text:
Answer song

An answer song, response song or answer record is a song (usually a recorded track) made in answer to a previous song, normally by another artist. The concept became widespread in blues and R&B recorded music in the 1930s to the 1950s. Answer songs were also popular in country music in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, sometimes as female responses to an original hit by a male artist or male responses to a hit by a female artist.

The original "Hound Dog" song sung by Big Mama Thornton reached number 1 in 1953, and there were six answer songs in response; the most successful of these was "Bear Cat", by Rufus Thomas which reached number 3. That led to a successful copyright lawsuit for $35,000, which is said to have led Sam Phillips of Sun Records to sell Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA.

In Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society ISBN 0-87972-368-8, Jim Curtis says that "the series of answer songs which were hits in 1960 ... indicates the dissociation of the singer from the song ... Answer songs rode on the coattails, as it were, of the popularity of the first song, and resembled parodies in that their success depended on a knowledge of the original ... Answer songs were usually one-hit flukes by unknown singers whose lack of identity did not detract from the success of the record since only the song, and not the performer, mattered."

Today, this practice is most common in hip hop music and filk, especially as the continuation of a feud between performers; the Roxanne Wars was a notable example that resulted in over a hundred answer songs. Answer songs also played a part in the battle over turf in The Bridge Wars. Sometimes, an answer record imitated the original very closely and occasionally, a hit song would be followed up by the same artist.

Pre-1950s

 * Sir Walter Raleigh and Christopher Marlowe traded life philosophies on the battlefield of poetry, namely, "The Passionate Shepherd To His Love" (1599) and "The Nymph's Reply To The Shepherd" (1600).
 * The sentimental Irish ballad, "I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen" (1875) by Thomas Westendorf was written as a reply to the earlier "Barney, Take Me Home Again" by George W. Persley.
 * "I Wonder Why Bill Bailey Don't Come Home" was written by William Jerome and recorded by Arthur Collins in 1902 as an answer to "Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home", published by Hughie Cannon and recorded by Collins earlier the same year.
 * "I Used to Be Afraid to Come Home in the Dark" was recorded by Billy Murray in 1909 as a response to his own 1908 hit, "I'm Afraid to Come Home in the Dark"
 * The popularity of the 1923 song "Yes! We Have No Bananas" was answered that same year by "I've Got The Yes! We Have No Banana Blues" with lyrics by Lew Brown, composed by Robert King and James F. Hanley. The song referred to the ubiquity and nonsense lyrics of the original. Eddie Cantor, Eva Taylor, Isabelle Patricola, and Belle Baker all sang on releases of this song.
 * Patsy Montana's "I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart" (written 1934, recorded 1935), the first million seller hit by a female country artist, was an answer to Stuart Hamblen's "Texas Plains".
 * Woody Guthrie's anthem "This Land Is Your Land" was written in 1940 as an answer to "God Bless America", written by Irving Berlin in 1918 (and revised in 1938). Guthrie originally called his response "God Blessed America for Me".

1950s

 * "Where's-a Your House", written and recorded by Robert Q. Lewis in 1951, was a response to Rosemary Clooney's "Come on-a My House" of the same year.
 * "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels", written by J. D. "Jay" Miller in 1952 and originally sung by Kitty Wells, was a response to "The Wild Side of Life", made famous that same year by Hank Thompson.
 * "Mannish Boy" (1955) by Muddy Waters was a response to Bo Diddley's "I'm a Man", which also happened to be a response to "I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man", an earlier song by Muddy Waters in 1954.
 * "Hot Rod Lincoln" (1955) is Charlie Ryan's a response to "Hot Rod Race", (1950) Arkie Shibley and His Mountain Dew Boys and is arguably the more well known of the two songs.
 * "Can't Do Sixty No More", written and performed by The Dominoes, was a response to their own hit song from four years earlier (1951), "Sixty Minute Man".
 * One of the longest answer record cycles was started by Hank Ballard and The Midnighters' (1954) R&B hit "Work with Me, Annie", and its sequel song "Annie Had a Baby" (1954). Answer songs include "Annie's Answer" (1954) by The El Dorados, "Annie Pulled a Humbug" (1954) by the Midnights, "Wallflower (Roll With Me Henry)" (1955) by Etta James, and "I'm the Father of Annie's Baby" (1955), by Danny Taylor. The Midnighters also recorded an "answer to the answer": "Henry's Got Flat Feet (Can't Dance No More)" (1955).
 * "Nothing Can Replace A Man" (1955) from the musical Ankles Aweigh bills itself in its verse as an answer to Rodgers and Hammerstein's "There Is Nothin' Like A Dame" (1949).
 * "I Shot Mr. Lee" (1958) was The Bobbettes' response to their own 1957 hit, "Mr. Lee".
 * "That Makes It" was Jayne Mansfield's response to The Big Bopper's "Chantilly Lace" (1958), suggesting what the girl may have been saying at the other end of the line.
 * "Oh Neil!" was Carole King's response to Neil Sedaka's "Oh! Carol" (1959); Sedaka and King were both co-workers and friends since high school.
 * "Short Mort" (1959) by Carole King was a response to Annette Funicello's "Tall Paul" (1959), referencing "Tall Paul" in the line, "You can keep Tall Paul, I'll take Short Mort."
 * "Return of the All-American Boy" (1959) by Billy Adams was a response to the 1958 smash "The All American Boy" by Bill Parsons (aka Bobby Bare).
 * "I Got a Job" (1957) by The Miracles, "I Found a Job" by The Heartbeats (1958), "I Got A Job" by The Tempos, and "I Got Fired" by The Mistakes, were all responses to The Silhouettes's self-penned chart-topper Get a Job (1957).
 * "Answer To The Pub With No Beer" (1958) by Slim Dusty, was a direct response to Dusty's hit A Pub With No Beer (1957).

1960s

 * "Tell Tommy I Miss Him" (1960) by Marilyn Michaels is a response to "Tell Laura I Love Her" (1960), recorded separately by both Ray Peterson and Ricky Valance. Versions of this answer song were also released by Skeeter Davis and Laura Lee.
 * "I'll Save the Last Dance for You" by Damita Jo (1960) answers The Drifters' "Save the Last Dance for Me", sung by Ben E. King (also 1960). Another Damita Jo track, "I'll Be There" (1961), was in response to King's solo hit "Stand by Me" (1960).
 * "He'll Have to Stay" (1960) was Jeanne Black's response to Jim Reeves' "He'll Have to Go" (1959), and was answered in turn by Johnny Scoggins' "I'm Gonna Stay" (also 1960).
 * "(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too" (1960) was Skeeter Davis' response to Hank Locklin's "Please Help Me, I'm Falling", as was Betty Madigan's "I'm Glad That You're Falling" (1960).
 * "There's Nothing on My Mind" (1960) was The Teen Queens' response to Bobby Marchan's "There's Something on Your Mind" (also 1960).
 * "Yes, I'm Lonesome Tonight" (1960) was Dodie Stevens's response to Elvis Presley's "Are You Lonesome Tonight?" (also 1960).
 * "I Really Want You to Know" (1961) was Skeeter Davis' response to Eddy Arnold's "I Really Don't Want To Know".
 * "Come on Back, Jack" (1961) written by Mort Shuman and Leon Carr and recorded by Nina Simone, and "Well, I Told You" (also 1961), recorded by The Chantels, are both different responses to "Hit the Road, Jack", written by Percy Mayfield and recorded by Ray Charles.
 * "Stay-at-Home Sue" by Linda Laurie and "I'm No Run Around" (both 1961) by Ginger Davis and the Snaps were responses to Dion's "Runaround Sue" (also 1961).
 * "Hey Memphis" (1961) was LaVern Baker's response to Elvis Presley's "Little Sister" (also 1961).
 * "Don'cha Shop Around" by Laurie Davis and "Don't Let Him Shop Around" by Debbie Dean (both 1961) were responses to The Miracles' "Shop Around" (1960). Both songs were written by Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson.
 * "My Big John" (1961) was Dottie West's response to Jimmy Dean's "Big Bad John" (also 1961).
 * "My Long Black Veil" (1961) was Marijohn Wilkin's response to Lefty Frizzell's "Long Black Veil" (1959).
 * "Return of the Teenage Queen" (1961) was country singer Tommy Tucker's response to Johnny Cash's "Ballad of a Teenage Queen" (1958).
 * "Don't Wanna Be Another Good Luck Charm" (1962) was Jo's (of Judy and Jo) response to Elvis Presley's "Good Luck Charm" (also 1962).
 * "(I'm the Girl from) Wolverton Mountain" (1962) was Jo Ann Campbell's response to Claude King's "Wolverton Mountain" (also 1962).
 * The Pearlettes' "Duchess of Earl" (1962) was a response to Gene Chandler's "Duke of Earl" (1961).
 * "Judy's Turn to Cry" (1963) was Lesley Gore's response to her own song "It's My Party" (also 1963). Both of these songs appear in her debut album I'll Cry If I Want To.
 * "Blackhead Chinaman" (1963) was Prince Buster's response to Derrick Morgan's "Housewives Choice" (1961). Specifically, Buster claimed that Morgan and producer Leslie Kong stole hooks that Buster had created. Morgan responded with "Blazing Fire" and "No Raise, No Praise". The musical feud reportedly engulfed Jamaican culture to a level where the government ordered the two to appear in public together to calm the frenzied nation.
 * "It Hurts to Be Sixteen" (1963) was Andrea Carroll's response to Neil Sedaka's "Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen" (1962). Sedaka wrote the melody to both songs (each with a different lyricist; his brother-in-law Ronnie Grossman wrote the lyrics to "It Hurts to Be Sixteen" while Sedaka's songwriting partner Howard Greenfield wrote "Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen").
 * "Hello Melvin (This Is Mama)" (1963) was Sandra Gould's answer to "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh (A Letter from Camp)" (also 1963), a novelty song by Allan Sherman.
 * The Beach Boys' "Don't Worry Baby" (1964) from Shut Down Volume 2 was said to be an answer to the Ronettes song "Be My Baby" (1963).
 * The Beach Boys' "The Girl from New York City" (1965) from Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!) was a response to The Ad Libs' "The Boy from New York City" (1964).
 * "Queen of the House" (1965) was Jody Miller's response to Roger Miller's "King of the Road" (1964).
 * "That's My Life (My Love and My Home)" (1965) by Alfred Lennon, John Lennon's father, was a response to his son's song "In My Life" (also 1965), recorded by the Beatles.
 * "Hurry, Mr. Peters" (1965) by Lorene Mann and Justin Tubb was a response to Roy Drusky and Priscilla Mitchell's "Yes, Mr. Peters".
 * "Slip-In Mules (No High Heel Sneakers) " (1964) was Sugar Pie DeSanto's answer to "High Heel Sneakers" (also 1964), by Tommy Tucker.
 * Wendy Hill's "Gary, Please Don't Sell My Diamond Ring" (1965) to Gary Lewis & the Playboys' "This Diamond Ring". (1965)
 * "Dawn of Correction" by The Spokesmen is in response to "Eve of Destruction" by Barry McGuire (both 1965).
 * "Morgan the Pirate" (1966) by Richard Fariña was believed by Fariña's producer Maynard Solomon, journalist Robert Christgau, and others to be a response to Bob Dylan's scathing "Positively 4th Street" (1965), of which Fariña may have been (or at any rate believed himself to be) the target.
 * "4th Time Around" (1966) by Bob Dylan is seen as a response to "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" (1965) by the Beatles.
 * "Evil Off My Mind" (1966) by Burl Ives was a response to Jan Howard's song "Evil on Your Mind" (1966).
 * "When a Woman Loves a Man" (1966) by Ketty Lester was a response to "When a Man Loves a Woman" (also 1966) by Percy Sledge.
 * French Johnny Hallyday's 1966 Cheveux longs et idées courtes is a riposte to a direct, personal mockery in a verse of Antoine's Élucubrations of the same year; both were hit songs. (See Antoine's rivalry with Johnny Hallyday).
 * "I'm Happy They Took You Away, Ha-Haaa!" (1966) is Josephine XIV's response in the form of Napoleon's wife to Napoleon XIV's "They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa!" (1966). Another answer song is "They Took You Away, I'm Glad, I'm Glad", also written by Jerry Samuels.
 * "Your Good Thing (Is About to End)" (1966), written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter, was originally recorded by Mable John, and served as a response to "You'll Lose a Good Thing" (1962) by Barbara Lynn.
 * Willie "Jay" Lee Webb's [1967 song, "I Come Home A-Drinkin' (To a Worn-Out Wife Like You)", was written as an "answer song" to his older sister Loretta Lynn's No. 1 1967 country hit "Don't Come Home A Drinkin'".
 * "Clothes Line Saga" (1967) by Bob Dylan and the Band is seen as a response to "Ode to Billie Joe" (1967) by Bobbie Gentry.
 * "Yes, I Am Experienced" (1967) by Eric Burdon and the Animals, was an answer to Jimi Hendrix's "Are You Experienced?" (1967).
 * "Back in the U.S.S.R." (1968) by The Beatles was a response to "Back in the U.S.A." by Chuck Berry (1959) and "California Girls" by The Beach Boys (1965).
 * "Billy, I've Got to Go to Town" (1969) by Geraldine Stevens was a response to "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town" by Johnny Darrell (1967).
 * "More on Ode to Billie Joe" (1969) by Rodd Rogers (aka Rodd Keith), Terri Peters (aka Teri Thornton), and the MSR Singers was a response to 1967's blockbuster "Ode to Billie Joe" by Bobbie Gentry.
 * Joni Mitchell's "The Circle Game" (1970) is an answer to Neil Young's "Sugar Mountain" (1964).

