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List of political parties campaigning for self-government

This is a list of political parties campaigning for self-government. Listed here are parties with a specific ethnic minority background or regional parties active on a national level promoting more autonomy or independence for their region. Only parliamentary (including regional parliaments or councils) or former parliamentary parties are listed. Some of these parties are members or observers of the European Free Alliance (EFA).

Belgium
See the Political parties in Belgium, since most parties are regionalist.

Canada
Quebec: See the List of political parties in Quebec, since most Quebec parties are regionalist.

Republic of China (Taiwan)
Taiwan Solidarity Union - seeks creation of a "Republic of Taiwan"

Democratic Progressive Party - seeks international recognition of the current de jure independence of "Republic of China, Taiwan" as stipulated in articles of the 1933 Montevideo Convention.

Faroe Islands
See the List of political parties in the Faroe Islands, since most Faroese parties are regionalist.

Greenland
See the List of political parties in Greenland, since most Greenland parties are regionalist.

Finland
Swedish speaking: see the List of political parties in Åland, since all Åland parties are regionalist.

Alsace

 * Unser Land
 * Alsace d'abord

Basque Country

 * Basque Solidarity
 * Basque Nationalist Party
 * Abertzaleen Batasuna

Brittany

 * Breton Democratic Union
 * Breton Party
 * Emgann

Corsica

 * Party of the Corsican Nation
 * Corsican Nation

Martinique

 * Martinican Independence Movement
 * Martinican Progressive Party
 * Build the Martinique Country

Northern Catalonia

 * Catalan Unity

Occitania

 * Occitan Party

Savoy

 * Savoy Region Movement
 * Savoyan League

Bavaria

 * Bavaria Party

Lower Saxony

 * The Friesens

Lusatia

 * Lusatian Alliance

Schleswig-Holstein

 * South Schleswig Voter Federation

India

 * Bharat Rashtra Samithi (successful)
 * Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (successful)
 * Gorkha Janmukti Morcha

Iraq

 * Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq
 * Patriotic Union of Kurdistan

Alto Adige/South Tyrol

 * South Tyrolean People's Party
 * Die Freiheitlichen
 * South Tyrolean Freedom
 * Greens of South Tyrol
 * Citizens' Union for South Tyrol
 * Ladins Dolomites
 * Lega Alto Adige Südtirol
 * We South Tyroleans

Aosta Valley

 * Valdostan Union
 * Edelweiss
 * Autonomist Federation
 * Progressive Valdostan Union
 * Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology
 * Lega Vallée d'Aoste

Apulia

 * Apulia First of All
 * Southern Action League
 * Moderates and Populars

Emilia-Romagna

 * Lega Emilia
 * Lega Romagna

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

 * Lega Friuli-Venezia Giulia
 * Slovene Union
 * Friuli Movement
 * Julian Front

Liguria

 * Lega Liguria
 * Ligurian Independentist Movement

Lombardy

 * Lega Lombarda
 * Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda

Marche

 * Lega Marche

Northern and Central Italy

 * Lega Nord / Lega

Piedmont

 * Lega Piemonte
 * Lega Padana

Sardinia

 * Sardigna Natzione Indipendentzia
 * Sardinian Reformers
 * Fortza Paris
 * Union of Sardinians
 * Sardinian Action Party
 * Independence Republic of Sardinia
 * Sardinia Tomorrow
 * Red Moors

Sicily

 * Party of the Sicilians
 * Movement for the Independence of Sicily
 * Reformist Democrats for Sicily
 * The Other South

Southern Italy

 * Great South
 * Movement for the Autonomies
 * Reality Italy–Autonomy South
 * Southern Action League
 * Lega Sud Ausonia

Trentino

 * Union for Trentino
 * Lega Trentino
 * Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party
 * Administer Trentino
 * Ladin Autonomist Union
 * Trentino Civic List

Tuscany

 * Lega Toscana
 * More Tuscany

Umbria

 * Lega Umbria

Veneto

 * Liga Veneta
 * North East Union
 * North East Project
 * Liga Veneta Repubblica
 * Venetians Movement
 * Venetian Independence
 * Liga Veneto Autonomo
 * Toward North
 * Veneto State

Sweden

 * Scanian Party

New Zealand

 * New Munster Party
 * NZ South Island Party
 * South Island Party (2008)

Pakistan

 * Balochistan National Party (Awami)
 * Balochistan National Party (Mengal)
 * Awami National Party
 * Pukhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party

Nevis
Concerned Citizens Movement

Serbia

 * League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina

Castile

 * Castilian Left (Izquierda Castellana)
 * Castilian Party (Partido Castellano)

Andalusia

 * Andalucista Party

Aragon

 * Aragonese Party (Partido Aragonés)
 * Aragonese Union (Chunta Aragonesista)

Asturias

 * Asturian Left (Izquierda Asturiana)
 * Andecha Astur

Balearic Islands

 * Socialist Party of Majorca
 * Proposal for the Isles (Proposta per les Illes)

Basque Country

 * Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco)
 * Basque Solidarity (Eusko Alkartasuna)
 * Aralar
 * Communist Party of the Basque Homelands
 * EH Bildu

Canary Islands

 * Canarian Coalition
 * New Canaries

Catalonia

 * Convergence and Unity (Convergència i Unió), coalition of:
 * Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya)
 * Democratic Union of Catalonia (Unió Democràtica de Catalunya)
 * Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya)
 * Initiative for Catalonia Greens (Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds), formerly in coalition with Izquierda Unida

Galicia

 * Galician Nationalist Bloc (Bloque Nacionalista Galego)

León

 * Leonese People's Union (Unión del Pueblo Leonés)

Navarra

 * Navarrese People's Union (Unión del Pueblo Navarro)
 * Nafarroa Bai

Valencia

 * Compromise Coalition (Coalició Compromís)

Sri Lanka

 * Tamil National Alliance

Scania

 * Scania Party

Switzerland

 * Ticino League

Turkey

 * Peace and Democracy Party
 * Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)

North of England

 * Northern Independence Party

Yorkshire

 * Yorkshire Party
 * Yorkshire Liberal Democrats

Cornwall

 * Mebyon Kernow – the Party for Cornwall

Wessex

 * Wessex Regionalist Party

England

 * English Democrats

Scotland

 * Scottish National Party
 * Scottish Greens
 * Alba Party

Wales

 * Plaid Cymru – the Party of Wales
 * Propel
 * Gwlad

Northern Ireland
All parties in the Northern Ireland Assembly support continued devolution for Northern Ireland. Irish nationalist/republican parties support a united Ireland.

Alaska

 * Alaskan Independence Party

California

 * California National Party

Puerto Rico

 * Puerto Rican Independence Party


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Calystegia

Calystegia (bindweed, false bindweed, or morning glory) is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the bindweed family Convolvulaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and subtropical regions, but with half of the species endemic to California. They are annual or herbaceous perennial twining vines growing 1–5 m tall, with spirally arranged leaves. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, 3–10 cm diameter, white or pink, with (in most species) a sometimes inflated basal epicalyx.

The genus bears much similarity to a related genus Convolvulus, and is sometimes combined with it; it is distinguished primarily by the pollen being smooth, and in the ovary being unilocular.

Some of the species, notably Calystegia sepium and C. silvatica, are problematic weeds, which can swamp other more valuable plants by climbing over them, but some are also deliberately grown for their attractive flowers.

Calystegia species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bedellia somnulentella (recorded on C. sepium) and small angle shades.

The name is derived from two Greek words kalyx or kalux, "cup", and stege, "a covering", meaning "a covering cup", this refers to the large bracts that cover the sepals.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Calystegia:

 * Calystegia affinis
 * Calystegia atriplicifolia – nightblooming false bindweed
 * Calystegia binghamiae
 * Calystegia brummittii
 * Calystegia catesbiana – Catesby's false bindweed
 * Calystegia collina – Coast Range false bindweed
 * Calystegia felix
 * Calystegia hederacea – Japanese false bindweed
 * Calystegia × howittiorum
 * Calystegia × krauseana
 * Calystegia longipes – Paiute false bindweed, plateau morning glory
 * Calystegia × lucana
 * Calystegia macaunii – Macoun's false bindweed
 * Calystegia macrostegia – island false bindweed
 * Calystegia malacophylla – sierra false bindweed
 * Calystegia marginata – small-flowered white bindweed New Zealand
 * Calystegia × melnikovae
 * Calystegia occidentalis – chaparral false bindweed
 * Calystegia peirsonii – Peirson's false bindweed
 * Calystegia pellita – hairy false bindweed
 * Calystegia pubescens
 * Calystegia × pulchra – hairy bindweed
 * Calystegia purpurata – Pacific false bindweed
 * Calystegia × scania
 * Calystegia sepium – large bindweed, hedge bindweed, bearbind, hedgebell (type species)
 * Calystegia silvatica – great bindweed, shortstalk bindweed
 * Calystegia soldanella – sea bindweed, seashore false bindweed, beach morning glory
 * Calystegia spithamaea – low false bindweed, upright bindweed
 * Calystegia stebbinsii – Stebbins' false bindweed, Stebbins' morning glory
 * Calystegia subacaulis – hillside false bindweed
 * Calystegia tuguriorum – New Zealand bindweed, pōuwhiwhi, pōwhiwhi, rarotawake Pōuwhiwhi_(Calystegia_tuguriorum).jpg
 * Calystegia vanzuukiae

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Calystegia


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Iruma District, Saitama

Iruma (入間郡) is a district located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

In the 2005 census reports, the district has an estimated population of 89,552. The total area is 89.77 km2.

The district consists of three towns:
 * Miyoshi
 * Moroyama
 * Ogose

District timeline

 * April 9, 1972: The town of Fukuoka gains city status and is renamed Kamifukuoka.
 * April 10, 1972: The town of Fujimi gains city status.
 * September 1, 1976: The town of Sakado gains city status.
 * September 1, 1991: The town of Tsurugashima gains city status.
 * October 1, 1991: The town of Hidaka gains city status.
 * January 1, 2005: The village of Naguri merges with the city of Hannō.
 * October 1, 2005: The town of Ōi merges with the city of Kamifukuoka to create the new city of Fujimino.

title: Iruma District, Saitama


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Green-cheeked parakeet

The green-cheeked parakeet (Pyrrhura molinae), also sometimes known as the green-cheeked conure in aviculture, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay.

