text:
Nucleus RTOS

Nucleus RTOS is a real-time operating system (RTOS) produced by the Embedded Software Division of Mentor Graphics, a Siemens Business, supporting 32- and 64-bit embedded system platforms. The operating system (OS) is designed for real-time embedded systems for medical, industrial, consumer, aerospace, and Internet of things (IoT) uses. Nucleus was released first in 1993. The latest version is 3.x, and includes features such as power management, process model, 64-bit support, safety certification, and support for heterogeneous computing multi-core system on a chip (SOCs) processors.

Nucleus process model adds space domain partitioning for task and module isolation on SOCs with either a memory management unit (MMU) or memory protection unit (MPU), such as those based on ARMv7/8 Cortex-A/R/M cores.

Supported platforms
Nucleus supports many embedded processors including leading ARMv7 Cortex A, R, and M devices. Recent releases support ARMv8 64-bit devices. The official website has a full list of supported devices. It includes 32-bit MCUs and MPUs, configurable devices, and 32-bit and 64-bit multi-core processors.

History
Nucleus 1.x was released first in 1993 by Accelerated Technology (ATI) as Nucleus PLUS. It soon became one of the most commonly used RTOSs in the embedded market. Following its early success there, ATI added support for networking, graphics, and file systems, which accelerated adoption.

Mentor Graphics acquired ATI in March 2002, which was soon followed by the second generation of Nucleus RTOS. Version 2.x was released in 2003, improving its portability across different architectures and tool sets. New components like IPv6, Flash memory file system and Universal Serial Bus (USB) 2.0 were added. Mentor replaced the legacy Codelab debugger with EDGE development tools which included compiler tools, debugger, simulator, and profiler.

Mentor Graphics introduced the 3rd generation Nucleus in 2010. Version 3.x was intended for both high-end microprocessor units (MPUs), microcontroller units (MCUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). For devices with limited memory resources, Nucleus was designed to scale down to a memory size of <10 kilobytes (KBs) for both code and data.

Nucleus 3.x introduced support for symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) both unsupervised uAMP and supervised sAMP (using Mentor Embedded Hypervisor). Other additions in Nucleus 3.x:
 * Integrated power management support for kernel and middleware components; includes support for DVFS, tick suppression, and sleep modes including hibernation.
 * Process model for memory partitioning to support dynamic loading and unloading of application modules. Loadable processes are supported on both high end MPUs and low end MCUs with or without hardware memory management support.
 * Wireless support
 * IoT protocols
 * Safety certification for aerospace, medical, industrial and automotive
 * Support for ARM TrustZone
 * Mentor embedded multi-core framework for IPC and processor life cycle management for AMP designs (both supervised sAMP and unsupervised uAMP)
 * Runtime tracing support with host side analysis tools

In addition to the new features in version 3.x, Nucleus moved business model from a la carte, to one unified package.

Mentor acquired CodeSourcery in Dec 2010 to replace the EDGE development tools with the Sourcery CodeBench. Sourcery CodeBench comprises a compiler tool-chain, debugger, and trace analysis tools. The compiler tool-chain is based on GNU tool-chain. The debugger and integrated development environment (IDE) are based on Eclipse. Sourcery CodeBench supports ARM, IA-32, MIPS, and PPC architectures with built-in workflows and OS awareness for Nucleus RTOS and Mentor Embedded Linux.

Nucleus 3.x introduced a unified build and configuration system with which the Kernel is configured through a single file and builds as a single library. Like menuconfig in Linux, a user interface (UI) based configuration tool integrated with CodeBench provides the user with graphically selectable components to customize the kernel at build time. The Nucleus configuration system allows for user customization to integrate new tool-chains, architecture support and build properties.

Major components
Nucleus RTOS components include:
 * 1) Kernel
 * 2) Services
 * 3) Connectivity
 * 4) File system
 * 5) Networking
 * 6) IoT Framework
 * 7) Wireless
 * 8) Security
 * 9) UI & graphics

Kernel

 * Real-time kernel with priority based pre-emptive scheduling
 * Support for dynamic linking using loadable modules
 * Interfaces for C++, Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), and The Real-time Operating system Nucleus (TRON) microITRON
 * SMP/AMP, supervised and unsupervised
 * SMP support and runtime control for bound computation domain and affinities to processor cores for tasks and interrupts
 * Support for 64-bit architectures
 * Scalable to fit memory constrained devices
 * Built-in power management framework
 * Source code for all components

Services

 * Run-level initialization and registry
 * POSIX: kernel, networking, and file system
 * Shell and tracing
 * Debug agent
 * C++
 * Power management services

Connectivity
Nucleus supports the ability to connect to other devices through various interfaces including:
 * USB 2.0 and 3.0
 * USB Host, Function, and On-The-Go (OTG) stacks
 * Bluetooth with many advanced profiles enabled (A2DP, AVRCP, HFP, HSP, etc.)
 * Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), PCI-X and PCIe
 * Controller Area Network (CAN) and CANopen
 * Secure Digital (SDIO)
 * SPI, QSPI
 * Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C)

File system
Unlike Windows and Unix-like operating systems, Nucleus does not need a file system to work. However, for complex uses needing local storage, Nucleus supports several file systems including FAT, SAFE (fault tolerant), and LWEXT.

Multiple simultaneous file systems

 * File Allocation Table (FAT)
 * SAFE (high reliability power fail safe)
 * LWEXT
 * Install-able third-party file systems

Multiple media support
Nucleus provides support for different file systems and storage media through a virtual file system application programming interface (API) that allows access to the supported file systems and storage devices using the same functions calls regardless of the underlying storage format.
 * CD-ROM
 * Hard drive
 * RAM disk
 * NOR and NAND flash
 * USB drive
 * SD MMC

Networking
The Nucleus networking stack is a dual IPv4 and IPv6 stack that supports over 60 networking protocols. Nucleus networking stack supports POSIX and provides an easy to use socket based application interface. A brief list of the supported protocols include:
 * Internet protocol suite (UDP, TCP/IP)
 * Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), network address translation (NAT)
 * Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)
 * File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH)
 * Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Network Time Protocol (NTP)
 * Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and HTTPS
 * JSON-XML, WebSockets

Security
Nucleus supports a wide variety of encryption options for secure communications to protect data at rest or in transit. Nucleus ships with OpenSSL and an OpenSSL-like package wolfSSL (formerly CyaSSL) that is far smaller than OpenSSL for designs needing encryption but limited in memory capacity. Security protocols to protect data in transit include IPsec/IKE, SSH/SSL/TLS/DTLS. Encryption includes DES, 3DES, AES, SHA-256. Public-key cryptography algorithms include RSA. Support includes X.509, RADIUS, and 802.1X.

Wireless
Several Wi-Fi modules from different chip-makers like QCA, Broadcom, TI, and CSR are supported:
 * IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
 * IEEE 802.15.4
 * Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE

UI graphics
Nucleus 3.x supports OpenGL and leading 3rd party UI libraries. Nucleus supports the Qt UI framework which has been optimized for code size and integrated into CodeBench for debugging and tracing. Other UIs supported include Embedded Wizard and Socionext CGI Studio.

IoT
Recent releases of Nucleus include support for HTTPS, Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), MQTT and 6LoWPAN.

Nucleus has also announced support for Microsoft Azure cloud computing framework.

Industrial
Nucleus has been integrated with 3rd party industrial stacks from industry leaders. Industrial stack support includes OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) host and client and EtherNet/IP from Softing and EtherCAT from KoenigPa.

Multi-core
Nucleus supports asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) mode and symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) mode for leading 32 and 64-bit heterogeneous multi-core SoCs. Nucleus is also capable of running as a GOS with Mentor Embedded Hypervisor.

When operating in AMP mode, Nucleus RTOS can coexist with other instances of Nucleus, Linux, and/or bare machine (metal) programs distributed on the other processors. In this mode, each processor is running independently and behaves as a separate system within the SoC. Mentor Embedded Multicore Framework provides interprocess communication between operating systems on the various cores, and processor life cycle management. SMP operation entails having a instantiation of Nucleus RTOS manage multiple cores simultaneously. Nucleus can distribute its operations across all cores on a multi-core device, or any subset of cores. For this purpose Nucleus offers runtime API support for bound computation domain, and control tasks and interrupt affinities for core assignment.

Product packages
Nucleus RTOS is packaged as follows:
 * Nucleus ReadyStart Edition ReadyStart which includes the runtime system, middleware, BSP (all in source code) and the IDE, debugger, compiling tools, trace bundle in a single package. Nucleus Ready Start comes in versions packaged for ARM, MIPS and PPC. Nucleus ReadyStart adds specialized eclipse plugins to CodeBench to provide simplified build and configuration workflows and debugging enhancements including kernel awareness, loadable module support, tracing and profiling tools.
 * Nucleus Source Code Edition contains the runtime system and middleware packaged to support unique architectures and/or different tool chains

Safety certification
Nucleus SafetyCert has been certified for the highest levels of safety for DO-178C, IEC 61508, IEC 62304, and ISO 26262.