1970s

 * "Hippie From Olema" (1971) was The Youngbloods' answer to Merle Haggard's country hit, "Okie from Muskogee" (1969).
 * Paul McCartney's "Some People Never Know" (1971) and "Silly Love Songs" (1976) answered John Lennon's "How Do You Sleep?" (1971) which was John Lennon's response to "Too Many People" (1971) by ex-Beatle and Lennon's former collaborator Paul McCartney.
 * "The Lawrence Welk-Hee Haw Counter-Revolution Polka" (1972) was Hee Haw host Roy Clark's answer to Gil Scott-Heron's "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised".
 * "I'm Mr. Big Stuff" was the 1972 response by Jimmy Hicks to "Mr. Big Stuff" by Jean Knight.
 * "(Should I) Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree?" was the 1973 response by Connie Francis to "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree" by Tony Orlando & Dawn.
 * "Basketball Jones featuring Tyrone Shoelaces" (1973) was Cheech and Chong's parody of the romantic song "Love Jones" (1972) by Brighter Side of Darkness.
 * "Sweet Home Alabama" (1974) was Lynyrd Skynyrd's response to Neil Young's "Southern Man" (1970) and "Alabama" (1972). Warren Zevon then wrote a response to "Sweet Home Alabama", titled "Play It All Night Long" (1980).
 * "From His Woman to You" (1975) sung by Barbara Mason was the response to "Woman to Woman" (1974) by Shirley Brown.
 * "Rak Off Normie" (1975) by Maureen Elkner was the response to "The Newcastle Song" (1975) by Bob Hudson.
 * "(I'm A) Stand By My Woman Man" (1976) sung by Ronnie Milsap was the response to Tammy Wynette's "Stand By Your Man" (1968).
 * "Two Out of Three Ain't Bad" (1977) by Meat Loaf was the answer song to "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You" (1956) by Elvis Presley.
 * Johnny Thunders' "London Boys" (1978) is a response to the Sex Pistols' "New York" (1977).

1980s

 * "Love Will Tear Us Apart" (1980) by Joy Division was partly a response to "Love Will Keep Us Together" (1973) by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield.
 * "Bad Boy" (1982) by Ray Parker Jr. was a response to his own hit of the same year, "The Other Woman".
 * "I Was Country Before Barbara Mandrell" (1982) by Dave Dudley was a response to Mandrell's "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool" from earlier in the year.
 * "Candy Girl" (1982) by New Edition was a response to "ABC" (1970) by The Jackson 5.
 * "Major Tom (Coming Home)" (1983) by Peter Schilling was the response to David Bowie's 1969 song "Space Oddity".
 * "Superstar" (1983) by Lydia Murdock was an answer song to "Billie Jean" (1983) by Michael Jackson.
 * "Taxi (Take Him Back)" was Anne LeSear's 1984 response to J. Blackfoot's 1983 song "Taxi".
 * Melba Moore's "King of My Heart" (1985) was an answer song to Billy Ocean's "Caribbean Queen" (1984).
 * Blue Öyster Cult's "Spy In The House Of The Night" (1985) is about a pyromaniac who gets his kicks from being normal on the outside but a secret arsonist by night. It is also a shout out to The Doors song "The Spy" (1970), about a sexual voyeur.
 * Reba McEntire's "Whoever's in New England" (1986) was a response to Barry Manilow's hit "Weekend in New England" (1975). "Whoever's in New England", in turn, inspired the 2007 answer song "Stay", written and sung by Jennifer Nettles.
 * "Thunder & Lightning" (1986) by Miss Thang was a response to Oran "Juice" Jones's song "The Rain" from the same year. Other responses included "The Drain" by Leot Littlepage, and "After the Storm" by Stephan, also released in 1986.
 * Actor Danny Aiello appeared in the Madonna video for "Papa Don't Preach" (1986), as the titular "Papa", and later that year recorded "Papa Wants the Best for You", written by Artie Schroeck, as a representation of the father's point of view.
 * "Guys Ain't Nothing but Trouble" by DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince (featuring Ice Cream Tee) was a response to "Girls Ain't Nothing but Trouble" from their 1987 debut album, "Rock The House" by DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince.
 * "Grab it!" (1988) by L'Trimm was a cheeky answer record to "Push it" by Salt-N-Pepa (1985)
 * "I'm Your Wild Thang" (1989) was Mamado and She's answer to Tone Lōc's "Wild Thing" (1988).
 * "(Nothing But) Flowers" by Talking Heads contains lyrics that are an echo to Joni Mitchell's "Big Yellow Taxi"—"There was a shopping mall, Now it's all covered with flowers ... If this is paradise" in "(Nothing But) Flowers", whereas Mitchell sang "They paved paradise, And put up a parking lot ...".

1990s

 * "Eat The Bee" (1991) was Automation's answer to The Scientist's "The Bee" from 1990.
 * R.E.M.'s "Me in Honey" (1991) is a response to 10,000 Maniacs' "Eat for Two" (1989).
 * Bark Psychosis' Scum (1992) was an answer to Rozalla's Everybody's Free (To Feel Good).
 * "Erasure-ish" EP (1992) was Björn Again's answer to Erasure's previous ABBA tribute, "Abba-esque". "Erasure-ish" features two Erasure tracks ("A Little Respect" and "Stop!") performed in the style of ABBA.
 * "Fuck wit Dre Day (And Everybody's Celebratin')" (1993) was Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg's answer to Tim Dog's "Fuck Compton" (1991) (as well as being a diss towards Eazy-E).
 * Italian pop group 883 topped the charts for months with their hit "Hanno ucciso l'Uomo ragno" ("Someone killed Spider-Man"). Some time later, obscure comedy band Tretriti recorded their answer, "È vivo l'Uomo ragno" ("Spider-Man Lives").
 * Liz Phair's Exile in Guyville (1993) album was a song-by-song response to The Rolling Stones' Exile on Main St. (1972).
 * "I Wrote Holden Caulfield" (1994) was Screeching Weasel's response to "Who Wrote Holden Caulfield?" (1992) by Green Day.
 * Third Eye Blind's song "Semi Charmed Life" (1997) was written as a response to Lou Reed's Walk on the Wild Side (1972), but from a San Francisco perspective.
 * "The Boy Is Mine" (1998) by Brandy and Monica was a response to "The Girl Is Mine" (1982) by Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney.
 * The Offspring's song "The Kids Aren't Alright" (1998) is named as allusion to The Who's "The Kids Are Alright" (1965).
 * After TLC released the song "No Scrubs" in 1999, Sporty Thievz made an answer song called "No Pigeons" that same year.
 * "A Pretty Girl Is Like..." (1999) from the album 69 Love Songs by The Magnetic Fields was an answer song to Irving Berlin's "A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody" according to songwriter Stephin Merritt.
 * "The Medication Is Wearing Off" (1998) from the album Electro-Shock Blues was the Eels (band) answer song to their own 1996 hit Novocaine for the Soul.
 * "Heartbreaker (Desert Storm Remix)" by Mariah Carey was a response to "Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None)" by Snoop Dogg.
 * Mexican pop singer Alejandra Guzman's "Hey Güera" (Hey Blondie) is a response to Paulina Rubio's "Ese hombre es mío" (That man is mine).
 * "Woman" by Neneh Cherry in 1996 is a response song to 1966's "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" by James Brown.
 * "Old Before I Die" (1997) by Robbie Williams was in response to The Who's "My Generation" (1965), which contains the lyrics "I hope I die before I get old."

