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SpaceX Merlin

Merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use on its Falcon 1, Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles. Merlin engines use RP-1 and liquid oxygen as rocket propellants in a gas-generator power cycle. The Merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and reuse, but since 2016 the entire Falcon 9 booster is recovered for reuse by landing vertically on a landing pad using one of its nine Merlin engines.

The injector at the heart of Merlin is of the pintle type that was first used in the Apollo Lunar Module landing engine (LMDE). Propellants are fed by a single-shaft, dual-impeller turbopump. The turbopump also provides high-pressure fluid for the hydraulic actuators, which then recycles into the low-pressure inlet. This eliminates the need for a separate hydraulic drive system and means that thrust vectoring control failure by running out of hydraulic fluid is not possible.

Merlin 1A
The initial version, the Merlin 1A, used an inexpensive, expendable, ablatively cooled carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composite nozzle and produced 340 kN of thrust. The Merlin 1A flew only twice: first on March 24, 2006, when it caught fire and failed due to a fuel leak shortly after launch, and the second time on March 21, 2007, when it performed successfully. Both times the Merlin 1A was mounted on a Falcon 1 first stage.

The SpaceX turbopump was an entirely new, clean-sheet design contracted to Barber-Nichols, Inc. in 2002, who performed all design, engineering analysis, and construction; the company had previously worked on turbopumps for the RS-88 (Bantam) and NASA Fastrac engine programs. The Merlin 1A turbopump used a unique friction-welded main shaft, with Inconel 718 ends and an integral aluminum RP-1 impeller in the middle. The turbopump housing was constructed using investment castings, with Inconel at the turbine end, aluminum in the center, and 300-series stainless steel at the LOX end. The turbine was a partial-admission (i.e., working fluid is only admitted through part of the rotation of the turbine; an arc, not the whole circumference) impulse design and turned at up to 20,000 rpm, with a total weight of 150 lb.

Merlin 1B
The Merlin 1B rocket engine was an upgraded version of the Merlin 1A engine. The turbopump upgrades were handled by Barber-Nichols, Inc. for SpaceX. It was intended for Falcon 1 launch vehicles, capable of producing 85000 lbf of thrust at sea level and 95000 lbf in vacuum, and performing with a specific impulse of 261 isp at sea level and 303 isp in vacuum.

The Merlin 1B was enhanced over the 1A with a turbine upgrade, increasing power output from 2000 hp to 2500 hp. The turbine upgrade was accomplished by adding additional nozzles, turning the previously partial-admission design to full admission. Slightly enlarged impellers for both RP-1 and LOX were part of the upgrade. This model turned at a faster 22,000 rpm and developed higher discharge pressures. Turbopump weight was unchanged at 150 lb. Another notable change over the 1A was the move to TEA–TEB (pyrophoric) ignition over torch ignition.

Initial use of the Merlin 1B was to be on the Falcon 9 launch vehicle, on whose first stage there would have been a cluster of nine of these engines. Due to experience from the Falcon 1's first flight, SpaceX moved its Merlin development to the Merlin 1C, which is regeneratively cooled. Therefore, the Merlin 1B was never used on a launch vehicle.

Merlin 1C
Three versions of the Merlin 1C engine were produced. The Merlin engine for Falcon 1 had a movable turbopump exhaust assembly, which was used to provide roll control by vectoring the exhaust. The Merlin 1C engine for the Falcon 9 first stage is nearly identical to the variant used for the Falcon 1, although the turbopump exhaust assembly is not movable. Finally, a Merlin 1C vacuum variant is used on the Falcon 9 second stage. This engine differs from the Falcon 9 first-stage variant in that it uses a larger exhaust nozzle optimized for vacuum operation and can be throttled between 60% and 100%.

The Merlin 1C uses a regeneratively cooled nozzle and combustion chamber. The turbopump used is a Merlin 1B model with only slight alterations. It was fired with a full mission duty firing of 170 seconds in November 2007, first flew on a mission in August 2008, powered the "first privately- [sic]developed liquid-fueled rocket to successfully reach orbit", Falcon 1 Flight 4, in September 2008, and powered the Falcon 9 on its maiden flight in June 2010.

As configured for use on Falcon 1 vehicles, the Merlin 1C had a sea-level thrust of 78000 lbf, a vacuum thrust of 90000 lbf and a vacuum specific impulse of 304 isp. In this configuration, the engine consumed 300 lb of propellant per second. Tests have been conducted with a single Merlin 1C engine successfully running a total of 27 minutes (counting together the duration of the various tests), which equals ten complete Falcon 1 flights. The Merlin 1C chamber and nozzle are cooled regeneratively by 100 lb per second of kerosene flow and are able to absorb 10 MW of heat energy.

A Merlin 1C was first used as part of the unsuccessful third attempt to launch a Falcon 1. In discussing the failure, Elon Musk noted: "The flight of our first stage, with the new Merlin 1C engine that will be used in Falcon 9, was picture perfect." The Merlin 1C was used in the successful fourth flight of Falcon 1 on September 28, 2008.

On October 7, 2012, a Merlin 1C (Engine No. 1) of the CRS-1 mission experienced an anomaly at T+00:01:20, which appears on CRS-1 launch video as a flash. The failure occurred just as the vehicle achieved max-Q (maximum aerodynamic pressure). SpaceX's internal review found that the engine was shut down after a sudden pressure loss and that only the aerodynamic shell was destroyed, generating the debris seen in the video; the engine did not explode, as SpaceX ground control continued to receive data from it throughout the flight. The primary mission was unaffected by the anomaly due to the nominal operation of the remaining eight engines and an onboard readjustment of the flight trajectory, but the secondary-mission payload failed to reach its target orbit due to safety protocols in place to prevent collisions with the ISS. These protocols prevented a second firing of the upper stage for the secondary payload.

SpaceX was planning to develop a 560 kN version of Merlin 1C to be used in Falcon 9 Block II and Falcon 1E boosters. This engine and these booster models were dropped in favor of the more advanced Merlin 1D engine and longer Falcon 9 v1.1 booster.

Merlin Vacuum (1C)
On March 10, 2009, a SpaceX press release announced successful testing of the Merlin Vacuum engine. A variant of the 1C engine, Merlin Vacuum features a larger exhaust section and a significantly larger expansion nozzle to maximize the engine's efficiency in the vacuum of space. Its combustion chamber is regeneratively cooled, while the 9 ft niobium alloy expansion nozzle is radiatively cooled. The engine delivers a vacuum thrust of 92500 lbf and a vacuum specific impulse of 342 isp. The first production Merlin Vacuum engine underwent a full-duration orbital-insertion firing (329 seconds) of the integrated Falcon 9 second stage on January 2, 2010. It was flown on the second stage for the inaugural Falcon 9 flight on June 4, 2010. At full power and as of March 10, 2009, the Merlin Vacuum engine operates with the greatest efficiency of any American-made hydrocarbon-fueled rocket engine.

An unplanned test of a modified Merlin Vacuum engine was made in December 2010. Shortly before the scheduled second flight of the Falcon 9, two cracks were discovered in the 9 ft niobium-alloy-sheet nozzle of the Merlin Vacuum engine. The engineering solution was to cut off the lower 4 ft of the nozzle and launch two days later, as the extra performance that would have been gained from the longer nozzle was not necessary to meet the objectives of the mission. The modified engine successfully placed the second stage into an orbit of 11000 km altitude.

Merlin 1D
The Merlin 1D engine was developed by SpaceX between 2011 and 2012, with first flight in 2013. The design goals for the new engine included increased reliability, improved performance, and improved manufacturability. In 2011, performance goals for the engine were a vacuum thrust of 155000 lbf, a vacuum specific impulse (Isp) of 310 isp, an expansion ratio of 16 (as opposed to the previous 14.5 of the Merlin 1C) and chamber pressure in the "sweet spot" of 1410 psi. Merlin 1D was originally designed to throttle between 100% and 70% of maximal thrust; however, further refinements since 2013 now allow the engine to throttle to 40%.

The basic Merlin fuel/oxidizer mixture ratio is controlled by the sizing of the propellant supply tubes to each engine, with only a small amount of the total flow trimmed out by a "servo-motor-controlled butterfly valve" to provide fine control of the mixture ratio.

On November 24, 2013, Elon Musk stated that the engine was actually operating at 85% of its potential, and they anticipated to be able to increase the sea-level thrust to about 165000 lbf and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 180. This version of the Merlin 1D was used on Falcon 9 Full Thrust and first flew on Flight 20.

