Army, to the British 21st Army Group.
 * 22 December 1944: XIX Corps, Ninth Army (attached to the British 21st Army Group), 12th Army Group.
 * 2 February 1945: V Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 3 February 1945: XVIII (Abn) Corps.
 * 12 February 1945: III Corps.
 * 16 March 1945: VII Corps.
 * 3 April 1945: XVIII (Abn) Corps.
 * 19 April 1945: First Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 22 May 1946: Deactivated

Summary

 * Called into federal service: 15 August 1942.
 * Overseas: 14 October 1944.
 * Campaigns: Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe.
 * Days of combat: 125.
 * Distinguished Unit Citations: 4.
 * Commanders: Maj. Gen. Edwin P. Parker Jr. (August 1942 – November 1945), Maj. Gen. Ray W. Barker (January 1946 to inactivation).
 * Inactivated: 22 May 1946 in Europe.

World War II individual awards
One Medal of Honor recipient (Jonah Edward Kelley, of the 311th Infantry); ten Distinguished Service Crosses; 599 Silver Star medals; 3,909 Bronze Star medals and 5,454 Purple Hearts. 1,368 officers and enlisted men had perished.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 8,146
 * Killed in action: 1,427
 * Wounded in action: 6,103
 * Missing in action: 231
 * Prisoner of war: 385

Post-war service
On 1 November 1946, the 78th Infantry Division was reactivated at Newark, New Jersey. The headquarters location was changed on 9 November 1955 to Kearny, New Jersey, and on 6 December 1958 to Edison, New Jersey. The 78th Division was deployed to Southwest Asia 1990 and 1991 when the 920th Transportation Company (Medium, Petroleum) to support operations in Desert Storm. The 1018th Reception Battalion, the 2nd Brigade OSUT Headquarters, and the 1st and 3rd Battalion of the 310th Regiment as well as the 1st Brigade's 3rd Battalion, 309th Regiment with a composite detachment from the 78th Training Support Brigade, provided assistance in necessary training base expansion at Fort Dix. The 348th Military Police Detachment conducted protective service missions for key national leaders throughout the world during the mobilization period. In addition, many individuals from the 78th served as "fillers" in other deployed units.

On 1 October 1993, the division was reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters, 78th Division (Exercise), under the Army's "Bold Shift" initiative. The new mission is to conduct small unit collective training (LANES) and computerized battle simulation exercises for client units in the First Army East area (a 14 state region). Like the other exercise divisions, the 1st Brigade was designated as the simulations exercise unit, conducting Battle Command and Staff Training for US Army Reserve and Army National Guard units at the battalion, brigade, command, and division levels. This training uses the simulations models used by the Regular Army in conducting WARFIGHTER exercises. The other brigades within the division (2d through 5th depending on the division) conducted field training for units at the squad, platoon, and company levels. In all units, then made up of US Army Reserve soldiers, there were detachments of Regular Army soldiers assigned to manage the day-to-day requirements and planning of exercises as part of the Congressionally mandated Ground Forces Readiness Enhancement (GFRE – popularly known as "Jeffries") program. This program was partially instituted to ensure that reserve component units would have continual training support in order to preclude some of the training and readiness problems that were discovered in the ramp-up, and eventual deployments, in support of Desert Storm.

One of five exercise divisions in the United States Army, the 78th Division Headquarters, and its 1st Brigade, were for many years headquartered at the Kilmer Reserve Center (the former Camp Kilmer) in Edison, New Jersey, with subordinate units located in New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York.

As a result of the 2005 BRAC, the division's headquarters and its 1st Brigade were relocated to Fort Dix, New Jersey, joining the already located Division's 2d Brigade (LANES) and some 1st Brigade (BCST) subordinate elements.

On 17 October 1999, the division was redesignated from 78th Division (Exercise) to 78th Division (Training Support) to reflect the growing change in the type of training provided by the division's units. There was also an associated change in the manning of the unit, adding National Guard personnel to the regulars and Army Reservists already assigned. This was one of the first instances of the growing multi-component organization of US Army units that deal with Reserve Component training and operations.

In 1999, the 189th Infantry Brigade was reflagged as the 4th Brigade, 78th Division (TS) and merged with the existing 4th Brigade, 78th Division (Exercise). The reorganization created a unique unit consisting of active-component, National Guard, civilian and drilling US Army reservists. On 1 October 2009, the division was reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters, 78th Training Brigade, and on 1 October 2010, it was reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters, 78th Training Division.

The 4th Brigade is a tenant unit on Fort Bragg with headquarters at the 78th Division (Training Support), Edison, New Jersey. The brigade's responsibility is to train, coach, teach and mentor the Reserve and Army National Guard units of North Carolina.

The 4th Brigade, 78th Division (Training Support) provides training assistance, support, and evaluation to priority Reserve Component units and all other units within capabilities. Synchronize training support within area of responsibility in order to enhance individual and unit readiness to meet directed mobilization and/or wartime requirements. On order, activate or augment mobilization assistance teams (MAT) to assist installation commanders in post-mobilization training and validation of mobilized units for deployment. On order, deploy a defense coordinating officer (DCO) and/or a defense coordinating element (DCE) to coordinate military support to civilian authorities (MSCA) during federal disaster response operations. Provide command and control of subordinate units.

1st BN (LS), 313th Regiment, 4th BDE, provides logistic support for a multi-component (AC/USAR/ARNG) training support brigade that conducts lanes training, TAM evals for priority RC client units; On order provides mobilization augmentation training and military support to civilian authorities.

Subordinate units
As of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 78th Training Division (Operations):

 * 78th Division Distinctive Unit Insignia.PNG 1st Brigade
 * 309 Inf Rgt DUI.png 3d Battalion, 309th Regiment
 * 311 Inf Rgt DUI.jpg 2d Battalion, 311th Regiment
 * 318 Inf Rgt DUI.jpg 3d Battalion, 318th Regiment
 * 323 Inf Rgt DUI.jpg 2d Battalion, 323d Regiment

Insignia
The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for the 78th Infantry Division on 27 May 1922. It was retained for the 78th Division (Training) on 11 Sep 1959. The insignia was redesignated on 1 Oct 1993 for the 78th Division (Exercise) and the description revised to provide metric measurements. The insignia was redesignated for the 78th Division (Training Support) on 17 Oct 1999.