2000s

 * In 2001 Suzanne Vega wrote "(I'll Never Be) Your Maggie May" as a response to Rod Stewart's "Maggie May"
 * The 2002 song "Aserejé" by Las Ketchup based its chorus on the 1979 song "Rapper's Delight" by The Sugarhill Gang.
 * Travis Tritt wrote and released the song "Strong Enough to Be Your Man" in 2002 in response to Sheryl Crow's "Strong Enough" (1994).
 * KJ-52 released the song "Dear Slim" (2002) in response to Eminem's song "Stan" (2000).
 * "Can't Hold Us Down" by Christina Aguilera (2003) was a response to Eminem's song "The Real Slim Shady" (2000).
 * "F.U.R.B. (Fuck You Right Back)" (2004) was Frankee's response to Eamon's "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)", promoting rumors that the two had been dating. It was the first answer song to reach No. 1 in the United Kingdom. Both songs had topped the charts in that country.
 * Green Day's "American Idiot" (2004), off of the album of the same name, was written in response to a Lynyrd Skynyrd song called "That's How I Like It".
 * "You Should Really Know" by The Pirates, Shola Ama, Naila Boss and Ishani (2004) was an answer song to "I Don't Wanna Know" by Mario Winans, Enya and P. Diddy.
 * The Beatnuts song "Confused Rappers" (2004) was a response to Jennifer Lopez Cory Rooney and The Trackmasters for stealing the sample of "Hi-Jack" by Enoch Light from their 1999 single "Watch Out Now"
 * "Good Idea At The Time" (2005) on OK Go's "Oh No" album, was an answer song to The Rolling Stones' "Sympathy for the Devil" (1968): in it, the Devil argues that the historical atrocities enumerated in the original were entirely of human doing.
 * Das Urteil by Kool Savas was a response to Die Abrechnung by Eko Fresh. Eko Fresh's song claims Kool Savas showcases a bad character during their time on Optik Records, while Kool Savas' song in return claims it was Eko Fresh who was a false friend during that time.
 * "Me and Mr. Jones" (2006) on the Back to Black album by Amy Winehouse was an answer song to - at least a riff off the title of - "Me and Mrs. Jones" (1972), made famous by Billy Paul.
 * Camera Obscura made the song "Lloyd, I'm Ready to Be Heartbroken" (2006) in response to Lloyd Cole and the Commotions 1984 song "Are You Ready to Be Heartbroken?".
 * "I Walk Alone", popularized by Tarja Turunen, is a response to "Bye Bye Beautiful" by Nightwish.
 * "Menor Que Yo" on Sentimiento (2007) album by Ivy Queen was a response to "Mayor Que Yo", a collaborative single by Daddy Yankee, Héctor el Father, Wisin & Yandel, Baby Ranks, and Tony Tun Tun.
 * Worm Quartet expressed exasperation with Marc Gunn for releasing so many songs about cats, in a song called "Goddammit Marc Gunn, Shut Up About Your Cat". Gunn responded with a song of his own, called "Dear Worm Quartet".
 * "Boys, Boys, Boys" (2008) on The Fame album by Lady Gaga was a response to "Girls, Girls, Girls" (1987) by Mötley Crüe.
 * Mitch Benn's "Not Everybody Has to Imagine" (2008) is a reply to John Lennon's "Imagine" (1971).
 * They Might Be Giants released the answer song "Why Does the Sun Really Shine? (The Sun is a Miasma of Incandescent Plasma)" to their popular 1993 cover of Tom Glazer's 1965 song "Why Does the Sun Shine?".
 * "A Baker's Tale" by Dean Friedman (2009, released 2010 on the album Submarine Races) was a response to "The Bastard Son of Dean Friedman" by Half Man Half Biscuit (1987, on the album Back Again in the DHSS). In 2010, Friedman performed his song at a Half Man Half Biscuit concert; and accompanied the band during a performance of theirs.
 * Russian pop band Vintage (Винтаж) composed their song "Eva" (Ева) from their SEX album as an answer to "Run from me" (Беги от меня) by Guests from the Future (Гости из будущего). In the original song, singer Eva Polna warns her significant other to run from her. In "Eva", singer Anna Pletnyova becomes a fan of Eva Polna writing her a love letter. Eva Polna agreed to re-record part of the original song to be included in Eva.

2010s

 * "The Devil Comes Back to Georgia" by Johnny Cash, Charlie Daniels, Mark O'Connor, and Travis Tritt in 2010 responds to the Charlie Daniels Band's "The Devil Went Down to Georgia" (1979).
 * Everybody Was in the French Resistance...Now! released an album titled Fixin' The Charts, Vol. 1. As its title suggests, the album contains nothing but answer songs to pop hits. "G.I.R.L.F.R.E.N. (You Know I've Got A)", an answer song to Avril Lavigne's hit "Girlfriend", is one example.
 * "California Gurls" (2010) by Katy Perry featuring Snoop Dogg was a response to "Empire State of Mind" (2009) by Jay-Z featuring Alicia Keys. It was the first time both the original song and the answer song reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
 * Taylor Swift's "Better than Revenge" (2010) is an answer to The Jonas Brothers' "Much Better" (2009) which may have been an answer Swift's "Forever & Always" (2008).
 * Marina and the Diamonds' cover of Justin Bieber's "Boyfriend" (2012) is an answer song to the original tune, the lyrics adapted to give it a female perspective.
 * Lecrae made the song "No Regrets" (2012) in response to "The Motto" (2011) by Drake. Which itself is a response to "If Today Was Your Last Day" (2008) by Nickelback.
 * Yasiin Bey (formerly Mos Def) released "Niggas in Poorest", (2012) in response to "Niggas in Paris" (2011) by Jay-Z and Kanye West, chastising them for parading their wealth while so many are suffering with poverty, violence, crime, and exploitation.
 * Mary Lambert's "She Keeps Me Warm" (2013) is an extension of the chorus she sang on Macklemore's "Same Love" (2012). Where "Same Love" has a message of gay acceptance, "She Keeps Me Warm" is about a woman who falls in love with another woman and grows to accept her own sexuality.
 * Ewert and the Two Dragons wrote their song "Jolene" on the album Good Man Down in response to Dolly Parton's 1973 single "Jolene" from the male perspective. Additionally, the 2017 song "Diane" performed by Cam sings from the perspective of Jolene.
 * "Big Girls Cry" on Sia's 2014 album 1000 Forms of Fear is an answer song to Fergie's hit "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2007).
 * "Anaconda" by Nicki Minaj (2014) is viewed as an answer to Sir Mix-a-Lot's "Baby Got Back" (1992), which is heavily sampled in the song. Whereas Sir Mix-a-Lot focuses on a woman's body and the pleasure it gives him, Minaj raps from the perspective of the unnamed woman, and shows how she uses her callipygian physique to profit and empower herself.
 * Ellie Goulding's song "On My Mind" is seen as answer to Ed Sheeran's "Don't" by many critics, although Goulding herself has denied it.
 * Christine and the Queens rewrote Beyoncé's "Sorry" from a male perspective.
 * Esmé Patterson published Woman to Woman (2014), an album of seven answer songs from the perspective of famous women in pop songs, including "Eleanor Rigby", "Billie Jean" and The Kinks' "Lola".
 * "The Quantum Enigma (Kingdom of Heaven Part II)" popularized by Epica is a response to "Kingdom of Heaven"
 * Eels' 2018 single "Bone Dry" is an answer to their 2010 single "Fresh Blood". Fresh Blood was itself a sequel to their song "I Want to Protect You".
 * "Paper Doll" (2013) by John Mayer is viewed as a response to Taylor Swift's "Dear John" (2010), and also mentions her song "22".
 * In 2013, Kay One released his diss track "Nichts als die Wahrheit" against his former label mates Bushido and Shindy, as a response to Shindy's song "Alkoholisierte Pädophile", making fun of Kay One and his stepfather Olliwood. Bushido in return released the 11 minute storytelling diss track "Leben und Tod des Kenneth Glöckler", chronicling the rise and career of Kay One from his perspective, depicting him as an opportunist who only makes friends that get him further in the music business just to drop them when he finds someone more prestigious. One year later, Kay One released the 25 minute response song "Tag des jüngsten Gerichts", depicting his career from his own point of view, including attacks against many of his former friends on the way who turned their back on him, most prominently Bushido who he claims to have abused his power as a label boss and his ties to the Abou-Chaker clan to make Kay work lots for little money, as well as being a greedy man who rips off his fellow collaborators as well as his own fans. Many of the rappers mentioned in the song released their own diss tracks against Kay One as a response, however they received less media coverage and attention than those of Kay One and Bushido.
 * 3Think made "Shizuka (First Love)" (2014) in response to Leo Ku's "Nobita" (2004).

2020s

 * Coheed and Cambria's 2020 song "Jessie's Girl 2" is a sequel to Rick Springfield's 1981 song "Jessie's Girl". Featuring Springfield himself on the track, the song imagines what would have happened had Springfield succeeded in winning Jessie's girl.
 * Sabrina Carpenter's 2021 single "Skin" and song "Because I Liked a Boy" from her 2022 album "Emails I Can't Send" is speculated to be responses to Olivia Rodrigo's "Drivers License", although Carpenter denies this. "Skin" mentions a line used in "Drivers License" about Carpenter's appearance, while "Because I Liked a Boy" recalls all the threats she received after Rodrigo's song was released.
 * Roselia's 2022 song "Rozen Horizon" is a sequel to their 2019 song "Fire Bird", according the mini-album's page.
 * Country trio Chapel Hart's 2022 song "You Can Have Him Jolene" answers Dolly Parton's classic "Jolene" almost 50 years later.
 * Miley Cyrus's 2023 song "Flowers" paraphrases "When I Was Your Man" by Bruno Mars, in lyrics as well as in chord progression (Cyrus uses a simplified version of Mars' verse chords in her chorus) and even in some melodic patterns. While Mars sings about what "he" could have done better in the now broken relationship, Cyrus sings about how "she" is better now that she is alone. Cyrus also takes some melodic figures from "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor.

title: Answer song


text:
Talk:Sexual Slang

I just deleted all of the content from this article and REDIRECTed to Sexual slang (with the proper capitalization), since this article was simply a spurious divergence (accidental?) from the "proper" one (see respective page histories). Two terms were added to this page after the divergence occured; I've added them to Sexual slang. The other edits since July 6th were minor changes that have no bearing on the other page. - dcljr 09:09, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sexual Slang


text:
Category:Emergency medicine

Emergency medicine articles describe the scope of conditions and injuries that are diagnosed, treated, and dealt with in the course of paramedic duty, and span over several medical areas, from neuroscience to physiology.

The majority of emergency medicine deals with diagnosis of injury on-site. Recovery and rehabilitation is dealt with on arrival at a medical institution, and is generally not performed where reaction time is crucial to injury care.

title: Category:Emergency medicine


text: Category:Banks of Singapore

title: Category:Banks of Singapore


text:
Pyotr Bolotnikov

Pyotr Grigoryevich Bolotnikov (Пётр Григо́рьевич Боло́тников; 8 March 1930 – 20 December 2013) was a Soviet Track and field athlete who competed mainly in long-distance running events. He was the winner of the 10,000 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

Born in Zinovkino, Krasnoslobodsky District, Mordovian ASSR (now the Republic of Mordovia), Bolotnikov started athletics only at age twenty, when he joined the Soviet Army. He trained at VSS Spartak, coached by Grigory Nikiforov.

