text:
Talk:Richard A. Cohen

DSM IV.
I've been emailed a reference to the DSM IV but I don't have access to it, so I'd appreciate it if someone who does could please check and incoporate the info from "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV), American Psychiatric Association, 1994, Washington, DC, p. 538, “Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified” 302.9, no. 3, persistent and marked distress about sexual orientation." into the "Medical view of reparative therapy" section. -- Jeandré, 2007-10-15t20:10z

Notability and conflict of interest?
It might be fair for me to assume you are closely connected with the topic given the fact that you have a) uploaded the photo, and b) ONLY edited this article. If you are, you need to declare your conflict of interest. Numerous editors have pointed out that this reads like a promotional advert (although some tweaks have made it a bit better). I am going to ping and  who have a better eye for this than I do, but as far as I know, some of the citations are not up to scratch. Citing the ex-gay organisation pathinfo, which Cohen is involved with (and co-founded) is not up to scratch. Citing self published works are not up to scratch. They need to be reputable secondary sources. This is not personal, you are entitled to your views entirely, but Wikipedia is supposed to be an encylopedia which features articles on notable figures. I don't see much evidence that Cohen is even particularly notable. For example, Charles W. Socarides authored a volume of psychoanalytic literature on homosexuality, published by press houses, and which was at least informed by the freudian hypothesis of the time. Cohen, however, has written a bunch of self published works through what looks to be his own organization, PATH Press? There are a few news links, most of them dead, about the one time Cohen received some press coverage, and the Wikipedia article doesn't even accurately represent the coverage of these. Some of the articles which are relevant to the issues I raised are discussed in Autobiography, Notability and Conflict of interest. Sxologist (talk) 09:14, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

 * can I get your thoughts on this article relying heavily on self-published sources, and advertorial style? Sxologist (talk) 00:05, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

 * you have provided no response, so I am going to begin editing the article. Sxologist (talk) 22:06, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * It has been suggested that I may have a conflict of interest regarding the subject of this article. I will state my bona fides for the record:
 * - I am NOT the subject of this article, nor affiliated professionally or financially with the subject. My interest and exposure extends to being a professional therapist trained in well-established Attachment Theory, having met the subject, attended trainings led by Cohen prior to 2017, read 2 or 3 of the subject's books. I did communicate with Cohen when researching this article, as well as other article sources, and have utilized therapeutic techniques acquired through seminars with Cohen or others trained by him, including research-based and validated Cognitive, Behavioral, Psychodynamic and Neurobiological Trauma techniques, among others. I have focused on this article because, while I do not spend time editing Wiki pages, the bias, distortion and censorship exercised on this page pains me. I seek only balance, fairness, and "Encyclopedic neutrality," and submit to the community to evaluate any current edits. Thank you. Truedad21 (talk) 02:23, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The versions that I read of 2 of Cohen's books were published by established publishers (Oakhill and Intervarsity), then republished by Cohen's organization later. I don't know if others were also. This needs to be clarified in the article, perhaps a bibliography of works legitimately published by outside sources, and a mention of self-published works, or examples of such, late in the article itself?
 * In my view, like Socarides, these press house publications contain established psychological theories and practices, as I mentioned above: Cognitive, Behavioral, Neurobiological and Psychodynamic among them. This makes the biased and sensationalized characterization of the subject's approach in the lead paragraph even more egregious, unfair and inappropriate. Truedad21 (talk) 17:39, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * There is a simple way to persuade others on Wikipedia: provide reliable sources that support your view. If Cohen's work is accepted by mainstream scholarship, you should be able to show e.g. supportive reviews of his books in mainstream publications. Absent that, even books published by non-vanity presses are probably not notable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Generalrelative (talk) 17:55, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Three of Mr.Cohen's books have been published by professional publishing houses (Coming Out Straight by Oakhill Press in 2000, Gay Children, Straight Parents in 2007 by InterVarsity Press and Alfie's Home by IHF press in 1993). Also content of his books is highly intellectual, based on good psychotherapy techniques with through literature search and references. Dr.Green1245 (talk) 12:10, 10 November 2023 (UTC) — Dr.Green1245 (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * Wikipedia is very clear of the necessity of a neutral point of view. The current article lead paragraph does not follow a neutral point of view and should be changed. In the lead paragraph: "offers discredited conversion therapy" is not neutral, and heavily biased. "purporting" hints at a false claim, which is a biased assumption.
 * The content of this wiki page is heavily one-sided. Wikipedia is clear "Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libellous." The edits on this page are libellous. It defames Cohen, who is alive. This is unacceptable, and as Wikipedia states, needs to be corrected immediately. Using biased sources to justify biased edits is not appropriate for an encyclopedia. Lukehhuneycutt (talk) 17:49, 22 September 2023 (UTC) — Lukehhuneycutt (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * I know Richard, Personally. He does great work. He helped me and my family. Not only helped us but hundreds of others who experienced internal conflicts, whether those be sexual or not. Malakh222 (talk) 17:24, 26 October 2023 (UTC) — Malakh222 (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * @SxologistI have read one of Mr. Cohen's book recently which helped me tremendously in my own professional growth (I am a psychiatrist by profession).I was searching about Mr. Cohen's other work on google and I found this wikipedia page. I am surprised to see some negative comments and how this page has very limited and biased information about Mr. Cohen's work. Everyone has right to disagree with someone's work as you have to disagree with Mr. Cohen's work but writing false information and butchering someone's true work just because you disagree with them is unfair. I would be more than happy to have a healthy discussion about Mr. Cohen's work that has helped me to understand basics of psychotherapy and healing process in general regardless of sexual orientation. Thanks and peace to you. Dr.Green1245 (talk) 12:49, 9 November 2023 (UTC) — Dr.Green1245 (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
 * Sxologist- although I did not respond to this comment in the past, I suggest that you have misrepresented Wiki standards regarding self-published sources for BLPs, and misapplied them in this case: Regarding BLPs: "Never use self-published sources... as sources of material about a living person, unless written or published by the subject of the article”(emphasis Wikipedia's). In other words, while using Cohen’s publications or websites in an attempt to document the number of therapists he has trained is “not up to scratch,” referring to these to document what he believes and teaches definitely IS up to scratch, regardless of whether you or anyone else agrees or not. I note that you pinged a couple of editors above regarding your contention, and in the years since no one has supported you. You and Generalrelative have not established consensus to remove the references that you did. BTW, when books are not only published professionally in one language, but republished in as many as eight, including major publishers in Europe, the Middle East, etc., removing them for alleged lack of notoriety is “not up to scratch.” Truedad21 (talk) 16:12, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

What links to this page
Why does searching 'same-sex attraction disorder' in the search bar link to here? It ought not. FatalSubjectivities (talk) 11:56, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Well spotted. I've changed the redirect to Conversion therapy. Generalrelative (talk) 04:22, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

BOLD edits
I've made a number of them. Happy to discuss here if necessary. Generalrelative (talk) 04:23, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Looks good. Zenomonoz (talk) 05:08, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Generalrelative- in regards to your reversion and comment on the Editing page of Richard A Cohen- "Establish consensus on talk before re-adding disputed content," and your comment above- "Happy to discuss here if necessary:"
 * I did not "re-add" disputed content. I added new content based upon a previous dispute: that self-published books are not of encyclopedic value. Knowing through my own encounter (I read them) that 2 of subject's books are professionally published, I posted those, with ISBN #s, publishers, etc. What is the dispute?
 * A second dispute has been whether I have a conflict of interest in editing this page. As Wiki rules require, I posted my interest, motivation and (lack of any) direct affiliation with the subject, other than having engaged the ideas and therapeutic approach in my reading and training. Are you disputing my right to edit? Wiki rules are clear: a point of view is NOT a COI. Unless you claim I'm lying, and therefore violating Wiki rules (which I am not), then you are engaging in censorship based only upon a different point of view. Are you trying to "cancel" me?
 * Rather than ignoring my efforts to communicate/cooperate with you, and simply reverting any edits I make, please respond to me here. I am following Wiki rules, and fully intend to submit to the community and seek consensus here for "disputed content," of which adding professionally published books should not be a part. Please clarify what you are disputing and either undo or justify your most recent revision, which is a violation in itself. Thank you.
 * Truedad21
 * talk
 * ) 15:16, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Truedad21 (talk) 15:31, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Truedad21, it's not a huge deal, but you have missed where I responded to you above. I have neither ignored you nor failed to clarify what I am disputing. Generalrelative (talk) 15:33, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Nor did he respond to your question on his talk page about the photos and COI editing. Zenomonoz (talk) 01:19, 8 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Zenomoz- I have responded to the COI challenge extensively here, on THIS talk page, where it was first raised. Do you want me to reproduce that on my own talk page? Are YOU questioning my response? And, when I noted that I contacted Cohen (and other article sources- I attempted to reach Wayne Besen as well) when I decided to edit the article 4 years ago, it was mainly to ask for photos. Truedad21 (talk) 17:14, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I actually responded in much greater detail on my talk page. You must've missed it. Truedad21 (talk) 00:18, 14 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Welll Generalrelative asked on your talk page "I see that you've responded to Zenomonoz's question but not mine. This is a legitimate concern so I'd appreciate an answer" and you did not respond. Zenomonoz (talk) 00:25, 14 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Zenomonoz- thank you for alerting me to what I missed on my talk page. I have responded in detail. Truedad21 (talk) 03:32, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Zenomonoz- thank you for alerting me to what I missed on my talk page. I have responded in detail. Truedad21 (talk) 03:32, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