Distinctive unit insignia

 * Description: A gold color metal and enamel device 1+3/16 in in height overall, consisting of a white enamel alerion on a scarlet enamel disc centered upon a blue enamel equilateral triangle with notched sides, all in front of two white enamel lightning flashes in a V form contained at top and bottom by a continuous scarlet scroll inscribed below with the word "AUDACITER" in gold.
 * Symbolism: The white alerion on scarlet is from the arms of Lorraine Province in France where the organization served in three World War I campaigns. In World War II, the unit participated in the Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland and Central Europe campaigns indicated by the three points, in the color blue for Infantry and for the area of the Rhine River. The white flashes and the red of the scroll allude to the Division shoulder sleeve insignia.
 * Background: The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 78th Division (Training) on 21 Dec 1971. It was redesignated on 1 Oct 1993 for the 78th Division (Exercise) and the description revised to provide metric measurements. On 17 Oct 1999 the insignia was redesignated for the 78th Division (Training Support).

Other honors
A portion of Pine Swamp Road in Mineral County, West Virginia was named "WWII 78th Lightning Division Road" in honor of the division by the West Virginia Legislature. A portion of Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania is also named after the 78th division.

In popular culture
In the 2019 superhero film Avengers: Endgame, soldiers of the 78th are portrayed at Camp Lehigh, New Jersey. Captain America (Chris Evans) impersonates an officer of the 78th while infiltrating the compound to retrieve one of the Infinity Stones with help from Tony Stark (Robert Downey, Jr.)

title: 78th Infantry Division (United States)


text:
Blackwater fever

Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria infection in which red blood cells burst in the bloodstream (hemolysis), releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure. The disease was first linked to malaria by the Sierra Leone Creole physician John Farrell Easmon in his 1884 pamphlet entitled The Nature and Treatment of Blackwater Fever. Easmon coined the name "blackwater fever" and was the first to successfully treat such cases following the publication of his pamphlet.

Signs and symptoms
Within a few days of onset there are chills, with rigor, high fever, jaundice, vomiting, rapidly progressive anemia, and dark red or black urine.

Causes
The cause of hemolytic crises in this disease is unknown (mainly due to intravascular haemolysis). There is rapid and massive destruction of red blood cells resulting in hemoglobinemia (hemoglobin in the blood, but outside the red blood cells), hemoglobinuria (hemoglobin in urine), intense jaundice, anuria (passing less than 50 milliliters of urine in a day), and finally death in the majority of cases.

The most probable explanation for blackwater fever is an autoimmune reaction apparently caused by the interaction of the malaria parasite and the use of quinine. Blackwater fever is caused by heavy parasitization of red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum. However, there have been other cases attributed to Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi.

Blackwater fever is a serious complication of malaria, but cerebral malaria has a higher mortality rate. Blackwater fever is much less common today than it was before 1950. It may be that quinine plays a role in triggering the condition, and this drug is no longer commonly used for malaria prophylaxis. Quinine remains important for treatment of malaria.

Diagnosis
Blackwater fever should be suspected in a malaria patient who is intermittently passing dark-red to black urine, and is diagnosed using a urine dipstick test, which will be positive for hemoglobin. Microscopy of urine will be negative for erythrocytes.

Treatment
The treatment is antimalarial chemotherapy, intravenous fluid and sometimes supportive care such as intensive care and dialysis.

Prominent victims

 * Brigadier General Charles Young (United States Army officer) first contracted malignant malaria, also known as blackwater fever, in 1913 during a military expedition in Liberia. Given his vulnerability to the disease, he and his family understood that military orders dispatching him back to Liberia in 1921 were akin to suicide, but he refused to retire from the U.S. Army or try to alter his military orders. He contracted the disease again during a visit to Nigeria and died in 1922. The U.S. Army posthumously promoted Young to Brigadier General in 2021.
 * Prior to his photography career, Henri Cartier-Bresson contracted blackwater fever while hunting in Western Africa. Expecting to die, he sent instructions to his family on his wishes for a funeral. He made a full recovery.
 * British mariner and naval officer Charles Lightoller contracted malaria c. 1897 during his tenure in Elder Dempster Lines. In his autobiography, he describes suffering from severe complications, including blackwater fever and a temperature of 106°F. He was treated by his shipmates and made a full recovery.
 * Zoologist John Samuel Budgett died from the disease in 1904, after returning from a collecting trip to West Africa, in search of specimens of the fish Polypterus.
 * Missionary and explorer George Grenfell died after a bad attack of blackwater fever at Basoko on 1 July 1906.
 * Jesse Brand, a missionary to the Chat Mountains in India, died of blackwater fever in 1928.
 * Actor Don Adams, best known as Maxwell Smart from the popular sitcom Get Smart and as the title character in Inspector Gadget, contracted blackwater fever at Guadalcanal during World War II. Adams was evacuated from his United States Marine Corps unit to a hospital in New Zealand where he ultimately made a full recovery.
 * Humanitarian and MMA fighter Justin Wren contracted malaria, which devolved into blackwater fever, while drilling water-wells for Congo Pygmies in 2013. The affliction nearly claimed Wren's life. He was misdiagnosed four times and required airlift to Uganda, where he narrowly recovered from severe symptoms.
 * Aeneas, Jeannie Gunn's husband, is described as having died from Blackwater Fever or Malarial Dysentry at Elsey Station in the Northern Territory in 1903. She later authored the classic account We of the Never Never.
 * Bernard Deacon
 * Peter Cameron Scott, a Scottish-American missionary and founder of Africa Inland Mission, died from the disease in December 1896.
 * Henry Stricker, South African cricketer