Taxonomy and systematics
The green-cheeked parakeet has six subspecies:

 * P. m. flavoptera Maijer, Herzog, Kessler, Friggens & Fjeldsa, 1998
 * P. m. molinae (Massena & Souance, 1854)
 * P. m. phoenicura (Schlegel, 1864)
 * P. m. hypoxantha (Salvadori 1899)
 * P. m. restricta Todd, 1947
 * P. m. australis Todd, 1915

Subspecies P. m. hypoxantha was previously known as P. m. sordida and was sometimes treated as a separate species. However, by the principle of priority the older name hypoxantha replaced sordida. The green-cheeked parakeet has also been treated as conspecific with the maroon-bellied parakeet (P. frontalis).

The green-cheeked parakeet is most closely related to the maroon-bellied, pearly (P. lepida), and crimson-bellied (P. perlata) parakeets.

Description
The green-cheeked parakeet is 25 to 26 cm long and weighs 62 to 81 g. The sexes are the same sizes. Adults of the nominate subspecies P. m. molinae are dull brown from forehead to nape and have green cheeks, ashy brown ear coverts, and a creamy white ring of bare skin around the eye. Their upperparts are green. Their chin, throat, and the sides of their neck are a scaly brown and whitish. Their belly is dull reddish and their lower flanks and vent area are green. Their wing is mostly green, with bluish flight feathers. Their tail is dull reddish. Immatures are similar to adults but without the red belly.

Subspecies P. m. phoenicura is green on the upper surface of its tail's base. P. m. restricta has a blue collar, a blue tinge on its cheeks, and a smaller red belly patch than the nominate. P. m. hypoxantha has a paler crown and less distinct scaling on the breast than the nominate. P. m. australis is paler than the nominate and has a larger red belly patch. P. m. flavoptera is orange to red at the bend of the wing and on the carpal edge and is otherwise like the nominate.

A small number of individuals of P. m. hypoxantha have mostly yellow underparts.

Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of the green-cheeked parakeet are found thus:

 * P. m. flavoptera, west-central Bolivia in southeastern La Paz and northwestern Cochabamba departments
 * P. m. molinae, Bolivia between La Paz and Chuquisaca departments
 * P. m. phoenicura, northeastern Santa Cruz Department in northeastern Bolivia and southwestern Mato Grosso in Brazil
 * P. m. hypoxantha, eastern Santa Cruz Department in extreme eastern Bolivia, western Mato Grosso do Sul in southwestern Brazil, and northern Paraguay
 * P. m. restricta, central Santa Cruz Department in east-central Bolivia
 * P. m. australis, from southern Bolivia's Tarija Department into northwestern Argentina as far as Tucumán Province

The green-cheeked parakeet inhabits lowland woodlands and forest (chiefly deciduous), secondary forest, and gallery forest in the lower elevations of the Pantanal and humid subtropical forest as high as 2000 m.

Movement
The populations of green-cheeked parakeet breeding in higher elevations move to lower ones in winter.

Feeding
The green-cheeked parakeet has a varied diet that, in the wild, consists of fruits, seeds, flowers and, to a lesser extent, nectar and leaves.

Breeding
The green-cheeked parakeet's breeding season in Argentina includes February, but its season elsewhere has not been defined. It nests in tree cavities. In captivity the clutch size is four to six eggs, the incubation period is 22 to 25 days, both sexes incubate the clutch, and fledging occurs about seven weeks after hatch.

Vocalization
The green-cheeked parakeet's flight calls "comprise rather high-pitched notes with a grating quality and usually given in fast series, e.g. "krree krree krree", but also single "kuree" notes." From a perch it "utters high-pitched, more melodious notes, such as a bisyllabic "rrekeet" or "keew"." However, perched birds are often silent. Flocks in flight "call frequently and simultaneously, producing a noisy, harsh and piercing chattering."

Status
The IUCN has assessed the green-cheeked parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered common in much of its range.

In aviculture
Green-cheeked parakeets are common in aviculture and are popular companion parrots. They are playful, affectionate and intelligent, known as having a "big personality in a small body". They can learn to talk, albeit with a limited vocabulary and a gravelly voice. They like to be held (although some like it more than others) and can learn tricks such as lying on their backs, "kissing", shaking, hanging upside down, minor tool use, and even can be potty trained. Green-cheeked parrots are not very loud at most times, so even an apartment dweller can enjoy their companionship. They are the quietest of the conures and can learn tricks and have a limited vocabulary, with extensive training. They can be prone to biting, particularly when young, but an owner can cure this behavior with patience and time.

When cared for properly, captive green-cheeked parakeets can live 25–30 years. However, their average lifespan in captivity is closer to 10 years, due to frequent neglect and/or an incorrect diet.

Color variations
In addition to the natural color forms, color varieties have been selectively bred in aviculture:
 * Cinnamon are lime green and have a lighter, paler coloring. The head is tan and the tail feathers are a lighter maroon compared to normal green-cheeked parakeets.
 * Yellow-sided have bright-colored breasts that graduate from red to yellow and dark gray heads. Rarely, they also possess a bright yellow feather on each side of the upper wing. This is a rare recessive character of which only one hatchling in approximately 10 clutches can be found to have. This feature often increases their value.
 * Pineapple are a combination of the cinnamon and yellow-sided variations. They have a breast of bright colors, a tan head and lime green feathers on the back like a cinnamon green-cheeked parrot. The tail feathers are the same as a yellow-sided, providing a halo effect.
 * Turquoise have a body with some blue-green and green feathers. The end of the wing feathers have a highly iridescent quality if left unclipped. The breast feathers are grayish and the tail feathers are gray.
 * Green/red/blue apple varieties are less common, but have been seen.

title: Green-cheeked parakeet


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Namegawa, Saitama

Namegawa (滑川町) is a town located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 19,594 in 8029 households and a population density of 660 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 29.68 sqkm.

Geography
Namegawa is located in a hilly region of central Saitama Prefecture, approximately 60 kilometers from central Tokyo. The city measures 7.2 kilometers from north-to-south by 4.8 kilometers from east-to-west, and consists of a mixture of plateaus and hills, with an elevation of 30 to 130 meters above sea level. The Wada River runs near the border with Kumagaya at the northern end of the town, the Ichino River runs in the southern part of the town, and Namegawa (after which the town is named) runs almost through the center.

Surrounding municipalities
Saitama Prefecture
 * Kumagaya
 * Higshimatsuyama
 * Ranzan

Climate
Namegawa has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Namegawa is 14.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1746 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.7 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Namegawa has increased by roughly 150 percent over the past half century.

History
The village of Namegawa was created on November 3, 1954 by the merger of the villages of Fukuda and Miyamae in Hiki District, Saitama. It was elevated to town status on November 3, 1984. Proposals to merge Namegawa with one or more of its neighbors have been made in 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008 without success.

Government
Namegawa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Namegawa, together with the towns of Ranzan, Ogawa and Tokigawa, contributes one member to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 10th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Namegawa is largely agricultural, although it is also a bedroom community to a significant percentage of the working population, who commute to nearby Saitama City or Tokyo.

Education
Namegawa has three public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Saitama Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
Tōbu Railway - Tōbu Tōjō Line
 * Shinrinkōen – Tsukinowa

Local attractions

 * Musashi Kyūryō National Government Park

title: Namegawa, Saitama


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Ranzan, Saitama

Ranzan (嵐山町) is a town located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 17,755 in 8150 households and a population density of 590 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 29.92 sqkm.

Geography
Ranzan is located in central Saitama Prefecture. The Higashimatsuyama Plateau extends to the central and northern parts of the town/

Surrounding municipalities
Saitama Prefecture
 * Fukaya
 * Higashimatsuyama
 * Kumagaya
 * Ogawa
 * Namegawa
 * Tokigawa
 * Hatoyama
 * Yorii

Climate
Ranzan has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ranzan is 14.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1746 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.5 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ranzan peaked around the year 2000 and has declined since.

History
The villages of Sugaya and Nanasato were created within Hiki District, Saitama with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. The two villages merged on April 15, 1955 as Sugaya village, which was elevated to town status on April 15, 1967, taking the name of Ranzan.

Government
Ranzan has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Ranzan, together with the towns of Tokigawa, Ogawa and Namekawa, contributes one member to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 10th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Ranzan is primarily agricultural; however, the town also have a large industrial park. Toppan Printing, Matsuya Foods and Myojo Foods are major employers.

Education
Ranzan has three public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town does not have a public high school, however, there is one private middle school and one private high school.

Railway
Tōbu Railway - Tōbu Tōjō Line
 * Musashi-Ranzan

Local attractions

 * Site of Sugaya Yakata, National Historic Site
 * Site of Sugiyama Castle, National Historic Site

title: Ranzan, Saitama


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Ogawa, Saitama

Ogawa (小川町) is a town in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 28,971 in 12,989 households and a population density of 480 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 60.36 sqkm.

Geography
Ogawa is in central Saitama Prefecture in the Ogawa basin and is surrounded by the Sotochichibu Mountains. Surrounding municipalities are Ranzan, Tokigawa, Yorii and Higashichichibu, all in Saitama Prefecture.

Climate
Ogawa has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ogawa is 14.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1746 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.0 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ogawa peaked around the year 2000 and has declined since.

History
The village of Ogawa was created within Hiki District, Saitama with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Ogawa annexed the neighboring villages of Okawa, Takezawa and Yawata on February 1, 1955. Tokigawa and Tamagawa merged to form the town of Tokigawa.

Government
Ogawa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 16 members. Ogawa, together with the towns of Tokigawa, Ranzan and Namekawa, contributes one member to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 10th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The town used to be famous for Japanese traditional papermaking (washi).

Education
Ogawa has six public elementary schools and three public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Saitama Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
JR East - Hachikō Line Tōbu Railway - Tōbu Tōjō Line
 * Ogawamachi - Takezawa
 * Ogawamachi - Tōbu-Takezawa

title: Ogawa, Saitama


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Oscar Gustave Rejlander

Oscar Gustave Rejlander (Stockholm, 19 October 1813 – Clapham, London, 18 January 1875) was a pioneering Victorian art photographer and an expert in photomontage. His collaboration with Charles Darwin on The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals has assured him a position in the history of behavioural science and psychiatry.