In May 2016, SpaceX announced plans to further upgrade the Merlin 1D by increasing vacuum thrust to 914 kN and sea-level thrust to 845 kN; according to SpaceX, the additional thrust will increase the Falcon 9 LEO payload capability to about 22 metric tons on a fully expendable mission. SpaceX also noted that unlike the previous Full Thrust iteration of the Falcon 9 vehicle, the increase in performance is solely due to upgraded engines, and no other significant changes to the vehicle are publicly planned.

In May 2018, ahead of the first flight of Falcon 9 Block 5, SpaceX announced that the 845 kN goal had been achieved. The Merlin 1D is now close to the sea-level thrust of the retired Rocketdyne H-1 / RS-27 engines used on Saturn I, Saturn IB, and Delta II.

On 23 February 2024, one of the nine Merlin engines powering that launch flew its 22nd mission, which was at the time the flight leading engine. It is already the most flown rocket engine to date, surpassing Space Shuttle Main Engine no. 2019's record of 19 flights.

Anomalies
The March 18, 2020, launch of Starlink satellites on board a Falcon 9 experienced an early engine shutdown on ascent. The shutdown occurred 2 minutes 22 seconds into the flight and was accompanied with an "event" seen on camera. The rest of the Falcon 9 engines burned longer and did deliver the payload to orbit. However, the first stage was not successfully recovered. In a subsequent investigation SpaceX found that isopropyl alcohol, used as cleaning fluid, was trapped and ignited, causing the engine to be shut down. To address the issue, in a following launch SpaceX indicated that the cleaning process was not done.

On October 2, 2020, the launch of a GPS-III satellite was aborted at T-2 seconds due to a detected early startup on 2 of the 9 engines on the first stage. The engines were removed for further testing and it was found that a port in the gas generator was blocked. After removing the blockage the engines started as intended. After this, SpaceX inspected other engines across its fleet and found that two of the engines on the Falcon 9 rocket intended for the Crew-1 launch also had this problem. Those engines were replaced with new M1D engines.

On February 16, 2021, on Falcon 9 flight 108 launching Starlink satellites, an engine shut down early due to hot exhaust gasses passing through a damaged heat-shielding cover. The mission was a success, but the booster could not be recovered.

Merlin 1D Vacuum
A vacuum version of the Merlin 1D engine was developed for the Falcon 9 v1.1 and the Falcon Heavy second stage. As of 2020, the thrust of the Merlin 1D Vacuum is 220500 lbf with a specific impulse of 348 seconds, the highest specific impulse ever for a U.S. hydrocarbon rocket engine. The increase is due to the greater expansion ratio afforded by operating in vacuum, now 165:1 using an updated nozzle extension.

The engine can throttle down to 39% of its maximum thrust, or 360 kN.

Merlin 1D Vacuum improvements and variants
SpaceX CRS-18 featured a Falcon mission-extension kit to the standard second stage, which equipped the second stage with a dark-painted band (for thermal control), extra COPVs for pressurization control, and additional TEA-TEB ignition fluid. The upgrades afforded the second stage with the endurance needed to inject the payloads directly into geosynchronous or high energy orbit where the second stage needs hours after launch. Based on mission requirements, they are Medium Coast & Long Coast kits, i.e., depending on the number of helium bottles for pressurization, added batteries for power and other hardware to make sure that the fuel and stages systems operate as long as needed.

Transporter-7 mission launch debuted a new MVac nozzle extension design or variant aimed at increasing cadence and reducing costs. This new nozzle extension is shorter and, as a result, decreases both performance and material usage. This nozzle is only used on lower-performance missions, as with this nozzle, the MVac engine produces 10% less thrust in space. The nozzle decreases the amount of material needed by 75%; this means that SpaceX can launch over three times as many missions with the same amount of rare niobium metal as with the longer design.

Anomalies
On July 11, 2024, Falcon 9 flight 355 launching Starlink group 9-3 from Vandenburg AFB in California experienced an anomaly with its Merlin Vacuum engine (MVAC for short) during an engine relight attempt to raise the perigee of the 22 Starlink satellites for deployment. On X, Elon Musk and SpaceX both confirmed the engine failed explosively during a second attempted relight.

Engine control
SpaceX uses a triple-redundant design in the Merlin engine computers. The system uses three computers in each processing unit, each constantly checking on the others, to instantiate a fault-tolerant design. One processing unit is part of each of the ten Merlin engines (nine on the first stage, one on the second stage) used on the Falcon 9 launch vehicle.

Turbopump
The Merlin LOX/RP-1 turbopump used on Merlin engines 1A–1C was designed and developed by Barber-Nichols. It spins at 36,000 revolutions per minute, delivering 10000 hp.

Gas generator
The LOX/RP-1 turbopump on each Merlin engine is powered by a fuel-rich open-cycle gas generator similar to that used in the Apollo-era Rocketdyne F-1 engine.

Production
, SpaceX was producing Merlin engines at the rate of eight per month, planning eventually to raise production to about 33 engines per month (or 400 per year). By September 2013, SpaceX total manufacturing space had increased to nearly 1 e6ft2, and the factory had been configured to achieve a maximum production rate of up to 40 rocket cores per year, enough to use the 400 annual engines envisioned by the earlier engine plan. By October 2014, SpaceX announced that it had manufactured the 100th Merlin 1D engine and that engines were now being produced at a rate of four per week, soon to be increased to five.

In February 2016, SpaceX indicated that the company will need to build hundreds of engines a year in order to support a Falcon 9/Falcon Heavy build rate of 30 rocket cores per year by the end of 2016.

Each Falcon 9 booster uses nine Merlin engines, and the second stage uses one Merlin vacuum engine. The second stage is expended, so each launch consumes one Merlin Vacuum engine. SpaceX designed the booster with its engines to be recovered for reuse by propulsive landing, and the first recovered booster was reused in March 2017. By 2020, only five of the 26 Falcon 9 launched that year used new boosters. By 2021, only two of the 31 Falcon 9 launches used new boosters.

Merlin 2 concept
At the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Joint Propulsion conference on July 30, 2010, SpaceX McGregor rocket development facility director Tom Markusic shared some information from the initial stages of planning for a new engine. SpaceX’s Merlin 2 LOX/RP-1-fueled engine on a gas-generator cycle, capable of a projected 1700000 lbf of thrust at sea level and 1920000 lbf in a vacuum and would provide the power for conceptual super-heavy-lift launch vehicles from SpaceX, which Markusic dubbed Falcon X and Falcon XX. Such a capability, if built, would have resulted in an engine with more thrust than the F-1 engines used on the Saturn V.

Conceived to be potentially used on more capable variants of the Falcon 9 Heavy, Markusic indicated that the Merlin 2 "could be qualified in three years for $1 billion". By mid-August, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk clarified that while the Merlin 2 engine architecture was a key element of any effort SpaceX would make toward their objective of "super-heavy lift" launch vehicles—and that SpaceX did indeed want to "move toward super heavy lift"—the specific potential design configurations of the particular launch vehicles shown by Markusic at the propulsion conference were merely conceptual "brainstorming ideas", just a "bunch of ideas for discussion."

Since the original discussion, no work on any "Merlin 2" kerolox engine has been pursued and made public. At the 2011 Joint Propulsion Conference, Elon Musk stated that SpaceX were instead working towards a potential staged cycle engine. In October 2012, SpaceX publicly announced concept work on a rocket engine that would be "several times as powerful as the Merlin 1 series of engines, and won't use Merlin's RP-1 fuel". They indicated that the large engine was intended for a new SpaceX rocket, using multiple of these large engines could notionally launch payload masses of the order of 150 to 200 tonne to low-Earth orbit. The forthcoming engine currently under development by SpaceX has been named "Raptor". Raptor will use liquid methane as a fuel, and was stated as having a sea-level thrust of 1500000 lbf. Since the initial announcement of Raptor, Musk has updated the specification to approximately 230 tonne-force—about one-third the original published figure—based on the results of optimizing for thrust-to-weight ratio.

title: SpaceX Merlin


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Atticism

Atticism (meaning "favouring Attica", the region of Athens in Greece) was a rhetorical movement that began in the first quarter of the 1st century BC; it may also refer to the wordings and phrasings typical of this movement, in contrast with various contemporary forms of Koine Greek (both literary and vulgar), which continued to evolve in directions guided by the common usages of Hellenistic Greek.