Cultural references

 * Out of Africa, a 1985 film based on the experiences of author Isak Dinesen
 * The Power of One, a 1992 film based on the book of the same name
 * The Bridge on the River Kwai, a 1957 film about prisoners of war in a jungle environment
 * At Play in the Fields of the Lord, a 1965 novel by Peter Matthiessen
 * West with the Night (1942), African memoir by aviator Beryl Markham
 * Burmese Days, a 1934 novel by George Orwell; several associates of Flory are noted to have died of blackwater fever in chapter 5
 * Showdown, a 1946 novel by Errol Flynn
 * The Heart of the Matter, a 1948 novel by Graham Greene
 * Green Hills of Africa, a 1935 novel by Ernest Hemingway
 * The Book of Secrets, a 1994 novel by M. G. Vassanji
 * The Blackwater Fever, a blues band out of Australia
 * An Ice-Cream War, a 1982 novel by William Boyd set during the First World War in German East Africa
 * Liberia as I Know It, a 1929 memoir by medical missionary Clinton Caldwell Boone
 * Showa: A History of Japan, a 2014 four-part autobiographical graphic novel of the Showa period in Japanese history Shigeru Mizuki
 * Stand on Zanzibar, a 1968 science-fiction novel by John Brunner quotes a line from the sea chanty "The Bight of Benin": "The bight of Benin, the bight of Benin! Blackwater fever and pounds of quinine!"
 * Blackwater: A True Epic of the Sea, a 1958 memoir of a ship's crew stricken with blackwater fever, by H.L. Tredree
 * The Mottled Lizard, a 1962 memoir of Kenya by Elspeth Huxley
 * Wolfenstein: The Old Blood, referenced by Wesley (Agent One) near the beginning of the game

title: Blackwater fever


text:
87th Infantry Division (United States)

The 87th Infantry Division ("Golden Acorn" ) was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II.

World War I
The 87th Division was a National Army division, made up of draftees from Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi. It was activated at Camp Pike, Arkansas on 25 August 1917. Like many units, the 87th Division was used to furnish personnel for other units scheduled for earlier overseas departure. Before November 1917, most of the enlisted men were transferred to other units (2,400 to the 81st Division, 3,000 to the 31st Division, and 8,000 to the 39th Division). The division was reconstituted from draftees drawn from the Midwest. Between January and June 1918, 40,000 men arrived at Camp Pike, but 30,000 left. The 87th Division lost more than 20,000 men, and numbered 15,000 men in June 1918. It was again reconstituted, with draftees mostly from New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. It went overseas in September 1918, but was utilized as a pool of laborers by the Services of Supply, American Expeditionary Forces. It returned to the United States in January 1919 to Camp Dix, New Jersey, and was demobilized in February 1919.

 * 1) MG Samuel D. Sturgis (25 August 1917).
 * 2) BG Robert Campbell Van Vliet (13 November 1917).
 * 3) MG Samuel D. Sturgis.
 * 4) COL John O'Shea (6 October 1918).
 * 5) MG Samuel D. Sturgis (23 October 1918).
 * 6) BG W. F. Martin (22 November 1918).

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 87th Division
 * 173rd Infantry Brigade
 * 345th Infantry Regiment
 * 346th Infantry Regiment
 * 335th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 174th Infantry Brigade
 * 347th Infantry Regiment
 * 348th Infantry Regiment
 * 336th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 162nd Field Artillery Brigade
 * 334th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 335th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 336th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 * 312th Trench Mortar Battery
 * 334th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 312th Engineer Regiment
 * 312th Medical Regiment
 * 312th Field Signal Battalion
 * Headquarters Troop, 87th Division
 * 312th Train Headquarters and Military Police
 * 312th Ammunition Train
 * 312th Supply Train
 * 312th Engineer Train
 * 312th Sanitary Train
 * 345th, 346th, 347th, and 348th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

Interwar period
The 87th Division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Fourth Corps Area, and assigned to the XIV Corps. The division was further allotted to the states of Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. The division headquarters was organized on 23 September 1921 at Jackson, Mississippi. The headquarters was subsequently relocated on 14 October 1921 to the New Orleans International Depot in New Orleans, Louisiana, and once again relocated in April 1922 to Poland and Dauphine Streets in New Orleans, where it remained until activated for World War II. To maintain communications with the officers of the division, the chief of staff published a division newsletter named “The Acorn” in keeping with division’s nickname and the military, geographical, and historical background of the regions from which it drew its personnel. The newsletter informed the division’s members of such things as when and where the inactive training sessions were to be held, what the division’s summer training quotas were, where the camps were to be held, and which units would be assigned to help conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps (CMTC).

The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Camp McClellan, Alabama, the location where much of the 87th Division’s training activities occurred in the interwar years. The division headquarters was called to duty for training there as a unit on a number of occasions. The headquarters and special staff usually trained with their counterparts on the staff of the 8th Infantry Brigade, 4th Division, either at Camp McClellan or at Fort McPherson, Georgia. The infantry regiments of the division held their summer training primarily with the 4th Division's 8th or 22nd Infantry Regiments, either at Camp McClellan or at one of the Regular Army regiments' home stations. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster, trained at various posts in the Fourth Corps Area, usually with the active units of the 4th Division. For example, the division’s artillery trained with units of the 2nd Battalion, 16th Field Artillery at Fort Bragg, North Carolina; the 312th Engineer Regiment trained at Fort Benning, Georgia, with the 4th and 7th Engineer Regiments; the 312th Medical Regiment trained at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia; and the 312th Observation Squadron trained with the 22nd Observation Squadron at Maxwell Field, Alabama.

In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility to conduct the CMTC held at Camp McClellan and Fort McPherson each year. On a number of occasions, the division participated in Fourth Corps Area and Third Army command post exercises in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. Unlike the Regular and Guard units in the Fourth Corps Area, the 87th Division did not participate in the various Fourth Corps Area maneuvers and the Third Army maneuvers of 1938, 1940, and 1941 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some officers were assigned duties as umpires or support personnel. For the 1938 Third Army maneuvers, for example, about 200 of the division’s officers were attached to the National Guard's 31st Division (troops from Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi) to allow that unit to function as an almost full-strength division.

