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Minnesota State Capitol

The Minnesota State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. state of Minnesota, in its capital city of Saint Paul. It houses the Minnesota Senate, Minnesota House of Representatives, the office of the Attorney General and the office of the Governor. The building also includes a chamber for the Minnesota Supreme Court, although court activities usually take place in the neighboring Minnesota Judicial Center.

There have been three State Capitol buildings. The present building was designed by architect Cass Gilbert and completed in 1905. Its Beaux-Arts/American Renaissance design was influenced by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and by McKim, Mead & White's Rhode Island State House. From 2013 to 2017 the building underwent an extensive restoration. This included replacing existing infrastructure; adding new mechanical systems; replacing or repairing tens of thousands of pieces of marble on the exterior; cleaning historic paintings, murals, and sculptures; and adding safety and accessibility features.

The building is set in a landscaped campus with the Capitol Mall on its south front, Leif Erikson Park on its west, and Judicial Plaza to its east. Various monuments and memorials are located in these green spaces.

First Minnesota State Capitol
The current State Capitol building is the third building to serve this purpose. The territorial legislature first met in a temporary headquarters in the Central House Hotel. In 1851, work began to oversee finances and the hiring of contractors to build the Capitol. Its architect, N. C. Prentiss drew up specifications for the new Capitol. Exterior details included brick work, cut stone floors and steps for the porches, a wood pediment, wood Ionic-style columns, and a well-framed roof covered with fireproof material. Interior work called for Norway pine flooring and staircases of oak and ash with oak handrails and turned balusters. The legislature moved into the new Capitol in time for the 5th territorial legislative session on January 4, 1854.

The population boomed after Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858, and the Capitol building was expanded with a new wing on the Exchange Street side of the building in 1873 and a second wing facing Wabasha Street in 1878.

Despite efforts to make the Capitol fire-resistant, it was destroyed by fire on March 1, 1881. While legislators met in the evening, fire broke out in the dome of the Capitol and quickly spread. There were no deaths, but efforts to save the building failed. It was replaced on the same site in 1883 by the second Capitol building.

Second Minnesota State Capitol
After fire destroyed Minnesota's first Capitol building, the second Capitol, a three-story, Romanesque, masonry building designed by Leroy Buffington, was completed in 1883 on the site of the first Capitol. Buffington designed the new building in the shape of a Greek cross. It featured a foundation of cut stone and walls of red brick with Dresbach sandstone trim. Each wing measured 150 feet in length. The main entrance on the southwest from Wabasha Street opened onto the first floor, where the governor, attorney general, auditor, treasurer, and secretary of state had offices. The Assembly (House of Representatives) chamber in the southeast wing featured a twenty-five-foot ceiling with a large stained glass skylight. The Senate chamber in the southwest wing was finished in yellow birch and birdseye maple. The Supreme Court chamber in the southeast wing featured woodwork of cherry and Hungarian ash.

Shortly after it opened, deficiencies of the new building were becoming clear. Overcrowding due to a lack of space, a lack of adequate fireproofing, and the discovery of dry rot made the building increasing unacceptable. Additionally, poor ventilation led in the push for a new Capitol building in 1893. It had served as the seat of Minnesota state government for just 10 years before state officials began planning a grander, more efficient Capitol. After the completion of the third State Capitol in 1905, the state used the old Capitol for meeting space, storage, and parking until its demolition in 1937. The site for the first and second Capitol buildings eventually became home to the former Arts and Science Building and McNally Smith Music Academy.

Third Minnesota State Capitol
The present state Capitol was designed by Cass Gilbert, whose design was selected by the Board of State Capitol Commissioners over 41 other submissions. Butler-Ryan Construction was selected as the contractor. Work began on the capitol in 1896, its corner-stone laid July 27, 1898, and construction was completed in 1905. The construction cost US$4.5 million. It opened its doors to the public for the first time on January 2, 1905. In 1893 Governor Knute Nelson appointed the seven-member Board of State Capitol Commissioners to oversee the construction of a new Capitol following the recommendation of the state legislature. The board oversaw every aspect of the work. This included supervising the expenditures, acquiring property, setting building specifications, selecting the architect and general contractor, and giving final approval for the type of stone to use on the exterior, as well as the art and artists.

The site selected by the commission was "Wabasha Hill", bounded by Park Avenue, University Avenue, Cedar and Wabasha Streets, and Central Avenue. While this was the costliest of the four sites considered for the Capitol, it was the largest, and the Commission concluded that it was the best location for the building. Dozens of companies and hundreds of workers worked to complete the statehouse. Six workers were killed in accidents between 1898 and 1903 as a result of unsafe working conditions.

Upon completion, the building drew praise from the architecture community, leading to requests for Gilbert to design Capitol buildings for other states, such as West Virginia and Arkansas, and other notable structures.

Originally, the Capitol housed all the executive offices and the three branches of state government, state agencies and commissions, and the Minnesota Historical Society. Expansion of offices and meeting rooms, reconstruction of chambers, and subdivision of corridors occurred as early as the 1930s. As needs expanded, the state agencies and commissions, and over half of the executive offices, moved out of the Capitol to other buildings. One of the first to leave was the Minnesota Historical Society, which relocated to its own building (now the Minnesota Judicial Center) next to the Capitol in 1915. Most recently, the offices of the Senate moved to the newly constructed Minnesota Senate Building in January 2016.

The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

Architecture
The Minnesota Capitol is usually described as "Beaux-Arts", a modern term not in use when the Capitol was built, but a style made popular in part by the architecture at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. In addition to being influenced by his time at the World's Columbian Exposition, the State Capitol's architect Cass Gilbert was inspired by McKim, Mead & White's Rhode Island State House. Gilbert wrote a note in the margins on a 1912 article on his work stating that his plan of the Minnesota capitol had been greatly influenced by the one in Rhode Island.

The building's structure consists of a steel and cast iron frame on rough limestone foundation walls resting on concrete footings. Guastavino tile vaulting forms the ceilings on both the ground and first floor. The structural elements of a building primarily consist of load-bearing brick and stone masonry walls and piers supporting steel-framed floor and roof systems. Care given in the construction of the original structure was so great that even far removed mechanical spaces not intended to be seen by the public were designed and built with a high standard of finish and design.

East to west, the Capitol is more than 430 ft long. From ground level to the top of the dome's lantern measures 220 ft. Inside, the building has more than 300000 sqft of floor space, or about 5000000 cuft of space.
 * Building Dimensions

The Minnesota State Capitol dome is the second largest self-supported marble dome in the world, behind Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, on which Gilbert based his design. The dome itself is actually made up of three domes or layers. The outer layer is a self-supporting dome made of Georgia marble blocks resting upon their own weight. Hidden inside is a brick and steel cone that supports the lantern and golden sphere at the top of the dome and provides an internal water drainage system, which helps avoid the heaving problem created by the freezing and thawing of Minnesota winters. Below that is the decorative masonry dome that can be seen from the inside, looking up from the rotunda. At the dome's base are 12 marble eagles paired with the columns surrounding the drum of the dome. At the dome's top is a columned stone lantern which is then topped by a finial globe covered in gold leaf.
 * Dome

Because it was just over 30 years after the American Civil War when the building was designed, Gilbert drew ire for choosing marble from Georgia rather than native Minnesota granite for the exterior. Gilbert insisted on using Georgia white marble, saying that the use of a darker color would make it look "glooming and forbidding." A compromise was made with native granite for the steps and the base and interior walls of Kasota limestone, while using the Georgia white marble for the vast majority of the buildings’ exterior.
 * Stone

The steps of the two grand staircases in the east and west wings of the Capitol are made of Hauteville limestone, which resembles the Kasota limestone used through the walls of the Capitol but can take more wear. The 36 variegated columns surrounding the grand staircases are made from Breche Violette marble from Italy.

In the rotunda, the giant columns in the four open spaces are made from Minnesota granite. The deep bronze columns on the north and south were quarried near Ortonville, Minnesota and the purplish gray columns on the east and west were quarried near Rockville, Minnesota.

Dividing the statuary niches and the Kasota stone walls in the rotunda from the "Civilization of the Northwest" murals above them is a line of Sioux Quartzite from a quarry in Jasper, Minnesota. Previously it was thought to be Catlinite/Pipestone, which is prized by Native Americans, primarily those of the Plains nations for use in making ceremonial pipes. During the 2013-2017 renovation, the stone was tested and found not to be Catlinite.

Artwork

The State Capitol opened in 1905 with roughly 60 artworks that totaled $300,000, or 7% of the $4.5-million project budget. Over the years, more art has been added to the Capitol, totaling nearly 150 pieces in 2017.

Gilbert sought out many of the finest artists of the period, such as Kenyon Cox, Elmer Garnsey, Edwin Howland Blashfield, Henry Oliver Walker, Edward Emerson Simmons, John La Farge, Douglas Volk, Francis D. Millet, Howard Pyle, and Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum.