Atticism was portrayed as a return to Classical methods after what was perceived as the pretentious style of the Hellenistic, Sophist rhetoric and called for a return to the approaches of the Attic orators.

Although the plainer language of Atticism eventually became as belabored and ornate as the perorations it sought to replace, its original simplicity meant that it remained universally comprehensible throughout the Greek world. This helped maintain vital cultural links across the Mediterranean and beyond. Admired and popularly imitated writers such as Lucian also adopted Atticism, so that the style survived until the Renaissance, when it was taken up by non-Greek students of Byzantine immigrants. Renaissance scholarship, the basis of modern scholarship in the west, nurtured strong Classical and Attic views, continuing Atticism for another four centuries.

Represented at its height by rhetoricians such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and grammarians such as Herodian and Phrynichus Arabius at Alexandria, this tendency prevailed from the 1st century BC onward, and with the force of an ecclesiastical dogma controlled all subsequent Greek culture, even so that the living form of the Greek language, even then being transformed into modern Greek much later, was quite obscured and only occasionally found expression, chiefly in private documents, though also in popular literature.

However, there were literary writers such as Strabo, Plutarch, and Josephus who intentionally withdrew from this way of expression (classical Greek) in favor of the common form of Greek.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atticism


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Dirk Brouwer

Dirk Brouwer (September 1, 1902 – January 31, 1966) was a Dutch-American astronomer.

He received his PhD in 1927 at Leiden University under Willem de Sitter and then went to Yale University. From 1941 until 1966 he was editor of the Astronomical Journal.

He specialized in celestial mechanics and together with Gerald Clemence wrote the textbook Methods of Celestial Mechanics.

Awards

 * Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1955)
 * Bruce Medal (1966)

Named after him

 * Asteroid 1746 Brouwer
 * The crater Brouwer on the Moon (jointly with mathematician Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer)
 * Dirk Brouwer Award of the Division on Dynamical Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society
 * Dirk Brouwer Award of the American Astronautical Society

Obituaries

 * AJ 71 (1966) 76 (one paragraph)
 * Obs 86 (1966) 92 (one line)
 * PASP 78 (1966) 104 (one line, see also )
 * QJRAS 8 (1967) 84

title: Dirk Brouwer


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Nicholas Chamberlaine

Nicholas Chamberlaine (1632 – 14 July 1715) was a priest in the Church of England who was known for his charitable donations.

Biography
Nicholas Chamberlaine was born in 1632 in Whitnash, south of Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England. His family were the Chamberlaines of Astley, Warwickshire. In 1662 he was appointed vicar of Leek Wootton near Warwick and he married Elizabeth Green, but she died afterwards. In February 1664 he moved to Bedworth to become the rector. He remained rector for 51 years until his death, and he helped to establish stability in the area after the English Civil War. Chamberlaine bought land in Bedworth and became the parish squire. He died 14 July 1715.

Legacy
Chamberlaine's will provided for a local school for boys and a school for girls in the same building, for local almshouses for poor people from the Church of England, for apprenticeships for poor children, and for a number of other provisions. In Bedworth the Nicholas Chamberlaine Almshouses and Nicholas Chamberlaine School are named after him.

title: Nicholas Chamberlaine


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Greek water deities

The ancient Greeks had numerous water deities. The philosopher Plato once remarked that the Greek people were like frogs sitting around a pond—their many cities hugging close to the Mediterranean coastline from the Hellenic homeland to Asia Minor, Libya, Sicily, and southern Italy. Thus, they venerated a rich variety of water divinities. The range of Greek water deities of the classical era range from primordial powers and an Olympian on the one hand, to heroized mortals, chthonic nymphs, trickster-figures, and monsters on the other.

Primordial powers
Oceanus and Tethys are the father and mother of the gods in the Iliad while in the seventh century BC the Spartan poet Alcman made the nereid Thetis a demiurge-figure. Orpheus's song in Book I of the Argonautica hymns Eurynome, a daughter of Oceanus, as first queen of the gods and as wife of Ophion, first king of the gods.

The pre-Socratic cosmogony of Thales, who made water the first element, may be seen as a natural outgrowth of this poetic thinking.

The primacy of water gods is reminiscent of, and may even have been influenced by, ancient Near Eastern mythology - where Tiamat (salt water) and Apsu (fresh water) are the first gods of the Enuma Elish, and where the Spirit of God is said to have "hovered over the waters" in Genesis.

Pontus is the primordial deity of the sea.

Poseidon
Poseidon, as god of the sea, was an important Olympian power; he was the chief patron of Corinth, many cities of Magna Graecia, and also of Plato's legendary Atlantis. He controls the oceans and the seas, and he also created horses. As such, he was intimately connected with the pre-historic office of king - whose chief emblem of power and primary sacrificial animal was the horse. Thus, on the Mycenean Linear B tablets found at Pylos, the name Poseidon occurs frequently in connection with the wanax ("king"), whose power and wealth were increasingly maritime rather than equestrian in nature. Surprisingly, Poseidon's name is found with greater frequency than that of Zeus, and is commonly linked (often in a secondary role) with Demeter. Poseidon is a brother of Zeus along with Hades and his father was Cronus, the leader of the Titans.

When the office of wanax disappeared during the Greek Dark Ages, the link between Poseidon and the kingship was largely, although not entirely, forgotten. In classical Athens, Poseidon was remembered as both the opponent and doublet of Erechtheus, the first king of Athens. Erechtheus was given a hero-cult at his tomb under the title Poseidon Erechtheus.

In another possible echo of this archaic association, the chief ritual of Atlantis, according to Plato's Critias, was a nocturnal horse-sacrifice offered to Poseidon by the kings of the mythical island power.

In keeping with the mythic equation between horsemanship and seamanship, the equestrian heroes Castor and Pollux were invoked by sailors against shipwreck. Ancient Greeks interpreted the phenomenon now called St. Elmo's Fire as the visible presence of the two brothers.

Old men and nymphs
Several types of water deities conform to a single type: that of Homer's halios geron or Old Man of the Sea: Nereus, Proteus, Glaucus and Phorkys. These water deities are not as powerful as Poseidon, the main god of the oceans and seas. Each is a shape-shifter, a prophet, and the father of either radiantly beautiful nymphs or hideous monsters (or both, in the case of Phorkys). Nymphs and monsters blur, for Hesiod relates that Phorcys was wed to the "beautiful-cheeked" Ceto, whose name is merely the feminine of the monstrous Cetus, to whom Andromeda was due to be sacrificed. Each appearance in myth tends to emphasize a different aspect of the archetype: Proteus and Nereus as shape-shifters and tricksters, Phorcys as a father of monsters, Nereus and Glaucus for truth-telling, Nereus for the beauty of his daughters.

Each one of these Old Men is the father or grandfather of many nymphs and/or monsters, who often bear names that are either metaphorical (Thetis, "establishment"; Telesto, "success") or geographical (Rhode from "Rhodes"; Nilos, "Nile"). Each cluster of Old Man and daughters is therefore a kind of pantheon in miniature, each one a different possible configuration of the spiritual, moral and physical world writ small – and writ around the sea.

The tantalizing figure of the halios geron has been a favorite of scholarship. The Old Men have been seen as everything from survivals of old Aegean gods who presided over the waves before Poseidon (Kerenyi) to embodiments of archaic speculation on the relation of truth to cunning intelligence (Detienne).

Homer's Odyssey contains a haunting description of a cave of the Nereids on Ithaca, close by a harbor sacred to Phorcys. The Neoplatonist philosopher Porphyry read this passage as an allegory of the whole universe – and he may not have been far off the mark.

Otherworld and craft
Thus Cape Tanaerum, the point at which mainland Greece juts most sharply into the Mediterranean, was at once an important sailor's landmark, a shrine of Poseidon, and the point at which Orpheus and Heracles were said to have entered Hades.

This motif is apparent in the paradoxical festivals of the shadowy sea-deity Leucothea ("white goddess"), celebrated in many cities throughout the Greek world. Identifying her with the drowned heroine Ino, worshippers would offer sacrifice while engaged in frenzied mourning. The philosopher Xenophanes once remarked that if Leucothea were a goddess, one should not lament her; if she were mortal, one should not sacrifice to her.