World War II
Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery, and its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

The 87th Infantry Division was ordered into active military service on 15 December 1942 at Camp McCain, Mississippi. It was nicknamed the "Baby Division" because many of its initial filler soldiers were among the first eighteen year olds conscripted after the lower limit of the draft age was reduced from twenty to eighteen years old in November 1942. It moved to the Tennessee Maneuver Area on 3 December 1943, for the Second Army #4 Tennessee Maneuvers, and consolidated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina on 20 January 1944 for divisional training. The division staged at Camp Kilmer, at Stelton (now Edison), New Jersey, on 10 October 1944 until it received its port call to the New York Port of Embarkation in Brooklyn, New York.

It sailed to the European Theater on 17 October 1944, arrived in England on 12 November 1944, and staged for movement to France. It was assigned to the Third Army on 25 November 1944, and arrived at Le Havre, France, on 28 November 1944. The 87th was further assigned to the III Corps on 4 December 1944, and to the XII Corps on 11 December 1944, to the XV Corps on 21 December 1944, and to the VIII Corps on 29 December 1944. Crossed into Belgium on 12 January 1945, and returned to XII Corps on 14 January 1945. Crossed into Luxembourg on 21 January 1945, and assigned to VIII Corps on 25 January 1945. Because of discontinuity in the German railroad system, the 87th was routed to Germany by returning to Belgium on 3 February 1945. Entered Germany 16 March 1945, and remained to Victory in Europe Day. Returned to the United States at the New York Port of Embarkation on 11 July 1945, and proceeded to Fort Benning, Georgia, on 14 July 1945 to prepare for deployment to Japan; it was at Fort Benning on VJ Day. The 87th Infantry Division was inactivated on 21 September 1945, at Fort Benning.

 * Campaigns: Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe.
 * Days of combat: 154.
 * Distinguished Unit Citation: 2.
 * Awards:
 * 1) Medal of Honor-1 ;
 * 2) Distinguished Service Cross-9 ;
 * 3) Army Distinguished Service Medal-1 ;
 * 4) Silver Star-364;
 * 5) Legion of Merit −20;
 * 6) Soldier's Medal −41 ;
 * 7) Bronze Star −1,542 ;
 * 8) Air Medal −49.

 * Commanders:
 * 1) MG Percy W. Clarkson (December 1942 – October 1943),
 * 2) MG Eugene M. Landrum (October 1943 – April 1944),
 * 3) MG Frank L. Culin Jr. (April 1944 to inactivation).

 * Returned to U.S.: 11 July 1945.
 * Inactivated: 20 September 1945.

Combat chronicle

The 87th Infantry Division arrived in Scotland, 22 October 1944, and trained in England, 23 October-30 November. It landed in France, 1–3 December, and moved to Metz, where, on 8 December, it went into action against and took Fort Driant. The division then shifted to the vicinity of Gros-Réderching near the Saar-German border on 10 December and captured Rimling, Obergailbach, and Guiderkirch.

The 87th was moving into Germany when, on 16 December 1944, German Field Marshal Von Rundstedt launched his offensive in the Ardennes forest (Battle of the Bulge). The Division was placed in SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force) reserve, 24–28 December, then thrown into the Bulge battle in Belgium, 29 December. In a fluctuating battle, it captured Moircy on 30 December and Remagne on 31 December. On 2 January 1945, it took Gérimont, on 10 January Tillet, and reached the Ourthe by 13 January. On 15 January 1945, the division moved to Luxembourg to relieve the 4th Infantry Division along the Sauer and seized Wasserbillig on 23 January. The 87th moved to the vicinity of St. Vith, 28 January, and attacked and captured Schlierbach, Selz, and Hogden by the end of the month. After the fall of Neuendorf, 9 February, the division went on the defensive until 26 February, when Ormont and Hallschlag were taken in night attacks. The 87th crossed the Kyll River, 6 March, took Dollendorf on 8 March, and after a brief rest, returned to combat, 13 March 1945, crossing the Moselle on 16th and clearing Koblenz, 18–19 March. The division crossed the Rhine, 25–26 March, despite strong opposition, consolidated its bridgehead, and secured Grossenlinden and Langgöns. On 7 April, it jumped off in an attack which carried it through Thuringia into Saxony. Plauen fell, 17 April, and the division took up defensive positions, 20 April, about 4 miles from the border to Czechoslovakia. On 6 May 1945, it took Falkenstein and maintained its positions until Victory in Europe Day.

The 87th Division returned to the States in July 1945 expecting to be called upon to play a role in the defeat of the Imperial Japanese, but the sudden termination of the war in the Pacific while the division was reassembling at Fort Benning changed the future of the 87th. The division was inactivated 21 September 1945.

The last active soldier from the division that served in World War II retired in June 1981. Colonel Vedder B. Driscoll (1925–1983), who had enlisted in 1943 and was a platoon sergeant for Company I, 345th Infantry, achieved thirty years of commissioned service.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 6,034
 * Killed in action: 1,154
 * Wounded in action: 4,342
 * Missing in action: 109
 * Prisoner of war: 429

Assignments in European Theater of Operations

 * 25 November 1944: Third Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 4 December 1944: III Corps.
 * 11 December 1944: XII Corps.
 * 21 December 1944: XV Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
 * 29 December 1944: VIII Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 14 January 1945: XII Corps.
 * 25 January 1945: VIII Corps.
 * 22 April 1945: VIII Corps, First Army, 12th Army Group.