Much of the original art is allegorical. Gilbert's trips to Europe encouraged his ideas, but he was more directly influenced by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. In particular, the inspiration for the Minnesota quadriga, a group of figures entitled Progress of the State, was the Columbus Quadriga, a statue depicting Christopher Columbus standing in a four horse chariot guided by two maidens carrying staffs of victory, that Daniel Chester French and Edward Clark Potter had modeled for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Gilbert saw this quadriga group at the Exposition and made plans to have artists adapt it for Minnesota.

As work continued on the interior, multiple groups, notably American Civil War veterans, the Minnesota Historical Society, and some politicians, demanded that the artwork in the Capitol illustrate historic events of Minnesota's past. The current ornate look of the Governors Reception Room was partly a response to Minnesotans' suggestions for pictures from their own history which gave Gilbert the opportunity to upscale his plans for the room and to include six large paintings that span 200 years of the area's history.

In 1944, the custom of displaying governors' portraits in the public corridors was initiated. In 1971, the Capitol Area Architectural Planning Board and the Minnesota Historical Society were entrusted to approve design, structural composition and location of all works of art.

Interior

 * Governors Reception Room

The Governors Reception Room, arguably the most elaborately decorated in the building, is a ceremonial room, designed for state receptions, proclamations, and press conferences.

Gilbert designed the elaborately decorated room, which was inspired by his earlier vacation in Europe, on the lines of a Venetian Council Chamber, with stained white oak woodwork and heavy molding gilded with gold leaf framing historical paintings.

The room's ornate look was partly a response to Minnesotans' suggestions for pictures from their own history. Originally Gilbert had planned for the room to be much more modest. "The executive rooms should be finished in perfectly plain color without elaborate decoration of any kind," Gilbert wrote in a 1903 letter to the Board. Responding to popular demand, the Board of State Capitol Commissioners authorized six paintings by four nationally known artists. Gilbert prepared plans for a more ornate room to accommodate paintings of historical subject matter, which were originally considered for the lunettes over the grand stair halls.

In 1968 the red drapes and leather furnishings were replaced with gold velvet curtains and modern armchairs covered in mustard yellow upholstery. With a space shortage in the Capitol, Governor LeVander decided the room should be converted to office use and closed off to the public. There was strong public objection to this temporary solution. Legislators and civic leaders worked to dissuade LeVander, and kept the Reception Room open to visitors. This controversy helped facilitate the recognition for the historic preservation and restoration of many Capitol spaces in the 1970s.

In 1978, when farmers converged on the Capitol to protest powerline construction on their farms, the message "we want a moratorium on powerlines" was carved into one of the antique tables after several hundred protesters crowded into the Reception Room.

One of several signature features of the Capitol is the brass and translucent glass eight-pointed star symbolizing Minnesota's motto, "L'Étoile du Nord" (The Star of the North), which is set in a circle on the floor of the rotunda below the central dome. The star motif is then repeated in the marble floor of the rotunda with the points of the star using red Numidian marble from the Nile River. The star's glass floor provides natural light to a State Capitol hearing room below. The motto can be seen in other areas of the Capitol stenciled on the walls.
 * Decorations and symbols

Additional state symbols appear as details in unexpected settings. In a homage to Minnesota's nickname, the "Gopher State", life-sized cast iron gophers rear up on balustrades in the rotunda. The Lady Slipper was adopted as the state flower in 1902, during the Capitol's construction. Gilbert had many of the Corinthian capitals adjusted to feature larger-than-life renditions of the wild orchid found in Minnesota's northern forests.

The dome electrolier (chandelier) is lit every Statehood Day on May 11, commemorating when Minnesota became the 32nd state in the union on May 11, 1858.

Gilbert had originally planned that art decorating the capitol interior would be mainly allegorical in nature. However, the Board of State Capitol Commissioners was approached by American Civil War veterans and Minnesota legislators who felt the artwork in the Capitol should depict real events in the states past rather than allegorical imagery. In particular they wanted recognition of Minnesota's military units. Additional funds were lacking to build a desired immense obelisk outside the Capitol that was to be the memorial to veterans. These issues convinced Gilbert to amend his vision and include Civil War homages inside the Capitol building.
 * American Civil War themes

Four of the six paintings originally installed in the Governor's Reception Room included Civil war themes, as did the two paintings in the Governor's Anteroom. Gilbert originally seemed to want any statues in the second floor rotunda niches to be Minnesota Senators or U.S. Presidents; however, the statues finally installed between 1909 and 1914 were of Civil War veterans. Years after the construction was done, more plaques and benches memorializing Minnesotans who served in the Civil War were added between the 1920s and 1930s as the result of lobbying done by veterans groups and legislators. While there is no official designation, quality and volume of American Civil War art and historic artifacts in the capitol building gives the semblance the Capitol being a memorial to Civil War veterans.

Capitol Mall

On the Capitol's south front is the State Capitol Mall, which includes eighteen acres of green space. Over the years, monuments and memorials have been added to the mall. The mall and the Capitol building itself are overseen by the Capitol Area Architectural and Planning Board (CAAPB), a small state agency consisting of twelve members.

Cass Gilbert envisioned his State Capitol building in a setting of plazas and axial and radial avenues, but his commission was initially limited to the building only due to lack of funds. As time went on, the aging neighborhood surrounding the Capitol increasingly deteriorated. Work to transform the area and to develop at least partially Gilbert's vision of landscaped grand boulevards providing key approaches to the capitol began after World War II. The work was largely complete by 1955, leaving the State Capitol Mall with the overall form that still provides the setting for the Minnesota State Capitol.

2013 to 2017 Renovation
The Minnesota State Capitol underwent a comprehensive restoration project from 2013 to 2017, the first major renovation since the building first opened.

Work began in 2013, with the project estimated at that time to cost $241 million, funded via a series of appropriations made by the Minnesota legislature. The project repaired and modernized deteriorating building systems, restored the building to Cass Gilbert's original architectural vision, increased public meeting space (including a new classroom for the Minnesota Historical Society to host school groups and provide information about the building), updated life safety systems, and improved accessibility for people with disabilities.

3-D modeling was used to incorporate details about materials and other characteristics of particular parts of the structure. It was used to help with aspects of planning which included the positioning of new HVAC units that required the doubling of ductwork in order to meet modern code requirements but not be noticed or mar the historic character of the building. The laser scanning done to confirm the accuracy of the digital model also showed that Gilbert's original architectural drawings proved to be very accurate to what was built.

The original Georgia marble stone on the exterior had badly deteriorated from weathering, and underwent comprehensive restoration that included 20,000 repairs with 6,000 pieces replaced. The stone was obtained from the same quarry as the original marble. Some historic details removed during previous renovations, were restored or recreated such as the Capitol's public elevators on the south side of the building which were outfitted with leaded-glass fronts reminiscent of the originals which had been discarded and replaced by stainless steel doors in the late 1960s.

The amount of public space in the building was doubled to nearly 40,000 square feet, with a number of new public spaces opened to the public for reservation and use year round. Mechanical systems in the Capitol's basement were buried under the floor to help create new public spaces including the ’Etoile du Nord Vault event space directly under the rotunda.

The project also included a restoration of the capitol's many works of fine art, which prompted discussions over some paintings in the building that feature controversial depictions of American Indians. A series of public input meetings were held around the state to gather feedback and consider options for new policies regarding art in the renovated building. When the building reopened, two of these paintings,, and the were relocated while others remained in place.

The renovation forced the House and Senate to hold a special session in the nearby State Office Building in 2015. During the regular 2016 session, the Senate met in the newly completed Senate Office Building, with the capitol open for only limited access to the House chamber during the session.

By the time of its completion in 2017, the total cost of the renovation project reached about $310 million. The bulk of construction was completed by the start of the 2017 legislative session in January. The project was officially completed in August 2017, at which point all of the building's newly renovated spaces opened to the public.

Public access
After its current restoration, the removal of office spaces on the third floor and mechanical and storage spaces in the basement opened up new public gathering spaces, meeting rooms, and exhibit areas, many of which can be reserved for use by members of the public. The Minnesota Historical Society operates the Capitol Information and Tour Center. The building is open to the public most days of the week, and guided tours are available. Tours on special topics surrounding the Capitol occur throughout the year. The Minnesota State Capitol Third Floor Gallery features rotating non-permanent exhibits featuring Minnesota art, culture, and history.

title: Minnesota State Capitol


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Petar Krumov (composer)

Petar Krumov (Петър Крумов) is a composer, arranger and conductor born on 6 August 1934 in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.