Products using Nucleus RTOS
Example devices using Nucleus products include:

 * New Horizons, interplanetary space probe
 * Honeywell for Critical Terrain Awareness Technology in the aviation industry
 * IVL Technologies' On-Key Karaoke Handheld Player uses Nucleus PLUS
 * Logitech uses it in its Pocket Video Portable Digital Video Cameras
 * SK Telecom's first commercialization of code-division multiple access (CDMA) technology in Korea
 * Mediatek Dual SIM Dual processor based chipsets found on most Chinese phones
 * NEC High Definition Mobile Handset
 * ASC's RBOX Multi-Service Aggregator Family uses Nucleus PLUS
 * TI-Nspire series handheld calculators use Nucleus as the basis of their operating system
 * Telephonics uses it in the USAF C-130 Avionics Modernization Program, SDI System, and the 767 Tanker Program, Aviation Communication System
 * Garmin International to develop the CNX80 navigational Global Positioning System (GPS) for general aviation
 * A large number of Motorola, Samsung, LG, Siemens/Benq, Sagem and NEC mobile phones
 * The S-Class UI on LG Arena, New Chocolate etc.
 * Intellon Home Plug AV
 * Crestron Electronics on their older 2-series control system processors
 * BSS Audio in their Soundweb London range.
 * Later versions of Creative ZEN product line
 * The Infineon S-Gold2 chipset used in Siemens phones: S75, E71, M81, etc.
 * The Infineon S-Gold2 baseband chip used in Apple's iPhone
 * The Metrotech i5000 Utility Locating Receiver
 * The Creative Zen Vision line
 * Intel Active Management Technology, vPro embedded controller
 * Tandberg MXP video & telephony appliances
 * Datex-Ohmeda Avance anesthesia system
 * Zoll Medical Corporation defibrillators
 * Samsung bada platform based devices
 * Mindray early patient monitor, ultrasound device, and hematology analyzer

title: Nucleus RTOS


text: User talk:Mike3450

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mike3450


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Plexicorp

From VfD:

This article consists of seventeen words about one fictional company in one scene of one movie. Taco Deposit 02:18, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Is it even in the movie?  No need to merge, as there's nothing there, and no need to redirect, because I really doubt it's going to be searched. Geogre 02:23, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - I don't recall the name of the company, but they did go to a manufacturer of plexiglass to get the material they needed to build their whale tank (to save the Earth from a giant squealing cylinder with a marble hanging off it). -- Cyrius|✎ 07:10, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Have a look at http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/library/technology/article/70284.html. The article can be expanded in future. - utcursch 16 Aug 2004
 * Delete. "Transparent aluminum" is memorable (if silly), the name of the fictional company which supposedly produces it is not. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:22, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Transparent aluminum -FZ 16:06, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've seen the movie a few times, and I never once noticed the name of the company, so it can't be that notable in a single movie, which is its only mention ever, and thus it's not notable enough for our vaunted wikipedia. --Golbez 21:46, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to transparent aluminum, as suggested by FZ. I already merged the content, though it probably won't matter much if Plexicorp gets deleted — few people are actually going to search for "Plexicorp". 71 Google hits. • Benc • 04:18, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - One inconsequential word in one movie about a fictional company. Not worthy of Wikipedia (or anything else really)- Daxkelson 18 Aug 2004
 * Delete - There was a whole scene in the movie, more than one inconsequential word, but it doesn't belong here. - Centrx 20:39, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


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Julie Doiron

Julie Elaine Doiron (born June 28, 1972) is a Canadian singer-songwriter of Acadian heritage. She has been the bass guitarist and co-vocalist for the Canadian indie rock band Eric's Trip since its formation in 1990. She has released ten solo albums, beginning with 1996's Broken Girl, and is also the lead singer for the band Julie and the Wrong Guys.

Career
Doiron started playing guitar (later switching to bass) in Eric's Trip at the age of 18, having joined the band at the insistence of her then-boyfriend, Eric's Trip guitarist Rick White. Shortly before the band's break-up in 1996, she released a solo album under the name Broken Girl, which followed two previous 7-inch EPs ("Dog Love, Pt. 2" & "Nora") also released under that name. All of her subsequent material has been released under her own name. She started her own label, Sappy Records, to release several of her solo efforts. Although most of her solo material has been written and performed in English, she also released an album of French language material, Désormais, as well as several EPs of material sung in Spanish.

In 1999, Doiron performed at the 1999 Stardust Picnic festival at Historic Fort York, Toronto. That year she recorded an album with the Ottawa band Wooden Stars, which was the first time she had worked with a band since the end of Eric's Trip. Also in 1999, she was featured in a film, entitled Salt, which was filmed that fall. The film was created by the National Film Board of Canada, and released in 2000. She shared a Juno Award for Julie Doiron and the Wooden Stars in March 2000.

Eric's Trip reunited in 2001, and have played shows periodically ever since. She has also appeared as a guest musician on albums by The Tragically Hip (2000s Music at Work), Gordon Downie (2001's Coke Machine Glow, 2003's Battle of the Nudes and 2010's The Grand Bounce), and Herman Düne. In 2006 she helped launch SappyFest with Paul Henderson and Jon Claytor as an extension of the reinstated Sappy Records. She has also released a split record co-credited to the alternative country band Okkervil River, and collaborated with Frederick Squire and American musician Phil Elverum on the 2008 Mount Eerie album Lost Wisdom. She played with indie rock band Shotgun & Jaybird until their demise in 2007. She also played drums as part of a short-lived duo with Fred Squire. Initially called "Blue Heeler", they changed their name to "Calm Down Its Monday", and released a split 7-inch EP on K Records, with two solo Doiron songs on the flip side.

Apart from her musical career, Doiron is an avid photographer, having published a book of her photographs entitled The Longest Winter with words by Ottawa writer Ian Roy. She often does her own promotional photos and cover artwork along with her ex-husband, painter Jon Claytor.

Her album Woke Myself Up was shortlisted for the 2007 Polaris Music Prize.

In 2009, Doiron told a reporter from The Strand, a college newspaper at the University of Toronto, that she and Chad VanGaalen were exploring the possibility of collaborating on an album. She appeared on a track from VanGaalen's EP of Soft Airplane B-sides that year, but no further news pertaining to a potential album collaboration has been released.

During the tour to support the 2009 album I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day, the mayor of Bruno, Saskatchewan proclaimed June 7, 2009, as "Julie Doiron Day". Doiron performed at the local All Citizens arts centre on that day.

Over the three-year period between I Can Wonder and her 2012 album So Many Days, Doiron moved several times, residing at different times in Montreal, Toronto and Sackville. While living in Toronto, she had difficulty making ends meet due to the city's high cost of living, and began teaching yoga classes, and performing a weekly residency at the Saving Gigi club, to help pay the bills. By the time So Many Days was released in the fall of 2012, she had moved back to Sackville.

In July 2014, Doiron's song "The Life of Dreams", from I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day, appeared in an iPhone commercial.

In 2016, Doiron collaborated with musicians Jon McKiel, C.L. McLaughlin, Michael C. Duguay, James Anderson and Chris Meaney on the project Weird Lines, whose self-titled album was released on Sappy Futures in July. She then collaborated with Eamon McGrath, Mike Peters and Jaye Schwarzer on the project Julie and the Wrong Guys, which released a self-titled album in 2017 on Dine Alone Records. In 2017 and 2018, Doiron has also released several EPs of Spanish language renditions of her own previously recorded songs.

In 2021 Doiron released the album I Thought of You. Her first full-length solo recording in nine years, it includes musical contributions from Daniel Romano and Dany Placard.

Collaborations

 * Appeared on the 2005 Herman Dune album Not On Top, playing bass and providing vocals
 * Provided vocals for several tracks on the 1999 album The Moon by The Wooden Stars
 * Provided vocals on Snailhouse's 2001 album The Opposite Is Also True
 * Contributed vocals on Baby Eagle's 2007 No Blues
 * Contributed vocals on Mount Eerie's 2008 Lost Wisdom
 * Contributed vocals to Attack in Black's song "I'm A Rock" on the Autumnal Tour 2008 7-inch
 * Contributed vocals on Daniel Romano's 2013 album Come Cry With Me
 * Contributed vocals on Mount Eerie's 2019 album Lost Wisdom, pt. 2, a continuation of their prior collaboration in 2008.
 * Contributed vocals on Dany Placard's 2020 album J'connais rien à l'astronomie

Solo albums
Albums marked with * have not been issued on vinyl LP
 * Broken Girl * (Sub Pop, Sappy) – 1996 (Reissued by Jagjaguwar with the "Dog Love, Pt. 2" & "Nora" EP's as bonus tracks) - 2003
 * Loneliest in the Morning (Sub Pop, Jagjaguwar (reissue with bonus tracks)) – 1997
 * Will You Still Love Me? * (Tree Records, Sappy) – 1999
 * Julie Doiron and the Wooden Stars (Tree, Sappy) – 1999, Jagjaguwar (CD reissue in 2002, vinyl only re-issue in 2013)
 * Désormais * (Jagjaguwar, Endearing Records) – 2001
 * Heart and Crime (Jagjaguwar, Endearing) – 2002
 * Goodnight Nobody (Jagjaguwar, Endearing) – 2004
 * Woke Myself Up (Jagjaguwar, Endearing) – 2007
 * I Can Wonder What You Did with Your Day (Jagjaguwar, Endearing) – 2009
 * So Many Days (Aporia Records) – 2012
 * Julie Doiron Canta en Español Vol. II (Acuarela) - 2017
 * Julie Doiron Canta en Español Vol. III (Acuarela) - 2018
 * I Thought of You (You've Changed) - 2021

with Julie and the Wrong Guys

 * Heartbeats 7” (We Are Busy Bodies) - 2012
 * Homeless 7-inch (Dine Alone) - 2016
 * Julie & The Wrong Guys (Dine Alone) - 2017

Other

 * Dog Love Part 1 cassette (as Broken Girl) (no label) – 1991
 * Dog Love Part 2 7-inch (as Broken Girl) (Sappy Records) – 1993
 * Nora 7-inch (as Broken Girl) (Sappy) – 1995
 * "More of Our Stupid Noise (So Fast) - 1996 Squirtgun Records
 * Julie Doiron and the Wooden Stars - Who will be the one 7-inch (plumline) – 1999?
 * Julie Doiron / Okkervil River (CD Split with Okkervil River) (Acuarela) – 2003
 * Will You Still Love Me? + Julie Doiron and the Wooden Stars (Japan Edition 2 disc with original booklet)(P-VINE Record, Japan) – 2003
 * Heart and Crime + Désormais (Japan Edition 2 disc with original booklet)(P-VINE Record, Japan) – 2003
 * Lost Wisdom (Mount Eerie with Julie Doiron and Frederick Squire) – 2008
 * Daniel, Fred & Julie (with Daniel Romano and Frederick Squire) (You've Changed Records) – 2009
 * ''Julie Doiron Canta en Español ("La Alberca de Swan"/"Tus Niños") - 2015
 * Weird Lines - 2016
 * Lost Wisdom pt. 2 (Mount Eerie with Julie Doiron) – 2019
 * Julie & Dany (with Dany Placard) - 2022

title: Julie Doiron


text:
Glimmerglass Festival

The Glimmerglass Festival (formerly known as Glimmerglass Opera) is an American opera company. Founded in 1975 by Peter Macris, the Glimmerglass Festival presents an annual season of operas at the Alice Busch Opera Theater on Otsego Lake eight miles (13 km) north of Cooperstown, New York, United States. The summer-only season usually consists of four productions performed in rotating repertory. Glimmerglass is well known for producing new, lesser-known, and rare works, many of which in years past have been co-produced with the New York City Opera. It is the second-largest summer opera festival in the United States, currently led by artistic and general director Robert Ainsley, who succeeded Francesca Zambello in 2022.