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 87th Infantry Division
 * 345th Infantry Regiment
 * 346th Infantry Regiment
 * 347th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 87th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 334th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 335th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 336th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 912th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 312th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 312th Medical Battalion
 * 87th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 87th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 87th Infantry Division
 * 787th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 87th Quartermaster Company
 * 87th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 87th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Postwar
The 87th Infantry Division was reformed in the Organized Reserve Corps after the war, in the Third Army area. It comprised units in Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Florida. It was inactivated on 15 February 1957 in Birmingham, Alabama, and subsequently the division shoulder sleeve insignia and number, but not the division lineage and honors, were used by the 87th Maneuver Area Command (MAC), also in Birmingham, with sixteen subordinate battalions. The 87th MAC was later inactivated and, on 1 October 1993, the lineage of the 87th Infantry Division was redesignated as Headquarters, 87th Division (Exercise) and activated at Birmingham, Alabama. On 17 October 1999 it was reorganized and redesignated Headquarters, 87th Division (Training Support).

According to Global Security, "On 16 January 2006, First US Army's mission expanded to include the training, readiness oversight, and mobilization for all US Army Reserve and Army National Guard units within the continental United States and 2 US territories. First US Army assumed authority from Fifth US Army, which was transforming into United States Army North (ARNORTH), assuming nationwide responsibility for homeland security. With its new role, First US Army developed two subordinate multi-component headquarters, one division to support the eastern United States and the other to support the western United States. Division East, First US Army Division East was activated on 7 March 2007, and was headquartered at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. Division East replaced the functions previously performed by US Army Reserve divisions, like the 87th Division, in its area of responsibility. As a result, the 87th Division's brigades were subsequently inactivated and the 87th Division was reorganized and redesignated as the 87th Army Reserve Support Command. The 87th Army Reserve Support Command assumed command and control of the newly formed Mobilization Support Group East and its 16 subordinate battalions effective 16 October 2008."

On 1 October 2015 the 87th Army Reserve Support Command was inactivated.

On September 22, 2021. The 87th Training Division was reactivated in Hoover, Alabama under the 84th Training Command.

title: 87th Infantry Division (United States)


text: User talk:12.176.98.103

title: User talk:12.176.98.103


text:
United States congressional delegations from West Virginia

These are tables of congressional delegations from West Virginia to the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate.

The current dean of the West Virginia delegation is Senator Shelley Moore Capito, having served in the Senate since 2015 and in Congress since 2001.

From June 1861 to June 1863, during the Civil War and before West Virginia statehood, the United States recognized the Restored Government of Virginia sitting in Wheeling as the "legitimate", pro-Union government of Virginia. Also called the Reorganized Government of Virginia, it controlled a contiguous area roughly the same as present-day West Virginia, along with parts of Northern Virginia and Tidewater. The rest of Virginia was under Confederate military control, with a state government in Richmond, and did not send representatives to Congress. The legislature in Wheeling chose two U.S. Senators for Virginia, John S. Carlile and Waitman T. Willey, who were seated by the Senate. Three U.S. Representatives elected in western districts of Virginia also went to Congress in 1861: Jacob B. Blair, William G. Brown, and Kellian V. Whaley. In 1861, as one of its first acts, the Restored Government began the process of creating the new state of West Virginia, which was achieved in 1863. The Restored Government of Virginia then moved to Alexandria.

Current members
List of current members of the delegation, their terms in office, district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the Cook Partisan Voting Index. The delegation has 2 members, both Republicans.


text:
U.S. Route 85

U.S. Route 85 (US 85) is a 1479 mi north–south United States Highway that travels in the Mountain and Northern Plains states of the United States. The southern terminus of the highway is at the Mexican border in El Paso, Texas, connecting with Mexican Federal Highway 45. The northern terminus is at the Canadian border in Fortuna, North Dakota, where the route continues north as Saskatchewan Highway 35. The highway route is part of the CanAm Highway. Sections of US 85 are designated as the Theodore Roosevelt Expressway.

Route description
The highway passes through Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, and North Dakota. From Las Cruces, New Mexico to Fountain, Colorado, US-85 shares its alignment with I-25 and is not signed.
 * TX
 * 21
 * 34
 * NM
 * 483
 * 777
 * CO
 * 310
 * 499
 * WY
 * 256
 * 412
 * SD
 * 154
 * 248
 * ND
 * 255
 * 410
 * Total
 * 1479
 * 2380
 * }
 * 255
 * 410
 * Total
 * 1479
 * 2380
 * }
 * }

Texas
US 85 in Texas begins at the Mexico–US border with US 62 and travels north through El Paso, beginning at the Santa Fe Street Bridge, and following Santa Fe Street, then Paisano Drive westward, along the Rio Grande until Paisano Drive ends where it joins with Interstate 10, about 14 mi before both reach the New Mexico border. The route is concurrent with I-10 for the remainder of its route within Texas.

The original route of US 85 in Texas had the highway concurrent with Doniphan Drive (after Paisano Drive), and parallelling the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway through the Mesilla Valley communities of Canutillo, Vinton and Anthony before crossing the Texas/New Mexico state line in Anthony, New Mexico, then following the road which is now New Mexico State Road 478 (NM 478) up the Mesilla Valley to Las Cruces. This route is marked as Texas State Highway 20 north of the intersection with Mesa Street/Country Club Drive.

New Mexico

The unsigned route of US 85 through New Mexico exists only on paper to maintain continuity with signed sections in Colorado and Texas. Except for a 4-mile segment through Las Vegas (signed as Business Loop 25), US 85 in New Mexico is entirely concurrent with Interstate Routes. For the first 20 mi it shares its route with I-10, then continues north for the remainder of its length in New Mexico concurrent with I-25. US-85 was de-signed in segments between 1970 and 1990 as I-25 was built through the state. I-25 between Bernalillo and a point just south of Santa Fe was built over the old US 85 alignment. I-25 was also built directly over US 85 from east of Santa Fe to Las Vegas and from US 64 to the Colorado border at Raton Pass. At one point, the route went along the historic El Camino Real.

The original route from Anthony to Las Cruces is now signed as NM 478. The original route from Las Cruces to Hatch is now signed as NM 185; NM 187 south of Truth or Consequences (T or C); NM 181 north of T or C; NM 1 (the route's pre-US-85 designation) from Redrock to Socorro; NM 314 from Belen to Albuquerque; NM 313 from Albuquerque to Bernalillo; NM 14 and NM 466 through Santa Fe; and NM 445 from Maxwell to US 64 Remnant US-85 signs can still be seen on Fourth Street in downtown Albuquerque, the original route through the city before I-25 was built.