He studied choral conducting with Professor Georgi Dimitrov at the Pancho Vladigerov State Academy of Music (Sofia), from which he graduated in 1957. During his studies and as a result of the influence of Filip Kutev he became interested in Bulgarian folk music, which has been his main field of work since then. In 1957 he founded the Dobrudja Folk Ensemble, which he directed until 1982. He became then Director of the folk ensemble "Silistra", until 1988. He has been a member of the jury in many folklore festivals, both International and Bulgarian. He has received several awards, among them the Golden Medal at the National Folklore Competition (1959, 1964, 1969 and 1984). He is holder of the Order of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius II Rank. Krumov is also author of several books and articles on Bulgarian folklore and music.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Petar Krumov (composer)


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Talk:4th millennium

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:1st millennium which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:30, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

Sea level rise prediction
Here's my (more detailed) rationale for removing this entry: While the cited article may be useful for better understanding the impact of increasing levels on sea level rise, it's not useful for making any kind of specific prediction about what sea level will actually be 1000 years from now. And related to the third point above, the paper (understandably) neglects the possibility of any future geoengineering. --Deacon Vorbis (talk) 15:49, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The end date is arbitrary. Why 3000?  Why not 2500 or 3500 or any other year?  Indeed, it represents an ongoing process, so singling out one specific point in time is inappropriate.
 * The cited article includes several different future emissions scenarios. Including only the worst case is cherry picking.
 * Those emissions scenarios are contrived and unrealistic. After 2100,  levels abruptly become constant and stay constant for the next 900 years.
 * I've revised the entry. As for it being contrived, well that's an issue to take up with the experimenters. They claim their results show stabilization after 2100. If you disagree, you're welcome to run your own experiment.  Serendi pod ous  19:56, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree with Deacon Vorbis. This projection does not meet the "almost certain to take place" standard articulated by WP:CRYSTAL. The timeframe is so long there's absolutely no way to make reliable guesses about the carbon dioxide levels used as inputs, given the inevitability of unpredictable social and technological change. They could plausibly vary from we burn all the fossil fuels in the ground, to the world goes carbon-neutral in 2035 and successfully removes all the human-created CO2 from the atmosphere by 2050, sending any excess ocean water to terraform Mars by 2500. If anything, this single study (which is itself problematic) might best be mentioned on sea level rise where projections are discussed with ample context. So far the predictions there don't go beyond 2100, which is still pushing the boundary of what can be reliably forseen, and probably represent the limit of actual scientific consensus. -- Beland (talk) 23:34, 28 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Sea levels continuing to rise according to current trends is certainly more likely to happen than terraforming Mars. If anything, the estimate is exceptionally conservative. Worst case global warming could hit us with a Permian level extinction by 2200.  Serendi pod ous  00:46, 29 September 2020 (UTC)
 * For this claim to remain on this page, it'd have to show that the terraforming scenario was almost certainly not going to happen over a 1000 year period, and I don't know how that's even possible given we've only been a spacefaring species for 70 years. There are a hundred other economic, social, and technological scenarios that would take us off current trends, either for better or for worse, and all of them would also have to be almost certain not to happen over 1000 years. Since we have two editors in support of that idea and one against, I'm removing the claim for now. -- Beland (talk) 00:25, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

Barnard's Star prediction
On why that prediction should be removed...The assumption that world economic growth will hold steady at 1.4% has not held true since 2006, and there's no way any model could possibly predict that it's "almost certain" to do so (the standard required at WP:CRYSTAL) for over 1000 years. And in addition to that it would have to be "almost certain" that power output will correlate with economic growth and that society in 1000 will care about interstellar travel and not blown itself to bits or bombed itself back to the stone age. And that all these things are "almost certain" to happen in 1000 years and not 500 or 2000. -- Beland (talk) 00:40, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:4th millennium


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Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania

Lafayette Hill is an unincorporated community, which is situated primarily within Whitemarsh Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. A small part of this community is also located in Springfield Township.

Located just west of Philadelphia's Chestnut Hill neighborhood, and south of Plymouth Meeting, Lafayette Hill, which has also been known, historically, as "Barren Hill," draws its name from the French General Marquis de Lafayette, who encamped there with his soldiers during the American Revolution.

History
Before the general decampment from Valley Forge in the spring of 1778, George Washington dispatched an estimated 2,200 troops under the command of Marquis de Lafayette to act as a defensive screen and to conduct reconnaissance of the British army, which had garrisoned in Philadelphia for the winter. The two forces had a brief engagement at nearby Barren Hill.

The community's post office name was officially changed from Barren Hill to Lafayette Hill in March 1883.

Lafayette Hill is an area with many parks and nature reserves. It is home to a Jewish community and Catholic population anchored by St. Philip Neri Church, Congregation Or Ami, and Whitemarsh Valley Country Club. Many people commute to Philadelphia to work. Its main transit system is SEPTA.

Lafayette Hill is home to the Barren Hill Volunteer Fire Company, one of the oldest fire companies in the area. It was founded after a fire destroyed a farm along with several livestock in 1915. Currently, Barren Hill Fire Company has roughly 400 to 500 calls for service each year. Their 1977 firehouse is located on 641 Germantown Pike. Whitemarsh Township is also served by the Spring Mill Fire Company.

Lafayette Hill is served by the Colonial School District.

Notable people from Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania include: Terrence Howard, John Salmons, Da'Rel Scott, Brad Furman, Reece Whitley, billionaire Michael G. Rubin,

Demographics
The 2016 Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania, population was 10,796. There were 2,229 people per square mile (population density). The racial makeup of the town was 88.48% White, 4.47% African American, 4.62% Asian, 0.00% Native American, and 0.00% 'Other'. 1.95% of the people in Lafayette Hill (zip 19444), Pennsylvania, claim hispanic ethnicity (meaning 98.06% are non-hispanic).

In 2016, the median age was 44.5 years old. 56.60% of people in Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania, were married. 8.65% were divorced. The average household size was 2.38 people. 37.32% of people were married, with children. 13.56% had children, but were single. The average household income was $190,170. The median household income was $142,315.

title: Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania


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Military base

A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations. A military base always provides accommodations for one or more units, but it may also be used as a command center, training ground or proving ground. In most cases, military bases rely on outside help to operate. However, certain complex bases are able to endure on their own for long periods because they are able to provide food, water, and other necessities for their inhabitants while under siege. Bases for military aviation are called military air bases, or simply "air bases". Bases for military ships are called naval bases.

Jurisdictional definition
Military bases within the United States are considered federal property and are subject to federal law. Civilians (such as family members of military officers) living on military bases are generally subject to the civil and criminal laws of the states where the bases are located. Military bases can range from small outposts to military cities containing up to 100,000 people. A military base may belong to a different nation or state than the territory surrounding it.

Naming
The name used generally refers to the type of military activity that takes place at the base, as well as the traditional nomenclature used by a branch of service.

A military base may go by any of a number of names, such as the following:

 * Ammunition dump
 * Armory
 * Arsenal
 * Advance airfield
 * Barracks
 * Border outpost
 * Cantonment
 * Casern
 * Combat outpost (COP)
 * Facility
 * Fire support base (FSB, FB)
 * Forward Operating Base (FOB)
 * Forward operating site (FOS)
 * Fortification
 * Garrison
 * Installation
 * Joint base
 * Magazine
 * Main Operating Base (MOB)
 * Marine Corps base
 * Military airbase, airfield or field
 * Military camp
 * Missile launch facility
 * Naval air station
 * Naval base
 * Naval dockyard
 * Naval shipyard
 * Observation post
 * Outpost (OP)
 * Presidio
 * Proving ground
 * Reservation
 * Satellite airfield
 * Station
 * Submarine base
 * Training camp

Types of establishment
Depending on the context, the term "military base" may refer to any establishment (usually permanent) that houses a nation's armed forces, or even organized paramilitary forces such as the police, constabulary, militia, or national guards. Alternatively, the term may refer solely to an establishment which is used only by an army (or possibly other land fighting related forces, such as marines) to the exclusion of a base used by either an air force or a navy. This is consistent with the different meanings of the word 'military'.

Some examples of permanent military bases used by the navies and air forces of the world are the HMNB Portsmouth in Portsmouth, UK, the Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington State, US, or Ramstein Air Base, Germany (the last two are each designated as a Main Operating Base). Other examples of non- or semi-permanent military bases include a Forward Operating Base (FOB), a Logistics Base (Log base) and a Fire Base (FB).

A military base may also contain large concentrations of military supplies in order to support military logistics. Most military bases are restricted to the public and usually only authorized personnel may enter them (be it military personnel or their relatives and authorized civilian personnel).

In addition to the main military facilities on a certain installation, military bases usually (but not always) have various different facilities for military personnel. These facilities vary from country to country. Military bases can provide housing for military personnel, a post office and dining facilities (restaurants). They may also provide support facilities such as fast food restaurants, gas stations, chapels, schools, banks, thrift stores, a hospital or clinic (dental or health clinics, as well as veterinarian clinics), lodging, movie theaters, and, in some countries, retail stores (usually a supermarket such as Commissary and a Department Store, such as AAFES). On American military installations, Family, Morale, Welfare and Recreation (FMWR) provides facilities such as fitness centers, libraries, golf courses, travel centers, community service centers, campgrounds, child development centers, youth centers, automotive workshops, hobby/arts and crafts centers, bowling centers, and community centers.

Bases used by the United States Air Force Reserve tend to be active USAF bases. However, there are a few Air Reserve Bases, such as Dobbins ARB, Georgia, and Grissom ARB, Indiana, both of which are former active-duty USAF bases. Facilities of the Air National Guard are often located on civil airports in a secure cantonment area not accessible to the general public, though some units are based on USAF bases, and a few ANG-operated bases, such as Selfridge ANGB, Michigan. Support facilities on Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve installations tend to not be as extensive as active bases (i.e., they usually do not have on-base lodging (though Kingsley Field ANGB, Oregon, is an exception), clinics (except for drill days), or retail stores (although some have small convenience stores)).