At the same time, man's (always partial) mastery over the dangerous sea was one of the most potent marks of human skill and achievement. This theme is exemplified in the second choral ode of Sophocles's Antigone:

 * Wonders are many, and none is more wonderful than man. This power spans the sea, even when it surges white before the gales of the south-wind, and makes a path under swells that threaten to engulf him. (lines 332-338)

Certain water divinities are thus intimately bound up with the practice of human skill. The Telchines, for example, were a class of half-human, half-fish or dolphin water daemons said to have been the first inhabitants of Rhodes. These beings were at once revered for their metalwork and reviled for their death-dealing power of the evil eye. In Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound, the imprisoned craftsman is aided by the daughters of Ocean; and Hephaestus had his forge on "sea-girt Lemnos".

The nexus of sea, otherworld and craft is most strikingly embodied in the Cabeiri of Samothrace, who simultaneously oversaw salvation from shipwreck, metalcraft, and mystery-rites.

Literature
In Homer's heavily maritime Odyssey, Poseidon rather than Zeus is the primary mover of events.

Although the sea-nymph Thetis appears only at the beginning and end of the Iliad, being absent for much of the middle, she is a surprisingly powerful and nearly omniscient figure when she is present. She is easily able to sway the will of Zeus, and to turn all the forges of Hephaestus to her purposes. Her prophecy of Achilles' fate bespeaks a degree of foreknowledge not available to most other gods in the epic.

Art
In classical art the fish-tailed merman with coiling tail was a popular subject, usually portrayed writhing in the wrestling grasp of Heracles. A similar wrestling scene shows Peleus and Thetis, often accompanied by a host of small animal icons representing her metamorphoses.

In Hellenistic art, the theme of the marine thiasos or "assembly of sea-gods" became a favorite of sculptors, allowing them to show off their skill in depicting flowing movement and aquiline grace in a way that land-based subjects did not.

In Roman times with the construction of bath houses throughout the empire, mosaic art achieved primacy in the depiction of water deities. Foremost of these were scenes of the Triumph of Poseidon (or Neptune), riding in a chariot drawn by Hippocamps and attended by a host of water deities and fish-tailed beasts. Large mosaic scenes also portrayed rows of sea-gods and nymphs arranged in a coiling procession of intertwined fish-tails. Other scenes show the birth of Aphrodite, often raised in a conch shell by a pair of sea centaurs, and accompanied by fishing Erotes (winged love gods). It was in this medium that most of the obscure maritime gods of Homer and Hesiod finally received standardised representation and attributes.

title: Greek water deities


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S32 Xuanhua–Datong Expressway

The Xuanda Expressway (宣大高速公路, Hanyu Pinyin: Xuāndà Gāosù Gōnglù; Approximate Pronunciation: "Shuen-Da Expressway"), is an expressway in China which links Xuanhua in Hebei province with Datong in Shanxi province.

The Xuanda Expressway gets its name by the combination of two one-character Chinese abbreviations of both Xuanhua and Datong (Xuanhua—Xuan, Datong—Da).

Route
Basic route: Junction with G7 Jingla Expressway at Xuanhua - Yangyuan at Shanxi border where it becomes S30 Sunyou Expressway

Status: The entire expressway is complete and open to traffic.

The eastern end of the expressway links with the Jingzhang Expressway to Beijing and Zhangjiakou near Xuanhua, while the western end continues as the Sunyou Expressway, which keeps going to Datong.

The expressway's route runs slightly southwest, passing through Yangyuan in Hebei before entering Shanxi, continuing west, and reaching Datong.

Speed limit
Variable speed limits are generally 90 –. Speed checks are rare.

Tolls
Entire stretch charges tolls. Toll system not networked. Central toll gate at jurisdictional change (Hebei/Shanxi province).

Lanes
4 lanes (2 up, 2 down) throughout.

Surface Conditions
Relatively good.

Traffic
Sparse to uncongested.

History
Little is known about the history of the Xuanda Expressway. However, it was opened in December 2002, as part of China's 9th Five-Year Plan's major construction works. The expressway is often used for coal transport.

Its total length is around 126 kilometres. It forms part of the Jingda Expressway, which is a unified term for the Xuanda Expressway and the Jingzhang Expressway.

Service areas
Xuanhua, Huashaoying, Yangyuan

title: S32 Xuanhua–Datong Expressway


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User talk:MAlvis

Welcome to Wikipedia. Your edits at atherosclerosis are very good, too. I think you would be interested in WikiProject Clinical medicine. Have fun. :-) -- PFHLai 19:00, 2004 Jul 18 (UTC)

Re: Atheroma
Hi MAlvis Sure, I can help, but it seems User: 80.128.54.96 has solved your problem at Atheroma and posted a new article (moved from meta-wiki). I think it should be easy to incorporate your text there now. Happy editing. :-) -- PFHLai 00:13, 2004 Jul 24 (UTC)

Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures is now nicely enriched. Excellent. :-) -- PFHLai 06:17, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC )

Another doc!
Hi MAlvis, pleased to have a cardiologist on board. I see you've met Patrick Lai, and I trust you've seen work by User:Ksheka, who has done tremendous work on the electrophysiology and antiarrhythmics pages. Would you perhaps be interested to join a lot of other Wiki-doctors at the WikiProject "Clinical medicine". This is a general forum for the medical content of Wikipedia, and it has been quite succesful in raising standards of many medical articles. JFW | T@lk  16:33, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi MAlvis, I twiddled a bit with your edits on myocardial infarction. In general, I would advise against inserting new sections into an article that has already been structured. Although some participants of the WikiProject disagree, I feel that pathophysiology info should come after the clinical section (signs/symptoms/diagnostic tests). JFW | T@lk  08:51, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

EBT
A redirect is also a page. When you've been redirected to Electronic Benefit Transfer, there is a link beneath the title that leads to the redirect. You can then edit the redirect. I've turned it into the disambig you desired.

I've just been copyediting some of your new additions. You're writing very useful stuff - I know too little about atherosclerosis, and that's after a year being a data collector for a major study into familial hypercholesterolemia. If you don't mind, I'd like to give some stylistic comments:
 * Once you've linked to an article, it is generally unnecessary to link every future instance.
 * Please double-check when you link to initialisms and abbreviations. CAT has a long disambig page beneath it, not just computed axial tomography. DNA is a nice exception. JFW | T@lk  20:49, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your talk message. When it comes to units, Wikipedia has pages that employ the scientif notation for some - Orders of magnitude (mass) and the pages that link there may be a nice start. For volt and derivatives this is not (yet) the case. JFW | T@lk  19:33, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Duplicate articles
Hi MAlvis. I just discovered that you created Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume, while there were already pages extant without the capital (e.g. cardiac output and stroke volume). I therefore changed your pages into redirects. As far as I could see, the content of these pages was reflected in their older counterparts. Most of these pages were written by User:Ksheka, a rather thorough fellow from New York who is doing a fellowship in interventional cardiology. Please also proofread your contributions for typos! JFW | T@lk  19:10, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, I'm sorry for obliterating the detail you'd added. I should have read it more closely, and indeed transfer those things to the respective talk pages. The capitalisation issue is not really a "problem" of the wiki - it allows for parallel pages to be created where the one is the simple term and the other is a book/movie etc. by that name.
 * Generally, all titles are lowercase unless there's a good reason not to. I've been moving pages on diseases to lowercase titles for some time now (apart from the eponymous ones, of course, like Rendu-Osler-Weber disease.
 * Your cardiovascular imaging and physiology knowledge is very much appreciated. These are very hard subjects, and it is an art to represent these subjects in a comprehensive yet understandable manner! JFW | T@lk  08:32, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

CT Scanners
Thanks for the response. I'm a journalist and had to quickly make sense of CT & PET for an article I was writing. --Roisterer 05:27, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image:E-Speed_EBT.jpg
--Imaek 07:37, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi! Thanks for providing a source for this image.  Unfortunately, that image doesn't appear to be free for our use.  Do you use one of these devices in your professional setting?  If so, perhaps you could take a photograph yourself, and upload it here?  Then we would be assured of having a free image of this device.  Thanks. :) kmccoy (talk) 23:47, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

You're back!
Hi MAlvis. Good to have you back. JFW | T@lk  18:44, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

nice to see another doctor
Apparently we don't cross paths much. I reverted your explanation of types 1 & 2 of diabetes mellitus because they were somewhat out of date and not entirely accurate. No offense intended. I would be happy to elaborate here or on article talk page if you are interested. alteripse 23:16, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You would be the right person to write something about tirofiban! JFW | T@lk  11:15, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

You left a message on my talk page probably meant for. JFW | T@lk  22:43, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