For concurrencies of interstate, US routes, and routes of different levels of significance, the New Mexico Department of Transportation's policy is to sign only the route of greater significance, while leaving the route of lesser significance unsigned. Consistent with this policy, NMDOT has removed US 85 from its route logs, but the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) retains US 85 on a concurrent alignment with I-10 and I-25 to maintain continuity with signed segments in Texas and Colorado. Many mapmakers, such as the American Automobile Association, Rand McNally and Google Maps follow AASHTO's practice and still sign US 85 along its concurrent stretches with the respective interstates.

Colorado
US 85 enters Colorado from New Mexico concurrent with I-25 but is not signed. US 85 leaves I-25 at Exit 128 and follows Santa Fe Avenue through Fountain before turning west briefly onto Lake Avenue, then turning north following Nevada Avenue through Colorado Springs before rejoining I-25 at Exit 148. Approaching the south side of Denver, US 85 again leaves I-25 at Exit 184. From there it heads west and north as a two lane rural highway. It becomes an expressway near Chatfield Reservoir and the southern Denver suburbs of Littleton and Englewood, where it is commonly known as Santa Fe Drive. It continues north through Denver for a few miles before once again joining with I-25 at mile marker 207. There it becomes a concurrency with US 87 as well as I-25 and heads north through downtown Denver. At exit 214, US 85 turns east and becomes a concurrency with I-70 and US 6 for about a mile where it exits with U.S. 6 and heads northeast through Commerce City. In just a few miles the US 6/US 85 concurrency merges with I-76 at mile marker 9. They travel concurrently for 3 mi until exit 12 when US 85 becomes an expressway and continues north out of the Denver area through Brighton. From there it parallels I-25 for about 75 mi passing through Fort Lupton, Platteville, LaSalle, Evans, Greeley, Eaton, Ault, Pierce, and Nunn before crossing into Wyoming.

Wyoming
US 85 enters Wyoming from Colorado 8 mi south of Cheyenne. In Cheyenne it joins with Business Route 87, and a mile later with I-180 until it meets with US 30. The segment with I-180 is the only fully at-grade interstate route in the U.S. At exit 12, it joins with I-25 and US 87 in a concurrency for 5 mi until US 85 leaves at exit 17 and travels northeast towards Meriden. From there it heads north to Torrington, where it meets with US 26 and concurrencies for 10 mi until Lingle, and 47 mi later it meets US 20 and US 18 at Lusk. It shares the next 47 mi with US 18 and 33 mi later meets US 16 near Newcastle. From here it is 29 mi until it enters South Dakota in the Black Hills.

South Dakota
The South Dakota section of US 85, with the exception of two concurrencies with US 14 Alternate and a concurrency with I-90, is defined at South Dakota Codified Laws § 31-4-181.

US 85 enters the Black Hills from Wyoming and travels northeast until it meets with US 14 Alternate east at Cheyenne Crossing. The two routes form a concurrency from there, along the way coming to the road which leads to Terry Peak. Upon entering to Lead, the two routes are separated, and the overlap with US 85 is replaced by a truck route. As the route US 85 and US 14 are separated until both meet again in Deadwood, but not before US 85 serves as the northern terminus of U.S. Route 385. The routes run together through Deadwood before splitting, and US 85 then runs north to meet I-90. US 85 overlaps I-90 for 8 mi while heading west. At exit 10 on the north side of Spearfish, US 85 heads back north. At Belle Fourche it crosses state highway 34 and US 212. From there it continues to North Dakota passing only through the small towns of Redig, Buffalo (where it meets state highway 20), and Ludlow, as well as coming to the Geographic Center of the United States.

North Dakota
US 85 enters North Dakota in the southwest part of the state. The first city on its route is Bowman at the junction of US 12. Continuing north, it passes between North Dakota's two highest points, White Butte and Black Butte. Near Amidon US 85 heads east for 9 mi before going back north along the Little Missouri National Grassland for about 125 mi. Near Belfield it junctions with I-94. After forming a concurrency with North Dakota Highway 200, it eventually passes through part of the scenic Badlands, crosses the Little Missouri River and passes near the Theodore Roosevelt National Park (North Unit).

Then, at Watford City it travels west for 16 mi where it turns back north before Alexander. U.S. 85 continues north as North Dakota 200 turns west toward Montana. South of Williston it crosses the Missouri River. The stretch from Watford City to Williston is in the process of being converted into an undivided four-lane highway, and should be substantially completed in 2014. A few miles later it meets with US 2 where the two overlap for 19 mi as an expressway, which now bypasses Williston to the northwest. After US 2 heads east, US 85 continues north to a concurrency with North Dakota Highway 5. From there it is 7 mi to Fortuna where US 85 heads back north for its remaining 6 mi to the Canada–US border.

History
What is now US 85 from El Paso, Texas to then-US 66 (now NM 6) in Los Lunas, New Mexico (south of Albuquerque) was shown as U.S. Route 466 in an early 1925 plan for the U.S. Highway System. This north–south route was never signed in the field; instead, the route was designated as U.S. Route 570 and then as part of US 85. The number "466" was later used along another routing.

Major intersections

 * Texas
 * Benito Juárez Street and at the Mexico–US border in El Paso. US 62/US 85 travels concurrently through the city.
 * in El Paso. The highways travel concurrently to the Las Cruces–University Park, New Mexico line.

 * New Mexico
 * on the Las Cruces–University Park line. I-25/US 85 shares a hidden concurrency to Fountain, Colorado.
 * in Las Cruces
 * west of San Antonio
 * in Socorro. The highways travel concurrently to south-southwest of Abeytas.
 * in Albuquerque
 * in Bernalillo
 * south of Santa Fe. US 84/US 85 travels concurrently to Romeroville. US 85/US 285 travels concurrently to Eldorado at Santa Fe.
 * south of Raton. The highways travel concurrently to Raton.
 * in Raton. US 85/US 87 travels concurrently to Fountain, Colorado.

