text:
Untouchability

Untouchability is a form of social institution that legitimises and enforces practices that are discriminatory, humiliating, exclusionary and exploitative against people belonging to certain social groups. Although comparable forms of discrimination are found all over the world, untouchability involving the caste system is largely unique to South Asia.

The term is most commonly associated with treatment of the Dalit communities in the Indian subcontinent who were considered "polluting". The term has also been used to refer to other groups, including the Burakumin of Japan, the Baekjeong of Korea, and the Ragyabpa of Tibet, as well as the Romani people and Cagot in Europe, and the Al-Akhdam in Yemen. Traditionally, the groups characterized as untouchable were those whose occupations and habits of life involved ritually "polluting" activities, such as pursuing a career based on killing (e.g. fishermen) or engaging in common contact with others' feces or sweat (e.g. manual scavengers, sweepers and washermen).

According to the religious Hindu text, untouchables were not considered a part of the varna system. Therefore, they were not treated like the savarnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras).

Due to many caste-based discriminations in Nepal, the government of Nepal legally abolished the caste-system and criminalized any caste-based discrimination, including "untouchability" in 1963.

Untouchability has been outlawed in India, Nepal and Pakistan. However, "untouchability" has not been legally defined. The origin of untouchability and its historicity are still debated. A 2020 study of a sample of households in India concludes that "Notwithstanding the likelihood of under-reporting of the practice of untouchability, 70 percent of the population reported not indulging in this practice. This is an encouraging sign."

Origin

B. R. Ambedkar, an Indian social reformer and politician who came from a social group that was considered untouchable, theorized that untouchability originated because of the deliberate policy of the Brahmins. According to him, the Brahmanas despised the people who gave up the Brahmanism in favour of Buddhism. Later scholars such as Vivekanand Jha have refuted this theory.

Nripendra Kumar Dutt, a professor of history, theorized that the concept of untouchability originated from the "pariah"-like treatment accorded to the indigenous people of India by the early Dravidians, and that the concept was borrowed by the Indo-Aryans from the Dravidians. Scholars such as R. S. Sharma have rejected this theory, arguing that there is no evidence that Dravidians practised untouchability before coming into contact with the Indo-Aryans.

Austrian ethnologist Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf theorized that untouchability originated as class stratification in urban areas of the Indus Valley civilisation. According to this theory, the poorer workers involved in 'unclean' occupations such as sweeping or leather work were historically segregated and banished outside the city limits. Over time, personal cleanliness came to be identified with "purity", and the concept of untouchability eventually spread to rural areas as well. After the decline of the Indus Valley towns, these untouchables probably spread to other parts of India. Scholars such as Suvira Jaiswal reject this theory, arguing that it lacks evidence, and does not explain why the concept of untouchability is more pronounced in rural areas.

American scholar George L. Hart, based on his interpretation of Old Tamil texts such as Purananuru, traced the origin of untouchability to ancient Tamil society. According to him, in this society, certain occupational groups were thought to be involved in controlling the malevolent supernatural forces; as an example, Hart mentions the Paraiyars, who played the drums during battles and solemn events such as births and deaths. People from these occupational groups came to be avoided by others, who believed that they were "dangerous and had the power to pollute the others". Jaiswal dismisses the evidence produced by Hart as "extremely weak" and contradictory. Jaiswal points out that the authors of the ancient Tamil texts included several Brahmanas (a fact accepted by Hart); thus, the society described in these texts was already under Brahmanical influence, and could have borrowed the concept of untouchability from them.

British anthropologist John Henry Hutton traced the origin of untouchability to the taboo on accepting food cooked by a person from a different caste. This taboo presumably originated because of cleanliness concerns, and ultimately, led to other prejudices such as the taboo on marrying outside one's caste. Jaiswal argues that this theory cannot explain how various social groups were isolated as untouchable or accorded a social rank. Jaiswal also notes that several passages from the ancient Vedic texts indicate that there was no taboo against accepting food from people belonging to a different varna or tribe. For example, some Shrauta Sutras mandate that a performer of the Vishvajit sacrifice must live with the Nishadas (a tribe regarded as untouchable in later period) for three days, in their village, and eat their food.

Scholars such as Suvira Jaiswal, R. S. Sharma, and Vivekanand Jha characterize untouchability as a relatively later development after the establishment of the varna and caste system. Jha notes that the earliest Vedic text Rigveda makes no mention of untouchability, and even the later Vedic texts, which revile certain groups such as the Chandalas, do not suggest that untouchability existed in the contemporary society. According to Jha, in the later period, several groups began to be characterized as untouchable, a development which reached its peak during 600–1200 AD. Sharma theorizes that institution of untouchability arose when the aboriginal tribes with "low material culture" and "uncertain means of livelihood" came to be regarded as impure by the privileged classes who despised manual labour, and regarded associated impurity with "certain material objects". According to Jaiswal, when the members of aboriginal groups were assimilated into the Brahmanical society, the privileged among them may have tried to assert their higher status by disassociating themselves from their lower-status counterparts, who were gradually branded as untouchables.

According to the Dharmashastras which are ancient legal codes from various kingdoms in ancient India, certain peoples grouped either by ethnicity or profession were not considered a part of the varna based society. Therefore, they were not treated like the savarnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras).

Characteristics
According to Sarah Pinto, an anthropologist, modern untouchability in India applies to people whose work relates to "meat, and bodily fluids". Based on the punishments prescribed in The Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 the following practices could be understood to have been associated with Untouchability in India:
 * Prohibition from eating with other members
 * Provision of separate cups in village tea stalls
 * Separate seating arrangements and utensils in restaurants
 * Segregation in seating and food arrangements at village functions and festivals
 * Prohibition from entering places of public worship
 * Prohibition from wearing sandals or holding umbrellas in front of higher caste members
 * Prohibition from entering other caste homes
 * Prohibition from using common village paths
 * Separate burial/cremation grounds
 * Prohibition from accessing common/public properties and resources (wells, ponds, temples, etc.)
 * Segregation (separate seating area) of children in schools
 * Bonded labour
 * Social boycotts by other castes for refusing to perform their "duties"

Government action in India
India is home to over 200 million Dalits. At the time of Indian independence, Dalit activists began calling for separate electorates for untouchables in India to allow fair representation. Officially labeled the Minorities Act, it would guarantee representation for Sikhs, Muslims, Christians, and Untouchables in the newly formed Indian government. The Act was supported by British representatives such as Ramsay MacDonald. According to the textbook Religions in the Modern World, B. R. Ambedkar, who was also a supporter of the Act, was considered to be the "untouchable leader" who made great efforts to eliminate caste system privileges that included participation in public festivals, access to temples, and wedding rituals. In 1932, Ambedkar proposed that the untouchables create a separate electorate that ultimately led Gandhi to fast until it was rejected.

A separation within Hindu society was opposed by national leaders at the time such as Gandhi, although he took no exception to the demands of the other minorities. He began a hunger strike, citing that such a separation would create an unhealthy divide within the religion. At the Round Table Conferences, he provided this explanation for his reasoning:"I don't mind untouchables if they so desire, being converted to Islam or Christianity. I should tolerate that, but I cannot possibly tolerate what is in store for Hinduism if there are two divisions set forth in the villages. Those who speak of the political rights of the untouchables don't know their India, don't know how Indian society is today constituted and therefore I want to say with all the emphasis that I can command that if I was the only person to resist this thing that I would resist it with my life."Gandhi achieved some success through his hunger strike however Dalit activists faced pressure from the Hindu population at large to end his protest at the risk of his ailing health. The two sides eventually came to a compromise where the number of guaranteed seats for Untouchables would be increased at both central and provincial levels, but there would be a common electorate.

The 1950 national constitution of India legally abolished the practice of untouchability and provided measures for affirmative action in both educational institutions and public services for Dalits and other social groups who lie within the caste system. These are supplemented by official bodies such as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Despite this, instances of prejudice against Dalits still occur in some rural areas, as evidenced by events such as the Kherlanji massacre.

Social reformers of Kerala

 * Ayya Vaikundar
 * Ayyankali
 * Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi
 * Padmanabhan Palpu
 * Kumaranasan
 * Mithavaadi Krishnan
 * Moorkoth Kumaran
 * V.T. Bhattathiripad
 * Pandit Karuppan
 * Ayyathan Gopalan
 * Narayana Guru
 * Vagbhatananda

Examples

 * Brittany: Caquins
 * China: Tanka people
 * Europe: Romani people
 * France and Spain: Cagots were historically untouchable groups of France and Spain.
 * India: Dalit
 * Japan: Burakumin
 * Korea: Baekjeong in Korea were an "untouchable" group of Korea who traditionally performed jobs of executioner and butcher.
 * Nigeria: Ohuhu and Osu
 * Somalia: lower class Somali clans
 * Tibet: Ragyabpa
 * Yemen: Al-Akhdam

title: Untouchability


text:
Talk:Slide guitar

"In rock music" section
& others interested: 's 19 October 2019 edits changed the section from "In 1960s rock music" to the open ended "In rock music". Expanding the scope of the section was discussed in the GA – there are several rock guitarists who are well-known for slide, but can they really be added to the article and still keep it "encyclopedic"? Too many music instrument and genre articles wind up with excessive examples, without text (or refs) to explain or support why they are significant. Keeping the section "1960s" or "early rock", etc., limits the scope and focuses on a few standouts, like the "Influential early electric slide guitarists" section. Or should a new "In contemporary music" section be added or would that just be a magnet for name dropping? BTW, I'm thinking about expanding the List of slide guitarists to something more long the lines of List of blues musicians; the current list is no better than Category:Slide guitarists. —Ojorojo (talk) 18:22, 19 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Let me be clear, I'm not in favor of opening this section up to becoming a catch-all for every "rock" guitarist who ever picked up something hard and used it on his guitar strings. Anything but.  I only changed the section heading for two reasons: one, it is completely arbitrary, and thus gives an inaccurate depiction of the importance and depth of role of slide guitar in rock music.  Proof of this (and part of my reason #2) is that Duane Allman is widely regarded as the most creative if not best slide guitarist in rock history, yet his best known work (as on Layla (1970) and The Allman Brother Band (1971) and Eat a Peach (1971 - albeit released posthumously in 1972) was laid down in the 1970s.

 * Secondly, per the above, the Rolling Stones are cited as being seminal in using slide guitar in rock, yet their entry continues on to reference slide guitar on their albums in the 1970s. Ditto Ry Cooder.  Also, Butterfield Blues Band 2nd lead guitarist Elvin Bishop emerged as a slide player upon Mike Bloomfield's 1968 exit from the band, and indeed played it on his best-selling albums of the 1970s - though I did not seek to expand the text to insert this.

 * The net being that the 1970s were actually a more influential period of slide guitar in rock than the seminal 1960s. Sooner or later we need to recognize this, and the article reflect it.  We just don't want some chaotic mish-mash of name-dropping and popular cultural references happening before level heads give that transition their best effort.

