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Aztek (character)

Aztek is the name of two superheroes appearing in DC Comics. Both versions are based out of the fictional Vanity City, and are champions of the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl. The first Aztek first appeared in Aztek, The Ultimate Man #1 in August 1996, and was created by Grant Morrison, Mark Millar, and N. Steven Harris. Following the short run series, Aztek appeared in several issues of JLA also written by Morrison. The second Aztek, this one being a female version, appeared in Justice League of America vol. 5 #20 in December 2017, created by Steve Orlando and Ivan Reis, as the rival and later partner of the Ray.

Uno
Uno is raised from childhood by a secret organization named the Q Society to be the champion of Quetzalcoatl to battle their enemy, the Aztec god Tezcatlipoca. He is given a magical suit of armor that bestows many abilities, complementing his peak human mental and physical abilities. After his training is completed, he enters the United States and assumes the identity of recently deceased physician Curt Falconer.

Aztek later joins the Justice League, but resigns when it is revealed that one of the mysterious benefactors of the Q Society is supervillain Lex Luthor. He is later blinded helping the League save the Earth in a battle against the planet-destroying machine Mageddon (apparently the Tezcatlipoca that the cult was referring to all along). Aztek ultimately sacrifices himself to allow Superman the chance to destroy Mageddon/Tezcatlipoca, during the World War III story arc.

Nayeli Constant
A new version of the character appeared in Justice League of America vol. 5 #20; instead of being Uno/Curt Falconer, the new hero is Nayeli Constant. She was a software engineer in Austin, Texas who was startled by the Aztek helmet bursting into her window and telling her about the millennia-long war against the dark god Tezcatlipoca. She decided to accept the role of the new Aztek and modified the armor to suit her purposes; eventually finding her way to Vanity after The Ray left the city to join the Justice League of America. When he returned from a mission, the two encountered one another and briefly argued about who should protect the citizens of Vanity but they teamed up to stop a criminal and decided that the city could use both heroes.

Powers and abilities
Aztek has peak human physical and mental conditioning. He wears an ancient helmet and armor powered by a "four-dimensional mirror", from which he derives flight, infrared and X-ray vision, invisibility, intangibility, bodyheat camouflage, entrapment nets, plasma beams and density manipulation, as well as augmenting his peak physical abilities to superhuman levels. The helmet could feed information directly into his brain even after he was blinded in his first confrontation with Mageddon. The four-dimensional power source could self-destruct in a highly explosive manner.

The Rock of Ages
Another version of Aztek, with the same abilities, known as Azteka was seen in Grant Morrison's run on JLA during the "Rock of Ages" storyline in which the JLA traveled to an alternate future overrun by Darkseid. She sacrifices her life to destroy Darkseid's lunar facilities.

Television

 * Aztek appeared in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Chris Cox in "Question Authority" and Corey Burton in "I Am Legion". This version is part of an expanded Justice League.

Video games

 * Aztek appears as a summonable character in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aztek (character)


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The Independent Eye

The Independent Eye is an American theatre company currently based in Sebastopol, California.

The group was founded in 1974 by Conrad Bishop and Elizabeth Fuller, who were then performing with Theatre X in Milwaukee and had helped to found that group. Bishop and Fuller moved to Chicago and began writing and producing their own work, performing sometimes as a duo and sometimes with a small core of collaborators. The group was later established as a regional theatre in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, before moving to Sebastopol in 1999. It has toured throughout the United States and Europe, and has created numerous works for radio. Its current public radio series Hitchhiking off the Map has won a Silver Reel Award from the National Federation of Community Broadcasters.

title: The Independent Eye


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Bill Ward (musician)

William Thomas Ward (born 5 May 1948 ) is an English musician. He was a co-founder and the original drummer for the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. Ward helped found Black Sabbath in 1968 alongside bandmates Ozzy Osbourne (lead singer), Tony Iommi (guitarist) and Geezer Butler (bass).

Early years and Black Sabbath
Bill started to play drums as a child, listening to the big bands of the 1940s; his early major influences were Gene Krupa, Buddy Rich and Louie Bellson. Later he was influenced by drummers such as Larrie Londin, Bernard Purdie, Joe Morello, Keef Hartley, Hughie Flint, John Bonham, Ringo Starr, Jim Capaldi and Clive Bunker. In the mid-1960s Ward sang and played drums in a band called the Rest, before he and guitarist Tony Iommi played together in a band called Mythology, and upon that band's dissolution joined vocalist Ozzy Osbourne and bassist Geezer Butler, who had previously played together in a band called Rare Breed. The new band called themselves Earth, but were soon renamed Black Sabbath. During this time Ward played occasionally with the band Bakerloo.

Ward's drug and alcohol use increased throughout Black Sabbath's heyday. By the late 1970s he was drinking during gigs, something he had never done before. He also began experiencing panic attacks. Ward has said he cannot remember the recording of the 1980 album Heaven and Hell due to his alcohol abuse. According to Black Sabbath bandmate Iommi, Ward disappeared on 21 August 1980, without saying goodbye, other than a telephone call to then-Black Sabbath vocalist Ronnie James Dio informing him "I'm off then, Ron." He then briefly played in a band called Max Havoc. He sat out one album (1981's Mob Rules) before returning to Black Sabbath for 1983's Born Again album. Ward once again left for health reasons before the band toured in support of Born Again. He again rejoined Black Sabbath in 1984 to record new material with David Donato but after several demo tapes, he once again left Sabbath.

Pranks
According to Tony Iommi, he and the band would often set Ward's beard on fire and perform other harmful pranks on him. On one occasion, Ward even received third-degree burns. In an interview with Guitar World, Iommi described it as follows:

"Bill and I were in the studio rehearsing one day and out of the blue I asked him, "May I set you on fire, Bill?" And he said, "Well, not now, not now." And then I forgot about it. Later on when the day ended, he said to me, "Well, I'm going home now; you still want to set me on fire or what?" And I said, "Sure." So I took a small can of lighter fluid and sprayed it on him, lit a match, and whoomph. He was wearing these polyester pants so they burned really quickly and he was on the floor screaming and crying. I could not help him because I was so busy laughing. It actually turned out to be quite serious. I felt really bad for him. He was sent to the hospital. Later on, his mother called me on the phone and said, "You barmy bastard, it's about time you grew up. Our Bill is going to have his leg off." But things like that always happened to Bill."

Iommi claims that Ward almost died after a prank-gone-wrong during recording of Vol. 4 in 1972. The band were renting a Bel Air mansion belonging to John DuPont of the DuPont chemical company. The band found several spray cans of gold DuPont paint in a room of the house; finding Ward naked and unconscious after a night of heavy drinking, they thought it would be funny to cover the drummer from head to toe in gold paint. Ward soon became violently ill and had a seizure and an ambulance had to be called. The paint had blocked all of Ward's pores, which his bandmates were subsequently informed can be fatal.

Solo career
After a few years in hiatus, Ward decided to return to playing music in the late 1980s. In 1989 he went to work on a solo album, which featured a huge array of guest musicians, including former Black Sabbath bandmate Ozzy Osbourne and his guitarist, Zakk Wylde. Released in January 1990, Ward One: Along the Way showcased Ward's versatility in musical tastes and abilities; he even sang vocals on some of the songs. It would be seven years before he released his second solo album, When the Bough Breaks, in 1997.

In 2002 he released the song "Straws" as a single for charity. The song would reappear on his 2015 album Accountable Beasts.

Later career
Before the full Black Sabbath reunion, Ward and the original Sabbath had reunited twice for short sets, first for Live Aid in 1985 and then at a Costa Mesa, California Ozzy Osbourne show on 15 November 1992. Sabbath, with Judas Priest singer Rob Halford replacing Ronnie James Dio who had recently left the band, opened the show for Osbourne. The Ozzy Osbourne band (Osbourne, Zakk Wylde, Mike Inez, Randy Castillo and John Sinclair) then did a full set before Osbourne was reunited with Iommi, Butler and Ward for four numbers.

Ward made a brief return to the band for a South American tour in 1994 with Tony Martin fronting, before finally rejoining the band for the two shows at the Birmingham NEC, England on 4 and 5 December 1997, which made up the Reunion album. When what was billed as the original line-up reunited for the Ozzfest tour in 1997, Mike Bordin played drums.

Ward was forced to skip all but the last two Black Sabbath appearances in 1998 while he recovered from a heart attack suffered during the tour rehearsals that May. As the band rehearsed, Ward stopped and asked if he could lie down for a spell. He then asked for his assistant and informed the band that his arm had gone numb. Iommi and Butler then left for a short time, not knowing the severity of Ward's condition. Outside, they saw an ambulance pass but weren't aware what was happening. Upon returning to the rehearsal space a short time later, a frantic Osbourne informed them "Bill has had a heart attack! Bill has had a heart attack!" As was the case in 1980, he was replaced at short notice by Vinny Appice, although this time it was always intended to be a temporary absence for Ward, health permitting.

In 2000, Ward participated in a partial Black Sabbath reunion of sorts, joining Iommi and Osbourne to record the track "Who's Fooling Who" for Iommi's first solo album.

Since mid-2002, Ward has done a monthly internet-only radio show named Rock 50 on radio station WPMD from Cerritos College in California. Ward plays a variety of metal, hard rock, and some classic rock.

Brief reunion with Black Sabbath
In October 2006, news leaked that Ward would be reuniting with Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler and Ronnie James Dio for a tour though under the moniker Heaven & Hell. However, Ward later decided not to participate in the tour or continue participation in the band because of musical differences with "a couple of the other bandmembers" and a reported concern about extended touring. His spot in the band was filled by Vinny Appice.