In Russian usage "military base" or "naval base" is not limited to denoting a specific fence described facility and usually encompasses a broad territory within which a number of discrete facilities may be located. As examples, 1) the Russian Sevastopol Naval Base comprises individual facilities located within the city of Sevastopol proper (waterfront moorings, weapons stores, a headquarters compound, and a naval infantry base) as well as an airfield at Kacha north of the city; 2) the Leningrad Naval Base comprises all naval facilities in the greater St. Petersburg area including training schools, commissioning institutes, the naval academy, and the Kronshtadt base on Kotlin island.

Overseas military base

An overseas military base is a military base that is geographically located outside of the territory of the country whose armed forces are the principal occupants of the base.

Such bases may be established by treaties between the governing power in the host country and another country which needs to establish the military base in the host country for various reasons, usually strategic and logistic.

Furthermore, overseas military bases often serve as the source of the military brat subculture due to the children of the bases' occupant military being born or raised in the host country but raised with a remote parental knowledge of the occupant military's home country.

British military bases
In the 18th and 19th centuries the Royal Engineers were largely responsible for erecting military bases in the British Isles and the British Empire. In 1792 the Chief Engineer was instructed to prepare the Barrack Construction estimates for Parliament and at the same time the Department of the Barrackmaster-General was established.

During the period from the 1840s through the 1860s barracks were constructed under supervision of the Royal Engineers in:
 * Bristol (1847)
 * Preston (1848)
 * Tower of London (1851)
 * Sheerness (1854)
 * Sheffield (1854)
 * Curragh Camp (1855)
 * Devonport (1856)
 * Chelsea (1861)

The Cardwell Reforms (1872) ushered in another period of intensive Barrack building at Aldershot, Portsmouth, Plymouth, London, Woking, Woolwich, Dublin, Belfast, Malta, Gibraltar and the Cape of Good Hope.

In 1959 the Corps' Work Services was transferred to the civilian War Department Works Organization (later renamed Property Services Agency (PSA)) and by 1965 the (Specialist Teams Royal Engineers (STRE)) were formed to plan and execute Works projects worldwide.

Some British and Commonwealth naval bases are traditionally named, commissioned, and administered as though they were naval ships. For this reason they are sometimes called stone frigates.

Related term

 * Billet
 * Kaserne

title: Military base


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War Memorial Stadium

War Memorial Stadium may refer to:

 * Ada War Memorial Stadium, in Ada, Ohio, also known as War Memorial Stadium
 * War Memorial Stadium (Arkansas), Little Rock, Arkansas
 * War Memorial Stadium (Austin, Texas) (former official name 1924–1947), now Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium
 * War Memorial Stadium (Buffalo, New York), former stadium, now demolished
 * War Memorial Stadium (Hampton, Virginia), in Hampton, Virginia
 * War Memorial Stadium (Laramie, Wyoming), in Laramie, Wyoming
 * War Memorial Stadium (Wailuku, Hawaii), home of the Hula Bowl
 * World War Memorial Stadium, Greensboro, North Carolina, also known as War Memorial Stadium

title: War Memorial Stadium


text:
Edward Potter

Edward Potter may refer to:

 * Edward Clark Potter (1857–1923), American sculptor
 * Edward Tuckerman Potter (1831–1904), American architect
 * Edward E. Potter (1823–1889), Union general in the American Civil War
 * Edward Potter (footballer) (1878–1960), Australian rules footballer

title: Edward Potter


text:
Pillar (Lake District)

Pillar is a mountain in the western part of the English Lake District. Situated between the valleys of Ennerdale to the north and Wasdale to the south, it is the highest point of the Pillar group (some dozen fells clustered round it). At 892 metres it is the eighth-highest mountain in the Lake District. The fell takes its name from Pillar Rock, a prominent feature on the Ennerdale side, regarded as the birthplace of rock climbing in the district.

Topography
The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Pillar is on the southern arm.

The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. The principal fells in this section are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell, followed by the lower Lank Rigg group.

Pillar stands on the southern wall of Ennerdale, 3 mi from the head of the valley. Two tiers of impressive crags run the full length of the fell from Wind Gap in the west to Black Sail Pass in the east. The top tier fronts the summit ridge, a series of coves being interspersed between the buttresses. Below is a narrow terrace bearing the 'High Level Route' path and then a further wall including Pillar Rock, Raven and Ash Crags and Proud Knott. The lower slopes are planted with a broad belt of conifers, extending across the River Liza to the flanks of High Crag.

The southern flank of Pillar looks down on Mosedale, the more westerly of Wasdale's two main feeder valleys. From Wasdale Head village Pillar appears to stand at the head of Mosedale, but the valley curves out of sight, actually having its source on the slopes of Scoat Fell. The Mosedale slopes cannot compete with those above Ennerdale, although there is outcropping rock, particularly at Wistow Crags, Elliptical Crag and Murl Rigg.

The summit of Pillar is at the western end, immediately above the descent to Wind Gap (2475 ft). This continues the watershed to Scoat Fell and beyond. A subsidiary spur branches off north-west of the summit, passing over White Pike before petering out in the Ennerdale Forest. The eastern ridge of Pillar stretches for about a mile, gradually descending before the final upthrust of Looking Stead. This subsidiary top is listed as a Nuttall in its own right. Beyond is Black Sail Pass, a pedestrian route between Wasdale and the head of Ennerdale. Kirk Fell stands on the other side of the pass.

Geology
The primary rock types in the summit area are the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation. Bands of volcaniclastic sandstone and andesite sills are also present. Rhyolite and lapilli-tuff appear amongst the northern crags, with outcrops of the Craghouse Member on the north-west ridge.

Ecology
Pillar and Ennerdale Fells is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Summit
The summit is surprisingly wide and grassy, consisting patches of stones interspersed with short turf. An Ordnance Survey triangulation column stands beside a cairn and windshelter. At the northern edge of the plateau a further windshelter marks the descent to the mountain rescue stretcher-box and the High Level Route.

The view is excellent with all of the major fells except the Coniston range in sight. Loweswater and Ennerdale Water can be seen, together with Burnmoor Tarn. From the north windshelter there is a striking view of the summit of Pillar Rock.

Ascent routes
Pillar is usually climbed from Wasdale Head, by far the nearest road access. The simplest route involves taking the Black Sail Pass, the main foot pass between Wasdale and Ennerdale, to its highest point (around 545 metre), then ascending the mountain's relatively gentle east ridge. Greater interest may be obtained by branching off the ridge (at c. 640 m) onto the "High Level Route", a narrow path which traverses around Pillar's northern crags before approaching the summit from the north, affording good views of Pillar Rock. Many walkers based in Wasdale climb Pillar as part of the Mosedale Horseshoe, a circuit of the skyline one of Wasdale's side valleys, which also includes Scoat Fell, Red Pike and Yewbarrow; Kirk Fell may also optionally be included.

Pillar may also be climbed from Ennerdale. From the YHA youth hostel at Black Sail at the head of the valley, it is a fairly short walk (around 1.5 km and 300 m of ascent, that is 1.5 km and 300 m of ascent) to the summit of Black Sail Pass, from where the same routes can be followed as described above. As Black Sail hostel is 5 or from the nearest public road, this approach is somewhat impractical to day-trippers (especially since the Ennerdale valley is itself remote from the main tourist centres of the Lake District), though attractive to those staying at the hostel. Alternatively, there are various paths up the mountain from lower down the valley which offer the possibility of closer acquaintance with the crags of the north face.

For strong walkers, other more accessible approaches are feasible which have the advantage of being more accessible than Wasdale from major tourist centres such as Keswick.

Firstly, from the Buttermere valley, climb then descend the Scarth Gap Pass between Gatesgarth and Black Sail, which then allows an ascent via Black Sail Pass as detailed above. The walk from Gatesgarth to the summit of Pillar and back involves over 1200 m of ascent, more if the High Level Route is taken.

Secondly, for a 10 mile round trip from the Honister Pass, contour round the head of Ennerdale by following the Moses Trod footpath to Beck Head col between Great Gable and Kirk Fell, then taking the path under Kirk Fell to the head of Black Sail Pass, before proceeding, by either of the routes described above, to Pillar Rock or summit. A variation from the Honister Pass is to descend to Ennerdale via the good path (steps) alongside Loft Beck, then ascend Black Sail Pass as before.

Pillar Rock

Pillar Rock is a large rocky outcrop surrounded by cliffs on the northern side of Pillar, well below the summit. When seen from Ennerdale it looks like a tall and thin column, hence its name. In the early 19th century it became widely known as one of the wonders of the Lake District, chiefly due to its featuring in William Wordsworth's poem The Brothers.