Bolotnikov won his first national championship title in 10,000 m in 1957, when he surprisingly beat the great Vladimir Kuts in a finishing straight by 0.2 seconds. He became the double Soviet champion in 5000 m and 10,000 m from 1958 to 1962. He also won the national 10,000 m title in 1964 and national cross country title in 1958. In 1959 he became the Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR.

Bolotnikov participated already at the 1956 Summer Olympics, but without any success. At the Rome Olympics in 1960, Bolotnikov controlled the 10,000 m race from the start to end, beating the main favourites Hans Grodotzki from East Germany and Murray Halberg from New Zealand by five seconds. On 5 October that year, in Kiev, Bolotnikov lowered the 10,000 metres world record by almost twelve seconds to 28:18.8.

Just two weeks before the 1962 European Championships in Belgrade, on 11 August 1962 in Moscow, Bolotnikov lowered his own 10,000 m world record by 0.6 seconds to 28:18.2, thus becoming the main favourite at long distances at the Championships. He easily won the 10,000 m run, but was surprisingly beaten to third in 5,000 m.

After the unsuccessful 1964 Summer Olympics, Bolotnikov decided to retire from athletics in 1965. He received the Order of Lenin in 1960.

Bolotnikov died on 20 December 2013, at the age of 83.

title: Pyotr Bolotnikov


text:
Sheico

Sheico Group is a large OEM supplier of many types of watersports apparel. The company's headquarters is located in Yilan, Taiwan, and its manufacturing facilities are in Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. Its customers include global brands such as Billabong, Xcel, Patagonia, and ScubaPro. In 2021, Sheico Group generated $470 Million U.S. Dollars in revenue and has an estimated global market share of 65% in the wetsuit industry.

Products
It manufactures goods include neoprene wetsuits, drysuits, life vests, personal flotation devices, boots, gloves, orthopedic supports and waders. Recently, the company's product line has expanded to functional fabrics as well as sportswear OEM/ODM service.

History
The company was founded in 1968, as a maker of rain gears and rubber boots. By 2014, the company's production accounted for over 60% of global market share.

In the early stages of the company development, the neoprene sheets needed to produce such a line were dearly priced and tightly controlled by a handful of Japanese suppliers. Therefore, the founder, Mr, Pi-goon Shiue, and his son, Min Shiue, were intent on bringing the neoprene in-house. By 1983, the experimentation was a success and the first neoprene production line of the company was established.

In 1996, the company's vertical integration was expanded to create "Shei Heng Hsin Sheiflex Ind. co., Ltd." and began producing spandex yarn. Two spandex manufacturing facilities were established in Taiwan and mainland China. A spandex brand, Sheiflex, is created in order to promote their spandex yarn.

Starting in the second half of 2020, the global COVID pandemic created a surge in outdoor recreation that greatly boosted the demand for wetsuits. Sheico quickly expanded its production to meet the demand and grew its revenue significantly. The company also gave back to the community by donating over US$2 million to build a covered playground complex in the Luodong Sports Park in Yilan, Taiwan.

title: Sheico


text: File:Zulu film poster.jpg

title: File:Zulu film poster.jpg


text:
VCT

VCT may refer to:

 * Valorant Champions Tour, an esports tournament series for the video game Valorant
 * Variable camshaft timing, an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Ford
 * Venture capital trust
 * Victoria Regional Airport (FAA LID: VCT), in Texas
 * Vintage Card Traders, an online sports card trading group
 * Vintage Carriages Trust, a site carrying a database of Railway Preservation information
 * Vinyl composition tile, a finished flooring material
 * Virginia Capital Trail
 * Vogel conflict test
 * Volts Center Tapped
 * Voluntary counseling and testing, for HIV/AIDS
 * Volvo Cars Torslanda, near Göteborg, Sweden
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (ISO 3166-1:VCT)

title: VCT


text:
Dana Zátopková

Dana Zátopková (née Ingrová, 19 September 1922 – 13 March 2020)  was a Czech javelin thrower. She won the gold medal for javelin at the 1952 Summer Olympics (only an hour after her husband, Emil Zátopek, won the 5,000 m), and the silver medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics. She was the European champion in 1954 and 1958. She also set a world record in 1958 (55.73 m) when she was 35, making her the oldest woman to break one in an outdoor athletics event.

Zátopková and her husband were the witnesses at the wedding ceremony of Olympic gold medalists Olga Fikotová and Harold Connolly in Prague in 1957. Emil spoke to the Czechoslovak president Antonín Zápotocký to request help in Olga getting a permit to marry Connolly. While it is not clear how much this helped, they did receive a permit a few days later.

title: Dana Zátopková


text:
User talk:Twolittleducks

Hi mate, welcome to Wikipedia and all that; Your page on Flexicron - can you explain what it is about and why it is encyclopedic please? I may just be being a little slow on the uptake here. Dunc_Harris|☺ 09:20, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Imagina.gif

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 21:27, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Image:Hackpack.gif
Thank you for uploading Image:Hackpack.gif. Please leave a note on that page about where you got the image because of copyright law. If you have any questions, just leave a message on my talk page. --Ellmist 14:14, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Twolittleducks


text:
Talk:List of television stations in Africa

Massive edit
I just put ==Country headers== and ===City headers=== on every single entry on the page. I tried to make a reasonable wikilink to every item even if it was a broken link for now, because in RickK's words, "lists give us broken links to aspire to." My apologies if I removed some information during the edit — if so, it was purely accidental. --Ardonik 09:21, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * If I knew the channel numbers for any of these stations, I would organize the page like List of television stations in Alabama. --Ardonik 09:24, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)

Sources?
Where are the sources for this monster? I hate lists; in the Portuguese wikipedia I try to seek-and-destroy and kill'em all. Albmont (talk) 01:28, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of television stations in Africa. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121117014921/http://www.mbcradio.tv/mbc/homepage to http://www.mbcradio.tv/mbc/homepage

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:19, 2 January 2018 (UTC)


text: Template:Rugby union in Wales

title: Template:Rugby union in Wales


text:
Look Who's Talking

Look Who's Talking is a 1989 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Amy Heckerling, and starring John Travolta and Kirstie Alley. The film concerns the relationship between single mother Mollie (Alley) and her infant son Mikey's babysitter, James (Travolta). Bruce Willis provides the voice of Mikey's precocious thoughts, heard only by the audience. The film also features Olympia Dukakis, George Segal and Abe Vigoda in supporting roles. Produced by M.C.E.G. Productions, Inc. and released on October 13, 1989 by Tri-Star Pictures, the film received mixed reviews from critics. Nevertheless, it was a box office success, grossing $297 million worldwide on its budget of $7.5 million.

This success launched a titular franchise; including two sequels Look Who's Talking Too (1990) and 1993's Look Who's Talking Now (1993), and a television series spin-off titled Baby Talk.

Plot
Mollie Jensen, an accountant living in New York City, becomes pregnant during an affair with Albert, a married client. The fetus, heard only by the audience, begins making commentary on his development. Albert assures Mollie that he will leave his wife to be with her, but in her ninth month, while out shopping, Mollie and her friend Rona catch Albert with yet another woman. Albert admits he does not plan to stay with Mollie, and the heartbreak and stress cause her to go into labor. A taxi driver, James Ubriacco, speeds through downtown traffic to get her to the hospital in time and subsequently witnesses the baby's birth after being mistaken for the father. Mollie becomes a dedicated single mother to baby Mikey, whose thoughts the audience continues to hear.

James tracks Mollie down using the purse she left in the cab, and convinces her to allow him to use her Manhattan address to help him set up nursing care for his grandfather Vincent in exchange for his services as a babysitter. Over the next several months, James develops a bond with Mikey as Mollie goes on several failed dates in hopes of finding him a suitable stepfather. Mikey, having seen his friends' fathers at the playground, decides that James should be his father.

James, who moonlights as a flight instructor, takes Mollie flying, and she begins to fall for him. James tells Mollie that he loves her and Mikey, but she believes he is too immature to be Mikey's father. Things get worse when Mollie is forced to work with Albert again, and he attempts to re-insert himself into Mikey's life. When he shows up to Mollie's apartment unannounced, James, who had thought Mollie was artificially inseminated, gets into a fight with him, and Mollie admits that it might be best for everyone if James wasn't in Mikey's life. Mollie allows James to say goodbye to Mikey; he gives him a few pieces of fatherly advice as Mollie listens over the baby monitor.

Mollie takes Mikey to Albert's office to meet him, but Albert's behavior shows that he is still too callous and selfish to be the full-time father Mikey needs, and Mollie leaves him for good. Later that day, Mollie and James are both called to Grandpa Vincent's retirement home to intervene in a miscommunication between him and the staff. Mollie defuses the situation just as James arrives, and they make up.

Meanwhile, Mikey wanders off when he sees what he thinks is James's taxi and ends up standing in the middle of traffic. James comes to his rescue, and Mikey says his first real word: "Da-da." James and Mollie realize that Mikey already sees James as his father and they decide to give their relationship a chance, kissing passionately while Mikey considers telling them he needs a new diaper. Nine months later, Mollie gives birth to her and James' daughter and Mikey's half-sister Julie, complete with her own inner voice.

Cast

 * John Travolta as James Ubriacco
 * Kirstie Alley as Mollie Jensen
 * Olympia Dukakis as Rosie
 * George Segal as Albert
 * Abe Vigoda as Grandpa Vincent Ubriacco
 * Bruce Willis as the voice of Mikey
 * Jason Schaller, Jaryd Waterhouse, Jacob Haines, and Christopher Aydon portray Mikey as a fetus/newborn, at 4 months, and at 1 and 2 years, respectively
 * Twink Caplan as Rona
 * Joy Boushel as Melissa
 * Joan Rivers as the voice of Julie (uncredited)

Production
The idea for the film came shortly after the birth of Heckerling's daughter Mollie Israel in 1985. Heckerling recalled: “We’d be making up lines and I thought, this is a movie.” Harold Ramis believed the character of Albert to be based on himself, as he was secretly the biological father of Heckerling's child. Like Albert, Ramis was in the process of leaving his wife during Heckerling's pregnancy but ultimately ended up with a third woman.

Reception
The film received mixed reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Look Who's Talking was a surprise hit, opening at number one in the United States with $12,107,784 in its opening weekend and staying at number one for five weekends with grosses over $10 million each weekend. It eventually grossed $140,088,813 domestically and a worldwide total of $296,999,813, making it Travolta's most successful film in eleven years since Grease, the fourth highest-grossing movie of 1989, and Columbia TriStar's highest-grossing film overseas, surpassing Kramer vs. Kramer.