Violating Wiki's Encyclopedic Standards; Distorting a Supposed Biography (BLP)
Generalrelative- I have several complaints regarding your editing of the Richard A. Cohen BLP, as well as responses to your complaints about a COI and sockpuppetry on my part (which I have posted above on this Talk Page and on the COI Noticeboard) and other concerns. First, my complaints- I will appreciate your response to each:

1. You removed all self-published books by Cohen, claiming “It is unclear that this list is of encyclopedic value.” This is despite the fact that:

- Two of these were professionally published initially, and several were re-published by professional publishers in multiple languages (I have since gathered all of the international ISBN numbers, in case you wish to verify this).

- Multiple Wiki pages include self-published works in their publication lists, especially biographical pages. Shall I send you examples? Have you ever removed self-published works from any other biography? If so, I’ll be very interested to see of whom.

- This page is a Biography of a Living Person (BLP). Wiki describes a biography as an account of a person’s life, and while advising caution when using self-published works as sources, it doesn't prohibit using them in that way, but rather says that self-published sources from the SUBJECT of an article are absolutely USABLE for a BLP: "Never use self-published sources... as sources of material about a living person, unless written or published by the subject of the article (emphasis Wikipedia's).

On what grounds are you claiming that the subject’s own written works have no encyclopedic value on his biographical page ( a page first created, by the way, not by the subject or proponents of his work, but by activists who oppose it)?

2.    When I responded to your initial removal and continued rejection of multiple attempts to reintroduce them, by posting the original versions of 2 of Cohen’s initial works, published independently by respected Houses (Oakhill and InterVarsity Presses), you removed these as well, stating “establish consensus on Talk Page before re-adding disputed content.” When I pointed out on the article’s Talk Page (above) that this was NEW content, which had not been disputed by anyone (you had disputed self-published works only), you moved the goalposts, and switched to a different justification, '''“If Cohen's work is accepted by mainstream scholarship, you should be able to show e.g. supportive reviews of his books in mainstream publications. Absent that, even books published by non-vanity presses are probably not notable for inclusion in the encyclopedia” (also above).''' Once again you mis-referred to reliable sources, when the subject's books are both biographical evidence of his achievements and deemed by Wikipedia to be a "reliable source" of his own ideas. So in addition I ask you:

- Have you ever removed professionally published books from any other biographical website’s list of the subject’s publications? Would you remove Mein Kampf from Hitler’s bio for lack of mainstream “supportive reviews,” or do you consider Cohen in a different category because of ideas which you have labelled “fringe?” If you are challenging the subject's notability (after seven written books and multiple media appearances have been stripped from the article), I'm happy to have that discussion.

While your requirement for “positive” scholarly reviews as a test for the newsworthiness of a biographical subject's writings seems patently ridiculous, what may be less obvious to some is your marginalization of Cohen, based upon your opinion that the subject is “fringe” and unimportant. Nevertheless, I present to you here an example of the very mainstream positive reviews you have demanded as a test, from the Library Journal, of Cohen’s first, Oakhill published book, “Coming Out Straight.” In it, a gay-identified librarian and sexuality scholar whose own published work demonstrates views quite different from Cohen, calls it a “…comprehensive, well-written, well-organized, and heavily referenced guide,” and calls Cohen’s approach “… sympathetic and rational,” and "recommended for libraries with large gender collections." I ask you:

- Do you still maintain that the subject’s written works have no place in a biography of him, or will you move the goalposts again, and find another excuse to marginalize Cohen?

- If you acknowledge the reasonable points I have made above, are you willing to voluntarily reverse your reversal, and post the subjects professionally published books? How about self-published books that have been reviewed and translated into multiple languages, which Wikipedia deems acceptable for a BLP?

3. Wiki’s Standards and Manual of Style clarify that articles on contentious topics be written “from a neutral point of view,” include BOTH SIDES of a controversy, and that lead paragraphs be a summary of the article. When you insist on identifying Cohen with “Conversion Therapy” (as you did in your COI complaint), yet deny the inclusion of Cohen’s own statements to the contrary, and eliminate his written works that demonstrate a legitimate, research-based therapeutic approach which even a gay-identified reviewer calls “sympathetic and rational,” is that neutral, fair or encyclopedic? You claim “consensus” with a mainstream view about Conversion Therapy being “fringe,” but the page you link the term to from Cohen’s article does NOT represent Cohen’s approach or teaching, and you deny the inclusion of both his assertions about this and his writings that will demonstrate it to any fair-minded reader. When you insist on removing the subject's voice from his own biographical page and rejecting all references to Cohen’s personal journey and experience, yet allow and re-introduce negative characterizations of Cohen’s life and work (some of which were proven false and removed from this page, now reintroduced) referenced from activists who clearly consider him an enemy, detractors who have an "axe to grind," aren’t you effectively censoring Cohen, distorting a BLP, violating the rules for contentious topics and perverting Wikipedia’s encyclopedic intent?

4. Despite your obvious scholarship and professionalism, and your apparent intent, you have continued to maintain an imbalanced and dismissive portrayal of the subject based upon your (and others) judgment of his point of view and relevance, which distorts the subject’s “biographical” Wiki page and violates Wiki’s guidelines for reporting on contentious topics. You have re-introduced negative and biased information while removing and rejecting, like a vigilant defender, any and all reasonable efforts to achieve the neutral and balanced portrayal that Wiki’s Manual of Style outlines. You have justified rejecting my attempts by accusing me of a COI (I have disclosed my interest and affiliation on this Talk Page months ago), and the efforts of others by falsely claiming “consensus” against them. Generalrelative, I ask you:

- What “consensus” have you established? Besides the grand total of two comments (see above, 3 years ago) on the overly promotional tone of my earliest, untrained edits, and the constructive improvements of one other editor (Spintendo), ONLY ONE ACCOUNT is removing published and non-published books, distorting any balance in the lead paragraph, and rejecting any and all attempts to re-introduce them- yours. And your "consensus" is a grand total of ONE cheerleader- Zenomonoz, whose talk page reflects a number of combative interactions and advocacy around a number of topics, including sexual orientation issues, and who has been the subject of multiple sockpuppet investigations. Well to be honest, there was a third account that formerly played a similar role toward this page as Generalrelative- Sexologist. Oh wait, Zenomonoz has admitted to creating the Sexologist account in order to address sexual orientation-related articles! Not surprisingly, Sexologist was subsequently blocked indefinitely in November, 2020 for sockpuppetry (the conflict was apparently resolved, and his account since restored). So Generalrelative, it is you, Zenomonoz, and Sexologist- who was actually Zenomonoz. 2 accounts attacking this page. Where is your “consensus” for rejecting and rolling back edits with which you disagree?

By the way, I respect your affirmation and disclosure on your User Page, and just as it is with me, having an identity and point of view is not in itself a Conflict of Interest.