On 11 November 2011, Iommi, Butler, Osbourne, and Ward announced that they were reuniting to record a new album with producer Rick Rubin and to start touring in 2012. In February 2012, however, Ward left before work commenced on 13, the first studio recording to include original band members Iommi, Osbourne and Butler since the live album Reunion (1998), which contained two new studio tracks. Ward said that he had failed to reach an agreement regarding his contract. However, he did later admit that his weight would have been an issue in a 2013 tour. Osbourne also suggested in an open letter that Ward's decision not to take part was down to his health. In April 2015, Ward criticised Osbourne on his Facebook fan page via a letter to his and the band's fans. This prompted a rebuttal from Osbourne on his Facebook page: "Bill, stop this smokescreen about an "unsignable contract" and let's be honest. Deep down inside you knew you weren't capable of doing the album and a 16-month tour. Unfortunately for you, our instincts were correct as you were in hospital several times during 2013. Your last hospitalization was for a shoulder surgery that you now say you've only just recovered from. This would have meant that our world tour would have been canceled. So how is all of this my fault? Stop playing the victim and be honest with yourself and our fans."

Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave drummer Brad Wilk filled in for Ward for 13.

Ward's surgery on his shoulder prevented him from playing drums again until May 2014, delaying his third studio album Accountable Beasts. He had also expressed a desire to tour behind the album once it is released, provided that sales were acceptable.

Ward reunited with Sabbath members Tony Iommi and Geezer Butler to accept the "Lifetime Achievement" award at the May 2015 Ivor Novello Awards.

In 2016, Ward debuted with a new band called "Day of Errors", which played its first gig in June that year at Gaslamp in Long Beach, California and also features Joe Amodea on guitar/vocals and Kill Devil Hill singer Jason "Dewey" Bragg on vocals.

Ward was due to play a string of dates with his new band in December 2017 but had to cancel these when he was hospitalised with heart problems in November.

He once again reunited with Iommi and Butler in Los Angeles in May 2019, as Black Sabbath were awarded a Lifetime Achievement Grammy. Though Sabbath did not perform, Rival Sons performed a set of their songs for the occasion. A short time later, Osbourne said in an interview that he wants to play one last show with the band's original line-up. Ward announced three weeks later on his Instagram that he loved all three of his former Black Sabbath bandmates very much and was open-minded to playing a final show with them. The last show Black Sabbath played was on 4 February 2017 in their native Birmingham, with Tommy Clufetos on drums instead of Ward. He also says, "I would love to do a studio album with Sabbath, with all the original members. I'm just saying that I'm just floating that out there – I haven't talked to anybody about that or anything else."

Personal life
Ward has two sons, Nigel and Aron, and one daughter, Emily.

According to his Black Sabbath bandmates Tony Iommi and Ozzy Osbourne, Ward has dramatically changed his lifestyle since Black Sabbath's 1970s and early 80s heyday. Iommi says he stopped smoking, gave up alcohol, became a vegan, and does not use drugs of any kind. Osbourne says that Ward has been sober for approximately 30 years. However, more recently Osbourne has criticised Ward's health, describing him in 2013 as "incredibly overweight" and suggesting that he would have been unable to drum for Black Sabbath had he stayed in the band following their 2011 reunion, given his physical condition, although Ward himself has insisted his health has not affected his ability to play the drums.

Ward later admitted he underwent gastrointestinal surgery in 2013, and is still recovering. "Currently my health is not bad but it's certainly not good enough to play in any band, never mind Black Sabbath." By 2021, he admitted that he was no longer able to play his drum parts for Black Sabbath, but was open to recording another studio album with them.

Ward stated in an interview he "lost a friend" in Osbourne after his statements about Ward's health in 2012, but maintained contact with Butler and Iommi. However, they appear to have reconciled since then, as Osbourne named Ward as one of the people that kept in touch with him during his health problems in 2019.

In 2016, Ward expressed his distaste for religion saying that he grew up in a "heathen" family and did not believe in a "fire and brimstone god [...] bloody rubbish!" He did however enjoy singing in Sunday church choirs growing up.

Influence
Drumming website Totaldrumsets has listed Ward among "The 100 Most Influential Drummers Ever!" and has defined him "the mastermind behind the unholy birth of heavy metal drumming".

In 2016, he was ranked 42nd in Rolling Stone's list 100 Greatest Drummers of All Time.

Equipment
In the early years of Black Sabbath, Ward used Ludwig and Slingerland drum kits, as well as Zyn and Zildjian cymbals and Speedking drum pedals. Currently, he uses Tama drums, Sabian cymbals, Vic Firth drumsticks, and Gibraltar hardware.

with Black Sabbath

 * Black Sabbath (1970)
 * Paranoid (1970)
 * Master of Reality (1971)
 * Vol. 4 (1972)
 * Sabbath Bloody Sabbath (1973)
 * Sabotage (1975)
 * Technical Ecstasy (1976)
 * Never Say Die! (1978)
 * Heaven and Hell (1980)
 * Live at Last (1980)
 * Born Again (1983)
 * Reunion (1998)
 * Past Lives (2002)

with Ozzy Osbourne

 * Live & Loud (1993)

with Tony Iommi

 * Iommi (2000)

Solo

 * Ward One: Along the Way (1990)
 * When the Bough Breaks (1997)
 * Straws (single) (2002)
 * The Dark Half Hour (web mix) (2004)
 * Accountable Beasts (2015)

with Bill Ward Band

 * Arrows (song dedicated to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting) (2019)
 * Once This Was A Road (2019)
 * Powder on the Moon (2020)
 * Bombers "The Remake" (a remake of "Bombers Can Open Bomb Bays"), featuring drummer Walter Earl (2020)
 * Mon Dieu (2022)

with Day of Errors

 * Blaspheming at Creation (2017) - Day of Errors/Blaspheming at Creation
 * Dark (2019)
 * Ghost Train (2019)

with The Mezmerist

 * The Innocent, The Forsaken, The Guilty (demo) (1983)

Compilations

 * We Sold Our Soul for Rock & Roll (1975)
 * The Sabbath Stones (1996)
 * The Best of Black Sabbath (2000)
 * Symptom of the Universe: The Original Black Sabbath 1970–1978 (2002)
 * Black Box: The Complete Original Black Sabbath 1970–1978 (2004)
 * Greatest Hits 1970–1978 (2006)
 * Greatest Hits (2009)
 * Iron Man: The Best of Black Sabbath (2012)
 * The Ultimate Collection (2016)
 * The Ten Year War (2017)

Tribute

 * Nativity in Black: A Tribute to Black Sabbath (1994)

title: Bill Ward (musician)


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Reutlingen

Reutlingen (Swabian: Reitlenga) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the capital of the eponymous district of Reutlingen. As of June 2018, it has an estimated population of 116,456. Reutlingen has a university of applied sciences, which was founded in 1855, originally as a weavers' school. Today, Reutlingen is home to an established textile industry and also houses machinery, leather goods and steel manufacturing facilities. It has the narrowest street in the world, Spreuerhofstraße (width 31 cm).

Geography
Reutlingen is located about 35 km south of the State capital of Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart. It lies in the Southwest corner of Germany, right next to the Swabian Jura, and that is why it is often called The gateway to the Swabian Jura (Das Tor zur Schwäbischen Alb). The Echaz river, a tributary of the Neckar, flows through the city centre.

Along with the old university town of Tübingen (about 15 km to the west), Reutlingen is the centre of the Neckar-Alb region. It is also part of the larger Stuttgart Metropolitan Region.

History
The first settlements in the area are believed to date from the 4th or 5th century. Some time around 1030, Count Egino started to build a castle on top of the Achalm, one of the largest mountains in Reutlingen district (about 706 m). One of the towers of this castle was rebuilt in the 19th century and is open to visitors. The name Reutlingen was first mentioned in writing in the so-called Bempflingen Treaty (Bempflinger Vertrag) which is dated approximately 1089–90.

Around 1180, Reutlingen received market rights and, between 1220 and 1240 it was promoted to city status and city-walls and fortifications were built. Shortly thereafter, from 1247 to 1343, the city's landmark, the St. Mary's Church (Marienkirche) was built.

In 1377 Reutlingen was the scene of a victory by the Swabian League, formed in the previous year by 14 Swabian cities, led by Ulm, over the Count of Württemberg. In 1519, a later Swabian League came to Reutlingen's help when Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg attempted to seize the city; the League landed a crushing blow, conquering Württemberg and selling it to Charles V. In 1495 and 1516 the Jews were exiled from the city. As a result of such struggles, Reutlingen became an Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire, free from allegiance to the Duke of Württemberg. In 1530, Reutlingen's city council signed the Augsburg Confession, and in 1580 and the Formula of Concord, key documents of Lutheranism. In 1803, in the wake of the French Revolutionary Wars, Reutlingen lost its independence in the German Mediatisation, being restored to Württemberg.

The worst disaster in the history of Reutlingen happened in 1726, when a major fire swept through the city, destroying 80% of all residential houses and almost all public buildings, and making 1,200 families homeless. The impact of this fire, which lasted three days, is still visible today.

During World War II, the wings of the V-1 flying bomb were manufactured in Reutlingen, making the city the target of several allied bombing raids.

The reconstruction of Reutlingen and its democratization is closely linked to the name Oskar Kalbfells, who was the first democratically elected mayor of the city to shape Reutlingen's political history until 1973 after World War II.

