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Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island

Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island (Большой Ляховский остров), or Great Lyakhovsky, is the largest of the Lyakhovsky Islands belonging to the New Siberian Islands archipelago between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea in northern Russia. It has an area of 5156.6 km2, and a maximum altitude of 311 m (Emy Tas).

The peninsula projecting towards the west of the island is the Kigilyakh Peninsula (Poluostrov Kigilyakh).

Off Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island's southwestern cape lies a small islet called Ostrov Khopto-Terer.

The Lyakhovsky Islands are named in honour of Ivan Lyakhov, who explored them in 1773.

Geology
Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island consists of highly folded and faulted Precambrian metamorphic rocks and turbidites; Mesozoic turbidites and igneous rocks; and Cenozoic sediments. Exposed in southeastern part of this island, the older Precambrian. Early Proterozoic, metamorphic rocks consist of schists and amphibolites. Small exposures of Late Proterozoic schistose, quartzose sandstones and phyllitic, sericite-quartz schist (turbidites) also occur in the southeastern part of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. The bulk of this island consists of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous turbidites composed of interbedded fine-grained sandstones, thinly bedded siltstones, and argillites. The Precambrian and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rocks are intruded by Late Cretaceous granites and granodiorites.

A blanket of unconsolidated Cenozoic sediments blankets most of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. These sediments include Paleocene to Eocene colluvial, alluvial, and deltaic gravels, sands, clays, and coals and Oligocene to Miocene alluvial, lacustrine, deltaic, and nearshore marine sands and clays that contain beds and lenses of gravel. Overlying these sediments are Pliocene to Pleistocene colluvial, alluvial, and nearshore marine sands, silts, and clays that contain occasional gravel layers. The nearshore marine sediments contain the shells of marine mollusks and pieces of lignitized wood. Thick permafrost characterized by massive ice wedges has developed in these sediments. Contrary to the interpretations of Baron von Toll and earlier geologists, glacial tills and related sediments are completely absent within Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island.

In Soviet times on the Kigilyakh Peninsula Vladimir Voronin, then in charge of the Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Polar Station, was shown a large standing rock which had been heavily eroded and which gave name to the peninsula. The word Kigilyakh means "stone man" in the Yakut language.

Quaternary geology
The southern sea cliffs of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, which were first studied by Baron von Toll, expose a complex sequence of fossiliferous Late and Middle Pleistocene floodplain, eolian, lake, and solifluction sediments cemented by permafrost. In the 1990s and 2000s, a Russian-German multidisciplinary team, which included the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research and Permafrost Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, studied the cryolithology, geochronology, ground ice geochemistry, paleobotany, paleontology, sedimentology, and stratigraphy of these sediments. The age of these sediments were studied in great detail using radiocarbon dating of bones, ivory, and plant remains; optically stimulated luminescence dating of bone-bearing sediments; and uranium-thorium dating of associated peat.

The oldest sediments exposed in the southern sea cliffs of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island consist of a layer of rocky, yellowish to greenish colored sediment. This layer is a thick Paleogene weathering crust (paleosol) that has developed within Permian sandstone. This paleosol has been largely modified by periglacial processes and development of ice wedges periodically during the Pleistocene. These deeply weathered sediments are unfossiliferous and characterized by the presence of weathering products like kaolinite and montmorillonite. Saalian sediments uncomfortably overlie this paleosol.

The oldest known Pleistocene sediments exposed in the southern sea cliffs of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island consist of Saalian sediments, which accumulated between 200,000 and 120,000 years ago. The lower part of these sediments consist of ice-rich, silty and silty-sandy sediments that accumulated as a Saalian ice complex between 200,000 and 170,000 years ago. They contain pebbles, peat inclusions, and peat horizons. The presence of ice belts, reticulated ice interlayers, and wide, round-shouldered ice wedges indicate that permafrost formed in these sediments as they accumulated. The lower part of this unit contains the pollen of sparse grass-sedge vegetation, which reflects a stadial environment. The upper part of this ice-rich unit contains pollen associated with dense grass-dominated tundra, which is indicative of interstadial environments. The upper part of the Saalian sediments, which lie uncomfortably on the eroded surface of the lower Saalian ice complex deposits, consists of well-sorted fine-grained sand that contains pollen characteristic of sparse grass-sedge dominated interstadial vegetation and less ground ice. These loess-like sediments accumulated within floodplains and lakes. As they accumulated between 170,000 and 120,000 years ago, ice wedge polygons formed in these sediments as the result of extremely cold and dry conditions.

Elsewhere along the coast of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, the sea cliffs expose pre-Eemian floodplain and lake sediments at their base. Eemian lake sediments fill depressions, i.e. ice wedge casts and thermokarst lakes, which developed by the surficial thawing during Eemian interglacial climates of Saalian ice-wedges and other permafrost. In some locations, the Eemian lake deposits are thicker and laterally continuous enough to form a complete blanket overlying older sediments. The Eemian sediments contain fossils indicative of an interglacial environment.

At many localities along the sea cliffs, typically over 10 meters of Early Weichselian lacustrine and loess-like floodplain deposits overlie the Eemian and pre-Eemian sediments. These sediments consist of fine-grained, well-sorted sands with rare grass and sedge pollen. They contain ice wedge polygon systems that formed during the Early Weichselian stadial, about 100,000 to 50,000 years ago, as the result of extremely cold and dry conditions.

Typically, 15 to 20 meters of Middle Weichselian ice complex deposits, which consist largely of aeolian sediments that accumulated 50,000 to 28,000 years ago, overlie the Early Weichselian sediments. These sediments contain pollen typical of the mammoth tundra-steppe environments and large ice wedge polygon systems. These sediments accumulated within a swampy, poorly drained habitat, which existed under an extremely cold continental climate. A zone of peaty deposits within this ice complex accumulated during a Middle Weichselian interstadial about 40,000 to 30,000 years ago. The Middle Weichselian deposits underlie the upland surfaces of this part of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island.

Within the southern sea cliffs of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, Late Weichselian sediments of the Last Glacial Maximum have not been found. The Ice Complex deposits associated with this period of time appear have been eroded and covered by Holocene deposits.

Where thermokarst depressions have formed by melting of the permafrost, they are filled by Holocene solifluction and lake sediments. These depressions formed as the result of the thawing of ice wedges and other permafrost during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition about 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. Lacustrine sediments filling these depressions contain a record of the Allerød warming, Younger Dryas cooling, and other climatic events. Holocene fluvial and solifluction deposits underlie valleys of streams cut into underlying Pleistocene sediments. Solifluction deposits, which were created by melting of the underlying permafrost, veneer the surface of the uplands. New ice wedge polygon systems later formed in these sediments during the Late Holocene as result of pronounced climatic cooling, which only recently has reversed in the last couple of hundred years.

Because of the formation of permafrost in these sediments and their depositional environments, prehistoric bone, shell, and plant material are well preserved and abundant. As noted above, later researchers found that the bone- and wood-bearing sediments described by Baron von Toll consist of both glacial, Saalian and Weichselian, and interglacial, Eemian and Holocene, sediments. For example, Baron von Toll's alder tree was found in Eemian sediments, which are about 114 to 130 thousand years old. The vertebrate fossils occur in sediments that range in age from 114,000 to less than 8,000 BP.

Baron Eduard von Toll was among the first to report in detail about the abundance of Pleistocene fossils found within Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. Under a peat composed of water mosses covering what he described as "perpetual ice", now known to be permafrost, Baron von Toll found fragments of willow and the bones of post-Neogene mammals. He also reported having found in a frozen, sandy clay layer and lying on its side, a complete tree of Alnus fruticosa 15 to 20 ft in length, including roots, with leaves and cones adhering. Unfortunately, his reports have been frequently either misrepresented or badly garbled by popular accounts of his findings. For example, various authors, i.e. Dr. Digby and Dr. Kropotkin misreport this tree as being 90 ft high. Other publications, i.e. Fingerprints of the Gods and Earth's Shifting Crust not only incorrectly state that this alder tree is 90 ft high, but also they also repeat fictional claims from unreliable sources that this tree was either a "fruit tree" or "plum tree" and had "green leaves"and green fruit" still attached. Lacking modern radiocarbon dating techniques, Baron von Toll assigned this tree and other fossils to single "mammoth period". As discussed above, more recent geologic research and radiometric dating of these fossils and the sediment containing them has found that they are from different layers of Middle to Late Pleistocene glacial and interglacial sediments.

Climate
The Cape Shalaurova meteorological station, which lies on the southeast coast of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, at 73° 11' N 143° 56' E provides climatic data for this island. The mean precipitation is 184 mm/year as calculated for a 7-year period between April 1994 and September 2000 as calculated from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data. The heaviest precipitation, about two-thirds of the yearly total, occurs between June and September. As calculated from the same data for the same period of time, the mean temperature at Cape Shalaurova is -13.6 °C. January is the coldest month with a mean temperature of -31.0 °C and August is the warmest month with a mean temperature of 2.4 °C. Mean daily temperatures range as low as -40.5 °C and as high as 9.4 °C.