The film was released in the United Kingdom on April 6, 1990, and topped the country's box office that weekend.

Sequels
The film was successful enough to spawn two sequels: Look Who's Talking Too (1990) and Look Who's Talking Now (1993). John Travolta, Kirstie Alley, and Olympia Dukakis are the only actors to appear in all three films in the series. The success of the first two films also inspired an ABC sitcom called Baby Talk, which aired from 1991 to 1992, and featured Tony Danza as the voice of "Baby Mickey".

In 2010, Fast & Furious' producer Neal H. Moritz was planning to reboot the series, with the Mikey character now grown up and the father of the baby in the film. In 2019, director Jeremy Garelick was writing the script for the reboot.

title: Look Who's Talking


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Invizibles

The Invisibles and Flexicron was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to delete.

I think that this is a vanity page, and I strongly wonder whether it is encyclopedic, given that it admits that they didn't actually do anything notable; that is produce a computer game. Also Flexicron and the various images that User:two little ducks has uploaded. Dunc_Harris|☺ 09:28, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * What is this article about? Exploding Boy 09:26, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * "demos", i.e. graphic animations which were quite impressive on computers of the early 90's. Delete, especially if  these "were never officially released" and the website given doesn't work. Ianb 11:04, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: A "crew" of video artists who made several screens for the Atari computers, but who never got their work released, did not appear under their own names, and did not then found a company that did official work or contribute graphics that were adopted by the world? This is a celebration of a transient "art"/hack group. Geogre 12:59, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - they appear to have had no influence. Average Earthman 14:29, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Appears to be vanity.  Not influential or otherwise notable in any event. Dukeofomnium 13:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Worldwide liberalism

THis article I created some time ago I merged now into Liberal parties, so it fits better in the series on Liberalism. Gangulf 20:46, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Worldwide liberalism


text:
The Piano Teacher (film)

The Piano Teacher (La Pianiste) is a 2001 erotic psychological drama film written and directed by Michael Haneke, based on the 1983 novel of the same name by Elfriede Jelinek. It tells the story of an unmarried piano teacher (Isabelle Huppert) at a Vienna conservatory, living with her mother (Annie Girardot) in a state of emotional and sexual disequilibrium, who enters into a sadomasochistic relationship with her student (Benoît Magimel). A co-production between France and Austria, Haneke was given the opportunity to direct after previous attempts to adapt the novel by filmmakers Valie Export and Paulus Manker collapsed for financial reasons.

At the 2001 Cannes Film Festival, it won the Grand Prix, and the two leads, Huppert and Magimel, won Best Actress and Best Actor. It went on to receive positive reviews and other awards and nominations.

Plot
Erika Kohut is a piano professor in her late thirties at the Vienna Music Conservatory who resides in an apartment with her domineering elderly mother. Her late father had been a longstanding resident in a psychiatric asylum. Despite Erika's aloof and assured façade, she is a woman whose sexual repression and loneliness are manifested in her paraphilia, including voyeurism, sadomasochistic fetishes, and self-mutilation.

At a recital hosted by the Blonskij couple, Erika meets Walter Klemmer, a young aspiring engineer who also plays piano, and who expresses admiration of her talent for classical music. The two share an appreciation for composers Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert, and he attempts to apply to the conservatory to be her pupil. His audition impresses the other professors, but Erika, though visibly moved by his playing, votes against him; she cites his divergent interpretation of Schubert's Andantino, and questions his motivations. Despite this, Walter is admitted as Erika's pupil. Meanwhile, another pupil, Anna Schober, struggles with anxiety while pushed by her own ambitious mother. When Erika witnesses Anna and Walter socialising, she slips to an empty coatroom and smashes a glass, hiding the shards inside one of Anna's coat pockets. This cuts Anna's right hand, preventing her from playing at the forthcoming jubilee concert.

Walter pursues Erika into a lavatory after she secretly injured Anna. Walter passionately kisses Erika, and she responds by repeatedly humiliating and frustrating him. She proceeds to give him a handjob before performing fellatio on him, but abruptly stops when he does not abide by her orders to be silent and to look at her and not to touch her. She tells him she will write him a letter regarding their next meeting. Later at the conservatory, Erika feigns sympathy for Anna's mother, with Erika saying only she can substitute for Anna in the upcoming school concert at such short notice.

Walter is increasingly insistent in his desire to initiate a sexual relationship with Erika, but Erika is only willing if he will satisfy her masochistic fantasies. She gives him the letter indicating acts she will consent to. He follows her home and reads the letter in her bedroom, but the list repulses him and he leaves. Later that night, Erika's mother is berating her while they lay in bed together for letting Walter in her bedroom in the middle of the night, when Erika suddenly begins kissing and groping her mother. Her mother resists and tells Erika she is unwell.

Erika finds Walter at an ice rink after his hockey practice to apologise. She begins to subjugate herself to him in a janitorial closet. Walter says he loves her and they begin to have sex, but Erika is unable to, and vomits while performing fellatio. Later that night, Walter arrives at Erika's apartment and attacks her in the fashion described in her letter. He locks her mother away in her bedroom before proceeding to beat and rape Erika, despite her pleas for him to stop.

The next day, Erika brings a large kitchen knife to the concert where she is scheduled to substitute for Anna. When Walter arrives, he enters cheerfully, laughing with his family, and flippantly greets her. Moments before the concert is due to start, a distraught Erika calmly stabs herself in the shoulder with the kitchen knife and exits the concert hall into the street.

Cast

 * Isabelle Huppert as Erika Kohut
 * Annie Girardot as the mother
 * Benoît Magimel as Walter Klemmer
 * Susanne Lothar as Mrs. Schober
 * Anna Sigalevitch as Anna Schober
 * Udo Samel as Dr. Blonskij
 * Cornelia Köndgen as Mrs. Blonskij

Development
The film is based on the 1983 novel The Piano Teacher by Elfriede Jelinek, who won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature. Director Michael Haneke read The Piano Teacher when it was published and aspired to adapt it to transition from making television films to cinema. However, Haneke learned Jelinek and Valie Export had already adapted a screenplay, a project aborted due to lack of investment. Jelinek later abandoned hope for a film version before selling the rights to Paulus Manker, who asked Haneke to adapt the screenplay, though Haneke would not be the director. Manker did not secure a budget, so the producer asked Haneke to direct.

Haneke agreed to take over the directorial helm, though the screenplay had been written with Manker's direction in mind, only if Isabelle Huppert was the star. Haneke also reorganised the novel's story, and developed the characters of Anna Schober and her mother to mirror the Kohuts mother–daughter relationship at a past stage. In pre-production, Haneke followed Jelinek's choices in costumes, including pleated skirts and Burberry trench coats common in Vienna conservatories.

Casting
Haneke had previously reached out to Huppert to star in his film Funny Games (1997), which she passed on for another professional conflict. When Haneke told her he would not direct The Piano Teacher without her, Huppert skimmed the screenplay and realized its potential. She said she had studied piano as a child, quitting when she was 15, but began playing again for the film. Eva Green has an uncredited role as one of Walter's friends.

Filming
Filming began on 21 August 2000 and ended on 28 October 2000.

For the scene in which Erika cuts herself in the bathtub, tubes and a pump were used for the false blood, which the props artist had to conceal from the camera under Huppert. Huppert also wore a blood bag under her clothing for the self-stabbing scene, taken from the novel. Benoît Magimel studied piano during filming to convincingly simulate his playing scenes at the end of production, while the music is playback. Susanne Lothar performed in German, but her lines were dubbed over with French in co-production.

Critical response
Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times awarded it three and a half stars, citing Huppert's confidence, writing on hints of revenge against The Mother character and defending the ending, saying "with a film like this any conventional ending would be a cop-out". Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian credited Haneke for aptitude in creating "nerve-jangling disquiet" and Huppert for "the performance of her career". David Denby of The New Yorker praised the film as "audaciously brilliant".

In 2017, Los Angeles Times' critic Justin Chang recalled The Piano Teacher as Huppert's best work in a Haneke film, and "a major achievement in a disturbingly minor key". Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle described Huppert as "a rich incarnation of a woman we might see on the street and never guess that she contains fires, earthquakes and infernos", comparing it to her performance in the 2016 film Elle.

Accolades
The Piano Teacher won awards on the European circuit, most notably the Grand Prix at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival, with the two leads, Huppert and Magimel, winning Best Actress and Best Actor. The film was Austria's submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but it was not nominated.

title: The Piano Teacher (film)


text:
Skunk Anansie

Skunk Anansie is a British rock band whose members include Skin (lead vocals, guitar), Cass (bass, guitar, backing vocals), Ace (guitar, backing vocals) and Mark Richardson (drums and percussion).

Skunk Anansie formed in 1994, disbanded in 2001 and reformed in 2009. The name "Skunk Anansie" is taken from Akan folk tales of Anansi the spider-man of Ghana, with "Skunk" added to "make the name nastier".

They have released six studio albums: Paranoid & Sunburnt (1995), Stoosh (1996), Post Orgasmic Chill (1999), Wonderlustre (2010), Black Traffic (2012) and Anarchytecture (2016); one compilation album, Smashes and Trashes (2009); and several hit singles, including "Charity", "Hedonism", "Selling Jesus" and "Weak".

They are often grouped as part of the Britrock movement, as opposed to the contemporary Britpop of their early years due to their overall harder sound. The band, in 2004, was named as one of the most successful UK chart acts between 1952 and 2003 by the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums, with a total of 142 weeks on both the singles and album charts ranking them at No. 491. Skunk Anansie have sold 5 million records.

Formation and early career: 1994–2001
The group played its first gig at London's Splash club in March 1994. In 1995 they were voted Best New British Band by the readers of Kerrang! magazine. At the award ceremony that year drummer Mark Richardson met the band who were looking for a permanent replacement for Robbie France, so an audition was set up and the band was reformed. Soon after that, two of their songs, "Feed" and "Selling Jesus", appeared on the soundtrack of the film Strange Days in 1995. "Selling Jesus" became Skunk Anansie's controversial second song to receive radio play, following their first radio release "Little Baby Swastikkka". After hearing this song, radio personality Howard Stern claimed that the band would become a huge hit. Success continued for the band and they were also voted Kerrang! 's Best British Live Act in 1996. In 1997 they were nominated for Best Live Act and Best Group at the MTV Europe Music Awards.

The group played its first gig at London's Splash club in March 1994, subsequently taking six weeks to record its debut album, Paranoid & Sunburnt, with producer Sylvia Massy at a "haunted house" outside the city. The band's first single, "Selling Jesus," was featured on the soundtrack of the film Strange Days; Stoosh followed in 1996. Both albums were released by One Little Indian Records. After switching to the Virgin label in 1998, their third album, Post Orgasmic Chill, was released in 1999.