In 1947 Reutlingen came to the newly founded state of Württemberg-Hohenzollern, which merged with the state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952.

On 24 July 2016 a Syrian killed a pregnant woman in a machete attack.

Lord mayors

 * 1929–1933: Karl Haller
 * 1933–1945: Richard Dederer, NSDAP
 * 1945–1973: Oskar Kalbfell, SPD
 * 1973–1994: Manfred Oechsle, CDU
 * 1995–2003: Stefan Schultes, CDU
 * 2003–2019: Barbara Bosch, independent
 * since 2019 Thomas Keck, SPD

Transport
City buses are run by Reutlinger Stadtverkehr (RSV), while trains from Reutlingen Hauptbahnhof and Reutlingen West, -Sondelfingen and Reutlingen-Betzingen are run by Deutsche Bahn and Abellio Rail Baden-Württemberg.

Main sights

 * Church of the Virgin Mary, built in Gothic style in the 13th–14th centuries. Nearby is a statue of emperor Frederick II.
 * Marktbrunnen ("Market Fountain", 16th century), surmounted by the statue of emperor Maximilian II.
 * Spitalhof, built as a hospital in the 14th century. Damaged by a fire, it was largely rebuilt in the 18th century.
 * Church of St. Nicholas, built in the 14th century as a chapel.
 * Gerber- und Färberbrunnen ("Tanners' and Dyers' Fountain"), 1920.
 * City hall, built in 2013.
 * Spreuerhofstraße, the world's narrowest street.

Culture
On Mutscheltag (the first Thursday after Epiphany), townspeople gather in halls and homes to play games of dice, the winner of which earns parts or whole Mutschel loaves of bread. The Mutschelspiele (Mutschel games) consist of small games scored by tally marks, and are won both independently and by grand total at the end of the hour or night. This tradition is unique to the city of Reutlingen.

Education
Reutlingen University is a university of applied sciences, focusing on hands-on learning, which is apparent in their mandatory internship for all business majors. The university is an internationally friendly school with over 200 university cooperations worldwide. Classes are generally taught in German; however, in some Bachelor programs and in the Master's programs classes are taught in English.

Twin towns – sister cities
Reutlingen is twinned with:

 * Aarau, Switzerland (1986)
 * 🇨🇮 Bouaké, Ivory Coast (1970)
 * 🇹🇯 Dushanbe, Tajikistan (1990)
 * 🏴 Ellesmere Port, England, UK (1966)
 * 🇺🇸 Reading, United States (1998)
 * 🇫🇷 Roanne, France (1958)
 * 🇭🇺 Szolnok, Hungary (1990)

Notable people

 * Sebastian Gryphius (ca.1492–1556), bookseller, printer and humanist.
 * Friedrich List (1789–1846), German-American economist.
 * Alexander Bruckmann (1806–1852), historical and portrait painter.
 * Hermann Kurz (1813–1873), poet and novelist.
 * Henry Fox (1833–1906), a German soldier who fought in the American Civil War.
 * Emanuel Hahn (1881–1957), Canadian sculptor and coin designer, co-founded the Sculptors' Society of Canada.
 * Ernst Boepple (1887–1950), Nazi official and SS officer executed for war crimes
 * Ferdinand Heim (1895–1971), general, the Scapegoat of Stalingrad
 * Helmuth Naumer (1907–1990), artist, depicted the landscapes of New Mexico.
 * Friedrich Schlotterbeck (1909–1979), socialist, resistance fighter and author
 * Walter Vielhauer (1909–1986), trade unionist, politician, resistance fighter
 * Gertrud Lutz (1910–1944), resistance fighter
 * Willy Hack (1912–1952), SS officer and concentration camp official executed for war crimes
 * Walter G. Spohn (1914–2003), the founder of the American Anaplastology Association.
 * Martin Hengel (1926–2009), Protestant parson and historian
 * Willi Betz (1927–2015), founder of the Internationale Spedition Willi Betz GmbH& Co. KG
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Schnitzler (1928–2011), landowner, business manager and politician (CDU)
 * Roland Kayn (1933–2011), organist and composer, wrote lengthy works of cybernetic music
 * Ernst Messerschmid (born 1945), astronaut and physicist
 * Claus Kleber (born 1955), television journalist
 * Dominik Kuhn (born 1969), producer, language artist and comedian

Sport

 * Julius Wagner (1882–1952), team gold medallist in the Tug of war at the 1906 Intercalated Games
 * Michael Krumm (born 1970), racing driver
 * Stephan Vuckovic (born 1972), triathlon athlete, silver medallist at the 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Ole Bischof (born 1979), judoka, gold medallist at Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Dennis Geiger (born 1984), footballer, played over 250 games
 * Tobias Feisthammel (born 1988), footballer, played over 380 games
 * Sven Schipplock (born 1988), footballer who has played over 290 games

title: Reutlingen


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Black Lightning

Black Lightning (Jeff Pierce) was a superhero who appeared in American comic book published by DC Comics. The character, created by writer Tony Isabella with artist Trevor Von Eeden, first appeared in Black Lightning #1 (April 1977), during the Bronze Age of Comic Books. Although his precise origin story has varied over the years, he was generally depicted as a metahuman superhero who uses the ability to generate and control electricity to defend his community – and the world – as Black Lightning. Although not the first black superhero to be featured in DC Comics stories, Black Lightning was DC's first African-American superhero to headline his own series.

In his earliest stories, Black Lightning was depicted as a schoolteacher from the crime-ridden Suicide Slum area of Metropolis who acquires electrical superpowers from a technologically advanced power belt that he put to use to clean up crime in his neighborhood. Over time, Pierce establishes himself as a successful superhero in the DC Universe, and later stories depict him as having "internalized" the belt's powers as a result of his latent metagene. Later retellings of Black Lightning's origins simplified his story by depicting him as a metahuman with the inborn ability to manipulate and generate electricity. The character later went on to father two superhero daughters, Thunder and Lightning, and work closely alongside Batman as a founding member of the Outsiders superhero team.

DC originally commissioned Isabella to create its first black character following on from Isabella's successful work for Marvel Comics with Luke Cage. However, only 11 issues of the series were published before DC ran into financial trouble in 1978 which led them to cut back the majority of their titles. This proved to be a blessing in disguise however, as the character went on instead to be featured prominently in books like Justice League of America in DC's new slimmed down offering of titles, exposing him to more readers, with the character being remembered for providing critical perspective on established superheroes like Batman and Superman. Early elements of the character were controversial, and later removed or toned down. For example, in early stories, he wore an Afro wig and spoke in an exaggerated Harlem jive vernacular to disguise that he was in fact the highly educated schoolteacher, Jefferson Pierce.

Black Lightning had proven a popular character for DC and was ranked 85th overall on IGN's "Top 100 Comic Books Heroes" list in 2011. The character has been adapted into various media, including animated television series, video games, and comic strips. The character and his stories were adapted for live-action Black Lightning TV series, which ran from 2018 to 2022. The title character was portrayed by Cress Williams, who also went on to make appearances in the related TV shows The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow.

Publication history
The original candidate for DC Comics' first headlining black superhero was a character called the Black Bomber, a white racist who would turn into a black superhero under stress. Comics historian Don Markstein later described the character as "an insult to practically everybody with any point of view at all". When the editor who had approved the Black Bomber left the company before the character had seen print, Tony Isabella (whose previous writing experience included Luke Cage, a black Marvel Comics superhero with his own title) was asked to salvage the character. Isabella convinced editors to instead use his Black Lightning character, which he had been developing for some time.

Isabella wrote the first 10 issues of Black Lightning before handing it over to Dennis O'Neil, and Trevor Von Eeden designed the character's original costume and drew the first 11 issues. Only one issue scripted by O'Neil came out before the series was canceled in 1978 as part of a general large-scale pruning of the company's superhero titles known as the DC Implosion. Issue #12 was published in Cancelled Comic Cavalcade and World's Finest Comics #260.

Black Lightning made a number of guest appearances in various titles over the next few years, including a string of issues of World's Finest Comics written by O'Neil, then shifted to Detective Comics and a two-part story in Justice League of America in which he declined an offer of membership. In 1983, with his powers restored, he regularly appeared again as a member of Batman's spinoff superhero team, the Outsiders. When The Outsiders ended, he returned to making occasional guest appearances.

In 1995, a new Black Lightning series began with art by Eddy Newell and again written by Tony Isabella, who was fired after the eighth issue and replaced with Australian writer Dave de Vries. The series was canceled five issues after Isabella left the title, the decision having been made before these issues had seen print. Isabella said he believes the editor replaced him with a newer writer to consolidate his position in the company.

A "Black Lightning: Year One" six-issue limited series, written by Jen Van Meter and illustrated by Cully Hamner saw a bi-weekly release in 2009, and was nominated for two Glyph Awards in 2010.

As part of the New 52, a revamped version of Black Lightning appeared in DC Universe Presents that was paired with the Blue Devil.