Vegetation
The vegetation of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island is a mixture of rush/grass, forb, cryptogam tundra, cryptogam herb barren, and sedge/grass,moss wetland. The rush/grass, forb, cryptogam tundra covers the bulk of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. It consists mostly of very low-growing grasses, rushes, forbs, mosses, lichens, and liverworts. These plants typically cover about 40–80 percent of the surface of the ground. The soils are typically moist, fine-grained, and often hummocky. The cryptogam herb barren consists of dry to wet barren landscapes with scattered, herbs, lichens, mosses, and liverworts. Sedges, dwarf shrubs, and peaty mires are normally absent. These plants form a sparse (2–40%) and low-growing plant cover that often occurs as dark streaks on the otherwise barren lands, composed largely of bryophytes and cryptogamic crusts. Sedge/grass,moss wetlands, which occur on the northwest and southeast ends of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, consist of wetland complexes dominated by sedges, grasses, and mosses. These wetlands occupy low, perennially wet parts of the landscape.

title: Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island


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Maly Lyakhovsky Island

Maly Lyakhovsky Island (Малый Ляховский) is the second largest of the Lyakhovsky Islands belonging to the New Siberian Islands archipelago in Laptev Sea in northern Russia. It has an area of 975.5 km2.

The Lyakhovsky Islands are named in honour of Ivan Lyakhov, who explored them in 1773.

Geology
Maly Lyakhovsky Island consists of Upper Jurassic to lower Cretaceous turbidites, also known as flysch, covered by a thin veneer of Pliocene to Pleistocene sediments. These Mesozoic rocks consist of sandstones, argillites, and shales deformed into east-northeast striking folds about 7 to 20 km wide. The Mesozoic rocks are covered by a relatively thin layer of Pliocene to Pleistocene sandy and clayey sediments of colluvial and alluvial origin. Near the coast, the alluvial sediments grade into nearshore marine sediments containing fossil marine mollusks and lignitized wood. Thick permafrost characterized by massive ice wedges has developed in these sediments.

On 29 May 2013, an expedition of North-Eastern Federal University found the remains of a 10,000-year-old carcass of a female mammoth on Maliy Lyakhovsky Island. It was reported that liquid blood was found in ice cavities below the belly even though the temperature at the time of excavation was −7 to −10 C. It was speculated that this find might reveal information about the cryoprotective properties of mammoth blood. The mammoth remains were taken to Yakutsk in Sakha Republic, Russia, for bacterial examination and tissues analysis, especially for a joint project of NEFU and Sooam Biotech Research Foundation in cloning a mammoth.

Vegetation
Rush/grass, forb, cryptogam tundra covers Maly Lyakhovsky Island. It is tundra consisting mostly of very low-growing grasses, rushes, forbs, mosses, lichens, and liverworts. These plants either mostly or completely cover the surface of the ground. The soils are typically moist, fine-grained, and often hummocky.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maly Lyakhovsky Island


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Talk:Great chain of being

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Petrikyv, Kuponya. Peer reviewers: Kuponya.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:41, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Demonic yews?
The article currently includes this sentence:

 * Trees are at the top, with useful trees such as oaks at the top, and the traditionally demonic yew tree at the bottom

However, the article on Taxus baccata (the Common Yew) discusses a variety of religious connotations, including death, rebirth, and longevity, but nothing that could remotely be described as "demonic". The section only really has one reference, to a book which I don't own, so this anomaly makes me wonder how accurate the rest of its extensive hierarchy is. Perhaps someone could find some additional references, or trim this back to more verifiable information? - IMSoP (talk) 19:02, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * There's nothing unverifiable about Lovejoy's book, readily available through libraries, though exact page refs would be desirable. Chiswick Chap (talk) 19:24, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Let me put my concern a different way, then: that section (and the following section) seems anomalously specific, like listing the height of the Minotaur to the nearest centimetre.
 * How universally accepted were the sub-divisions elaborated in those two sections? Was Lovejoy restating a frequently referenced list, or a particular highly-regarded source? During the many centuries of the idea's history, how would much would this list have changed?
 * Going back to the Yew tree specifically, the phrase "traditionally demonic" is making an additional assertion, which contradicts (or at least is conspicuously missing from) another article. It stood out to me because yew trees are common in Christian graveyards, which would be rather strange if they were widely considered demonic. - IMSoP (talk) 17:41, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

 * There are two possible answers to this. One is to engage in general dialogue (yews were probably pre-Christian plantings, etc); the other is to go through Lovejoy page by page, sorting out all the citations exactly. I know which looks quicker and more tempting, and which is more likely to resolve the matter. What I can say at once, before stepping through the book, is that he was a careful researcher, and chose every phrase carefully based on evidence. Chiswick Chap (talk) 19:43, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The aim is not to convince me here, but to improve the article:
 * The "sub-divisions" section could probably be merged into the next section, as they are basically giving the same information in a different format. I'm unsure if we should be expanding the bulleted lists further, or trimming them back to a few examples, because I'm unclear if the detail is all just from a single source.
 * The section could start with an explanation of whether the examples are taken from a particular historical source, synthesised as representative of a particular period, etc.
 * If the yew was "traditionally demonic", that should be mentioned, with references, on the Taxus baccata page, which has an extensive "religion" section. If there is no reference good enough to add it there, it shouldn't be included as a passing comment here.
 * - IMSoP (talk) 10:40, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Sigh. Not trying to, but awaiting copy of Lovejoy, which will either substantiate or refute many claims currently in the article, and go far to resolving questions of structure which can't be answered just by looking at the current text. As for relying on other articles, recall that "Wikipedia is not a Reliable Source." Chiswick Chap (talk) 10:45, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Sounds great. Thanks for your effort, and apologies if I came across as negative.
 * As for other articles, I wasn't saying we should use them as a source for each other, just that information should be consistent between them. It's not like the yew article is a stub with no information on mythology, so if they were commonly seen as demonic, it's a significant omission. - IMSoP (talk) 13:00, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

The lists aren't from Lovejoy at all. Much of the article is lifted nearly word-for-word from the Tillyard website, or from Baofu's book. I've marked up what came from where. I've chopped the lists; there are many alternative versions and we mustn't endorse any particular set of details. We now urgently need to rewrite all those sections. Chiswick Chap (talk) 15:02, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Well the article is now quite a bit shorter, but properly cited and free of excessive quotation (cited or not). Chiswick Chap (talk) 15:55, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

This set of descriptors of a great chain of being is relentlessly European. Surely, there are Asian or Middle Eastern traditions that echo this idea? Daniel Lewis, Ph.D. 23:16, 13 October 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hilokid (talk • contribs)

Deleted sentence
I don't really know enough about this topic, but the sentence removed by an IP without any rationale in this edit sounds valid and might be reinstated. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 19:42, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

Baofu
As noted over at WP:RSN, Baofu's books (The Future of X: Towards a New Theory of Y) are from a dodgy publisher and are made by copying text from Wikipedia. "WK 2011" is Wikipedia. XOR'easter (talk) 19:24, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

Is God at the top or bottom?
Under Divisions, "God at the top" has been changed to "God at the bottom" - isn't "at the top" correct? Am I missing something? 2601:1C1:8A00:2B00:8851:7505:2112:8366 (talk) 19:43, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are right. It was a vandal edit by IP 185.252.81.141 (as seen here). I have just reverted it. Many thanks for pointing it out! --The Typos Checker (fixed typos) 18:24, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great chain of being


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Church of the Gesù

The Church of the Gesù (Chiesa del Gesù, ) is the mother church of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a Catholic religious order. Officially named Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Gesù (Church of the Most Holy Name of Jesus), its façade is "the first truly baroque façade", introducing the baroque style into architecture. The church served as a model for innumerable Jesuit churches all over the world, especially in the central Europe and then in the Portuguese colonies. Its paintings in the nave, crossing, and side chapels became models for Jesuit churches throughout Italy and Europe, as well as those of other orders. The Church of the Gesù is located in the Piazza del Gesù in Rome.

First conceived in 1551 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, and active during the Protestant Reformation and the subsequent Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Gesù was also the home of the Superior General of the Society of Jesus until the suppression of the order in 1773. The church having been subsequently regained by the Jesuits, the adjacent palazzo is now a residence for Jesuit scholars from around the world studying at the Gregorian University in preparation for ordination to the priesthood.