I responded to all questions about any potential COI, and disclosed my interest and relationship (or lack thereof) to the subject of this article on its Talk Page months ago, and the COI Notice Board where you had posted a complaint despite my disclosure. Oddly, you stated you don't believe I'm lying, yet obviously do not believe my explanation. What are you hoping to achieve? A further response to your COI and Sockpuppetry concerns about me will follow in a separate post. Regarding my questions to you, in the absence of your response, explanations, corrective action on unprofessional and anti-journalistic edits, and the willingness to participate in a truly fair, balanced and collaborative process, I of course welcome public comment on their substance, and if necessary will present them to the Arbitration Committee. Truedad21 (talk) 00:22, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I don’t have time to reply to the claims made about editing guidelines yet, but just FYI, bringing up my old SPI is completely off topic and uncalled for. That was resolved and I was unblocked. It’s also a misrepresentation. I never socked to ‘distance from a controversial edit history’. Accusing users of hypocrisy and using labels like ‘your cheerleader’ is presumably WP:UNCIVIL. It would be productive for you to strike out the comments like this and apologise. Zenomonoz (talk) 01:15, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I incorrectly made the reference to distancing yourself from a controversial editing history as one of the purposes of creating Sexologist based upon a hasty reading of your explanation in the archived investigation, and the comment, "I did have some reason to not declare my prior editing when asked." I apologize for this and will correct it in the text of my post. On the other hand, the November 2020 announcement on the Sexologist Talk Page that that account IS indefinitely blocked was never followed up by an announcement that it has been unblocked, and an attempt today to message you on that page created an announcement that Sexologist is still blocked indefinitely, referring to the archived investigation I linked in the post above. An earlier indefinite block for abuse of multiple accounts was unblocked, but not this current one.
 * I disagree that this is off-topic for my complaint, as it speaks directly to the bias, lack of consensus and stifling of the Cohen article that I am trying to demonstrate. I disagree that hypocrisy is too strong a word, as I did not call you a hypocrite, but am pointing out the contradiction of accusing me of sockpuppetry when it is the pot calling the kettle black (though I acknowledge that Generalrelative is not you, nor you him/her). It is also ironic that to defend your early mistakes you pointed to your inexperience as an editor, yet how unforgiving were you toward the same inexperience on my part regarding the photos. "I made a mistake." And if you don't like the "cheerleader" reference, I can point to some of your comments encouraging Generalrelative. And I'm particularly burned to discover that when I challenged Sexologist in the past, and laid out for him that the activist.journalist Wayne Besen, w-a-y overused as a reference in the Cohen piece (another hypocrisy) never proved that Cohen fit the double life theme of his book that supposed Ex-Gays had secret lives, that he had referenced Cohen's own autobiographical account in his book as his only reference, and fudged the timeline, that it was YOU that I explained that to. Yet there it is, back in the article, stated as a fact, that Cohen had a secret gay life while standing publicly as an Ex-Gay. Never happened, the years don't match, the geographical locations don't match... easy to prove from public records, as Cohen didn't even identify with the Ex-Gay movement until years later, after successful therapy and getting his own degree and becoming a therapist. You have every right to disagree with someone, but your lack of interest in the truth, especially when editing an encyclopedia, has to me the strongest scent of hypocrisy. Truedad21 (talk) 04:32, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * By the way, Wikipedia clearly frowns upon revealing personal information about another editor or account that will endanger or expose them to potential harm. This is not that... every reader of this article or talk page deserves to know the truth about how those editing a contentious topic in a contentious way are comporting themselves. And, it is not an "old SPI." The account banned for Sockpuppetry, which previously treated the Cohen article in like manner as you and Generalrelative are now, is apparently still banned. Therefore it is a live issue. Truedad21 (talk) 04:57, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry- "blocked, not banned. But your assertion that it "was resolved and I am unblocked" is apparently untrue. How do you explain that? Truedad21 (talk) 05:14, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @Truedad21, this page is for discussing improvements to the Richard A. Cohen article. Please discuss content, not contributors. – bradv  05:28, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Bradv, I understand your concern, and the article certainly needs improvement. I apologize for the lengthy responses to Zenomenoz's reply above. As for the lengthy original post, I have been experiencing one editor removing legitimate biographical content to the effect of skewing the article and violating Wiki standards for BLPs, while claiming to uphold them. He challenged me to make my case on the Talk Page, and this is my clumsy attempt to identify the errors, the violations, and make this case here, in the hope that others more professional than I will weigh in, before presenting it to the arbitration committee. i will read your linked guidelines and improve my inexperienced editorship. I will appreciate, though, if you would read the essence of my 4 points of complaint, evaluate the article, and comment or participate in creating a more neutral, encyclopedic approach to this contentious topic. Thank you. Truedad21 (talk) 06:03, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I have read your complaint – it does not make reference to a single reliable source for any of the changes you want to make, so it is unlikely to be successful. – bradv  06:13, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * When Wikipedia says regarding BLPs: "Never use self-published sources... as sources of material about a living person, unless written or published by the subject of the article (emphasis Wikipedia's), i.e., self-published books by the article's subject ARE a reliable source for his BLP, you honestly believe that stripping a Biographical article of the subject's own books, self-published, reprinted in multiple languages, professionally published, etc. ALL 7 of these books, is encyclopedic, and I've made no case for their inclusion? Truedad21 (talk) 19:12, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is how it works. Sxologist stays blocked and I edit on my original account. I wasn't blocked for the content of my edits, and all of this is public record, so I don't know what "truth" you think you are exposing. A bunch of other inaccuracies I don't think are worth replying to as it's off topic.
 * As for the content of the article, you appear to misunderstand what constitutes a reliable source.
 * As for Besen's source, I'll adjust what is written to match it. He quotes Cohen directly: "I was out running around New York City with my boyfriend, and she was at home taking care of our son, knowing her husband was out with a man" (p.167). This occurred after his early interactions with an 'ex gay' ministry, but he also had a wife at this point. So I guess you are arguing on a technicality, which is fine, the text can be adjusted. Zenomonoz (talk) 08:28, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Also I’ll add, we don’t need to give weight to Cohens claim that he isn’t a proponent of conversion therapy. Suggest you read WP:MANDY. Zenomonoz (talk) 10:17, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * As I researched and told you years ago... Cohen, in his own autobiography, that as a wounded, unhealed and struggling man in the early 1980s, was running around on his wife, as she knew, and began therapy in 1984. That is a part of his self-confessed story. No dispute about that. But Cohen never identified with the Ex-gay movement, nor took ANY public position speaking out about the possibility of resolving Same-sex attraction through emotional healing until he accomplished it himself- he did a couple of years of professional therapy (nothing to do with the Ex-Gay movement) and pursued authentic, healthy, non-sexual relationships with men, went to school, became a therapist and spoke out publicly for the first time in 1989 or 90. Besen presented no evidence of any earlier involvement with the Ex-gay movement, and I appreciate and commend you for correcting it. Truedad21 (talk) 19:02, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well given the WaPo says that during his teens Cohen spent years in intensive psychiatric treatment unsuccessfully trying to become straight – he was involved in the 'ex gay' conversion therapy scene quite before that. But I've also reworded things to better reflect the source. Best. Zenomonoz (talk) 10:25, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This comment, Zenomonoz, is (was) both a dodge and justification: (1) The therapists that Cohen saw in his teens (the 1960s) were traditional Freudian, Jungian, Reichian, Attachment Theorists / Logotherapists, etc., none of whom focused on same-sex attraction or any agenda other than (perhaps) the accepted (though tragically limited) understanding of the DSM that homosexuality was a disorder, thankfully reversed in 1973 by the APA. No "ex-gay ministry" existed at that time; (2) The statement you have since removed, though it remains a lie in Wayne Besen's books, which you still cite as a resource for this article, was that Cohen "publicly portrayed himself as a former homosexual..." DURING his "involvement in an ex-gay ministry." No, Zenomonoz, no public portrayal NOR involvement in ex-gay ministry until 1990, while Cohen's "running around" was in the early 1980s, prior to his successful therapy, attainment of a counseling degree and entering into the therapeutic profession. It was self-confessed by Cohen in a professionally published, autobiographical explanation of his healing and therapeutic approach that you have stripped from his BLP, while allowing Besen's dishonest portrayal which misrepresents and distorts the timeline based upon... NO EVIDENCE.
 * Despite your removal of the dishonest time distortion from Besen, you have continued to allow the false impression of hypocrisy in Cohen's BLP by placing Besen's statement after Cohen's 1995 departure from the Unification Church, "Cohen had affairs with men, often leaving his wife and children for long periods of time." And, you reference it from Besen's ideologically motivated slam piece, which misrepresents Cohen's experience without proof, rather than Besen's only source, Cohen's own, public, professionally published autobiography (in 2000) https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/coming-out-straight-richard-cohen/1123894405. You could also have referred to the Washington Post, which gets the timeline correct, and also mentions his sexual abuse at the age of 6, but you REMOVED all references to the WaPo article except one: to use the headline to support YOUR definition of Cohen's work as "Conversion Therapy." Oh, and you tried to use it disingenuously above, which led to this comment and my conclusion- You continue to allow (promote?) bias in a BLP, and I am counting on you to work with me to further improve the article by resolving this problem. Thanks Truedad21 (talk) 21:37, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Zenomonoz- I have removed the unnecessarily inflammatory "hypocrisy" comment, and in its place noted the restoration of your account. Apologies for besmirching your editorial efforts. Truedad21 (talk) 03:19, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I scanned this WP:WALLOFTEXT, and practically every sentence my eye fell on was bitching about editors. The only exceptions were one sentence unnecessarily repeating what NPOV says (everybody knows that) and one single article-related thing: deletion of WP:SPS. Can you please condense it to what you actually want, without all the non-article-improvement-related filler? 95% of this section does not belong here. --Hob Gadling (talk) 09:33, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I will post a condensed version of my 4 points. Truedad21 (talk) 19:21, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Since I've been pinged I'll just note that I've taken this article off my watchlist. It's true that I suspect Truedad21 of COI with the article subject, but I took those concerns to the appropriate venue (see this COIN report) and nothing came of it. There's really not much more for me to do here. Generalrelative (talk) 16:14, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Generalrelative- I do apologize for my loud, long and combative approach (just trying to be heard), but does that mean: (1) You do not intend to respond to the substance of my 4 points, or respond to my questions? (2) You believe the article subject's 7 books- self-published, professionally published, professionally republished in multiple languages, and affirmed as acceptable sources for a BLP by Wikipedia, have no place in a biographical page about him? (3) You feel that the work you have done in stripping the article of these is sufficient and proper? You have no intention of reversing any of your edits? Truedad21 (talk) 19:46, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Please leave me alone, Truedad21. I have made my case for why I believe these materials are UNDUE for inclusion, and I dislike repeating myself. If you choose to persist in pushing your case, the only way forward for you is to persuade others that your reasoning is sound. So far it doesn't seem that you have done so, since the only supportive comments you've received were in fact canvassed off-wiki by you (as you admit here). If you cannot find organic support on the talk page, you can always leave a neutral appeal at WP:BLPN. Since you've disclosed a professional COI just below, you really cannot edit this article yourself, and should foreground that COI whenever you post about this subject in the future. Regardless, please leave me out of it. Generalrelative (talk) 21:23, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * FYI- I did not canvass or direct anyone's comments, nor seek to influence whether they commented or not. What I did do was make a wider number of people aware of this article, most of them professionals and SMEs, and encouraged them to read it, and if they felt so, to express themselves. And again, there have so far been more comments and edits in support of a more balanced article than the one editor rejecting and dismissing those efforts. Truedad21 (talk) 16:39, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * My alleged COI, as I've disclosed, is having met, been trained by and maintaining communication with Cohen and his organization. I am not on their payroll and am not speaking up for them. My main interest is that I work in the field. I am an Attachment-theory, Cognitive and Psychodynamic-trained therapist, with gay-affirming clients and clients with unwanted SSA (and others with mental health issues, compulsive issues, relationship struggles, etc.). I treat all of them by addressing the attachment roots of their struggles. I've helped gay-affirming clients heal their social and parental wounds, while guiding their loved ones to love them for who they are, not for who they want them to be, and I've helped dozens of clients completely eliminate their unwanted Same-sex attractions and awaken authentic heterosexual feelings, get married, have kids, with "0" conflicting feelings inside. This includes some who have commented on this article's Talk Page. I respect my clients' goals and agendas (not my own), and any adult's human right to pursue their own identity. I'm doing this for my clients, for my work, and for an authentically encyclopedic addressing of this subject on Wikipedia. Truedad21 (talk) 20:06, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Just foregrounding here, that's not an "alleged" COI. That's a professional COI, full stop. Generalrelative (talk) 21:24, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I beg to differ with Generalrelative’s incessant, unproven claim of a COI- everything that I stated here about my relationship to the subject of this article has been disclosed in prior comments above, and as Generalrelative acknowledged himself, he “…took [his] concerns to the appropriate venue (see this COIN report) and nothing came of it.” Having heard the man speak, read his books or engaged professionally in learning his approach and methods years ago is not a COI. Having communicated with his organization (in recent years, primarily to research facts and information about this article) is not a COI.  I have been in communication with a variety of schools of therapy and continued training and professional development in a number of therapeutic techniques: Internal Family Systems, Voice Dialogue, the Comprehensive Resource Model, Real Love and Safe Conversations among them. I have no more of a COI contributing to this BLP than I do with any of them. Again, I am not paid by nor have any financial interest in the subject.
 * As for my experience using the well-established, Attachment Theory-based, scientifically-validated Cognitive, Psychodynamic and Neurobiological techniques that Cohen advocates in his professionally-published, academically-reviewed, translated into multiple languages- books (which Generalrelative has continually removed from the subject’s biography without establishing consensus), Wiki defines this not as having a professional COI, but rather identifies it with being a Subject Matter Expert (SME) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject-matter_expert, and SMEs are encouraged to contribute. And since I see LGBTQ+ identified clients, as well as those dealing with a variety of sexual and other compulsive issues, respecting each client’s self-determined therapeutic goals and human rights, I have no financial interest in promoting Cohen’s work, only the emotional healing and personal growth of my clients.
 * I have fully disclosed months ago, and will respectfully post my case for balance and fairness on this Talk page, seeking consensus before executing any edits. I should point out that while 2 editors other than myself have also sought to implement reasonable, balanced and neutral edits such as including the subject's published works in his own BLP, and a 3rd has criticized the article’s lack of balance (4 in total including myself), with all of these edits being rejected for “lack of consensus,” those reverting any and every attempt to submit these edits are a grand total of 2 editors- no one else has offered a single comment or expressed any support… so what consensus have they established for such control? Truedad21 (talk) 05:09, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard A. Cohen