Year One
A gold medal-winning Olympic decathlete, Jefferson Pierce returned to his old neighborhood in the Southside (Suicide Slum) section of the city of Metropolis with his wife Lynn Stewart and his daughter Anissa to become the principal of Garfield High School. Southside, as it was once known, was where his father—renowned journalist Alvin Pierce—had been murdered. Guilt over this event was a factor in his decision to leave the city of Metropolis. Suicide Slum was being torn apart by a local organized criminal gang called the 100, shady corporations, and crooked local politicians like Tobias Whale. A family friend and tailor, Peter Gambi, had taught a much younger Jefferson how to suppress his inborn metahuman abilities so that he would not accidentally hurt any of the people he cared about. Upon his return, Gambi suggested to Jefferson that he should use his powers to help the neighborhood, and refers him to a plaque with the paraphrased Milo Sweetman quote "Justice, like lightning, should ever appear to some men hope, to other men fear". (the original text of which was "Justice, like lightning, ever should appear to few men's ruin, but to all men's fear. Of mortal justice if thou scorn the rod, believe and tremble, thou art judged of God".) Appalled by the public murder of Earl Clifford, one of his more promising students, Pierce tried to intervene on behalf of the schoolchildren but quickly learned that the 100 objected violently to any interference. Pierce adopts the costumed identity "Black Lightning" where he had the costume, mask, and wig made by Gambi.

Years later, he would tell fellow African-American superhero Mister Terrific that he chose the name Black Lightning because he "was the only one of us around" at the time, and he "wanted to make sure everyone knew who they were dealing with."

Outsiders
After his own series was cancelled, Black Lightning lost his electrical powers, but continued fighting without them. The loss eventually turned out to be psychosomatic, a symptom of a crisis of confidence resulting from the accidental death of a female bystander named Trina Shelton during an altercation between Black Lightning and some gun-wielding thugs. Batman, wanting to recruit him to rescue Lucius Fox in Markovia, helped him regain his powers; this eventually led him to join Batman's team, the Outsiders. During his time with the Outsiders, a group of villains called the Masters of Disaster captured Black Lightning at the behest of the parents of Trina Shelton to avenge the death of their daughter; however, upon learning that he still regretted what happened and was willing to be executed by them, they risked their lives to save him. During the Invasion! crossover event, the Dominators detonated a Gene-Bomb that wreaked havoc with anyone possessing the metagene by making them lose control of their powers. After the breakup of the Outsiders, Black Lightning moved to Brick City to continue his solo career.

Secretary of Education
When Lex Luthor was elected President of the United States in 2000, he appointed Jefferson Pierce as Secretary of Education, with Pierce accepting as he concluded that he could do more good working within the system than outside it. He resigned amidst controversy over his "worst-kept secret in Washington" identity as Black Lightning and his alleged inadvertent killing of a criminally-minded corporate CEO, for which President Pete Ross (who had since succeeded Luthor) then pardoned him.

Making frequent guest appearances in several DC series, Pierce has appeared in Green Arrow (who had a one-night stand with his niece, a successful attorney named Joanna Pierce). Pierce helped the Green Arrow track down Dr. Light in the Green Arrow "Heading into the Light" story arc. He also appeared in the new Outsiders, of which his daughter, Anissa (using the alias Thunder), is a member. He came to fight the new Sabbac and help his daughter alongside Captain Marvel Jr. and the Outsiders. He had on an outfit that mixed his second outfit with the colors of the first. After teaming up with the Outsiders, incoming President Pete Ross asked him to resign as Secretary of Education. which he did.

At some point prior to his resignation, Pierce used his pull in Washington to deny the powerful metahuman gangster known as Holocaust a permit to build a casino on Paris Island in Dakota. This would come back to haunt Pierce sometime later when the enraged Holocaust attacked him while he was giving the graduation speech at Ernest Hemingway High School.

Infinite Crisis
In issue #5 of the Infinite Crisis storyline, it was shown that Black Lightning was one of the eight people Batman had considered to aid him in destroying the Brother Eye satellite, which controlled the OMACs. Booster Gold, who was not on the list of eight, but knew about the candidates from his knowledge of the future, contacted Lightning before Batman did, as historical data from the future had shown who had aided Batman. Lightning accepted, arriving at the Batcave to await orders. He then forged an uneasy yet effective alliance with Mister Terrific, combining their powers of electrical manipulation and invisibility technology to strike at the villainous AI from the inside.

After the third Secret Society of Super Villains was formed, Black Lightning (as a member of Brad Meltzer's new Justice League) began using his status as Lex Luthor's former Secretary of Education to gain information from supervillains.

Outsiders redux
In Outsiders vol. 3 #45, it was revealed that three years have passed since Jefferson's niece Joanna Pierce was murdered and that, upon initially learning of her death, Jefferson went after the corrupt businessman Martin Somers, the man who was responsible. He had intended to wound Somers with his lightning shot, but apparently ended up killing him. Jefferson turned himself in to the authorities. However, it is revealed that Deathstroke was responsible for Somers' death by firing a dart of toxin to Somers moments before Jefferson shot his lightning. Hence, he was dead before he hit the ground. Jason Todd discovered the truth while eavesdropping on the assassin's conversation with Lex Luthor (who was really Alexander Luthor, Jr. in disguise) and contacted Nightwing with this information. When Nightwing and Anissa told Jefferson of this in prison, he disbelieved it and intended to pay for Somers' death. Anissa herself intended to break her father out of Iron Heights Prison. Upon learning from Todd that other inmates were about to carry out a contract hit on Pierce (whose identity as an inmate had leaked to unknown parties), the Outsiders resolved to assist her. They freed him from jail and, with the audio recording of Deathstroke's conversation, cleared his name.

Justice League of America
Years ago, the Green Arrow brought Black Lightning to the attention of the Justice League of America, who extended an offer of membership to Black Lightning. He turned down the offer, preferring to work as a loner and focus on street-level crime, though he did offer to become a reservist. Years later, when all of the JLA reservists were called in to fight a newly revived Amazo, Black Lighting was one of the heroes called, confirming that the League had accepted his offer. Most recently, however, Black Lightning has joined the JLA, once again appearing with a modified costume. He appears to be primarily based in Washington, D.C. again. Black Lightning assists the JLA with intelligence gathered from the criminal community. Many supervillains still believe he is 'in' with Lex Luthor and are thus willing to cooperate with him. Jefferson also helps the team in a battle against Amazo. He was the first member of the League to respond to the recent attacks made by the Amazons of Themyscira, and he also saved the President of the United States in this event.

Black Lightning was the focus of the one-shot issue Final Crisis: Submit, in which he helped the new Tattooed Man and his family escape at the cost of his own freedom. He is subsequently shown in issue #4 of Final Crisis under Darkseid's thrall.

Outsiders
Recently, Black Lightning was recruited by Alfred Pennyworth to join a new version of the Outsiders following an attack by Doctor Hurt which left Thunder comatose. Unlike previous iterations of the team, these Outsiders must live "off the grid" and stay out of contact with friends and family for months at a time. It is confirmed that, due to this new commitment, Black Lightning has left the Justice League.

The New 52
In DC's 2011 reboot of its continuity, The New 52, Black Lightning comes into conflict with Blue Devil over their confrontation of Tobias Whale's crime wave. He later made an appearance as a possible recruit for the Justice League.

Black Lightning: Cold Dead Hands
Black Lightning appeared in DC Rebirth in Detective Comics, and from there spun out into the series Batman & the Outsiders. Tony Isabella, the creator of Black Lightning, rebooted the character in a new six-part series that began in November 2017. The series, which takes place in Cleveland, "forgets" much of the previous history of the character. Tony Isabella says that this will not be an "origin" story, but one may follow.

Powers and abilities
Originally, he was described as having no innate powers, using a belt that allowed him to generate a force field and project electrical bolts. This power was later revealed to exist as a result of the metagene, according to Invasion! #3.

Black Lightning can produce a vast amount of bioelectricity he can channel against his opponents to a variety of effects, from stunning to killing. With more effort, he can control the electromagnetic force-field generated by his power to use it as shield against incoming attacks and to ionise objects to throw them to enemies.

Family
Jefferson has had two daughters by his ex-wife Lynn Stewart, both of whom have followed in his footsteps and become superheroes. His oldest daughter, Anissa Pierce, has taken on the code name "Thunder" and served on an incarnation of his team the Outsiders. His 16-year-old, younger daughter Jennifer Pierce, was recently recruited by the Justice Society of America under the code name "Lightning". A version of Lightning first appeared in Kingdom Come, a 1996 miniseries published by DC Comics.

Pierce claims that people frequently ask him if he is the father of Static, much to his chagrin. It is later revealed that Static is in fact a fan of Black Lightning and has a poster of the hero in his room in Titans Tower. In Young Justice, after meeting and fighting alongside Static, Black Lightning offers to become Static's mentor.

Enemies
Black Lightning's rogues' gallery consists of:

 * 100 - A criminal organization.
 * Tobias Whale - Black Lightning's archenemy, a crime lord who heads up the Metropolis branch of the 100. Nicknamed "the Great White Whale" (which he hates).
 * Andrew Henderson - The son of Inspector Henderson who is a master of disguise.
 * The Cyclotronic Man - A former jewel thief who became a metahuman with powers similar to Black Lightning after exposure to radiation. Following an earlier fight with Batman, the Cyclotronic Man works as an assassin for the 100 and was hired to kill Black Lightning and Superman.
 * Joey Toledo - A drug pusher who was responsible for the death of Earl Clifford. He was killed by a League of Assassins operative.
 * Syonide - A whip-wielding mercenary and expert toxicologist.
 * Demolition - An armored supervillain.
 * Ishmael - A shapeshifting servant of Tobias Whale who was sent to assassinate the Gangbuster while posing as him, but was defeated by Black Lightning and the Gangbuster.
 * Lamar Henderson - A kid in Brick City and cousin of Gail Harris who was pressured into joining the Home Crew gang.
 * Malcolm Merlyn the Dark Archer - An evil archer and member of the League of Assassins.
 * Miss Pequod - Tobias Whale's enigmatic secretary.
 * Painkiller - A supervillain who was sent to kill Black Lightning.
 * Queequeg - A shapeshifting servant of Tobias Whale and brother of Ishmael.
 * Sick Nick - A doctor-themed villain.
 * Warhog - An assassin who was sent to kill Black Lightning.
 * White Thunder - An alien with flight and sound manipulation powers.