Biography
According to his naturalisation papers, Rejlander was born in Stockholm on 19 October 1813. He was the son of Carl Gustaf Rejlander, a stonemason and Swedish Army Officer. During his youth, his family moved to the Swedish-speaking community in Rauma, Grand Duchy of Finland (then part of Russia). In the 1830s, he relocated to England, initially settling in Lincoln, England. In the 1850s he abandoned his original profession as a painter and portrait miniaturist, apparently after seeing how well a photograph captured the fold of a sleeve.

He set up as a portraitist in the industrial Midlands town of Wolverhampton, probably around 1846. In the early 1850s he learned the wet-collodion and waxed-paper processes at great speed with Nicholas Henneman in London, and then changed his business to that of a photography studio. He undertook genre work and portraiture. Rejlander also produced nude studies, mainly for use as studies by painters, and later revealed that his early work was made with the aid of a local troupe of theatrical performers.

Rejlander undertook many experiments to perfect his photography, including combination printing, which he did not invent; however, he created more elaborate and convincing composite photographs than any prior photographer. He had articles feature in the Wolverhampton Chronicle newspaper, on 15 November 1854 an article called "Improvement in Calotypes, by Mr. O.G. Rejlander, of Wolverhampton" it suggests that by 1854 he was experimenting with combination printing from several negatives. He was a friend of photographer Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll), who collected Rejlander's work and corresponded with him on technical matters. Rejlander later created one of the best known and most revealing portraits of Dodgson. Like Dodgson, Rejlander's work included many pictures of "undraped" children:

 * "The remarks of his contemporaries bear witness to both his attainments and to the influence which he exercised. Some of his critics were exuberant. Thus one speaks of his undraped children as being as 'beautiful as those of Della Robbia, Flamingo, and Raphael.' Mr. H. Robinson, the immediate successor to Rejlander, who was also for many years a rival in seeking public applause for genre photography, calls the foregoing 'wonderful pictures of nude children.'"

Rejlander participated in the Paris Exhibition of 1855. In 1856 he made his best-known allegorical work, The Two Ways of Life. This was a seamlessly montaged combination print made of thirty-two images (akin to the use of Photoshop today, but then far more difficult to achieve) in about six weeks. First exhibited at the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857, the work shows a man being lured to paths of vice or virtue by good and bad angels. The image's partial nudity, which showed real women as they actually appeared and not the idealised forms then common in Victorian art, was deemed 'indecent' by some. Rejlander was also accused of using prostitutes as models, although Rejlander categorically denied this and no proof was ever offered. Reservations about the work subsided when Queen Victoria ordered a 10-guinea copy to give to Prince Albert. Victoria and Albert would go on to purchase three copies of the work, all of which are now lost.

Despite this royal patronage, controversy about The Two Ways of Life in Scotland in 1858 led to a secession of a large group from the Photographic Society of Scotland, the secessionists founding the Edinburgh Photographic Society in 1861. They objected to the picture being shown with one half of it concealed by drapes. The picture was also shown at the Birmingham Photographic Society with no such furor or censorship. However the Photographic Society of Scotland later made amends and invited Rejlander to a grand dinner in his honour in 1866, held to open an exhibition that included many of his pictures.

Rejlander moved his studio to Malden Road, London around 1862 and largely abandoned his early experiments with double exposure, photomontage, photographic manipulation and retouching. Instead, he became one of Britain's leading portraitists, creating pictures with psychological charge. He became a leading expert in photographic techniques, lecturing and publishing widely, and sold work through bookshops and art dealers. He also found subject-matter in London, photographing homeless London street children to produce popular 'social-protest' pictures such as "Poor Joe," also known as "Homeless".

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson visited Rejlander's Malden Road studio in 1863. Carroll was in the process of relocating his studio and sought Rejlander's advice regarding its design. Around 1863 Rejlander visited the Isle of Wight at the request of Julia Margaret Cameron and helped teach her photography.

Some of Rejlander's images were purchased as drawing-aids by Victorian painters of repute, such as Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema. In 1871 he contributed photographs to Darwin's classic treatise on The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.

Personal life
Rejlander married Mary Bull in 1862, who was twenty-four years his junior. Mary had been his photographic model in Wolverhampton.

Rejlander became seriously ill from about 1874. He died in 1875 with several claims on his estate, and costly funeral expenses. The Edinburgh Photographic Society raised money for his widow on Rejlander's death, and helped set up the Rejlander Memorial Fund. His grave is in Kensal Green Cemetery, and a new stone was placed there in 2012.

Collections
Rejlander's work is held in the permanent collections of many institutions worldwide, including the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Harvard Art Museums, the Clark Art Institute, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the J. Paul Getty Museum, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Princeton University Art Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts St. Petersburg, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the National Media Museum, Bradford, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.

title: Oscar Gustave Rejlander


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Tamagawa, Saitama

Tamagawa (玉川村) was a village located in Hiki District, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 5,568 and a density of 387.20 persons per km2. The total area was 14.38 km2.

On February 1, 2006, Tamagawa, along with the former village of Tokigawa (also from Hiki District), was merged to create the new town of Tokigawa.

title: Tamagawa, Saitama


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Kawajima, Saitama

Kawajima (川島町) is a town located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 19,653 in 8105 households and a population density of 470 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 41.63 sqkm.

Geography
Kawajima is located in the Arakawa River drainage basis in central Saitama Prefecture.

Surrounding municipalities
Saitama Prefecture
 * Kawagoe
 * Higshimatsuyama
 * Ageo
 * Okegawa
 * Kitamoto
 * Sakado
 * Yoshimi

Climate
Kawajima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kawajima is 14.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1448 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.0 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kawajima peaked around the year 2000 and has declined since.

History
The village of Kawajima was created on November 3, 1954 by the merger of the villages of Nakamura, Igusa, Mionoya, Demaru, Yatsuho, and Omino. It was elevated to town status on November 3, 1972.

Government
Kawajima has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Kawajima, together with the city of Higashimatsuyama and the town of Yoshimi, contributes two members to the Saitama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Saitama 10th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Honda has an assembly plant in Kawajima, which is a major local employer.

Education
Kawajima has four public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school. The Saitama Prefectural Board of Education operates one special education school for the handicapped.

Railway

 * Kawajima does not have any passenger rail service

Airports

 * Honda Airport

Noted people from Kawajima

 * Taimei Yamaguchi, politician

title: Kawajima, Saitama


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Orange Mountains

Orange Mountains can refer to:
 * Jayawijaya Mountains - mountain range in Indonesia
 * Watchung Mountains - mountain range in New Jersey

title: Orange Mountains


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Empangeni

Empangeni is a town in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is approximately 157 kilometres north of Durban, in hilly countryside, overlooking a flat coastal plain and the major harbour town of Richards Bay 16 kilometres away. The N2 freeway runs east from Empangeni intersecting John Ross Highway (R34) which connects Empangeni and Richards Bay.

The climate is sub-tropical with an average temperature of 28.4 °C in summer and 14.5 °C in Winter. The town is said, by local residents, to not have a real winter, as temperatures are seldom very low.

Humble beginnings
In 1851, the Norwegian Missionary Society established a mission station on the banks of the eMpangeni river. The river was named after the profusion of Mpange trees (Trema guineensis) growing along its banks. The mission was later moved to Eshowe, 61 kilometres north-west. In 1894 a magistracy was established. The Zululand Railway reached the town in January 1903 and linked the area to Durban and Eshowe. The government planted eucalyptus trees in 1905 as part of an experimental timber plantation. The plantation was a success and led to large scale planting along the coastal belt. In 1906 Empangeni became a village. Rapid expansion began when a sugar mill was erected at Felixton. The establishment of the Empangeni Sugar Mill set the area on the road to rapid development. Empangeni was officially proclaimed as a township on 15 January 1931 and declared a borough on 13 October 1960.

The reign of the Hammerman
A small town, Empangeni made the headlines in the early 1980s for a very unfortunate reason. Serial killer Simon Mpungose was terrorising the citizens of Empangeni during his spree of violent murders. The 35-year-old Mpungose was given the name ‘Hammerman’ because he would break into homes in the dead of night and kill the occupants with a hammer before robbing them of their possessions. When he was brought to trial in November 1984, shortly after his arrest that same year, the Empangeni court was told that Mpungose attacked many other people during violent robberies, but never touched the children of his victims. During the trial Mpungose stated that he wanted to die as he had a hard life, complicated by the actions of people who did not understand his plight.

He sentenced him to hang, whereupon Mpungose threw his blue tracksuit into the public gallery, shouted, and threatened to expose his penis to the court before he was restrained with handcuffs. He was hanged a year later on Friday, 29 November 1985 in Pretoria.

The Riots of 2021
Empangeni was one of the town severely damaged during the riots and subsequent looting that broke out in parts of South Africa in July 2021. Many businesses did not reopen following the carnage.

Education
Empangeni has a number of respected schools.

High schools

 * Empangeni High School {EHS}
 * Mevamhlophe High School
 * St Catherine's Empangeni
 * Old Mill High School {OMS}
 * Richem Secondary
 * Felixton College
 * Khombindlela High School {KHS}
 * Ehawini Technical High School
 * Thanduyise High School
 * Nongweleza High School
 * Amangwe High School
 * Matshana High School

Primary schools

 * Grantham Park
 * Heuwelland
 * Empangeni Preparatory School
 * Empangeni Educare Centre
 * Empangeni Christian School
 * Phesheya Primary school
 * Thembelihle Primary school
 * Nqutshini Primary School
 * Wood and Raw Primary School
 * Siyakhanyisa Primary School
 * Ngweni Primary School

Religion
Empangeni is home to a number of faiths, including Christian, Muslim, and Jehovah's Witness. Christianity and the Nazareth Baptist church are the dominant faith in Empangeni with a large number or operating church, amongst them are Christian Family Church, The Redeemed Christian Church of God, Empangeni Methodist Church, AGS Empangeni, Victory Family Church, Full Gospel Church, Lutheran Church, Solid Ground Church, Empangeni Baptist Church, Uniting Reformed Church (Dutch), the Catholic Church, The Methodist Church ,Holy cross and St Thomas in Felixton

Sports
Empangeni has a strong sporting community, most of whom participate in one or more of these sports:
 * Golf
 * Rugby
 * Squash
 * Pool
 * Bowls
 * Cricket
 * Soccer
 * Hockey

Notable people

 * Vincent Koch, rugby player
 * Jessica Nkosi, actress
 * Celeste Ntuli, comedienne, presenter & actress
 * Mildred Oliphant, politician
 * Siyabonga Sangweni, footballer
 * Ian Vermaak, tennis player
 * Muzi, musician
 * Schalk Brits, Rugby World Cup winning hooker
 * Matthew Mole, musician

Local media

 * The Zululand Observer newspaper
 * Icora FM community radio station
 * Ikalamva Films
 * Vibe Online

Ngwelezane township
Ngwelezane is a township at the outskirts of Empangeni. The township is home to the Ngwelezane Hospital, a 554 beds institution and a tertiary hospital.