History
Although Michelangelo, at the request of the Spanish cardinal Bartolomeo de la Cueva, offered, out of devotion, to design the church for free, the endeavor was funded by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, grandson of Pope Paul III, the pope who had authorized the founding of the Society of Jesus. Ultimately, the main architects involved in the construction were Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, architect of the Farnese family, and Giacomo della Porta. The church was built on the same spot as the previous church Santa Maria della Strada, where Saint Ignatius of Loyola had once prayed before an image of the Holy Virgin. This image, now adorned with gems, can be seen in the church in the chapel of Ignatius on the left side of the altar.

Construction of the church began on 26 June 1568 to Vignola's design. Vignola was assisted by the Jesuit Giovanni Tristano, who took over from Vignola in 1571. When he died in 1575 he was succeeded by the Jesuit architect Giovanni de Rosis. Giacomo della Porta was involved in the construction of the cross-vault, dome, and the apse.

The revision of Vignola's façade design by della Porta has offered architectural historians opportunities for a close comparison between Vignola's balanced composition in three superimposed planes and Della Porta's dynamically fused tension bound by its strong vertical elements. Vignola's rejected design remains in an engraving of 1573.

The design of this church set a pattern for Jesuit churches that lasted into the twentieth century; its innovations require enumerating. Aesthetics across the Catholic Church as a whole were strongly influenced by the Council of Trent. Although the Council itself said little about church architecture, its suggestion of simplification prompted Charles Borromeo to reform ecclesiastical building practise. Evidence of attention to his writings can be found at the Gesù. There is no narthex in which to linger: the visitor is projected immediately into the body of the church, a single nave without aisles, so that the congregation is assembled and attention is focused on the high altar. In place of aisles there are a series of identical interconnecting chapels behind arched openings, to which entrance is controlled by decorative balustrades with gates. Transepts are reduced to stubs that emphasize the altars of their end walls.

The plan synthesizes the central planning of the High Renaissance, expressed by the grand scale of the dome and the prominent piers of the crossing, with the extended nave that had been characteristic of the preaching churches, a type of church established by Franciscans and Dominicans since the thirteenth century. The Jesuits relied heavily on the acoustics of the church; they wanted the faithful to clearly hear the words of the sermon. This is why the church was constructed with a single nave, and a dome at the nave, transept intersection.

Everywhere inlaid polychrome marble revetments are relieved by gilding, frescoed barrel vaults enrich the ceiling and rhetorical white stucco and marble sculptures break out of their tectonic framing. The example of the Gesù did not eliminate the traditional basilica church with aisles, but after its example was set, experiments in Baroque church floor plans, oval or Greek cross, were largely confined to smaller churches and chapels.

The church was consecrated by Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio, the delegate of pope Gregory XIII, on 25 November 1584.

Façade
The façade of the church was modified and done later by Giacomo Della Porta. We can see two main sections which are decorated with acanthus leaves on pilasters and column capitals. The lower section is divided by six pairs of pilasters (with a mix of columns and pilasters framing the main door). The main door is well decorated with low relief, the papal coat of arms, and a shield with the initialism SPQR, tying this church closely to the people of Rome. The main door stands under a curvilinear tympanum and over it a large medallion with the letters IHS representing the Christogram and an angel. The letters IHS are the Latin form of the first three letters of the Greek spelling of the name Jesus, indicative of both the central figure of Christianity and the Jesuit's formal name, Society of Jesus.

The two other doors have triangle pediments, and in the higher part of this first level, two statues are set in the alignment of each of these doors. A statue of St Francis Xavier stands on the right of the façade. His left foot on a human body. On the other side stands a statue of St Ignatius of loyola.

The upper section is divided with four pairs of pilasters and no statues. Upper and lower sections are joined by a volute on each side.

Interior decoration
The first high altar is believed to have been designed by Giacomo della Porta. It was removed during the renovations in the 19th century and its tabernacle was subsequently purchased by archbishop Patrick Leahy for his new cathedral where it was installed after some minor modifications.

The present high altar, designed by Antonio Sarti (1797–1880), was constructed towards the middle of the 19th century. It is dominated by four columns under a neo-classical pediment. Sarti also covered the apse with marble and made the drawings of the tabernacle. The angels surrounding the IHS aureole were sculpted by Rinaldo Rinaldi (1793–1873). The two angels kneeling at each side of the aureole are the work of Francesco Benaglia and Filippo Gnaccarini (1804–1875). The altarpiece, representing the Circumcision of Jesus, was painted by Alessandro Capalti (1810–1868). The ceiling of the apse is adorned by the painting Glory of the Mystical Lamb by Baciccia (Giovanni Battista Gaulli).

The most striking feature of the interior decoration is the ceiling fresco, the grandiose Triumph of the Name of Jesus (1678-1679) by Giovanni Battista Gaulli. Gaulli also frescoed the cupola, including lantern and pendentives, central vault, window recesses, and transepts' ceilings.

The first chapel to the right of the nave is the Cappella di Sant'Andrea, so named because the church previously on the site, which had to be demolished to make way for the Jesuit church, was dedicated to St. Andrew. All the painted works were completed by the Florentine Agostino Ciampelli. The frescoes on the arches depict the male martyrs saints Pancrazio, Celso, Vito, and Agapito, while the pilasters depict the female martyred saints Cristina, Margherita, Anastasia, Cecilia, Lucy, and Agatha. The ceiling is frescoed with the Glory of the Virgin surrounded by martyred saints Clemente, Ignazio di Antiochia, Cipriano, and Policarpo. The lunettes are frescoed with Saints Agnes & Lucy face the storm and St. Stephen and the Deacon St. Lawrence. The altarpiece depicts the Martyrdom of St Andrew. The second chapel to the right is the Cappella della Passione, with lunette frescoes depicting scenes of the Passion: Jesus in Gethsemane, Kiss of Judas, and six canvases on the pilasters: Christ at the column Christ before the guards, Christ before Herod, Ecce Homo, Exit to Calvary, and Crucifixion. The altarpiece of the Madonna with child and beatified Jesuits replaces the original altarpiece by Scipione Pulzone. The program of paintings is indebted to Giuseppe Valeriano and painted by Gaspare Celio. The altar has a bronze urn with the remains of 18th century Jesuit St. Giuseppe Pignatelli, canonized by Pius XII in 1954. Medals on the wall commemorate P. Jan Roothaan (1785–1853) and P. Pedro Arrupe (1907–1991), the 21st and 28th Superior General of the Society of Jesus.

The third chapel to the right is the Cappella degli Angeli, which has a ceiling fresco of the Coronation of the Virgin and the altarpiece of Angels worshiping the Trinity by Federico Zuccari. He also painted the canvases on the walls, Defeat of the rebel angels on right, and Angels liberate souls from Purgatory on the left. Other frescoes represent Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory. The angles in the niches of the pilasters were completed by both Silla Longhi and Flaminio Vacca. The larger Saint Francis Xavier Chapel, in the right transept, was designed by Pietro da Cortona, originally commissioned by Cardinal Giovanni Francesco Negroni. The polychromatic marbles enclose a stucco relief representing Francis Xavier welcomed to heaven by angels. The altarpiece shows the Death of Francis Xavier in Shangchuan Island by Carlo Maratta. The arches are decorated with scenes from the life of the saint, including Apotheosis of the saint in the center, Crucifixion, Saint lost at sea, and at left, Baptism of an Indian princess, by Giovanni Andrea Carlone. The silver reliquary conserves part of the saint's right arm (by which he baptized 300,000 people), his other remains are interred in the Jesuit church in Goa.

The last chapel on the far end of the nave, to the right of the high altar, is the chapel of the Sacro Cuore (holy heart of Jesus).

The sacristy is on the right. In the presbytery is a bust of Cardinal Robert Bellarmine by Bernini. The sculptor prayed daily in the church.

The first chapel to the left, originally dedicated to the apostles, is now the Cappella di San Francesco Borgia, the former Spanish Duke of Gandia, who renounced his title to enter the Jesuit order, and become its third "Preposito generale". The altarpiece, Saint Francesco Borgia in Prayer by Pozzo, is surrounded by works by Gagliardi. Ceiling frescoes of (Pentecost) and lunettes (left Martyrdom of St. Peter, to sides Faith and Hope, and right Martyrdom of St. Paul) with allegorical Religion and Charity are works of Nicolò Circignani (Il Pomarancio). Pier Francesco Mola painted the walls, on left with St. Peter in jail baptizes saints Processo & Martiniano, to right is the Conversion of St. Paul. There are four monuments by Marchesi Ferrari. The second chapel on the left is dedicated to the Nativity and called Cappella della Sacra Famiglia, commissioned by patron Cardinal Cerri who worked for the Barberini family. The altarpiece of the nativity is by Circignani. In the roof, the Celestial celebration on the nativity of Christ, on the pinnacles are David, Isaiah, Zechariah and Baruch, on the right lunette an Annunciation to the Shepherds, and on the left a Massacre of the Innocents. Also are frescoes on Presentation of Jesus to the Temple and Adoration by Magi. Four allegorical statues represent Temperance, Prudence on right; and Fortitude and Justice.