Other versions

 * In Justice League of America vol. 2 #26, the Vixen encounters an alternate version of Black Lightning called the "Brown Bomber", a contemporary version of the original Black Bomber envisioned prior to Tony Isabella's involvement with the character.
 * In the 1997 Tangent Comics series, "Black Lightning" is the codename of Francis Powell, a member of his universe's Metal Men and a key member of the government organization Nightwing who is in charge of a mission to apprehend Lia Nelson / Flash with the help of "Dark Star".
 * A version of Black Lightning from Earth-23 appears in The New 52 as a member of a predominately African-American Justice League.

Animation

 * Black Lightning was intended to appear in Super Friends, but disputes between DC and Black Lightning's creator, Tony Isabella, led to the creation of series-original character Black Vulcan.
 * A character based on Black Lightning named Morris Grant / Soul Power appears in the Static Shock episode "Blast from the Past", voiced by Brock Peters. He is an elderly superhero who acquired his powers following an accident at the Hoover Dam and operated in Dakota during the 1960s alongside his sidekick Sparky. In the present, he lives in a retirement home in Dakota, but temporarily comes out of retirement to help Static defeat his old enemy, Professor Menace.
 * Black Lightning appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Bumper Robinson. This version is a teenager and leader of the Outsiders.
 * Black Lightning appears in the "Thunder and Lightning" segment of DC Nation Shorts, voiced by Blair Underwood.
 * Black Lightning appears in the Mad segment "That's What Super Friends Are For", voiced by Gary Anthony Williams.
 * Black Lightning appears in Young Justice, voiced by Khary Payton. This version is initially a member of the Justice League and Static's mentor until he inadvertently kills a young girl that the Light turned into a monstrous metahuman soldier. Subsequently, he considers retiring from superheroics, but is convinced to join Nightwing's team in dismantling the Light's metahuman trafficking rings before he learns of their association with Batman Inc. and willingness to use the Light's own tactics against them. Eventually, Black Lightning helps expose the Light member Lex Luthor's role in the trafficking rings and is appointed the new leader of the Justice League on the condition that everyone involved does not sacrifice their principles while fighting the Light.

Live-action

 * Black Lightning appears in a Saturday Night Live sketch based on The Death of Superman storyline, portrayed by Sinbad.
 * A self-titled television series based on Black Lightning debuted on The CW on January 16, 2018, with Cress Williams portraying the titular character. The series is developed by Mara Brock Akil and Salim Akil, who also executive produce, along with Greg Berlanti and Sarah Schechter, for Akil Productions and Berlanti Productions, alongside Warner Bros. Television. Fox gave the series a "pilot production commitment" in September 2016. In January 2017, Berlanti stated the series, if ordered, would not crossover with his other DC Comics television properties on The CW nor would it exist in their established universe. The following month, Fox passed on the series after deciding it was "not a good fit into its already crowded genre drama space." Shortly thereafter, it was picked up by The CW with a pilot order. The pilot episode was directed by Salim Akil. In May 2017, The CW officially ordered the project to become a series. This version of Black Lightning operates in Freeland while working as the principal of Garfield High School as Jefferson Pierce. In the past, Jefferson witnessed his father Alvin getting killed by gangster Tobias Whale and his men, which led to Jefferson being taken in by Alvin's friend Peter Gambi. Additionally, Jefferson previously operated as Black Lightning years prior before promising his wife Lynn Stewart to retire. During the first season, Jefferson resurfaces as Black Lightning to fight Whale and the 100 as well as the A.S.A. while Jefferson's daughters Anissa and Jennifer start to develop their own metahuman abilities. In the second season, Jefferson loses his position as principal due to being absent during the 100's attack on the school before he and his family are recruited by the A.S.A. to combat invading Markovians. In the third season, Jefferson has been placed in an A.S.A. prison called the Pit, where he is experimented on. After eventually getting free, he is recruited by Pariah to help heroes from across the multiverse avert the Crisis. While the Anti-Monitor consumes Jefferson's Earth, Oliver Queen sacrifices himself to reboot the multiverse, leading to Jefferson's Earth becoming part of Earth-Prime.  In the fourth season, Jefferson retires from being Black Lightning once more, but ultimately goes on to have a final confrontation with Whale.
 * Cress Williams also appears as Black Lightning in the fifth season of Legends of Tomorrow and the eighth season of The Flash.

Film

 * Black Lightning makes a minor appearance in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies, voiced by LeVar Burton. This version works for President Lex Luthor.
 * Black Lightning appears in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, voiced by an uncredited Cedric Yarbrough. This version is an associate of the Justice League. Additionally, a villainous alternate reality version of Black Lightning named Black Power appears as a minor member of the Crime Syndicate.
 * Black Lightning appears in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies.

Video games

 * Black Lightning appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold – The Videogame, voiced again by Bumper Robinson.
 * Black Lightning appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Alexander Brandon.
 * Black Lightning appears as a "premier skin" for Raiden in Injustice 2, voiced by Kane Jungbluth-Murry. Additionally, The CW incarnation of Black Lightning, referred to as "Multiverse Black Lightning", appears as a playable character in the mobile version.
 * Black Lightning appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains via the "DC TV Super-Heroes" DLC pack.

Miscellaneous

 * Black Lightning appears in The World's Greatest Superheroes newspaper comic strip.
 * Black Lightning appears in the Justice League Unlimited spin-off comic book.
 * Jefferson Pierce appears in Smallville Season 11 as a member of the Outsiders.
 * Black Lightning appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic. He initially appears as a member of Batman's Insurgency before becoming disillusioned with their drastic measures and defecting to the Regime to rebuild Metropolis.
 * Black Lightning appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic, in which he rejoins the Insurgency following the Regime's downfall. Initially serving as Secretary of Housing, he becomes the President of the United States after Ra's al Ghul orders Aqualad to kill several government officials, leaving him the highest ranking person in the line of succession.

Reception
IGN listed Black Lightning as the 85th greatest comic book hero of all time, describing him as a "true hero and a born badass who has earned his spot on the Justice League".

title: Black Lightning


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Obion River

The Obion River system is the primary surface water drainage system of northwestern Tennessee, United States.

Description

The Obion has four major forks, the North Fork, Middle Fork, South Fork and Rutherford Fork (which is named after Henry Rutherford an early surveyor of the area). The confluences of these forks are a few miles above the mouth of the Obion's discharge into the Mississippi River. For the greater parts of their lengths, the forks exist as separate streams.

In the mid-20th century, the Obion system was largely channelized for agricultural purposes, under the auspices of the Obion-Forked Deer Basin Authority, a Tennessee state agency that coordinated this work with the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Some of the adverse effects of channelization included increasing erosion of land, loss of wildlife habitat, and increased flooding downstream. But with the restoration of wetlands along the river in the 21st century, this process has now been halted and – in a few places – somewhat reversed.

The origin of the name "Obion" is obscure. Some say that it is derived from a Native American word and others that it represents a corruption of the name of an Irish fur trapper, O'Bion or, perhaps, O'Brien.

Obion County, Tennessee, is named after the Obion River.

After the 1818 Chickasaw cession of West Tennessee (known in Kentucky as Jackson Purchase), explorer Davy Crockett moved to the South Fork Obion River in Weakley County (present-day Gibson County after restructuring of the county in 1837). There he built a log cabin along the River, where he and his family resided until his trip to Texas in 1835.

title: Obion River


text:
Benjamin H. Brewster

Benjamin Harris Brewster (October 13, 1816 – April 4, 1888) was an attorney and politician from New Jersey, who served as United States Attorney General from 1881 to 1885.

Early life
He was born on October 13, 1816, in Salem, New Jersey, and grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Maria Hampton, a daughter of Dr. John Thomas Hampton, a soldier of the American Revolutionary War and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. His grandmother, Mercy Harris-Hampton, was the daughter of Benjamin Harris, the "fighting Quaker" of the American Revolutionary War. Benjamin Harris Brewster was named after him.

Benjamin's father was Francis Enoch Brewster, a descendant of William Brewster, a passenger on the Mayflower. The elder Brewster was a successful and well-known attorney in Philadelphia who had abandoned Benjamin's mother, Maria Hampton, for her companion Isabella Anderson, by whom he had two children out of wedlock. His step-brothers were Frederick Carroll Brewster (1825–1898), who became Attorney General of Pennsylvania, and Enoch Carroll Brewster (1828–1863).

Benjamin's sister, Anne Hampton Brewster (1818–1892), was one of America's first female foreign correspondents, publishing primarily in Philadelphia, New York and Boston newspapers. She was a "social outlaw" (as a friend described her) by refusing to marry, by converting to Catholicism, by moving out of her older brother Benjamin's house in order to live alone, by moving to Rome, and, foremost, by continuing to write through it all, first as a dilettante and then as a self-supporting professional.

In their father's will he had named his two sons Frederick and Enoch Carroll Brewster as his sole beneficiaries. Benjamin fought on behalf of his sister for her share of the estate and for the destruction of the will, which he eventually won.

Education
He graduated from Princeton College in 1834, and was conferred upon the degrees of A.B., A.M., and LL.D. He studied law in the office of Eli Kirk Price, a noted Philadelphia lawyer and legal reformer and who was head of the Philadelphia Bar, and he was admitted to practice on January 5, 1838.