The first recorded ascent of Pillar Rock was made in 1826 by John Atkinson of Croftfoot, Ennerdale. His route, known as the Old West Route, is still classed as a rock climb, albeit one graded Moderate, the second lowest grade on the British system. It is the earliest recorded rock climb in the Lake District (not counting Coleridge's inadvertent descent of Scafell in 1802); subsequent Lakeland climbers also concentrated on Pillar, and by 1872 four different climbing routes had been pioneered on the rock. The easiest route to the top of Pillar Rock is now considered to be the Slab and Notch route, classed as a grade 3 scramble, whilst the classic route is the New West, classed as a Difficult rock climb. By 2007 over 90 climbs had been recorded, including 17 graded E1 or above.

By 1913, George Mallory seconded by Alan Goodfellow, climbed Pillar Rock by what is now known as "Mallory's Route" – currently graded Hard Very Severe 5a (American grading 5.9) – similar in difficulty to The Second Step on Mount Everest.

Pillar Rock has a topographic prominence of more than 15 m, and thus qualifies for the list of "Nuttalls" compiled by John and Anne Nuttall in their book The Mountains of England and Wales (see also Hill lists in the British Isles). It is the only summit on the list that cannot be reached without recourse to rock climbing.

title: Pillar (Lake District)


text:
Talk:Petar Krumov (composer)

Untitled
This is my first article, so please, could some English native speaker have a look at it? I tried to edit one of those grey boxes to include the internal link at the end of the article but I could not find a way to do it. I'll keep working on bulgarian composers, folk music and so on in the future. Thanks in advance.

--NoMad 00:09, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petar Krumov (composer)


text:
Tasmanian Devils (2001–2008)

The Tasmanian Devils was an Australian rules football club based in Tasmania that competed in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Owned and run by AFL Tasmania, the club took part in the VFL from 2001 to 2008 as the only non-Victorian club in the league.

The club participated in 157 official VFA/VFL matches during its eight season tenure recording a 59-96-2 playing record, recording its highest finish of Preliminary Finalist in 2004, where they were defeated by eventual premier, Sandringham.

The Devils played the majority of their home games at Bellerive Oval in Hobart alongside regular fixtures at York Park in Launceston. At the end of the 2008 season, AFL Tasmania decided to withdraw the Devils from the VFL in favour of restarting a new Tasmanian league encompassing the entire state.

Tasmania will return to the VFL in 2025 or 2026 after a successful Tasmanian AFL bid in 2023, with the new AFL team, Tasmania Devils, to field a side before entering the AFL in 2028.

History
During the 1990s, Tasmania had shown strong interest in joining the Australian Football League (AFL), and after rejected bids in 1995 and 1997, the AFL instigated the formation a Tasmanian team for the newly re-constructed Victorian Football League (VFL). The Tasmanian Devils formed in 2001 and were admitted into the VFL in its inaugural season the same year. The AFL continued to own the club.

The nickname "Devils" was chosen as the moniker for the club after the tenacious marsupial predator the Tasmanian devil, which is indigenous to the island of Tasmania. The club colours of green, red, gold and black were inspired by the original State of Origin "map" guernsey and are also Tasmania's sporting colours.

The Devils established home grounds in both Hobart and Launceston to deal with the long-standing north–south rivalry. Originally, northern home games were played at Launceston's York Park, while North Hobart Oval hosted games in the south. Occasional games were played in the north west, with Ulverstone, Devonport and Burnie each hosting a couple of games across the club's tenure.

The Devils' first two seasons brought mediocre results, but, under the direction of coach Matthew Armstrong, they made the finals for the first time in 2003, finishing third. The 2004 and 2005 seasons saw the Devils again make the finals. At the end of the 2005 season, the team moved from North Hobart Oval to Bellerive Oval for home games in the south and began playing all northern home games at York Park.

Following the trend of AFL clubs aligning themselves with VFL clubs for the match fitness of reserves players, in 2005, the Kangaroos expressed intentions to align with the Devils. A deal was struck that allowed a capped number of players from the Kangaroos to compete with either the Devils or North Ballarat in the VFL, starting in the 2006 season. This arrangement lasted two years and was unpopular among local fans, significantly harming the popularity of the club.

2006 proved to be a disappointment on-field, with the Devils finishing ninth and missing the finals. During the season, Armstrong had stepped down as coach due to internal pressure from the playing group, ending his six-year term in charge of the Devils. North Hobart premiership coach and former Devils player Brendon Bolton was made stand-in coach for the remainder of the year.

Tasmanian and former Sydney player Daryn Cresswell was named coach of the club for 2007, after a successful career as an assistant coach at Geelong and the Brisbane Lions. However, hampered in part by Cresswell's off-field issues, which included a gambling addiction and eventual fraud conviction, the club finished wooden spooners both seasons he coached the team, winning only six of a total 34 games.

At the end of the 2008 season, AFL Tasmania decided to withdraw the Devils from the VFL in favour of restarting a new Tasmanian league encompassing the entire state.

Coaches

 * 2001–2006 Matthew Armstrong
 * 2006 Brendon Bolton
 * 2007—2008 Daryn Cresswell
 * 2008 Lance Spaulding

Individual awards
Alastair Lynch Medalists (Best and Fairest):
 * Leigh Walker (2001)
 * Cameron Blight & Ben Atkin (2002)
 * Jordan Doering (2003)
 * Matthew Jovanovic (2004)
 * Ian Callinan (2005)
 * Brett Geappen (2006)
 * Leigh Adams (2007)
 * Cameron Thurley (2008)

JJ Liston Trophy Medallists:
 * Ian Callinan (2005)

Sponsors
Major Jumper Sponsors: Apparel Sponsors:
 * Wrest Point Hotel Casino (2006–2008)
 * Patrick (2001–2005)
 * Burley-Sekem (2001–2008)

Ball Sponsors:
 * Jetstar

title: Tasmanian Devils (2001–2008)


text:
VFL (disambiguation)

VFL can refer to:

 * Sport
 * Victorian Football League, an Australian rules football league, predecessor of the Australian Football League
 * Victorian Football League, an Australian rules football league; formerly the Victorian Football Association, renamed in 1995
 * Verein für Leibesübungen
 * VfL-Stadium, a stadium in Wolfburg

 * Other
 * Voies Ferrées des Landes, historic French railway company of Gascony

title: VFL (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Little, Big

Untitled
Why "epic"? --JerryFriedman 00:15, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * (William M. Connolley 18:41, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)) Because its long and boring (in the last 2/3).

 * It is generally considered one of the masterpieces of modern fantasy. Whether you find it boring depends on your attention span ;o).--MWAK 13:55, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There's no hard-and-fast standard for "epic", but I would say that a novel which features five (or six) generations of a family encompassed in one plot qualifies under just about any definition. --7Kim 22:14, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Call for sources?
Just what is it in the article that needs to be sourced? The refence to the Bloom book ... anything else?

Do the awards have to be sourced as well?

Seems like tagging the entire article is a little steep, especially since most of the material of the article is derived from the book itself and full data on that is in the infobox. --7Kim 22:18, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. GlassFET 15:04, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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Needs some work
Is there any reason that Sylvie's disappearance and Auberon's alcoholism are relegated to a character description instead of being in the summary? —JerryFriedman (Talk) 03:27, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Little, Big


text:
Talk:Human Potential Movement

Untitled
NOTE: recent messages have been moved to the bottom  of the page to  maintain chronological  integrity.--Kudpung (talk) 19:29, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

I also had to sort chronologically the posts again, that seemed to be in random order. — Paleo Neonate  – 03:52, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

Controversy
"The movement has received criticism in two forms. The first is from researchers in psychology, medicine, and science who often dismiss the movement as being grounded in pseudoscience, overusing Psycho-babble, and whose efficacy can be explained entirely by placebo. This criticism was expressed by Richard Feynman's response to his visit at Esalen."

As for me, use of the word 'placebo' with regard to the mental techniques is totally wrong. It could stand for the pills and other drug medicines. But not for the mental techniques, since placebo effect itself is a form of mental technique (if it works). Thus, there is _NO DIFFERENCE_ between placebo effect and mental technique.

 * Placebo effect is not a mental technique, and I defy you to provide any evidence that it is. It is chiefly manifested as a statistical phenomenon. If you look at the article about it you'll see that many people consider it solely organic. And are you implying that placebo effect is a technique of the human potential movement? John FitzGerald 02:14, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Mental techniques don't work for everybody. It's individual question. I've been practising NLP, Transcendental Meditation, visualisation-related methods (with regards to thinking capabilities), Silva method, speed reading and other methods _for years_ with good effects. And I don't care whether some scientist accepts it as truth or not, especially that, as I said, those techniques are _individual-based_.

 * I say mental techniques work for nobody – to disprove that null hypothesis you can cite some properly controlled studies which disprove it. John FitzGerald

So, one may criticise as pseudoscience some 'archeologic revelations' as well as the 'brand new' new ideas for 'perpetual engine'; but let the sceptics stay away from the mental techniques, for they will never be able to prove them always beneficial or always harmful (or non-efficient) simply because those techniques are individual and not universal, and even if some technique works for the single person on the planet Earth, it's fine (because this person is better off). (Critto, but unlogged)

 * No techniques are uniformly helpful, whether there's evidence that they work or not. John FitzGerald

 * I am the main author of this article, and I agree with your criticism of this paragraph.   I too have had a lot of experience with "mental techniques" and agree that they work for some people and that they work in much the same way as placebo.  However, I do think that the skeptics have a point, but I do not know how best to express it.  I am in many ways a hard-nosed skeptic myself and find myself to be annoyed quite often at the way some "mental techniques" are supported, justified, or theorized using pseudoscientific nonsense.  So, I find myself kinda split on the whole idea.  This is really very similar as the perrennial psudo-scientific "problems" with psychoanalysis.  Here's a shot at describing the problem informally.