In 1996, the band played a set at the Coppid Beech Hotel, Bracknell during a record label event.

In 1999, the band was the last band of the 20th Century to headline Glastonbury Festival; closing the Pyramid Stage on Sunday 27 June.

Throughout the 1990s, the group toured globally with such bands as U2, Aerosmith, Feeder, Lenny Kravitz, Bad Religion, Rollins Band, Therapy?, Rammstein, Killing Joke, Soulfly, Sevendust, Oomph!, Muse, Staind, Powerman 5000, Veruca Salt, Marion and A Perfect Circle.

Side projects: 2002–2008
After their split in April 2001, Skin embarked on a solo career. Her debut solo album Fleshwounds, co-written with longtime songwriting partner Len Arran was released in September 2003 and Fake Chemical State was released in March 2006. She has also provided vocals for a number of other acts' songs.

Ace released a low-key album, Still Hungry, under the name Ace Sounds, which featured many collaborations including Shingai Shoniwa from Noisettes and Skye from Morcheeba. He later joined a band called "Inner Mantra". Ace is also a tutor at the Brighton Institute of Modern Music

In 2002 Cass recorded the album Scars with Gary Moore, and played bass and performed backing vocals. Cass also played various instruments on Skin's first solo album. When not recording he concentrates on photography.

Mark recorded sessions for various artists including Skin before joining Feeder after the death of their original drummer, Jon Lee. Mark has also been tutoring at the Brighton Institute with bandmate Ace.

Reunion: 2009–2010
Mark Richardson confirmed reports that the band was reforming in an interview with Drummer Magazine (November 2008 issue), and said that the band planned to release a "best of" compilation as well as new material. Ace later set up an official page for the band on MySpace.

On 2 and 3 April 2009, two shows took place at the Monto Water Rats (the former venue of the Splash Club) in London, under the alias SCAM (Skin, Cass, Ace, Mark) and sold out in 20 minutes. The band began their "Greatest Hits" tour on Friday, 9 October 2009 at the Ancienne Belgique in Brussels, with other dates across Europe. It was their first actual tour in eight years. A "greatest hits" album, Smashes and Trashes, was released 2 November 2009. It is a 15-track career-embracing album and includes three brand new tracks: "Because of You", "Tear the Place Up" and "Squander". A best-of remixes companion album was also released digitally.

On 3 July 2009, the music video for "Tear the Place Up" was presented exclusively on MySpace, before on 10 August 2009, a new video for "Because of You" was presented exclusively on Kerrang.com. It was released 14 September 2009 in the UK and was the first single to be released from Smashes and Trashes. The single was a top 10 hit in Italy, before its follow-up "Squander" was a top 75 success in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium.

Their fifth album Wonderlustre was released internationally on 13 September 2010, preceded by the first single "My Ugly Boy", which was released in the UK on 16 August 2010 and in Europe July/August. The video for "My Ugly Boy" was presented exclusively on Kerrang.com on 23 July 2010. Wonderlustre reached number one on the Italian albums chart on 1 October 2010 and placed in the top 10 in charts all over Europe including in Germany, the Netherlands, France and Poland.

In May 2010 they were a supporting act for Rammstein, during two concerts in Berlin. The second single from Wonderlustre, "Over the Love" was released internationally in November 2010. In November 2010 the band played on Ídolos, a Portuguese equivalent to the UK's Pop Idol.

"You Saved Me", the third single from Wonderlustre was released internationally in March 2011.

Continuing career: 2011–present
On 12 June 2011, the band performed at an open air 'Rock over Volga' at Samara, Russia. The performance was exceptionally well-received. The band also appeared on Friday 12 August at Sziget Festival in Budapest, Hungary playing a mixed set of hits and newer material. This was their first appearance at Sziget. Sziget's own website reporting "nobody had any doubts who the Queen of this year's Sziget turned out to be".

Skunk Anansie was on stage when the tragedy occurred at Pukkelpop in Belgium on 18 August 2011. As the band was performing a small tornado hit the venue and artists and revellers alike were sent running for their lives. Five were killed whilst several more were injured. Singer Skin described the incident as the most terrifying of her life.

Former drummer Robbie France died on 14 January 2012 in Spain. He was 52.

On 11 June 2012, Skunk Anansie revealed the title for their 5th studio album: Black Traffic. The band's follow-up to 2010's critically acclaimed Wonderlustre was recorded in London and produced by Skunk Anansie and Chris Sheldon and mixed by Jeremy Wheatley and Adrian Bushby.

Black Traffic became the band's first independent release via their own label working in partnership with 100% Records. The album was released in September 2012 release and was backed by the first leg of an extensive 20 date European Tour. On 29 June 2012, the band released the lyric video for a new track called 'Sad, Sad, Sad'. Nick Bassett praised the track on his site The Re-View: "Thrashing percussion and Skin's vocal – she remains one of the UK's greatest and most underrated female vocalists – are all in check as the band return to the heavy rock sound that first shot them into the mainstream in the mid-nineties."

In September 2013, the band released their seventh album, An acoustic Skunk Anansie – Live in London which was recorded live at Cadogan Hall in April of that year. The album was also released as a live DVD and was described by the band as 'a family affair' as it featured Skin's longtime writing partner Len Arran on guitar and Erika Footman, Mark's wife on backing vocals and keyboards.

On 15 January 2016, Skunk Anansie released their sixth studio album Anarchytecture, and embarked upon an extensive European tour in February 2016 and throughout Summer 2016.

In 2017, Skunk Anansie turned their influence to help young aspiring musicians and launched the first ever Skunk Anansie scholarship in conjunction with The Academy of Contemporary Music. The band pick one successful applicant from either ACM Guildford, ACM London or ACM Birmingham and offer them £27,000 of funding for their degree course. The scholarship was again awarded the following year.

In September 2018, the band announced they’d be releasing the very special live album, 25LIVE@25 through Republic of Music in celebration of their forthcoming 25th anniversary. It was released 25 January 2019 and features 25 tracks taken from across their six studio albums, which were captured live from various performances on their 2017 tour.

Continuing the 25th anniversary celebrations Skunk Anansie will be touring Europe throughout the summer of 2019, headlining festivals and their own shows, finishing with a string of UK shows

Across the UK and European media the importance of the band in today's culture has been given renewed prominence. The UK media have embraced the band once more with Skin appearing in interviews for the likes of Channel 4 News, Newsnight, The One Show, ITN, and Radio 2 discussing current political and social issues. The band have also been hailed as one of the most important rock bands of the modern age rock across a broad spectrum of UK press titles, and were the recipients of the Hall of Fame Award at the 2019 Kerrang! Awards on 19 June 2019.

The single "What You Do For Love" was released in 2019. The black and white video for the song shows Skunk Anansie in concert. "This Means War" followed in 2020. At the beginning of 2022, the singles "Piggy" and "Can't Take You Anywhere" were released, but there was no announcement of a new album.

Skunk Anansie singer Skin received her OBE from King Charles on 7th February 2023 at Windsor Castle.

Influences
Skin has described Skunk Anansie as a "clit-rock" group, which Allmusic clarifies as "an amalgam of heavy metal and black feminist rage". Members Skin and Ace have mentioned the Sex Pistols, Blondie, dub, reggae, electronica, hip-hop and world music as significant influences.

Other media
The band also covered The Stooges' song "Search and Destroy" specifically for the soundtrack of Zack Snyder's film Sucker Punch, released on 25 March 2011. The soundtrack also includes a Skunk Anansie remix of the song "Army of Me" by Björk.

Band members

 * Deborah "Skin" Dyer – lead vocals, guitar, theremin, piano, keyboards, tambourine (1994–2001; 2009–present)
 * Martin "Ace" Kent – guitar, backing vocals (1994–2001; 2009–present)
 * Richard "Cass" Lewis – bass, guitar, backing vocals (1994–2001; 2009–present)
 * Mark Richardson – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1995–2001; 2009–present)

Former members

 * Robbie France – drums, percussion (1994–1995; died 2012)

Touring members

 * Erika Footman – keyboards, backing vocals

Discography
Studio albums
 * Paranoid & Sunburnt (1995)
 * Stoosh (1996)
 * Post Orgasmic Chill (1999)
 * Wonderlustre (2010)
 * Black Traffic (2012)
 * Anarchytecture (2016)

title: Skunk Anansie


text:
Emmanuel Liais

Emmanuel Liais (15 February 1826–5 March 1900) was a French-Brazilian astronomer, botanist and explorer who spent many years in Brazil.

He was born in Cherbourg, the son of a wealthy family in the shipbuilding industry.

He was an amateur scientist and made some meteorological observations and wrote some papers. The astronomer François Arago took note of one of his papers written in 1852, which determined that the weather in his hometown was milder than that of Paris.

He then went to Paris in 1854 and worked at the Paris Observatory. There he assisted Urbain Le Verrier in creating a telegraphic meteorological network. He went to Brazil to observe the solar eclipse of September 7, 1858 and ended up staying there for a long time. He became a close acquaintance of the Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II, and became the director of the Imperial Observatory at Rio de Janeiro from January to July 1871 and again from 1874 to 1881.

Although the observatory had been founded in 1827, in reality it was occupied mostly with teaching students of military schools. Liais reorganized it to concentrate on research.

He discovered the comet C/1860 D1 (Liais). This was his only comet discovery and the first comet discovered in Brazil.

He made astronomical observations of Mars and in 1865 speculated that the dark albedo features were vegetation and not water (in fact, as we know today, they are neither).

At the behest of the emperor, he made extensive exploration expeditions within Brazil and studied the plants of remote regions, sending some of them to France. He wrote a book entitled Climats, géologie, faune et géographie botanique du Brésil (Paris: Garnier Frères, 1872).

In 1878 a public dispute developed between him and Manoel Pereira Reis and his position at the observatory gradually became untenable. At the beginning of 1881 he resigned and returned to his hometown of Cherbourg.

He was mayor of Cherbourg from 1884–1886 and again from 1892 until his death in 1900. He imported exotic plants from South America and Asia to Cherbourg.

He married a Dutch woman, Margaritha Trovwen, and they had no children. He bequeathed his property, located in a magnificent botanical park, to the city of Cherbourg. It is now known as the Emmanuel Liais Gardens.

A crater on Mars is named after him. In addition to the park named after him, there is also "Emmanuel Liais" street in Cherbourg.

title: Emmanuel Liais


text: Template:Jews by country

title: Template:Jews by country


text: Category:Meeker County, Minnesota

title: Category:Meeker County, Minnesota


text:
List of rulers of Bagirmi

The kings (mbangs) or sultans of Bagirmi ruled the sultanate of Bagirmi in central Africa (mostly within present-day Chad).

They include:

title: List of rulers of Bagirmi


text:
High Definition Compatible Digital

High Definition Compatible Digital (HDCD) is a proprietary audio encode-decode process that claims to provide increased dynamic range over that of standard Compact Disc Digital Audio, while retaining backward compatibility with existing compact disc players.