text:
Verica

Verica (early 1st century AD) was a British client king of the Roman Empire in the years preceding the Claudian invasion of 43 AD.

From his coinage, he appears to have been king of the, probably Belgic, Atrebates tribe and a son of Commius. The distribution of his coins also shows that Verica's kingdom was centred on modern Sussex and east Hampshire, and its capital would have been in or close to what became the Roman Noviomagus Reginorum (modern Chichester). He succeeded his elder brother Eppillus as king in about 15 AD, and may also have reigned over the northern Atrebatic kingdom at Calleva Atrebatum, today called Silchester. He was recognised as rex by Rome and appears to have had friendly trade and diplomatic links with the empire.

His territory was pressed from the east by the Catuvellauni, led by Epaticcus, brother of Cunobelinus, who conquered Calleva in about 25 AD. After Epaticcus's death ca. 35 AD Verica regained some territory, but Cunobelinus's son Caratacus took over and conquered the entire kingdom some time after 40 AD. According to Welcher, by 42AD when Verica was expelled, his kingdom had been reduced to a core area around Chichester and the Manhood peninsula, perhaps contained within the dykes of the Chichester entrenchments.

Dio Cassius records that "Bericus" (almost certainly Verica) was expelled from Britain around this time during a revolt. Suetonius refers to demands by the Britons that Rome return "certain deserters". As rex, Verica was nominally an ally of Rome, so his exile gave Claudius an excuse to begin his invasion.

Verica's relationship with Rome has been used to argue for the site of the Roman invasion of Britain as being along the south coast to assist him, rather than being at the traditional spot at Richborough in Kent. Verica's southern Atrebatic kingdom of what is now Sussex and east Hampshire, had maintained a good relationship with Rome for many years. Verica is likely to have been seen by the Romans as an ally and a counter-balance to the powerful Catuvellaunian tribe to the north. This may have led to Roman military intervention to support Verica against the Catuvellauni who were becoming a threat to the Roman Empire's north-west frontier. Unlike other nearby areas, the hillforts in the core of Verica's kingdom show no sign of refortification and show the apparently pro-Roman attitude of the area's inhabitants.

After the invasion, Verica may have been restored as king, but this is not attested in the historical or archaeological record. In any case a new ruler for the region, Cogidubnus, soon appeared. Cogidubnus may have been an heir of Verica who by this time would have been very old indeed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Verica


text:
Weimar paramilitary groups

Paramilitary groups were formed throughout the Weimar Republic in the wake of Imperial Germany's defeat in World War I and the ensuing German Revolution. Some were created by political parties to help in recruiting, discipline and in preparation for seizing power. Some were created before World War I. Others were formed by individuals after the war and were called "Freikorps" (Free Corps). The party affiliated groups and others were all outside government control, but the Freikorps units were under government control, supply and pay (usually through army sources).

After World War I, the German Army was restricted to 100,000 men, so there were a great number of Imperial German Army soldiers suddenly de-mobilized. Many of these men were hardened into a Frontgemeinschaft, a front-line community. It was a spirit of camaraderie that was formed due to the length and horrors of trench warfare of World War I. These paramilitary groups filled a need for many of these soldiers who suddenly lost their "family"—the army. Many of those soldiers were filled with angst, anger and frustration over the loss and horror of the war.