 * I believe you that it's difficult. Thinking about it, I came to the conclusion, that one should seperate the pseudo-scientific or (purely) religious background from the mental techniques, basing on the usefulness (taking the utilitarian stance). One may believe in some religion or not, all pseudoscience may be (more or less) easily debunked, but nonetheless, the techniques they tried to 'incorporate' (or actually incorporated) may (or may not) be useful. Here is an excerpt of my edition, refutting the first claim of critics:

 * "Refutting part of this criticism one should, however, separate the pseudoscientific or religious background from the mental techniques, which may, or may not (depending on the individual character of each person) be useful and beneficial. Talking about the techniques, one should not employ the "one-size-fits-all" way of thinking, because human beings are so complicated and diverse, that there can be no panacea that works for everyone. "

 * What do you think about it?
 * I have also placed the rebuttal for another part of criticism (regarding to narcissism and self-centered stance).
 * "Refutting this criticism, one can say that the stronger an individual is, the more he (or she) may help others; and thus, self-development may give more power to one who wants to help others." Critto

 * Someone invents a great "mental technique" and begins to practice it regularly and somehow improves his/her life experience. The experience is so convincing that the individual tries to convince others to try out the technique and in order to do so, tries to find some kind of way to support the idea using "normal" scientific theories.  This is the most flaky when the scientific theory does not explicitly support the technique at all, but some additional "interpretation" of the "meaning" of the scientific theory is tacked on in order to justify the technique.  This really turns off skeptics and scientists because it is obvious that the technique promoter is abusing science in order to sell something.  It smacks of mind-control, religion, dogma, quackery, etc.

 * Yes, I agree that it makes more harm than good, as (1) lying for any purpose is wrong and (2) it's counterproductive, as it may make both experts and the ordinary people turn away from the things that may help them. It's sad how many intelligent people are literally shooting themselves in their feet. Fortunately, at least the NLP movement is almost free of 'pseudoscience', as they openly state that they seek for useful techniques (utilitarian drive) and not for their pseudo-scientific explanation. As many of them are practising psychologists or psychiatrists, some try to explain those things using the scientific methods, but it's in their individual efforts, and not in the "mainstream" of NLP. Critto

 * However, if all the malappropriated science is jettisoned, and the technique is treated as a purely subjective way of approaching something that may work for some people some of the time, then it would be less likely to bother the skeptics. But now there are a couple of new problems.

 * It depends on what skeptics you are talking about: the scientific or the prejudiced :) For example, the Skeptic Dictionary categorized the speed reeding as 'junk science and pseudoscience' (link: http://skepdic.com/tijunk.html), basing on the statement that some people claim to be able to read 10000 to 25000 words per minute(!). (the link: http://www.skepdic.com/speedreading.html ). Thus, they make an absurdal claim and then rebut it, making their argument a logical fallacy. But the usefulness of speed reading has been proven for many times, and recently, in Poland, there was even a tournament organised in speed reading. 2000-3000 thousand words per minute (with comprehension, of course) was an achievable thing out there. It doesn't, however, stop the 'skeptics' from debunking all speed reading as a useless myth. Well, to give them their due, they presented the dissenting voices of some people in the 'reader comments' section. And speed reading is a wonderful example of how the human minds differ: one person analyses the text while reading it (what takes much time), while another one 'loads it up to his/her memory', and only after this performs its analysis. I think it's no wrong to speculate that the second type of person is more likely to make use of speed reading. Critto

 * First of all, the optimistic scientist would say that the subjective qualities of the mental experience may currently be in a proto-scientific frontier, but that eventually those areas can and should submit to scientific inquiry.

 * Yes, and they will, but at least some methods must change. For example, because of the individual character of those techniques, it would be wrong to employ the same test as used for new chemical drugs, where the selected group of volunteers are provided with their medication; what works for one may not work for another one, even if he (she) is a volunteer. Rather, I think that the scientists should concentrate their research on the persons who, with failure or success, used those techniques. Critto

 * Secondly, the "true believer" agrees with this skeptical, yet optimistic, scientist on precisely that point. The believer thinks that somehow these techniques should be useful for everyone if they work for some people, because, after all, we all share the same basic genome and basic  phenotypical attributes.

 * In my opinion, both of them employ the naive "one-size-fits-all" view, which disregards the human diversity and complexity. Actually, there is not, and can't be a panacea. Most of those techniques rely on the individual capabilities as the imagination (meant as the ability to imagine), ability to 'convince oneself' to something (necessary for affirmations to work), receptivity to hypnosis (it has been proven long ago that one may be more or less receptive, as well as non-receptive at all), and many more issues like that. Critto

 * And finally, there is a flaw I find in the way of thinking employed by some psychologists: they think that if something works, or is true for 99% of the population, it should work for everybody. Well, such a stance could only be true with regards to psychosociology, which relates to the 'macro-scale' issues; in the individual psychology, however, it is totally wrong as someone may belong to this 1% -- and those '99%' are the result of intentional overrating the issue by myself, as some psychological research make claims about 60-70% of the population, which leaves a very wide margin for the 'minorities'.

 * The other interesting thing is that there are a lot of underlying similarities amongst wide ranges of mental techniques. Many people who have tried a variety of things like meditation, hypnosis, Feldenkrais, NLP, and so on would probably be able to talk about some of these similarities using some fuzzy language (as I sometimes am prone to do) - like "awareness", "presence", "focus", "attention", "pattern", "habit", "freedom", "choice", "illusion" and so on.

 * Well, that was my shot at it. I think I can do better, but I wanted to get this discussion going.  If someone understands what I am saying and agrees that the scientific skeptics have a point, and agrees that the way the article states it is rather poor, then I would love to see that someone give it a go.  Thanks!  --mporch 01:03, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Easy solution - I've removed the whole criticism section, which remained entirely unreferenced weasel worded original research. If you restore it - and it should be restored - you must cite sources.  If you want to cite your own independently published works, do so, but Wikipedia is not a platform for primary publishing of your opinions. Rogerborg (talk) 09:22, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't see any purpose for having this segment about controversy. You don't need to 'convince the readers, only to inform them. Fridakahlofan (talk) 01:01, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

The July 20 addition
I'm a little concerned that the July 20 edit adding material refuting some criticism, and the other paragraph below in that section also refuting criticism, have a tone that becomes too conversational with the reader, as though we are giving the reader personal advice on how to balance competing claims. As has been expressed above on this page, I think there is a valid point being made here that needs to be phrased in a more objective, specific manner that ties into the subject of the movement and its critics, rather than drawing the reader aside into a sort of private conversation. --Gary D 21:08, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I agree. --mporch 22:56, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The "refutations" are also inadequate, which accounts in part for the propagandistic tone. The refutation of the claim that HP is pseudoscientific is, the way I read it, pseudoscientific itself. The argument seems to be that mental techniques work for some people but not others – well, who do they work for and who not? If you can't specify that with evidence you're just speculating. The second criticism is just speculation, as well. No evidence is presented. Anyway, the article needs a lot of work not just in that section but throughout. John FitzGerald 22:14, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I tried to take the POV out of the refutations. Saying something is true doesn't make it true. What needs to be supplied here are the results of properly controlled studies which support the contention that specific techniques are useful. I say specific techniques because of course evidence that all the techniques are useful is unlikely to available. John FitzGerald 02:14, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The whole article is too conversationalFridakahlofan (talk) 01:01, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Roots/Esalen
I reverted the Roots section to what it was before the long passage about George Leonard was substituted for it, and then moved the encyclopedic part of the passage about Leonard to the Esalen section, where most of it belongs. I think I'll go back and add a note about Leonard to the Roots section, though. Anyway, much of the passage about Leonard was unencyclopedic, and more wasn't really necessary in this article because there is a separate article about him. The passage also smelt of copyright. I'm not saying that it's used without permission, but some reassurance is necessary.