Originally developed by Pacific Microsonics, the first HDCD-enabled CD was released in 1995. In 2000, the technology was purchased by Microsoft, and the following year, there were over 5,000 HDCD titles available. Microsoft's HDCD official website was discontinued in 2005; by 2008, the number of available titles had declined to around 4,000.

A number of CD and DVD players include HDCD decoding, and versions 9 and above of Microsoft's Windows Media Player on personal computers are capable of decoding HDCD.

HDCD is a favorite among artists who have a preference for high quality sound, such as Neil Young, the Beach Boys and the Grateful Dead—all of whom have multiple CD titles (new and archival) in their catalogs mastered in this process.

Technical overview
HDCD encodes the equivalent of 20 bits worth of data in a 16-bit digital audio signal by using custom dithering, audio filters, and some reversible amplitude and gain encoding:

 * Peak Extend, which is a reversible soft limiter;
 * Low Level Range Extend, which is a reversible gain on low-level signals.

There is thus a benefit at the expense of a very minor increase in noise.

The claim that the encoding process is compatible with ordinary CD players (without audible distortion) is disputed: not being able to decode the peak soft limiting, a normal CD player will output distorted peaks.

History
HDCD technology was developed between 1986 and 1991 by "Prof." Keith O. Johnson and Michael "Pflash" Pflaumer of Pacific Microsonics Inc. It was made publicly available as HDCD-enabled audio CDs (often identifiable by the HDCD logo printed on the back cover) in 1995.

Between 1996 and 1999 Pacific Microsonics VP of OEM Sales, Steve Fields, made over 20 trips to Japan, visiting Sanyo, Burr-Brown Japan and major audio companies, with the intent of licensing the HDCD technology. In 1998, Burr-Brown (now part of Texas Instruments) and Sanyo Electronics of Japan introduced low-cost digital-to-analog converters with HDCD decoding included, allowing HDCD to be used in CD and DVD players in the $100 range. HDCD algorithms were included in DVD chips from many IC makers including Motorola and C-Cube, allowing HDCD to be offered by mass-market DVD player makers such as Panasonic and Toshiba.

In 2000, Pacific Microsonics folded and Microsoft acquired the company and all of its intellectual property. Microsoft discontinued the official HDCD website in 2005.

In January 2007, there were roughly the same number of titles available on SACD as on HDCD-encoded CDs.

Hardware players
A number of manufacturers offer players with HDCD capability. Some Panasonic DVD players and the Oppo line of players all feature HDCD decoding. Several Yamaha Blu-ray players as well as Emotiva CD players decode HDCD.

Windows Media Player
Since version 9 of Microsoft's Windows Media Player (WMP) HDCD enabled CDs can be played on personal computers fitted with a 24-bit sound card.

With some HDCD discs and some DVD players using WMP, the first track may not be recognized as HDCD, but all subsequent tracks are. This is because HDCD has a control signal, and if the signal is not detected by WMP at the beginning of the song, the HDCD decoder is not activated.

Other software
In 2007, a member of the Doom9 forum authored a Windows CLI utility, hdcd.exe, to extract and decode the HDCD data in 16-bit WAV files ripped from HDCD discs. This utility writes 24-bit WAV output files with four bits of padding per sample. The author of the utility decided not to make the source code publicly available as the HDCD technology is patented.

Illustrate's dBpoweramp Music Converter, a Windows GUI program, has an HDCD DSP effect that acts as a front-end to the utility listed above.

A plugin is available for foobar2000 that will decode HDCD data in any 16-bit PCM passed through it, resulting in a 20-bit PCM stream.

FFmpeg's libavfilter includes an HDCD filter as of FFmpeg 3.1 (June 2016) that will convert 16-bit PCM with HDCD data to 20-bit PCM.

An open-source HDCD decoder library exists as libhdcd.

title: High Definition Compatible Digital


text:
Polyphagia

Polyphagia or hyperphagia is an abnormally strong, incessant sensation of hunger or desire to eat often leading to overeating. In contrast to an increase in appetite following exercise, polyphagia does not subside after eating and often leads to rapid intake of excessive quantities of food. Polyphagia is not a disorder by itself; rather, it is a symptom indicating an underlying medical condition. It is frequently a result of abnormal blood glucose levels (both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia), and, along with polydipsia and polyuria, it is one of the "3 Ps" commonly associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

Etymology and pronunciation
The word polyphagia uses combining forms of poly- + -phagia, from the Greek words πολύς (polys), "very much" or "many", and φᾰ́γω (phago), "eating" or "devouring".

Underlying conditions and possible causes
Polyphagia is one of the most common symptoms of diabetes mellitus. It is associated with hyperthyroidism and endocrine diseases, e.g., Graves' disease, and it has also been noted in Prader–Willi syndrome and other genetic conditions caused by chromosomal anomalies. It is only one of several diagnostic criteria for bulimia and is not by itself classified as an eating disorder. As a symptom of Kleine–Levin syndrome, it is sometimes termed megaphagia.

Knocking out vagal nerve receptors has been shown to cause hyperphagia.

Changes in hormones associated with the female menstrual cycle can lead to extreme hunger right before the period. Spikes in estrogen and progesterone and decreased serotonin can lead to cravings for carbohydrates and fats.

Polyphagia is found in the following conditions:

 * Chromosome 22q13 duplication syndrome
 * Chromosome 2p25.3 deletion (MYT1L Syndrome)
 * Chromosome Xq26.3 duplication syndrome
 * Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1
 * Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
 * Diabetes mellitus type 1
 * Familial renal glucosuria
 * Frontotemporal dementia
 * Frontotemporal dementia, ubiquitin-positive
 * Graves' disease
 * Hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome
 * Kleine–Levin syndrome
 * Leptin deficiency or dysfunction
 * Leptin receptor deficiency
 * Luscan-lumish syndrome
 * Macrosomia adiposa congenita
 * Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 1
 * Obesity, hyperphagia, and developmental delay (OBHD)
 * Pick's disease
 * Prader–Willi syndrome
 * Proopiomelanocortin deficiency
 * Schaaf-yang syndrome

Polyphagia in diabetes
Diabetes mellitus causes a disruption in the body's ability to transfer glucose from food into energy. Polyphagia in type 2 diabetes is usually not as apparent as the polyphagia in type 1 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, it probably results from cellular starvation and the depletion of cellular stores of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

title: Polyphagia


text:
Talk:Metaphase

Untitled
how does metaphase done

is this really a stub? --Herzog 04:42, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think it is. Melchoir 08:38, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. – ClockworkSoul 16:14, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It needs references and expansion on metaphase during meiosis and during closed mitosis (spindle forms inside the nucleus). Another useful addition may be a section on metaphase "arrest" by microtubule-affecting drugs (e.g. colchicine and colcemid) and their uses in cell biology (e.g. cell cycle synchronization), cytogenetics (e.g. karyotyping) and beyond (e.g. chemotherapy and plant breeding). - tameeria 21:33, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * annene dölü verdiğimde metafaz olur 109.228.193.23 (talk) 19:04, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

I strongly agree that this article needs substantially more citations in order to be deemed reliable. Universities are increasingly denying use of Wikipedia due to its "unreliability," a decision which I disagree with, but it is precisely because of articles like these - while well written, they lack citations!--Jackson Peebles (talk) 02:00, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Picture
May be another picture would be better as the one displayed seems to be a prometaphase: there is a chromosome with an unaligned kinetochore close to the spindle pole at the bottom right of the picture. The one/ a similar used for the kinetochore page would be in my opinion better. May be also show what happens in yeast as it is quite differentWikivax0 21:19, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

The picture is a 'chromosome spread

Assessment comment
Substituted at 23:46, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metaphase


text:
User:Gracefool/monobook.css

/* Link colours A.new {color: #dd4444;} A { background-color: #f6f6f6 !important; } .portlet A { background-color: transparent !important; }*/

/* Diff */ /*was #ff7777*/ SPAN.diffchange { color: #dd4444; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.15em; } td.diff-addedline, td.diff-deletedline, td.diff-context { font-size: 100%; }

/* Don't display "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"
 * 1) siteSub, #siteNotice {display: none; }*/

/* Enlarge portlets
 * 1) p-cactions, #p-personal, #p-navigation { font-size: 120%; } */
 * 2) p-personal { font-size: 110%; }

/* make a few corners round */ -moz-border-radius-topleft: 6px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 6px; }  -moz-border-radius-topleft: 6px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 6px; } div.pBody { -moz-border-radius-topright: 6px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 6px; }
 * 1) p-cactions ul li, #p-cactions ul li a {
 * 1) content, #footer {

/*#bodyContent pre { border: 1px dashed #aaa; }*/

/* Eliminate yellow colour everywhere in borders */ border-color: #aaa; }
 * 1) p-cactions li.selected {

/* Kill footer */ /*@media print ...*/ /* Dont need the copyright notice on every page */ li#f-copyright, li#f-lastmod,
 * 1) footer, #printfooter {display: none;}
 * 1) editpage-copywarn { display: none; }

.portlet li, #BodyContent li { /*list-style-image: url("/style/monobook/bullet.gif");*/ list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/6/69/AAAAAA_Bullet.png"); }

.portlet li:hover, #BodyContent li:hover { list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url("http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/4/44/000000_Bullet.png");

} /*.portlet a {text-decoration: none; color: #666 !important;} .portlet a:hover {text-decoration: none; color: #000 !important;}*/

/* Make borders a little better */ border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #eee; } /* Mozilla.org-like input box focus */ background-color: #fff; }
 * 1) searchInput {
 * 1) p-search input:focus, #p-search input:hover {

border-top: 1px inset; border-left: 1px inset; /*border-right: 10px inset;*/ }
 * 1) searchInput {

/* Nice borders for (almost) all boxes */ input[type="radio"], input[type="checkbox"] { border:none; } input[type="text"], input[type="submit"], textarea { border: 1px solid #aaa !important; }

textarea { margin-bottom: 4px; /* The 'Edit summary' box is way too crammed in the textarea box */ line-height: 80%; }

/*input[type="submit"] {color: #aaa !important;} input[type="submit"]:hover, input[type="submit"]:focus {color: #000 !important;}
 * 1) p-cactions li a {color: #aaa;}
 * 2) p-cactions li a:hover {color: #000;}
 * 3) p-cactions li.selected a {color: #000 !important;}
 * 4) p-cactions li.new a {color: #ba0000 !important;}*/

/*#pt-logout, */#p-nav h5 { display: none !important; }

/*.editsection { display: none; }*/

/* Navigation popups */ font.popupFont { font-size: 120% !important; }

/* Watchlist */ .mw-plusminus-pos { color: #999; font-size: 85%; } .mw-plusminus-neg { color: #222; font-size: 85%; } .mw-plusminus-null { color: #000; font-size: 85%; }

title: User:Gracefool/monobook.css


text:
2 Squadron SAAF

2 Squadron is a squadron in the South African Air Force which was formed in 1940. The squadron has a long history, having been involved in every single combat action in which the SAAF has taken part. During the Second World War it made a name for itself in the battles for East Africa, before distinguishing itself in North Africa as part of the Desert Air Force, and later in Italy.