Marriages
In 1857, he married as his first wife, Elizabeth von Myerbach de Reinfeldts, the widow of Dr. Shulte of Paris, France. Elizabeth died in 1868; however, Benjamin continued to spend many vacations with his wife's parents in Germany near Cologne. There were no children from his first marriage.

He was remarried on July 12, 1870. His second wife, Mary Walker, was born in Mississippi on December 13, 1839, and died on March 9, 1886, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was the daughter of Robert John Walker, Secretary of the Treasury under President James Knox Polk and Mary Blechenden Bache. Mary Bache was the daughter of Sophia Durrell Dallas and Richard Bache Jr., who served in the Republic of Texas Navy and was elected as a Representative to the Second Texas Legislature in 1847. Sophia was the daughter of Arabella Maria Smith and Alexander J. Dallas an American statesman who served as the U.S. Treasury Secretary under President James Madison. She was a great-granddaughter of Sarah Franklin Bache and Richard Bache, and a great-great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin. In addition she was a niece of George Mifflin Dallas, the 11th Vice President of the United States, who served under James K. Polk.

Mary Walker married Adrien Deslonde on May 25, 1858. He was the son of André Deslonde, a sugar planter from St. James Parish, Louisiana. Deslonde's sister Caroline was the wife of P.G.T. Beauregard and his sister Mathilde was the wife of John Slidell. Walker and Deslonde later divorced, after which Mary Walker married Benjamin Brewster. The children of Mary Walker and Adrien Deslonde included Andre W. Brewster, who was raised by Brewster and took his name.

Family
Benjamin and Mary had one child, Benjamin Harris Brewster, Jr., born on October 22, 1872, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Benjamin, Sr.'s great-grandson was Daniel Baugh Brewster (November 23, 1923 – August 19, 2007), a Democratic member of the United States Senate, who represented the State of Maryland from 1963 until 1969. He was also a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1950 to 1958, and a representative from the 2nd congressional district of Maryland in the United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1963.

Career
In 1846 Brewster was appointed commissioner by President James K. Polk to adjudicate the claims of the Cherokee against the U.S. federal government. He was appointed Attorney General of Pennsylvania in 1867 by Governor John W. Geary.

He was chief prosecutor in the case of the U.S. Postal Service's Star Route Frauds.

In 1881, Chester A. Arthur appointed Brewster Attorney General of the United States, an office he held for the duration of Arthur's term.

Death
He died on April 4, 1888, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he is buried in Woodlands Cemetery.

title: Benjamin H. Brewster


text:
Navi

Navi may refer to:

People

 * Navi (impersonator) (fl. from 1988), Michael Jackson tribute artist
 * Navi (born 1980), member of the Japanese musical group GReeeeN
 * Navi Pillay (born 1941), South African lawyer and former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
 * Navi Radjou (born 1970), executive director of the Centre for India and Global Business
 * Navi Rawat (born 1977), American actress

Places

 * Navi, Estonia
 * Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
 * Perini Navi, a shipyard in Italy

Film and television

 * Na'vi, a humanoid alien race in the 2009 film Avatar
 * Na'vi language
 * Navi Araz, a villain in the television series 24
 * Navi (Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger), a robotic bird from a Japanese tokusatsu drama
 * "NAVI", the term for computers in the Japanese animation Serial Experiments Lain

Video games

 * Navi (The Legend of Zelda), a video game character
 * Natus Vincere, or "NaVi", an esports organization

Other

 * NAVI (band), a Belarusian folk-pop duo
 * Navient (NASDAQ: NAVI), an American student debt collection service
 * Navi, an alternate name for the star Gamma Cassiopeiae
 * Navi, the GPU architecture featured in AMD's Radeon RX 5000 series
 * Navi, a character in the Japanese light novel series Dragonar Academy
 * Short term for navigation and navigator
 * Navi-Key, a control introduced in the Nokia 3110 cell phone product line
 * Navi, singular of Nevi'im, a class of prophets in the Hebrew Bible

title: Navi


text:
Talk:Mohammad Beheshti

Untitled
clerical title should be included, just like with Cardinals (Thomas Cardinal Wolsey). Gryffindor 19:02, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Well, that is an accusation which should have some back up, surely ? Otherwise it will just be conspiracy theory and gossip. Who felt it was Rafsanjani and who published it ? Was there evidence ? Refdoc 22:56, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, it is conspiracy theory and gossip, in my belief. But I thought that it's worth a mention, because it's very very popular here in Iran. I'm sure no investigation in that direction would have been possible, because of the then situation of affairs (a thorough investigation is still impossible even for simpler cases like that of Zahra Kazemi or the student protests of 1999). As for who published it, I'm sure many Iranian journalist writing from out of the country wrote about that, but they couldn't be trusted either, because they usually write on every rumor. Feel free to reword. Roozbeh 23:17, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Fair enough, what would be Iranian politics without conspiracy theories? ;-) But seriously, we include this here and yet I keep argueing on the Cpt Will Roger's article against K1's conspiracy theories. Hardly consistent. What would be in your view a good threshold for including conspiracy theories and gossip in encyclopaedic articles ? Refdoc 00:54, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Being very popular? Roozbeh 02:29, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

User 60.48.181.227 you have added this:

"He also received Electrical engineering PHD from sorbonne university through internet (Cyber degree)."

where/what is your source for this?Your own imagination? He died in 1981. How did an akhoond have access to 'internets' in 1970s?! —Preceding unsigned comment added by PrivateCitizen999999999 (talk • contribs) 10:20, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

He recived PHD through internet?!
User 60.48.181.227 you have added this:

"He also received Electrical engineering PHD from sorbonne university through internet (Cyber degree)."

where/what is your source for this?Your own imagination? He died in 1981. How did an akhoond have access to 'internets' in 1970s?!PrivateCitizen (talk) 10:23, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Sources needed
There are a number of assertions of Beheshti's position which require sources. Additionally, some of the sections require improved structure, particularly 'epistemology' and 'anthropology'. Potentially it is worth deleting and re-starting the 'anthropology' section as it relates more to theology - discussion of the existence or otherwise of the human soul is not relevant to anthropology. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ConstitutionalLawyer (talk • contribs) 21:12, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Mohammad Beheshti


text:
User:Vivers

About Me
BS, MS degrees in Mechanical Engineering. Experience in machine design for optics, power transmission, composite manufacture and prosthetics. Also have experience in engineering management, sales support, application engineering, forensic engineering of mechanisms and devices and technical writing. Currently employed as a Senior Engineer (meaning an engineer whose hair is turning to gray).

Have programming experience in Visual Basic, Lisp, Fortran, Forth and PHP. Interest in programming started with a connection to mainframe timeshare apps through a teletype in my high school geometry class. Later learned to hack into a Space Invaders clone on an Apple II+. Once wrote and sold a video game in 6502 assembly for the Commodore 64 (ancient history, lame game but wonderful experience). Have written numerous programs for technical calculations and a system to collect operating data from power transmission devices over the web.

Teach hands-on oriented engineering courses to K-8 students on Saturdays through school year. Also teach summer camps and after-school engineering camps.

Currently studying to take the U.S. patent bar.

Main Wikipedia interests: gearing, tribology, mechanical engineering, engineering standards, computer programming, IP law.

First contribution to Wikipedia was in July, 2004. Had a brief love affair with Wikipedia that ended primarily due to demands of my day job and developing materials for the engineering courses for kids. However, I have used Wikipedia fairly often as a resource for both my work and general interest.

Recently, I have been thinking that I might like to help Wikipedia be a better resource for young adults researching careers in engineering, young engineers learning the job and experienced engineers needing quick hit information on new industries and applications. I've watched Wikipedia change over a number of years and am curious how the environment works and doesn't work for subject experts. I don't necessarily consider myself a subject expert in any one area but I feel I have a sense of the kinds of information that would be valuable to the types of users listed above. My expertise would be largely in knowing how to find information for those things that make sense for inclusion in the encyclopedia and organizing it for those users.

I just read (or misread) in The Wikipedia Revolution that the English Wikipedia's growth is slowing and seems to shifting to maintenance mode. Maintenance mode may be appropriate for the multitude of general knowledge articles, but there is a wealth of domain-specific knowledge outside of programming and mathematics that has yet to make it's way into the encyclopedia. That's the most exciting aspect of Wikipedia for me.

title: User:Vivers


text:
Category:College ice hockey

This is a list of topics regarding college ice hockey, a variant of ice hockey.

title: Category:College ice hockey


text:
Richard Dragon

Richard Dragon (or simply Dragon) is the alias of two characters appearing in media published by DC Comics. Although both incarnations differ in alignment, they are both portrayed as extremely accomplished martial artists with connections to the League of Assassins.

The first incarnation, Richard Drakunovski, was created by Dennis O'Neil and James R. Berry in the novel Kung Fu Master, Richard Dragon: Dragon's Fists (1974) under the pseudonym "Jim Dennis". O'Neil later adapted the character for DC Comics in the comic book Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter. A thief who was trained in martial arts and decided to use his skills for good, the character is considered one of DC Comic's premier martial artists alongside peers such as Bronze Tiger, Lady Shiva, and Batman. In more recent continuities, the character himself is also depicted as a more benevolent member of the League of Assassins who met his demise by a former student.

In DC's New 52 continuity, a new villainous character who uses the alias is revealed to be the Green Arrow villain Ricardo Diaz Jr. Raised as son of a kingpin, the character would be prompted to seek revenge after witnessing Green Arrow kill his father. Eventually finding the League of Assassins, he was mentored by Richard Drakunvoski in martial arts but rejected his more peaceful philosophies and killed his master before adopting his moniker.