The third chapel to the left is the Cappella della Santissima Trinità, commissioned initially by the clerical patron Pirro Taro, named due to the main altarpiece by Francesco Bassano the Younger. The frescoes were completed mainly by three painters and assistants during 1588–1589; the exact attributions are uncertain, but it is said the Creation, the angels on the pilasters, and the designs of some of the frescoes are by the Florentine Jesuit painter, Giovanni Battista Fiammeri. Painted with assistants was the Baptism of Christ on the right wall. The Transfiguration on the left wall and the Abraham with three angels on the right oval were by Durante Alberti. God the Father behind a chorus of angels in the left oval and in the pinnacles angels with God's attributes were completed by Ventura Salimbeni. The reliquary on the altar holds the right arm of the polish Jesuit St. Andrew Bobola, martyred in 1657 and canonized by Pius XI in 1938. The imposing and luxurious St. Ignatius Chapel with the saint's tomb is located on the left side of the transept and is the church's masterpiece, designed by Andrea Pozzo between 1696 and 1700. The altar by Pozzo shows the Trinity on top of a globe. The lapis lazuli, representing the Earth, was thought to be the largest piece in the world but is actually mortar decorated with lapis lazuli. The four lapis lazuli-veneered columns enclose the colossal statue of the saint by Pierre Legros. The latter is a copy, probably by Adamo Tadolini working in the studio of Antonio Canova. Pope Pius VI had the original silver statue melted down, ostensibly to pay the war reparations to Napoleon, as established by the Treaty of Tolentino, 1797.

Originally the project was designed by Giacomo della Porta, then by Cortona; but ultimately Pozzo won a public contest to design the altar. A canvas of the Saint receives the monogram with the name of Jesus from the celestial resurrected Christ attributed to Pozzo. The urn of St. Ignatius is a bronze urn by Algardi that holds the body of the saint; below are two groups of statues where Religion defeats heresy by Legros (with a putto – on the left side – tearing pages from heretical books by Luther, Calvin and Zwingli), and Faith defeats idolatry by Jean-Baptiste Théodon.

The St. Ignatius Chapel also hosts the restored macchina barocca or baroque machine of Andrea Pozzo. During daytime the statue of St. Ignatius is hidden behind a large painting, but every day at 17.30 triumphal music is played and the painting is lowered by the machine into the altar, revealing the statue, with spotlights used to highlight various aspects of the Ignatian Altar, while describing aspects of the history and spirituality of the Society of Jesus.

The last chapel on the far end of the nave, to the left of the high altar, is the Chapel of the Madonna della Strada. The name derives from a medieval icon, once found in a now-lost Church in the piazza Altieri, venerated by Saint Ignatius. The interior is designed and decorated by Giuseppe Valeriani, who painted scenes from the life of the Virgin. The cupola frescoes were painted by G.P. Pozzi. The painting depicting the death of Saint John Francis Regis by Jacopo Zoboli is located in the sacristy rooms.

The pipe organ was built by the Italian firm, Tamburini. It is a large, three manual instrument with 5 divisions (pedal, choir, great, swell, and antiphonal). The swell and choir are enclosed. The pipes are split into three separate locations within the church. Two ornamented façades flank the transept walls (Swell and Great on the left and Choir and Pedal on the right) and a small antiphonal division is located above the liturgical west entrance.

Influence
The Church of the Gesù was the model of numerous churches of the Society of Jesus throughout the world, starting from the Church of St. Michael in Munich (1583–1597), the Corpus Christi Church in Nyasvizh (1587–1593), the Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków (1597–1619), the Cathedral of Córdoba (Argentina) (1582–1787) as well as the Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola in Buenos Aires (1710–1722), the Church of Saints Peter and Paul in Tbilisi (1870–1877), and the Church of the Gesù in Philadelphia (1879–1888). Various parishes also share the name of the Church of the Gesù in Rome.

Cardinal-deacons
In 1965, the Church of the Gesù was made a titular church, to be held by a cardinal-deacon.
 * Michele Pellegrino, cardinal-priest pro illa vice (1967–1986)
 * Eduardo Martínez Somalo (1988–2021; elevated to cardinal-priest pro illa vice in 1999)
 * Gianfranco Ghirlanda (2022–present)

title: Church of the Gesù


text:
List of colonial governors and administrators of Grenada

This is a list of Viceroys of Grenada from the establishment of French rule in 1649 until its independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. Following independence, the viceroy of Grenada ceased to represent the British monarch and British government, and ceased to be a British person, instead the new vice regal office, renamed to Governor-General of Grenada represented (and to this day, represents) the Monarch of Grenada, and the person holding the office must be a Grenadian citizen.

British governors of Grenada (1762–1802)
In 1763, the Treaty of Paris ceded Grenada to the United Kingdom.

 * George Scott, 1762–1764
 * Robert Melville, 1764, acting, first time
 * Ulysses FitzMaurice, 1764–1770, first time
 * Robert Melville, 1770–1771, second time
 * Ulysses FitzMaurice, 1771, second time
 * William Leybourne, 1771–1775
 * William Young, 1776
 * The Lord Macartney, 1776–1779
 * Jean-François, comte de Durat, 1779–1783, Governor-General, (French occupation)
 * Edward Mathew, 1784–1785
 * William Lucas, 1785–1787, acting
 * Samuel Williams, 1787–1788, acting, first time
 * James Campbell, 1788–1789, acting
 * Samuel Williams, 1789–1792, acting, second time
 * Ninian Home, 17 November 1792 – 1795
 * Kenneth Francis Mackenzie, 1795, acting
 * Samuel Mitchell, 1795–1796, acting
 * Alexander Houstoun, 1796–1797
 * Charles Green, 30 September 1797 – 1801
 * Samuel Dent, 1801–1802, acting

Lieutenant governors of Grenada (1802–1882)
In 1802, the Governor of Grenada was replaced by a lieutenant governor, subordinate to the Governor of Barbados.

 * George Vere Hobart, 1802–5 November 1802
 * Thomas Hislop, 1803–1804
 * William Douglas MacLean Clephane, 1803
 * Frederick Maitland, 29 March 1805 – 1811
 * Abraham Charles Adye, 1811–1812
 * George Robert Ainslie, 1812–1813
 * Charles Shipley, 1813–1815, acting
 * George Paterson, 1815–1816, acting, first time
 * Phineas Riall, 1816–1823
 * George Paterson, 1823–1826, acting, second time
 * James Campbell, 1826–1833

In 1833, Grenada was incorporated into the British Windward Islands along with Barbados, St. Lucia, Saint Vincent, and the Grenadines. The Governor of Barbados retained overall responsibility for Grenada with the Lieutenant Governor of Grenada as his subordinate.

 * George Middlemore, 1833–1835
 * John Hastings Mair, 1835–1836
 * Carlo Joseph Doyle, 1836–1846
 * Ker Baillie Hamilton, 1846–1853
 * Robert William Keate, 1853–1857
 * Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright, 1857–1864
 * Robert Miller Mundy, 1864–1871
 * Sanford Freeling, 1871–1875
 * Cyril Clerke Graham, 1875–1877
 * Robert William Harley, 1877–1882

Administrators of Grenada (1882–1967)
In 1882, the role of the Lieutenant Governor of Grenada was replaced by that of an administrator. The administrator remained subordinate to the Governor of Barbados. In 1885, Barbados left the administrative control of the Windward Islands. A new Governor of the Windward Islands was appointed, with his seat in Grenada. The Administrator of Grenada remained a subordinate position concerned with matters local to Grenada itself.

Between 1958 and 1962, Grenada was part of the short-lived Federation of the West Indies.
 * Irwin Charles Maling, 1882, first time
 * Roger Tuckfield Goldsworthy, 1882–1883
 * Edward Laborde, 1883–1886, first time
 * Irwin Charles Maling, 1886–1887, second time
 * Henry Rawlins Pipon Schooles, 1887–1888
 * John Elliott, Jun 1888 – Dec 1888
 * Robert Baxter Llewelyn, Dec 1888 – Jan 1889, first time
 * Edward Laborde, Jan 1889 – Nov 1889, second time
 * Robert Baxter Llewelyn, Nov 1889 – Sep 1890, second time
 * Lawrence Riky Fyfe, Sep 1890 – Nov 1890
 * Edward Rawle Drayton, 1890–1915
 * Herbert Ferguson, 1915–1930
 * Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood, 1930–1935
 * William Leslie Heape, 1935–1940
 * Charles Henry Vincent Talbot, 1940–1942
 * George Conrad Green, 1942–1951
 * Wallace MacMillan, 1951–1957
 * James Monteith Lloyd, 1957–1962
 * Lionel Achille Pinard, 1962–1964
 * Ian Turbott, 1964–1967

Governors of Grenada (1967–1974)
On 3 March 1967, Grenada became an Associated State of the United Kingdom, responsible for its own internal affairs. A governor was again appointed as the United Kingdom's official representative.