History
Until 2011, the company operated under the name Glimmerglass Opera. The company presented its first season in the summer of 1975, when four performances of La bohème were staged in the auditorium of the Cooperstown High School. In the years since, it has grown considerably and now offers more than 40 performances of four operas, nearly always in new productions, each summer.

Operas have been performed in repertory since 1990. For the first seventeen seasons, all operas were sung in English. Since 1992, the operas have, with some exceptions, been performed in their original language with projected titles in English. Several works have had their American or world premieres at Glimmerglass. The 1999 season featured the world premiere of Central Park, three one-act operas performed as a single work, a joint commission by Glimmerglass Opera, New York City Opera, and Thirteen/WNET's Great Performances, which telecast it on PBS in January 2000. The telecast was nominated for an Emmy Award.

Paul Kellogg was the general director of Glimmerglass Opera from 1979 to 1996 and the artistic director from 1996 to 2006. Esther Nelson took on the role of general director from 1996 to 2003. Stewart Robertson was music director of Glimmerglass Opera from 1988 to 2006. In October 2008, Glimmerglass Opera announced the appointment of David Angus as the company's next music director, starting in the summer of 2010. Francesca Zambello became artistic and general director of the newly renamed Glimmerglass Festival in 2011 and Joseph Colaneri was appointed music director in 2013. Zambello stood down at the close of the 2022 season; she was succeeded by Robert Ainsley.

The Young American Artists program, established in 1988, brings singers in the first stages of their professional careers to study and perform at Glimmerglass. These young artists are chosen annually from hundreds of applicants from throughout the United States. In addition to rehearsing and performing, Young Artists receive musical coaching, attend classes in diction and acting, and are given instruction in such non-performing skills as audition techniques, role preparation, and the business aspects of managing a career. Administrators from many of the world's leading opera houses visit Glimmerglass throughout the summer and hear the Young Artists in performance. In the course of the summer each Young Artist gives a solo song recital at venues in Cooperstown and nearby Cherry Valley, a feature of the Glimmerglass season that has become extremely popular with opera patrons and the local community.

Alice Busch Opera Theater
The Glimmerglass Festival's Alice Busch Opera Theater, which opened in June 1987, was built on 43 acre of farmland donated by Tom Goodyear, its first chairman. The 914-seat theater is notable for its pastoral setting, for being the first American opera house built since 1966, and for its sliding walls, closed only while singers are on-stage and in foul weather. The theater was designed by Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates.

The new theater was built to move the performances from a high school auditorium with poor acoustics and sight lines and no orchestra pit to a building with an interior designed specifically for opera performances. The exterior design was inspired by local farm buildings to fit with the surrounding landscape and to promote a less formal and more relaxed atmosphere suitable for a summer theater. For environmental and cost efficiencies, the building was designed to use only natural ventilation, without any mechanical heating or cooling.

Recent festival seasons
The Festival's 2010 season featured four new productions, including Copland's The Tender Land, and Handel's Tolomeo. During the 2011 season Cherubini's Médée was presented. Also, a double bill featuring the world premiere of A Blizzard on Marblehead Neck, with music by Jeanine Tesori set to Tony Kushner's libretto (a story inspired by the life of Eugene O'Neill) along with Later the Same Evening, a one-act opera based on characters in five of Edward Hopper's paintings with a score by John Musto from a libretto by Mark Campbell.

In 2012, the festival featured Verdi's Aida, Lully's Armide, Kurt Weill's Lost in the Stars and the musical The Music Man. Armide was presented in collaboration with Opera Atelier of Toronto, Canada, and Lost in the Stars presented in collaboration with Cape Town Opera of South Africa.

The 2015 festival included Mozart's The Magic Flute, Verdi's Macbeth, Vivaldi's Catone in Utica, and Bernstein's Candide.

2016's season featured Puccini's La bohème, Sondheim's Sweeney Todd, Rossini's La gazza ladra (billed as The Thieving Magpie), and Ward's The Crucible.

The 2017 season included Gershwin's Porgy and Bess, Rodgers & Hammerstein's Oklahoma!, Händel's Xerxes, Donizetti's The Siege of Calais, Victor Simonson and Paige Hernandez's Stomping Grounds, and Derrick Wang's Scalia/Ginsburg.

For 2019's season, the festival commissioned Jeanine Tesori und Tazewell Thompsons opera Blue which picks up the issue of African-American teenage boys having become an 'endangered species' and a prime target of police brutality in the United States. The work is one of the very few in opera history that features a solely African-American cast.

title: Glimmerglass Festival


text:
North Slope

North Slope can refer to:

 * Alaska North Slope, a region encompassing the northernmost part of the U.S. state of Alaska
 * North Slope Borough, Alaska, a borough in Alaska whose boundaries roughly coincide with that of the region
 * North Slope, Tacoma, Washington, a neighborhood
 * North Slope, an Inupiaq language dialect
 * Alaska gas pipeline, also known as the North Slope Gas Pipeline
 * Dalton Highway, also known as the North Slope Haul Road
 * Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, colloquially known as "the North Slope" to many who work and visit there

title: North Slope


text:
Universe (economics)

In economics and marketing a universe is a population to be studied or measured.

In economics a population to be measured is described as a "universe", and the measures which are generated are intended to reflect the behavior of that population. Different statistical surveys may measure related, but different, universes and have to be adjusted to reflect this difference. For example, the American Bureau of Labor Statistics has a household survey and an establishment survey to measure employment. The differences in the populations and behavior that these two surveys measure are said to be the differences in their "universe".

The word has a similar meaning in marketing, where it describes the activity in a given population. For example, ASCAP measures airplay in different radio "universes" to determine royalties for different songs, because e.g. air play in the "classical" universe is compensated differently from popular music. It also fundamental to television audience measurement: advertisers buy into programmes based on the ratings in different demographic universes and those different universes will cost different amounts. For example, a hair dye ad campaign may buy 1000 Gross Rating Points (GRP) in the Women 25-44 universe in order to target that particular audience, rather than a demographic irrelevant to their product.

title: Universe (economics)


text:
Talk:Miami/Archive 1

New Miami Skyline Photo
Miamitom 12:52, 17 July 2007 (UTC) Okidoke ... I'll post a cropped version. :) -t-

Miamitom, The cropped version of the photo looks good! --Miamiomar 00:02, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Miamitom, We usually prefer a more complete skyline photo angle, but the latest skyline photo looks pretty good. Would it be possible for you to crop the photo to show more skyline with less water and sky? I think that'd make it look even better in the article. Also, it looks like there is some boat wake something at the bottom. We appreciate anything you can do to improve it. Thanks for the photo!--MIA777 00:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Instead of all the petty complaints, why don't you just put the last one back? What was wrong with it?  -  Marc Averette 00:27, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've never seen this guy before and he's acting like he's a Wikipedia admin. Wtf? The picture is wonderful. Skillz187 19:18, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've never heard of skillz "murder" wikipedia editor guy, but I agree with the original guy. 'Marc Averette' used to put up high res quality photos of the whole main skyline, but now the city is back to looking small with boat waves at the bottom of the picture. Can 'Marc Averette' please put up another quality photo making the city look as good as possible? How San Diego's photos even compete with Miami, I have no idea. Maybe they have somebody that knows how to crop a photo to make it look impressive. Maybe they don't show photos of powerlines in an old neighborhood with old cars. Class people. Look it up. -The silent majority... --Miamiomar 05:41, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Finally somebody gets it(Miamiomar). The picture is wonderful?? If you like the Miami skyline to compare to Fort Lauderdale, Tampa, and Jacksonville, then maybe it is wonderful. --MIA777 06:07, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think part of the problem is that the infobox is too restrictive on the photo size. You can't adjust the pixels (at least *I* don't know how to).  This makes an oblong photo (as a skyline should be) appear too small in the infobox.  Is there a way to adjust the restrictions and make the infobox allow bigger photos?  In the case of Miami, the skyline is about 20-30 times wider than it is tall.  This just doesn't look good in a tiny infobox.  Maybe it would be better to put a large photo strip of the complete skyline (kind of like the one above geography) at the top of the article - before the infobox?  Other cities don't do this, but does it matter?  Miami may be a special case.  -  Marc Averette 15:52, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Makes sense that it's tough to get the whole skyline looking good in the photo box. Larger cities like New York or Chicago tend to put only a fraction of the skyline, but they make sure the picture is filled solid with buildings. That gives the impression there is more. If we are only going to show a portion of the skyline to look good in the small box, I think it should be cut better to show the larger buildings in better detail with no end to the skyline in sight. --Rstepp 01:07, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Why do you guys keep switching to Averette's photo? I think MiamiTom's is superior. It's much closer. IF anything, just crop yours a little averette. Skillz187 23:40, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Miamitom 14:34, 17 August 2007 (UTC) This guy Mark Averette Marc Averetteis very insecure about allowing anyone else to post photos on this page or on the South Beach pages. As a result of this childish pettiness, I am not going to post any more photos, although I have many, unless you all find a way to override him. I find that although Wikipedia claims to be a place where "all" can contribute, there are those like him who like to make these kinds of sites into their own little fiefdoms. Let me know once you have this settled and I'll be happy to post more.