The Ricardo Diaz incarnation of the character appeared in the Arrowverse series Arrow in the sixth and seventh seasons, portrayed by Kirk Acevedo.

Richard Drakunovski
As a teenage sneak thief in Japan, young Richard Dragon broke into a dojo outside of Kyoto to steal a priceless jade Buddha. Before he could get away, Dragon was caught and beaten by the dojo's teenage student, Ben Turner. O-Sensei, the dojo's master, saw something worth nurturing in Richard, and for the next seven years taught Ben and Richard, side by side, mastery of the martial arts. Richard came to find an inner peace, only using his skill when absolutely necessary. Once he felt there was nothing more he could teach them, the O-Sensei left the two. Turner and Dragon were recruited by Barney Ling, head of the law-keeping espionage agency known as G.O.O.D. (Global Organization of Organized Defense), to join the organization. Together Ben and Richard would defeat the corrupt businessman Guano Cravat, foiling his plans to instigate a war for his own benefit. Ben and Richard founded a martial arts dojo in Manhattan, and Richard would go on to battle international threats such as Telegram Sam, the Preying Mantis, the League of Assassins, and his former superior, Barney Ling.

Thirsty for revenge, Cravat would arrange for the murder of Carolyn Wu-San, one of O-Sensei's god-daughters. Aided by Barney Ling, Cravat tricked Carolyn's sister, Sandra Wu-San, into believing Dragon was the murderer. Consumed with a need for revenge, Sandra trained to the peak of human capability, mastering martial arts to defeat Dragon. When the two masters finally met in battle, however, Dragon was able to show Sandra that Cravat had deceived her. Without Dragon's death as a goal, Sandra no longer had a need for her martial arts mastery. Sensing she needed guidance, Dragon helped her to explore the spiritual side of martial arts. Ultimately deciding that she was Sandra no more she rechristened herself "Shiva". She fought crime with Dragon and Ben Turner until the three parted ways. Turner, brainwashed by the villainous Sensei of the League of Assassins, became the renegade Bronze Tiger. Dragon decided to retire, devoting himself to teaching others. Lady Shiva became one of the world's greatest assassins.

After the character's title was canceled, Dragon became a supporting character in the 1980s series, The Question. The title character of that book, Vic Sage, was a masked crime-fighter based in Hub City, who came into conflict with Lady Shiva. After all but killing The Question, Shiva sent him to see Richard Dragon for training. Sage's stubborn streak made him near impossible for most people to teach. However, when he met Dragon he found himself reluctant to challenge his new sensei because Dragon was in a wheelchair. Richard trained The Question both in martial arts and eastern philosophy, forcing him to question his world view and let go of much of his anger. Of note, he loosely quoted Zhuangzi's story "The Butterfly Dream". Later Richard would start referring to his student as "Butterfly" because of this. Richard said that Shiva had saved Sage because she saw a passion for combat in him while Richard, on the other hand, thought that Sage's passion was for curiosity. Regardless, Richard realized that for Sage to have a spiritual awakening he had to first let go of the self-destructive behaviors that Hub City brought out in him. Thus Richard sent Sage back home. As he left, Sage met Shiva again, and the two briefly sparred. She explained that this fight had been for her to test her own perceptions. She thought she had seen a "warrior's passion" in him that was lacking skills, and felt that she had been proved correct since he faced her a second time knowing she had destroyed him the first. Shiva concluded that she had been right about him and Richard wrong, but Sage proposed that maybe he had just been curious what would happen if they fought again, which would make Richard right. Sage adopted the identity of The Question again, futilely trying to save the city.

Just as Sage's doomed efforts to save Hub City threatened to destroy him, Dragon arrived to advise his student. Dragon finally convinced Sage that his crusade to save Hub City was no longer doing anything but destroying him. When Sage collapsed from exhaustion and his injuries, Richard revealed that he was capable of using his legs perfectly, and put Sage in the wheelchair. Dragon had realized he would need the chair to make Sage let down his defenses - Sage was so "full of macho" that he would never have listened to him otherwise.

The chair had not been just a charade, however. Richard revealed that he had allowed himself to be handicapped as part of his own learning process, going on to state "I was a teacher then. I am about to become something else. So I discard that option". The city had truly degenerated by this point with all pretense of law and order long lost. Richard, who had thought his studies had put him beyond such things, found himself shocked and horrified by the actions of people in Hub City. For example, a man was using a dead baby to try and beg for 'milk money'. When Richard and the others uncovered this, he tossed the body into a nearby trash can.

Dragon wordlessly met Lady Shiva, who had arrived on the outskirts of Hub City in the helicopter that was to take Sage and Dragon away - she wished to go toward and enjoy the chaos that Sage and Richard were rejecting. Shiva uses force and threats to ensure the pilot would do what she wishes.

Richard would next appear as sensei to Oracle, helping her to see past her own wheelchair-related limitations. Dragon spends months training her in escrima, the Philippine art of stick fighting, a martial art she could use despite her wheelchair.

Not long after that, the masked heroine Huntress became the main suspect in a series of murders. Realizing that her headstrong nature would likely mean her death this time, The Question saved her from her many pursuers (including the police and Batman), and took her to Richard Dragon. Seeing many similarities between her and The Question, Dragon helped teach the adventuress to control her anger and "slow down".

After Huntress joined the Birds of Prey, Richard Dragon aided her in fighting the Twelve Brothers in Silk, an Asian martial arts squad that provided protection to a major heroin distributor.

In 2004, the title was revived and the character revamped by Chuck Dixon and Scott McDaniel, only to be canceled after twelve issues. In this short series, Richard Dragon is a bullied school kid who enrolls in a karate dojo to better himself. The dojo's instructor was a "mail-order" black belt, who is later defeated by the Bronze Tiger. The Bronze Tiger then agrees to train young Dragon. He eventually meets and falls in love with Lady Shiva. Although he wins the martial arts tournament she is watching, she chides him for not being able to live up to the powerful name of "Dragon". Shiva becomes Dragon's lover and instructor, and the series touches on their now strained relationship.

The series begins with the Tiger locating Dragon, who is seeking death by fighting in death matches. He agrees to help Dragon resolve his problems with Shiva if he agrees to stop killing. In tracking Shiva they are confronted by Nightwing and the new Green Arrow, Connor Hawke. Nightwing alludes to Dragon training him, as Dragon trained Bruce Wayne, who passed that training on to Nightwing.

At the end of the series, Dragon and Shiva are pitted in combat. Dragon gains the upper hand in the fight, and as he begins to deliver his death blow, Shiva's devout followers rush to save her, knocking Dragon away. Unhappy at this disturbance, Shiva attacks and possibly kills her followers before returning to kill Dragon with her signature move, the Leopard Claw. Dragon is, however, resurrected by the demonic Neron who wants Dragon to kill Shiva. Dragon refuses and walks away from Neron, saying that both had held up their parts of the agreement.

Richard Dragon appears starting in Week 26 of the comic book 52, in the mystic city of Nanda Parbat, where he starts to train former Gotham Detective Renee Montoya. His appearance matches that of the Richard Dragon seen before the Dixon reboot (albeit with a full head of long hair, as when training Question and Oracle, rather than balding when training Huntress). In this story Dragon makes references to a conversation he had with The Question in the Question series, contradicting at least some of Chuck Dixon's Richard Dragon series. The 52 series is also where Richard's former student, Vic Sage, dies from cancer.

In 2011, The New 52 rebooted the DC universe. Richard Dragon was visited by Ricardo Diaz Jr. and trained him in martial arts. When Richard Dragon tried to teach him about peace, patience, and compassion, he was killed by Ricardo who saw weakness in him. To honor Richard, Ricardo adopted the "Richard Dragon" moniker for his own use.

Ricardo Diaz Jr.
A new version of Richard Dragon is introduced following DC's The New 52 2011 continuity relaunch. A character identifying himself as Richard Dragon first appears in Green Arrow (vol. 5) #23 (2013). In Green Arrow (vol. 5) #31, he appears leading a team of Green Arrow's enemies, referred to as the Longbow Hunters. In Green Arrow (vol. 5) #32 the character identifies himself as Ricardo Diaz Jr., the namesake son of a drug kingpin who had been killed by John Diggle (posing as Green Arrow). In addition, he also killed the original Richard Dragon and took his moniker for his own use. He revealed that after his father's death and the fall of his criminal empire, he sought out and found the League of Assassins where his sensei taught him to become a living weapon. He claims that when his sensei also taught him patience and compassion, which he perceived to be a weakness, he killed his sensei and took his name. Diaz/Dragon places a 30-million-dollar bounty on Green Arrow, which three members of the Longbow Hunters (Brick, Killer Moth, and Red Dart) intend to split. Green Arrow is able to defeat all of them with the help of his young half-sister, Emiko. Green Arrow is then reunited with his old partner, John Diggle, after Dragon attempts to kill Diggle by defenestration. In a fight against both Arrow and Diggle, Dragon is able to significantly injure both of them, but is ultimately defeated.

Students of Richard Dragon
Several characters have undergone training with Richard Dragon: The Question, Huntress, Oracle, Renee Montoya, and Lady Shiva. He's also trained Dick Grayson, Batman, and Connor Hawke although they appeared in the 2004 series. Given that the version of Richard Dragon seen in 52 appeared to be the version seen prior to the 2004 retcon, the canonical nature of these students is unclear.

