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title: Category:Profanity


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User talk:Fee mercury moon

Just informing you about the copyvio notice at Steve peregrin took... Andre 08:23, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * And another at Steve Peregrin Took. You're risking being banned from editing since what you're doing is totally illegal. - 4.16.255.28 08:39, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

See Talk:Steve Peregrin Took - things are clear. Andre 09:28, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Excuse me 4.16.255.28 but please verify your facts before accusing me of doing illegal things. I might be new to Wikipedia but I am doing it with honest and honourable intentions and have never plagurised anything in my life.

Hi...I'm afraid the comment via 4.16.255.28 was mine. I had no idea that the content of the Took articles was yours as there was no reference to that in the articles. Please accept my apology for the misunderstanding, and welcome to this crazy thing called Wikipedia. - Lucky 6.9 19:20, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Many thanks Lucky 6.9 (Fee)

Thanks for Edit
Thanks for moving the picture I took downward slightly. It looks much better where it is now. Britmax 12:41, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

No Problem :-) I have also added it to the Bolan's Rock Shrine entry for the 2007. Unfortunately user Ckessler keeps getting rid of the entire entry and redirecting it simply to Marc Bolan :-(

Proposed deletion of UK underground

The article UK underground has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Underground culture exists in many countries in different periods and using different media. The more important of these are already covered in articles on Wikipedia. This focus on one area (Notting Hill) and one short period (late 60's) is unsourced and is Original Research. Two reference links are dead, the other link is to the original creator's own fan website. The UK underground scene has changed over the years and will mean different things to different people. "UK underground" or "UK underground scene" is an attractive proposition for an article, but as it is a non-notable term (in that it will be used to refer to different things at different times, depending on the speaker) it cannot be used in the same way that Beatnik or Hippie or Madchester is used. It is too vague

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  SilkTork  *YES! 11:42, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of UK underground
I have nominated UK underground, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/UK underground. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message.  SilkTork  *YES! 16:54, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Userbox templates
You may be interested in one of the following templates: Yours aye, Buaidh (talk) 05:59, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Fee mercury moon! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 22:20, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Trev Thoms -

File source and copyright licensing problem with File:Rolan Bolan Harry Feld Bronze TAG Tree 2002.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Rolan Bolan Harry Feld Bronze TAG Tree 2002.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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AfD nomination of Bolan's Rock Shrine
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Bolan's Rock Shrine. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:05, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Conflict of interest warning
Hello, Fee mercury moon. We welcome your contributions, but if you have an external relationship with the people, places, or things you have written about in the article Steve Peregrin Took, you may have a conflict of interest (COI). Editors with a COI may be unduly influenced by their connection to the topic, and it is important when editing Wikipedia articles that such connections be completely transparent. See the conflict of interest guideline and FAQ for organizations for more information. In particular, we ask that you please:

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Please take a few moments to read and review Wikipedia's policies regarding conflicts of interest, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, sourcing and autobiographies. Thank you. KDS4444 (talk) 07:30, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

Senior Wikipedians
WikiProject Wikipedians aged 70 and older has been inactive for some time. The following three proposals may help invigorate this project.

 * 1) Change the name of this project to WikiProject Senior Wikipedians.
 * 2) Open membership in this project to users who are at least 60 years of age and have made at least 50 edits in the past year.
 * 3) Open supporting membership in this project to users who are less than 60 years old but have made at least 50 edits in the past year and support the goals of this project.

Suggested goals for this project:

 * 1) To support collaboration and communication among members for the advancement and improvement of Wikipedia and the Wikimedia movement.
 * 2) To encourage older people, retired people, and soon-to-be-retired people to participate in Wikipedia both for the advancement of the encyclopedia and for their own personal enjoyment.
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 * 7) To advocate for the elimination of ageism and sexism in Wikipedia and the Wikimedia movement.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Fee mercury moon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TrangBang.jpg

I have a call in to the AP in los angeles, to ask permission, by noon PST tomorrow i should have an answer, failing permission I think, delete, it's still for sale, so I doubt fair use could be claimed without permission.


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Steve Peregrin Took

Steve Peregrin Took (born Stephen Ross Porter; 28 July 1949 – 27 October 1980) was an English musician and songwriter, best known for his membership of the duo Tyrannosaurus Rex with Marc Bolan. After breaking with Bolan, he concentrated on his own singer-songwriting activities, either as a solo artist or as a frontman for several bands.

Early life (1949–1967) and Tyrannosaurus Rex (1967–1969)
Took was born Stephen Ross Porter in Eltham, London, on 28 July 1949, and attended Shooters Hill School. He took his name from the character Peregrin Took, a hobbit in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. At the age of 17, having played drums for some months with a mod band named the Waterproof Sparrows (bass player John Rains, guitarists Pete Keen and Wally Woodcock), he answered an advert in International Times for Tyrannosaurus Rex, the electric band that Marc Bolan was forming following his departure from John's Children. After one disastrous concert at the Electric Garden in London, Bolan and Took reduced the band to a duo, busking in subways on acoustic guitar and bongos, Took having been obliged to sell his full drum kit to pay the rent until paying gigs started to come in.

The flower-power unit, championed by John Peel onto the club and stage circuit and thence into the record shops, released three albums and achieved two top 40 hits. Took contributed harmony backing vocals, which are more noticeable in live recordings than on studio recordings, and provided bongos, African drums, kazoo, pixiphone, and Chinese gong. Took's arrangements contributed to transforming Bolan's music from the straightforward rock 'n roll it had previously been into an exotic brew of musical styles designed to appeal to Bolan's new audience of hippies. Towards the end of his time in the band, as Bolan began returning to the electric guitar, Took returned to a full drum set and also contributed some bass guitar parts.