I saw your lengthy message on JFW's page about my reversion (I wasnt snooping-- but I was watching yours for a reply to my note). Your painstaking response made think I was perhaps too quick on the revert trigger on an article that has too many insertions of much more objectionable material. I certainly did not intend to impugn your patient care. You took enough trouble with your reply that I felt I owed you more of an explanation on talk:diabetes mellitus about specifics. I did not intend to give offense and am open to compromise or modification. alteripse 23:30, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

New category
Based on your user page, this may be of interest to you:. Best regards, C HAIRBOY (☎) 17:00, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Source for particle size etc
Hi, I've noticed that on many pages you have made the point that lipoprotein particle size is a stronger predictor of an atherogenic lipid profile than lipoprotein concentrations. I don't dispute that this is correct, but some relevant sources would be very helpful. JFW | T@lk  13:50, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Can I attract your attention again to the lack of references in your contributions? Electron beam tomography, for example, really needs journal references to back up the numerical claims made in it. On hypercholesterolemia you keep on inserting that LDL particle size is relevant, but despite my above message no references have been provided. Do any professional guidelines in the USA expect practicioners to use lipoprotein particle sizes? Has its use been clinically validated? Is it cost-effective?
 * Please address my concerns. The relevant policies are verifiability, reliable sources and cite your sources. Thank you. JFW | T@lk  18:05, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Pedal Thread Pitch
"with 20 TPI (a thread pitch unique to bike pedals)." - MAlvis (22:46, 15 November 2006)

 * While Sheldon Brown confirms the 20 TPI, my Sears/Craftsman 50 Piece Tap and Die Set (hardly anything fancy) contains dies of size 1/2 x 20, 7/16 x 20, and everyone's favorite 1/4 x 20. Also, my Park Tool pedal taps are labeled only 9/16 x 20 (LH and RH), and the pitch matches exactly the right hand 1/2 x 20 tap that comes in the Sears set. I'm skeptical of the claim that 20 TPI is "a thread pitch unique to bike pedals." Do you have a source or additional information? -AndrewDressel 21:08, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * So, with evidence that 20 TPI is not unique to bicycle pedals, and no evidence that it is unique, I've taken that statement out. -AndrewDressel; User_talk:AndrewDressel 14:44, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

We need your sources
Hey MAlvis, good to have you back. I read your new contribution vulnerable plaque. I would like to remind you to please provide reliable sources for every contribution you make. I don't dispute a single word of your sterling work, but for readers and fellow contributors to understand the background, as well as providing an opportunity for elaboration, sources are absolutely crucial. A Wikipedia article is not complete unless every pronouncement made therein can be traced to good sources.

I have asked you a while ago to provide more sources on the lipoprotein particle size material that you added to cholesterol. I've actually had to remove some of this material, because the ongoing absence of sources made the article unreliable.

There is a simple trick to add sources. Every journal article has a PMID, as you will now. If you go to Diberri's template filler, a small applet will generate a full citation of the relevant article at the press of a button. The resultant cite journal template can be copied to the article you're editing. JFW | T@lk  21:29, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Nice cleanup on atherosclerosis
Nice cleanup on Atherosclerosis. It needed it. Thanks.

I'll second JFW's suggestion — check out the DiBerri template; it makes PubMed citations soo much faster and easier. David.Throop 19:08, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Cholesterol
When someone removes your edits, be sure to look in the page history for the edit summary. I removed some of your additions to cholesterol for very specific reasons, and am rather surprised you are simply adding them back without discussion. The terms LDLipoprotein etc are not commonly used and I find them confusing. Likewise, you should not insult the public in an encyclopedia article by calling them ignorant. JFW | T@lk  23:16, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * MAlvis, you are violating NPOV with your edits to cholesterol. Standard guidelines do not insist on measuring lipoprotein particle size as part of the management of dyslipoproteinaemias. To insist that this should be done is using Wikipedia as a soapbox.
 * Your continuing use of non-standard terminology ("LDLipoproteins") is also not acceptable. This is not the first time I have brought this up with you.
 * Why do you keep on inserting "There has long been confusion among the public [...]" in the cholesterol article? Unless you can give us a source that documents this "confusion", it is highly disdainful to the readership to insist that they are ignorant. Someone with half a brain will realise on reading the article that they are perhaps not completely informed, and it is again soapboxing to emphasise this point. JFW | T@lk  06:51, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Soapbox again
On sulfonylurea you added that Ralph DeFronzo and colleagues are opposed to the use of sulfonylureas as they accelerate beta cell loss. Of course I appreciate DeFronzo's contributions to diabetology, but that article is really not the place to cite his achievements in such detail. It would be much more helpful if you could produce a reference to support your claim, namely that SUs actually deplete beta cells, or at least a paper in which a recognised expert makes those claims. JFW | T@lk  08:46, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

 * You missed the point of my message. I am happy introducing controversial or advanced issues, especially when they are as far-reaching as the possibility of SUs causing beta cell depletion - if this is true then we are in effect harming people. That is, as long as it can be adequately sourced. In this case, a talk in front of 30 physicians is not exactly ideal as a source, because it is not easily verifiable (this is a Wikipedia core policy). What I was hoping for was a suitable published reference to support your claims. If you would be able to identify this source, that would be fantastic. If Ralph is happy writing letters on your behalf he might be persuaded to reveal the data behind his statements.
 * Your strategy to stay well ahead of guidelines is laudable, and guidelines themselves should be deviated from if there is stronger/higher grade evidence available. I wasn't for a moment doubting your professional standards, and your work for Wikipedia is appreciated. I'm sorry if I came across grumpy for one reason or another. JFW | T@lk  06:10, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Googling Defronzo + Sulfonylurea doesn't quite give me the stuff I was hoping for. JFW | T@lk  06:22, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Sulfonylurea again
I have temporarily removed your edit to this page. If you insist on discussing atherosclerosis modification by sulfonylureas you will simply have to provide sufficient context for the lay reader. I don't find this in your work, and I do not wish to be tidying up after you. Wikipedia is not intended primarily for healthcare professionals. If you wish to inform colleagues of recent findings, there are plenty of other fora at your disposal. The same applies to your edit to cholesterol. Nobody refers to LDL as "bad lipoprotein". Doctors know that it is bad and don't need to label it, and patients worldwide call it "bad cholesterol" (even though this might not be technically correct, much like people confuse "heart failure" with "cardiac arrest").

You must also get into the habit of using cite journal if you are adding scientific references. JFW | T@lk  09:09, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Despite my message you are carrying on along the same lines in diabetes mellitus and on sulfonylurea.
 * I'm getting the feeling I'm not getting through to you, and I suspect I might be losing my cool. I have asked a fellow medical editor (Davidruben) to mediate here, because I feel repeated progressively annoyed warnings from me are not effective. JFW | T@lk  21:48, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Not a medical text book
JFW asked me to have a look. A quick skim shows that your material is technically (very) good and you cite sources (always a pleasure to see). However the level of your language seems too formal and Wikipedia is not a medical text book. I give some examples of where I think the phrasing needs be simplified down

 * Pioglitazone: see this revert. Firstly whilst comparison itself not incorrect, it is tangential to the section on indication to talk about another drug and the comparison is already made in a later section. Whilst I can unconvolute the "It tends to induce a shift of visceral adipose tissue to subcutaneous locations, a potentially healthy, though mild, shift in fat distribution" it both is ungainly with "shift" used twice and awkward compared to the previous "Mild weight gain is common due to increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue". Yes I know that by "shift" you mean a redistribution, or an increase in one and a decrease in the other (in fact I'm not sure that I do know what was intended - is there a redistribution or just an increase in the subcutaneous fat?), but certainly there is no direct translocation of visceral fat actually moving towards the skin - "induce a shift" seems to jar as I read it :-)

 * Thiazolidinedione: Take this contribution, I would agree mostly addition of precise details but the phrase "The main side effect of all thiazolidinediones is water retention, leading to edema, weight gain, generally a problem in less than 5% of individuals, but a big problem for some and potentially, with significant water retention, leading to a decompensation of potentially previously unrecognized heart failure." nearly goes over my head as a GP ("decompensation of potentially previously unrecognized" horrible obtuseness, and way too many comma-separated sub clauses). Whereas the previous phrasing of "The main side effect of all thiazolidinediones is fluid retention, leading to edema, weight gain, and potentially aggravating heart failure." was succinct and much easier to read. Now I would backtrack a little and observe that the original phrasing was rather absolute, whereas your phrase did add qualification and a level of balance ("problem in less than 5% of individuals"). So it might have been better to tweak the original to "The main side effect of all thiazolidinediones is fluid retention, leading in 5% of patients to edema, weight gain, and potentially aggravating existing heart failure."