In the New 52, the Green Arrow villain who takes the name Richard Dragon (Ricardo Diaz, Jr.) is revealed to have killed the original man by that name, who had been his sensei, explaining the original Richard Dragon's absence from the New 52.

Richard Drakunovski
The first incarnation of Richard Dragon is not endowed with inherent superhuman abilities, but rather his mastery of martial arts allows him to create the illusion of possessing such capabilities. With expertise in both armed combat and unarmed techniques, Dragon is skilled in various conventional weapons but primarily relies on his unarmed skills. He has achieved mastery in all known hand-to-hand martial arts disciplines, which encompass styles such as Aikido, Muay Thai, Karate, Kung Fu, Judo, Pencak Silat, Taekwondo, Escrima & Jeet Kune Do. His proficiency in these diverse martial arts forms is well-documented. In addition to his combat prowess, Richard Dragon is a learned philosopher, particularly in matters pertaining to leading a heroic life. He has provided guidance to notable individuals such as the Huntress and Wonder Woman, offering insights into the correct paths they should follow.

Richard Dragon possesses a mystical artifact called the Dragon's Claw, which is a talisman of significance. While it is believed to possess mystical properties, it is widely speculated that the totem primarily serves as a focal point for Dragon's concentration and does not inherently possess its own supernatural powers. During moments of intense adversity, the Dragon's Claw enables Dragon to channel and direct his own qi (life energy) in a focused manner, aiding him in challenging situations.

Richard Diaz, Jr.
Similar to his predecessor, the second Richard Dragon does not possess any superhuman abilities. However, he is a highly skilled martial artist who received comprehensive training from his mentor in all aspects of martial arts. Diaz's fighting style diverges from that of his teacher, as he possesses the ability to analyze and exploit the weaknesses of his opponents. He has a keen eye for assessing an individual's physical attributes such as height, weight, and other characteristics. This perceptiveness allows him to accurately predict the movements and attacks of his adversaries, showcasing his prowess as a strategic and tactical mastermind. Diaz's aptitude for developing and recognizing complex combat strategies makes him an imposing figure as a crime lord. Additionally, he possesses remarkable reflexes, as demonstrated by his ability to catch trick arrows fired by Green Arrow.

Richard Dragon Jr.
Richard Dragon Jr. debuted in Robin #1 (2021). Created by Joshua Williamson and Gleb Melnikov, the character is implied to be the son of the original Richard Dragon, Richard Drakunvonski. He is among the several, young participants of the League of Lazarus. In the aftermath of the story, he alongside many other survivors of the tournament are offered membership into the League of Shadows by Talia al Ghul, many which accept her offer.

Television
Ricardo "Dragon" Diaz appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Kirk Acevedo as an adult and Max Archibald as a young man.
 * Primarily appearing in Arrow, this version is an arsonist, crime lord, and drug dealer with dragon tattoos on his neck and left shoulder. In the sixth season, he manipulates Cayden James into helping him take control of Star City via its judges, politicians, and police officers. However, Oliver Queen exposes and captures everyone on Diaz's payroll by the end of the season, forcing him to go into hiding. In the seventh season, Diaz seeks revenge by targeting Queen and his family, hiring the Longbow Hunters to assist him and taking a drug that grants super-strength, but is captured by Emiko Queen and Team Arrow. Incarcerated at Slabside Maximum Security Prison, Diaz is recruited into A.R.G.U.S.'s Ghost Initiative to help them locate Ninth Circle financier Dante, through whom Diaz hired the Longbow Hunters, though Diaz betrays them to help Dante escape. He is subsequently taken back to Slabside, where Emiko kills him to prevent him from revealing more information on the Ninth Circle.
 * An altered version of Diaz rewritten by John Deegan to become a police officer makes a cameo appearance in the crossover "Elseworlds".

Film
Richard Dragon appears in Batman: Soul of the Dragon, voiced by Mark Dacascos. This version is visually inspired by Bruce Lee's character, Lee, from Enter the Dragon.

Miscellaneous
A poster of Richard Dragon appears in issue #0 of the Young Justice tie-in comic.

title: Richard Dragon


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Motzkin number

In mathematics, the $n$th Motzkin number is the number of different ways of drawing non-intersecting chords between $n$ points on a circle (not necessarily touching every point by a chord). The Motzkin numbers are named after Theodore Motzkin and have diverse applications in geometry, combinatorics and number theory.

The Motzkin numbers $$M_n$$ for $$n = 0, 1, \dots$$ form the sequence:

 * 1, 1, 2, 4, 9, 21, 51, 127, 323, 835, ...

Examples
The following figure shows the 9 ways to draw non-intersecting chords between 4 points on a circle ($M_{4} = 9$):

 * [[Image:MotzkinChords4.svg]]

The following figure shows the 21 ways to draw non-intersecting chords between 5 points on a circle ($M_{5} = 21$):

 * [[Image:MotzkinChords5.svg]]

Properties
The Motzkin numbers satisfy the recurrence relations

 * $$M_{n}=M_{n-1}+\sum_{i=0}^{n-2}M_iM_{n-2-i}=\frac{2n+1}{n+2}M_{n-1}+\frac{3n-3}{n+2}M_{n-2}.$$

The Motzkin numbers can be expressed in terms of binomial coefficients and Catalan numbers:

 * $$M_n=\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor} \binom{n}{2k} C_k,$$

and inversely,

 * $$C_{n+1}=\sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k} M_k$$

This gives

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^{n}C_{k} = 1 + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n}{k} M_{k-1}.$$

The generating function $$m(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty M_n x^n$$ of the Motzkin numbers satisfies
 * $$x^2 m(x)^2 + (x - 1) m(x) + 1 = 0$$

and is explicitly expressed as
 * $$m(x) = \frac{1-x-\sqrt{1-2x-3x^2}}{2x^2}.$$

An integral representation of Motzkin numbers is given by
 * $$M_{n}=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_0^\pi \sin(x)^2(2\cos(x)+1)^n dx$$.

They have the asymptotic behaviour
 * $$M_{n}\sim \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\pi}}\left(\frac{3}{n}\right)^{3/2} 3^n,~ n \to \infty$$.

A Motzkin prime is a Motzkin number that is prime. Four such primes are known:

 * 2, 127, 15511, 953467954114363

Combinatorial interpretations
The Motzkin number for $n$ is also the number of positive integer sequences of length $n − 1$ in which the opening and ending elements are either 1 or 2, and the difference between any two consecutive elements is −1, 0 or 1. Equivalently, the Motzkin number for $n$ is the number of positive integer sequences of length $n + 1$ in which the opening and ending elements are 1, and the difference between any two consecutive elements is −1, 0 or 1.

Also, the Motzkin number for $n$ gives the number of routes on the upper right quadrant of a grid from coordinate (0, 0) to coordinate ($n$, 0) in $n$ steps if one is allowed to move only to the right (up, down or straight) at each step but forbidden from dipping below the $y$ = 0 axis.

For example, the following figure shows the 9 valid Motzkin paths from (0, 0) to (4, 0):

 * [[Image:Motzkin4.svg]]

There are at least fourteen different manifestations of Motzkin numbers in different branches of mathematics, as enumerated by in their survey of Motzkin numbers. showed that vexillary involutions are enumerated by Motzkin numbers.

title: Motzkin number


text:
Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections July 2004

In August 2004, special elections for the Arbitration Committee were held. There were two open positions on the Arbitration Committee. These positions were voluntarily vacated by UninvitedCompany and Eloquence, two of Jimbo's original appointees.

The winners of the election were Jwrosenzweig and Raul654, served until December 31, 2004. New elections will be held in December for these two positions, along with those of The Cunctator and James F., whose terms end at the same time. The Arbitrators will be eligible to run for re-election if they wish.

The full results were:
 * Jwrosenzweig 107
 * Raul654 100
 * David Gerard 90
 * Ambi 59
 * Sj 56
 * Merovingian 46
 * 172 45
 * Sam_Spade 36
 * Lir 21
 * Misterrick 12

The election was co-ordinated by Danny with technical assistance from Tim Starling.

The election candidates were all volunteers who presented themselves before August 2 by placing brief candidate statements at Arbitration Committee Elections July 2004/Candidate statements.

The vote was held from 5 August to 14 August using the Special:ArbComVote software. Anyone who had been a registered user for at least 3 months was eligible to vote.

The vote method was approval voting, meaning users could vote for as many candidates as they liked, though they could vote for each person only once. A list of voters is at Special:ArbComVote/list.


text:
User:Jengod/Thomas Watt Gregory

Thomas Watt Gregory (November 6, 1861–February 26, 1933) was an American attorney and Cabinet Secretary.

Born in Crawfordsville, Mississippi, he graduated from Southwestern Presbyterian University in 1883, and was a special student at the University of Virginia in 1884.

He began the practice of law in Austin, Texas, in 1885. For eight years he was a regent of the University of Texas. He declined appointment as assistant attorney general of Texas in 1892, and an appointment to the state bench in 1896.

Gregory was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at St. Louis and State delegate at large to the Baltimore convention. He was appointed Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General in 1913, in the investigation and proceedings against the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company.

In 1914, President Wilson appointed him Attorney General of the United States, and he held that office until 1919. Gregory was a member of Wilson's Second Industrial Conference in 1919 and 1920.

Gregory died in 1933 and is buried in Austin.

External link

 * Handbook of Texas Online: Thomas W. Gregory

title: User:Jengod/Thomas Watt Gregory


text: Category:Ancient Egyptians

title: Category:Ancient Egyptians