The band's producer Tony Visconti credited Took with much of the sound and success of Tyrannosaurus Rex. In an interview for the documentary Marc Bolan: The Final Word, Visconti opined that "Marc and Steve were a true 50:50 partnership. Steve was a remarkable musician, he could play many instruments. He played percussion, he could pick up a bass or a guitar. He would also sometimes play some cello parts. And then his backing vocals were great too."

Took developed his own songwriting and in early 1969, with recording just complete on Tyrannosaurus Rex's third LP, Unicorn, Took suggested to Bolan that the duo could perform some of his own material; Bolan refused. By this time, their lifestyles were in direct conflict. Bolan was living quietly with wife-to-be June Child, while Took was rapidly forging links with "revolutionary" underground acts, such as the Deviants and the Pretty Things. The relationship was deteriorating badly—Bolan barely tolerated Took's drug use, and Steve Mann recalled that it was clear they "cordially detested each other".

In addition, Took's friendship with Bolan's idol Syd Barrett had also developed through their shared interests in both LSD and "strange musical noises". Mick Farren, in his memoir Give The Anarchist A Cigarette, recalled that Took would "drag a bemused Syd Barrett along" to events in Ladbroke Grove in the late 1960s; Took remained friends with Barrett well into the 1970s. Took worked with Syd Barrett on unreleased "Ramadan" tracks. While in Tyrannosaurus Rex, Took also appeared as a backing vocalist on a session for David Bowie, the results of which can be heard on the BBC sessions album Bowie at the Beeb.

Eventually, Took donated two of his songs—"Three Little Piggies" and "The Sparrow Is A Sign"—to former Tomorrow and Pretty Things drummer Twink's 1969 solo album, Think Pink. Consequently, before the first Tyrannosaurus Rex tour of America, Bolan and his management gave Took notice that they would be sacking him once the tour was complete. Another contributing factor was an incident at the launch party for the UK edition of Rolling Stone, where jugs of punch prepared for the event were spiked with the hallucinogen STP. Took had already earned himself the nickname "The Phantom Spiker" (in which he rejoiced) through previous similar pranks. Bolan was severely affected by the spiked drink and considered Took to be the prime suspect.

Took was contractually obliged to go on the US tour, but his heart was not in it and he attempted to cope through taking drugs. Additionally, the acoustic duo were overshadowed by the loud electric acts they were billed with. To counter this, he drew from the shock rock style of Iggy Pop; as Took explained to the NME in 1972 "I took my shirt off in the Sunset Strip where we were playing and whipped myself till everybody shut up. With a belt, y'know, a bit of blood and the whole of Los Angeles shuts up. 'What's going on, man, there's some nutter attacking himself on stage.' I mean, Iggy Stooge had the same basic approach." This allowed the management to claim subsequently that it was Took's behaviour on stage which had caused the sacking. Bolan replaced Took with Mickey Finn, and after one further album renamed the duo T. Rex, later expanding to a full band again.

Pink Fairies (1969–1970)
After being sacked by Bolan, Took formed a prototype version of the Pink Fairies with Twink and Mick Farren, recently ousted from his own band, the Deviants. This band was named in honour of a drinking club of the same name the three had formed earlier that year, along with other leading lights of the underground scene. Together with Twink's girlfriend Silva Darling, they performed what Farren would later describe as "less of a gig than a protracted harangue" at the University of Manchester in October 1969, which rapidly dissolved into chaos. Took appeared prominently on Farren's first solo album Mona – The Carnivorous Circus (recorded December 1969, released 1970) on which he was credited as Shagrat The Vagrant. Twink and the other ex-Deviants then formed a new band called the Pink Fairies (mark 2), without Took or Farren.

Shagrat (1970–1971)
In February 1970, Farren and Took headhunted guitarist Larry (or "Lazza") Wallis and bassist Tim Taylor from their underground band, the Entire Sioux Nation. A month later, Farren dropped out, leaving Took in the role of bandleader for the first time in his career. With the addition of drummer Phil Lenoir, Shagrat was formed (named after an orc in The Lord of the Rings). They recorded three tracks, "Peppermint Flickstick", "Boo! I Said Freeze" and "Steel Abortion", at Strawberry Studios and played live at the Phun City festival, before Lenoir and Taylor left. Took and Wallis continued with drummer Dave Bidwell, rehearsing with various bass players and eventually forming an acoustic trio of Took on vocals and guitar, Wallis on acoustic bass and Bidwell on tambourine. This line-up recorded a set of (at least) four home demos, "Amanda", "Strange Sister", "Still Yawning Stillborn" and "Beautiful Deceiver", at Wallis's father's home studio in South London, which in the 1990s would be paired with the earlier electric studio session for limited edition vinyl release and later a CD album release in 2001.

Wallis would later take over the leadership of the Pink Fairies for their Kings of Oblivion LP, substantially transforming the sound and style of the band. He and Took would work together again at various intervals in 1972, 1975–1976 and 1977.

Solo acoustic performer (1971–1972)
With Wallis and Bidwell otherwise committed to UFO and Savoy Brown respectively, the acoustic Shagrat was effectively reduced down to just Took himself performing solo on an acoustic guitar, usually sitting on a stool interspersing his songs with jokes and other onstage monologues. In this format, Took made some headway as a live performer. "Tookie" appeared in frequent support slots for Hawkwind and the Pink Fairies, attracting some coverage in the UK music press and even performing a live session on Steve Bradshaw's Breakthrough programme on BBC Radio London. In December 1971, he headlined a three-date mini-tour of southwest England.