Paramilitary groups were quite active in the ill-fated Republic, sometimes used to seize power and other times to quell disturbances. Freikorps were used in the Baltic region in 1919 by General Rüdiger von der Goltz to protect German interests against Russia. Other Freikorps members engaged in sabotage acts against French and Belgian occupying forces in the Ruhr in 1923 by blowing up bridges. Yet other Freikorps orchestrated the Kapp Putsch and the Beer Hall Putsch. The communists used their groups to seize power in several places in the Weimar Republic at different times, forming Räterepubliken. Other paramilitary groups were used to quell these uprisings. Freikorps events are displayed in the Weimar Timeline.

The political parties used their paramilitary groups to protect their party gatherings and to disrupt the marches and meetings of their opponents. Between 1928 and 1932, the Weimar Republic experienced a growth of political violence between these organizations euphemistically called Zusammenstösse (lit. clashes). For instance in 1930, the Nazis claimed 17 fatalities and the communists 44 fatalities in these Zusammenstössen. Scores were injured; in 1930, 2,500 Nazis were injured and in 1932, 9,715.

Freikorps
In the aftermath of World War I and during the German Revolution of 1918–19, Freikorps consisting largely of World War I veterans were raised as paramilitary militias. Of the numerous Weimar paramilitary groups active during that time, the Freikorps were, and remain, the most notable. While exact numbers are difficult to determine, historians agree that some 500,000 men were formal Freikorps members with another 1.5 million men participating informally.

Amongst the social, political, and economic upheavals that marked the early years of the Weimar Republic, the tenuous German government under Friedrich Ebert, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD), utilized the Freikorps to quell socialist and communist uprisings. Minister of Defence and SPD member Gustav Noske also relied on the Freikorps to suppress the Marxist Spartacist uprising, culminating in the summary executions of revolutionary communist leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg on 15 January 1919.

The first organizer of a Freikorps unit was General Ludwig Maercker. His unit, the "Maercker Volunteer Rifles", were soon called to help put down socialist uprisings. Because his unit was called upon to many location, he hit upon the idea of forming Einwohnerwehren, local citizen militias to keep the peace. Later on, these groups grew into the Orgesch, (Organization Escherich) reserve militia units for the German Wehrmacht. They were under the command of Dr. Georg Escherich.

 * Other units were
 * Freikorps von Lüttwitz named and commanded by General Walther Freiherr von Lüttwitz. This was an umbrella group with the following groups under it:
 * Potsdam Freikorps with 1,200 veterans
 * remnants of the Guards Rifle Cavalry Division
 * Reinhard Freikorps commanded by Colonel Wilhelm Reinhard.
 * Freikorps Suppe (a separate unit under the Reinhard Freikorps) with 1,500 men
 * von Roeder's Scouts
 * Iron Brigade from Kiel
 * Kuntzel Freikorps
 * Ostara League
 * Freikorps Oberland/Bund Oberland
 * Marinebrigade Ehrhardt. They were the first to use the swastika as a unit symbol. They participated in the Kapp Putsch in 1920.
 * Viking League (Bund Wiking)

Groups affiliated to political parties

 * Right-wing
 * Der Stahlhelm (The Steel Helmet, League of Front-Line Soldiers), officially a veterans' organization, it was the largest organisation stemming from the Freikorps with about 500,000 members. It was led by Theodor Duesterberg and was opposed to the Weimar Republic and politically close to the DNVP and other conservative parties. The Stahlhelm organized an employment service for its unemployed working-class members and a housing program. In 1931, it formed part of the Harzburg Front. In 1934 it was integrated into the SA and in 1935 dissolved.
 * Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund (German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation)
 * Sturmabteilung (SA) (Storm Division), affiliated to the Nazi Party. Its leadership was purged by Hitler in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934. One SA section (originally called Stosstrupp) was created as Hitler's personal body guard and would develop into the Schutzstaffel (SS).
 * Kampfbund (Battle-league) was an umbrella group involving NSDAP paramilitary groups, Freikorps Oberland and Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society) It was created on 30 September 1923 and disbanded after the failed Beer Hall Putsch.
 * Jungdeutscher Orden, led by Artur Mahraun. He distanced his group from the Nazis because his group was fundamentally hostile to political parties. In 1930, its political arm merged with the DDP to form the DStP.
 * Center
 * Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold (Imperial Banner Black-Red-Gold), devoted to the defense of the Weimar Republic, politically close to the socialist SPD. It was part of the Iron Front meant to counter the right-wing Harzburg Front. In 1933 the organisation was banned.
 * Left-wing
 * Eiserne Front (Iron Front) was established in 1931 against the Harzburg Front. It was banned in 1933.
 * Roter Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters' League), affiliated with the KPD. It was banned in 1929.
 * Antifaschistische Junge Garde (Young Antifascist Guard), banned in 1933, founded by the KPD.
 * Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus (Fighting League against Fascism), affiliated with the KPD, also banned in 1933.
 * Antifaschistische Aktion, affiliated with the KPD, also banned in 1933.
 * Rote Ruhrarmee (Ruhr Red Army) was active during 1920.
 * Schwarze Scharen (Black Band), affiliated with the FAUD. It was banned in 1933.

Similar organisations also existed in the Republic of Austria, most notably the Schutzbund and the Heimwehr.

title: Weimar paramilitary groups


text:
Arvid Carlsson

Arvid Carlsson (25 January 1923 – 29 June 2018)  was a Swedish neuropharmacologist who is best known for his work with the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects in Parkinson's disease. For his work on dopamine, Carlsson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000, together with Eric Kandel and Paul Greengard.

Early life and education
Carlsson was born on 25 January 1923 in Uppsala, Sweden, one of four siblings. His family moved to Lund after his father became a history professor at Lund University. Although his two older siblings followed their father's career path, he instead chose to study medicine at Lund, beginning in 1941.

In 1944, he participated in the task of examining prisoners of Nazi concentration camps, whom Swedish aristocrat Folke Bernadotte had managed to bring to Sweden, which was neutral during World War II. He received his MD and PhD in pharmacology in 1951.

Career
In 1951, Carlsson became an associate professor at Lund University. He spent five months as a research fellow for the pharmacologist Bernard Beryl Brodie at the National Heart Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, United States, and the change in his research focus to psychopharmacology eventually led to his Nobel Prize. In 1959 he became a professor at the University of Gothenburg.

In 1957 Katharine Montagu demonstrated the presence of dopamine in the human brain; later that same year Carlsson also demonstrated that dopamine was a neurotransmitter in the brain and not just a precursor for norepinephrine. Carlsson went on to develop a method for measuring the amount of dopamine in brain tissues. He found that dopamine levels in the basal ganglia, a brain area important for movement, were particularly high. He then showed that giving animals the drug reserpine caused a decrease in dopamine levels and a loss of movement control. These effects were similar to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. By administering to these animals L-Dopa, which is the precursor of dopamine, he could alleviate the symptoms. These findings led other doctors to try using L-Dopa in patients with Parkinson's disease, and it was found to alleviate some of the symptoms in the early stages of the disease. L-Dopa is still the basis for most commonly used means of treating Parkinson's disease.

Carlson collaborated with the drug company Astra AB (now AstraZeneca) during the 1970s and the 1980s. He and his colleagues were able to derive the first marketed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), zimelidine, from brompheniramine. Zimelidine was later withdrawn from the market due to rare cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome, but Carlson's research paved the way for fluoxetine (Prozac), one of the most widely used prescription medicines in the world.

Carlsson was still an active researcher and speaker when he was over 90 years old and, together with his daughter Lena, he worked on OSU6162, a dopamine stabilizer which alleviates symptoms of post-stroke fatigue.

Honours and awards
Carlsson's research on the brain's chemical signals and the resulting treatment for Parkinson's disease earned him the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which he shared with Paul Greengard and Eric R. Kandel. He won many other awards including Israel's Wolf Prize in Medicine (1979), the Japan Prize (1994), and Italy's Feltrinelli Prize (1999). He was elected as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1975. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Southern California in 2007.

Personal life
Carlsson married Ulla-Lisa Christoffersson in 1945 and they had three sons and two daughters. His daughter Maria was his lab manager and his daughter Lena was one of his collaborators.

He opposed the fluoridation of drinking water in Sweden. He was a vocal opponent of homeopathy and worked to prevent homeopathic preparations from being classified as medication in Sweden.

Carlsson died on 29 June 2018, at the age of 95.

Drugs

 * 1) Preclamol
 * 2) FLA-57
 * 3) Rotigotine
 * 4) HW-165
 * 5) UH-232
 * 6) Nomelidine
 * 7) Zimelidine
 * 8) 8-OH-DPAT
 * 9) 7-OH-DPAT
 * 10) DS-121

title: Arvid Carlsson


text:
Talk:Tarawa

Climate Change
Why is there no mention of climate change in this article? Without "swift action," over half South Taraway will be underwater in about 30 years, rendering the capital "unlivable," according to this a World Bank report. That's kind of an important detail to leave out, don't you think?