 * Colorado
 * in Trinidad. The highways travel concurrently to Walsenburg.
 * in Pueblo. The highways travel concurrently through Pueblo.
 * in Colorado Springs
 * in Colorado Springs. The highways travel concurrently to Castle Rock.
 * in Denver. The highways travel concurrently through Denver.
 * in Denver. The highways travel concurrently to near Commerce City.
 * in Denver
 * in Denver. I-70/US 85 travels concurrently through Denver.
 * in Commerce City
 * in Henderson
 * in Evans. The highways travel concurrently to Greeley.

 * Wyoming
 * on the Fox Farm-College–Cheyenne line. I-180/US 85 travels concurrently into Cheyenne proper.
 * in Cheyenne
 * in Cheyenne. The highways travel concurrently to Ranchettes.
 * in Torrington. The highways travel concurrently to Lingle.
 * in Lusk. US 18/US 85 travels concurrently to the northeastern part of Niobrara County. US 20/US 85 travels concurrently through Lusk.
 * in Newcastle

 * South Dakota
 * in Deadwood
 * in Spearfish. The highways travel concurrently to North Spearfish.
 * in Belle Fourche

 * North Dakota
 * in Bowman. The highways travel concurrently through Bowman.
 * in Belfield
 * west of Williston.
 * on Williston city line. Southern end of US 2 concurrency. Northern terminus of US 85B.
 * About 7 mi North of Williston. Northern end of US 2 concurrency.
 * at the Canada–US border north-northwest of Fortuna

title: U.S. Route 85


text:
35th Division

35th Division or 35th Infantry Division may refer to:

Infantry divisions

 * 35th Division (German Empire)
 * 35th Reserve Division (German Empire)
 * 35th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Germany
 * 35th SS-Police Grenadier Division, Germany
 * 35th Division (United Kingdom)
 * 35th Infantry Division (United States)
 * 35th Infantry Division (Poland)
 * 35th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
 * 35th Guards Rifle Division, Soviet Union
 * 35th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
 * 35th Division (Spain)

Other divisions

 * 35th Air Division, United States
 * 35th Rocket Division, Soviet Union and Russia

title: 35th Division


text:
89th Infantry Division (United States)

The 89th Infantry Division, originally known as the "89th Division," was an infantry formation of the United States Army that was active during World War I, World War II, and the Cold War.

World War I
The 89th Division was officially established by the War Department on 5 August 1917, four months after the American entry into World War I, at Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kansas. On 27 August, Major General Leonard Wood, formerly the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, assumed command. Organization of the division began during the last week of August, with a cadre of officers and men of the Regular Army, and from officers of the Officers' Reserve Corps and National Army officer graduates of the First Officers Training Camp held at Fort Riley. From September 5-10, the initial draft of 2,200 Selective Service men arrived, and from Sept 19-24, an additional 18,600 arrive. The drafted men came from Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, and South Dakota.

The 353rd Infantry was organized with men from Kansas, the 354th Infantry with men from southeastern and eastern Missouri, the 355th Infantry with men from Nebraska, and the 356th Infantry with men from northwest Missouri. The 340th Machine Gun Battalion was organized with men from South Dakota, the 341st Machine Gun Battalion principally from men living in the Omaha, Nebraska, area, and the 342nd Machine Gun Battalion got men from Arizona, Colorado, and South Dakota. The 340th Field Artillery was sent men from Arizona, the 341st Field Artillery from Colorado, and the 342nd Field Artillery from southeast Missouri. The 314th Engineer Regiment received men from southeastern and eastern Missouri that were surplus after the organization of the 354th Infantry. The 314th Field Signal Battalion was organized using men of the Signal Enlisted Reserve Corps called to active duty. They were principally from the Chicago area, but the unit also "contained representatives of almost every state;" Company A, the radio company, was made up principally of reservists who worked for the Western Electric Company. Men from Nebraska comprised the 314th Ammunition Train, while the 314th Engineer, Sanitary, and Supply Trains received men from each state sent to Camp Funston.

Systematic training began. Between January and June 1918, arrivals and departures at Camp Funston aggregated 20,000 each, and on April 30, the 89th Division numbered 16,000 men, having been reduced by transfers to the 3rd, 4th, 35th, and other divisions. In May, fresh drafts and transfers completed the division.

The division, now commanded by Major General William M. Wright, was sent overseas in June and July 1918 to join the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in the final stages of World War I, which ended on November 11, 1918, due to the Armistice with Germany. The 89th Division, now under Major General Frank L. Winn, participated in the Battle of St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Two 89th staff officers would serve together in significant roles in WWII: Division Chief of Staff Col. John C.H. Lee, and his G-4 (supply officer), Lt. Col. Brehon B. Somervell, who also received the Distinguished Service Cross for leading a three-man patrol to inspect damage to a bridge some 600 yards (550 m) in front of American lines. Lee would serve under Somervell in the Army Service Forces from 1942 to 1945.

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 89th Division
 * 177th Infantry Brigade
 * 353rd Infantry Regiment
 * 354th Infantry Regiment
 * 341st Machine Gun Battalion
 * 178th Infantry Brigade
 * 355th Infantry Regiment
 * 356th Infantry Regiment
 * 342nd Machine Gun Battalion
 * 164th Field Artillery Brigade
 * 340th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 341st Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm)
 * 342nd Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm)
 * 314th Trench Mortar Battery
 * 340th Machine Gun Battalion
 * 314th Engineer Regiment
 * 314th Field Signal Battalion
 * Headquarters Troop, 89th Division
 * 314th Train Headquarters and Military Police
 * 314th Ammunition Train
 * 314th Supply Train
 * 314th Engineer Train
 * 314th Sanitary Train
 * 353rd-356th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

Between the wars
The division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Seventh Corps Area, and assigned to the XVII Corps. The division was further allotted to the states of Nebraska, Kansas, and South Dakota. The headquarters was organized on 2 September 1921 at the Army Building at 15th and Dodge Streets in Omaha, Nebraska. It moved in April 1922 to 22nd and Hickory Streets, and to the new Federal Office Building at 106 South 15th Street on 18 January 1934, where it remained until the division was ordered into active military service for World War II. The designated mobilization station for the division during this period was Fort Riley, Kansas. After its reorganization, the division formed rapidly and by November 1922, the “Middle West Division” was up to 95 percent strength in its complement of officers as required by its peacetime tables of organization.