Esalen also is clearly not part of the roots of the movement, which go back to the 40s. John FitzGerald 14:08, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Turned out the article about George Leonard was about another George Leonard, so I started an article about this one. John FitzGerald 14:22, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

And it turned out there was an article about this George Leonard, namely George Burr Leonard, so I redirected my attempt to it and added a couple of things. John FitzGerald 14:41, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Neither Esalen nor Leonard belong in the roots section. This segment is far too short and speaks more about other relative frameworks than about human potential sources.Fridakahlofan (talk) 01:01, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Personal Comment
It's amazing for me to have finally stumbled across this page and its tracing of this movement, having had a personal breakthrough do to self-actualization (a term I learned in high school Health) and the realization that my life's ultimate goals should be in awakening other people's untapped potential and encourage growth and education. I've never read a self-help book, nor had a person recommend any of this to me. My experience with all of this is largely from conclusions I drew myself, so it's interesting to find base for my personal beliefs in larger philosophies. Does anyone else feel like weighing in on personal comments about this movement? Cybertooth85 07:39, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

"happiness, creativity, and fulfillment"
If I'm interpretting the human potential movement properly, then words such as "happiness, creativity, and fulfillment" should not be used in such an unqualified manner. If I can tap my fullest potential, why would I be happy or fulfilled? Maybe I would become more unfulfilled and unhappy. These adjectives should be avoided in a neutral article.
 * subjectiveFridakahlofan (talk) 01:01, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

 * You're right about the realization of potential not necessarily producing happiness etc., but the point is that the human potential movement believes it does, so using those terms is not POV but simply a description of the movement. John FitzGerald 01:19, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * After having one small paragraph for introduction, a tiny paragraph for 'roots', a small paragraph and a quote about relation to other fields, we get 3 whole paragraphs on 'alleged failure to achieve goals'. Does this seem objective, unbiased and informative? No.

I don't see the point of having this section at all, or at least making much smaller relative to the other segments. Fridakahlofan (talk) 01:01, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Joshua Loth Liebman
Doesn't the human potential movement really go back to Joshua Loth Liebman and his bestseller Peace of Mind (1946)? John FitzGerald 01:19, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Plumb; A critique of the HPM
Hi all. For anyone who's interested, there is a major critique of the HPM by Plumb,L.D. 1993 ISBN 0-8153-0777-2. It looks at Maslow, Rogers, and Perls. I guess this may also apply well to the Humanistic Psychology article. There is an interesting element that says Edwin Schur identified some key elements: Openness to imediate experience;denigration of the intellect; and being "real" as opposed to playing a social role. ONe criticsim is that self-realization takes one away from social concerns too much. One argument says that Americans have never been strong on ocial consciousness. Thus, Schur states that the movement's popularity is rooted in complacency. Peter Martin referred to the HPM as the "new narcissism" and argued that these are the expressions of the "growing solipsism of and desperation of a beleaguered class". Martin doesn't say it is complacency, rather that it is neither simple greed nor moral blindness, but it is instead the unrealized shame of having failed the world and not knowing what to do about it. Christopher Lasch's analysis differs from both the prior. He argued that the HPM is the result of the warlike condidtions that pervade American society, from the dangers and uncertainty that surround us in abundance, and from the loss of confidence in the future. He says that the defensiveness concerning the "shallowness of society" gives rise to the "living here and now" so as not to seek value in the unreliable world outside of yourself. The tragedy being; these defensive responses to the loss of community contribute to the further denigration of society. The last line of the book is interesting "In the final analysis, the HPM constituted and anathema to the attempt to gain self-understanding ad to create an ethical society of persons. The HPM has apparently disintegrated, although aspects of the consciousness revolution will continue for some time" I can provide page numbers if folk are interested. Savoylettuce 05:41, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Another interesting source of criticism on the HPM is W. R. Coulson who studied/worked with Abraham Maslow and also worked with Carl Rogers for quite some time.

See Malangthon 01:14, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Full hearts and Empty Heads: the price of certain recent programs in humanistic psychology Address of October 20, 1994, at a Conference on The Nature and Tasks of a Personalistic Psychology Franciscan University of Steubenville, Ohio U.S.A.
 * "WE OVERCAME THEIR TRADITIONS, WE OVERCAME THEIR FAITH" Global Catholic Network. From Vol. 3, No. 1, January-February 1994 issue of "The Latin Mass."
 * COULSON ON THE DARE DRUG PREVENTION PROGRAMME

Ken Wilber
Some of the best and most balanced criticism of the HPM, looking at both its significant contributions as well as the not-so-hidden narcissistic underbelly that it often (and often unwittingly) supports is from Ken Wilber. See "Eye to Eye," "Sex, Ecology, Spirituality," and "The Eye of Spirit" (among others). He is quite critical of the HPM, despite being close with leaders in that field. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.46.182.104 (talk) 00:49, 3 May 2007 (UTC).

POV Tags
I'm doing POV tag cleanup. Whenever an POV tag is placed, it is necessary to also post a message in the discussion section stating clearly why it is thought the article does not comply with POV guidelines, and suggestions for how to improve it. This permits discussion and consensus among editors. This is a drive-by tag, which is discouraged in WP, and it shall be removed. Future tags should have discussion posted as to why the tag was placed, and how the topic might be improved. Better yet, edit the topic yourself with the improvements. This statement is not a judgement of content, it is only a cleanup of frivolously and/or arbitrarily placed tags. No discussion, no tag.Jjdon (talk) 19:10, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Feynman in the "Psychobabble" paragraph
When the article invokes Feynman, it seems to be claiming that he somehow specifically debunked the concept that humans possess potential. Reading the content of his speech, however, he only discusses his visit to Esalen to recall an incident where he witnesses a couple of naked hippies practicing reflexology, and that it perplexed him. What is the aim of an author who falsely invokes an undisputedly credible person to discredit something? Despite the hippies who may have tried to push some analog of the idea that we can be something more, you can't deny that humans have demonstrated great potential throughout history, or the parallel theme that whenever someone does this, inexplicably there are always these people waiting in the wings with baseball bats anxious to beat them down. Whatever your agenda, please leave Mr. Feynman out of this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.66.187.132 (talk) 02:20, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I removed the section. — goethean ॐ 02:38, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Someone seems to have put it back. Ursus-deningeri2 (talk) 11:38, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Where? -- Doctorx0079 (talk) 15:32, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

New untitled post moved from page top
I made a general enquiry about editing this page and was advised to 'be bold'. After making some minor edits, I find that they have all been reversed and I am being accused of vandalism. My first point is that this article is not within the scope of religion. The human potential movement is based in Humanistic Psychology. Secondly, the entire article is very subjective and reads as a critique of the human potential movement. Also, most of the 'theorists' being discussed were not the founders of this movement, nor were they at the forefront. The human potential movement is most certainly not part of the new age movement. Initially some of the leaders of the new age movement tried to associate themselves within the human potential movement in the hope of gaining some credibility.

Also, I don't understand why this article has been rated as 'low importance'? The request for verification of sources is dated June 2010. It is obvious to me, as a professional in the field of Psychology that this article was written by someone who does not have a solid theoretical foundation in this topic. It also seems to me that to spend huge amounts of time trying to edit an article which is so poorly researched is pointless. Most of the important concepts used within the HPM are not mentioned, or skimmed over inadequately.Fridakahlofan (talk) 01:01, 1 November 2010 (UTC) There also appears to be some confusion between 'self-help methods' and human potential movement. The article needs to be re-written, not as a critique but as a factual, unbiased, fully referenced report of the human potential movement.How long has this discussion been going? 2004??? Imagine someone who knows nothing or very little about the human potential movement and regards wikipedia as a reference site. Would they be well informed after reading the article Fridakahlofan (talk) 01:01, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for your comments. Please understand that Wikipedia is an all-volunteer project, and may not have any experts on the topic of HPM. Articles are vandalized often, and that vandalism often consists of section blanking. Your edits, which were not vandalism, also blanked a section. So perhaps you can understand the concern regarding your edits. I suggest that you add material to the article and/or improve sections rather than simply removing material, however faulty that material may be. — goethean ॐ 16:21, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It is great to have you here Fridakahlofan. Please make any changes you believe will improve the article but  please support any additions by citing a textbook page number or review article, so readers can confirm the information is sound.
 * To create a book citation, find the book in, enter its URL into , and paste the result directly into your text.
 * To create an article citation, enter its doi into your text between and , or its PMID between  and  , and the citation will be created a few minutes after you save your edit. Search the source article to find its doi. To get an article's PMID, search for its title here, and the PMID will appear below the article's abstract.
 * Anthony (talk) 10:23, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Removal of Comparisons to Other Fields
I removed a section in the article that had been unsourced since 2008. It was attempting to make a comparison between the human potential movement and the New Age Movement. I looked for sources for this, but could not find anything that was not a Christian Website or author warning about the dangers of many things "non'christian- hardly reliable sources.  There was a sourced statement about narcissism that I put in the Authors and Essayists section. Elmmapleoakpine (talk) 20:04, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Frankl & MasloW
Is it really right or fair to say that Viktor Frankl and Abraham Maslow were "proponents" or otherwise associated with the HPM? Certainly their findings are cited by its founders and adherents, so they have been "associated" with it in a retrospective sense, but as used here it seems to imply that they were actively involved in it, which I don't feel to be correct. Galileo and Newton laid a foundation for physics that later led to the study of subatomic particles, but neither was in any direct way "associated" with the field. 75.216.126.16 (talk) 15:35, 17 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Perhaps two separate lists would be useful? Or renaming this list?
 * On a similar note, I would like to add Ida P. Rolf to this list, as she was an influential figure in the HPM, but to say she was a "proponent" - well, I'm just not sure if you have to be a cheerleader for the whole movement or if you can be steadfastly promoting radial change in one area to qualify. Any objections to adding her? --Karinpower (talk) 05:56, 27 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Good call on Ida P. Rolf. I'm also concerned about the description of Maslow's hierarchy. This is often misinterpreted and misquoted. He didn't say that you needed to fulfill your physiological needs to progress to the 'higher' levels. The evidence is pretty clear that this isn't the case and he knew that - many 'enlightened' beings have experienced an aesetic lifestyle, and taken to extreme this interpretation is bordering on racism because it implies that people in low-income countries can't become self-actualised. Ursus-deningeri2 (talk) 20:25, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

Criticism & Status?
Most of the information in the article refers to the 1960s and 70s. Although the article uses the present tense for HPM, a reader might conclude that this movement is historical. In that case, the reader would expect information about the end or dissolution of the movement. The only thing in the article that even implies the existence of the movement past the 1970s is the existence of a "Notable Proponent" who was born in 1960 and the fact that the footnote source for the Virginia Satir quote "We are at a crossroads" is to a 2011 web article. Then again, that article also quotes Abraham Lincoln. The article indicates the Virginia Satir quote is from 1984.