He also performed at various benefit events, including the "Nasty Balls" benefits for the Nasty Tales magazine (whose editors, including Farren, were on trial for obscenity) as well as the 1972 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament festival at Aldermaston, Steve's account of which was reprinted by Charles Shaar Murray in his book Shots From The Hip. Writing for the NME in 1972, Murray described Took and his stage act thus: "Most people know who Steve Peregrine Took is, but few people know what he does. A few more know him as a somewhat bizarre figure who materialises at concerts, armed only with an Epiphone guitar, and performs a freeform set of songs, raps, jokes and anything else that flashes through his mind."

During this time, Took could also often be seen participating in jamming sessions during encores at Hawkwind and Pink Fairies concerts. His contributions to these jams were in the role of third drummer, and he also once played bass guitar for the "Pinks", substituting for Duncan Sanderson.

Management by Tony Secunda (1972–1973)
During 1972, Took was approached by Tony Secunda, recently fired as manager for T. Rex, with a view to recovering royalties owed to Took from the Tyrannosaurus Rex years. Emerging from these conversations, Secunda became Took's manager, with a view to leading him to stardom to spite Bolan. Initially, Took attempted to rerecord as a single the song "Amanda" from the 1971 acoustic Shagrat session (along with two other tracks, "Blind Owl Blues" and "Mr Discrete") with the assistance of the Pink Fairies rhythm section of Sanderson and Russell Hunter, whose band was temporarily defunct following the departure of Paul Rudolph. During this session, former Junior's Eyes/Bowie guitarist Mick Wayne was recruited as guitarist.

However, none of these tracks were ever completed to Took's satisfaction, due to what Wayne later described as "dope-induced thinking" and consequently, Wayne, Sanderson and Hunter formed a new incarnation of the Pink Fairies. (Wayne was quickly supplanted by Wallis, leading to the Kings of Oblivion era as detailed above). Took and Secunda, meanwhile, embarked upon a different approach.

Took moved into a basement flat beneath Secunda's Mayfair offices, which he set up as a live-in recording studio to demo material at his own ease. The flat rapidly became a magnet for the cream of musicians on the underground scene, who would contribute to the recordings while visiting Took. As well as old colleagues from Hawkwind and the Pink Fairies, Secunda reported that Took received visits from Syd Barrett, who at the time was living in Cambridge, but would shortly relocate back to London. From Secunda's account, it would appear likely that Barrett is on the recordings done in the flat by Took and his friends.

Highlights of the session tapes were eventually released by Cleopatra Records in 1995, as The Missing Link To Tyrannosaurus Rex. A new version of the 1971 acoustic Shagrat song "Beautiful Deceiver" is tracklisted on the CD as "Syd's Wine" and a credit for guitar and other noises is given to one Crazy Diamond, an allusion to the 1975 Pink Floyd track "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", written in tribute to Barrett. Stripped down versions of the track "Syd's Wine" reveal a second guitarist in the room and audible vocal noises.

Various projects (1973–1976)
After splitting with Secunda, Took worked with a number of Hawkwind members, most notably Robert Calvert, Adrian Wagner, and Nik Turner. Took was scheduled to be the support act for Calvert's cancelled "Captain Lockheed and the Starfighters" tour. He and Bidwell formed at least two bands, the first with guitarist Eisuke Takahashi, the second with guitarist Hiroshi Kato and future Hawkwind bassist Adrian Shaw. The latter line-up recorded a session of four tracks in summer 1974, including Flophouse Blues (previously recorded twice in the 1972 Secunda sessions).

For some time around 1975, Took lived in the Kent towns of Canterbury and Margate, where he took on local musician and promoter Les Best as his manager. While down there, Took formed a new band, Jolly Roger and the Crimson Gash, with Takahashi now on bass and two local musicians, Bryan East on drums and a guitarist called Phil. This band gigged locally and recorded at least four tracks, produced by Turner at his home studio in Westgate on Sea.

Steve Took's Horns (1976–1978)
By 1976, Took was back in London and using the band name Steve Took's Horns, so called after a horned pendant which he habitually wore. By mid 1977, this had solidified into a steady line-up featuring, in what would be the first of several bands together over many years, Trevor Thoms and Ermanno Ghisio-Erba, later better known to Inner City Unit (ICU) fans as Judge Trev and Dino Ferari.

This group, managed by Turner's friend since adolescence Tony Landau, recorded a session of three studio tracks – "It's Over", "Average Man" and "Woman I Need" – at Pathway Studios on 29 November 1977, before going on to perform a gig on 18 June 1978 at The Roundhouse, as part of "Nik Turner's Bohemian Love-In". Took felt the gig went badly, and decided to split up the band. The Pathway Studios session would be released on CD by Cherry Red in 2004, as ''Blow It!!! The All New Adventures of Steve Took's Horns'', with the CD also featuring out-takes, remixes and fresh recordings of two other Took songs – "Ooh My Heart" and "Too Bad" – which the Horns had been rehearsing back in 1977–1978.

Involvement with Inner City Unit (1979–1980)
Despite the break-up, Steve Took's Horns had made a considerable impression on Took's circle of acquaintances. Consequently, Nik Turner, having first drafted Ghisio-Erba/Ferari into his band Sphynx for a live festival LP recorded that August, went on in 1979 to incorporate the Thoms/Ghisio-Erba partnership into his new Inner City Unit.