In 2020 Residents joined forces to form a Green committee called "The Green Champions" which consists of young energetic patriotic members of the community led by Siyamthanda Community Services. The Green Champions spearheads the greening of Ngwelezane Township through their weekly "Adopt A Spot" campaign, where they turn illegal dumping spots and bushy neglected spaces into Green Spaces.

title: Empangeni


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Richard Evans Schultes

Richard Evans Schultes (SHULL-tees; January 12, 1915 – April 10, 2001) was an American biologist, considered to be the father of modern ethnobotany. He is known for his studies of the uses of plants by indigenous peoples, especially the indigenous peoples of the Americas. He worked on entheogenic or hallucinogenic plants, particularly in Mexico and the Amazon, involving lifelong collaborations with chemists. He had charismatic influence as an educator at Harvard University; several of his students and colleagues went on to write popular books and assume influential positions in museums, botanical gardens, and popular culture.

His book The Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers (1979), co-authored with chemist Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD, is considered his greatest popular work: it has never been out of print and was revised into an expanded second edition, based on a German translation by Christian Rätsch (1998), in 2001.

Early life and education
Schultes was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 12, 1915. His father was a plumber. He grew up and was educated in East Boston. His interest in South America's rain forests traced back to his childhood: while he was bedridden, his parents read him excerpts of Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and the Andes, by 19th century English botanist Richard Spruce. He received a full scholarship to Harvard.

In 1933, Schultes entered Harvard University, where he planned to pursue medicine. However, that changed after he took Biology 104, "Plants and Human Affairs," taught by orchidologist and Director of the Harvard Botanical Museum Oakes Ames. Ames became a mentor, and Schultes became an assistant in the Botanical Museum; his undergraduate senior thesis studied the ritual use of peyote cactus among the Kiowa of Oklahoma, obtaining a degree in biology in 1937.

Continuing at Harvard under Ames, he completed his Master of Arts in biology in 1938 and his Ph.D. in botany in 1941. Schultes' doctoral thesis investigated the lost identity of the Mexican hallucinogenic plants teonanácatl mushrooms belonging to the genus Psilocybe, and ololiuqui, a morning glory species, in Oaxaca, Mexico. He received a fellowship from the National Research Council to study the plants used to make curare.

Career
The entry of the United States into World War II saw Schultes diverted to the search for wild disease-resistant Hevea rubber species in an effort to free the U.S. from dependence on Southeast Asia's rubber plantations which had become unavailable owing to Japanese occupation.

In early 1942, as a field agent for the governmental Rubber Development Corporation, Schultes began work on rubber and concurrently undertook research on Amazonian ethnobotany, under a Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.

Schultes' botanical field-work among aboriginal American communities led him to be one of the first to alert the world about destruction of the Amazon rain-forest and the disappearance of its native people. He collected over thirty thousand herbarium specimens (including three hundred species new to Western science) and published numerous ethnobotanical discoveries including the source of the dart poison known as curare, now commonly employed as a muscle relaxant during surgery. He was the first non-native individual to academically examine ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic brew made out of Banisteriopsis caapi vine in combination with various plants; of which he identified Psychotria viridis (Chacruna) and Diplopterys cabrerana (Chaliponga), both of which contained a potent short-acting hallucinogen, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT). In his travels he lived with the indigenous peoples and viewed them with respect and felt that tribal chiefs were gentlemen; he understood the languages of the Witoto and Makuna peoples. He encountered dangers in his travels, including hunger, beriberi, repeated bouts of malaria, and near drowning.

Schultes became curator of Harvard's Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium in 1953, curator of Economic Botany in 1958, and professor of biology in 1970. His ever-popular undergraduate course on economic botany was noted for his Victorian demeanor, lectures delivered in a white lab coat, insistence on memorization of systematic botanical names, films depicting native ritual use of plant inebriants, blowgun demonstrations, and hands-on labs (using plant sources of grain, paper, caffeine, dyes, medicines, and tropical fruits). His composed and kindly persona and expressive eye gestures helped capture the imagination of the many students he inspired.

In 1959, Schultes married Dorothy Crawford McNeil, an opera soprano who performed in Europe and the United States. They had three children, Richard Evans Schultes II, and twins Alexandra Ames Schultes Wilson and Neil Parker Schultes. Schultes retired from Harvard in 1985. He was a member of King's Chapel church in Boston. Despite his Germanic surname he was an anglophile. He would often vote for the Queen of the United Kingdom during presidential elections because he didn't support the American Revolution.

Influences
Schultes was led to study psychoactive drugs by Heinrich Kluver, a leading scholar of this subject (personal communication from Schultes). This interest evolved by way of Schultes' field observations on peyote, studying the peyote cult among the Plains Indians in his travels with Weston LaBarre in the early 1930s (in 1938, LaBarre based The Peyote Cult on these travels and observations).

In Western culture, Schultes' discoveries influenced writers who considered hallucinogens as the gateways to self-discovery, such as Aldous Huxley, William Burroughs and Carlos Castaneda. Although he contributed to the psychedelic era with his discoveries, he personally disdained its proponents, dismissing drug guru and fellow Harvard professor Timothy Leary for being so little versed in hallucinogenic species that he misspelled the Latin names of the plants. When Burroughs described his ayahuasca visions as an earth-shaking metaphysical experience, Schultes famously replied, "That's funny, Bill, all I saw was colors."

Schultes' personal hero was Richard Spruce, a British naturalist who spent seventeen years exploring the Amazon rainforest.

Schultes, in both his life and his work, has directly influenced notable people as diverse as biologist E.O. Wilson, physician Andrew Weil, psychologist Daniel Goleman, poet Allen Ginsberg, ethnobotanist, conservationist and author Mark Plotkin, and authors Alejo Carpentier, Mary Mackey, and William S. Burroughs. Timothy Plowman, authority on the genus Erythroxylum (coca) and ethnobotanist, and Wade Davis were his students at Harvard.

Distinctions
Schultes received numerous awards and decorations including:

 * Gold Medal from the Linnean Society of London (1992), the most prestigious prize in botany;
 * Gold Medal from the World Wildlife Fund.
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1988).
 * Boyaca Cross (Cruz de Boyacá) 1986, highest award from the government of the Republic Of Colombia.

Schultes is one of the leading characters in the prestigious Colombian film El abrazo de la serpiente (Embrace of the Serpent) (2015), directed by Ciro Guerra and critically acclaimed. The film depicts Schultes' search for a mysterious plant through the Amazon jungle, and he was played by actor Brionne Davis. The film specifically credits both his diaries and those accounts of an earlier Amazonian explorer, the German scientist Theodor Koch-Grünberg.

In 1962 botanist Harold E. Moore published Resia, which is a genus of flowering plants from South America, in the family Gesneriaceae and named in his honour. Then in 1977, botanist Hunz. published Schultesianthus which is also a genus of flowering plants from South America, but belonging to the family Solanaceae and also named in Moore's honour.

title: Richard Evans Schultes


text:
Liberal parties by country

This article gives information on liberalism worldwide. It is an overview of parties that adhere to some form of liberalism and is therefore a list of liberal parties around the world.

Introduction
The definition of liberal party is highly debatable. In the list below, it is defined as a political party that adheres to the basic principles of political liberalism. This is a broad political current, including left-wing, centrist and right-wing elements. All liberal parties emphasise individual rights, but they differ in their opinion on an active role for the state. This list includes parties of different character, ranging from classical liberalism to social liberalism, conservative liberalism to national liberalism.

Several conservative and/or Christian-democratic parties, such as the British Conservative Party, Germany's Christian Democratic Union and Spain's People's Party, are also considered to be neoliberal leaning or have strong liberal conservative and/or classical liberal factions, whereas some conservative parties, such as Poland's Law and Justice and Hungary's Fidesz, while favour more state intervention also support free market/free market solutions. Conversely, some social-democratic parties, such as the British Labour Party and the Italian Democratic Party, include liberal elements. Social liberalism and social conservatism are not mutually exclusive either, in fact some parties espouse socially liberal economic policies, while maintaining more socially conservative or traditionalist views on society: examples of this include Finland's Centre Party (see also Nordic agrarian parties) and Ireland's Fianna Fáil, both members of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party). In the United States, the two major political forces, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party, are to some extent, liberal (see Liberalism in the United States and Modern liberalism in the United States).

Many liberal parties are members of the Liberal International and/or one of its regional partners, such as the ALDE Party in Europe, the Liberal Network for Latin America and the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats. Generally, membership in these international organizations is an indication that that party is indeed liberal. However, other international organisations, such as the International Democrat Union and the Centrist Democrat International, and regional organisations, such as the European People's Party, the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists, the European Democratic Party and the Christian Democrat Organization of America, also have liberal or liberal leaning parties as significant proportions of their membership.

Not all the parties using the "Liberal" or "Freedom" labels are actually liberal. Moreover, some parties, such as the Freedom Party of Austria, were originally liberal, but have since tilted toward a populist direction and abandoned most of the tenets of liberalism. Finally, some parties, such as the United States Republican Party, Australia's Liberal Party or Norway's Progress Party are liberal mainly from an economic point of view rather than a social point of view (see economic liberalism, libertarianism and right-libertarianism).