The headquarters and staff usually trained with the staff of the 14th Infantry Brigade, 7th Division, either at Fort Crook, Nebraska, or at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The infantry regiments of the division held their summer training primarily with the 17th Infantry Regiment at Fort Crook, or Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster, trained at various posts in the Sixth and Seventh Corps Areas, often with the active units of the 7th Division. For example, the division’s artillery trained at various posts to include Fort Riley, Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and Camp McCoy, Wisconsin, with the 9th and 14th Field Artillery Regiments; the 314th Engineer Regiment trained at Fort Riley, with Troop A, 9th Engineer Squadron; the 314th Medical Regiment trained at the Medical Corps training camp at Fort Snelling; and the 314th Observation Squadron trained with the 16th Observation Squadron at Marshall Army Airfield, Kansas. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility to conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps held at Fort Crook, Fort Des Moines, and Fort Leavenworth each year. On a number of occasions, the division participated in Seventh Corps Area and Fourth Army command post exercises in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. Unlike the Regular and Guard units, however, the 89th Division did not participate in the various Seventh Corps Area maneuvers and the Fourth Army maneuvers of 1937, 1940, and 1941 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some officers were assigned duties as umpires or as support personnel.

Order of battle, 1939

 * Headquarters (Omaha, NE)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops (Omaha, NE)
 * Headquarters Company (Omaha, NE)
 * 89th Military Police Company (Alliance, NE)
 * 89th Signal Company (Omaha, NE)
 * 314th Ordnance Company (Medium) (Beatrice, NE)
 * 89th Tank Company (Light) (Scottsbluff, NE)
 * 177th Infantry Brigade (Wichita, KS)
 * 353rd Infantry Regiment (Wichita, KS)
 * 354th Infantry Regiment (Kansas City, KS)
 * 178th Infantry Brigade (Norfolk, NE)
 * 355th Infantry Regiment (Omaha, NE)
 * 356th Infantry Regiment (Sioux Falls, SD)
 * 164th Field Artillery Brigade (Topeka, KS)
 * 340th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm) (Wichita, KS)
 * 341st Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm) (Omaha, NE)
 * 342nd Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm) (Lincoln, NE)
 * 314th Ammunition Train (O'Neill, NE)
 * 314th Engineer Regiment (Grand Island, NE)
 * 314th Medical Regiment (Omaha, NE)
 * 414th Quartermaster Regiment (Mitchell, SD)

World War II
Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.

The 89th Infantry Division landed in France at Le Havre, 21 January 1945, and engaged in several weeks of precombat training before moving up to the Sauer River into jump-off positions east of Echternach, 11 March 1945. The next day, the offensive began, and the 89th plunged across the Sauer in a rapid advance to and across the Moselle, 17 March. The offensive rolled on, and the division assaulted across the Rhine River on 26 March 1945 under intense fire in the Wellmich-Oberwesel region. A pontoon bridge was built across the Rhine from St. Goar to St. Goarshausen. In April, the 89th attacked toward Eisenach, taking that town on 6 April. The next objective, Friedrichroda, was secured by 8 April. On 4 April 1945, the 89th overran Ohrdruf, a subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp. The division continued to move eastward toward the Mulde River, capturing Zwickau by 17 April. The advance was halted, 23 April, and from then until VE-day, the division saw only limited action, engaging in patrolling and general security. Three towns, Lößnitz, Aue, and Stollberg, were kept under constant pressure, but no attacks were launched.

Order of battle

 * Headquarters, 89th Infantry Division
 * 353rd Infantry Regiment
 * 354th Infantry Regiment
 * 355th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 89th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 340th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 341st Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 563rd Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 914th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 314th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 314th Medical Battalion
 * 89th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 89th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 89th Infantry Division
 * 789th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 89th Quartermaster Company
 * 89th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 89th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

World War II combat record

 * Ordered into active service: 5 July 1942 at Camp Carson, Colorado
 * Overseas: 10 January 1945.
 * Campaigns: Rhineland, Central Europe
 * Days of Combat: 57
 * Entered Combat: 12 March 1945
 * Killed in Action: 292
 * Total Casualties: 1,029
 * Awards: DSC-1; DSM-1; SS-46; LM-5; SM-1; BSM-135; AM-17.
 * Commanders:Maj. Gen. William H. Gill (July 1942-February 1943),Maj. Gen. Thomas D. Finley (February 1943 to inactivation).
 * Returned to United States: 16 December 1945.
 * Inactivated: 27 December 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey

Postwar
The 89th was reactivated as a Reserve unit in 1947 with headquarters in Wichita, Kansas and redesignated as the 89th Division (Training) in 1959. In 1973 the division colors were cased and the shoulder patch (but not the lineage and honors) was continued in use as the 89th Army Reserve Command (ARCOM); ARCOMs were not tactical commands, but were instead regional conglomerations of unrelated units. Upon mobilization, units within the ARCOMs would be assigned to active duty units with which they were aligned. The 89th ARCOM was later redesignated as the 89th Regional Support Command, and in 2003 it became the 89th Regional Readiness Command. In its 2005 BRAC recommendations, United States Department of Defense recommended realigning the Wichita U.S. Army Reserve Center by disestablishing the 89th Regional Readiness Command. This recommendation was part of a larger recommendation to reengineer and streamline the command and control structure of the Army Reserve that would create the Northwest Regional Readiness Command at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. The 89th currently exists as the 89th Sustainment Brigade in the Reserve.

External linksves

 * 89th Infantry Division Website
 * Rolling Ahead!: The Story of the 89th Infantry Division

title: 89th Infantry Division (United States)