Took guested with ICU a number of times, reuniting with his old Horns sidemen; the last recorded dates being 16 June 1980 at London's Music Machine and sometime around 21 June 1980 at the Stonehenge Free Festival in Wiltshire – a festival frequented by other 'Festival Bands', most famously Took's old Ladbroke Grove cohorts Hawkwind. Bootleg recordings exist of the Music Machine show and also an open-air performance on 6 May 1980 at Meanwhile Gardens in Westbourne Park, on both of which Took can be heard performing lead vocals on a cover of the Beatles' version of Larry Williams' "Slow Down"

Personal life
Took had one son in the early 1970s with partner Lou Tunstall, later the partner of Landau. Took's other girlfriends included chronologically, Angie (1969–1971), Tracy Inder (1974–1976), Gertrude de Freyne (1977–1978) and Valerie "Sam" Billiet (1979–1980). As well as his own son, Steve Took was stepfather to Lemmy's son Paul Inder (to Tracy Inder), as he later was to Billiet's daughter.

Death
Steve Took died on Monday 27 October 1980 at 14 Clydesdale House, 255 Westbourne Park Road, Notting Hill, London, aged 31, in the maisonette he shared with Billiet and her young daughter. As a consequence of intervention by Best, now once again Took's manager, royalty cheques for the Tyrannosaurus Rex 'Blue Thumb' American releases had been arriving periodically and Took had received one that week. The day prior to his death, Took purchased morphine and hallucinogenic mushrooms for himself and Billiet, and the evening before Took died, they both injected themselves with the morphine.

Took's death certificate records the cause of death as being asphyxiation after inhaling a cocktail cherry. Drugs were not listed as a contributory factor, even though Took's death is often listed as a "drugs misadventure". He was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery (Square 103, in the north-west quadrant of the infilled path around the Inner Circle).

Discography

 * 1970 – Mick Farren – Mona – The Carnivorous Circus featuring Steve Took as 'Shagrat the Vagrant' (Transatlantic Records)
 * 1970 – David Bowie – The World of David Bowie (Played pixiephone, contribution recorded circa 1968) (Decca Records)
 * 1971 – Twink – Think Pink (LP feat. two Took songs, recorded summer 1969) (Sire Records)
 * 1990 – Shagrat – "Amanda" (b/w "Peppermint Flickstick") 7" single (Shagrat Records, distributed by Pyg Track)
 * 1992 – Steve Took's Shagrat – Nothing Exceeds Like Excess  12" EP, sleeve by Edward Barker (Shagrat Records, distributed by Pyg Track)
 * 1995 – Steve Peregrine Took – The Missing Link to Tyrannosaurus Rex CD (Cleopatra) re-released 2002 as Crazy Diamond CD (Voiceprint)
 * 2001 – Steve Peregrine Took's Shagrat – Lone Star CD (Captain Trip Records) re-released 2016, credited to "Shagrat feat. Steve Peregrin Took & Larry Wallis" on CD, 300 copy limited edition vinyl & Bandcamp with bonus tracks taken from above "The Missing Link ..." release (Purple Pyramid – subdivision of Cleopatra)
 * 2001 – Shagrat – Pink Jackets Required CD (Get Back)
 * 2004 – Steve Took's Horns – Blow It!!! The All New Adventures Of Steve Took's Horns CD (Cherry Red Records)

Headlining

 * Community Music tour of Devon/Cornwall – three dates December 1971 (two as outright headline, one as co-headline with Stealers Wheel)

Opening act
(Took, as a solo performer, was scheduled to have been the opening act on Bob Calvert's cancelled 1974 Captain Lockheed UK tour.)

Equipment
As a singer songwriter, Took's two main guitars were an Epiphone acoustic guitar decorated with stickers (including one of Eddie Cochran) used for solo work, last known to have been in the possession of Billiet, and an electric Rickenbacker used as a rhythm guitar with Took's electric bands, currently owned by Best. Both guitars feature prominently in Keith Morris' early 1970s publicity photographs of Took.

Previously as a member of Tyrannosaurus Rex, Took's percussion and other equipment included bongos, tabla, finger cymbals, African talking drum, kazoos, a Chinese gong and a Pixiphone (toy xylophone). As the duo reverted to electric music in early 1969, Took also played a Höfner 500/1 bass and a Chad Valley toy drumkit. In later years, when performing solo support gigs for Hawkwind, Took would often include his bongos as part of his equipment so that, later in the evening, he could guest with Hawkwind on a few songs in their set.

title: Steve Peregrin Took


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Jordi Savall

Jordi Savall i Bernadet (born 1 August 1941) is a Spanish conductor, composer and viol player. He has been one of the major figures in the field of Western early music since the 1970s, largely responsible for popularizing the viol family of instruments (notably the viola da gamba) in contemporary performance and recording. As a historian of early music his repertoire features everything from medieval, Renaissance and Baroque through to the Classical and Romantic periods. He has incorporated non-western musical traditions in his work; including African vernacular music for a documentary on slavery.

Musical education
His musical training started at age six in the school choir of his native Igualada (1947–55). After graduating from the Barcelona's Conservatory of Music (where he studied from 1959 to 1965) he specialized in early music, collaborating with Ars Musicae de Barcelona under Enric Gispert, studying with August Wenzinger at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis in Basel, Switzerland (1968–70) and eventually succeeding Wenzinger in 1974 as professor of viola da gamba at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis.

Ensembles
In 1974 he formed the ensemble Hespèrion XX (known since 2000 as Hespèrion XXI), together with his wife soprano Montserrat Figueras, Lorenzo Alpert and Hopkinson Smith. Hespèrion XX favored a style of interpretation characterized simultaneously by great musical vitality and maximum historical accuracy.