 * Angioplasty: Edit introduces "The balloons used have a pre-designed inflated diameter and are pre-folded, during manufacture, to a small diameter so as to fit through the narrowed segment prior to expansion. The hydraulic pressures utilized to inflate angioplasty balloons typically range from about 75 (6 atmospheres) to 500 (20 atm.) times higher than typical systolic blood pressure. " What does "pre-designed inflated diameter" mean ? are some angioplasty balloons not designed by their manufacturer or do some need to be folded after manufacture by the cardiologist themselves ? The terms others might use are "inflate to a specified size" or "inflate to a fixed size". As Wikipedia is not a how to guide, "hydraulic pressures utilized to inflate angioplasty balloons " will mystify high school students and probably even most medical students; an alternative might be "the pressure used to inflate the balloons". I would rephrase to: "The tightly folded balloons are passed through the narrowed blood vessels and then inflated to a fixed size by a water pressure some 75 to 500 that of normal blood pressure (6 to 20 atmospheres)" (see rephrasing)

Anyway I'm sure you get my drift - we need to write for a general reader, not for our own students :-) I think we (specialists) all tend to be over precise in our Wikipedia writing, adding statistical terms rather than good prose and adding far too many caveats (a reflection of our expertise). I think a good level is to write (even if on quite technical material) at a level that a good high-school student or an average undergraduate can easily assimilate. I don't mean to bite your well intentioned and knowledgeable contributions, but IMHO you are coming at this at the wrong level and any necessary drastic copyediting will detract from your input :-) David Ruben Talk 00:57, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Re this edit - great copyedit which improved the leadin even further :-) David Ruben Talk 19:49, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Something you might be interested in...
Please have a look at mevalonate inhibition and related articles, which were clearly written to WP:WEIGHT on the use of statins. You might have a different perspective on this. JFW | T@lk  09:46, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:E-Speed EBT.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:E-Speed EBT.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under a claim of fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first non-free content criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

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If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our non-free content criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, non-free media which could be replaced by freely licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if uploaded before 13 July 2006), per our non-free content policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. 72.88.40.120 (talk) 04:11, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

CCSVI
I have reverted your second addition to the article (evidence): the title was misleading, not in accordance with WP:MEDMOS, and the sentences in it poorly referenced and non neutrally writen. If you want to say that it is of great interest to patients and physicians and that many trials are ongoing find a reference that says exactly that. On the other hand I believe that your changes to the lead were really good ones. If you do not agree lets discuss it in the talk page and hear other involved editors.Bests.--Garrondo (talk) 19:38, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Hypercholesterolemia
Milton, I am sorry that you seem to have difficulty getting past other editors on hypercholesterolemia. Rather than storming off, perhaps we can take an opportunity to work constructively on that article. It definitely needs work. It is also a heavily accessed article, so your work will be of enormous public benefit.

I have made two recommendations on Talk:Hypercholesterolemia that - in my mind - are not very controversial but will hopefully increase the likelihood of your edits surviving the Wiki maelstrom. Let me know. JFW | T@lk  11:46, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

WP:MEDRS
Per WP:MEDRS please use recent secondary sources such as review articles and major textbooks. A 1987 primary source is not a good ref. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 06:44, 19 April 2014 (UTC)
 * WP:MEDHOW gives some advice on properly formating references. Best Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 06:50, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Sci-Hub to access academic/research references, VisualEditor to add them
Hi MAlvis, you can use Sci-Hub to access academic/research references. And I highly recommend you the VisualEditor to add references, if not for most editing. The RedBurn (ϕ) 19:03, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

WP:LEAD/WP:MEDRS/WP:MEDMOS
Please read the above. Thanks. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 21:29, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

October 2019
Please do not add or change content, as you did at Cholesterol, without citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. ''As encouraged to you above, please use WP:MEDREV reviews to add content to the encyclopedia, rather than your personal views sourced by outdated references. '' Zefr (talk) 16:26, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:MAlvis


text:
Omara Portuondo

Omara Portuondo Peláez (born 29 October 1930) is a Cuban singer and dancer. A founding member of the popular vocal group Cuarteto d'Aida, Portuondo has collaborated with many important Cuban musicians during her long career, including Julio Gutiérrez, Juanito Márquez and Chucho Valdés. Although primarily known for her rendition of boleros, she has recorded in a wide range of styles from jazz to son cubano. Since 1996, she has been part of the Buena Vista Social Club project, touring extensively and recording several albums with the ensemble. She won a Latin Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Tropical Album in 2009, a Latin Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Album in 2023, a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2019, and she received three Grammy Award nominations in 2019 and a nomination in 2024.

Early life and career
Born on 29 October 1930 in the Cayo Hueso neighborhood of Havana, Portuondo had three sisters. Her mother, Esperanza Peláez, came from a wealthy family of Spanish ancestry, and had created a scandal by running off with and marrying a black professional baseball player, Bartolo Portuondo. Omara joined the dance group of the Cabaret Tropicana in 1950, following her elder sister, Haydee. She also danced in the Mulatas de Fuego in the theatre Radiocentro, and in other dance groups. The two sisters also used to sing for family and friends, and they also performed in Havana clubs. In 1947, Portuondo and Haydee joined the Loquibambia Swing, a group formed by the blind pianist Frank Emilio Flynn.

From 1952–1953, she sang for the Orquesta Anacaona, and later in 1953 both sisters joined (together with Elena Burke and Moraima Secada) the singing group Cuarteto d'Aida, formed and directed by pianist Aida Diestro. The group had considerable success, touring the United States, performing with Nat King Cole at the Tropicana, and recording a 1957 album for RCA Victor. In 1958, pianist and composer Julio Gutiérrez invited Portuondo to sing for his ensemble in a series of recordings bridging jazz and Cuban music for the record label Velvet. The result was Magia Negra, her debut solo album. Haydee left the Cuarteto d'Aida in 1961 in order to live in the US, and Omara continued singing with the quartet until 1967.

1967–present
In 1967, Portuondo began to focus on her solo career, recording two albums for Areito, Omara Portuondo and Esta es Omara Portuondo. In the same year she represented Cuba at the Sopot Festival in Poland, singing Juanito Márquez' "Como un milagro". Alongside her solo work, in the 1970s she sang with the charanga Orquesta Aragón, and toured with them abroad.

In 1974, she recorded with guitarist Martín Rojas, an album in which she lauds Salvador Allende and the people of Chile a year after the military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet. Among other hits from the album, she sang Carlos Puebla's hit "Hasta Siempre, Comandante", which refers to Ché Guevara. She also recorded "Y que se sepa", with one of the most successful Cuban bands of the late 20th century, Los Van Van. Later on she performed with Juan Formell, singing Formell's song "Tal vez", a song she recorded later on with Maria Bethania. During the 1970s and 1980s, Portuondo enjoyed success at home and abroad, with tours, albums (including one of her most lauded recordings in 1984 with Adalberto Álvarez), film roles, and her own television series.

In 2004, the International Red Cross appointed her International Ambassador, the first Cuban musician to hold this title, in Montreal, Canada. In 2007, she performed the title role to sold-out audiences in Lizt Alfonso's dance musical "Vida", the story of modern Cuba through the eyes and with the memories of an old woman. In this same year, her performance at the Montreal Jazz Festival was released on DVD. She recorded in 2008 a duet album with Brazilian singer Maria Bethânia named Maria Bethânia e Omara Portuondo. In 2008, she recorded the album Gracias as a tribute to the 60th anniversary of her singing career. Today, Omara lives in a high-rise apartment just off the Malecón, Havana, overlooking the sea. She remains a popular fixture on the local music scene, singing regularly at the Tropicana Club, the Delirio Habanero and the Café Cantante.

Buena Vista Social Club
Portuondo sang (duetting with Ibrahim Ferrer) on the album Buena Vista Social Club in 1996. This led not only to more touring (including playing at Carnegie Hall with the Buena Vista troupe) and her appearance in Wim Wenders' film Buena Vista Social Club, but to two further albums for the World Circuit label: Buena Vista Social Club Presents Omara Portuondo (2000) and Flor de Amor (2004). She remains a member of Buena Vista Social Club, being the only original vocalist to do so.