 * You're seriously confused. The only photo I ever removed of yours was the one that you put first on the South Beach article that showed nothing but water.  South Beach is a section of the city of Miami Beach, not water.  The photo was inappropriate since it replaced a photo of the city (which I didn't take by the way).  The photo that's currently in the infobox for Miami was not taken (or put in there) by me either.  I want others to contribute as much as possible.  I went to your page and some of your photos are excellent.  I have no problem with anyone using photos as long as they pertain to the article or section.  You obviously haven't been in Miami too long if you think the MacArthur Causeway bridge is the Julia Tuttle Bridge, as you erroneously claimed in that last photo you posted.  -  Marc Averette 16:47, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Climate
The article cited a high temperature record of 103 F on July 17, 2010. Neither www.weather.com nor www.wunderground.com agrees with this figure. I have changed it to the official record of 98 F. And same with the record low. I have no idea where he got 27 F. As to 20 F in Homestead, that is also bogus, besides not being particularly relevant since Homestead is a separate city, about 30 mi from Miami. Even his citation only says that 20 F was recorded in unspecified locations, namely "[s]ections of Dade and Broward Counties plummeted to record minimum temperatures as low as 20 oF (-6.6 oC), and remained below freezing for 10-14 hours." It does not specify Homestead, whose official low temp record is 26 F. People should not use Wikipedia to bs about the weather.

Demographics
There is some confusion in the Demographics section. It says "The racial makeup of the city is 66.62% White, 22.31% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.42% from other races, and 4.74% from two or more races. 65.76% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race."The 66% White and 65% Hispanic are conflicting. If you factor in 65% and 22% for African Americans that leaves 13% for Whites. Could someone clarify/correct this? I know for sure that 65% is Hispanic but the rest is unclear. Milk 02:24, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * From the Race (U.S. Census) page: For the 2000 census the Census Bureau considers race to be separate from Hispanic origin. Funnyhat 02:19, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hispanic is not a racial group, it's the people who speak spanish and they can be white, black or american natives. In countries like Argentina, Spain, Chile or Uruguay all the people is hispanic and white.

The demographic section definitely needs some adjustment; a reference (to the Census for example) would be helpful, as would clarification of racial make-up. As someone stated Hispanics are not a race, but the article should mention that the 4.75% of people from two or more races excludes people who classify themselves as Hispanic, since a preponderance of Hispanics are of mixed races.69.84.100.123 21:25, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added the reference, which has the same numbers (rounded off slightly) as those in the article. --  Dalbury ( Talk )  22:42, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hispanic = origins in a Spanish speaking country. Latino = Origins in a Latin country.  An Italian is Latin, as is a Brazillian, but they aren't hispanic.  Hispanics come from Spain, most of Central and south America except Brazil.  Latinos come from Spain, Portugal, Italy, Brazil, etc.ReignMan 04:53, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Miami's crime rate
Considering how high Miami's crime rate is, why is it crammed in with demographic information so that it's barely noticeable, especially if it ranks so high among the FBI's list of dangerous cities? I think more should be said about it.(72.144.183.207 00:01, 16 November 2007 (UTC))

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
Does it seem logical to anyone else to modify "television and film" to "media" and include Grand Theft Auto: Vice City as based on the city? -Ickle

GTA:VC is surely set in Vice City, no? By that logic, are Superman and Batman set in New York? john k 06:12, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Well, Gotham was indeed thought to be the comicbook version of NYC, yes. And Gotham is NYC's nickname -- see, for example, the Gotham Center for New York City History (http://www.gothamcenter.org/) or the Gotham Gazette (http://www.gothamgazette.com/). About Vice City representing Miami, I attend university in Miami, and Vice City certainly looks like Miami to me. There is no other city with the same reputation, tropical climate, seaside setting, topography, urban landscape, and ethnic composition in the US, so it's not really a stretch. ~kali  June, 2004

Population at incorporation
Is this sentence a mistake? the City of Miami was incorporated with 344 citizens (243 of which were identified as white and 181 as black.

In order for 243 people to be white and 181 to be black, there would have to be some overlap--some people would have to identify as both categories. But in the 1890s, I don't think people were allowed to check more than one racial category in the census. Can anyone find accurate data? Funnyhat 02:16, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone know the source for these numbers? Helen Muir, in Miami, U.S.A., says that Miami was incorported with 502 registered voters, and mentions a Black artillery of 100 men brought in by Flagler's people to help elect a mayor favorable to the railroad. The 344 number may come from, but it doesn't break down the numbers by race, but just says a sizable percentage were black. And this site says Miami had a population of just over 300. As only adult males could register to vote, 344 (or 502) registered voters implies maybe twice that number of residents (allowing for a lot of single men brought in as laborers on the railroad attracked to a boom town). -- Dalbury ( Talk )  00:13, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Judge Marilyn Milian
Judge Marilyn Milian is a well-known resident of Miami. She wasn't born there, but she moved there when she was 8. Shouldn't she be on one of those lists?
 * She's on the notable Coral Gables residents.  -    Marc Averette 14:47, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Miami Federals
There was never a USFL franchise called the Miami Federals. There was the Washington Federals (1983-1984) who were reincarnated as the Orlando Renegades (1985).

Mayors?
I think it would be appropriate for a list of all of the mayors of the City of Miami to be added to this page.
 * I don't. Perhaps you should create a separate page List of Mayors of the City of Miami for example. JiMternet 23:30, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Nickname Big Orange
User:Joececchini has been adding nicknames to articles. I've reverted the addition of Big Orange. It needs to be properly sourced before allowing it back in this article. --  Dalbury ( Talk )  09:48, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

High school sports puffery
Moved the following here from the article page as POV puffery:
 * Miami-Dade County is also known to having some of the best High School sports in the country especially in Football. Baseball, Baseketball and Soccer also do very well in High School Sports for Miami-Dade County.

You can cite sources that say that, but putting it this way is POV. --  Dalbury ( Talk )  03:08, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Skyline photographs
Does the article really need 5 pictures of the same thing from slightly different perspectives? They all look great, but let's show some restraint. Cacophony 19:31, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Collections
I've removed this photo site (Photographs Over 4,000 images from the State Library & Archives of Florida) from the 'external links' section of the page, as it really borders on linkspam. However, there are a lot of photos, so I've kept the link here as it might come in useful to editors. Dr. Cash 17:47, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Geology of Key Biscayne, Miami Beach, etc.
I removed the sentence, These islands are geologically considered to be part of the Florida Keys, but are not politically related to them, from the article because the sources I've consulted state that Key Biscayne and northward are barrier islands, and not true Florida Keys. Soldier Key south to Sands Key are transitional keys, mixing characteristics of barrier islands and true Florida Keys, while Elliott Key is the northernmost of the true Florida Keys. The sources are cited in the Florida Keys article. --  Dalbury ( Talk )  14:18, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Teele reference broken
The reference "With suicide, Teele tried to take control" Miami Herald, dtd July 30, 2005, retrieved January 28, 2006 is broken. --  Donald Albury (Dalbury) ( Talk )  11:13, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Geography
The Miami metropolitan area (Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach) do not sit between the Miami River, Biscayne Bay, the Everglades and the Atlantic Ocean.

The Miami River runs from the northwest towards Downtown; both the city and the metro area extend far beyond both banks of the river.

The barrier islands separate Biscayne Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. Hence, Biscayne Bay lies completely within the metro area.

The following sentence would correct these errors:

"Miami and the surrounding metropolitan area sit between the Everglades, the Atlantic Ocean, the Loxahatchee River, and Florida Bay."

--ralonso

 * Your suggestion would work for the South Florida metropolitan area, but I think for this article it would be better to discuss "Greater Miami", i.e., the barrier islands between the Atlantic and northern Biscayne Bay, and the mainland between northern and central Biscayne Bay and the edge of the Everglades, and from the Broward/Miami-Dade line down to somewhere between Coral Gables and Homestead. --  Donald Albury ( Talk )  22:22, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Rainfall
Someone has changed the rainfall figure indicated in the article and some unreliable source was quoted. Please do not do this. The figure of inches is from the U.S. National Weather service. This should be taken as a standard and not some unreliable travel guide websites. Go to http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/localdata.php link and check the figure for each month. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.99.10.52 (talk • contribs)

Homeless in the Miami Arena?
How could people have been left homeless in the Miami Arena after the Great Hurricane? It wasn't built until 1988. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.172.148.231 (talk • contribs) 17:04, 17 May 2006

City Infobox
There has been quite a bit of discussion on WP:CITY for standardizing the city infoboxes, and a consensus has been reached favoring Template:Infobox City over Template:Infobox U.S. City as the standard for all global cities (not just U.S. cities). For some reason, the Miami article does not use either template and uses it's own, but the infobox should be converted to Template:Infobox City format. Dr. Cash 02:43, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Major revert on 11 July 2006
I reverted a bunch of edits by Worker31b this evening. IMHO the edits smacked of 'boosterism', trying to prove that Miami is really bigger than Jacksonville. This article is about the City of Miami, it is not about the Dade County metropolitan area or the South Florida metropolitan area. It is a plain fact that Jacksonville has a larger population than Miami, and so ranks as the most populous city in Florida. --  Donald Albury ( Talk )  23:38, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Hurricane / Climate section - myopic view in article
The "article" on Miami includes the following --> ""Despite this, the city has been fortunate in not having a direct hit by a hurricane since Hurricane Cleo in 1964.[18] However, many other hurricanes have affected the city, including Betsy in 1965, Andrew in 1992, Irene in 1999, and Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005.""

The reference given is --> [18] http://www.hurricanecity.com/city/miami.htm

So, being personally hit by massive sheets of water + constant 78 MPH winds / 85 MPH gusts within city limits during Katrina, and by massive sheets of water + constant 85 MPH winds / 105 MPH gusts within city limits during Wilma, does NOT constitute a "direct hit" ... ?

All this time, we were merely "affected" and not "direct(ly) hit" !

Several thousand dead trees and hundreds of damaged buildings will be happy to hear this !

((Perhaps wiki requires a massive body count, ala New Orelans, for a "direct hit" to be duly acknowledged?))

Wiki-know-it-alls -> Please define what is meant by "direct hit".

Thank you.

 * Katrina was still a weak hurricane when it passed over Miami-Dade County, and the eye of Wilma passed over Palm Beach County, so that was not a direct hit on Miami. You only had Category One conditions from those two storms. My wife and I spent a very anxious half-hour as the eye-wall of Wilma passed over, pushing against our front door to keep it from blowing in as we watched drops of water coming through the joints in the panels in the door. My mother had said the same thing happened at the house in Ft. Lauderdale in 1964 when Cleo passed over, but I had never understood what she meant until Wilma. If you want to know what a direct hit by a major hurricane can be like, read 1926 Miami Hurricane. That's the one that took the roof off my grandparents' house. So, if you think Katrina and Wilma were bad in Miami, you may want to leave town if a major hurricane threatens there. --  Donald Albury ( Talk )  02:32, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Just as a side note: when Wilma passed over my area ( north dade county Miami beach ) it was just a dry storm, we had little to no real rain, within dade county area please see this noaa image. http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/wilma2005filledrainblk.GIF

Donald Albury writes "" You only had Category One conditions from those two storms. ""

As far as I recall, a Category One Hurricane is still a Hurricane.