International organizations of parties

 * Liberal International
 * Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
 * Liberal Network for Latin America
 * Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
 * Africa Liberal Network
 * Arab Liberal Federation

Parliamentary parties and other parties with substantial support

 * This list includes also parties that were represented in the last previous legislature and still exists as well as some banned or exiles parties (Cuba). Liberals might be active in other parties, but that is no reason to include a party.
 * See the remarks above about the criteria. Minor parties are listed below

Africa
Liberalism is a relatively new current for Africa. Traditionally it only existed more or less in Egypt, Senegal and especially South Africa.
 * : There are very few liberal political parties. Ahd 54 and the Algerian Natural Law Party may be considered liberal. The main Berber party, the Rally for Culture and Democracy (Rassemblement pour la Culture et la Démocratie) could be considered to embrace some liberal values.
 * : the Liberal Democratic Party (Partido Liberal Democrático, member LI) is a small liberal party.
 * : the Rebirth Party of Benin (Parti de la renaissance du Bénin), might be considered a liberal party, but its exact profile is not available. The Cowry Forces for an Emerging Benin (Forces Cauris pour un Bénin émergent) are a centrist party alliance with liberal elements.
 * : the Alliance for Democracy and Federation (Alliance pour la Démocratie et la Fédération), might be considered a liberal party, but its exact profile is not available.
 * : the Movement for Democracy (Movimento para a Democracia, member CDI), is a liberal and Christian-democratic party
 * the Future of Congo (French: Avenir du Congo) is a liberal party of the current Prime Minister
 * : the Free Egyptians Party (Hizb El Masriyin El Ahrar) and the New Wafd Party (Hizb al-Wafd-al-Jadid) could be considered "liberal parties". The newest liberal party in Egypt is El-Ghad Party (Tomorrow's Party) led by the opposition leader Ayman Nour . Also, the newly established Free Egyptians Party. See for more information: Liberalism in Egypt.
 * : the National Democratic Union of Equatorial Guinea (Unión Democrática Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial, member LI) claims to be a liberal party.
 * : the United Democratic Party, might be considered a liberal party, but its exact profile is not available.
 * : the New Patriotic Party is a right of center liberal party that is unclear about its international affiliations.
 * : the Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea (Union des forces démocratiques de Guinée, member LI, ALN) and the Union of Republican Forces (Union des forces républicaines, member LI, ALN) are the main opposition parties.
 * : the Rally of the Republicans (Rassemblement des Republicains, member LI, CDI) is the liberal, main government party.
 * : the Orange Democratic Movement (observer LI) might be considered a liberal party.
 * : the liberal character of the United Democratic Front is despite its membership of the LI disputable. The Democratic Progressive Party was formed in 2005 by President Bingu wa Mutharika after a dispute with the UDF. There were allegations that members of the former governing UDF did not adequately tackle corruption. It is unclear if the party will be ideological or personalist in style.
 * : two center-right parties, the Constitutional Union (Union Constitutionnelle) and the Popular Movement (Mouvement Populaire) are both member of the LI. However both are conservative in social issues, something abnormal for a true liberal party. The National Rally of Independents (observer LI, member ALN), founded in 1978 as a royalist party, is nowadays a liberal party.
 * : the Liberal and Democratic Party of Mozambique (Partido Liberal e Democrático de Moçambique) and the Social Liberal and Democratic Party (Partido Social-Liberal e Democrático) claim to be liberal parties, but both lost parliamentary representation.
 * : the Senegalese Democratic Party (Parti Démocratique Sénégalais, member LI) is a liberal party with a strong personalist character. See for more information: Liberalism in Senegal.
 * : the Seychelles National Party (observer LI) is a liberal party.
 * : the People's Movement for Democratic Change (member ALN, observer DUA) can be considered as a liberal party. It is the country's third largest party but lost parliamentary representation in 2012.
 * : the Democratic Alliance (member LI) is a liberal party. See for more information: Liberalism in South Africa.
 * : the Liberal Party of Sudan (member ALN, AAFD) is a social-liberal party struggling for human rights and a social market economy.
 * : the Civic United Front (Chama Cha Wananchi), member LI) and the United Democratic Party, observer LI are liberal parties.
 * : the Social Liberal Party (Parti social-libéral, observer LI) is a more or less liberal party.
 * : the main opposition party, the United Party for National Development (observer LI) takes a liberal position in the political spectrum.
 * : liberalism is not organized, but the left-leaning opposition Movement for Democratic Change includes liberals and social democrats opposed to the ruling ZANU–PF party.

The Americas
In many Latin American countries, liberalism and radicalism have been associated with generally left-of-center political movements such as Colombia's Liberal Party, historically concerned mostly with effecting government decentralization and regional autonomy (liberals were influential in the total dissolution of at least two defunct countries, the United Provinces of Central America and Gran Colombia) and separation of church and state. At times, the anti-clerical and secularist stances promoted by Latin American liberals have resulted in limitations on the civil rights of clergy or others associated with the Church (as in Mexico, where law still prohibits priests from public office). Liberalism in North America has a different background.
 * : the Radical Civic Union historically was a centrist progressive-liberal party, while nowadays it adheres to the Socialist International and its platform is a combination of liberal and social democratic ideas. The UCR's long-time rivals have been Peronism and the Peronist-inspired Justicialist Party. Recreate for Growth had been a short lived attempt to form a market liberal party and has observer status in the Liberal International. This party was in alliance with conservative-liberal Republican Proposal. Also smaller parties, such as the Union of the Democratic Centre, the Progressive Democratic Party, the Liberal Party of Corrientes and the Democratic Party of Mendoza, adhere to conservative-liberal principles. On the libertarian side, stands the Liberal Libertarian Party (dissolved) and the Libertarian Party (now) whose focus is on free markets and individual rights.
 * : the character of the Aruban Liberal Organization (Organisacion Liberal Arubiano) is not clear. The party lost parliamentary representation in the 2005 election.
 * : the dominant party is the left of center liberal Progressive Liberal Party.
 * : the Liberal Party was dominant until 1952. (Main article: Liberalism in Bolivia).
 * : Liberalism (in a general, international acceptance) is represented only by the recently founded New Party (Partido Novo). There are no mainstream parties currently holding unambiguous liberal principles nor any members of the Liberal International. While at least three parties label themselves as "liberal", the Liberal Front Party (Partido da Frente Liberal), renamed Democrats (Democratas) in 2007, is actually a conservative party. The Liberal Party (Partido Liberal), is a populist-conservative party with links to religious organizations, and the Social Liberal Party (Partido Social Liberal) is a conservative party. (Main article: Liberalism in Brazil).
 * : Liberal refers mainly to the policies and ideas of the Liberal Party of Canada/Parti Libéral du Canada (member LI), the most frequent governing party of Canada for the last century and one of the most successful liberal parties in the world. The Liberal Party of Canada has generally adhered to modern liberalism, supporting a welfare state, and is regarded as a centrist to centre-left party in the Canadian context although some provincial parties such as the Quebec Liberal Party combine liberalism with conservative ideas. (Main article: Liberalism in Canada).
 * : the Social Democrat Radical Party (Partido Radical Social-Democráta, member SI) was originally a left-of-center liberal party, but nowadays it is a social democratic party. The Liberal Party of Chile (Partido Liberal de Chile, member LI) is a left-of-center social liberal party. Political Evolution (Evopoli) is a center-right political party, part of the governing coalition and a member of RELIAL. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in Chile).
 * : the liberal current developed into the Colombian Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Colombiano, despite its name an active member of the SI), which is a left of center, somewhat populist party, somewhere between liberalism and social democracy. Newer parties like Partido Cambio Radical and Social National Unity Party have taken classical liberal ideas. (Main article: Liberalism in Colombia).
 * : the Libertarian Movement Party (Partido Movimiento Libertario) was originally a classical liberal (libertarian) party but has become conservative on social issues as abortion and same-sex marriage. The Liberal Progressive Party (Partido Liberal Progresista) was founded in 2016 is an economically and socially liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism in Costa Rica).
 * : it has been legal to form political parties since 1992, but only the Communist Party of Cuba is allowed to be the ruling party. The three liberal parties Liberal Democratic Party (Partido Liberal Democratico, observer LI), Democratic Solidarity Party (Partido Solidaridad Democratica, observer LI), Cuban Liberal Union (Unión Liberal Cubana, member of the Liberal International) and the Cuban Liberal Movement (Movimiento Liberal Cubano) are located in Havana, but they are not allowed to participate in elections.
 * : the originally left-wing Dominican Liberation Party (Partido de la Liberacíon Dominicana) developed into a center liberal party. The Liberal Reformist Party (Partido Reformista Liberal) is also a center liberal party.
 * : the Alfarista Radical Front (Frente Radical Alfarista) and the Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Radical Ecuatoriana) are two small remainders of the traditional liberal current. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador).
 * : Atassut is a right-of-center liberal party. The Democrats (Demokraatit) and the Cooperation Party (Suleqatigiissitsisut) are social liberal parties. They all oppose separation from Denmark.
 * : the National Democratic Congress is a center liberal party.
 * : the Liberal Party of Honduras (Partido Liberal de Honduras, member LI and RELIAL) is the traditional center liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism in Honduras).
 * : liberalism is represented by the New Alliance Party (Partido Nueva Alianza), member LI). (Main article: Liberalism in Mexico).
 * : the liberal character of the right-wing Constitutionalist Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista, former member LI) is disputable. (Main article: Liberalism in Nicaragua).
 * : the Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (Partido Movimiento Liberal Republicano Nacionalista) is a center-right liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism in Panama).
 * : the Authentic Radical Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico, member LI and RELIAL) is a center liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay).
 * : classical liberal Liberty Movement and Liberal Party of Peru.  In Fujimorian-occupied Peru: social liberal Justice Party.
 * : the Popular Democratic Party (Partido Popular Democrático) is a left of center liberal party.
 * : the Democratic Alternative '91 (Democratisch Alternatief '91) is a center liberal party.
 * : the People's National Movement is a liberal centrist to centre-left party.
 * : the primary use of the term liberal is at some variance with European and worldwide usage. In the United States today, it is most associated with the definition of modern liberalism, which is a combination of social liberalism, public welfare and a mixed economy, which is in contrast to classical liberalism. In the Third Party System, the primary liberal groups (which by that point still meant classical liberal) were the Bourbon Democrats and the Liberal Republicans, the latter of which evolved into the Mugwumps; they both supported free trade and free markets, and opposed political corruption. By 1884, both groups had come to support the Democratic Party under the leadership of the liberal Bourbon Grover Cleveland. However, when William Jennings Bryan took over the Democratic Party, there was a substantial move towards populism and progressivism; the last hurrah of the Bourbons was the nomination of Alton Parker in 1904. Despite this, most Democrats, including Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt, continued to call themselves liberals, framing social liberal ideas as positive liberties, in contrast to the negative liberties that can only be avoided through a lack of government intervention. Starting in the 1980s, the conservatives and modern liberals began to adopt more classically-liberal economic perspectives through fusionism and the Third Way respectively. Today, the Democratic Party is sometimes identified as the liberal party within the broader definition of liberalism thus putting it in contrast with most other parties listed here. Democrats advocate for more social freedoms, affirmative action, and a mixed economy (and therefore modern liberalism). The Republican Party experiences a somewhat fractured economic viewpoint with some members supporting strong free-market and libertarian views (and therefore economic liberalism) and others championing pro-business and economic nationalist stances, though both sectors typically mix their fiscal views with strong aspects of social conservatism. The Libertarian Party is the third largest political party in the United States, (though still only getting 1–2% of the vote in congressional elections), and particularly centers itself on free markets and individual liberty, which is more in line with classical liberalism. (Main article: Liberalism in the United States and Modern liberalism in the United States)
 * : liberalism organized itself in the nineteenth century in the Colorado Party (Partido Colorado) nowadays a heterogeneous party, divided in factions ranging from conservative to social-democratic; however, its general profile is more or less liberal. (Main article: Liberalism in Uruguay).
 * : liberalism was a strong force in the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. Nowadays there are three important classical liberal movements (still no parties): Organization for the Liberal Democracy in Venezuela (Organización por la Democracia Liberal en Venezuela), a classical liberal, pro-capitalism think-tank; Liberal Democratic Movement (Movimiento Demócrata Liberal) and "Rumbo Propio para el Zulia" from Maracaibo, Zulia, a classical liberal autonomist movement. They are going to create together a political party in the next years. (Main article: Liberalism in Venezuela).