 * As for expanding the list, go for it! Yours, Wikiuser100 (talk) 22:11, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

Expanding the List of slide guitarists
This is a proposal to expand the List of slide guitarists. Please add your comments there. —Ojorojo (talk) 16:16, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Slide guitar


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Talk:Montreal Locomotive Works

Cab design
The crew comfort cab, soon redesignated as 'safety cab", was a result of a committee set up by the railways and the BLE that worked with the builders to produce an improved cab design. The first units were GMD GP38-2F 5560 6/23/73 possibly an add-on unit of an order for 60 units, followed by an order for 50 units later in the year. At the same time MLW 2500 6/14/73 was the first of an order for 80 units. The designation F was for "Full" width cab front. W is a railfan designation for "wide" cab, a misnomer since the cab cannot be "wide" beyond standard measure. In railway parlance anything "wide" is considered a dimensional load beyond normal and may require special handling.

R.L.Kennedy 02:34, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

R.L., this brings up a good point. I've seen at least a dozen articles that variously refer to "Safety cabs", "North American safety cabs", "wide cabs", "North American cabs", "CN cabs", etc. Maybe it is time for a little article that all of these could link to. The term "Draper taper" also comes up repeatedly. Fawcett5 03:09, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Jet locomotive design
The statement near the end of this page about the Jet locomotive being based on old MLW/Alco designs is, I believe, quite incorrect. This locomotive is an entirely new design like nothing else on the rails. It is being tested and waiting orders. It is the outcome of a desire for a high speed locomotive not requiring overhead wires and is similar in appearance to the model HHP-8 8000HP electric locomotives built for Amtrak 1999-2002.

R.L.Kennedy 22:24, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Nav box templates
The diesel models template is still incomplete - need to add foreign/export models, and possibly some missing domestic units. A steam models template should also be created by someone knowledgeable in this area, although I might try in a few weeks after some research. Plasma east 09:36, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't created templates for steam models by any manufacturer mostly because I see them discussed by wheel arrangement more than by manufacturer's model number (so we've got Template:Whyte types, but not Template:Baldwin steam engines or Template:ALCO steam engines for example). If we can put together enough information on specific steam engine models based on manufacturer specs, then we can build steam engine nav box templates.  slambo 14:19, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

Steam locomotive construction was very different than that of diesel locomotives. There really weren't any steam models the way diesel models exist due to production line manufacture. I think you are best to stay with wheel arrangements based upon the Whyte System. Steam locomotives were more the design of either the railroad itself, or in the case of small roads they used standard designs of the builder or designs taken directly from locomotives previously built for a major road. The CPR was big on "Standards" and they had identical locomotives built by a number of builders including their own shops. You could not tell them apart from one another. The same part fit every engine. Blueprints in the cabinet identified the class and sub class of the engine, not the actual builder. I worked in the CPR Locomotive Department and saw these blueprints.

MLW-Worthington
I could swear that during the time that I worked there I saw ALCO engine drawings, but I could be mistaken. It's almost 26 years ago since I "left" there. --Peter Horn 02:44, 17 July 2006 (UTC)--Peter Horn 02:47, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Montreal Locomotive Works Works Plate 53632 / 1913
This "Birth Certification" belonged to Western Coal & Coke Company Nr.1. Locomotive in question was a standard gauge 4-6-0 (2C) weight 50.85 tons, cylinders (dia & stroke) 18x24 in driving wheels (dia) 50 in. This locomotive was purchased from user by Mr. Doude for Mid Contincutel? Railway Museum (hand written addition note in ALCo works list).

Cleanup tag
I am re-adding the cleanup tag to this page; I probably should have explained my rationale the first time I did so. Anyway, I added the cleanup tag because there are a number of passages in the text of the article, enclosed in brackets, which appear to be commentary on or corrections to the text of the article (such as "Wrong. The safety cab was never..." and "This is incorrect. The 251V18 M640..."). However, neither these bracketed comments, nor the article itself are referenced, so it would be inappropriate for me to simply merge the bracketed comments with the text of the article. Thus, it seems to me that there are two reasonable courses of action: remove the bracketed comments from the article, and move them to a new section on the Talk page, or, conduct the necessary research to either support or refute the assertions made in the bracketed comments, edit the article appropriately, and add references to support those facts. The first is more of a "quick fix", and the second would require a certain amount of labor.

CANDU steam generators
The article should mention AECL awarded construction of CANDU steam generators to MLW. I'm also trying to track down their hydroelectric turbines. --69.46.127.7 (talk) 14:22, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Montreal Locomotive Works


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1995 Ontario general election

The 1995 Ontario general election was held on June 8, 1995, to elect members of the 36th Legislative Assembly of the province of Ontario, Canada. The writs for the election were dropped on April 28, 1995.

The governing New Democratic Party, led by Premier Bob Rae, was defeated by voters, who were angry with the actions of the Rae government, such as its unpopular hiring quotas and the Social Contract legislation in 1993. These policies caused the NDP to lose much of its base in organized labour, further reducing support for the party. At the 1993 federal election, the NDP tumbled to less than seven percent support, and lost all 11 of its federal seats in Ontario. By the time the writs were dropped for the 1995 provincial election, it was obvious that the NDP would not be reelected.

Riding name change
Acts were passed in 1991 and 1993, providing for the following name changes to ridings:

 * Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry to S-D-G & East Grenville.
 * Grey to Grey—Owen Sound.
 * York North to York—Mackenzie.

Campaign
The Liberal Party under Lyn McLeod had been leading in the polls for most of the period from 1992 to 1995, and were generally favoured to benefit from the swing in support away from the NDP. However, the party hurt its credibility through a series of high-profile policy reversals in the period leading up to the election. The most notable of these occurred when McLeod withdrew Liberal support from the Equality Rights Statute Amendment Act (Bill 167) introduced by the NDP government in 1994, which would have provided same-sex couples with rights and obligations mostly equal to those of opposite-sex common law couples and introduced a form of civil unions. Her decision was seen as cynical and opportunistic in light of the Liberals' earlier rural by-election loss in the socially conservative riding of Victoria—Haliburton. This gave the McLeod Liberals a reputation for "flip-flopping" and inconsistency while offending its socially progressive supporters.

The Progressive Conservative Party, led by Mike Harris, found success with its Common Sense Revolution campaign to cut personal income taxes, social assistance (welfare) rates, and government spending dramatically. Roughly half of his party's seats came from the more affluent regions of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), especially the suburban belt surrounding Metro Toronto, often called the '905' for its telephone area code.

In addition, by presenting himself as a populist, representing "ordinary Ontarians" over "special interests", Harris was able to build Tory support among working-class voters. Although there were regional variations, many working-class voters shifted directly from the NDP to the Tories during the election, enabling the latter to win formerly NDP ridings such as Cambridge and Oshawa.

The televised party leaders' debate is often regarded as the turning point of the campaign. During the event, McLeod further alienated many voters with an overly aggressive performance. Harris used his time to speak directly to the camera to convey his party's Common Sense Revolution platform, virtually ignoring all questions asked of him by Rae and McLeod and avoiding getting caught up in their debate. Since Liberal support was regarded by many political insiders as soft and unsteady, many voters who were previously leaning to the Liberals shifted to the Progressive Conservatives after the debate.

Summary
The Progressive Conservatives won a majority while the Liberals finished with less support than they had in the 1990 election. The NDP, despite improving their standing in some Northern Ontario ridings, were heavily defeated, falling to 17 seats and third party status. The New Democrats would remain the third party until 2018 when they returned to Official Opposition status. McLeod and Rae resigned their party leadership posts not long after the campaign. It was also the worst result for an incumbent Ontario governing party up to that time and would remain so until 2018 when the NDP finally surpassed the then-governing Liberals.

One independent candidate was elected: Peter North in the riding of Elgin. North had been elected in 1990 as a New Democrat, but left the NDP and declared his intention to run as a Progressive Conservative. The PC Party did not accept him as a candidate, however.

At least five unregistered parties fielded candidates in this election, appearing on the ballot as independents:

 * The Reform Association of Ontario ran fifteen candidates. Their leader was Kimble Ainslie. An article of The Globe and Mail for August 19, 1995 indicates that the party won 6,400 votes.
 * John Steele campaigned as a candidate of the Communist League.
 * The Ontario Renewal Party ran a number of candidates under the leadership of Diane Johnston. This was the Marxist–Leninist party under a different name.
 * Amani Oakley and Joe Flexer ran as "Independent Labour" candidates in Toronto with the support of dissident or former members of the Ontario New Democratic Party and with the support of OPSEU in the case of Oakley and the Canadian Auto Workers in the case of Flexer.
 * John Turmel's Abolitionist Party ran at least two candidates.

Overall
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1990 !1995 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Mike Harris
 * 130 || 20  || 82  || 62  || 1,870,110  || 925,546  || 44.97% || 21.46

 * style="text-align:left;"|Lyn McLeod
 * 130 || 36  || 30  || 6 || 1,291,326  || 10,808 || 31.05% || 1.35

 * style="text-align:left;"|Bob Rae
 * 130 || 74  || 17  || 57 || 854,163  || 655,343 || 20.54% || 17.03

 * || 60 || – || 1  || 1  || 33,077  || 19,770  || 0.80% || 0.46

 * style="text-align:left;"|Donald Pennell
 * 55 || – || – || – || 61,657  || 49,174 || 1.48% || 1.28

 * style="text-align:left;"|Ron Parker
 * 68 || – || – || – || 18,326  || 18,326  || 0.44% ||New

 * style="text-align:left;"|Frank de Jong
 * 37 || – || – || – || 14,108  || 15,989 || 0.34% || 0.41

 * style="text-align:left;"|John Shadbolt
 * 18 || – || – || – || 6,085  ||(18,528 || 0.15% || 0.47

 * style="text-align:left;"|Jack Plant
 * 12 || – || – || – || 4,532  || 1,483 || 0.11% || 0.04

 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 6 || – || – || – || 3,971  || 71,902 || 0.10% || 1.79

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"|130 ! " colspan="2"|4,158,370 ! " colspan="2"| 100.00%
 * style="text-align:left;"|Darrell Rankin
 * 5 || – || – || – || 1,015  || 124 || 0.02% || –
 * 651||130
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 42,152
 * 10,423
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 4,200,522
 * 129,868
 * 63.00
 * 1.45
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 6,667,798
 * 351,849
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 351,849
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = multiple candidates

MPPs elected by region and riding
Party designations are as follows:

{{legend|#9999FF|PC}} {{legend|#EA6D6A|Liberal}} {{legend|#F4A460|NDP}}

{{legend|#F4A460| Algoma: Bud Wildman}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Algoma—Manitoulin: Mike Brown}} {{legend|#F4A460| Cochrane North: Len Wood}} {{legend|#F4A460| Cochrane South: Gilles Bisson}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Fort William: Lyn McLeod}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Kenora: Frank Miclash}} {{legend|#F4A460| Lake Nipigon: Gilles Pouliot}} {{legend|#F4A460| Nickel Belt: Floyd Laughren}} {{legend|#9999FF| Nipissing: Mike Harris}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Port Arthur: Michael Gravelle}} {{legend|#F4A460| Rainy River: Howard Hampton}} {{legend|#F4A460| Sault Ste. Marie: Tony Martin}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Sudbury: Rick Bartolucci}} {{legend|#F4A460| Sudbury East: Shelley Martel}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Timiskaming: David Ramsay}}
 * Northern Ontario

{{legend|#9999FF| Carleton: Norm Sterling}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Carleton East: Gilles Morin}} {{legend|#9999FF| Lanark—Renfrew: Leo Jordan}} {{legend|#9999FF| Nepean: John Baird}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Ottawa Centre: Richard Patten}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Ottawa East: Bernard Grandmaître}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Ottawa South: Dalton McGuinty}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Ottawa West: Bob Chiarelli}} {{legend|#9999FF| Ottawa—Rideau: Garry Guzzo}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Prescott and Russell: Jean-Marc Lalonde}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Renfrew North: Sean Conway}}
 * Ottawa Valley

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Cornwall: John Cleary}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Kingston and the Islands: John Gerretsen}} {{legend|#9999FF| Leeds—Grenville: Bob Runciman}} {{legend|#9999FF| S-D-G & East Grenville: Noble Villeneuve}}
 * Saint Lawrence Valley

{{legend|#9999FF| Frontenac—Addington: Bill Vankoughnet}} {{legend|#9999FF| Hastings—Peterborough: Harry Danford}} {{legend|#9999FF| Northumberland: Doug Galt}} {{legend|#9999FF| Peterborough: Gary Stewart}} {{legend|#9999FF| Prince Edward—Lennox—South Hastings:Gary Fox}} {{legend|#9999FF| Quinte: Doug Rollins}} {{legend|#9999FF| Victoria—Haliburton: Chris Hodgson}}
 * Central Ontario

{{legend|#9999FF| Bruce: Barb Fisher}} {{legend|#9999FF| Grey—Owen Sound: Bill Murdoch}} {{legend|#9999FF| Muskoka—Georgian Bay: Bill Grimmett}} {{legend|#9999FF| Parry Sound: Ernie Eves}} {{legend|#9999FF| Simcoe Centre: Joe Tascona}} {{legend|#9999FF| Simcoe East: Al McLean}} {{legend|#9999FF| Simcoe West: Jim Wilson}}
 * Georgian Bay

{{legend|#9999FF| Burlington South: Cam Jackson}} {{legend|#9999FF| Halton Centre: Terence Young}} {{legend|#9999FF| Halton North: Ted Chudleigh}} {{legend|#F4A460| Hamilton Centre: David Christopherson}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Hamilton East: Dominic Agostino}} {{legend|#9999FF| Hamilton Mountain: Trevor Pettit}} {{legend|#9999FF| Hamilton West: Lillian Ross}} {{legend|#9999FF| Lincoln: Frank Sheehan}} {{legend|#9999FF| Niagara Falls: Bart Maves}} {{legend|#9999FF| Niagara South: Tim Hudak}} {{legend|#9999FF| Oakville South: Gary Carr}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| St. Catharines: Jim Bradley}} {{legend|#9999FF| St. Catharines—Brock: Tom Froese}} {{legend|#F4A460| Welland—Thorold: Peter Kormos}} {{legend|#9999FF| Wentworth East: Ed Doyle}} {{legend|#9999FF| Wentworth North: Toni Skarica}}
 * Hamilton/Halton/Niagara

{{legend|#9999FF| Brant—Haldimand: Peter Preston}} {{legend|#9999FF| Brantford: Ron Johnson}} {{legend|#9999FF| Cambridge: Gerry Martiniuk}} {{legend|#9999FF| Dufferin—Peel: David Tilson}} {{legend|#9999FF| Guelph: Brenda Elliott}} {{legend|#9999FF| Huron: Helen Johns}} {{legend|#9999FF| Kitchener: Wayne Wettlaufer}} {{legend|#9999FF| Kitchener—Wilmot: Gary Leadston}} {{legend|#9999FF| Norfolk: Toby Barrett}} {{legend|#9999FF| Oxford: Ernie Hardeman}} {{legend|#9999FF| Perth: Bert Johnson}} {{legend|#9999FF| Waterloo North: Elizabeth Witmer}} {{legend|#9999FF| Wellington: Ted Arnott}}
 * Midwestern Ontario

{{legend|#9999FF| Chatham—Kent: Jack Carroll}} {{legend|#DCDCDC| Elgin: Peter North}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Essex South: Bruce Crozier}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Essex—Kent: Pat Hoy}} {{legend|#9999FF| Lambton: Marcel Beaubien}} {{legend|#F4A460| London Centre: Marion Boyd}} {{legend|#9999FF| London North: Dianne Cunningham}} {{legend|#9999FF| London South: Bob Wood}} {{legend|#9999FF| Middlesex: Bruce Smith}} {{legend|#9999FF| Sarnia: Dave Boushy}} {{legend|#F4A460| Windsor—Riverside: Dave Cooke}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Windsor—Sandwich: Sandra Pupatello}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Windsor—Walkerville: Dwight Duncan}}
 * Southwestern Ontario

{{legend|#9999FF| Brampton North: Joe Spina}} {{legend|#9999FF| Brampton South: Tony Clement}} {{legend|#9999FF| Durham Centre: Jim Flaherty}} {{legend|#9999FF| Durham East:John O'Toole}} {{legend|#9999FF| Durham West: Janet Ecker}} {{legend|#9999FF| Durham—York: Julia Munro}} {{legend|#9999FF| Markham: David Tsubouchi}} {{legend|#9999FF| Mississauga East: Carl DeFaria}} {{legend|#9999FF| Mississauga North: John Snobelen}} {{legend|#9999FF| Mississauga South: Margaret Marland}} {{legend|#9999FF| Mississauga West: Rob Sampson}} {{legend|#9999FF| Oshawa:Jerry Ouellette}} {{legend|#9999FF| York Centre: Al Palladini}} {{legend|#9999FF| York—Mackenzie: Frank Klees}}
 * Peel/York/Durham

{{legend|#F4A460| Beaches—Woodbine: Frances Lankin}} {{legend|#9999FF| Don Mills: David Johnson}} {{legend|#F4A460| Dovercourt: Tony Silipo}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Downsview: Annamarie Castrilli}} {{legend|#9999FF| Eglinton: Bill Saunderson}} {{legend|#9999FF| Etobicoke West: Chris Stockwell}} {{legend|#9999FF| Etobicoke—Humber: Doug Ford, Sr.}} {{legend|#9999FF| Etobicoke—Lakeshore: Morley Kells}} {{legend|#9999FF| Etobicoke—Rexdale: John Hastings}} {{legend|#F4A460| Fort York: Rosario Marchese}} {{legend|#9999FF| High Park—Swansea: Derwyn Shea}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Lawrence: Joseph Cordiano}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Oakwood: Mike Colle}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Oriole: Elinor Caplan}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Parkdale: Tony Ruprecht}} {{legend|#F4A460| Riverdale: Marilyn Churley}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Scarborough—Agincourt: Gerry Phillips}} {{legend|#9999FF| Scarborough Centre: Dan Newman}} {{legend|#9999FF| Scarborough East: Steve Gilchrist}} {{legend|#9999FF| Scarborough—Ellesmere: Marilyn Mushinski}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Scarborough North: Alvin Curling}} {{legend|#9999FF| Scarborough West: Jim Brown}} {{legend|#9999FF| St. Andrew—St. Patrick: Isabel Bassett}} {{legend|#9999FF| St. George—St. David: Al Leach}} {{legend|#9999FF| Willowdale: Charles Harnick}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Wilson Heights: Monte Kwinter}} {{legend|#9999FF| York East: John Parker}} {{legend|#9999FF| York Mills: David Turnbull}} {{legend|#F4A460| York South: Bob Rae}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Yorkview: Mario Sergio}}
 * Metropolitan Toronto

Byelections
Due to resignations, five by-elections were held between the 1995 and 1999 elections.

May 23, 1996 7,774 5,093 6,656 151 George Dance (Lbt) 77 Kevin Clarke (Ind) 70 resigned February 29, 1996 September 4, 1997 9,954 5,163 1,700 132 Shelly Lipsey (G) 96 resigned May 5, 1997 September 4, 1997 11,438 7,217 2,573 201 Gene Villeneuve (G) 96 resigned May 5, 1997 September 4, 1997 8,494 3,028 9,308 329 resigned May 5, 1997 October 1, 1998 4,173 3,836 5,537 resigned February 28, 1998
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|York South
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|York South
 * Gerard Kennedy
 * Gerard Kennedy
 * Rob Davis
 * Rob Davis
 * David Miller
 * David Miller
 * David Milne (Ind)
 * David Milne (Ind)
 * Bob Rae
 * Bob Rae
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Oriole
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Oriole
 * David Caplan
 * David Caplan
 * Barbara Greene
 * Barbara Greene
 * Jim Kafieh
 * Jim Kafieh
 * Bernadette Michael (Ind)
 * Bernadette Michael (Ind)
 * Elinor Caplan
 * Elinor Caplan
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Ottawa West
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Ottawa West
 * Alex Cullen
 * Alex Cullen
 * Chris Thompson
 * Chris Thompson
 * Katrina Prystupa
 * Katrina Prystupa
 * John Turmel (Ind)
 * John Turmel (Ind)
 * Bob Chiarelli
 * Bob Chiarelli
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Windsor—Riverside
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Windsor—Riverside
 * Gary McNamara
 * Gary McNamara
 * Fran Funero
 * Fran Funero
 * Wayne Lessard
 * Wayne Lessard
 * Steve Harvey (G)
 * Steve Harvey (G)
 * Dave Cooke
 * Dave Cooke
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Nickel Belt
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Nickel Belt
 * Frank Madigan
 * Frank Madigan
 * Gerry Courtemanche
 * Gerry Courtemanche
 * Blain Morin
 * Blain Morin
 * Floyd Laughren
 * Floyd Laughren
 * Floyd Laughren
 * Floyd Laughren
 * }

title: 1995 Ontario general election


text:
Talk:Irish Guards

Untitled
The infobox at upper right says "this is part of THE THE Irish Guards History"; I think that needs to change--? Elf | Talk 16:19, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Removed text
I removed a large lump of text from the 'References' section in a revert. Here it is:

The Irish Guards [Breda June 24 1649] "You are to receive such men as shall be delivered to you on shipboard as part of a Regiment to [sic Irish?] Kings Guards, and you to command them as Sergeant Major to the said Regiment, and on your landing in Ireland ..obey..The marquis of Ormond, the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of Ireland. For Major Edward Broughton, Major in the Kings Guard of Foot." Further April 23 1662. "And wharas we have already constituted and appointed James, Duke of Ormond to be the Govenor of our Kingdom of Ireland,...And wheras We have thought to raise within our Kingdom of Ireland a regiment of 1200 foot to be our Regiment of Guards within the said Kingdom of Ireland." Charles II. authorising Cusack's Regt to be enrolled in England after shipping from Dunkirk and the antient Spanish Flanders service of the Loyalist Regiments prior to the Restoration of 28 May 1660, being Irish the regiment of Irish Guards had to wait till 28 May 1662 before marching into Dublin. The Irish Guards are actually contained within the 1st Grenadier Guards, and by Loyal Stuart Service in The Royal Irish Regiment [sharing the Grenadier Guards Commission from Charles II above] and the 92e Regt of Infantry 'en service de France' [sharing the attempt at the Treaty of Reiswick to destroy the Stuart Succession and the Irish Guards], and also within The USS Bonhomme Richard's Marine Company [by virtue of the joint Congressional and Irish Guards Commissioning of John Paul Jones's Marine Company of Irish Guards on the 1st Bonhomme Richard, which captured HMS Serapis {Colonel Walsh Colonel in Chief}]. The 1900 Irish Guards are an Irish Guards Regt in the service of the Guelph to Windsor Dynasty of 1688. {An Irish Guards Regiment anterior to all these was eliminated in the Civil War against the English Republican Army at the Battles of Nasby and Worcester.} Please read http://hometown.aol.com/cusam2/myhomepage/index.html After some constitutional remarks contains further information on these Irish Guards based upon original sources by quotation wherever possible. Michael Patrick Cusack.

Some of this could be incorporated into the article, but I don't have the knowledge to check the sources and sort it out. SeventyThree(Talk) 17:56, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This is nothing to do with the current Irish Guards regiment which was first formed as part of the Brigade of Guards in the early 20th century. Other formations may have also used the name but they should be in their own article or else the title of this one should be changed to indicate that it is not just The Irish Guards but all organizations of that name. Dabbler 18:04, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Musical references?
The Irish-American Oi Punk group Dropkick Murphys has a song dedicated to an Irish Guard, called The Green Fields of France Asterion 21:09, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Liberating Brussels?
Does anybody know of any truth to the fact that the 2nd Battalion were one of the first Allied forces to enter Belgium and liberate Brussels? --Chickadee2212 13:36, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, see http://www.g7smy.co.uk/war/?05 which almost exactly matches my father's personal memoir (he was in 2nd Bn IG). Dabbler 22:33, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that - I was trying to trace my grandfather's movements during the war (he was also in 2nd Battalion)--Chickadee2212 11:27, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Michael Collins
No mention that the Irish Guards always displays a portrait of Michael Collins in their barracks? Pandaplodder (talk) 13:49, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Reference please? Kernel Saunters (talk) 22:20, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Lead
The stuff in the lead about recruitment in the Republic of Ireland is misleading IMHO. It is not illegal for anyone in Ireland to join the Guards, whilst the lead gives undue weigh to advertising resrictions. Should be moved to the body of the the article and out of the lead. Kernel Saunters (talk) 22:20, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Error in Cap badge image
The Capstar of the Irish Guards shown as of today 04-May-2013 at 22:00hrs CET is incorrect..! Reason: the order was formed in 1783 and this capstar shows an incorrect date in corresponding Roman numerals......in short, there is a decade missing in the form of an ´X´. (only two ´X´are shown...when 3 are required).

Correct Roman numerals should read MDCCLXXXIII

The Capstar the Irish Guards had been granted by Royal consent of HM Queen Victoria and was derived from the Breast Star of the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick,which formed part of the Crown Jewels gifted to the State of Ireland by HM King George III in the founding year....these Jewels were stolen from Dublin Castle in 1908 and to date of edit have not been found.

Many thanks (my first and maybe my only edit)

Swarfeager395 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:22, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * This is a correct observation and the image need to be replaced with another Fair Use image. Dabbler (talk) 01:46, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

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Section on recruitment from the Republic of Ireland and UK&NI Catholics?
The word 'Catholic' doesn't appear in this article. How about a section on the topic, per sources such as this -Chumchum7 (talk) 19:08, 17 September 2018 (UTC)

Redundant
Structure:

 * Headquarters Company
 * Signals Platoon
 * Quartermaster's Department
 * Logistics Department
 * REME Light Aid Detachment
 * Catering Platoon
 * No.1 Company
 * 1 Platoon
 * 2 Platoon
 * 3 Platoon
 * No.2 Company
 * 4 Platoon
 * 5 Platoon
 * 6 Platoon
 * No.3 (Support) Company
 * Mortar Platoon
 * Recce Platoon
 * Anti-Tank Platoon
 * Sniper Platoon
 * No.4 Company
 * Corps of Drums Platoon
 * Pipes and Drums Platoon
 * Training Wing
 * 10 Platoon

Sammartinlai (talk) 15:44, 25 November 2018 (UTC)

Chris Ghika
My understanding, from the Washington Examiner, is that Chris Ghika does not use the title "Prince" publicly (see here). According to the Guardian, he is "a distant descendent of a Romanian prince". (see here). An editor has tried to insert Prince in front of his name three times. I propose we respect Ghika's wishes and don't include the title. Dormskirk (talk) 11:14, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

External link redundant/spammy
External reference 6 referencing nickname of 'Micks' goes to a page offering financial services Footnote 6: Irish Guards Regimental website Archived 8 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine

title: Talk:Irish Guards


text:
ATC code J05

J05AA Thiosemicarbazones

 * J05AA01 Metisazone

J05AB Nucleosides and nucleotides excluding reverse transcriptase inhibitors

 * J05AB01 Aciclovir
 * J05AB02 Idoxuridine
 * J05AB03 Vidarabine
 * J05AB06 Ganciclovir
 * J05AB09 Famciclovir
 * J05AB11 Valaciclovir
 * J05AB12 Cidofovir
 * J05AB13 Penciclovir
 * J05AB14 Valganciclovir
 * J05AB15 Brivudine
 * J05AB16 Remdesivir
 * J05AB17 Brincidofovir
 * J05AB18 Molnupiravir

J05AC Cyclic amines

 * J05AC02 Rimantadine
 * J05AC03 Tromantadine

J05AD Phosphonic acid derivatives

 * J05AD01 Foscarnet
 * J05AD02 Fosfonet

J05AE Protease inhibitors

 * J05AE01 Saquinavir
 * J05AE02 Indinavir
 * J05AE03 Ritonavir
 * J05AE04 Nelfinavir
 * J05AE05 Amprenavir
 * J05AE07 Fosamprenavir
 * J05AE08 Atazanavir
 * J05AE09 Tipranavir
 * J05AE10 Darunavir
 * J05AE11 Ensitrelvir
 * J05AE30 Nirmatrelvir and ritonavir

J05AF Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors

 * J05AF01 Zidovudine
 * J05AF02 Didanosine
 * J05AF03 Zalcitabine
 * J05AF04 Stavudine
 * J05AF05 Lamivudine
 * J05AF06 Abacavir
 * J05AF07 Tenofovir disoproxil
 * J05AF08 Adefovir dipivoxil
 * J05AF09 Emtricitabine
 * J05AF10 Entecavir
 * J05AF11 Telbivudine
 * J05AF12 Clevudine
 * J05AF13 Tenofovir alafenamide

J05AG Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors

 * J05AG01 Nevirapine
 * J05AG02 Delavirdine
 * J05AG03 Efavirenz
 * J05AG04 Etravirine
 * J05AG05 Rilpivirine
 * J05AG06 Doravirine

J05AH Neuraminidase inhibitors

 * J05AH01 Zanamivir
 * J05AH02 Oseltamivir
 * J05AH03 Peramivir
 * J05AH04 Laninamivir

J05AJ Integrase inhibitors

 * J05AJ01 Raltegravir
 * J05AJ02 Elvitegravir
 * J05AJ03 Dolutegravir
 * J05AJ04 Cabotegravir

J05AP Antivirals for treatment of HCV infections

 * J05AP01 Ribavirin
 * J05AP02 Telaprevir
 * J05AP03 Boceprevir
 * J05AP04 Faldaprevir
 * J05AP05 Simeprevir
 * J05AP06 Asunaprevir
 * J05AP07 Daclatasvir
 * J05AP08 Sofosbuvir
 * J05AP09 Dasabuvir
 * J05AP10 Elbasvir
 * J05AP11 Grazoprevir
 * J05AP12 Coblopasvir
 * J05AP13 Ravidasvir
 * J05AP51 Sofosbuvir and ledipasvir
 * J05AP52 Dasabuvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir
 * J05AP53 Ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir
 * J05AP54 Elbasvir and grazoprevir
 * J05AP55 Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir
 * J05AP56 Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir
 * J05AP57 Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir
 * J05AP58 Daclatasvir, asunaprevir and beclabuvir

J05AR Antivirals for treatment of HIV infections, combinations

 * J05AR01 Zidovudine and lamivudine
 * J05AR02 Lamivudine and abacavir
 * J05AR03 Tenofovir disoproxil and emtricitabine
 * J05AR04 Zidovudine, lamivudine and abacavir
 * J05AR05 Zidovudine, lamivudine and nevirapine
 * J05AR06 Emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil and efavirenz
 * J05AR07 Stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine
 * J05AR08 Emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil and rilpivirine
 * J05AR09 Emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil, elvitegravir and cobicistat
 * J05AR10 Lopinavir and ritonavir
 * J05AR11 Lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil and efavirenz
 * J05AR12 Lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil
 * J05AR13 Lamivudine, abacavir and dolutegravir
 * J05AR14 Darunavir and cobicistat
 * J05AR15 Atazanavir and cobicistat
 * J05AR16 Lamivudine and raltegravir
 * J05AR17 Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide
 * J05AR18 Emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide, elvitegravir and cobicistat
 * J05AR19 Emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide and rilpivirine
 * J05AR20 Emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide and bictegravir
 * J05AR21 Dolutegravir and rilpivirine
 * J05AR22 Emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide, darunavir and cobicistat
 * J05AR23 Atazanavir and ritonavir
 * J05AR24 Lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil and doravirine
 * J05AR25 Lamivudine and dolutegravir
 * J05AR26 Darunavir and ritonavir
 * J05AR27 Lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil and dolutegravir
 * J05AR28 Stavudine and lamivudine