So therefore, you agree that Miami was hit with at least cat. one hurricane-level conditions, and therefore, Miami did suffer a "direct hit" from these two _hurricanes_? Yes, no, maybe?

Naturally, some will claim (perhaps this is an issue best suited for a consensus amongst learned weather authorities of this planet) that a "direct hit" must include the eye passing over the area in question. Perhaps this distinction should be made clear in the Miami article? ...in order to avoid confusion.

Your idea of a "direct hit" does appear to be equivalent to having the "eye" pass directly over the area in question. If so, why the hyperbole about your experience and your grandparents? What is your point? Must I assume that "direct hit" must not only include the "eye" but also include complete devastation and body count worthy of FEMA and Hollywood !!? I hope not.

For the record, ye olde Hurricane Andrew blew my own roof away (south of Miami of course!!), while I was underneath it ... and I don't really remember an eye or a pause/break in the action (sorry)... I guess I didn't get hit then, hunh? I'm sure glad the insurance carrier and the Feds didn't think so, at the time.

Let's review : Have you actually answered the question as stated, in a meaningful fashion? No. Have you given any external references from learned weather authorities in support? No, as far as I can see.

Therefore, I challenge you or anyone, without emotion, but with reason, and without thinking that an article is that personal private property which one is meant to defend because one is infallible in all ways Wikipedia.....

--> Please define what is meant by "direct hit" and give it some authoritative backing. <-- . o O o O (( with respect to hurricanes )

Thank You

 * The National Hurricane Center defines "direct hit" as,

"A close approach of a tropical cyclone to a particular location. For locations on the left-hand side of a tropical cyclone's track (looking in the direction of motion), a direct hit occurs when the cyclone passes to within a distance equal to the cyclone's radius of maximum wind. For locations on the right-hand side of the track, a direct hit occurs when the cyclone passes to within a distance equal to twice the radius of maximum wind. Compare indirect hit, strike."

 * It further defines "indirect hit" as,

"Generally refers to locations that do not experience a direct hit from a tropical cyclone, but do experience hurricane force winds (either sustained or gusts) or tides of at least 4 feet above normal."

 * "Radius of Maximum Winds" is defined as,

"The distance from the center of a tropical cyclone to the location of the cyclone's maximum winds. In well-developed hurricanes, the radius of maximum winds is generally found at the inner edge of the eyewall."

 * So, by the National Hurricane Center's definitions, Miami did not take a direct hit from Hurricanes Andrew or Wilma, because the eye-wall did not pass over or even close to it, but Miami did take an indirect hit from both storms. Katrina is a bit trickier. The center of Katrina crossed the coast near the Miami-Dade/Broward border, which would put Miami on the left-hand side of the track, so a direct hit would have occurred if the eye-wall touched the city of Miami. As I haven't found a reference to the size of the eye at that time, I can't tell if that was a direct hit. The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Katrina does state,

The convective pattern of Katrina as it crossed southern Florida was rather asymmetric due to northerly wind shear, which placed the strongest winds and heaviest rains south and east of the center in Miami-Dade County.

 * As Katrina did not become a hurricane until just two hours before landfall in Florida, even if Miami took a direct hit for it, it was a minimal Category One storm. In any case, "direct hit" is well defined, and Miami did not take "direct hits" from either Andrew or Wilma, and possibly not from Katrina, either. --  Donald Albury ( Talk )  12:40, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, and everything I said above has no effect on what goes into the article, as we can say a hurricane made a direct hit on a place only if we can cite a reliable published source that says so. Anything I said above about whether or not a hurricane was a direct hit on any place is original research. --  Donald Albury ( Talk )  14:35, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

National historic status list
I removed that list as it's unnessarry and those types of bullet point lists are discouraged here. A few of the places are just outside city limits as well. Should be in a seperate subpage at best. Thanks Jaranda wat's sup 19:54, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Illegal Puerto Ricans?
The article states "Today there are sizable legal and illegal populations of...Puerto Ricans,...". Miami cannot have illegal Puerto Ricans. Remove or rephrase? Mal7798

snow on tropical plants
A snow dusting reportedly covered coconut trees and other true tropical palms in the northern suburbs, an extremely rare event.

I removed the above from the article until it can be properly sourced. --  Donald Albury ( Talk )  12:53, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

I always find it odd that people who know nothing about a certain topic decide to edit entries just because they don't think it's true or can't source it, even though they can't proove it ISN'T true. As it so happens to be, yes, it has snowed in Miami: http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/climate/2004-12-21-florida-snow_x.htm

 * I think what he wants sourced is the part about the snow covering coconut trees, not the snow itself. The part about snow itself is still included, but the detail of whether or not it dusted coconut trees is not verified and could or could not be true. --  SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  02:01, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

History Section Gutted??
History section seems to have lost alot of information. The cached version on google includes many details missing from this current version. Noticable due to the fact that the sentence "After the Second Seminole War ended in 1842, Fitzpatrick’s nephew, William English, re-established the plantation in Miami." references Richard Fitzpatrick, who is no longer in the article.

Fitzpatrick is first referred to in the Google cached version in "In the 1830s, Richard Fitzpatrick bought land on the Miami River from the Bahamians, becoming one of the first and most successful of the permanent white settlers. He operated a successful plantation with slave labor where he cultivated sugar cane, bananas, corn, and tropical fruit. Fort Dallas was located on Fitzpatrick’s plantation on the north bank of the river."

Since I am new at this and there appears to be others with better skill at this, I figure I meention it rather than just blanketly restore all the missing photos and information.

In addition, the William English linked in this article jumps to an illinois congressman that once ran for vice-president. Is this the same person? I see no reference to the plantaion on his page, so it might be a different person altogether.

 * Note that there is a History of Miami, Florida article that was split off this article. The William English link was probably made by someone who saw they got a blue link and didn't bother to see if it was a valid link. I'll fix it. -- Donald Albury 22:54, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

History of the city's name
What is the origin? Perhaps I missed it? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.155.51.134 (talk) 22:27, 12 December 2006 (UTC).

 * It's named after the Miami River. That article discusses the origin of the term 'Miami'. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 02:45, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Survey on proposal to make U.S. city naming guidelines consistent with others countries
There is a survey in progress at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (settlements) to determine if there is consensus on a proposed change to the U.S. city naming conventions to be consistent with other countries, in particular Canada.
 * This proposal would allow for this article to be located at Miami instead of Miami, Florida, bringing articles for American cities into line with articles for cities such as Paris and Toronto.--DaveOinSF 16:47, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This may be OK for Global cities, but I think it would be a mistake to apply it wholesale. For one thing, which Kansas City gets to be the Kansas City?
 * Currently, Miami redirects to Miami, Florida, which means Wikipedians have decided that the city of Miami in Flordia is clearly the most important use of the word Miami, much like Dog is the title of the article about the animal and NOT a redirect to Dog (disambiguation), a disambiguation page where one could also choose to click on Dog (zodiac). The proposal would allow the title of the article for the city of Miami in Florida to be Miami.  Kansas City is another matter.  Currently, Kansas City currently redirects to Kansas City (disambiguation), meaning Wikipedians have decided that no use of the word Kansas City is clearly the more important than any other.  Kansas City would continue to redirect to a disambiguation page and articles for Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas City, Kansas would not move.--DaveOinSF 02:25, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * However the proposal would allow U.S. cities to be inconsistent with the vast majority of other U.S. cities and towns, which (with a few exceptions) all use the "city, state" convention. -Will Beback 23:43, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes but Miami is far more significant than most U.S. cities and towns. It is more in line with global cities such as Paris, New York, Chicago, and Toronto than the average, small American town. that needs the city, state article name to distinguish it from other small towns. No other place named 'Miami' could ever match Miami, Florida in significance, and Miami does not need to be titled 'Miami, Florida'.

Climate?
It says in the article that Miami has a temperature range of about 80-low 90s in summer. Is there a source for this, because I recall low 90s-low triple digits every day for weeks. | A ndonic O  Talk 13:54, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Let's see:, , , . That's from the first page of hits on Google for 'miami climate summer'. Are you thinking of the heat index, which does indeed get high during the summer? -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 15:32, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No, I remember seeing the thermometer in the high nineties almost daily. Maybe it was just an above average summer. Thanks for the links anyways Donald. | A ndonic O  Talk 18:31, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The official temperature is measured by the Weather Bureau at the airport. YMMV with other thermometers. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 23:20, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, ok. Thanks for the info. | A ndonic O  Talk 00:21, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

UHM?!
Miami is beautiful, i invite you to come spend a weekend with me and my family and i'll show you what a beautiful "third world country" i reside in! user:racerboyGTR

Miami is a major city and a third world country in southeastern Florida, in the United States.

I don't know if thats supposed to be a joke, but HONESTLY. People do reports, and use Wikipedia for them. The information is supposed to be factual, and just because you had a bad experience in Miami doesn't mean you need to take your anger out on articles! Miami CAN'T be a third world country. One because it's a CITY, in a STATE, thats in a COUNTRY, and the United States is BY FAR not a third world country. GROW UP.

75.21.200.234 03:30, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It's vandalism, the largest downfall of Wikipedia, don't take it too personally or seriously, most vandals shoot for this type of reaction because it gives them a kick, just ignore it, remove it, clean it, and move on, or alert a user about it and he or she will change it. Thanks. --  SmthManly  / <sup style="color:blue;">ManlyTalk  / <sup style="color:blue;">ManlyContribs  03:34, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

If you feel that Miami is not a third world country, then perhaps you should take that up with Rep. Tom Tancredo. I assume you haven't read his comments about the city?