In 1987 he returned to Barcelona to found La Capella Reial de Catalunya, a vocal ensemble devoted to pre-eighteenth-century music. In 1989 he founded Le Concert des Nations, an orchestra generally emphasizing Baroque period, but sometimes also Classical and even Romantic music such as, for example, Sinfonía [por] Grande Orquesta by Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga) (1806–1826).

More recently Savall has performed with family members. The family ensemble has included his wife Montserrat Figueras (who died in 2011) and their two children, Arianna and Ferran. Arianna plays the harp and sings, like her mother; Ferran plays the theorbo (bass lute) and sings, not only with his family, but also in Barcelona jazz clubs.

In several of his recordings and concerts, Savall and his ensembles have incorporated non-western musical traditions, including African vernacular music played by musicians of the ensemble 3MA (Driss el Maloumi, Ballake Sissoko, Rajery) in Les Routes de l’Esclavage or The Routes of Slavery (2017). In their performances and albums titled Orient-Occident, Savall and musicians from the Middle East have presented traditional Arabic, Christian and Sephardic music, originating from medieval Al-Andalus, Syria, Morocco and Turkey.

Additionally, Savall has created music festivals, such as the Festival musique et histoire in the Fontfroide Abbey in southern France and the Jordi Savall Festival, set in historic monasteries of Catalonia.

Personal life
Savall was married to Montserrat Figueras from 1968 to her death in 2011. They had a daughter, Arianna Savall, and a son, Ferran Savall. In 2017, Jordi Savall married the Spanish philosopher Maria Bartels.

Recordings
Savall's discography includes more than 200 recordings. Originally recording with EMI Classics, and then from 1975 on Michel Bernstein's Astrée label, since 1998 he has recorded on his own label, Alia Vox.

Honours and awards

 * 2000 – Premi d'Honor Lluís Carulla for service to Catalan culture or for scientific, cultural or civic works in the Catalan language
 * 2006 – Honorary doctorate from the University of Barcelona
 * 2008 – Appointed European Union ambassador for intercultural dialogue
 * 2008 – Savall and his wife, Montserrat Figueras, were named "Artists for Peace" by UNESCO.
 * 2009 – Handel Prize from the city of Halle, Germany
 * 2009 – National Music Prize from the National Council of Music and Arts of Catalonia
 * 2010 – Praetorius Musikpreis Niedersachsen
 * 2010 – MIDEM Classical Award for his album "Jerusalem – la ville des deux Paix: La paix céleste et la paix terrestre"
 * 2011 – Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance for Dinastia Borja. Església i poder al Renaixement
 * 2012 – Léonie Sonning Music Prize
 * 2013 – Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (France)
 * 2013 – Honorary doctorate from the University of Basel
 * 2014 – Gold Medal of the Generalitat of Catalonia
 * In 2014 he refused the Premio Nacional de Música awarded by the Spanish government, in protest at the government's artistic policies, accusing them of "grave incompetence" and "dramatic disinterest".
 * 2016 – Honorary doctorate from Utrecht University
 * 2022 – Honorary membership of the Royal Philharmonic Society

Discography with Alia Vox
Full discography as published on Alia Vox website:

 * 1998 – Joan Cabanilles (AV9801)
 * 1998 – José Marín (AVSA9802)
 * 1998 – Les Voix Humaines (AV9803)
 * 1998 – Elizabethan Consort Music 1558 – 1603 (AV9804)
 * 1998 – La Folia 1490- 1701 (AVSA9805)
 * 1999 – El Cant de la Sibil·la (AVSA9806)
 * 1999 – Jean-Baptiste Lully (AVSA9807)
 * 1999 – Missa Bruxellensis – Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber (AV9808)
 * 1999 – Diaspora Sefardi (AV9809)
 * 2000 – La Barcha d'Amore (AV9811)
 * 2000 – Die Sonaten für Viola da Gamba und Cembalo (with Ton Koopman) – J.S. Bach (AV9812)
 * 2000 – The Teares of the Muses. Anthony Holborne (AV9813)
 * 2000 – Carlos V. La Canción del Emperador (AVSA9814)
 * 2000 – Battaglie & Lamenti (1396–1458) (AV9815)
 * 2001 – Alfons V El Magnànim (AV9816)
 * 2001 – Harmonie Universelle (AV9810
 * 2001 – Johann Sebastian Bach (AV9817)
 * 2001 – Musikalisches Opfer – J.S. Bach (AVSA9818)
 * 2001 – Die Kunst der Fuge- J.S. Bach (AV9819)
 * 2001 – Ostinato (AV9820)
 * 2001 – Tous les Matins du Monde (AVSA9821)
 * 2002 – Farnace. Antonio Vivaldi AV9822)
 * 2002 – William Lawes (AV9823)
 * 2002 – L'Orchestre de Louis XIII (1601- 1643) (AV9824)
 * 2002 – Henrich Ignaz Franz Biber (AV9825)
 * 2002 – Ninna Nanna (AV9826)
 * 2003 – Monsieur de Sainte Colombe le Fils (AV9827)
 * 2003 – Le Parnasse de la viole (AV9829)
 * 2003 – Pièces de Viole du Second Livre. Marin Marais (AV9828)
 * 2003 – Bella Terra (AV9833)
 * 2003 – Entremeses del siglo de oro (1550- 1650) (AVSA9831)
 * 2003 – Alfonso Ferrabosco The Younger (AV9832)
 * 2003 – Villancicos y Danzas Criollas (AV9834)
 * 2003 – La Viola da Gama in Concerto – Antonio Vivaldi (AV9835)
 * 2004 – Homenatge al Misteri d'Elx. La Vespra (AV9836)
 * 2004 – Musicall Humors. Tobias Hume (AV9837)
 * 2004 – Isabel I. Reina de Castilla (AVSA9838)2004 – Harmonie Universelle II (AV9839)
 * 2005 – Les Concerts Royaux. François Couperin (AVSA9840)
 * 2005 – Du temps & de l'instant (AVSA9841)
 * 2005 – Les Grandes Eaux Musicales de Versailles (AV9842)
 * 2005 – Don Quijote de la Mancha (AVSA9843)
 * 2005 – Altre Follie (AVSA9844)
 * 2005 – La Musica notturna delle strade di Madrid. Luigi Boccherini (AVSA9845)
 * 2006 – Eine Kleine Nachtmusik. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (AVSA9846)
 * 2006 – Lux Feminæ (AVSA9847)
 * 2006 – Orient – Occident (AVSA9848)
 * 2006 – Metamorphoses Fidei (AV9849)
 * 2006 – Marin Marais Suitte d’un Goût Etranger (AVSA9851)
 * 2006 – Christophorus Columbus (AVSA9850)
 * 2007 – Lachrimae Caravaggio (AVSA9852)
 * 2007 – Ludi Musici (AV9853)
 * 2007 – Septem Verba Christi in Cruce. Joseph Haydn (AVSA9854)2007 – Claudio Monteverdi (AVSA9855)
 * 2007 – Francisco Javier – The Route to the Orient (AVSA9856)
 * 2008 – Estampies & Danses Royales (AVSA9857)
 * 2008 – Fantasias for the Viols. Henry Purcell (AVSA9859)
 * 2008 – Water Music. Georg Friederich Haendel (AVSA9860)
 * 2008 – Invocation a la nuit (AV9861)
 * 2008 – Su la Cetra Amorosa. Tarquinio Merula (AVSA9862)
 * 2008 – Mireu el nostre mar (AV9858)
 * 2008 – Jérusalem (AVSA9863)
 * 2009 – Ministriles Royales. Ménestrels royales – Royal Minstrels (AVSA9864A+B)
 * 2009 – The Celtic Viol – La Viole Celtique (AVSA9865)
 * 2009 – The Fairy Queen. The Prophetess. Henry Purcell (1659- 1695) (AVSA9866)
 * 2009 – Maestros del Siglo de Oro (AVSA9867)
 * 2009 – Peiwoh (AV9869)
 * 2009 – Istanbul. Dimitrie Cantemir (AVSA9870)
 * 2009 – Septem Verba Christ in Cruce. Joseph Haydn (CD/DVD) (AVDVD9868)
 * 2009 – Le Royaumé Oublié (AVSA9873)
 * 2010 – The Brandenbourgh Concertos – JS. Bach (AVSA9871)
 * 2010 – El Nuevo Mundo (AVSA9876)
 * 2010 – Le Concert Spirituel. Corelli. Telemann. Rameau (AVSA9877)
 * 2010 – The Celtic Viol II. Treble Viol & Lyra Viol (AVSA9878)
 * 2010 – Dinastia Borgia (AVSA9875)
 * 2010 – Pièces de Viole des Cinq Livres. Marin Marais (AVSA9872)
 * 2011 – Requiem. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (AVSA9880)
 * 2011 – El Cant de la Sibil·la a Catalunya (AVSA9879)
 * 2011 – Cançons de la Catalunya Mil·lenària. Planys & Llegendes (AVSA9881)
 * 2011 – L'orquestre de Louis XV. Jean-Philippe Rameau (AVSA9882)
 * 2011 – Hispania & Japan (AVSA9883)
 * 2011 – Aria e Lamenti. Madrigali. Claudio Monteverdi (AVSA9884)
 * 2011 – Concerts à Deux Violes Esgales. Sieur de Sainte-Colombe (AVSA9885)
 * 2011 – La Sublime Porte (AVSA9887)
 * 2011 – Mare Nostrum (AVSA9888)
 * 2012 – La Voix de l'Emotion. Montserrat Figueras (AVSA9889)
 * 2012 – Les Quatre Ouvertures. J.S Bach (AVSA9890)
 * 2012 – Jeanne D'Arc (AVSA9891)
 * 2012 – Ésprit D'Arménie. Armenian Spirit (AVSA9892)
 * 2012 – Pièces de Violes 1728. François Couperin (AVSA9893)
 * 2012 – Pro·Pacem AVSA9894)
 * 2013 – Messe en Si Mineur . J.S. Bach (AVDVD9896A)
 * 2013 – Erasmus (AVSA9895)
 * 2013 – 25 anys Capella Reial de Catalunya. 25 años La Capella Reial de Catalunya. (AVSA9897)
 * 2013 – Esprit des Balkans/Balkan Spirit (AVSA9898)
 * 2013 – Recercadas del Tratado de Golsas. Diego de Ortiz ( AVSA9899)
 * 2013 – Orient- Occident II ( AVSA9900)
 * 2013 – Lachrimae or Seven Teares. John Dowland (AVSA9901)
 * 2013 – Bal·Kan: Miel & Sang (AVSA9902)
 * 2014 – Alcyone. Marin Marais (AVSA9903)
 * 2014 – The Voice of Emotion II. Montserrat Figueras (AVDVD9904)
 * 2014 – Marc-Antoine Charpentier à la Chapelle Royale de Versailles (AVDVD9905)
 * 2014 – La Lira d'Esperia II. Galicia (AVSA9907)
 * 2014 – Magnificat and Concerti. Antonio Vivaldi. Johann Sebastian Bach (AVSA9909D)
 * 2015 – War and Peace. 1614- 1714 (AVSA9908)
 * 2015 – Euskel Antiqva (AV9910)
 * 2015 – L'Orfeo. Claudio Monteverdi (AVSA9911)
 * 2015 – Baroque Splendor. Henrich Ignaz Franz Biber (AVSA9912)
 * 2015 – Les Éléments (AVSA9914)
 * 2016 – Simfonía Eroica. Ludwig van Beethoven. AVSA9916)
 * 2016 – Marquise (AV9701)
 * 2016 – Ramon Llull 1232 · 1316 (AVSA9917)
 * 2016 – Granada 1013- 1502 (AVSA9915)
 * 2016 – Dixit Dominus. (AVSA9918)
 * 2016 – Llibre Vermell de Montserrat (AVSA9919)
 * 2017 – Les Routes de l’Esclavage (AVSA9920)
 * 2017 – Henricus Isaac (AVSA9922)
 * 2017 – Cantigas de Santa Maria (AVSA9923)
 * 2017 – In Excelsis Deo (AVSA9924)
 * 2017 – Venezia Millenaria (AVSA9925)
 * 2018 – Musica Nova (AVSA9926)
 * 2018 – Bailar Cantando (AVSA9927)
 * 2018 – Les Nations – François Couperin (AVSA9928)
 * 2018 – Terpsichore (AVSA9929)
 * 2018 – Ibn Battuta – Le Voyageur de l’Islam 1304–1377 (AVSA9930)
 * 2019 – J.S. Bach – Markus Passion (AVSA9931)
 * 2019 – W.A. Mozart – Le Testament Symphonique (AVSA9934)
 * 2019 – A. Vivaldi – Juditha Triumphans (AVSA9935)
 * 2019 – Handel – Messiah (AVSA9936)
 * 2020 – Beethoven – Révolution Symphonies 1 à 5 (AVSA9937)
 * 2020 – Marin Marais Alcione. Tragédie lyrique (AVSA9939)
 * 2020 – J.S. Bach – Weihnachts-Oratorium (AVSA9940)
 * 2021 – Tomás Luis de Victoria – Passion Officium Hebdomadæ Sanctæ (AVSA9943)
 * 2021 – Couperin – Apothéoses (AVSA9944)
 * 2021 – Joseph Haydn – La Création (AVSA9945)
 * 2022 – Beethoven – Révolution Symphonies 6 à 9 (AVSA9946)
 * 2024 – Mirrors of Time (AVSA9957)