From http://www.climate.gov.ki/case-studies/tarawa/:

"According to a World Bank report, Kiribati’s capital of Tarawa—where nearly half the population lives—will be 25-54 per cent inundated in the south and 55-80 per cent in the north by mid-century unless there is significant adaptation. Factor in what this means for poisoning of groundwater, destruction of limited arable land and spread of disease, and you have an unlivable national capital." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C65:737F:FF7C:2052:28FE:4A81:D983 (talk) 17:00, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

Bariki
Bairiki is just one of many islets on the atoll of Tarawa. Tarawa is the capital of Kiribati, although the admninistrative offices (and in a sense, therefore, the capitol "city") is Bairiki. Anyway, this article is about Tarawa, and not just Bairiki - Marshman 21:02, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Plusminus right: Tarawa is an atoll which consists of several (min. 24) islets. One of these islands is Bairiki. On this little island lies the village of Bairiki (the only town of this island), and that's the national capital of Kiribati. There are bigger towns on Tarawa. Belgian man 18:03, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Not exactly: the capitol is precisely South Tarawa (TUC), because neither Tarawa nor Bairiki are correct administrative divisions. Enzino 20:36, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, you're right. Belgian man (talk) 14:02, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. Duja ► 13:15, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Tarawa Atoll → Tarawa — None of the other Gilbert Islands have "Atoll" following its name. If we are going to use the original Gilbertese names I think they should all be consistant. This one sticks out. Plus I think we can all agree that all the items currently listed on the Tarawa disambiguation page were named after Tarawa Atoll. A Tarawa (disambiguation) link would be added to the top of the Tarawa page. —Henry W. Schmitt 07:07, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * A few more Tarawas are on the dab page; but this one is certainly still primary. Support, and move the dab to Tarawa (disambiguation) Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:39, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Battle results
The article reports that the US took the island after suffering heavy losses and the totals are given. This seems peculiarly WP:POV. Yes, the US considered the loses heavy, but 5,000 Japanese were killed and 1,000 US. A little bit heavier on one side than the other it seems to me. Student7 (talk) 00:39, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Tarawa, South Tarawa and North Tarawa
South Tarawa and North Tarawa are administratively separate, and are different in almost every possible way - the history, economy, way of life etc etc. So it's messy to try to write about the two areas in one Tarawa article. I believe that this article should be mainly about the geography of Tarawa and its lagoon; most of the history, economic and cultural information should be in the articles on South Tarawa and North Tarawa (an article that didn't exist, but I have created it.) I have updated and corrected a few things on this Tarawa page, but not, so far, deleted or moved anything substantial. However if there are no objections, I think that this article should be made shorter, so there is not so much overlap between it and the North Tarawa and South Tarawa pages. Because this is quite a big change I will wait a bit for comments, and of course I will confer or revert if anyone disagrees. Thanks,--Obkiribati1 (talk) 20:28, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Tarawa. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.climate.gov.ki/library.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:52, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Tarawa
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Tarawa's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "CIA": From Kiribati: Kiribati. CIA World Factbook. From Micronesia:  From Tuvalu:  From Howland Island: "United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges." CIA: The World Factbook. ISSN 1553-8133. Retrieved: November 25, 2010. From Nauru:  From Economy of Kiribati:  </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 01:22, 31 August 2016 (UTC) tot sobres — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.38.55.123 (talk) 09:15, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tarawa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/T3h str33t

Articles like these make me retch. Dicdef, only two google hits (undoubtedly for forums where the creator of the article is a member.) Didn't speedy for fear that it might belong in internet slang. --Ardonik 21:02, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * ph33r my v0t3 f0r d3|3t1on Ianb 21:11, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Ugh. I would have speedy deleted if it hadn't been listed here.  Delete.  RickK 21:20, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Can w3 still sp33dy d3let3 this...3ntry? - Lucky 6.9 21:29, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a speedy. Rossami 21:35, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Nuts. Oh well.  We're overdue for a Rot-13 cypher anyway!  Vagrearg yvatb sbe gur zrna, zrna fgerrgf jurer svtugf ner cyragvshy naq nyy Vagrearg znegvny negvfgf ner onq-nff.  Glcvpnyyl hfrq nf na rknzcyr jul pregnva fglyrf, sebz Gnr Xjba Qb gb Oenmvyvna Wvh-Wvgfh, jba'g jbex.  Fun! - Lucky 6.9 22:13, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I can only hope this article is deleted quickly, so I'm casting my vote as delete. Kaelus 07:01, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: No, you have to cast it as "d3l3t3."  :^) - Lucky 6.9 07:28, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * D-3l373! I love the idea that 80% of the Internet gamerz grew up on da street.  "Yo, my AMD kix yo' no-dressing, frontin', shabbizzle Celeron's a55!"  Sad, sad, sad, the delusions. Geogre 14:17, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * D3L33T!!!Fire Star 22:57, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * T3h d3l33t - nons3ns3. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:21, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Sessue Hayakawa

Kintarō Hayakawa (早川 金太郎), known professionally as Sessue Hayakawa (早川 雪洲), was a Japanese actor and a matinée idol. He was a popular star in Hollywood during the silent film era of the 1910s and early 1920s. Hayakawa was the first actor of Asian descent to achieve stardom as a leading man in the United States and Europe. His "broodingly handsome" good looks and typecasting as a sexually dominant villain made him a heartthrob among American women during a time of racial discrimination, and he became one of the first male sex symbols of Hollywood.

After withdrawing from the Japanese naval academy and attempting suicide at 18, Hayakawa attended the University of Chicago, where he studied political economics in accordance with his wealthy parents' wish that he become a banker. Upon graduating, he traveled to Los Angeles to board a scheduled ship back to Japan, but tried acting in Little Tokyo. Hayakawa impressed Hollywood figures and was signed to star in The Typhoon (1914). He made his breakthrough in The Cheat (1915), and became famous for his roles as a forbidden lover. Hayakawa was one of the highest paid stars of his time, earning $5,000 per week in 1915, and $2 million per year through his own production company from 1918 to 1921. Because of rising anti-Japanese sentiment and business difficulties, Hayakawa left Hollywood in 1922 and performed on Broadway and in Japan and Europe for many years before making his Hollywood comeback in Daughter of the Dragon (1931).

Of his talkies, Hayakawa is probably best known for his role as Kuala, the pirate captain in Swiss Family Robinson (1960) and Colonel Saito in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), for which he earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Hayakawa starred in over 80 feature films, and three of his films (The Cheat, The Dragon Painter, and The Bridge on the River Kwai) stand in the United States National Film Registry.

Early life and career

Hayakawa was born Kintaro Hayakawa (早川 金太郎) in the village of Nanaura, now part of a town called Chikura, in the city of Minamibōsō in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, on June 10, 1886. From a young age he yearned to go overseas and took on English studies in preparation. His father was the head of a fishermen's union with some wealth. He had five siblings.

From an early age, Hayakawa's family intended him to become an officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy. However, while a student at the naval academy in Etajima, he swam to the bottom of a lagoon (he grew up in a shellfish diving community) on a dare and ruptured his eardrum. The injury caused him to fail the navy physical. His father felt shame and embarrassment by his son's failure and this drove a wedge between them. The strained relationship drove the 18-year-old Hayakawa to attempt (ritual suicide). One evening, Hayakawa entered a shed on his parents' property and prepared the venue. He put his dog outside and attempted to uphold his family's samurai tradition by stabbing himself more than 30 times in the abdomen. The barking dog brought Hayakawa's parents to the scene and his father used an axe to break down the door, saving his life.

After he recovered from the suicide attempt, Hayakawa moved to the United States and began to study political economics at the University of Chicago to fulfill his family's new wish that he become a banker. While a student, he reportedly played quarterback for the football team and was once penalized for using jujitsu to bring down an opponent. Hayakawa graduated from the University of Chicago in 1912, and subsequently made plans to return to Japan. Hayakawa traveled to Los Angeles and awaited a transpacific steamship. During his stay, he discovered the Japanese Theatre in Little Tokyo and became fascinated with acting and performing plays.

The above account, however, is disputed, in part or in whole. According to professor of Japanese language and literature at UC San Diego Daisuke Miyao, Hayakawa's turn to acting was in reality less eventful; there is no record of Hayakawa having attended University of Chicago or having played sports there. Hayakawa's acting career instead likely followed a series of odd jobs in California: as a dishwasher, waiter, ice cream vendor, and factory worker; his theatrical appearances also were just another temporary pursuit.