 * Ian Turbott, 1967–1968
 * Dame Hilda Bynoe, 1968 – 21 January 1974
 * Sir Leo de Gale, 24 January 1974 – 7 February 1974, acting

On 7 February 1974, Grenada achieved independence from Great Britain. After independence, the vice regal office in Grenada became the office of the Governor-General of Grenada.


text:
Talk:Grand Chess

Old talk
Is it OK if I put a link to something on my own web page, which was written by the world champion of Grand Chess. It is his extensive (and I mean extensive) notes on a world championship game he played of Grand Chess against the reining world champion, and is available here. I think the link is relevent to this page, but will not put the link in the encyclopedia entry myself because of the "no self-promotion" rule. Samboy 21:17, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Since no one has said anything either way for over a month, I have just added the link in question. If anyone removes it because they feel it is self-promotion, I will respect their wishes.  Samboy 23:42, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The link doesn't work correctly in Internet Explorer. Can you please check? Andreas Kaufmann 11:33, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Fixed (IE really ought to honor the content type instead of trying to guess it itself; Apache really ought to not send out content types for documents with unknown extensions--a consequence of the old UNIX tradition of "if it doesn't have a special extension, it's probably a plain text file". Samboy 21:19, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Capablanca Chess and Grand Chess
I undone move of this article into Capablanca Chess. These variants are very different, there is no sense to place it there. Andreas Kaufmann 15:37, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

How does this compare to Gothic Chess(improved version of Capablanca chess), also a very popular variant. It has the same new pieces (with a different name). The placement of the pieces are different and Grand Chess also has the extra rank behind the group of pieces.

Spirit
Define "spirit". CRC as invented by Scharnagl is related ONLY to the 10x8 form of the games invented by Capablanca and known collectively as Capablanca Chess. Since there was a 10x10 form of Capablanca Chess, the link to that game should remain. Other games that do not have 10x10 forms do not belong here. --AceVentura

 * Perhaps spirit was not the best term. The fact is that they are both very similar ideas- expansion of the board with the addition of new species which are formed by combining the abilites of standard pieces. JoshuaZ 18:20, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The fact that the other 2 games use the same pieces as Grand Chess is insufficient to justify links since all of these pieces move differently between 10x10 and 10x8 boards. I realize the other 2 games are related in origin but not closely enough in my judgment.  Still, as long as I remain outnumbered by knowledgeable editors who disagree, I will leave it alone. --AceVentura

 * Well, right now, its only one other editor who disagrees. Does anyone else have an opinion on this? JoshuaZ 19:01, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The link to Capablanca chess should stay. I don't have any strong feeling about two other games, they are accesible from Capablanca chess article anyway. Andreas Kaufmann 19:48, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Piece values
I removed link to Grand Chess | Material Values of Pieces. The values given there seems to be wrong: 20 pawns / queen, 5 pawns /knight, 7 pawns /bishop - obviously wrong. Or I misunderstand something? Andreas Kaufmann 19:27, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The piece valuations method by Nalls is reputable and fully explained in conceptual and mathematical detail within a 29-page paper. Read it.  Scharnagl has endorsed and published Nalls' values even as they differ slightly from those generated using his own acclaimed method.

 * There are 3 obvious reasons to me that pawns in this game carry a lower relative value than you would expect in chess:

 * 1. The pawns are much more limited in potential, probable material gain thru promotion under the rules of Grand Chess.  Read them.

 * 2. The 10 x 10 board makes pawns notably weaker compared to all pieces of unlimited range (versus the 8 x 8 board).

 * 3. The 10 x 10 board makes pawn promotion more difficult.  Although the distance covered and number of moves required to achieve promotion is about the same, the additional maneuvering options for pieces of unlimited range to use positionally to pick-off pawns getting close to promotion makes success (for pawns) less likely.

 * Unless you can discredit the calculation method by Nalls (and probably, Scharnagl as well), you should not destroy this useful, tactical reference. It will be restored.  Sometimes, what is wrong is not obvious.--AceVentura

 * I don't have time to check all calculations, but there should be a mistake there. 20 pawns / queen is radicuoulus. Add only 10 (not 20!) pawns to white and remove a white's queen. White wins without any troubles. Are piece values provided for grand chess were confirmed by somebody else? Link would be nice. Thanks! Andreas Kaufmann 20:41, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * This seems to be related to the general problem of how to estimate piece values. A good example of the problems associated with this sort of thing- on a very large board, n rooks will generally beat n-k queens, even when the point value is fine (in fact, this starts to occur for pretty small board sizes). In fact, one can get a similar thing to occur even if it is rooks v. amazons or rooks v. krakens. Point values are incredibly hard to estimate in a useful fashion in chess variants. I'm inclined to agree with Andreas in this case. It seems to be an example of where somewhat took a highly formulaic approach to calculate relative value. JoshuaZ 20:51, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Give 8 pawns to White in standard chess and remove his queen. He'll have markedly few problems, because of his strong pawn formation. So I think it is not so simple: there are other factors that need to be considered if you are to do such an experimental verification of piece values. Double sharp (talk) 13:31, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I checked Nall's results and there are also flaws in values for other variants. For example, in chess the rook is 5.7 pawns and not 5 as generally excepted. The rook is also totally overvalued for Capablanca random chess, where it is more valuebale then Archbishop! Any more or less experienced 8x10 chess player will confirm that this is wrong, see for example piece values in Gothic Chess. Andreas Kaufmann 21:05, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I actually agree with most of the recent remarks by Andreas Kaufmann andJoshuaZ. You both think deeply like very good players who understand that the levels of depth and irony within the tactics and strategy of chess variants go to such extremes that every rule has an exception and every exception has an exception.

 * The point being that relative piece values should not be taken literally and to the extreme. They should only be used as tactical guidelines with limitations as an important consideration toward deciding in most (but not all) cases which exchanges to force or void.  Furthermore, they should be used with caution, mainly during the opening game and midgame.  Wherever game-winning objectives are attainable thru material sacrifices (esp. during the endgame), positional play must be used primarily (for survival or victory) with exchange values used only secondarily.

 * For example, if in chess, black removes the queen (valued at appr. 9 points) and white removes all 8 pawns (valued at 8 points- 1 point x 8), you might predict on paper that white has a 1 point advantage toward winning the game. Notwithstanding, playing without half of its pieces, white is going to lose!  Does that mean the well-established, relative piece values for chess are also wrong?  No.  This is not a case of contradiction.  Instead, it is a case of nuance.  An all-or-nothing expectation from any piece valuation method is unrealistic esp. when examples are used that push game conditions to the extremes.  Besides, how often can one realistically expect an exchange 10-20 pieces deep to occur via forced lines of play?  If you are a player involved in such a dangerous escalation, then you had better consider game-winning conditions as well as exchange values.

 * To the credit of both Nalls and Scharnagl, they adequately explain within their published works that game-specific, positional values are as important as material values. Moreover, Scharnagl actually uses his own piece valuations method within his SMIRF program with obvious success since it plays numerous chess variants strongly and quickly.  So, I have no good reason to assume their works are without any substance or merit. --AceVentura

 * You should not take the universally known piece valuations- rounded-off to the nearest integer!- for chess too seriously. I have seen about a dozen rational systems for determining piece values in chess and their range of values is such that Nalls' results are not out-of-range.  --AceVentura

 * You can't rely totally on calculations based on mobility. But the figures might be about right.  As people noted, on a bigger board (bigger than 8x8), pawns are worth relatively less compared to pieces.  So knight = 5 pawns might be about right (I'd guess 4 to 5).  On a bigger board, bishops will be worth more than a knight (I'd guess by 1 or 2).  So if knights are 5 and bishops are 7, 20 is about right for a queen, and a rook would be about 10.  On one hand, pieces may promote soomer but on the other hand their promotion is limited to previously-captured pieces, which makes them less valuable.  Bubba73 (talk), 04:13, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

The pawn is absolutely not that low in value. A more sensible average valuation might well be pawn = 1, knight = 3.5, bishop = 4 (and another 0.5 for the bishop pair), rook = 6, princess (B+N) = 10, empress (R+N) = 11, queen = 11. Remember that in grand chess the pawns can promote early, so that they travel a shorter distance than they need to in FIDE chess. (In fact, this means that one could well restore the FIDE promotion rule: promoting to anything, even pieces you already have a complete set of, and only at the last rank. This would restore the possibility that KP vs K might be a draw and make pawns that double-step travel the same distance as FIDE pawns that single-step.) I would not trust any values that come solely from thinking without actually doing the experiments. Once experimental values are obtained, only then we can theoretically think about explanations for them.
 * And indeed, I do not trust these values any longer, since they seem to obviously disagree with preliminary experiments. Double sharp (talk) 12:21, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

It's still kind of sad that it's very difficult to get a closed game. The greater average power of the pieces and the increased amount of space seems to result in more open, tactical games. Speaking of the pieces' power, the hierarchy is very top-heavy. We have knights and bishops as minor pieces, rooks as an intermediate, and three different major pieces (princesses, empresses, and queens). With the increased size of the board and increased power of the pieces, castling – the ability to immediately evacuate the king to the side that looks safer – is sorely missed. It's not like chu shogi where you have time to dally around building a castle of step-movers around your king, or tenjiku shogi when your king is at least really far at the back (even though there are some viciously strong pieces in the setup). Development is fast and rapid, and there are so many queen-like super-strong pieces that it looks really hard to mount a defence fast enough.