J05AX Other antivirals

 * J05AX01 Moroxydine
 * J05AX02 Lysozyme
 * J05AX05 Inosine pranobex
 * J05AX06 Pleconaril
 * J05AX07 Enfuvirtide
 * J05AX09 Maraviroc
 * J05AX10 Maribavir
 * J05AX12 Dolutegravir
 * J05AX13 Umifenovir
 * J05AX17 Enisamium iodide
 * J05AX18 Letermovir
 * J05AX19 Tilorone
 * J05AX21 Pentanedioic acid imidazolyl ethanamide
 * J05AX23 Ibalizumab
 * J05AX24 Tecovirimat
 * J05AX25 Baloxavir marboxil
 * J05AX26 Amenamevir
 * J05AX27 Favipiravir
 * J05AX28 Bulevirtide
 * J05AX29 Fostemsavir
 * J05AX31 Lenacapavir

title: ATC code J05


text:
The Big Show

The Big Show  may refer to:

People

 * Big Show (born 1972), professional wrestler, real name Paul Wight
 * Glenn Maxwell (born 1988), Australian cricket player nicknamed "The Big Show"
 * Jared Rosholt (born 1986), American mixed martial arts fighter nicknamed "The Big Show"

Film

 * The Big Show (1923 film), the ninth Our Gang short subject comedy released
 * The Big Show (1926 film), American silent film directed by George Terwilliger
 * The Big Show (1936 film), American film starring Gene Autry
 * The Big Show (1960 film), French-Spanish drama film directed by Francisco Rovira Beleta
 * The Big Show (1961 film), American film starring Esther Williams

Radio

 * The Big Show (NBC Radio), an American radio program from the 1950s
 * The Big Show (TV series), a 1980 adaptation of the 1950s radio program
 * The Big Show (sports radio show), radio show on WEEI in Boston, Massachusetts
 * The John Boy & Billy Big Show, morning radio show in the southern United States
 * Steve Wright in the Afternoon, a UK national afternoon radio show on BBC Radio 2 often referred to as The Big Show
 * The Big Broadcast, a movie and several vintage-style radio programs

Television

 * The Big Show (Chicago TV show), a 1960s Chicago WBKB-TV after school movie program
 * The CCTV New Year's Gala, which is broadcast on the eve of the Chinese New Year
 * "The Big Show" (Steven Universe), a 2018 episode of Steven Universe
 * Michael McIntyre's Big Show, a British stand-up comedy show
 * The Big Show Show, an American sitcom television series featuring professional wrestler Big Show
 * Go-Big Show, an American talent show television series

Other

 * Major League Baseball, in the context of players being promoted from or demoted to the minor leagues
 * Retail's BIG Show, a retail trade show
 * The Big Show (Le Grand Cirque), a book by French flying ace Pierre Clostermann
 * "The Big Show", a song by Basshunter from his The Bassmachine album
 * Various radio and television shows pairing Dan Patrick with Keith Olbermann

title: The Big Show


text:
Talk:Peter Drucker

Peter Drucker is critical as a source
In Thomas Olechowski's biography of Hans Kelsen, Drucker is repeatedly named as an extremely unreliable source. Drucker had, for example, spread completely absurd information about the fate of the Kelsen brothers in World War I (2nd ed. 2021, p. 228). Insofar as Wikipedia takes up biographical self-testimonies by Drucker or biographical information on other persons, this should possibly be done in a very source-critical manner. --2A02:908:F17:B1E0:D0D0:9CF9:80EB:960B (talk) 12:52, 20 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Drucker


text:
1990 Ontario general election

The 1990 Ontario general election was held on September 6, 1990, to elect members of the 35th Legislative Assembly of the province of Ontario, Canada. The governing Ontario Liberal Party led by Premier David Peterson was unexpectedly defeated. Although the Peterson government, and Peterson himself, were very popular, he was accused of opportunism in calling an election just three years into his mandate. In a shocking upset, the New Democratic Party (NDP), led by Bob Rae, won a majority government. This marked the first time the NDP had won government east of Manitoba, and to date the only time the NDP formed the government in Ontario.

Not even the NDP expected to come close to winning power. Rae had already made plans to retire from politics after the election; however, the NDP managed to take many seats in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) from the Liberals, and Rae himself represented York South, in Metro Toronto. They also did better than ever before, or in some cases since, in many other cities and rural areas. The NDP finished only five points ahead of the Liberals in the popular vote, but due to the nature of the first-past-the-post electoral system, which ignores the popular vote and awards power based on the number of ridings won, the NDP's gains in the GTA decimated the Liberal caucus. The Liberals lost 59 seats, the second-worst defeat for a governing party in Ontario. At the time, it was the Liberals' worst showing in an Ontario election. Peterson himself was heavily defeated in London Centre by NDP challenger Marion Boyd, losing by 8,200 votes, one of the few times a provincial premier has lost their own seat.

Although Mike Harris' Progressive Conservative Party was unable to overcome voter distrust of the federal Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney, his party managed to make a net gain of four seats. Although Harris was from northern Ontario, the Tories were particularly weak in that region, placing fourth, behind the Liberals, NDP, and the right-wing Confederation of Regions Party (CoR) in six northern Ontario ridings (Algoma, Cochrane South, Nickel Belt, Sudbury, Sudbury East, and Sault Ste. Marie). The CoR also placed ahead of the Progressive Conservatives in the Renfrew North and Cornwall ridings in eastern Ontario. Although they received only 1.9% of the vote provincewide, they managed 7.8% in the 33 ridings in which they actually fielded a candidate.

The Green Party of Ontario placed third, ahead of the NDP, in Parry Sound riding, where former Liberal leadership candidate Richard Thomas was the party's candidate.

Riding name change
Before the election, an Act was passed, changing the name of Prince Edward—Lennox to Prince Edward—Lennox—South Hastings.

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=5 | MPPs ! colspan=3 | Votes ! Candidates !1987 ! Dissol. !1990 !± !# !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Bob Rae
 * 130
 * 19
 * 19
 * 74
 * 55
 * 1,509,506
 * 37.6%
 * 11.9

 * style="text-align:left;"|David Peterson
 * 130
 * 95
 * 93
 * 36
 * 59
 * 1,302,134
 * 32.4%
 * 14.9

 * style="text-align:left;"|Mike Harris
 * 130
 * 16
 * 17
 * 20
 * 4
 * 944,564
 * 23.5%
 * 1.2

 * style="text-align:left;"|Donald Pennell
 * 68
 * 110,831
 * 2.8%
 * 1.5
 * 110,831
 * 2.8%
 * 1.5
 * 1.5

 * style="text-align:left;"|Dean Wasson
 * 33
 * 75,873
 * 1.9%
 * style="text-align:center;"|New
 * 75,873
 * 1.9%
 * style="text-align:center;"|New
 * style="text-align:center;"|New

 * style="text-align:left;"|Katherine Mathewson
 * 40
 * 30,097
 * 0.8%
 * 0.7
 * 30,097
 * 0.8%
 * 0.7
 * 0.7

 * style="text-align:left;"|James Stock
 * 45
 * 24,613
 * 0.6%
 * 0.2
 * 24,613
 * 0.6%
 * 0.2
 * 0.2

 * style="text-align:left;"|Robert Metz
 * 10
 * 6,015
 * 0.1%
 * 6,015
 * 0.1%
 * 6,015
 * 0.1%

 * style="text-align:left;"|Elizabeth Rowley
 * 4
 * 1,139
 * 0.1
 * 1,139
 * 0.1
 * 1,139
 * 0.1
 * 0.1

 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 15
 * 13,307
 * 0.3%
 * 13,307
 * 0.3%
 * 13,307
 * 0.3%

 * colspan="3"|
 * 1
 * colspan="5"|

 * -style="background:#E9E9E9;"
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"|Total
 * 615
 * 130
 * 130
 * 130
 * 4,018,079
 * 100.00%
 * -style="background:#E9E9E9;"
 * colspan="8" style="text-align:left;"|Blank and invalid ballots
 * 52,575
 * colspan="2"|
 * -style="background:#E9E9E9;"
 * colspan="8" style="text-align:left;"|Total ballots cast
 * 4,070,654
 * colspan="2"|
 * -style="background:#E9E9E9;"
 * colspan="8" style="text-align:left;"|Registered voters / turnout
 * 6,315,949
 * 64.5%
 * 1.8
 * }
 * 1.8
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = multiple candidates

MPPs elected by region and riding
Party designations are as follows:

{{legend|#EA6D6A|Liberal}} {{legend|#F4A460|NDP}} {{legend|#9999FF|PC}}

Two-tone colour boxes indicate ridings that turned over from the 1987 election, eg:

{{legend|#F4A460| Algoma: Bud Wildman}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Algoma—Manitoulin: Mike Brown}}
 * Northern Ontario

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Fort William: Lyn McLeod}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Kenora: Frank Miclash}} {{legend|#F4A460| Lake Nipigon: Gilles Pouliot}} {{legend|#F4A460| Nickel Belt: Floyd Laughren}} {{legend|#9999FF| Nipissing: Mike Harris}}

{{legend|#F4A460| Rainy River: Howard Hampton}} {{legend|#F4A460| Sault Ste. Marie: Tony Martin}}

{{legend|#F4A460| Sudbury East: Shelley Martel}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Timiskaming: David Ramsay}}

{{legend|#9999FF| Carleton: Norm Sterling}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Carleton East: Gilles Morin}} {{legend|#9999FF| Lanark—Renfrew: Leo Jordan}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Nepean: Hans Daigeler}}
 * Ottawa Valley

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Ottawa East: Bernard Grandmaître}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Ottawa South: Dalton McGuinty}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Ottawa West: Bob Chiarelli}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Ottawa—Rideau: Yvonne O'Neill}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Prescott and Russell: Jean Poirier}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Renfrew North: Sean Conway}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Cornwall: John Cleary}}
 * Saint Lawrence Valley

{{legend|#9999FF| Leeds—Grenville: Bob Runciman}} {{legend|#9999FF| Stormont—Dundas and Glengarry: Noble Villeneuve}}

 * Central Ontario

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Northumberland: Joan Fawcett}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Quinte: Hugh O'Neil}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Bruce: Murray Elston}}
 * Georgian Bay

{{legend|#9999FF| Parry Sound: Ernie Eves}}

{{legend|#9999FF| Simcoe East: Al McLean}} {{legend|#9999FF| Simcoe West: Jim Wilson}}

{{legend|#9999FF| Burlington South: Cam Jackson}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Halton Centre: Barbara Sullivan}}
 * Hamilton/Halton/Niagara

{{legend|#F4A460| Hamilton East: Bob Mackenzie}} {{legend|#F4A460| Hamilton Mountain: Brian Charlton}} {{legend|#F4A460| Hamilton West: Richard Allen}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| St. Catharines: Jim Bradley}}

{{legend|#F4A460| Welland—Thorold: Peter Kormos}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Brant—Haldimand: Robert Nixon}}
 * Midwestern Ontario