World War II
The squadron was established on 1 October 1940, when the two flights of 1 Squadron SAAF that were operating in Kenya against the Italians in the East African campaign, were formed into a new squadron. The Kenya-based flights had operated independently from the remainder of 1 Squadron, based in the Sudan for several months, and two shootdowns of Italian aircraft made by the Kenya-based flights were retrospectively credited to the new squadron. Initial equipment of the new squadron was nine Hawker Furys fighters, nine Gloster Gladiators and five Hawker Hurricanes. In November, the Squadron's Gladiators were transferred to 1 Squadron SAAF, and on 3 January 1941, its Hurricanes were also passed to 1 Squadron SAAF, leving 2 Squadron equipped with Furys, supplemented by three old Gloster Gauntlets inherited from 430 Flight RAF. In March 1941, the squadron was planned to re-equip with Curtiss Mohawk IV fighters, but when the new aircraft were delivered to Mombassa their engines proved to be faulty, and had to be sent to Britain for repair. On 17 April the squadron's pilots were sent off to Egypt where the squadron would be re-equipped for service in the Western Desert campaign. The squadron claimed eight Italian aircraft shot down during the East African campaign.

On arrival in Egypt, the squadron received Hurricanes as temporary equipment until it could convert to its planned equipment of Curtiss Tomahawks. A detachment of the squadron's Hurricanes operated over the front from Sidi Haneish Airfield from the end of May while the rest of the squadron continued to work up on Tomahawks. By July 1941, it had fully converted to and was operational on the Tomahawk.

During the initial years of the war, 2 Squadron served as part of 1 Bomber Brigade in the East African campaign and the North African campaign. After August 1943, it also saw action in Sicily, Italy and Yugoslavia.

During the Second World War the squadron operated the following aircraft:
 * Hawker Hartebeest
 * Hawker Fury I
 * Gloster Gauntlet
 * Gloster Gladiator II
 * Hawker Hurricane
 * Tomahawk IIB June 1941 – May 1942
 * Kittyhawk I April 1942 – June 1943
 * Kittyhawk III June 1943 – July 1943
 * Supermarine Spitfire Vc July 1943 – March 1944
 * Supermarine Spitfire IX February 1944 – July 1945

Korean War
The squadron was South Africa's contribution to the United Nations war effort during the Korean War from November 1950 to December 1953. 2 Squadron was attached to the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing U.S. Air Force for the duration of the war. Initially flying the P-51 Mustang, the squadron re-equipped with the F-86 Sabre in February 1953. During the war the squadron flew a total of 12,067 sorties, most being dangerous ground attack missions. 74 of the 94 Mustangs and 4 out of the 22 Sabres were lost, along with 33 pilots (14 killed in action, 11 missing in action, 8 killed in accidents).

For its actions, the squadron received the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, United States Presidential Unit Citation, and numerous other awards and decorations.

The Commanding Officer of the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing, issued a directive at the end of the war that:

In memory of our gallant South African comrades, it is hereby established, as a new policy that at all Retreat Ceremonies held by this Wing, the playing of our National Anthem shall be preceded by playing the introductory bars of the South African National Anthem, 'Die Stem van Suid-Afrika'. All personnel of this Wing will render the same honours to this Anthem as our own.

Eleven Korean War SAAF casualties are buried at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery, Busan, South Korea.

After the Korean War 2 Squadron, based at Waterkloof AFB, was equipped with Canadair CL-13 Sabres. For a period the squadron was stationed at AFB Pietersburg.

The Border War and post 2000
Conversion to the new Mirage III occurred in 1963 and the squadron moved to AFB Hoedspruit at the end of 1978. The squadron fought in several engagements during the South-West Africa/Angola Border War.

They continued to fly the Mirages until October 1990. They later re-equipped with the Atlas Cheetah C and D, but remained 'on the books' during the hiatus between Mirage and Cheetah, not being officially disbanded at that point. Reconnaissance was also performed using Vinten Vicon 18 Series 601 pod. Regular night flying was performed and the aircrew also performed air-to-air refuelling operations with the Boeing 707 aircraft of 60 Squadron, until these were retired in 2007. The squadron participated in the annual SANDF force preparation exercises which includes using live weapons. During joint exercises with the German Air Force in 2006, 40 live V3S "Snake" short-range air-to-air missiles were fired at the Denel Overberg Test Range.

Moving to Louis Trichardt (now AFB Makhado) in January 1993, 2 Squadron became the sole front line combat jet squadron in the SAAF. Till 2 April 2008 the squadron operated the Cheetah C/D fighter aircraft and was equipped with 28 examples. The squadron flew 1010 hours in 2004.

The last of the Cheetahs were retired on 2 April 2008, later that month the first new JAS 39 Gripen arrived. The SAAF accepted its first Gripen D in April 2008 and the final two Gripen D aircraft arrived in South Africa in July 2009. The first two Gripen Cs arrived on 11 February 2010 with deliveries ongoing as at October 2011. The squadron operates all the SAAF's Gripens except for the first Gripen D, which is assigned to the Test Flight and Development Centre at AFB Overberg.

Aircraft operated 1945–present

 * North American F-51D Mustang July 1945 – 1953
 * North American F-86F Sabre 1953
 * de Havilland Vampire 1953–56
 * Canadair Sabre Mk.6 1956–63
 * Dassault Mirage III 1963–89
 * Atlas Cheetah C and D 1988–2008
 * JAS 39 Gripen 2008–present

title: 2 Squadron SAAF


text:
Schwerin TV tower

The Schweriner Fernsehturm is a 136.5-metre-tall communications tower built of steel-concrete between 1960 and 1964 in Schwerin, Germany. Unlike most other TV towers, the ground plan is a spherical triangle and not a cylindric cross section. Also its tower basket, which also contains a restaurant, has no round form, but looks instead like a triangle with round sides. From 1991 to November 28, 1999, the restaurant was closed. In the neighbourhood of this tower at 53°35'30,98" N and 11°27'19,8" E, there is a 273-metre-high, radio mast for FM-radio and TV.

title: Schwerin TV tower


text:
Henry Dudley (conspirator)

Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Dudley (1517–1568) was an English Admiral, soldier, diplomat, and conspirator of the Tudor period.

Early life and family
Born in Dudley Castle, Staffordshire, Henry Dudley was the second son of John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley. His mother was Cicely, a daughter of Thomas Grey, 1st Marquis of Dorset. Dudley was the first cousin of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, the father of Lady Jane Grey, the second cousin once removed of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and the second cousin of Elizabeth I through their mutual great grandmother, Elizabeth Woodville. He is not to be confused with the youngest of Northumberland's sons, also named Henry Dudley, who married Margaret, the daughter of Lord Chancellor Thomas Audley.

Early career
Dudley became a monastic auditor under Thomas Cromwell in 1535, and then a soldier serving in Ireland under his uncle Leonard Grey in 1536, and in Scotland from 1540–3. Dudley fought gallantly during the siege of Boulogne in 1544, and was made a Captain early in 1545 under Lord Clinton.

Promotion and imprisonment
He was promoted to Admiral of the Narrow Seas March 1552 when Lord Clinton was Lord Admiral, and knighted at Hampton Court on 11 October 1551. A close associate of his second cousin, the Duke of Northumberland, he was arrested on 25 July 1553 at Calais. The duke had sent him to France around 13 July 1553 to confer with King Henry II regarding French support in the event of an Imperial intervention in England. According to Simon Renard and Hugues Cousin le Vieux, it was said that Henry Dudley had taken numerous jewels and rings from the royal treasury to reward potential supporters. Dudley was imprisoned in the Tower of London, but pardoned by Queen Mary on 18 October 1553.

Visit to Paris
Henry Dudley, having once been Captain of the Guard at Boulogne had many friends in France and in December 1555 visited Paris, where he was curiously well received by King Henry II. Although Dudley returned home with only the vaguest of assurances, even Pope Paul was ill-disposed toward the English Queen Mary because of her marriage into the powerful Habsburg family and that same month signed a secret treaty with Henry II against Spanish dominion.

Conspiracy begins
Henry Dudley and his agents moved in January, to conceal stores of ammunition at strategic locations, and also secluded an amount of money totalling fifty thousand pounds, previously withdrawn and removed from the Exchequer, (where Dudley was a familiar visitor and had a number of friends), "in water by (London) bridge" to make ready for an invasion planned to be executed by mercenaries and exiles. The money was to be sent to France where his Protestant exile supporters would follow the initiative through.

In Spain, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abdicated on 16 January 1556, whereupon Philip and Mary became King and Queen of Spain, which at the time held the Netherlands. Philip had received a letter confirming that given the mood of the English Parliament even down to the people discontent was such that there was scant chance of him also being crowned in England at the same time or in the near future.

Organizes invasion force
Sir Henry Dudley had returned to France, and by March was engaged in the raising of an invasion force, with the intention of landing it on the Isle of Wight, to march on London. Had the plot not been discovered, its intention was to remove Mary to exile in Spain where she could be happily reunited with King Philip and to bring about the succession of Elizabeth to the English throne. Bold and righteous as it was, it proved too daring for most of the English gentry, who failed to lend it their support, "feebly, but not without some expectation, waiting for time to dispatch the evil Queen".

It was Henry Dudley who now took the initiative; while greater noblemen trembled, Dudley was abroad organising a widespread and sophisticated rebellion. Amongst his agents was the courtier and MP Henry Peckham, the son of Sir Edmund Peckham, then Master of the Tower Mint and a member of the Royal Council. Henry Peckham was detected in the plan to obtain funds by robbing the Exchequer and he soon found himself a prisoner of the Tower. In July 1556 he and his assistants were "hanged on the gallows of Tower Hill for treason against the queen .... and after cut down, beheaded and their bodies carried unto London Bridge and there set up and their bodies buried at Allhallows, Barking."

Plot dissolves
It appears that once revealed the plot dissolved and Henry Dudley remained at large in France, his great scheme undermined by careless talk and too unwieldy an organisation. He was consequently to become an exile in the French service between 1556 and 1563, but was again to return home and serve as "Capt. Dudley" in 1563, receiving an annuity later the same year from Queen Elizabeth for his service. In 1567 he obtained from Elizabeth some protection from his creditors that was extended to 1568. Sir Henry died between 1568 and 1570, but no will is known to exist.

title: Henry Dudley (conspirator)