It looks nice to have a set of pieces with B, N, and R, and combining all three in the three combinations (princess B+N, empress R+N, queen R+B). But this results in a very top-heavy material balance. OTOH, replacing the queen in FIDE chess with a princess or an empress for both sides should make a reasonable game and a light introduction to variants.

I still think the large shogi variants (certainly at least chu and tenjiku; dai is just boring) hold up much better than these modern creations. Of course, they have a very different feel: dare I say, more epic, because the scale is even bigger. But they do not have the same feel as shogi (not even sho shogi without drops). And maybe that's actually it: changing the size of the board changes the feel of the chess-like game, as surely as changing other rules. Thus the quest to make a very FIDE-like 10×10 variant may well be in vain. Double sharp (talk) 15:16, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

 * You’re welcome to your opinion, but you’re a regular enough Wikipedia editor that I’m sure you’re also aware none of this discussion can be put in the Grand chess article for the simple reason it’s original research; this is why we also have the WP:NOTAFORUM disclaimer. That said, I did find some third party commentary by grandmaster Larry Kaufman where he feels Grand chess is actually superior to Chu Shogi: http://www.shogi.net/shogi-l/Archive/1999/Nfeb07-06.txt
 * Okay, how about Chu-shogi, the topic of much discussion on this list. [...] I give Chu 5 points [...] As chu is to shogi, Grand chess is to chess. [...] So Grand chess, despite its meager following, scores an amazing 6 1/4 out of 8 on my criteria, by far the best so far. It really is an excellent game and deserves a bigger following.
 * While it was self published, as per WP:BLOG, “Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established subject-matter expert, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications”. Larry Kaufman has had at least five books about Chess published and one article of his published in Chess Life, so he looks reliable enough to have his self-published writings about Chess included in the Wikipedia.
 * Samboy (talk) 05:23, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

En passant
I take it that white would capture en passant when his pawn is at the 7th rank? Obuibo Mbstpo (talk) 02:25, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I assume it would be on the sixth rank, since a black pawn could move from the 8th to 6th rank (from White's perspective). Bubba73 (talk), 00:47, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Some references
Here are some WP:RS references for this game:

 * R. Wayne Schmittberger's book New Rules for Classic Games described this game favorably

 * David Pritchard's book Encyclopedia of Chess Variants also described this game

 * The August 1997 issue of Chess Life talks about this game, showing sample games

 * Also appears to be mentioned in a 1987 issue of Games magazine

I would like to see these references added to the article, but don't have time to learn Wikipedia's format for citing references. Just to clarify (talk) 17:44, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It helps to have the year, publisher, and ISBN number. Then you can use something like the following

which gives You can also give page numbers (often good). There is also a slightly more sophisticated "citation".

The "citation" can handle inline author/date links but I don't think the first one can. Bubba73 (talk), 18:25, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Some more about the references
Thanks for the cleanup with the references we have. Now, my issue is this. DreamGuy doesn't think the references are good enough. I think they are, for the simple reason they're pretty much all of the articles and mentions in books out there for Grand Chess. I know the ill-fated Abstract Games Magazine had some articles on Grand Chess, and this link, by Burt Hochberg (who also wrote the Chess Life article back in 1997) mentions Grand Chess, but I can't think of anything else that mentions Grand Chess.

What DreamGuy is asking for is something that doesn't exist: Other references for Grand Chess. If you don't think these references are good enough to merit a Wikipedia article, go ahead and put this article on the VFD block (vote for the article to be deleted). But these references are all that there is out there, and it's a lot more references than exist for most Chess Variants.

Just to clarify (talk) 06:38, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Here is a reference (courtesy the web archive, since the magazine died a couple of years ago) showing that the ill-fated Abstract Games Magazine had an article called "The Grand Chess Corner" Just to clarify (talk) 06:45, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you know the title of the Burt Hochberg article in Chess Life? Bubba73 (talk), 13:50, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The article was called "Don't be Scared, It's Still Chess" (took a bit of poking around to find its name), and I've updated the page accordingly. Just to clarify (talk) 16:14, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Playing Grand chess online
Just in case this article gets put on the VFD block, here are four places where one can play Grand Chess online:

 * http://www.mindsports.nl/index.php/arena/grand-chess/
 * http://brainking.com/en/GameRules?tp=74
 * http://www.gamerz.net/pbmserv/grandchess.html
 * http://play.chessvariants.org/pbm/presets/grand_chess.html

Just to clarify (talk) 18:03, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Promotion zone
The promotion at the pawn-line is reminiscent of shogi and its large variants. Double sharp (talk) 03:10, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

Things that could be improved about this game

 * We don't need yet another set of names for BN and RN. Either Capablanca's or the problemist tradition are reasonably well known. Just use one of them.
 * The king should be in the centre, and preferably on its own colour to help orthodox chess players. I regret the loss of castling, as it means that you cannot evacuate your king from the centre to whichever side you choose: while the setup does not allow this, I would resurrect the old "king's leap" rule. Thus, my piece order for the second rank would be knight, bishop, princess (BN), queen, king, marshal (RN), bishop, knight; and you could evacuate the king up to three normal moves away on its first move.
 * Get rid of the ridiculous rule that disallows you to have more than the usual number of pieces. Philidor had the same idea and it was soundly rejected in the end.
 * While we're at it, get rid of the enlarged promotion zone. It makes KP vs K always a win. Promote only on the tenth rank.
 * Maybe this destroys the flavour of the game, but it's just not the same when the rooks have space on the back rank. The key point in FIDE is that you have to develop pieces to activate them and search for open files. Shortening the board to 10×8 (Embassy Chess) would work; another solution would be to keep it 10×10 but allow pawns an initial triple move like in Omega Chess.

This is just my personal opinion, though. Double sharp (talk) 05:59, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I accept that some of this may be too far-reaching, so I would propose instead more modestly, but more seriously (that is, outside my own personal likes and dislikes):
 * Use the names from the fairy chess tradition (princess = BN, empress = RN). There is no real tradition in chess variants for what to call these pieces, but in fairy chess problems, there is. Why make up yet another set of names? As for notation: I personally never saw the problem with (BN) and (RN), but if you don't like two-piece symbols, C (to avoid collisions; sometimes it's useful to label pawns with letters) and E ought to do for the princess and empress respectively.
 * The current starting position is acceptable. So is the rook placement, which, while I'm ambivalent about it, does give the game a character.
 * However, an initial king's leap should be allowed for king safety. In such a king's leap, the king can, for its initial move only, go to any square that it could reach in three ordinary moves (even if there are pieces in its hypothetical path there).
 * I cannot stress enough that the extended promotion zone should be thrown away. Promote only on the tenth rank, and to any pieces. Thus you can have two queens, two empresses, two princesses, three rooks, three bishops, or three knights. (There are now three superpieces that you only get one of – all worth around 9 pawns – and three normal pieces that you get a pair of.) I have to insist that promotion be only on the last row, both because it makes more sense that way (you only promote when a pawn could move no further), and this allows the edge effects to come into play. Even in drawn KP vs K positions, you can always at least advance your pawn to the penultimate rank and stalemate.
 * This should keep the flavour of the game, while fixing the two rules that I feel were terrible mistakes: the abandonment of castling (to be replaced by the initial king's leap) and the rules on promotion.
 * The use of the princess and empress give this game the usual Capablanca-like character, with three "superpieces" at about the same strength (princess, empress, and queen), one intermediate piece type that isn't a "superpiece" but can force mate (rook), and minor pieces (bishop and knight). (Superpieces can attack whole continguous areas of squares, which is useful in attacking pawn chains or lesser pieces.) Now, instead of one immediately decisive promotion possibility to queen, there are three, and all are missing one of the basic powers (R, N, and B). So one will have to think for a moment about which one to choose, although in the endgame the queen is usually the best choice because the emptiness of the board is good for its wholly ranging moves. (If you promote first, but your opponent will get his pawn on the penultimate rank next move, and it is a rook or bishop pawn, you should pick the empress instead of the queen!)
 * If the RF and BW (dragon king and dragon horse) were used, one would similarly get a shogi-like flavour introduced into chess. Such pieces (RN, BN, RF, BW) are interesting because they mix ranging and leaping (or, degenerately, stepping) moves. Especially on a larger board, the result is a piece that packs concentrated power, and uses its long-range powers to get into a position where its concentration of short-range moves proves useful.
 * I'd better stop here, though, especially since (a) this isn't really what WP talk pages are for and (b) the Capablanca-style material balance is not my cup of tea. Double sharp (talk) 13:22, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 24 April 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved  — Amakuru (talk) 13:52, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