Filmography
Savall adapted and performed music for the 1991 Alain Corneau film Tous les matins du monde about composers Sainte-Colombe and Marin Marais. His work on this film earned him a César award from the French film industry in 1992. The soundtrack has sold more than a million copies worldwide.

He has composed music for the following films:
 * (1991) Tous les matins du monde (All the Mornings of the World) by Alain Corneau
 * (1993) The Bird of Happiness (El pajaro de la felicidad) by Pilar Miró
 * (1994) Joan the Maiden (Part 1: The Battles; Part 2: The Prisons) by Jacques Rivette
 * (1997) Long Twilight (Hosszú alkony) by Attila Janisch
 * (1997) Marquise by Véra Belmont
 * (1998) Secret Defense (Top Secret) by Jacques Rivette

In popular culture
Savall and his wife Montserrat Figueras are characters in a 2009 novel Sır (Secret), by Turkish writer Enis Batur. The plot includes a surprise birthday party for Savall.

title: Jordi Savall


text:
Talk:Stewing

Record?
Both "Stew" and "Stewing" make mention of the "biggest stew" record by Venezula. Does it really need to be mentioned twice? --12.20.122.76 02:08, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Meat?
does 'stew' have to have meat to be stew?? Pedant

 * No. More to the point, stewing does not have to be done to meat to be stewing.  However, I am not qualified to change the article without spending more time in thought and research than I have available right now.  — Pekinensis 15:59, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

No stewing can be done to fruits,I have stewed fruits already and it tastes really good and guess what,Im still alive.

combine with Stew?
this page should be combined with stew. FiveRings 17:52, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Support merge to stew - there are some differences in emphasis, but a merged article would be a better answer. FlagSteward 20:40, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Support Iagree, merge to stew. --Zeamays 18:13, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stewing


text:
Talk:Steve peregrin took

I am the Web Mistress of Steve Took's Domain hosted on my MercuryMoon.co.uk server www.stevetook.mercurymoon.co.uk. Steve Took information pages on this site are written by myself, Fee Warner and my friend David and therefore we have the copyrighht (jointly) to use this material elsewhere.

Steve Took died in 1980 and his contribution to music has been significantly and systematically overlooked and dismissed for years. The aim of the web site is to show that although he is written off as a 'talentless loser' by many Bolan people he was far from talentless and commercial success is not the only type of success.

title: Talk:Steve peregrin took


text:
Mafra, Portugal

Mafra is a city and a municipality in the district of Lisbon, on the west coast of Portugal, and part of the urban agglomeration of the Greater Lisbon subregion. The population in 2011 was 76,685, in an area of 291.66 km2.

It is mostly known for the sumptuous Mafra National Palace inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built in the baroque style, the Mafra National Palace also inspired Portuguese Nobel Prize laureate José Saramago to write his novel Baltasar and Blimunda (Memorial do Convento). Other points of interest around the municipality include the Tapada Nacional de Mafra, an enclosed wildlife and game reserve, and Ericeira's World Surf Reserve, the second in the world.