I have been to Miami, and it is definatly not third world. I have been to one of those too, there is a major difference; I don't care if one politician said it is, because very simply, it isn't. | <b style="font-family:Papyrus; color:black; font-size:x-small;">A</b> ndonic <b style="font-family:Papyrus; color:black; font-size:x-small;">O</b> Talk · Sign Here 21:19, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I live in Miami. Tom Tancredo is a complete idiot.  Third world countries do not have running water, electricity and sewer systems connected to every house.  Miami does.  They also don't have interstate connected expressways, metrorails, world-class hospitals, shopping malls every few miles, and 900 sq.ft. condo units that sell for half a million USD.  Miami does.  Also, no other city on the planet has as much skyscraper construction as Miami right now, something like 160 approvals with over 60 actually under construction as this is being typed.  Third world status is based on economy and infrastructure, two things Miami is definitely not lacking.  In fact, Miami is listed as a World City.  I don't see Denver or any other Colorado cities on the list.  The fact that there are many foreigners present, some which don't speak English too well is irrelevant.  Rep. Tancredo is ignorant and needs to look up the definition of "3rd world".  Try talking to a NYC cab driver.  Most of them don't know more than 30 words of the English language - look at all the foreigners in NYC, it must be a third world country!    -    Marc Averette 15:15, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Move page
I noticed that the Chicago page doesn't come with the state on the name of the article as it was moved several months back. Should we do the same with this article, this is the most well known miami of course and the Miami article already redirects here. Any thoughts. Thanks Jaranda wat's sup 07:59, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * There is a long and bitter argument about the naming convention for US populated places at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (settlements). I am opposed to making any more exceptions to the current 'comma' convention. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 11:16, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * There was a major argument about this in the Los Angeles article; it failed. The biggest argument there was that the bot that updates population figures based on US Census data uses the Miami, Florida format, and changing that would mess with that, or something like that, I don't quite rememember but there were many good points against changing it.  Either way, I'm for it, but I agree with Dalbury concerning what to do about it. --  SmthManly  / <sup style="color:blue;">ManlyTalk  / <sup style="color:blue;">ManlyContribs  17:06, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Then why don't they change Chicago back to Chicago, Illinois?  -   Marc Averette 22:24, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I doubt one could discern a consensus to make any change in a US city name either way at this point. As lack of consensus almost always means leaving things as they are, I think the name situation will remain in a stasis until a true consensus emerges. My sense of the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (settlements) is that a majority of the participants favor keeping the current 'comma' convention, but it is certainly not a 'super-majority'. Certainly the numerous polls that have been called have been shouted down, but that may have more to do with a reaction to premature polls called in an attempt to force a decision when most editors feel the time is not right for a poll. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 00:18, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Nicknames
Anyone know any other nicknames for Miami besides "The Magic City" and "The Gateway of the Americas"? Anyone??? There's gotta be others.

198.138.41.77 23:19, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Other nicknames can be used only if they are supported by reliable sources. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 12:46, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I found two sources that list "Little Cuba" as a nickname. Who knows if they're reliable?
 * -  Marc Averette 14:22, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Hahahah! Little Cuba? I think that's kind of offensive to the Cuban community. Skillz187 03:46, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, several years ago I heard two women speaking about why one never came and visited the other. One stated "Why don't you ever come down and visit us in Kendall"? The other replied "My husband doesn't like to go south of Cuba".  Maybe Broward & Palm Beach County people give it that nickname.  I've never heard anyone in Miami call it that though.  -  Marc Averette 13:26, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I've never heard it in Palm Beach County. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 21:33, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Subtropical, not tropical, climate
Miami's climate is subtropical, not tropical. There is a distinct difference. See the article on Wikipedia under "subtropical". Aldofern 04:00, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Well according to Köppen classification, the climate of south Florida from Lake Okeechobee south is tropical. Pink = Aw = tropical.  No one argues that it geographically lies in the subtropics, but the climate is (according to the source) considered tropical.  A place doesn't have to be in the tropics to be "tropical".   Key West is a tropical island, yet lies 30 miles north of the tropic of cancer.   The word "tropical" according to Oxford is "of or pertaining to the tropics" i.e., tropical flora such as coconut trees, which are not found naturally north of the big lake.  In this sense South Florida unarguably "pertains to the tropics".  Besides, you can hardly cite Wikipedia as it's own source.

 * I believe the confusion most likely stems from the fact that South Florida is subtropical (based on location) but the climate is tropical. Classification by place and climate are two different things.  The summit of Mt. Kilimanjaro being nearly on the equator is no doubt tropical by place, yet it's covered in snow, so the climate is tundra, not tropical.   -   Marc Averette 02:43, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, I was looking at the numbers, and Miami's climate is indeed a tropical wet-and-dry (Aw) climate (at least at the coast), with the January mean being 67°F (boundary is 65°F). It quickly grades inland to a humid subtropical climate, but you are right. CrazyC83 02:13, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Florida is surrounded by water on three sides, limiting southward movement of cold fronts and thus allowing a tropical climate to exist where it would not otherwise.→ <span style="font-family:arial, helvetica; color:#ff0000;">R <span style="color:#006688; font-family:arial, helvetica;">Young {<span style="font-family:arial, helvetica; font-size:x-small;">yak <span style="font-family:arial, helvetica;">ł <span style="font-family:arial, helvetica; font-size:x-small;">talk } 14:40, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The Gulf Stream also contributes to the tropical climate, as the east coast from the Keys up to Port Saint Lucie is tropical, yet the west coast cities north of Naples (at 65) fall just short of tropical with Fort Myers having a mean January temp of 63.8. Normal Daily Mean Temperatures of Select Cities  -  Marc Averette 21:42, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Marina Stadium
Is there a link on this page (perhaps under a different name) for the Marina Stadium? I was hoping to find out some background on it. Jouster (  whisper  ) 18:44, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah, found it! But it definitely needs some love (and a link from the Miami page, IMHO).  Jouster  (  whisper  ) 16:35, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Buildout?
Despite predictions of 'population buildout,' we have seen that the city of Miami's population continues to rise, in part through high-rise construction. While true that a lack of city-limit expansion makes a huge population increase unlikely, the city could potentially expand its city limits (if not politically). Legally, the only thing preventing annexation would be if the city were 100% surrounded by incorporated communities, which is clearly NOT the case. Many cities have been prevented from expanding politically, but a change in resident and voter attitude could one day see a city limit expansion.→ <span style="font-family:arial, helvetica; color:#ff0000;">R <span style="color:#006688; font-family:arial, helvetica;">Young {<span style="font-family:arial, helvetica; font-size:x-small;">yak <span style="font-family:arial, helvetica;">ł <span style="font-family:arial, helvetica; font-size:x-small;">talk } 14:46, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Government
There is no discussion of Miami's form of government. The Miami-Dade page mentions its relationship with the rest of Dade County, but what about Miami? Strong Mayor form? Can we find someone who knows this stuff? Geoffwithers 17:06, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Economy
Someone should update that the "building boom" discussed several times in the article is now well and truly a building BUST as the desire for over-priced condos and such has all but dried up and Miami is leading the United States in real estate woes.

Some news links for reference: http://quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20670001&refer=&sid=a4qa.rYTWyYA http://www.emediawire.com/releases/2007/7/emw539818.htm http://www.local10.com/news/13721122/detail.html http://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2007/07/09/daily3.html Yacoub80 02:29, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Why? The building boom is still ongoing.  Construction hasn't stopped on any of the 24 buildings u/c over 500 ft.  Perhaps the prices are starting to fall, since many just bought for investments (to flip) - too bad for them.  That has nothing to do with the fact that there are 24 towers over 500 ft. still under construction.  If construction on a few of them is halted, that would definitely be worth an update.  Those paragraphs are just temporary anyway.  In a year or two as they all near completion, they will be put in the history section, unless the boom continues and the other 80 approvals are actually built. -  Marc Averette 18:51, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The point made in those articles is that they aren't able to sell units that they are building and thus prices have to come down drastically for any hope to sell them at all. This isn't a problem unique to Miami, though Miami is a prime example of it and is one of the first areas to be hit significantly by the real estate market recession that continues to spread.
 * The point is economic, not construction related.Yacoub80 01:21, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Update: http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/orl-condobust2707aug27,0,2001796.story 216.152.101.66 15:03, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

City commission government?
Is the City of Miami a City commission government? On the official website it says that the city has 5 commissioners. There's a blank spot for government type in the infobox. 74.225.197.63 00:54, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * According to the city charter, it is a "Mayor-City Commissioner Plan" form of government. I went ahead and filled it in. —Gintar77 01:43, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

New Population Estimates
The U.S. Census Bureau released new infromation on April 5, 2007 that places the Miami metro area's population second to Houston's metro area. Check it out.

Fair use rationale for Image:Miamiseal.JPG
Image:Miamiseal.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 21:53, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Music?
What's up with the Music section? It's pretty bad. Any ideas on fixing it? Skillz187 01:52, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I won't throw a WP:SOFIXIT tag at you, but can you be a little more specific? What problems do you see, and how can they be fixed? I don't listen to rap, so I am not familiar with any of the rap artists (except Luther Campbell and 2 Live Crew, who are synonymous), but all of them at least have articles. I cannot think of any major Miami-based artists who are not mentioned. I removed the one redlinked group (if they are important, they'll get an article). If you can fix the problems, go for it. Horologium t-c 02:02, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Miami's population passes 400,000
'''the City of Miami's population has surpassed 400,000 for the first time according to Census Estimates, an 11% increase since 2000:

link to the census

Miami managed to add over 1000 people per square mile. Pop density in 2000 - 10,185 pop/sq mile Pop density in 2006 - 11,554 pop/sq mile'''

According to the latest Census estimates released, as of July 1,2006:

my source

City of Miami's population is 404,048 US Rank is 43rd most populous city up from 48 in 2000 Percentage increase was 11.5%. Estimated Population density is now 11,554 people per square mile. I changed the old figures and added the new data

German Page
Hello, hello,

I would like to revamp the German page of Miami, and would like to have the same column on the right like the English page has. The one on the German page does not look the slightest bit attractive and adding this column would really improve the page.

Could anyone help me with this?

I have a lot of information to add to the German website, and also some great photos of mine, but I don't know how to upload them onto the page. Would someone please explain to me how this works?