Grand chess → Grand Chess – The name form of this game is "Grand Chess" not "Grand chess", in the preponderance of literatures that refer to this game, and for anyone who is somewhat "close" to/acquainted w/ this game. (Just like the name form is "Andromeda Galaxy" not "Andromeda galaxy". And just like it's "Mississippi River" not "Mississippi river". And just like it's "Tony Award" not "Tony award". Just like it's "White House" not "White house". Just like it's "Pied Piper" not "Pied piper". Just like it's "Ivory Coast" not "Ivory coast". Just like it's "Carleton College" not "Carleton college". "San Francisco Bay" not "San Francisco bay". "Sicilian Defence" not "Sicilian defence". "Space Shuttle" not "Space shuttle". "Yellowstone Park" not "Yellowstone park". "Spam Museum" not "Spam museum". So on.) Ditto for "Capablanca Chess" (not "Capablanca chess"), "Alice Chess" (not "Alice chess"), "Chinese Checkers" (not "Chinese checkers"), regardless the current abysmal name-forms that currently exist on WP and are presumed policy-wise. Ditto "Hasami shogi" s/b "Hasami Shogi" even as "shogi" is lowercase like "chess" is lowercase. (Some game names compound the words the same as "Volleyball" does, for e.g. "Quatrochess", "Dragonchess", "Hexshogi", "Hexdame", whereby any name-form issue is conveniently skipped. David Parlett says in The Oxford History of Board Games that "Losing Chess" ... "is a game [name]", while "Losing chess" ... "is a disgrace.") The bad names stem from 2004/05/06 and apparently the policy then was different or some norm was adopted, but that norm isn't consistent w/ the overwhelming literature about these games, and actually that literature is not really abundant, just consistent. I know policy says what's majorly in the prevailing literature, and for at least these six games mentioned (and there are more!—unmentioned), that decision is absolutely clear. (Please don't ask me for refs to support my contention, when the opposite contention [current name-forms] are what needs justification [beyond "that's the way we've always done"], and that has always been a losing proposition; these names have hung on because *no one cares*, one cares to correct them, and just plain inertia [and arguments supporting inertia]. [Did this come off as frustrated!? Sorry.]) IHTS (talk) 10:20, 24 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Support, per nomination, proper name and common name. Randy Kryn 14:16, 24 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Support, for this article and the other similar examples of mis-titled chess variant pages. Quale (talk) 16:12, 24 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Support – I studied the sources, and it looks like the only book that doesn't cap it is a clone of our article. Dicklyon (talk) 04:07, 25 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Grand Chess


text:
Coomassie brilliant blue

Coomassie brilliant blue is the name of two similar triphenylmethane dyes that were developed for use in the textile industry but are now commonly used for staining proteins in analytical biochemistry. Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 differs from Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 by the addition of two methyl groups. The name "Coomassie" is a registered trademark of Imperial Chemical Industries.

Name and discovery
The name Coomassie was adopted at the end of the 19th century as a trade name by the Blackley-based dye manufacturer Levinstein Ltd, in marketing a range of acid wool dyes. In 1896 during the Fourth Anglo–Ashanti War, British forces had occupied the town of Coomassie (modern-day Kumasi in Ghana). In 1918 Levinstein Ltd became part of British Dyestuffs, which in 1926 became part of Imperial Chemical Industries. Although ICI still owns the Coomassie trademark, the company no longer manufactures the dyes.

The blue disulfonated triphenylmethane dyes were first produced in 1913 by Max Weiler, who was based in Elberfeld, Germany. Various patents were subsequently taken out on the organic synthesis.

Papers published in biochemistry journals frequently refer to these dyes simply as "Coomassie" without specifying which dye was used. In fact, the Colour Index lists over 40 dyes with "Coomassie" in their name. There are also other Coomassie "blue" dyes. For example, the Merck Index (10th edition) lists Coomassie Blue RL (Acid Blue 92, C.I. 13390), which has a completely different structure.

Dye colour
The suffix "R" in the name of Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 is an abbreviation for "red" as the blue colour of the dye has a slight reddish tint. For the "G" variant the blue colour has a more greenish tint. The "250" originally denoted the purity of the dye.

The colour of the two dyes depends on the acidity of the solution. The "G" form of the dye has been studied in detail. At a pH of less than 0 the dye has a red colour with an absorption maximum at a wavelength of 465 nm. At a pH of around 1 the dye is green with an absorption maximum at 620 nm while above pH 2 the dye is bright blue with a maximum at 595 nm. At pH 7 the dye has an extinction coefficient of 43,000 M−1 cm−1.

The different colours are a result of the different charged states of the dye molecule. In the red form, all three nitrogen atoms carry a positive charge. The two sulfonic acid groups have extremely low pKa and will normally be negatively charged, thus at a pH of around zero the dye will be a cation with an overall charge of +1. The green colour corresponds to a form of the dye with no net overall charge. In neutral media (pH 7), only the nitrogen atom of the diphenylamine moiety carries a positive charge and the blue dye molecule is an anion with an overall charge of −1. The pKa values for the losses of the two protons are 1.15 and 1.82, respectively. The final proton is lost under alkaline conditions and the dye becomes pink (pKa 12.4).

The dye interacts electrostatically but noncovalently with the amino and carboxyl groups of proteins. The dye molecules bind to proteins, including those in wool (keratin), to form a protein–dye complex. The formation of the complex stabilises the negatively charged anionic form of the dye, producing the blue colour, even under acid conditions when most of the molecules in solution are in the cationic form. This is the basis of the Bradford assay, which quantifies protein by Coomassie brilliant blue dye binding. The binding of the dye to a protein causes a shift in the absorbance maximum of the dye from 465 to 595 nm. The increase of absorption at 595 nm is monitored to determine protein concentration.

The dye also forms a complex with the anionic detergent sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The formation of this complex stabilizes the neutral, green form of the dye. This effect can interfere with the estimation of protein concentration using the Bradford assay. It is also likely that the anionic detergent competes with the dye for binding to the protein.

Applications in biochemistry
Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 was first used to visualise proteins in 1963 by Fazekas de St. Groth and colleagues. Protein samples were separated electrophoretically on a cellulose acetate sheet. The sheet was then soaked in sulfosalicylic acid to fix the protein bands and transferred to a solution of the dye.

Two years later in 1965 Meyer and Lambert used Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 to stain protein samples after electrophoretic separation in a polyacrylamide gel. They soaked the gel in a dye solution containing methanol, acetic acid and water. As the dye stained the polyacrylamide gel as well as the protein, in order to visualise the protein bands they needed to destain the gel, which they did electrophoretically. Subsequent publications reported that polyacrylamide gels could be successfully destained using an acetic acid solution.

The first report of the use of the G form of the dye to visualise protein bands in polyacrylamide gels came in 1967, where the dye was dissolved in an acetic acid solution containing methanol. It was subsequently discovered that the protein bands could be stained without staining the polyacrylamide by using a colloid of the G form of the dye in a trichloroacetic acid solution containing no methanol. With this procedure it was no longer necessary to destain the gel. Modern formulations typically use a colloid of the G form of dye in a solution containing phosphoric acid, ethanol (or methanol) and ammonium sulfate (or aluminium sulfate).

The Bradford assay uses the spectral properties of Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 to estimate the amount of protein in a solution. A protein sample is added to a solution of the dye in phosphoric acid and ethanol. Under the acid conditions the dye is normally a brownish colour but on binding to the protein the blue form of the dye is produced. The optical absorbance of the solution is measured at a wavelength of 595 nm. The dye is noted for its high level of sensitivity: 5 μg of protein can be detected. However, among the disadvantages of the method is its variability of color development with different proteins: the absorbance change per unit mass of proteins varies with the type of the protein.