Another revisionist account by author Orie Nakagawa holds that Hayakawa had always intended to go to California to find work under his older brother in San Francisco; his father, however, convinced him to study at Chicago instead, and Hayakawa did so for a year before leaving to return to his original pursuits.

It was around this time that Hayakawa first assumed the stage name Sessue (雪洲), meaning "snowy continent" (雪 means "snow" and 洲 means "continent"). One of the productions in which Hayakawa performed was called The Typhoon. Tsuru Aoki, a member of the acting troupe, was so impressed with Hayakawa's abilities and enthusiasm that she enticed film producer Thomas H. Ince to see the play. Ince saw the production and offered to turn it into a silent film with the original cast. Eager to return to Japan, Hayakawa tried to dissuade Ince by requesting the astronomic fee of $500 a week, but Ince agreed to his request.

The Typhoon (1914) became an instant hit and was followed by two additional pictures produced by Ince, The Wrath of the Gods (1914) co-starring Hayakawa's new wife, Aoki, and The Sacrifice (1914). With Hayakawa's rising stardom, Jesse L. Lasky soon offered Hayakawa a contract, which he accepted, making him part of Famous Players–Lasky (now Paramount Pictures).

Stardom
Hayakawa's second film for Famous Players–Lasky was The Cheat (1915), directed by Cecil B. DeMille. The Cheat co-starred Fannie Ward as Hayakawa's love interest and was a huge success, making Hayakawa a romantic idol and sex symbol to the female movie-going public. "It caused a sensation," says Stephen Gong, the executive director of San Francisco's Center for Asian American Media. "The idea of the rape fantasy, forbidden fruit, all those taboos of race and sex—it made him a movie star. And his most rabid fan base was white women." With his popularity and "broodingly handsome" good looks, Hayakawa commanded a salary that reached over $3,500 a week at the height of his fame in 1919. In 1917, he built his residence, a castle-styled mansion, at the corner of Franklin Avenue and Argyle Street in Hollywood, which was a local landmark until it was demolished in 1956.

Following The Cheat, Hayakawa became a leading man for romantic dramas in the 1910s and early 1920s. He also began acting in Westerns and action films. He sought roles but, dissatisfied with being constantly typecast, Hayakawa decided to form his own production company. There is some lack of clarity on how Haworth Pictures Corporation got its original funding. Hayakawa himself gave two different versions. The first was in his autobiography; he tells of William Joseph Connery, a fellow University of Chicago alumnus, introducing him to A.B.C. Dohrmann, the president of a china and glassware company in San Francisco who was willing to pay one million dollars to establish the company. In the second version, Connery's parents were multimillionaire coal mine owners who provided the million dollars.

Over the next three years, Hayakawa produced 23 films and had earned $2 million by 1920, with which he was able to pay back the $1 million he had borrowed from Connery. Hayakawa produced, starred in, and contributed to the design, writing, editing, and directing of the films. Critics hailed Hayakawa's understated, Zen-influenced acting style. Hayakawa sought to bring, or the "absence of doing", to his performances, in direct contrast to the then-popular studied poses and broad gestures. In 1918, Hayakawa personally chose the American serials actress Marin Sais to appear opposite him in a series of films, the first being the racial drama The City of Dim Faces (1918), followed by His Birthright (1918), which also starred Aoki. His collaboration with Sais ended with Bonds of Honor (1919). Hayakawa also appeared opposite Jane Novak in The Temple of Dusk (1918) and Aoki in The Dragon Painter (1919). According to Goldsea Hayakawa's fame rivaled that of Douglas Fairbanks, Charlie Chaplin and John Barrymore. Hayakawa drove a gold plated Pierce-Arrow and entertained lavishly in his "Castle", which was known as the scene of some of Hollywood's wildest parties. Shortly before Prohibition took effect in 1920, he bought a large supply of liquor, leading him to joke that he owed his social success to his liquor supply. He took Aoki on a trip to Monaco where he gambled at the Monte Carlo Casino.

Hayakawa left Hollywood in 1922; different authors give various explanations such as prevailing anti-Japanese sentiment and business difficulties. Nakagawa focuses on three events in particular: first on the set of The Swamp (1921) his appendix ruptured and while he was at the hospital there was an attempt to usurp his insurance money, second there was a baseless tabloid report that Aoki had attempted suicide, and third Hayakawa believed there was an attempt on his life by the Robertson-Cole Pictures Corporation, (accused of supporting anti-Japanese legislation,) for insurance money by the collapse of an unsafe earthquake sequence on the set of The Vermilion Pencil, leading to his suing the studio. He visited Japan with Aoki for the first time since he had come to the US. He returned soon afterwards, however and played the lead role in Tiger Lily on Broadway in 1923. The next decade and a half saw him also perform in Japan and Europe. In London, Hayakawa starred in The Great Prince Shan (1924) and The Story of Su (1924). In 1925, he wrote a novel, The Bandit Prince, and adapted it into a short play. In 1930, Hayakawa performed in Samurai, a one-act play written specifically for him, in front of Great Britain's King George V and Queen Mary. Hayakawa became widely known in France, where audiences "enthusiastically embraced" him and made his French debut, La Bataille (1923) (also produced by Robertson-Cole Pictures Corporation), a critical and financial success. German audiences found Hayakawa "sensational" and in Russia he was considered one of the "wonderful actors" of America. In addition to numerous Japanese films, Hayakawa also produced a Japanese-language stage version of The Three Musketeers. In the initial decades of his career, Hayakawa established himself as the first leading man of Asian descent in American and European cinema. He was also the first non-Caucasian actor to achieve international stardom.

Later career
Returning to the United States again in 1926 to appear on Broadway—and later in vaudeville—Hayakawa opened a Zen temple and study hall on New York's Upper West Side. Hayakawa later transitioned into doing talkies; his return to Hollywood and sound film debut came in Daughter of the Dragon (1931), starring opposite Chinese American performer Anna May Wong. His accent did not go over well when sound was added to movies. Hayakawa played a samurai in the German-Japanese co-production The Daughter of the Samurai (1937). The same year, Hayakawa went to France to perform in Yoshiwara (1937), but was trapped in the country and separated from his family upon the German occupation of France in 1940. Hayakawa made few films in the following years, but supported himself financially by selling his watercolor paintings. He became friends with writer Jirōhachi Satsuma who was also trapped in France. Goldsea states that he joined the French Resistance and helped Allied flyers during World War II, although Hayakawa states that he mainly helped the local Japanese community during the war and after. His nomadic lifestyle continued until 1950.

In 1949, Humphrey Bogart's production company located Hayakawa and offered him a role in Tokyo Joe. Before issuing a work permit, the American Consulate investigated Hayakawa's activities during the war and found that he had in no way contributed to the German war effort. Hayakawa followed Tokyo Joe with Three Came Home (1950), in which he played real-life POW camp commander Lieutenant-Colonel Suga, before returning to France.

After the war, Hayakawa's on-screen roles can best be described as "the honorable villain", a figure exemplified by his portrayal of Colonel Saito in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957). The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Hayakawa earned a nomination for the Best Supporting Actor; he was also nominated for a Golden Globe. He called the role the highlight of his career. After the film, Hayakawa largely retired from acting. Throughout the following years he performed guest appearances on a handful of television shows and films, making his final performance in the animated film The Daydreamer (1966).

After retiring, Hayakawa dedicated himself to Zen Buddhism, became an ordained Zen master, worked as a private acting coach, and wrote his autobiography Zen Showed Me the Way.

Racial barriers
Throughout Hayakawa's career, many segments of American society were filled with feelings of anti-Japanese sentiment, partly from nationalism rising from World War I and World War II. Hayakawa was constantly typecast as a villain or forbidden lover and was unable to play parts that would be given to white actors such as Douglas Fairbanks. Hayakawa stated, "Such roles [in The Wrath of the Gods, The Typhoon, and The Cheat] are not true to our Japanese nature... They are false and give people a wrong idea of us. I wish to make a characterization which shall reveal us as we really are." In 1949, he lamented, "My one ambition is to play a hero". Hayakawa's dilemma was analogous to that of Rudolph Valentino, nine years his junior; both were foreign born, and were typecast as exotic or forbidden lovers. Although Hayakawa's contract with Famous Players expired in May 1918, the studio still asked him to star in The Sheik. Hayakawa refused in order to start his own company. With influence from June Mathis, the role went to the barely known Valentino, turning him into a screen icon overnight.