Thanks a lot,

Totomitsu

References and citations
I have been going through this page and correctly formatting all of the citations using the cite news and cite web tamplates, and I have discovered that some of the references are a little bit less than reliable. Reference (2) is to a blog, reference (6) is a link to a secondary source, which cites a newspaper article as its source (not a direct quote); this is not the proper way to cite such information. Reference (8) is to a site that has been targeted by the WP anti-spam people. One of the references I haven't formatted yet is to something called "Pitchfork Media", and another is a 404 link.

The weather section is hosed. I subbed in a link to The Weather Channel, because the cite I replaced was to a site of unknown reliability; TWC tends to be a reliable source. However, the NWS, in typical government fashion, fixed their site until it was broken and changed their data (which is also linked) from a simple, all-on-one-page sheet, to separate pages for every month, and some of their "unofficial" figures don't square with the stuff from TWC. The record low figures, in particular, are off; the NWS site claims lows in the high 20s for several dates in January and February. There are also a couple of issues with a reference that had nothing to do with the sentence it followed; I have commented it out for now.

Horologium t-c 22:44, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Spanish Speakers
Miami cannot possibly have the largest number of spanish speakers outside Latin America! How can a city of 400,000 have more spanish speakers than cities like LA or New York with populations 10 times bigger and even larger latino population. Probaly percentage wise but NOT raw numbers. The source is also very questionable and not very reliable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.215.29.177 (talk) 05:04, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Palermo is not a sister city
Since all of the relevant edits are coming an unregistered editor, I am not expecting much of a result from this, but I'll post it anyway.

Palermo is not a sister city of Miami.

The citation provided in the sister city section is from the City of Miami government, which is unquestionably the most accurate source on this subject. Palermo is not one of the 10 cities on that list. I would appreciate it if the unregistered editor who continually adds Palermo to the list would please stop doing so. It appears that at one point in the past, Palermo was a sister city, (it shows up on the state of Florida's 2001 list, and is still on the Sister Cities International list), but it is not any longer. SSI does not remove city pairings unless one of the involved cities sends them a request to be delisted. Horologium t-c 16:48, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Miami has the largest Spanish-speaking population in the western hemisphere outside Latin America???
Miami cannot possibly have the largest Spanish speaking population! LA has the largest spanish speaking population in the United States so how would Miami have more!?!? Im gonna go ahead and take that off. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Juelz9 (talk • contribs) 04:37, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe they're counting the Americans, aka Spanish-speaking white people like me who are fluent in Spanish and work amongst them? The people in LA don't seem to make much of an effort.  - Marc Averette (talk) 08:13, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

intro is too long
someone fix this -Pwnage8 20:14, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Possible vandalism.
Almost certain this edit is vandalism, but thought I'd check here. · AndonicO Talk 11:03, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation of "Miami" in lead
I see that an editor has added this twice now, and it has twice been removed. But I don't see why it shouldn't be there; Chicago, New York City, Boston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and most other large American city articles all have pronunciation notes in their first sentences, so why shouldn't Miami's article also do so? What are other editors' opinions on this matter? Cheers, Rai - me  20:34, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I know at least three different ways Miami is pronounced by different communities. I've even had a disagreement with my uncle about the correct pronunciation (whether the last sound is i or ə), and we were both born and raised in Miami. As far as I'm concerned, there is no 'correct' pronunciation, and I don't think we need several alternative pronunciations listed in the lead sentence. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 21:12, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Adding more than one, such as with New Orleans, is not a problem. To be consistent with almost all other major American cities, the pronunciation should be added. Rai - me  21:58, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, dictionary.com has this pronunciation for Miami: mahy-am-ee. Don't know if that helps. El Greco(talk) 01:49, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

de-indent

I've reverted Brandon1978's addition of a pronunciation again, and asked him to discuss this with us here. As background, Brandon1978 has been adding pronunciations to articles about cities all over the world, and has been reverted in several of the articles. His edits are regarded as disruptive by some other editors. His repeated re-adding without any attempt at discussion of something that has been reverted by three (I think) different regular editors of this article certainly does not look good. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 12:32, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
 * For the record, Brandon1978 has now added the pronunciation for a fourth time. Rai - me  14:29, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
 * And I have reverted and blocked him for 24 hours. This question needs to be settled back here, not by edit-warring. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 15:58, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the IPA spelling should be in the article. Every other big city has it. Skillz187 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 06:01, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * For which pronunciation? The majority of the population of Miami has always been (since ~ 1870 or so) composed of people from somewhere else, or whose parents were from somewhere else. As a result, various groups of residents have had various ways of pronouncing 'Miami'. I don't think there is a 'correct' pronunciation for 'Miami'. The question is whether we can find a consensus for one or more pronunciations to document here, and reliable sources to cite for the pronunciation(s). -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 14:25, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Almost all of the pronunciations for major cities were added by the same editor, on a spree starting a few days before Christmas, so I do not necessarily agree with the sentiment that one is needed here. If we do add a pronunciation, I would suggest using "my-AM-ee, also my-AM-uh" (use the IPA characters), since the first is far more common, but the latter is also acceptable. There may be other pronunciations in use, but they are eccentric and I doubt a valid cite could be found for them.  Horologium  (talk) 14:33, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I am not sure that we can use these as reliable sources, but inogolo states "my-AM-ee", while the aforementioned Dictionary.com states "mahy-AM-ee, mahy-AM-uh", as mentioned above, also written as "mī-ām'ē, mī-ām'ə". Cheers, Rai - me  14:40, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * As a side note, while Brandon1978 has added pronunciation in many city articles and altered others, many cities had pronunciation before he began the editing spree. See these past versions of New Orleans (a city which also has more than one pronunciation), Chicago, LOs Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Atlanta, Paris, London, Houston and so on. Rai - me  14:53, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't believe there could be a consensus on this, since a consensus would vary depending on the continent polled. The entire Latin world pronounces it "mee AH mee", whereas the Anglo pronounces it "my AH mee" and older people (like my grandparents) pronounce it "my AH muh".  That's 3 ways I'm aware of.  Ask the native Americans (where I believe the word originates) and I'm sure you'll hear even more.  -  Marc Averette (talk) 15:35, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The Spanish (or, at least, Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda's) spelling of the Calusa/Tequesta/Mayaimi name for Lake Okeechobee was "Mayaimi" (meaning "big water"). Unfortunately, no speakers of those languages are around to ask. -- <b style="color:navy;">Donald Albury</b> 15:59, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that listing what appear to be the three most common names in the lead, "my-AH-mee", "mee-AH-mee", and "my-AH-muh" (or mī-ām'ē, mē-ām'ē, mī-ām'ə) per Averette would be appropriate. Rai - me  16:15, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

 * This is a good example of why we shouldn't have a pronunciation. If we start including non-English or non-standard pronunciations of American cities, we will end up with anarchy. Natives of New York often refer to their city as "Noo Yawk", but the pronunciation guide (rightly) ignores that as non-standard English. FWIW, the two pronunciations I suggested were mī-ăm'ē and mī-ăm'-ə, not mī-ām'ē and mī-ām'ə (short 'A' in second syllable, as in cat, not long 'a' as in aim, and the entire syllable rhyming with ram, not bra). mē-ɑ'mē is the "de-Anglicized" version proposed by Averette {ɑ as in hot). I say that we just sidestep the debate entirely; I seriously doubt that anyone who is reading the Wikipedia article needs a guide for a widely-known and intuitive pronunciation.  Horologium  (talk) 04:25, 30 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Personally, I think this alteration works for the article. It differs slightly from the IPA standards in other city-related articles, but I think it fits the prose. Feel free to offer your opinions, but I think it works. CVW (Talk) 20:48, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I made a few adjustments in this edit (namely, moved the external jump to references), but agree that this is a good pronunciation to include. Cheers, Rai - me  21:30, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I made one further refinement. "mī-ām'ē" (as you had originally transcribed it) would be pronounced as "My Amy"; I changed it to "mī-ăm'ē", which is the common (English) pronunciation. (Note the curved diacritic over the 'a'.)  Horologium  (talk) 03:11, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * We need to provide a new reference (if one is really needed, as no other cities have one), as Dictionary.com oddly supports the "my Amy" (mī-ām'ē) pronunciation. I have since removed the reference, as it does not support the pronunciation given. Cheers, Rai - me  05:21, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I just looked at dictionary.com's entry on Miami (which, BTW, doesn't refer to the city, but rather the Native American tribe that formerly lived in the midwestern US), and it doesn't show the ā pronunciation, either in "spelled pronunciation" or "IPA Pronunciation" mode. Merriam-Webster has essentially the same pronunciations as dictionary.com, both with the same sound as the a in cat. FWIW, both M-W and dictionary.com use "a" without the diacritic to represent that sound (when using the "Spelled Pronunciation"); I have been adding the diacritic for clarity's sake, because the discussions here have been using "ā", which is not the same thing.  Horologium  (talk) 05:40, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * (de-indent) If you read the entire page of entries, you'll see that while the first entry refers to the tribe, the 2nd and 4th entries are for "a city in SE Florida: seaside resort". And it shows the exact "mī-ām'ē, -ām'ə" pronunciation on the 4th entry. But I agree with you that Miami is clearly not pronounced with an "ā"; the way you have changed it on the article is how it should remain. Cheers, Rai - me  05:48, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miami/Archive 1


text:
USS Paul Revere

USS Paul Revere (APA/LPA-248) was the lead ship of the Paul Revere class of attack transport in the United States Navy. She was named for the early patriot and Founding Father, Paul Revere (1735–1818). She later served in the Spanish Navy as Castilla (L-21).

The ship was designed under project SCB 14 and laid down as Maritime Administration Hull 27 on 15 May 1952 by the New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, New Jersey, and was launched on 11 April 1953 as SS Diamond Mariner, sponsored by Mrs. Franklin Ewers. The ship was delivered to MARAD on 22 December 1953, and was operated by the Prudential Steamship Corporation for MARAD until placed in the Maritime Reserve Fleet on 24 July 1954. She was acquired by the US Navy on 14 September 1956, classified APA-248 and named Paul Revere on 4 June 1957, converted by Todd Shipyards, Los Angeles Division, San Pedro, California, and commissioned at Long Beach, California on 3 September 1958.