{{legend|#F4A460| Cambridge: Mike Farnan}}

{{legend|#9999FF| Wellington: Ted Arnott}}

 * Southwestern Ontario

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Essex South: Remo Mancini}}

{{legend|#F4A460| Windsor—Riverside: Dave Cooke}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Brampton North: Carman McClelland}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Brampton South: Bob Callahan}}
 * Peel/York/Durham

{{legend|#9999FF| Markham: Don Cousens}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Mississauga East: John Sola}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Mississauga North: Steven Offer}} {{legend|#9999FF| Mississauga South: Margaret Marland}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Mississauga West: Steve Mahoney}} {{legend|#F4A460| Oshawa: Allan Pilkey}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| York Centre: Greg Sorbara}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| York North: Charles Beer}}

{{legend|#F4A460| Beaches—Woodbine: Frances Lankin}}
 * Metropolitan Toronto

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Eglinton: Dianne Poole}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Etobicoke—Humber: Jim Henderson}} {{legend|#F4A460| Etobicoke—Lakeshore: Ruth Grier}} {{legend|#F4A460| Etobicoke—Rexdale: Ed Philip}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Lawrence: Joseph Cordiano}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Oriole: Elinor Caplan}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Parkdale: Tony Ruprecht}} {{legend|#F4A460| Riverdale: Marilyn Churley}} {{legend|#EA6D6A| Scarborough—Agincourt: Gerry Phillips}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Scarborough North: Alvin Curling}} {{legend|#F4A460| Scarborough West: Anne Swarbrick}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| St. George—St. David: Ian Scott}}

{{legend|#EA6D6A| Wilson Heights: Monte Kwinter}}

{{legend|#F4A460| York South: Bob Rae}}

Seats changing hands
Of the 130 seats, 20 were open because of MPPs who chose not to stand for reelection, and voters in 63 seats changed allegiance from the previous election in 1987.

The following seats changed allegiance from 1987:

 * Liberal to NDP
 * Brantford
 * Chatham—Kent
 * Cochrane North
 * Don Mills
 * Dovercourt
 * Downsview
 * Durham Centre
 * Durham West
 * Durham—York
 * Elgin
 * Essex—Kent
 * Fort York
 * Frontenac—Addington
 * Guelph
 * Halton North
 * Hamilton Centre
 * High Park—Swansea
 * Huron
 * Kingston and the Islands
 * Kitchener
 * Kitchener—Wilmot

 * Lambton
 * Lincoln
 * London Centre
 * London South
 * Middlesex
 * Muskoka—Georgian Bay
 * Niagara Falls
 * Niagara South
 * Norfolk
 * Oakwood
 * Ottawa Centre
 * Oxford
 * Perth
 * Peterborough
 * Port Arthur
 * Prince Edward—Lennox—South—Hastings
 * Scarborough Centre
 * Scarborough East
 * Scarborough—Ellesmere
 * Simcoe Centre
 * St. Andrew—St. Patrick

 * St. Catharines—Brock
 * Sudbury
 * Victoria—Haliburton
 * Wentworth East
 * Wentworth North
 * Windsor—Sandwich
 * Windsor—Walkerville
 * York East
 * Yorkview

 * Liberal to PC
 * Dufferin—Peel
 * Etobicoke West
 * Grey
 * London North
 * Oakville South
 * Waterloo North
 * Willowdale
 * York Mills

 * PC to NDP
 * Cochrane South
 * Durham East
 * Hastings—Peterborough
 * Sarnia

Significant results among independent and minor party candidates
Those candidates not belonging to a major party, receiving more than 1,000 votes in the election, are listed below:

Party affiliation switches
Tony Rizzo (NDP) became an independent MPP on October 10, 1990, after questions were raised about labour practices in his bricklaying firms. He would later rejoin the NDP caucus.

Dennis Drainville (NDP) became an independent MPP on April 28, 1993, as a protest against the Rae government's plans to introduce casinos to the province. He later resigned his seat in the legislature, resulting in a by-election.

Will Ferguson (NDP) became an independent MPP on April 30, 1993, following accusations relating to the Grandview scandal. He later rejoined the NDP caucus on June 21, 1994, having been cleared of all charges.

John Sola (L) became an independent MPP on May 11, 1993, after making comments about Canadian Serbs that most regarded as racist.

Peter North (NDP) became an independent MPP on October 27, 1993, claiming he had lost confidence in the Rae government. He tried to join the Progressive Conservatives, but was rebuffed.

Byelections
Due to resignations, five by-elections were held between the 1990 and 1995 elections.

March 5, 1992 9,565 4,758 2,895 2,056 Ella Haley (G) 759 Janice Wilson (Ind) 250 resigned July 31, 1991 April 1, 1993 5,583 9,143 1,513 498 Denise Mountenay (FCP) 383 Bernadette Michael (Ind) 206 David Pengelly (F) 161 Sat Khalsa (G) 141 died January 22, 1993 April 1, 1993 8,750 6,518 1,451 347 Phil Sarazen (G) 209 Judith Snow (Ind Renewal) 119 Ed Fortune (Ind) 107 Robert Smith (Ind) 72 John Steele (Comm League) 57 resigned September 8, 1992 December 2, 1993 12,736 3,295 1,100 1,060 Michael Green (G) 132 John Turmel (Ind) 84 resigned May 10, 1993 March 17, 1994 9,571 11,941 1,378 252 Bradley Bradamore (Ind) 217 John Turmel (Ind) 123 resigned September 27, 1993
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Brant—Haldimand
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Brant—Haldimand
 * Ronald Eddy
 * Ronald Eddy
 * David Timms
 * David Timms
 * Christopher Stanek
 * Christopher Stanek
 * Donald Pennell (FCP)
 * Donald Pennell (FCP)
 * Robert Nixon
 * Robert Nixon
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Don Mills
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Don Mills
 * Murad Velshi
 * Murad Velshi
 * David Johnson
 * David Johnson
 * Chandran Mylvaganam
 * Chandran Mylvaganam
 * Diane Johnston (Ind Renewal)
 * Diane Johnston (Ind Renewal)
 * Margery Ward
 * Margery Ward
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|St. George—St. David
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|St. George—St. David
 * Tim Murphy
 * Tim Murphy
 * Nancy Jackman
 * Nancy Jackman
 * George Lamony
 * George Lamony
 * Louis Di Rocco (FCP)
 * Louis Di Rocco (FCP)
 * Ian Scott
 * Ian Scott
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Essex South
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Essex South
 * Bruce Crozier
 * Bruce Crozier
 * Joan Flood
 * Joan Flood
 * David Maris
 * David Maris
 * Joyce Ann Cherry (FCP)
 * Joyce Ann Cherry (FCP)
 * Remo Mancini
 * Remo Mancini
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Victoria—Haliburton
 * style="background:whitesmoke;"|Victoria—Haliburton
 * Sharon McCrae
 * Sharon McCrae
 * Chris Hodgson
 * Chris Hodgson
 * Art Field
 * Art Field
 * Ron Hawkrigg (Lbt)
 * Ron Hawkrigg (Lbt)
 * Dennis Drainville
 * Dennis Drainville
 * }

Vacancies
In addition, four seats were vacant in the final months of the legislature, as the sitting members resigned and by-elections were not held to replace them before the 1995 election:
 * Bruce — Murray Elston (L) resigned October 31, 1994
 * Kitchener — Will Ferguson (NDP) resigned October 8, 1994
 * Markham — Don Cousens (PC) resigned September 30, 1994
 * St. Andrew—St. Patrick — Zanana Akande (NDP) resigned August 31, 1994

title: 1990 Ontario general election


text:
Apology Resolution

Public Law 103-150, informally known as the Apology Resolution, is a Joint Resolution of the U.S. Congress adopted in 1993 that "acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum" (U.S. Public Law 103-150 (107 Stat. 1510)). The resolution has been cited as impetus for the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, and has been the subject of debate.

The resolution was adopted by both houses of the United States Congress on November 23, 1993. A joint resolution, it was signed by President of the United States Bill Clinton on the same day.

The resolution was passed in the Senate by a vote of 65–34. In the House, it was passed by a two-thirds voice vote. It was sponsored on January 21, 1993, as S.J.Res.19 by Daniel Akaka and co-sponsored by Daniel Inouye, both Democratic senators from Hawaii.

Historical evidence
The Apology Resolution derives mainly from the Blount Report, which was compiled shortly after the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy (spring 1893). Blount found strongly in the favor of Queen Liliʻuokalani and her supporters, and his report was an official criticism of the U.S. role in the overthrow. President Grover Cleveland was also strongly supportive of the Queen, and made official statements supporting the view held in the Blount Report. These official statements by the U.S. Government are seen as historical evidence for the claims made by the Apology Resolution.

Parallels between Native Hawaiians and Native Americans
Although the histories of Native Hawaiians and Native Americans are significantly different, there is still a widely held perception that Native Hawaiians have received similar kinds of unfair treatment from the U.S. Government as Native Americans. The Apology Bill is thus seen as a means of acknowledging historical grievances that they believe are valid. Some also see it as a step towards identifying Native Hawaiians as an indigenous people to preserve for them specific legal rights based on ancestry; some also see it as the beginning of a process to provide compensation or reparation to native Hawaiians for alleged past injustices.

How this decision on the "nonsubstantive" nature of the Apology Resolution will affect the pursuit of the Akaka Bill, which has based itself on the Apology Resolution, is not yet clear.

In 2009, the U.S. Congress passed a similar resolution, S.J.Res. 14, "To acknowledge a long history of official depredations and ill-conceived policies by the Federal Government regarding Indian tribes and offer an apology to all Native Peoples on behalf of the United States."

Disputed historical basis
Although the Blount Report of July 17, 1893, upon which the Apology Resolution was based, was an official report of the U.S. government, it was followed by the Morgan Report on February 26, 1894, which after public hearings and testimony under oath found the Blount Report to be mistaken on many of the facts reported. Some of the criticisms of the Blount Report included the fact that it was done in secrecy, with no opportunity for cross-examination of witnesses and no witnesses placed under oath. Opponents of the Apology Resolution point to this official repudiation of the Blount Report as sufficient reason to dismiss any conclusions based on it. Despite being staunchly in favor of reinstating the monarchy, President Grover Cleveland also reversed himself upon receipt of the Morgan Report, refusing requests from the queen for further aid in her restoration, and acknowledging both the Provisional Government and Republic of Hawaii as the legitimate successors to the Kingdom.

Washington-based constitutional lawyer and Grassroot Institute of Hawaii consultant Bruce Fein has outlined a number of counterarguments challenging the historical accuracy and completeness of the assertions made in the Apology Resolution.