On binding to a protein, the negatively charged Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye molecule will give an overall negative charge to the protein. This property can be used to separate proteins or protein complexes using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions in a technique called blue native PAGE. The mobility of the complex in the polyacrylamide gel will depend on both the size of the protein complex (i.e., the molecular weight) and the amount of dye bound to the protein.

Coomassie blue staining can also be used as a loading control staining method in western blot analysis. It is applied as an anionic pre-antibody stain.

Medical uses
In 2009, brilliant blue G was used in scientific experiments to treat spinal injuries in laboratory rats. It acts by reducing the body's natural swelling response, which can cause neurons in the area to die of metabolic stress. Testing on the rats proved effective. In comparison to the rats that had not received the dye, the rats that were treated with the dye performed better on motion tests. It is unknown whether this treatment can be used effectively in humans. The animal experiments administered the dye within 15 minutes of injury, but to be effective in a real-life setting, where it may take time for a patient to reach the emergency room, the treatment needs to be effective even when administered up to two hours after injury. The only reported side effect was that the rats temporarily turned blue.

Under the trade names ILM Blue and Brilliant Peel, brilliant blue G is used as a stain to assist surgeons in retinal surgery. In December 2019, brilliant blue G (under the trade name TissueBlue, DORC International, Netherlands) was approved for use in humans in the United States.

Tissueblue was approved for medical use in Canada in January 2021.

Application in forensic science
The ability of the Coomassie dye to target amino acids with aromatic groups (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) and basic side chains (lysine, arginine and histidine) allows the Bradford assay to be used for fingerprint analysis. The assay was successfully used to identify the biological sex of the fingerprint. Female samples were shown to have a higher absorbance than male samples when tested at similar wavelengths. This provides a simpler method for fingerprint analysis by reducing the number of amino acids needing to be analyzed from 23 to 6 and requires little to no assay preparation, in contrast to the ninhydrin chemical assay, which requires assay preparation such as heating and enzyme cascade.

title: Coomassie brilliant blue


text:
Talk:Holy Name Cathedral (Chicago)

Untitled
Thank you for the beautiful article on Holy Name Cathedral. I especially appreciated the picture of the many suspended galero. As a side note, the Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus, celebrated during Christmastide (January 1) was also known as the Feast of the Circumcision. I'm glad (and I am sure the church in Chicago is also) that they chose not to name the church the Cathedral of the Circumcision. --Aloysius Patacsil 21:19, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Haha! I showed your comment to a couple Jesuit priests.  They died laughing.  Glad you liked the article, Aloysius! You should come to Chicago and see the cathedral.  Its magnificent.  --Gerald Farinas 21:31, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

"Catholic Schoolgirls Against the War"?
Should the Easter protest be mentioned or is it wrong to give more promotion to such stunts?--T. Anthony (talk) 11:10, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

More photos available
Wikimedia Commons has some more photos that might help illustrate your article. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Interior_of_Holy_Name_Cathedral_(Chicago) Nheyob (talk) 14:33, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

Just a question
Is the name Ambo of the Evangelists being used twice in error here? I'm just confused. Cougar Draven (talk) 00:35, 25 June 2015 (UTC)

Article assessment, class C explained
Greetings, While all the other related WP are Class B, I rated this article with a Class C so that Class C criteria can be evaluated prior to upgrade to class B. Regards, JoeHebda (talk) 23:31, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holy Name Cathedral (Chicago)


text: File:Get Carter poster.jpg

title: File:Get Carter poster.jpg


text:
Vela Uniform

Vela Uniform was an element of Project Vela conducted jointly by the United States Department of Energy and the Advanced Research Projects Agency. Its purpose was to develop seismic methods for detecting underground nuclear testing, and it involved many experts from academia, the sponsoring military agencies and the Atomic Energy Commission.

Vela Uniform incorporated seven underground nuclear tests in the continental United States and Alaska from October 1963 to July 1971. Seismic traces from multiple locations were analyzed for each of these events to develop methods for differentiating underground nuclear tests from other seismic events (such as earthquakes) and locating the test site. The program also involved numerous experiments using conventional high explosives.

Reference sources

 * "United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992" (NWD 94–1), Robert Standish Norris and Thomas B. Cochran, Nuclear Weapons Databook, Working Papers, Natural Resources Defense Council, 1350 New York Avenue, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005, 202-783-7800, 1 February 1994.
 * "Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil," Bruce A. Bolt, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1976, ISBN 0-7167-0276-2.

title: Vela Uniform


text: User talk:4.8.76.221

title: User talk:4.8.76.221


text:
Talk:Robert Penn Warren

Untitled
I'm curious as to why the Amercan Modern Library's citation of All the King's Men was removed. According to this page, the information is accurate (it's #36 on the list). RivGuySC 21:27, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I made numerous such removals last night, but I missed the edit remark for the occasional article, and this was one of them - please see Talk:Modern Library for details. -- Simonides 03:48, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I was wondering if anyone here is familiar with his work "Rattlesnake Country" and could offer some interpretation? Friday 25 March, 2005.

Amazing that someone could write an article about Robert Penn Warren and never once mention the word "Louisiana."

Broken Links
Some links are broken with site upgrades and should be fixed I would be up for this in a day or two, but if anyone is reading this now and is willing please validate the links.

Deltaspectre

Last Name
Is Warren or Penn Warren the last name? It's not consistent in the article.

Politics
Made a small correction on Warren's politics. The previous version indicated that Warren was more liberal than his erstwhile Agrarian colleagues all along; in fact, he was fairly pro-segregationist in the essay "The Briar Patch" from I'll Take My Stand. Later on, he adopted more liberal views on the subject of race. But the previous version of this article made it sound as though his views were bien pensant all along.

Democracy & Poetry
Jefferson Lectures gives "Poetry and Democracy" as the title of Warren's 1974 lecture, singular. As we say.

I updated our dead reference for the book to read thus:
 * "Democracy and Poetry: Robert Penn Warren" (publisher display). Harvard University Press. Retrieved September 7, 2013.

The default display includes "About This Book", which begins 'In these two essays ...' and does not mention lecture(s). I suspect that the lecture content was revised and expanded as well as divided. Someone who knows should revise what we say. --P64 (talk) 17:47, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Robert Penn Warren


text:
Grangegorman Development Agency

Grangegorman Development Agency is an agency of the Government of Ireland charged with redevelopment of the Grangegorman Urban Quarter, formerly within the curtilage of St. Brendan's Hospital. Grangegorman itself is an inner city area on the Northside of Dublin. Grangegorman, at 29 hectares, was the largest undeveloped site in the City of Dublin.

Grangegorman Quarter
The New Grangegorman Urban Quarter is a proposed education, health and community development by the Grangegorman Development Agency for Dublin Institute of Technology and the Health Service Executive within the existing Grangegorman Urban quarter. The site's design has been provided by the American architectural firm of Moore Ruble Yudell under the direction of Irish-born Architect James Mary O'Connor. The surrounding community is an equal stakeholder in the project and receives technical support from the Grangegorman Community Forum. On July 17, 2012, The Grangegorman Development Agency was awarded funding from the Irish Government as a part of a €2.5billion stimulus package for the country.

Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) Grangegorman Campus
The first construction work to take place as part of the new DIT campus started in 2013 with the extensive refurbishment of several listed buildings. These accommodate 1,400 staff and students, who moved in 2014. A further 10,000 staff and students will move by 2017 into two major quads which are being built as public private partnerships. When fully completed Grangegorman will accommodate over 20,000 staff and students and for the first time all DIT activities, currently in 39 buildings, will be located on one integrated campus. September 2014 saw 1000 students from Art, Design, Photography, Social Sciences and Visual Communication move onto campus.

Transport Links
Stops named 'Grangegorman' and 'Broadstone-DIT' on the LUAS green line link the campus to other parts of the city centre and to Broombridge railway station.

HSE Facilities
The new replacement facility for St. Brendans Hospital, the Phoenix Care Centre, was opened 1 March 2013. A new primary care centre has been in operation since January 2018.

St. Brendan's Hospital
Officially opened in 1815, although it received its first patients in 1814, the Richmond Lunatic Asylum was initially created as a national institution for the reception of recoverable lunatics. On the 30 July 1830 the asylum was incorporated into the national system of district asylums and was renamed the Richmond Lunatic District Asylum. Under the district asylum system it received patients resident in the city and county of Dublin and the counties of Louth, Meath, Wicklow and the town of Drogheda. On 19 May 1921 its name was changed to the Grangegorman Mental Hospital. On 17 April 1958 its name was changed to St. Brendan's Hospital, which it retains to this day.

Although the original building of the Richmond Lunatic Asylum has now been largely destroyed, a new state of the art "Phoenix Care Centre", comprising 54 bedrooms and ensuites, recreational rooms, clinical rooms, administration areas, seclusion rooms and therapy gardens, opened in March 2013.

title: Grangegorman Development Agency