Asia
Liberalism has or had some tradition in some countries. Nowadays it is a growing current in East Asia, but in many of these countries liberals tend not to use the label liberal.
 * Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, Russia, and Turkey are listed under Europe.

 * : the Bangladesh Liberal Democratic Party is a small liberal democratic party.
 * : the Candlelight Party (គណបក្សភ្លើងទៀន, member CALD), claims to be a more or less liberal party, though some dispute this and consider it a xenophobic party.
 * : the Democratic Party is a liberal party, strongly emphasizing the need of democratic reforms. The Civic Party is also a liberal party. The Liberal Party is often considered to be a conservative, pro-business party.
 * : Liberalism is currently unrepresented. However two centrist parties, INC and NCP have been described as liberal. (Main article: Liberalism in India).
 * : liberalism is forbidden and its members have been killed in the past. The Liberal Democratic Party of Iran is forced to exist in exile (based in Sweden). (Main article: Liberalism in Iran).
 * : Yesh Atid (יש עתיד, member of LI) is the second biggest party in the Israeli Parliament with a strongly anti-clerical, liberal ideology. In the early 2000s, some Likud and Labor members formed a new liberal party called Kadima. The center-right Likud calls itself a National-Liberal Party.
 * : the word liberal is used by the main conservative party, the Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyu Minshuto). The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (Rikken-minshutō) is a liberal centrist party. The Liberal League (Jiyu Rengo) was considered to be a free-market liberal party. Your Party was a market liberal or libertarian party. (Main article: Liberalism in Japan).
 * : The Democratic Party of Korea is a liberal party. The predecessors of Democratic Party, which included the disbanded Uri Party (Yeollin Uri Dang), the UNDP (Daetonghap Minju Sindang), Democratic Party), Democratic United Party and Creative Korea Party are liberal parties. But there are also cases like conservative-liberal parties such as the People Party and Bareunmirae Party that are allied with conservatives. (Main article: Liberalism in South Korea).
 * : the National Liberal Party (Hizb al-Ahrar al-Watani) is a liberal pro-independence party.
 * : the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Movement Party, member CALD) seems to be a more or less liberal party.
 * : the Civil Will–Green Party (Irgenii Zorig-Nogoon Nam, member LI, CALD, GG) was founded in 2012 by a merger of the market liberal Civil Will Party (Irgenii Zorig Nam) and the Mongolian Green Party (Mongolyn Nogoon Nam) who both had worked for protecting human rights and democracy. The new party combines market liberal and green values.
 * : the National League for Democracy, observer CALD, a party with liberal democratic elements, became the biggest parliamentary party at the latest election. It won a parliamentary majority in the 1990 election but the result was not recognised by the military and the party was suppressed until 2012.
 * : the Pakistan Peoples Party is a progressive center left political party.
 * : the Liberal Party, member LI, CALD) is a center liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism in the Philippines).
 * : the populist, liberal Singapore Democratic Party (member CALD) is not represented in parliament.
 * : the Liberal Party of Sri Lanka is a small liberal party.
 * : the Democratic Progressive Party (Min-chu Chin-pu Tang, member LI, CALD) is a left-liberal party. The Taiwan Solidarity Union is a characterised primarily by its Taiwanese nationalism and derives its membership from both the Chinese Nationalist Party's former moderate and Taiwan-oriented fringe and DPP supporters disgruntled by the party's moderation on the question of Taiwanese sovereignty. Its liberal character is questionable, although it is part of the DPP's left-of-centre and pro-Taiwanese Independence Pan-Green alliance (in contrast with the conservative Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and People First Party.) (Main article: Liberalism in Taiwan).
 * : the Democrat Party (Pak Prachatipat, member LI, CALD) is a conservative-liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism in Thailand).