Discography

 * Magia Negra (Velvet, 1959. Reissued by Kubaney 190 and Kristal 1124) – With Julio Gutiérrez
 * Seis Voces y un Sentimiento (Egrem 3123, 1960)
 * Omara Portuondo (Areito 3358, 1967)
 * Esta es Omara Portuondo (Areito 1071, 1967)
 * Omara Portuondo: Omara! (Areito 3478, 1974)
 * Omara Portuondo & Martín Rojas (Love Records, 1975) – With Martín Rojas
 * Y Tal Vez (Areito 3837, 1981)
 * Canta El Son (Areito 4071, 1983)
 * Omara Portuondo, Adalberto Alvarez Y Su Son (Sonografica 40022, 1984) – With Adalberto Y Su Son
 * Pensamiento (Artex TKF-CD-14, 1992)
 * Palabras (Intuition/Nubenegra INT 31862, 1996)
 * Buena Vista Social Club (World Circuit, 1997)
 * Desafios (Intuition/Nubenegra 1025, 1998) – With Chucho Valdés
 * Oro Musical (Max Music, 1999)
 * Buena Vista Social Club Presents Omara Portuondo (World Circuit, 2000)
 * Omara Portuondo: Roots of Buena Vista (Egrem CD0173, 2000)
 * Roots of Buena Vista: La Novia Del Feeling (Egrem CD0178, 2000) – With Orquesta Todos Estrellas
 * La Gran Omara Portuondo (Egrem CD0414, 2000)
 * Dos Gardenias (Tumi Records, 2001)
 * La Sitiera (WEA, 2001)
 * You (King, 2001)
 * Joyas Inéditas (Egrem 0514, 2002)
 * La Colección Cubana (Nascente, 2003)
 * Flor De Amor (World Circuit, 2004)
 * Together (Havana Nites HN003, 2004) – With Ibrahim Ferrer
 * Together Again (Havana Nites HN004, 2004) – With Ibrahim Ferrer
 * Sentimiento (La Escondida, 2005)
 * Lágrimas Negras (Canciones y Boleros) (Yemaya, 2005)
 * The Essential Omara Portuondo (Manteca, 2006)
 * Quiereme Mucho (PID, 2006)
 * Together (Soliton, 2006) – With Celina González
 * Singles (Malanga Music MM 803,2007)
 * Duets (Malanga Music MM 812, 2007)
 * Maria Bethânia e Omara Portuondo (Biscoito Fino, 2008) – With Maria Bethânia
 * Gracias (World Village, 2008)
 * Omara & Chucho (Random Music, 2011) – With Chucho Valdés
 * Magia Negra: The Beginning (World Village, 2014)
 * Omara Siempre (Egrem, 2018)
 * Mariposas (Bis Music, 2020)
 * Vida (One World Music, 2023)

Selected filmography

 * Buena Vista Social Club (1999)
 * Live in Montreal (2007)
 * Omara Portuondo & Maria Bethânia Live (2008)
 * Omara & Chucho (2011)

title: Omara Portuondo


text:
Josiah Wedgwood II

Josiah Wedgwood II (3 April 1769 – 12 July 1843), the son of the English potter Josiah Wedgwood, continued his father's firm and was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Stoke-upon-Trent from 1832 to 1835. He was an abolitionist, and detested slavery.

Josiah and his brother Thomas gave their friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge a life annuity of £150, with the goal of freeing Coleridge from financial worries and the need to support himself by noncreative work, so that he could pursue his literary and philosophical interests. This was offered in January 1798, and accepted by Coleridge, who was then a probationary minister in the Unitarian Church, with the condition he discontinued in the ministry.

In 1807, Wedgwood bought Maer Hall in Staffordshire and his family lived there until his death in 1843.

Wedgwood was responsible for the Wedgwood Company's first bone china wares.

Wedgwood married Elizabeth Allen (1764–1846) and they had four sons and five daughters, two of whom married their first cousins, the offspring of Robert Darwin and Susannah Wedgwood:

 * Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood (1793–1880)
 * Josiah Wedgwood III (1795–1880); married his cousin Caroline Darwin, sister of Charles Darwin.
 * Mary Anne Wedgwood (1796–1798) died as an infant.
 * Charlotte Wedgwood (1797–1862); married Charles Langton (1801–1886) in 1832. After her death Charles Langton remarried her cousin Emily Catherine Darwin, daughter of Robert Darwin, sister of Charles Darwin.
 * Henry Allen Wedgwood (1799–1885) married secondly his cousin Jessie Wedgwood, daughter of John Wedgwood (1766–1844).
 * Francis "Frank" Wedgwood (1800–1888)
 * Hensleigh Wedgwood (1803–1891)
 * Frances (Fanny) Wedgwood (1806–1832)
 * Emma Wedgwood (1808–1896); married her cousin Charles Darwin, son of Robert Darwin.

References and sources

 * References

title: Josiah Wedgwood II


text:
Talk:Bliss Blood

Untitled
See Talk:Bliss Blood/delete for the archived deletion debate on this article. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 19:06, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bliss Blood


text:
User talk:Mominon

Hi. I have placed your "Poisoned figs" query on the Reference desk page. Look there to see if someone responds. Deb 19:07, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mominon


text:
Talk:Lisa Hammer

Untitled
See Talk:Bliss Blood/delete for the archived deletion debate on this article. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 19:07, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"Pus$bucket, from the Broadway Musical" italics
Should "from the Broadway Musical" be italicized as it now is? Outlook 15:46, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

hello,hello
I don't care which for what to the who now, I'm just going to clean up anything proofreadable. Resonanteye This looks good to me. Resonanteye 14:45, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Merger
Per the recent AFD on Mors Syphilitica (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Mors_Syphilitica), I propose merging that page into Lisa Hammer's.

No. That is ridiculous. It was Eric and Lisa. Not Lisa alone. --72.225.255.158 05:33, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Redirect to both then and merge whatever material is relevant. The band, by itself does not pass WP:BAND, in absence of a merge or redirect I will list again to gain consensus. Bigdaddy1981 18:52, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

The Terror Twins
James Merendino was born on January 11, 1967, in either Long Branch, NJ (wikipedia) or Rome, Italy (imdb). Three months later, Lisa was born on April 4, 1967 (as Lisa A. Stockton Houle) in Salem, MA. Are they actually siblings? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.247.140.193 (talk) 21:21, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Now James Merendino's date of birth is January 11, 1969 according to Wikipedia, so it would be possible for them to be siblings. However, Merendino's article doesn't mention this. So either that article misses this information, or it's incorrect here. --YMS (talk) 11:43, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Lisa Hammer


text:
M-79 (Michigan highway)

M-79 is an east–west state trunkline highway in the central portion of Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The western terminus is about 3 mi southeast of Hastings at the junction with M-37 and the eastern terminus is in downtown Charlotte at the junction with M-50 and Business Loop Interstate 69 (BL I-69). It passes through Quimby and Nashville, where there is a junction with M-66. The entire highway is undivided surface road. It has no direct access with Interstate 69 (I-69), although a sign for the highway is located on southbound I-69 at exit 61.

The highway was first designated in 1919 between Hastings and Battle Creek. It was later moved to run to Charlotte. A section of M-79 was designated as M-214 in the 1930s. M-214 would later be decommissioned as a highway designation and the M-79 designation was reapplied to the roadway.

Route description
M-79 starts south of Hastings at a three-way intersection with M-37 in Hastings Township. The trunkline runs east and parallel to a section of the Thornapple River through wooded terrain that is interspersed with farm fields. South of Thornapple Lake, M-79 angles southeasterly moving from Quimby Road to Scott Road running parallel to the Thornapple River again into the community of Nashville. M-79 meets M-66 and turns south along the latter highway's route along Main and Durkee streets through the community. South of town in Maple Grove Township, M-79 separates from M-66 and turns east along Lawrence Road. Outside of Charlotte, M-79 curves southeast to transition to Lawrence Avenue through town. The eastern terminus is at an intersection with Cochran Avenue, which carries BL I-69 and M-50.

History
M-79 was formed as a state trunkline by July 1, 1919 along part of its present routing. At the time, it ran between Hastings and Nashville as it does today. From Nashville, the trunkline turned south and west to end at the contemporary M-17 in Battle Creek. By 1927, the southernmost section of M-79 was truncated when M-78 was extended to Battle Creek. In late 1930, the southernmost section was shortened once again as a new M-14 designation replaced M-79 south of Nashville. An eastward extension of M-79 at the same time carries the highway designation to Vermontville.