Allegations that the bill was rushed through
There has been criticism of the 1993 Apology Bill for its use in buttressing the Akaka Bill. The Apology Bill of '93 was passed with only one hour of debate on the Senate floor with only five senators participating, three opposed (Slade Gorton, Hank Brown, John C. Danforth) and two in favor (Akaka and Inouye). It passed the house on November 15 in less time with no debate and no objections. Senator Inouye, wrapping up the debate, said:

"As to the matter of the status of Native Hawaiians, as my colleague from Washington knows, from the time of statehood we have been in this debate. Are Native Hawaiians Native Americans? This resolution has nothing to do with that."

The reliance upon the text of the Apology Resolution as justification for the Akaka Bill has been seen by some as contradicting Inouye's statements on the matter in 1993.

In 1993, Senators Slade Gorton and Hank Brown did not take issue with the historical accuracy of the bill, although they voted against it. More recently they have described it as being a piece of historical revisionism. They wrote an article in the Wall Street Journal titled The Opposite Of Progress in which they were critical of the historical veracity of the Apology Bill.

Practical legal effect
In a response to the State of Hawai'i Appeal of the Arakaki Decision, the plaintiffs argued that the "whereas" clauses should not be given legal effect.

"Legislative statements in a preamble may help a court interpret the operative clauses of a particular statute by clarifying the legislative intent, but they do not legislate facts or confer rights. Singer, Sutherland on Statutory Construction, §20.03 (5th ed. 1993). The Apology Resolution has no legally operative provisions. Indeed, it expressly settles no claims. 107 Stat. 1510 §3. The committee report says that the Resolution has no regulatory impact and does not change any law. S. Rep. 123-126. Its sponsor assured the Senate that it is only "a simple resolution of apology" and that it "has nothing to do" with "the status of Native Hawaiians." 139 Congressional Record S14477, S14482 (October 27, 1993), SER 14. The Supreme Court in Rice demonstrated how to deal with the Apology Resolution: the Court cited it but decided the case based on the facts in the record."

In testimony before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, April 17, 2002, Michael Glennon opined that whereas clauses have "no binding legal effect":

"Under traditional principles of statutory construction, these provisions have no binding legal effect. Only material that comes after the so-called "resolving clause"—"Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled"—can have any operative effect. Material set out in a whereas clause is purely precatory. It may be relevant for the purpose of clarifying ambiguities in a statute’s legally operative terms, but in and of itself such a provision can confer no legal right or obligation."

In March 2009, the US Supreme Court ruled in Hawaii v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs that the Apology Resolution's 37 whereas clauses have no legally binding effects and therefore did not create any new rights for native Hawaiians to raise legal claims. In its unanimous decision, the Supreme Court noted that federal legislation cannot retroactively alter the Hawaiian state government's ownership over its land when granted as part of its admission to the United States.

title: Apology Resolution


text:
Social policy

Some professionals and universities consider social policy a subset of public policy, while other practitioners characterize social policy and public policy to be two separate, competing approaches for the same public interest (similar to MD and DO in healthcare), with social policy deemed more holistic than public policy. Whichever of these persuasions a university adheres to, social policy begins with the study of the welfare state and social services. It consists of guidelines, principles, legislation and associated activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare, such as a person's quality of life. The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines social policy as "an interdisciplinary and applied subject concerned with the analysis of societies' responses to social need", which seeks to foster in its students a capacity to understand theory and evidence drawn from a wide range of social science disciplines, including economics, sociology, psychology, geography, history, law, philosophy and political science. The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at Harvard University describes social policy as "public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor". Social policy might also be described as actions that affect the well-being of members of a society through shaping the distribution of and access to goods and resources in that society. Social policy often deals with wicked problems.

The discussion of 'social policy' in the United States and Canada can also apply to governmental policy on social issues such as tackling racism, LGBT issues (such as same-sex marriage) and the legal status of abortion, guns, euthanasia, recreational drugs and prostitution. In other countries, these issues would be classified under health policy and domestic policy.

The study of social policy can either be a stand-alone degree at providers such as the University of Birmingham, University of York, Oxford University, and the University of Pennsylvania, a specialization as part of a public policy degree program such as at McGill University, Balsillie School of International Affairs, Harris School of Public Policy, and the Hertie School of Governance, or a joint degree along with a similar related degree in social work or public health such as at George Warren Brown School of Social Work at Washington University in St. Louis. In the Global South, social policy is offered along with public policy degree programmes, as at the Institute of Public Policy, National Law School of India University, Bangalore, combined with development policy.

History
Social policy is a plan or action of government or institutional agencies which aim to improve or reform society. Social policy was first conceived in the 1940s by Richard Titmuss within the field of social administration in Britain. Titmuss's essay on the "Social Division of Welfare" (1955) laid the development for social policy to gradually absorb social administration. Titmuss was an essayist whose work concerned the failure of the market; the inadequacy of selective social services; and the superiority of collectivism and universal approaches. While some scholars describe social policy as an interdisciplinary field of practice, scholars like Fiona Williams and Pete Alcock believe social policy is a discipline unto itself.

Some of the earliest examples of direct intervention by government in human welfare date back to Ancient Rome's Cura Annonae (grain dole) founded in 123 BC, and Umar ibn al-Khattāb's rule as the second caliph of Islam in the 6th century: he used zakat collections and also other governmental resources to establish pensions, income support, child benefits, and various stipends for people of the non-Muslim community. The enactment of English Poor Laws helped curb poverty and recidivism: these laws influenced the justices of Berkshire to implement the Speenhamland system, which was the first social program in the modern sense of that word. In the modern West, proponents of scientific social planning such as the sociologist Auguste Comte, and social researchers, such as Charles Booth, contributed to the emergence of social policymaking in the first industrialised countries following the Industrial Revolution. Surveys of poverty exposing the brutal conditions in the urban slum conurbations of Victorian Britain supplied the pressure leading to changes such as the decline and abolition of the poor law system and Liberal welfare reforms. Other significant examples in the development of social policy are the Bismarckian welfare state in 19th century Germany, social security policies in the United States introduced under the rubric of the New Deal between 1933 and 1935, and both the Beveridge Report and the National Health Service Act 1946 in Britain. Thus, two major models of social insurance arose in practice: Bismarkian welfare from Germany and Beveridgean welfare from Britain.

Social policy in the 21st century is complex and in each state it is subject to local and national governments, as well as supranational political influence. For example, membership of the European Union is conditional on member states' adherence to the Social Chapter of European Union law

Types
Social policy aims to improve human welfare and to meet human needs for education, health, housing and economic security. Important areas of social policy are wellbeing and welfare, poverty reduction, social security, justice, unemployment insurance, living conditions, animal rights, pensions, health care, social housing, family policy, social care, child protection, social exclusion, education policy, crime and criminal justice, urban development, and labor issues.

United States social policy
The United States was a pioneer in generous social spending (relative to comparable countries), as it provided substantial social spending for Civil War veterans and their families. However, the United States would go on to lag behind other advanced industrial democracies in social spending.

Religious, racial, ideological, scientific and philosophical movements and ideas have historically influenced American social policy, for example, John Calvin and his idea of pre-destination and the Protestant Values of hard work and individualism. Moreover, Social Darwinism helped mold America's ideas of capitalism and the survival of the fittest mentality. The Catholic Church's social teaching has also been considerably influential to the development of social policy.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's ground breaking New Deal is a paragon example of Social Policy that focused predominantly on a program of providing work and stimulating the economy through public spending on projects, rather than on cash payment. The programs were in response to the Great Depression affecting the United States in the 1930s.

United States politicians who have favored increasing government observance of social policy often do not frame their proposals around typical notions of welfare or benefits; instead, in cases like Medicare and Medicaid, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented a package called the Great Society that framed a larger vision around poverty and quality of life.

President Lyndon B. Johnson would also attempt to implement education policy under his Great Society package, introducing several programs and laws, such as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA), and the Bilingual Education Act of 1967 (BEA), and many others. These laws would form the backbone of the education policy changes of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), introduced during the administration of Republican President George W. Bush with bipartisan support. The law took effect on January 8, 2002, attempting to raise standards in education, address educational inequities (framed as an achievement gap), and issues in schools framed as issues of accountability. The No Child Left Behind Act required every state to assess students on basic skills to receive federal funding. While the law did attempt to address issues underlying U.S. education, its provisions were widely viewed as unsuccessful. States continued to create their own standards while assessing themselves. NCLB also led to the closure of numerous schools labeled "low-performing" or "failing", disproportionately impacting schools that served predominately Black students and rural communities. Provisions of NCLB were changed and replaced under the Race to the Top (R2T, RTTT or RTT) and Every Child Succeeds Act (ESSA) passed during the Administration of President Barack Obama.

Insurance has been a growing policy topic, and a recent example of health care law as social policy is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act formed by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama, a Democrat, on March 23, 2010.

title: Social policy


text:
Jean Graton

Jean Graton (10 August 1923 – 21 January 2021) was a French comic book author and cartoonist. Graton created the character Michel Vaillant and the eponymous series in 1957.

Biography
Graton was born in Nantes, France, in 1923. He moved to Brussels in 1947 and worked there in animation and advertising companies. He was hired by Spirou magazine in 1952, for which he illustrated Belles Histoires de l'Oncle Paul. Determined to create and draw his own characters, he got a job for Tintin magazine. From 1953, he published his own stories in Tintin. Some consisting of a few strips, and most related to sports and automobiles, were published in 1957 by Le Lombard in an album entitled Ca c'est du sport!.

In 1957, Graton created the character Michel Vaillant. Some short comics were published in Tintin and acquired huge popularity. As soon as 1959, a full album was published by Le Lombard. In 1966, Graton created the Les Labourdet series with his wife, Francine, and published it between 1967 and 1970 in the Chez Nous magazine. In 1972, he created Julie Wood, a character who starred first in her own series, then in the Michel Vaillant series. In 1982, Graton started, with his son Philippe Graton, his own publishing house, Graton Editeur. He launched, with Philippe Graton, the Dossiers Michel Vaillant series in 1995, each album of which being dedicated to a famous driver. In 2000, they created the Palmarès Inedit series, made up of comics that were drawn by Graton in the 1950s and 1960s, including the Labourdet series, as well as comics that had not been published before.

In 2004, Graton, at the age of 80, decided to retire and to stop drawing. His works are continued by Philippe Graton and the Studio Graton, which he created himself.

On 21 January 2021, Graton died in Brussels, Belgium, at the age of 97.

Graphic style
The huge popularity of Graton's series is partly due to their extreme realism. Graton's works, particularly the Michel Vaillant series, are notable for featuring real-life people, drivers, teams, races, and places. Graton is widely recognized as a great automobile and motorsport drawer. The several descriptions of places, circuits, and cars he gave in his series are highly well-documented, specific, and realistic. Graton used to take a lot of notes, illustrations, and photographs of the various automobile-related places he attended as an automobile-passionate. He was later assisted with this work by his son Philippe, who has a passion for photography.