Europe
At a pan-European level liberalism exists in some form within generally all members of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE), within most members of the European Democratic Party (EDP), within many members of the European People's Party (EPP) and some members of the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR).
 * : Two parties could be considered to embrace liberal values: the Democratic Alliance Party (Partia Aleanca Demokratike, member LI, ALDE) and the Unity for Human Rights Party (Partia Bashkimi për të Drejtat e Njeriut, Κόμμα Ένωσης Ανθρωπίνων Δικαιωμάτων), which is the party of the ethnic minorities. (Main article: Liberalism in Albania.)
 * : the Liberal Party of Andorra (Partit Liberal d'Andorra, member LI, ALDE) is a centre-right liberal party and currently the second-largest political party by parliamentary representation.
 * : traditional liberalism made a comeback following the 2018 Velvet Revolution. After the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election, Bright Armenia, a liberal political party, became the official opposition in the National Assembly and is a member of the ALDE. Following the 2021 Armenian parliamentary election, Bright Armenia lost all representation in the National Assembly and currently acts as an extra-parliamentary party. Other liberal parties in Armenia include the Armenian Constructive Party, Armenian National Movement Party, European Party of Armenia, For The Republic Party, Liberal Democratic Union of Armenia, and the Liberal Party. (Main article: Liberalism in Armenia.)
 * : the NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum (NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum, member ALDE) was formed in 2014 as a merger of NEOS formed in 2012 and the Liberal Forum (Liberales Forum, LiF) formed in 1993. The Liberal Forum had split from the Freedom Party of Austria (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ), which had become a right-wing nationalist party, but was previously liberal or national-liberal, and was a member of the Liberal International until 1993. (Main article: Liberalism in Austria.)
 * liberal parties are minor in regard to the political system. Liberal political parties in Azerbaijan include; Azerbaijan Democratic Party, Azerbaijan Liberal Party, Azerbaijan National Independence Party, Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, Justice Party, Modern Equality Party, Musavat and the Republican Alternative Party.
 * : one of the main opposition parties is the liberal United Civic Party of Belarus (Аб'ядна́ная грамадзя́нская па́ртыя Белару́сі).
 * : the party system is divided by language. In the Flemish community, Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (member LI, ALDE), comprising both market and social liberals, is one of the dominant parties. In the French community, the centre-right Reformist Movement (member LI, ALDE) is one of the major parties. Affiliated with this party is the Party for Freedom and Progress in the German community, and until 2011 DéFI a regionalist party in the Brussels region whose aim is the expansion of linguistic rights of French-speakers. (Main article: Liberalism in Belgium.)
 * : liberalism is weak, because of the domination by ethnic parties. A small and rather unsuccessful liberal party is the Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalno demokratska stranka, associate ALDE). More successful is the social liberaI and multi-ethnic Our Party (Naša stranka, associate ALDE).
 * : at first organized liberalism was initially quite unsuccessful. Liberalism used to be represented by the mainly Turkish minority party Movement for Rights and Freedoms (Dviženie za prava i svobodi, observer LI, member ALDE) and the National Movement for Stability and Progress (Nacionalno Dviženie za Stabilnost i Vazhod, member LI, ALDE), both taking a more or less liberal position. Two parties split from NDSV: Bulgarian New Democracy (BND) and The New Time (Novoto Vreme). The party DOST split from MRF, but failed to get into parliament. The party LEADER (now called Bulgarian Democratic Center) also failed to get into parliament. After the 2020-2021 bulgarian protests liberal parties became the main alternative to GERB. Yes, Bulgaria! was the leading party in the Democratic Bulgaria coalition. United People's Party and We Are Coming (also known as the Poisonous Trio) were members of the Stand Up! Mafia, Get Out! and later Stand Up.BG! We Are Coming coalitions. Later the party We Continue The Change (Produlzhavame Promyanata, PP) became the leading liberal political party. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria.)
 * : liberalism is very divided. One could distinguish seven parties: the centre Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats (Hrvatska narodna stranka – Liberalni demokrati, member ALDE), its two splinters: centrist People's Party – Reformists (Narodna stranka – Reformisti, member EDP) and the left-of-centre Civic Liberal Alliance (Građansko-liberalni savez, member ALDE); left centrist and Istrian regionalist Istrian Democratic Assembly (Istarski demokratski sabor – Dieta Democratica Istriana, member ALDE, observer LI) and the right-of-centre Croatian Social Liberal Party (Hrvatska socijalno-liberalna stranka, member LI, ALDE); as well as two which have become prominent more recently, starting from the local level: Centre (Centar, member ALDE) and Focus (Fokus, member ALDE). (Main article: Liberalism in Croatia).
 * : the centre-right Liberal Democrats www.liberalscy.org (Fileleftheri Dimokrates, member of the Interlibertarians) and the centre-left United Democrats (Enomeni Dimokrates, member ALDE) are considered liberal parties. See also Liberalism in Cyprus.
 * : the Czech Pirate Party, the Mayors and Independents and TOP 09 are considered liberal parties. (Main article: Liberalism in the Czech lands).
 * : most parties support liberalism in one form or another, and three parties mark themselves as liberal: the centrist Social Liberal Party (Radikale Venstre, member LI, ALDE), the much larger conservative-liberal Venstre (member LI, ALDE) and the liberal–libertarian Liberal Alliance. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark).
 * : the Estonian Reform Party (Eesti Reformierakond, member LI, ALDE) is a free market liberal party. The liberal character of the Estonian Centre Party (Eesti Keskerakond, member ALDE) can be disputed. (Main article: Liberalism in Estonia).
 * : the conservative-liberal Union Party (Sambandsflokkurin) and the social liberal Self-Government (Faroe Islands) (Sjálvstýri) were or are aligned with the Danish liberal parties. In addition, there are two separatist parties: the liberal-conservative People's Party (Fólkaflokkurin, member AECR) and the market liberal Progress (Framsókn), founded in 2011.
 * : the dominant LI and ALDE member party is the centrist and agrarian Centre Party (Suomen Keskusta), however the liberal character of this party is questioned. In actuality, the Centre Party has long since become socially more conservative than the liberal-conservative National Coalition Party, since it opted not to support same-sex marriage. The Swedish minority party Swedish People's Party (Svenska Folkpartiet i Finland, member LI, ALDE) has a clearer liberal profile. The original liberal current was until 2011 organized in the Liberals (Liberaalit), after 1995 a very small extra-parliamentary party. At the autonomous islands of Åland the Liberals for Åland (Liberalerna på Åland) and the centrist agrarian Ålandic Centre (Åländsk Center, member ALDE) are the dominant forces. (Main article: Liberalism and centrism in Finland).
 * : the Radical Movement (Mouvement radical, MR, member ALDE) was formed in 2017 as a merger of the Radical Party (Parti radical, PR), founded in 1901, and the Radical Party of the Left (Parti radical de gauche, PRG), which had split from the PR in 1971. In 2019, the PRG re-emerged from the MR. France had a liberal tradition, generally associated to Republicanism, from which the right and the left of the political spectrum were generated. On the right-wing there were the Republicans, which organized themselves in 1901–03 in the moderate-liberal Democratic Republican Alliance and in the liberal-conservative Republican Federation; on the left-wing the Radicals, which founded the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party in 1901. After World War II, the Republicans gathered in the liberal-conservative National Centre of Independents and Peasants, from which the conservative-liberal Independent Republicans seceded in 1962. The original centre-left Radical Party was a declining force in French politics until 1972 when it joined the centre-right, causing the split of Radical-Socialist faction and the foundation of the Radical Party of the Left, closely associated to the Socialist Party. In 1978 both the Republican Party (successor of the Independent Republicans) and the Radical Party were founding components, along with the Centre of Social Democrats, of the Union for French Democracy (UDF), an alliance of liberal and Christian-democratic forces. The Republican Party, re-founded as Liberal Democracy in 1997 and re-shaped as a free-market libertarian party, left UDF in 1998 and merged into the Gaulist Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), of which it represented the libertarian wing. Also the Radical Party left UDF in 2002 in order to join UMP, of which it is the main social-liberal component, as an associate party. The Liberal Alternative was formed in 2006. In 2017, Emmanuel Macron formed the liberal party La République En Marche! and won the presidential and the National Assembly elections. The Democratic Movement (Mouvement démocrate, MoDem, member EDP), the successor of the Union for French Democracy, joined forces with La République En Marche!. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in France).
 * : the United National Movement (Georgian: ერთიანი ნაციონალური მოძრაობა, member IDU, observer EPP) is a liberal-conservative pro-western party oriented on North-Atlantic integration. Lelo (Georgian: ლელო, member ALDE), Republican Party of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს რესპუბლიკური პარტია, member ALDE) and Free Democrats (Georgian: თავისუფალი დემოკრატები, member ALDE) are liberal pro-western parties.
 * : the Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei, member LI, ALDE) is a centre to centre-right classical liberal party. It supports laissez-faire and free market economics and is seen to be closer to the centre-right conservative CDU/CSU alliance on economic issues than the centre-left SPD, but closer to the SPD and the Greens on issues such as civil liberties, education, defense, and foreign policy. (Main article: Liberalism in Germany).
 * : the Liberal Party of Gibraltar (member LI, ALDE) is a social-liberal party favouring Gibraltar's self-determination.
 * : the liberal current disappeared, leading to liberals joining the centre-right New Democracy, est. in 1974 and the centre-left PASOK, est. in 1974. Smaller parties such as the social-liberal The River (Greek: Το Ποτάμι, To Potami) and the Union of Centrists (Greek:Ένωση Κεντρώων, EDP member, Enosi Kentroon), claimer of Venizelist heritage, became the leading liberal forces. Meanwhile, new liberal initiatives have been taken, like e.g. the purely liberal Liberal Alliance (Greek: «Φιλελεύθερη Συμμαχία», Fileleftheri Simmakhia), est. in 2007. (Main article: Liberalism in Greece).
 * : the Momentum Movement (Momentum Mozgalom) is a centrist and liberal political party, the Hungarian Liberal Party (Magyar Liberális Párt) is an extra-parliamentary market liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary).
 * : the Progressive Party (Framsóknarflokkurinn, member LI) is an agrarian-centrist party. In 2016, the Reform Party emerged as a liberal split from the governing Independence Party. (Main article: Liberalism and centrism in Iceland).
 * : Fine Gael (member CDI and EPP) is a centre-right, liberal-conservative party whose platform encompasses low-tax economic policies and socially liberal stances on issues such as same-sex marriage, abortion, divorce, medical cannabis, and assisted dying. In recent years the traditionally Irish nationalist centrist Fianna Fáil (member LI and ALDE) has adopted liberal politics on both social and economic ones; however, the party membership remains conservative on social issues. The Progressive Democrats were a liberal party with an emphasis on market economics in existence from 1985 to 2009.
 * : the Liberal Vannin Party (observer LI) is the only party represented in the House of Keys since most Members are elected as independents. It favours accountability and transparency in government and a further devolution from the United Kingdom.
 * : liberals are now divided over the centre-right Forza Italia (originally a merger of liberal and Christian-democratic forces in 1994, and reconstituted in 2013 from The People of Freedom), the Civic Choice party founded in 2013 to support then-Prime Minister Mario Monti, Democratic Centre and Alliance for Italy, small social-liberal parties, and various minor extra-parliamentary movements including the libertarian Act to Stop the Decline and Italian Radicals (member ALDE Party). Also the centrist-populist Italy of Values is a member ALDE Party, although it is not classifiable as a liberal party in whichever sense. Most members of the late Italian Liberal Party (refounded as a very small party in 2004) and many former members of the Italian Republican Party joined Forza Italia, which is often presented and defined in Italy as a liberal party. This is the reason why the term 'liberals' is more often used when speaking of the centre-right coalition, dominated by Forza Italia, which combines economic liberalism with freedom of conscience on ethical matters. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in Italy).
 * : the New Kosovo Alliance (Aleanca Kosova e Re, member ALDE), Liberal Party of Kosovo (Partia Liberale e Kosoves, associate ALDE), and the Alternative (Alternativa) are considered to be liberal parties, although the second one doesn't seem to have much support. The Independent Liberal Party (Samostalna liberalna stranka, member LI) is a liberal party of the Serbian minority.
 * : the Development/For! is a classical-liberal political party (member ALDE). Development/For! had 13 seats in 13. saeima. Eliminated Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way party (member LI, ALDE) was a centre-right liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism in Latvia).
 * : the Liberal Movemant (Lietuvos Respublikos Liberalų sąjūdis) and the Liberal and Centre Union (Liberalų ir centro sąjunga, member LI), ALDE) are a centre liberal parties. (Main article: Liberalism in Lithuania).
 * : the Democratic Party (Demokratesch Partei/Parti démocratique/Demokratische Partei, member LI, ALDE) is the traditional liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism in Luxembourg).
 * : the AD+PD was formed in 2020 as a merger of the green Democratic Alternative and the social-liberal Democratic Party. The party has 2 seats in the parliament and was formed by dissatisfied members of the Labour Party. There are two minor liberal parties: Alleanza Liberal-Demokratika Malta and Alpha Liberal Democratic Party.
 * : liberalism is divided over the conservative-liberal Liberal Party (Partidul Liberal, member ALDE) and the market liberal Liberal Reformist Party (Partidul Liberal Reformator, observer LI), which splintered of the Liberal Party to stay in government and be part of the Pro-European Coalition in 2013. (Main article: Liberalism in Moldova).
 * : liberalism is organized in the Liberal Party of Montenegro (Liberalna Partija Crne Gore, observer LI, member ALDE), more or less a liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism in Montenegro).
 * : liberalism is divided between two parties. The social-liberal Democrats 66 (Democraten 66, member LI, ALDE) and the conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie, member LI, ALDE). Furthermore, in 2004 the GroenLinks started profiling itself as a 'leftist liberal' party, a shift from its socialist roots. (Main article: Liberalism in the Netherlands).
 * : the liberals are divided over the Liberal Democratic Party (Либерално-демократска Партија, member LI, ALDE), part of the left of centre government coalition, and the Liberal Party of Macedonia (Либерална партија на Македонија), part of the right of centre opposition coalition. (Main article: Liberalism in North Macedonia).
 * : the Liberal Party (Venstre, member LI, ALDE) is a centrist liberal party. The Capitalist Party (Liberalistene) is a newer party grounded in classical liberalism. (Main article: Liberalism in Norway).
 * : the Democratic Party (member ALDE) was a centre-liberal party. It did not succeed in entering parliament in the 2005 election. Civic Platform is considered economically liberal or conservative-liberal, however, it is conservative in terms of ideology. Created in 2015, liberal Modern (member ALDE) entered parliament in 2015 elections. In Poland, there is also conservative and liberal party KORWiN, which was established in 2015 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke. It possesses two deputies in the European Parliament and also two MEPs in polish parliament. (Main article: Liberalism in Poland)
 * : liberalism was a strong force in history, namely during the Liberal Revolution of 1820. In contemporary times, the Social Democratic Party was once a Liberal International member, but left the organisation in 1996, and has taken a more conservative orientation since then, joining the European People's Party. However, many observers still see it as a conservative-liberal party. The Earth Party (former member ALDE, WEP) is a party that advocates both market economy and environmentalism. The most recent party is Iniciativa Liberal that also became a member of the ALDE, in early December 2017. The party was created as an association in 2016, and was approved as a party by the Constitutional Court in 2017. The party was admitted to the ALDE in November 2017. The party ran for election for the first time in the 2019 European Parliament election in Portugal, garnering 0.9% of the votes, and failing to win any seats in the European Parliament. In the 2019 legislative election, the party won a single seat in the Portuguese Parliament in the electoral district of Lisbon, earning 67,681 votes in total, equivalent to 1.29% of the votes cast. (Main article: Liberalism in Portugal).
 * : the National Liberal Party (Partidul Național Liberal, member of LI, ex-member of ALDE and current member of EPP), is a centre-right liberal party, formerly part of the governing Social Liberal Union (USL) political alliance and coalition from 2011 to 2014 and currently of the National Coalition for Romania (CNR) since November 2021 onwards. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in Romania).
 * : Civic Platform (Russia) is a liberal party founded by Mikhail Prokhorov for Russia to have an "actual classic liberal free market party". Yabloko (Yabloko, Russian Democratic Party, Jabloko - Rossijskaja Demokratičeskaja Partija, member LI, ALDE) and the Right Cause (Pravoye Delo, member IDU) also contain ideas liberalism. While Yabloko is social liberal party, the Right Cause can be seen as a democratic conservative market party. The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia has been widely criticised for not being liberal, rather a nationalist, right-wing populist party. (Main article Liberalism in Russia).
 * : the Popular Alliance (member EDP) is a centrist liberal party.
 * : the Movement of Free Citizens is the largest liberal parliamentary party, as of the 2022 Serbian general election. Previously, Enough is Enough, Liberal Democratic Party, Civic Alliance of Serbia, G17 Plus, New Democracy/Liberals of Serbia, and New Party were known proponents of liberalism in Serbia. (Main article: Liberalism in Serbia).
 * : Progressive Slovakia (Progresívne Slovensko) is a social liberal political party and a member of the ALDE. Freedom and Solidarity (Sloboda a Solidarita) is a right of centre market liberal party. (Main article: Liberalism in Slovakia).
 * : the largest liberal party is the List of Marjan Šarec, member of the ALDE, a centrist liberal party. The second largest is the Party of Alenka Bratušek (member ALDE), a liberal spin-off from centre-left Positive Slovenia that went a more social democratic direction. The third largest is the classical-liberal Civic List (member ALDE). Two minor extra-parliamentary liberal parties in Slovenia are the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (Liberalna demokracija Slovenije, former member of both LI and ALDE), a centrist liberal party, and Zares, a social-liberal party, and also a former ALDE member. (Main article: Liberalism in Slovenia).
 * : there was a long tradition of liberalism during the Trienio Liberal. This ended with absolutist and carlist movements and Francoist Spain in the 20th century. At a national level there were attempts to establish half liberal parties, but they did not succeed until Union, Progress and Democracy (Unión, Progreso y Democracia), a progressive, social liberal and centralist party. It was replaced as major social liberal party in 2015 by Citizens (Ciudadanos), which is autonomist and postnationalist. The Libertarian Party defends personal rights and economic freedom with a libertarian point of view. On a regional level, the Canarian Coalition (Coalición Canaria) and the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya, member ALDE) are nationalist, half-liberal parties (Main articles: Canovism, Liberalism and radicalism in Spain).
 * : The Liberals (Liberalerna, member LI, ALDE) is a centre-right liberal party. The Centre Party (Centerpartiet, member LI, ALDE) is a historically agrarian party that has gradually developed into a centre-right liberal party, since 2013 referring to themselves as such. (Main article: Liberalism and centrism in Sweden).
 * : the main liberal party is FDP.The Liberals (member LI, ALDE), formed in 2007 by a merger of the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland and the Liberal Party of Switzerland. (Main article: Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland).
 * : liberalism was never a strong force. There is no popular support for liberalism. Populism is the dominant rhetoric. Liberal Democratic Party (Turkish: Liberal Demokrat Parti), a classical liberal party, was founded in 1994. It received very few votes in every election it participated in. (Main article: Liberalism in Turkey).
 * : the position of liberalism is unclear. Voice (member ALDE) was founded in 2019. The Liberal Party (Liberalna Partia, observer LI) is a small liberal party. A clear liberal party was the Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (Naša Ukrajina), which was dissolved in 2012. (Main article: Liberalism in Ukraine).
 * : liberalism is now represented mainly by the Liberal Democrats (member LI and ALDE), formed in 1988 from a merger of the Liberal Party formed in 1859 and the Social Democratic Party formed in 1981. The Liberal Democrats, which has hundreds of Councillors and 11 Members of Parliament, were the junior party in a governing coalition with the Conservative Party in 2010–2015. The Liberal Party was re-founded in 1989 and has several councillors in Britain, but no parliamentary representation.
 * : the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (member LI, ALDE) was formed in 1970 as a non-ideological cross-community party. (Main article Liberalism in the United Kingdom)