So, if this is an existing movement, there needs to be something about it. Otherwise it looks like HPM was only a 1960s-70s phenomenon. There should also be some information on the size of the HPM at its maximum, an indication of when that was, and some indication of the size/importance of the HPM at present.

Finally, there is not much about the movement itself other than what is in the introduction, its "roots," a couple of paragraphs about some authors & essayists [the title doesn't give an indication of their relationship to the HPM], and a list of Notable Proponents. Since there isn't much on what HPM is about, there is, of course, nothing about criticism of HPM. How was it received at the time? What is its relevance today? Does the HPM exist outside of Esalen? Ileanadu (talk) 05:19, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

Summary added to Roots section
I added a couple of sentences to the article yesterday, and they were promptly reverted with the edit summary: "first sentence of source and edit are identical. Second sentence is an assemblage: partly copyvio, partly misrepresenting what the source says."

It's not clear to me that either of these reasons are justified: as I understand it, one or two sentences quoted are fair use not copyvio. And the second sentence is also an exact quote, so I'm not sure why that editor called it an "assemblage". I've re-added it, making clear that it's a quote, and attributing in the text as well as the ref. Any thoughts? DaveApter (talk) 10:41, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Apparently you partly (the copyvio-part) understood what the problem was: you basically restored your previous edit, this time with quotation marks added. Nevertheless, I have reverted your restored edit again. This 'quotation' is corrupt: it is nowhere to be found in the source (, p.286-288). The misrepresentation is now attributed to Puttick, what makes it an instance of source manipulation. I would humbly recommend to you to study the relevant rules and guidelines. Think twice before you reply you have done so: obviously you violated the relevant rules. Theobald Tiger (talk) 10:54, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * See also here. Theobald Tiger (talk) 12:04, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

The quote is taken from page 399 of my copy of the book (Lion Publishing 2004), and is exact. Perhaps an apology and a reinstatement of my edit is in order? DaveApter (talk) 16:03, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * So the copyvio was even more serious than I already thought: you had simply copied a section from the book. I will check it and if you are right, I will apologize and reinstate the quote (quotations in encyclopedic articles are not recommended anyway). You have halfheartedly apologized for the copyvio on your talk page. I'll leave it at that. Theobald Tiger (talk) 16:20, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I have reinstated the quote, for it is correct, and I apologize to DaveApter for having said that the quote is corrupt. I had compared the quote with another text of Elizabeth Puttick, and I was wrong. Theobald Tiger (talk) 08:05, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you, that's gracious. DaveApter (talk) 08:27, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Sources not reliable
I removed two refs in the 'Social influences' section. Both of these were opinion pieces published on partisan websites which clearly do not meet Wikipedia's criteria as Reliable Sources. Unless reliable sources can be found to substantiate the dubious assertions in that section, perhaps it should be excised? DaveApter (talk) 12:19, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

I see that this removal was reverted. Not only do the sources not meet WP:RS, but they relate to opinions rather than facts, and violate the neutral point of view policy. DaveApter (talk) 10:08, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

 * To: DaveApter (talk)
 * I was sorry. I did not know your discussion. I gave a wrong order of references on the former description. Please read the corrected references once again. Both sources are rather regulated well than some others.
 * Human Potential Movement: Difference between revisions. Revision as of 17:33, 29 January 2016 (edit) (undo) --Sérgio Itigo (talk) 17:19, 30 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you for that acknowledgement. My main point is this: the Wikipedia policies on WP:RS and WP:NPOV are very clear and crucial to the integrity of this site as a credible encyclopedia. While the term 'Human Potential Movement' covers a wide range of concepts and activities (some of which are certainly pretty eccentric), the opinions that it is connected with Multi-Level Marketing or primarily associated with money-making are marginal in the extreme. The suggestion that it is connected with the 'Hippie' phenomenon may have a little more support, but most commentators regard the connection as very tenuous. When I removed the contentious sentences from your original edit, I did leave the first one in that section, as the Los Angeles Times is certainly a valid source. However I did make a minor edit to clarify the point that the item was establishing an opinion, whereas your wording conveyed the impression that it was being asserted as a fact. The other content is referenced to the Apologetics website which is not even remotely a reliable source for Wikipedia purposes. DaveApter (talk) 10:11, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * It is a subjective problem. As there is this reference, I can leave many descriptions, but want to leave the quotation of the UK Apologetics. I think that references in admiration of HPM is more doubtful. The sources of information are the same person. --Sérgio Itigo (talk) 18:27, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * TheFreeDictionary.com website is not a reliable source for Wikipedia purposes either. Please spend some time reading and trying to understand Wikipedia policies. I do not understand what you mean by your remark above: "The sources of information are the same person." Could you explain please? Thanks. DaveApter (talk) 21:42, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * The current Notes of No. 3 and 4 is the same, and there are not page numbers. In addition, each description of Abraham Maslow and George Leonard of "Authors and essayists" does not have reference. Why do you make only my description a problem? Is it because UK Apologetics is Evangelical Conservative? The New York Times supported a New Age mystic and establishmentist woman. That is more fanatic, and good sense is doubted. They may sell even the earth with newspapers. If NY Times is reliable, you should trust UK Apologetics. --Sérgio Itigo (talk) 18:10, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

 * This nothing to do with what I do or do not "trust"; it is a matter of complying with Wikipedia policies. Apologetics is a self-published website. Please look at wp:Identifying_reliable_sources. If you think that other assertions in the article need references to support them, you can add a 'citation needed' tag and probably someone will find a reference; if they don't in a month or so, you can remove the item. DaveApter (talk) 17:27, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I understood it. I am troublesome, but edit it again. There are plenty of similar sources. --Sérgio Itigo (talk) 17:49, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

Roberto Assagioli
Could Roberto Assagioli be added to the list of proponents? The article on Assagioli does say that he was a big name in humanistic and transpersonal psychology. What is more, he was the founder of psychosynthesis.Vorbee (talk) 21:02, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

Social Influence
In its current form, I find this section doesn't adequately explain the connections between the hippie counter-culture and Western interest in Indian religions / the emergence of New Religious Movements.

"HPM was regarded by some as being related to psychedelic culture such as hippies and Summer of Love. According to author Andrew Grant Jackson, George Harrison's adoption of Hindu philosophy and Indian instrumentation in his songs with the Beatles in the mid 1960s, together with the band's highly publicised study of Transcendental Meditation, 'truly kick-started' the Human Potential Movement. It had not been defined what was 'human potentialities'. They themselves came to be called not only 'New Age' but also 'new religion'."'

I don't find any of this follows logically and is proven. How exactly did these events "kick-start" the Human Potential Movement? Did Transcendental Meditation offer a definition of human potentialities? I think that is implied with the current text, but it isn't clear -- and I also think stating how TM defined the term (if it did) is crucial. I also find the last sentence to be a bit irrelevant... it seems to be more about hippies or adherents of TM than it does HPM.

In short, the connections aren't sufficiently made, and the block quotation that follows doesn't resolve this problem either. Actually, Elizabeth Puttick's synopsis of HPM contradicts the statements in this section, arguing HPM influenced New Religious Movements rooted in Eastern religion, rather than the other way around. Mark Stein's article in the LA Times also doesn't support the arguments in this section; it simply states San Francisco is the capital of the Human Potential Movement as a continuation of the city's openness to counter-cultural movements, but doesn't state there is a direct, influential connection between HPM and the hippie scene of the 1960's. I do not have access to the two books cited.

Correcting these issues is extremely important, as there is a long legacy of individualism and self-improvement in American culture dating back at least to the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. BornOn8thOfJuly (talk) 02:21, 16 March 2020 (UTC)

HPM in Europe
The Section "In Europe" cites "Implementing European Union Education and Training Policy" for the claim that there is a rising interesting in HPM in Europe. However, I could not find any direct relation to HPM in the source; the word "human potential" appears once in the book, in the title of a coordination program and neither do research hypothesis refer to it or related concepts. So, while it is plausible that HPM influenced EU programs, I could not establish it via the source, so the section might rather be original research -- Simulo (talk) 09:50, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human Potential Movement