Writing to the "What the Picture Did for Me" section of the Exhibitors Herald in March 1922, a theater owner in Denison, Iowa, with a population of about 3,500, revealed the mixed feelings about Hayakawa in middle America (and the language used to describe him): "The Jap is sure a good actor, but some people don't seem to like him." In 1930, the Production Code came into effect (enforced after 1934) which forbade portrayals of miscegenation in film. This meant that unless Hayakawa's co-star was an Asian actress, he would not be able to portray a romance with her. Hayakawa was placed in this awkward position due to his ethnicity. Naturalization laws at that time prevented him from becoming a U.S. citizen and because of anti-miscegenation laws, he could not marry someone of another race.

Hayakawa's early films were not popular in Japan because many felt that his roles portrayed Japanese men as sadistic and cruel. Many Japanese viewers found this portrayal insulting. Nationalistic groups in particular were censorious. Some Japanese believed that Hayakawa was contributing to increased anti-Japanese sentiment in the U.S., and regarded him as a traitor to the Japanese people. After Hayakawa established himself as an American superstar, the negative tone in the press that regarded him as a national and racial shame lessened by a noticeable degree, and Japanese media started publicizing Hayakawa's cinematic achievements instead. His later films were also not popular, because he was seen as "too Americanized" during a time of nationalism.

Personal life
On May 1, 1914, Hayakawa married fellow performer Tsuru Aoki, who co-starred in several of his films. Hayakawa had an affair with a white actress, Ruth Noble, a fellow vaudeville performer who had co-starred with him in The Bandit Prince. Noble gave birth to a son, Alexander Hayes, but gave Hayakawa custody of the child. Sessue and Aoki adopted him, changing his name to Yukio, and they raised and educated him in Japan. Later, they adopted two more daughters: Yoshiko, an actress, and Fujiko, a dancer. Aoki died in 1961.

Physically, Hayakawa possessed "an athlete's physique and agility". A 1917 profile on Hayakawa stated that he "is proficient in jiu-jitsu, an expert fencer, and can swim like a fish. He is a good horseman and plays a fast tennis racket. He is tall for a Japanese, being five feet 7+1/2 in in height, and weighs 157 lb."

Hayakawa was known for his discipline and martial arts skills. While filming The Jaguar's Claws, in the Mojave Desert, Hayakawa played a Mexican bandit, with 500 cowboys as extras. On the first night of filming, the extras drank all night and well into the next day. No work was being done, so Hayakawa challenged the group to a fight. Two men stepped forward. Hayakawa said, "The first one struck out at me. I seized his arm and sent him flying on his face along the rough ground. The second attempted to grapple and I was forced to flip him over my head and let him fall on his neck. The fall knocked him unconscious." Hayakawa then disarmed yet another cowboy. The extras returned to work, amused by the way the small man manhandled the big bruising cowboys.

Death and legacy
Hayakawa retired from film in 1966. He died in Tokyo on November 23, 1973, from a cerebral thrombosis, complicated by pneumonia. He was buried in the Chokeiji Temple Cemetery in Toyama, Japan.

Many of Hayakawa's films are lost. Most of his later works, including The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Geisha Boy, Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film), Tokyo Joe, and Three Came Home are available on DVD. In 1960, Hayakawa was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1645 Vine Street, in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California for his contributions to the motion picture industry.

A musical based on Hayakawa's life, Sessue, was performed in Tokyo in 1989. In September 2007, the Museum of Modern Art hosted a retrospective on Hayakawa's work entitled: Sessue Hayakawa: East and West, When the Twain Met. Japanese film director Nagisa Oshima planned to create a biopic entitled Hollywood Zen based on Hayakawa's life. The script was allegedly completed and set to film in Los Angeles, but due to constant delays and the death of Oshima in 2013, the project has yet to be filmed.

In 2020, Hayakawa's life story was told as part of PBS's documentary Asian Americans.

His legacy is lasting, especially in the Asian-American community. Media professor Karla Rae Fuller wrote in 2010: "What is even more remarkable about Hayakawa's precedent-setting career in Hollywood as an Asian American is the fact that he is virtually ignored in film history as well as star studies.[...] Furthermore, the fact that he reached such a rare level of success whereby he could form and run his own production company makes his omission from the narrative of Hollywood history even more egregious."

title: Sessue Hayakawa


text:
User:Seanorthwest

About Seanorthwest
My name is Andrew. I live in Redmond, in the State of Washington, which is where I get my username from. Seanorthwest could mean Seattle, Pacific Northwest, or it could mean the extensive body of water we have here in the Northwest that we lovingly call Puget Sound. It's one of the best places to go boating anywhere in the world. So many harbors, ports, and destinations.

Redmond is also famous for being home to Microsoft, the world's largest software company. I haven't done much editing of the Redmond article, but it's starting to look really good. Kudos to the other Wikipedia users who have done such an outstanding job with it.

My favorite radio stations are C 89.5 FM and KPTK 1090 AM (an affiliate of the Air America Radio network).

I think Wikipedia is one of the best ideas in the history of the Internet. It's so nice to have a resource that so many can contribute to. In many ways, it beats Britannica hands down. It's free, and the articles are often longer and more informative.

Articles
Articles I have created on Wikipedia: Tim Eyman, Permanent Defense, C 89.5, DECA (Organization), Splendor Hyaline (related to Narnia)

Articles I've edited or worked on: Cannon Beach, Center for American Progress, Air America Radio, The Apprentice 2, Super Bowl XL, Seattle

title: User:Seanorthwest


text: User talk:80.255.219.52

title: User talk:80.255.219.52


text:
George M. Bibb

George Mortimer Bibb (October 30, 1776 – April 14, 1859) was an American lawyer and politician and the seventeenth United States Secretary of the Treasury. He was chief justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals and twice represented Kentucky as a senator in Congress, serving from 1811 to 1814 and from 1829 to 1835.

Biography
Bibb was born in Prince Edward County, Virginia, graduated from Hampden–Sydney College in 1791, and later graduated from the College of William & Mary, then studied law. He was admitted to the bar and practiced law in Virginia and Lexington, Kentucky. After making a permanent move to Kentucky, Bibb was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1806, 1810, and again in 1817. He was appointed a judge of the Kentucky Court of Appeals in 1808 and then chief justice through 1810.

While a wealthy man, he claimed to have faced significant financial difficulties from losses in the Panic of 1837.

Following the death of his father, the Reverend Richard Bibb Sr., George Bibb advised his brother on how to carry out his father's instructions in his will to emancipate his slaves. George Bibb did so despite his personal pro-slavery views.

Career
In 1811 he was elected to the United States Senate from Kentucky and served until 1814 when he again returned to Lexington to work as a lawyer. He moved to Frankfort, Kentucky in 1816 and sided with the New Court faction in the Old Court-New Court controversy in the 1820s. He was again named Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals in 1827, serving for a year.

He was re-elected to the United States Senate in 1829 and served as a Jacksonian Democrat through 1835. During the 21st Congress he was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Post Office and Post Roads. While in the Senate, he was a strong advocate for pro-slavery views. In 1834, he was the sole Democratic member of the Senate to vote in support of the censure of President Andrew Jackson.

He was chancellor of the Louisville Chancery Court from 1835 through 1844 and in 1844 became President John Tyler's fourth United States Secretary of the Treasury serving through 1845.

He was in his late sixties when he assumed his Treasury position, dressing "in antique style, with kneebreeches." Bibb's Annual Report on the State of the Finances for 1844 consisted of an elaborate compilation of statistics detailing the financial history of the nation since 1789. In addition, he presented a solid argument for the establishment of a "sinking fund," accumulated through regular deposits and used to pay the interest and principal on the national debt. Bibb advocated using Treasury surplus revenue from customs and internal revenue collection to supply the sinking fund. Such a fund had been used effectively to reduce the deficit from 1789 to 1835, but Bibb was unable to revive it.

After this he was a lawyer in Washington, D.C., and an assistant in the U.S. Attorney General's office.

He was an active Freemason. He was the first master of Russellville Lodge No. 17, Russellville, Kentucky and was master of Hiram Lodge No. 4, in Frankfort. He was also past master of Lexington Lodge No. 1 at Lexington, and served as secretary in 1804. In 1804 he was grand master of Kentucky.

He died in Georgetown, D.C., in 1859, and is buried in Frankfort Cemetery with a cenotaph at the Congressional Cemetery.

title: George M. Bibb


text:
Talk:Ginseng folklore

Article listed on WP:VFD Jul 20 to Jul 26 2004, consensus was to redirect to Ginseng. Discussion:

 * Assuming this isn't a copyvio, nothing here that couldn't be in ginseng. Delete. Gamaliel 21:07, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to ginseng. Rossami 21:33, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:22, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Redirect will be useless, text needs some work anyway, it reads like hearsay. Any useful information should be added to the ginseng article, I have copied the text with an attribution to the talk page to facilitate this. Andrewa 23:46, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion

title: Talk:Ginseng folklore