1958–1964
After shakedown, Paul Revere spent the next full year participating in a series of amphibious training operations: "Rocky Shoals" at San Diego in November 1958, "Twin Peaks" at Camp Pendleton in February 1959, "PACNAMIDLEX" at Del Mar, California in August, "Clear Ridge" off California in September, and "Totem Pole" at Kodiak, Alaska during November.

During 1960–1961, she was assigned "Ready APA" duty, in which she maintained on board, at all times, a fully equipped and reinforced battalion of landing troops to be put ashore on short notice at any trouble spot in the Pacific. On 21 March 1961 trouble flared in Laos, and Paul Revere commenced patrolling the waters off the coast of Southeast Asia. She remained in the area in a ready status for a total of fifty-four days until tensions eased, then resumed her normal South China Sea patrol.

In January 1962, after returning to the U.S., Paul Revere accomplished a most dramatic rescue, when one of several helicopters engaged in anti-submarine warfare (ASW) exercises plunged into the ocean. Operating several hundred yards from the scene, she launched a manned boat which returned the three crewmen of the helicopter to the ship for medical treatment, all in the space of six minutes.

Following overhaul, she spent the last five or six months of 1962 in the Western Pacific. This deployment included the ports of Subic Bay, Hong Kong, and several ports in Japan. The year 1963 saw her complete a successful WestPac deployment and another rigorous schedule of training operations.

Departing San Diego on 28 January 1964 for her fourth WestPac deployment en route to Pearl Harbor Paul Revere participated in "Coco Palm", a merchant convoy sailing exercise. From Pearl Harbor she sailed to Buckner Bay in preparation for one of the largest amphibious operations since the end of World War II. This exercise, called "Back Pack", involved over 50,000 American and Nationalist Chinese personnel and over 125 ships. It was conducted off the southwestern coast of Taiwan and terminated on 12 March. Paul Revere also participated in "Ligtas", a combined SEATO exercise in the Philippines during May, and operation "Minute Hand", conducted at Numazu, Japan in July. While returning to the states in August 1964 USS Turner Joy and USS Maddox were fired upon by North Vietnamese vessels in the Gulf of Tonkin. Paul Revere was turned around and went back to Okinawa and picked up 2,500 Marines and sailed for Vietnam. She went up the Saigon River to aid in the salvage of USNS Card. Returning to the United States, she joined another convoy exercise, "Mad Bull", and arrived San Diego in October.

Vietnam, 1964–1972
Paul Revere spent the first seven months of 1965 conducting training operations off the coast. In August it lifted elements of the 1st Marine Division to Okinawa and during October and November it transported personnel of South Korea's Tiger Division to Qui Nhon, South Vietnam from Pusan. From 7–18 November it conducted its first actual combat assault as a unit involved in Operation Blue Marlin, with Marine battalions embarked. The ship was involved in a similar operation called Operation Double Eagle at Quảng Ngãi Province, landing the 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division, on 28 January 1966. It continued lift support for Marine units in Vietnam through March and then returned to San Diego on 19 April. Personnel aboard Paul Revere were eligible for hostile fire pay for the months of November 1965 as well as January and February 1966.

Paul Revere resumed coastal operations on its return, until May 1967 when it again deployed to the Far East. As a unit of the Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) off the coast of Vietnam it engaged in operations "Belt Drive", "Fortress Sentry", "Formation Leader" and "Knox". The ship returned to San Diego on 16 December and commenced coastal operations. For meritorious service from 17 August to 11 November 1967 during sustained amphibious operations against communist insurgent forces in the Republic of Vietnam, Paul Revere was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation, the first ship of its type to receive the award.

During 1968 the ship participated in training cruises for Naval Reservists and Midshipmen, including a special familiarization cruise for Sea Cadets. It also continued its upkeep and training preparations for its next coming deployment in January 1969.

Having been redesignated LPA-248 on 1 January 1969, Paul Revere deployed on 30 January, departing San Diego as part of ARG "Bravo" (TG 76.5) in company with USS Tulare (LKA-112), USS Belle Grove (LSD-2), USS Alamo (LSD-33), USS Cook (APD-130), USS Tortuga (LSD-26) and USS Valley Forge (LPH-8), bound, via Pearl Harbor and Subic Bay, for Southeast Asia. Ports-of-call during the cruise included Pearl Harbor, Subic Bay, Buckner Bay, Okinawa; Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Yokosuka, and Hong Kong. Paul Revere arrived in its operating area off South Vietnam on 7 March and delivered its cargo to Da Nang and supported combat operations conducted by a USMC Battalion Landing Team which was embarked on board.

Toward the end of the deployment, Paul Revere participated in a series of "Keystone" operations beginning with Operation Keystone Eagle on 14 July 1969. After a farewell ceremony on the deep water piers in Da Nang Harbor, the 1st Battalion, 9th Marines boarded Paul Revere and sailed for Okinawa in the first increment of America's withdrawal from South Vietnam. A photograph of the ship loading Marines appeared in Newsweek magazine. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 9th Marines were transported to Okinawa in two subsequent trips. Paul Revere was relieved of duty with ARG "Bravo" (TG 76.5) by USS Vancouver (LPD-2) on 29 August 1969 at Subic Bay. In an awards ceremony at Naval Station San Diego, Captain Mitchell Karlowicz was awarded the Bronze Star for commanding Paul Revere in support of combat operations against the enemy.

On 7 November 1969, USS Paul Revere participated in an exercise with several ships and USS Sculpin (SSN-590), to test torpedoes on a decommissioned submarine, USS Bream (SS-243), which was to be sunk as a target in the SoCal Op Areas. Bream, which was operated remotely from Paul Revere, was ultimately sunk by naval gunfire from an accompanying cruiser.

Paul Revere had a dry dock period at the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard from November 1969 to April 1970. During the time in the yards, it was refitted with modern ECM equipment and additional communications hardware to enable the ship to deploy as the flagship for Amphibious Groups I and III on a WestPac cruise in September 1970. The cruise began with Paul Revere escorting two new gunboats, USS Tacoma (PG-92) and USS Welch (PG-93), to Pearl Harbor. During the 1970–71 cruise, under the command of a naval aviator, Captain Charles Lindberg, the ship visited Pearl Harbor, Bangkok, Subic Bay, Okinawa, Sasebo, Keelung, Taiwan; Yokosuka, Hong Kong and Singapore. On the voyage to Singapore Paul Revere crossed the equator and initiated the crew's "pollywogs."

The USS Paul Revere LPA-248 deployed for WESTPAC in early summer of 1972. The ship stopped at Eniwetok Atoll where it delivered to the atoll guardians a LCM boat as theirs had been destroyed by a typhoon we spent a full day there. Eniwetok was where the US set off our first hydrogen bomb at and was still highly radioactive at the time. Not knowing some of the crew fished there, BIG FISH and ate them. When not off the Coast of Nam acting as TASK FORCE 76 and the 9th MASRINE AMPHIBIOUS BRIGADE the ship made R&R in Hong Kong, visited Keelung Taiwan, Koshing Taiwan, Subic Bay. In Nam operations electronic eves dropping was a constant operation. The Ship went into Danang Harbor twice during the cruise and took part in FAKE AMPHIBIUS ASSAULTS to DRAW Noth Vietnamese forces away from Quan Tri City in SEP of 1972. During that operation the USS Paul REVER was fired upon by NV forces upon TIGER Island and the ship returned fire and hostile fire ceased. Allied response to the North Vietnamese Easter Offensive The Ship tied up at White Beach Okinawa frequently upon breaks from Nam it was also main HQ the 9th Marines. The USS Paul Revere LPA-248 returned to San Diego during the month of March 1973 and stopped at Pearl Harbor to refuel along the way.

Post-Vietnam, 1972–decommissioning
Paul Revere made a WESTPAC cruise February to September 1974 and was host to TACRON-1 Unit Delta and Seventh Fleet Amphibious Staff. After departing the US to begin the cruise, after passing Guam, the ship was shadowed by a Russian trawler until reaching its first port of call, White Beach, Okinawa. After Okinawa the next stops were, Subic Bay and the Tonkin Gulf. Skirting just outside the Vietnam combat zone, Paul Revere passed near a Russian task force of seven combat ships, mostly destroyers. During which time some of the vessels approached the ship. The next stop was Bangkok, Thailand, and then Singapore. On the way to Jakarta, Indonesia, the crew crossed the equator. Returning briefly to Subic Bay, Paul Revere made a hasty run to open water to escape being caught in port during an incoming typhoon. Eventually stopping back at Okinawa. Paul Revere continued its '74 WESTPAC north to South Korea and Japan.

After Vietnam Paul Revere was placed in reserve status, home-ported at Terminal Island, Long Beach, California and crewed by Naval Reserve personnel.

Later in 1974, she took on the men and equipment of the 3rd Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, Washington and delivered them to the Marine Corps Camp Pendleton for amphibious operations and desert warfare training. During the voyage, she was followed by a Soviet Union submarine, which was in turn followed by a U.S. Navy submarine.

In February 1975, she took the men and equipment of the 2nd Battalion 2nd Infantry, 9th Infantry division at Fort Lewis Washington and delivered them to San Diego for training at Coronado Naval Base and Camp Pendleton for Amphibious and Range Training. In the summer of 1977 during her crew's annual drill period, she took on board the men and equipment of 2nd Battalion, 39th Infantry Regiment (part of 1st Brigade, 9th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, Washington), and delivered them to Camp Pendleton Marine Corps base for amphibious operations training.

In May 1979, Paul Revere served as a training platform for the first Seaman Apprenticeship class to be trained on a US naval vessel. Previously to this all sailor's who went to Seaman Apprenticeship training did so on USS Never Sail at RTC San Diego, California. At the time, the ship was based out of Long Beach and for two weeks, the students participated in both classroom and OJT instruction. At midpoint in training, Paul Revere got underway and spent the weekend at sea and even performed an Unrep.

Castilla (L-21)
Paul Revere was decommissioned and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 January 1980, and subsequently sold through the Security Assistance Program to Spain on 17 January 1980, renamed Castilla (L-21). The Spanish Navy decommissioned the ship on 6 June 1998, and in 2000 it was scrapped at Puerto de Santa Maria, Spain, the seaport from which Columbus embarked on his second voyage.

title: USS Paul Revere


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