Relation with motorsports
Graton's passion for motorsport went back to his childhood. Later in his life, he attended numerous Formula One and other motorsport races, and was acknowledged by famous drivers. His series inspired some drivers to choose such a career.

Awards

 * In 1986, at the Morzine Avoriaz BD Festival, he received the "Le sport: Une œuvre, un Auteur" (Sport: A work, an author) award.
 * In 1989, at the Belgian Bande Dessinée Festival at Han sur Lesse, he was rewarded by the president of the festival and the Belgian minister, Amand Dalem, a "prix spécial d'exception pour l'ensemble de son œuvre" (special prize for his whole work).
 * In 2004, at the 19th Automobile Festival, he was given the "Grand Prix de l'Art" award.
 * In 2005, he was named "Chevalier de l'Ordre de Léopold" by Belgium.

title: Jean Graton


text:
ATC code J06

J06AA Immune sera

 * J06AA01 Diphtheria antitoxin
 * J06AA02 Tetanus antitoxin
 * J06AA03 Snake venom antiserum
 * J06AA04 Botulinum antitoxin
 * J06AA05 Gas-gangrene sera
 * J06AA06 Rabies serum

J06BA Immunoglobulins, normal human

 * J06BA01 Immunoglobulins, normal human, for extravascular administration
 * J06BA02 Immunoglobulins, normal human, for intravascular administration

J06BB Specific immunoglobulins

 * J06BB01 Anti-D (rh) immunoglobulin
 * J06BB02 Tetanus immunoglobulin
 * J06BB03 Varicella/zoster immunoglobulin
 * J06BB04 Hepatitis B immunoglobulin
 * J06BB05 Rabies immunoglobulin
 * J06BB06 Rubella immunoglobulin
 * J06BB07 Vaccinia immunoglobulin
 * J06BB08 Staphylococcus immunoglobulin
 * J06BB09 Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin
 * J06BB10 Diphtheria immunoglobulin
 * J06BB11 Hepatitis A immunoglobulin
 * J06BB12 Encephalitis, tick-borne immunoglobulin
 * J06BB13 Pertussis immunoglobulin
 * J06BB14 Morbilli immunoglobulin
 * J06BB15 Parotitis immunoglobulin
 * J06BB19 Anthrax immunoglobulin
 * J06BB30 Combinations

J06BC Antibacterial monoclonal antibodies

 * J06BC01 Nebacumab
 * J06BC02 Raxibacumab
 * J06BC03 Bezlotoxumab
 * J06BC04 Obiltoxaximab

J06BD Antiviral monoclonal antibodies

 * J06BD01 Palivizumab
 * J06BD02 Motavizumab
 * J06BD03 Tixagevimab and cilgavimab
 * J06BD04 Ansuvimab
 * J06BD05 Sotrovimab
 * J06BD06 Regdanvimab
 * J06BD07 Casirivimab and imdevimab
 * J06BD08 Nirsevimab

title: ATC code J06


text:
Gigi D'Agostino

Luigino Celestino di Agostino (born 17 December 1967), known professionally as Gigi D'Agostino, is an Italian DJ and music producer. In 1986, he started his career as a DJ spinning Italo disco. His biggest chart successes include "Bla Bla Bla", "Another Way", a cover of Nik Kershaw's "The Riddle", "La Passion", "Super" and "L'Amour Toujours", all in the years 1999 and 2000. The hookline of "L'Amour Toujours" was also used for the 2018 hit game remix/mashup "In My Mind".

Early life and education
Born in Turin, Italy on 17 December 1967, to parents from Salerno, Campania, D'Agostino spent his childhood between Turin and Brescia, where the Media Records studios are located. As a child, D'Agostino wanted to be someone in the world of disco music. Starting out working as a stonemason and a fitter, he began his musical career as a DJ by organizing parties in clubs. His debut was in a club near Turin called "Woodstock". He worked also in a small club called Palladio in Cascinette d'Ivrea (30 km north from Turin) from 1987 until around 1992 and in a club called Le Palace in the Valentino Castle Garden in Turin. He was resident DJ of an Italian disco named Ultimo Impero from 1993 to 1998.

1990s
D'Agostino's first release was Noise Makers Theme, a double-A-sided record with a track by Daniele Gas on the other side, which launched the Noise Maker label, under the direction of Italo house producer Gianfranco Bortolotti. D'Agostino would continue working with Gas, as well as Mauro Picotto's production team in the following years. As a DJ, D'Agostino is known as one of the "pioneers of Mediterranean Progressive Dance", consisting of minimalistic sounds and Latin and Mediterranean melodies. As a record producer, D'Agostino's uses the pseudonym "Gigi Dag"; he transforms a piece, originally destined for the discos, into a success for the mainstream public.

After successes like the track "Sweetly", he joined the team of Bortolotti, the general manager of Media Records and suddenly reached the top of the hit parades. His single "FLY", published in 1996 with BXR Noise Maker, the label created by Media Records for Mediterranea progressive house, reached the top of the sales in Italy. This was followed by his single "Gigi's Violin".

Subsequently, D'Agostino released the song "Angel's Symphony" with R.A.F. by Mauro Picotto, a friend from Media Records. His biggest project was the self-titled debut album Gigi D'Agostino, consisting of 19 tracks, which sold over 60,000 copies.

After his rise to success, D'Agostino's musical style changed, with his sound becoming more melodic, at midway between house and progressive, with more energetic and melodious sonorities and less obsessive rhythms, also known as Italo dance.

In 1997, he released the single "Gin Lemon", followed by "Your Love (Elisir)" (1998), "Cuba Libre" (1999), and "Bla Bla Bla" (1999). He later released the album Eurodance Compilation, which contained five unpublished tracks. With this compilation, he earned a platinum disc and was awarded "Best Producer in 1999" at the Italian Dance Awards. In October, D'Agostino released another hit single, entitled "Another Way".

In 1999, his album L'Amour Toujours (released in 2001 in the United States) included 23 tracks on two CDs, with the hit song "L'Amour Toujours" bringing him to the 10th position in the sales parade in Italy; as a result, he earned another Platinum Disc. His 1999 single "Bla Bla Bla" became a major hit in Europe. He described the single as "a piece I wrote thinking of all the people who talk and talk without saying anything!"

2000s
In 2000, his remake of the Nik Kershaw song "The Riddle" sold 1,000,000 copies in Germany and 200,000 copies in France. He also released the albums Tecno Fes (August 2000) and Tecno Fes - EP, Vol. 2 (December 2000).

In 2001, he released L'Amour Toujours EP, consisting of three songs: two new versions of "L'amour Toujours" and "Un Giorno Credi", a single made in collaboration with Edoardo Bennato. "Un Giorno Credi" reached the top of the parades in Italy and became one of the most played songs in the national and international music networks. He was also awarded with "Best DJ-Producer of the Year" at the "Red Bull Awards" in Italy.

In 2001, he also released the hit "Super", as a result of a collaboration with Albertino (an Italian music artist), which won him the awards "Best Dance Producer" at the PIM (Italian Music Award) and "Public Award" at the Danish DJs Award in Copenhagen, Denmark. In December of that year, he released Il Grande Viaggio, a compilation of his favourite songs, including old electronic pieces and new rhythms and melodies. As a result, he was awarded with "Best Dance Producer" at the Italian Dance Awards.

In 2003, he released the song "Ripassa" in the EP Underconstruction 1: Silence, a hit which is very important for his next productions. This song helped influence Lento Violento, a subgenre that had yet to be distinguished.

On 15 July 2004, his compilation "Euro Dance" won Platinum certification with 120,000 copies sold in just a few weeks.

In December 2004, D'Agostino released his fourth studio album, L'Amour Toujours II.D'Agostino has played in some well-known clubs throughout Europe, including in Italy, Spain, France, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Germany, Switzerland, and England (in 1996, he played at the Ministry of Sound in London with Mauro Picotto).

In 2006, he created his own new record label called "Noisemaker Hard" to differentiate the style of music released under his older record label, "Noisemaker".

In 2007, D'Agostino released Lento Violento ...e altre storie, a compilation which contains two CDs and his new 35 Lento Violento songs. Most important "hits" of the album are "Cammino" (a collaboration with Dimitri Mazza) and "Vorrei Fare una Canzone" (a collaboration with Gerolamo Sacco) according to YouTube views.

After some months, he released the compilation La musica che pesta under the name "Lento Violento Man", which contains two CDs for a total of 38 unmixed tracks.

From 2005 until January 2010, he had radio programs, on the Italian Radio m2o Musica allo Stato Puro (in English: "Music at the Pure State"), called "Il Cammino di Gigi D'Agostino" and "Quello che mi piace ". They consist of DJ sets played by Gigi, and featured new remixes of his songs and songs by Italian and international artists.

2010s
In August 2011, he released a digital single Stay With Me. This was released a few months after he postponed the release of his upcoming album Mondo Reale.

In May 2017, CBC News reported that his music is popular in the remote Canadian Inuit community of Arviat, where D'Agostino's "slicing, bass-heavy beats have a lot in common with the music of traditional Inuit drum-dancing."

In 2018, along with Dynoro, Gigi released "In My Mind" which became an international hit.

 2020s

In May 2024, his song L'Amour Toujours was banned by the organizers of several festivals in Germany after it was used as a rendition for the slogans "Foreigners out" and "Germany is for Germans."

Logo
Starting with his 1999 album Bla Bla Bla, many of D'Agostino's album covers have featured a logo consisting of the Chinese character 舞, pronounced wǔ, and meaning to dance.

Compilations

 * A Journey into Space (1996)
 * Le Voyage Estate (1996)
 * The Greatest Hits (1996) (best-of album)
 * Progressiva (1996)
 * Progressiva Hyperspace (1997)
 * Il Grande Viaggio Di Gigi D'Agostino Vol. 1 (2001)
 * Il programmino di Gigi D'agostino (2003)
 * Live at Altromondo (2003)
 * Benessere 1 (2004)
 * Live at Altromondo 2 (2004)
 * Laboratorio 1 (2004)
 * Laboratorio 2 (2005)
 * Laboratorio 3 (2005)
 * Disco Tanz (2005)
 * Some Experiments (2006)
 * Lento Violento ...e altre storie (2007)
 * La Musica Che Pesta (as Lento Violento Man) (2007)
 * Suono Libero (2008)
 * Movimenti Incoerenti Vol. 1 (2009)
 * Movimenti Incoerenti Vol. 2 (2009)
 * Movimenti Incoerenti Vol. 3 (2009)
 * The Essential Gigi D'Agostino (2009) (Austria and Germany only) (best-of album)
 * Ieri & Oggi Mix Vol. 1 (2010)
 * Ieri & Oggi Mix Vol. 2 (2010)
 * Gigi D'Agostino Collection Vol. 1 (2019)
 * Gigi D'Agostino Collection Vol. 2 (2019)

title: Gigi D'Agostino