Oceania
Liberalism has a strong tradition in both Australia and New Zealand.
 * : the Liberal Party of Australia is considered to be centre-right, and largely the bastion of Liberalism in Australia. Within the Liberal Party, there is a fusion of liberal and conservative views, a tradition which began by the party's predecessors in the early 20th century. The fusion has led to the party having a big tent membership, bound by an anti-Labor position. Many would argue that this party is a classical liberal party and that the perception of what liberalism is has changed, not the Liberal Party (which promotes the free market approach). Former Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, a member of the Liberal Party, said that his party is "not a conservative party". The term small-l liberal generally refers to someone who champions civil liberties and progressive causes such as reconciliation with Indigenous Australians. These views are represented strongly within the broad Liberal Party, as well as in parties such as the Australian Democrats, which began its life as a group of social-liberals disaffected with the Liberal Party. The Liberal Democratic Party is a classical liberal and libertarian party. (Main article: Liberalism in Australia).
 * : the liberal Democratic Party is one of the two major parties opposing the nationalist Cook Islands Party.
 * : the People's Alliance, FijiFirst and the Social Democratic Liberal Party (SODELPA) are all liberal parties. FijiFirst is centrist while the People's Alliance and SODELPA are centre-right.
 * : there is no longer a pure liberal party, as in the past the Liberal Party was the first organised political party, and the Liberal Government from 1891 to 1912 was responsible for many reforms. Similarly to Australia, this party merged with more conservative and free market forces to form the National Party of New Zealand, in order to oppose the advancement of the democratic socialist New Zealand Labour Party. Liberalism nowadays refers to a support for individual liberties and limited government. The term is generally used with a reference to a particular policy area, e.g. "market liberalism" or "social liberalism". Unqualified liberalism is less common; in its extreme form it is known by the American term libertarianism. The left of centre New Zealand Democratic Party takes a more or less progressive liberal position in the spectrum, but lost popular support. ACT New Zealand is a classical liberal or libertarian party. (Main article: Liberalism in New Zealand).
 * : the Solomon Islands Liberal Party considers itself a liberal party.

Non-parliamentary liberal parties

 * Afghanistan: Liberal Democratic Party of Afghanistan
 * Armenia: Armenian Liberal Democratic Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party, Liberal Democratic Union of Armenia
 * Austria: The Democrats, The Social Liberals
 * Benin: Liberal Democrats' Rally for National Reconstruction – Vivoten (Rassemblement des libéraux démocrates pour la reconstruction nationale – Vivoten)
 * Canada: Libertarian Party of Canada
 * Cyprus Liberal Democratic Party member of the Interlibertarians International
 * Ecuador: Movement Forwards Ecuador (Moviminiento Fuerza Ecuador, observer LI)
 * France: Pole of freedoms, the French liberal movement, Liberal Alternative
 * Germany: Party of Humanists
 * Greece: The Liberals
 * Guatemala: Reform Movement (observer LI), Liberal Party of Guatemala
 * Guinea: Parti de l'Unité et du Libéralisme Social (member ALN)
 * Haiti Liberal Party
 * India: Lok Satta Party
 * Iran: Liberal Democratic Party of Iran
 * Italy: Federation of Liberals (observer LI), Italian Liberal Party
 * Kosovo: Liberal Party of Kosovo (observer LI, member ALDE)
 * Laos: Lao Liberal Democratic Party
 * Mongolia: Mongolian Liberal Democratic Party
 * Moldova: National Liberal Party
 * Netherlands: Liberal Democratic Party, Splinter
 * Netherlands Antilles: Democratic Party
 * Norway: Liberal People's Party
 * Peru: Liberty Movement, Liberal Party of Peru, Justice Party (member LI)
 * Portugal: We, the Citizens!
 * Spain: Liberal Coalition, Mallorcan Union (member LI)
 * Sri Lanka: Liberal Party of Sri Lanka (member LI and CALD)
 * Turkey: Liberal Democratic Party (former member LI)
 * United Kingdom: Liberal Party
 * United States: Libertarian Party, Personal Choice Party, Independence Party of Minnesota, Liberal Party, US Marijuana Party
 * Uruguay: Liberal Party
 * Venezuela: Organization for the Liberal Democracy in Venezuela, Civil Resistance, Democratic Liberal Movement, Rumbo Propio

title: Liberal parties by country