M-79 was extended easterly to Charlotte in 1934 at the same time that the section of the trunkline between Nashville and Vermontville was redesignated M-214. M-79 was rerouted along Assyria and Lawrence roads at the time to connect the sections of M-79 on either side of M-214. By 1941, M-214 was shortened to a 3 mi connector route in downtown Nashville running between M-79 and M-66. In 1953, M-79 replaced M-214 and the latter designation was retired from the highway system. The last section of gravel roadway in Eaton County was paved by 1960.

title: M-79 (Michigan highway)


text:
Talk:Vaginal Davis

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): BungeeJump. Peer reviewers: Callmepapa, Rojopastel, Heyisdeedeehome.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:13, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
See Talk:Bliss Blood/delete for the archived deletion debate on this article. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 19:09, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

---

So it's a "she" but a "drag queen"? So is this person a male who dresses as a female, or a female dressed as a male, or is there some new definition, here?

Shouldn't "she" be a "he"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jgw (talk • contribs) 21:51, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Vaginal Davis refers to herself as "she", her biological sex is male (we all can just asume), she dresses in male or female codes or none codes at all: She just dresses. User:tarion23

 * There is no "biological sex" since she is intersex. //Mio, 2015-01-10

 * It should be changed, because regardless of what he thinks he is a he. It is all about gender and social construction, and socially he is a he.
 * False. A drag queen should always be referred to with female pronouns, unless the individual is being discussed outside of their character role. Feather Jonah (talk) 05:37, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
 * See MOS:IDENTITY

 * – Temporal User (Talk) 01:27, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

updated
i made some updates, gave a more complete overview (but by no means comprehensive) and include some sources for criticism on vaginal davis's work. i am the author of the second text. this is just to give those of you who don't know davis's work, or her importance to performance art, somewhere to turn for more reliable information. davis, by the way, really goes by "vaginal davis", "ms. davis" and sometimes, "dr. davis". she dropped the "creme" a while ago. and i go back and forth between "him/he" and "her/she". it's terrific that someone started a page for her.

Fair use rationale for Image:Vaginal Davis record.jpg
Image:Vaginal Davis record.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 16:48, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Student Peer Review The article demonstrates a good range of information about the subject. However, it takes a point form structure which detracts from its readability, it could benefit from a more flowing structure. The organization of the article is disjointed at times, it follows a timeline structure intercut with biography and opinion from other parties which is important as content of the biography itself, but again affects its readability. The film/discography section is very well documented, it gives a sense of the range of the subject's work in different fields pointed out in the biography sections. Callmepapa (talk) 18:44, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

Student review: rojopastel — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.117.249.81 (talk) 20:47, 9 November 2016 (UTC) Hey there,

Really like this article, there was a lot of good information. There was a good variety of information on Davis from personal, to career wise. It was a good idea as well to break down the career section by year to easier be able to focus on what Davis was doing throughout different points in time, and their career. Perhaps. Reading the article however, I was unsure of what pronoun may be appropriate. It may be worth stating how they identify, or whether they have a specific pronoun that is preferred. Also, thoughout the article it may be useful to mention Davis' relationship to some of the different names that are brought up. The chronicling of Davis' life and how the move to Germany was influential was really well documented. The sections about Davis' work, appearance, filmography etc was really comprehensive as well. Overall, really great article. I made a few very minor edits, mostly just to spelling/grammar errors i found.

Updating information.
Hello, my name is Carly and I'm a student at SUNY New Paltz taking a class on Performing Feminism. I would like to suggest that this page be updated with several more recent events that Ms. Davis has spoken at, such as the Creative Time Summit in Washington, D.C. and MobileAcademy, a conference on disability. I also believe that the page could use some basic punctuation corrections, and am interested in improving this article myself in the future for a class assignment Heyisdeedeehome (talk) 22:05, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Birth place
Davis's birth place should be included in the article, as the personal life section only says that her birth date is private.

Davis' identity: transgender or not?
I removed 4 categories from the article, that categorizes transgender people:

I believe there is no reliable source to verify the claim that she is transgender.

She is non-binary and intersex, but she is not transgender.

When one or more reliable sources are found, they can be provided in this discussion.

Otherwise, the status quo remains. — CrafterNova  [ TALK ] [ CONT ] 17:48, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vaginal Davis


text:
Isaeus

Isaeus (Ἰσαῖος Isaios; fl. early 4th century BC) was one of the ten Attic orators according to the Alexandrian canon. He was a student of Isocrates in Athens, and later taught Demosthenes while working as a metic logographer (speechwriter) for others. Only eleven of his speeches survive, with fragments of a twelfth. They are mostly concerned with inheritance, with one on civil rights. Dionysius of Halicarnassus compared his style to Lysias, although Isaeus was more given to employing sophistry.

Life
The time of his birth and death is unknown, but all accounts agree in the statement that he flourished (ἤκμασε) during the period between the Peloponnesian War and the accession of Philip II of Macedon, so that he lived between 420 and 348 BC. He was a son of Diagoras, and was born at Chalcis in Euboea; some sources say he was born in Athens, probably only because he came there at an early age and spent the greater part of his life there.

He was instructed in oratory by Lysias and Isocrates. He was afterwards engaged in writing judicial orations for others, and established a rhetorical school at Athens, in which Demosthenes is said to have been his pupil. The Suda states that Isaeus instructed him free of charge, whereas Plutarch relates that he received 10,000 drachmas; and it is further said that Isaeus composed for Demosthenes the speeches against his guardians, or at least assisted him in the composition. All particulars about his life are unknown, and were so even in the time of Dionysius, since Hermippus, who had written an account of the disciples of Isocrates, did not mention Isaeus at all.

Works
In antiquity there were 64 orations which bore the name of Isaeus, but only fifty were recognised as genuine by the ancient critics. Of these, only eleven have come down to us; but we possess fragments and the titles of 56 speeches ascribed to him. The eleven extant are all on subjects connected with disputed inheritances; and Isaeus appears to have been particularly well acquainted with the laws relating to inheritance.

Ten of these orations had been known ever since the revival of letters in the Renaissance, and were printed in the collections of Greek orators; but the eleventh, On Menecles' legacy (περὶ τοῦ Μενεκλέους κλήρου), was first published in 1785 from a Florentine manuscript by Tyrwhitt, and later by Orelli in 1814. Also, in 1815 Mai discovered and published the greater half of Isaeus' oration On Cleonymus' legacy (περὶ τοῦ Κλεωνύμου κλήρου).

Isaeus is also known to have written a manual on speechwriting entitled the Technē or Idiai technai (ἰδίαι τέχναι, "Personal skills"), which, however, is lost.

List of extant speeches (available at the Perseus Digital Library)

 * 1) On The Estate of Cleonymus
 * 2) On the Estate of Menecles
 * 3) On The Estate Of Pyrrhus
 * 4) On the Estate of Nicostratus
 * 5) On the Estate of Dicaeogenes
 * 6) On the Estate of Philoctemon
 * 7) On The Estate of Apollodorus
 * 8) On The Estate of Ciron
 * 9) On the Estate of Astyphilus
 * 10) On The Estate Of Aristarchus
 * 11) On the Estate of Hagnias
 * 12) On Behalf of Euphiletus

Oratorical style
Although his orations were placed fifth in the Alexandrian canon, still we do not hear of any of the grammarians having written commentaries on him, except Didymus of Alexandria. But we still possess the criticism upon Isaeus written by Dionysius of Halicarnassus; and by a comparison of the orations still extant with the opinions of Dionysius, we come to the following conclusion.

The oratory of Isaeus resembles in many points that of his teacher, Lysias: the style of both is pure, clear, and concise; but while Lysias is at the same time simple and graceful, Isaeus evidently strives to attain a higher degree of polish and refinement, without, however, in the least injuring the powerful and impressive character of his oratory. The same spirit is visible in the manner in which he handles his subjects, especially in their skillful division, and in the artful manner in which he interweaves his arguments with various parts of the exposition, whereby his orations become like a painting in which light and shade are distributed with a distinct view to produce certain effects. It was mainly owing to this mode of management that he was envied and censured by his contemporaries, as if he had tried to deceive and misguide his hearers. He was one of the first who turned their attention to a scientific cultivation of political oratory; but excellence in this department of the art was not attained until the time of Demosthenes.

title: Isaeus