History
The earliest archaeological remnants discovered in Mafra date to an early settlement of this region in the Neolithic period. In Seixosa, civil parish of Encarnação, in an area that was once a beach, there were archaeological remnants from the Paleolithic period, that indicate one of the oldest human presences in Europe. Similar human vestiges were discovered along the beach of São Julião, including specifically shell mounds produced by Mesolithic communities in the parish of Carvoeira. Although many of these remnants have been discovered submerged along the coast, they have been dated to 7000 B.C. During the Neolithic (5000 B.C.), the first agro-pastoral communities began to appear, remaining in small groups in strategically defensible locations. This includes sites in Igreja Nova, such as Penedo do Lexim (considered an important point in comprehending the Neolithic and Copper Age Iberian settlements) and occupied during the final part of the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. Other structures from the Neolithic, today missing, such as the castle of Cheleiros or dolmens, whose name remains the only proof there is existence, such as Antas-Azueira and Antas-Gradil. In addition to the Penedo do Lexim, also in the Serra do Socorro and Tituaria, as funerary tombs from the Chalcolithic.

Tombstones, altars, tombs, coins, bins, ceramics and glass from the Roman era have been found in almost all parishes of the municipality. These dates back to the first and fourth century, including the Roman road connecting Sintra and Peniche, which crosses Mafra, intersecting the Cheleiros, Mafra, Ericeira, Paço de Ilhas and S. Domingos da Fanga da Fé (where portions of the road have been conserved). In Cheleiros and Carvoeira there are two bridges constructed by the Romans. One of these, a bridge in Santo Isidoro (as well as a 100-metre portion of the road) that was part of the Sintra-Peniche accessway, is a reflection of the areas Romanization. An important agriculture centre during the Roman occupation, anthropologists have discovered Roman coins of the eras of Augustus (27 - 14 B.C.), Claudius (41 - 54) and Magnus Maximo (383 - 388). Although it is unclear the area's importance within Olissipo, its agricultural contributions may have contributed to its strong settlement during the period. Wine, oil and vegetables were easily commercialized across the accessway and along the rivers of Cheleiros, Ilhas and Safarujo, which were navigable until the Middle Ages.

The occupation by the Visigoths occurred after the 5th century, until the arrival of the Moors in 711, with few remnants discovered. An inscription, encountered in the parochial church of Cheleiros, a frieze in Alcainça and paeleo-Christian funerary tomb, adapted as a bunk within the Quinta da Corredoura in Mafra are the only current manifestations of these peoples.

It is certain that the built-up urban area of Mafra was once a fortified community, with the area of Rua das Tecedeiras being the best example of the walls still being visible. The limits of the castle, which was implanted on the Neolithic settlement, was successively reoccupied until the Iron Age, and taking up the entirety of the old village. This includes the space limited in the east by the Largo Coronel Brito Gorjão, the south by the Rua das Tecedeiras, west by the Palácio dos Marqueses de Ponte de Lima and north by the Rua Mafra Detrás do Castelo. A dense forest that existed until the 20th century, in Quinta da Cerca in this area, that protected and sheltered the settlement from winds.

Kingdom
Although Mafra was occupied by the Moors until 1147, when the area was taken by Afonso Henriques, remnants from the Moorish occupation are rare. There are suggestions that many of the churches were once mosques, such as the Matriz Church of Cheleiros, the Church of Santo André and the sanctuary of Serra do Socorro. The origin of the local toponymy Mafra is unclear, but evolved from variations of Mafara (1189), Malfora (1201) and, later, Mafora (1288). Some suggest its origin came from the Turanian Great Ara, a female fertility cult that may have existed along the rim of the early village. Others suggest that it developed from the Arabic Mahfara, which means pit, which presumed that the location was implanted within a pit, a fact that was disproved by the Arabist David Lopes. The town is, in fact, located on a hill, with two ravines (Rio Gordo and Rio dos Couros) limiting the area around it.

In 1189/1190 the village was donated by King Sancho I to the Bishop of Silves, D. Nicolau, who received the first foral (charter) a year later. This foral was followed by charters to Cheleiros in 1195, Ericeira in 1229 and Vila ao Gradil in 1327.

During the Manueline era many of the national forals were re-issued, especially after the 11th and 15th century. Between 1513 and 1516, King Manuel I issued a new foral to Mafra, Ericeira and Cheleiros, and in 1519, conceded a foral to Enxara dos Cavaleiros, while confirming a foral to Gradil (then originally donated by Afonso IV of Portugal in 1327). During the Manueline reforms, the municipalities that received these forals constructed pillories or required to refurbished their administrative markers. In the census of 18 September 1527, there was an estimated 191 residents, of which only four couples lived within the village. The reign of Manuel I was instrumental in influencing the religious architecture of the region; it is present in many of the churches, such as Nossa Senhora da Oliveira in Sobral da Abelheira, Nossa Senhora do Reclamador in Cheleiros, Nossa Senhora da Conceição in Igreja Nova, São Miguel in Milharado, Santa Eulália in Santo Estevão das Galés, or São Silvestre in Gradil. These architectural details are apparent in the doorways, vaulted ceilings and baptismal fountains. Symbols of judicial power, these markers became posts for notices, orders or commands from Corte, and were later refurbished, repositioned or lost over time.

When, in 1717, King John V began construction of the Mafra Palace, written by the Chief Architect of the Kingdom João Frederico Ludovice Mafra was barely a few hamlets that huddled around the monument. The era was also marked by the construction of a garden (Jardim do Cerco) and the establishment of the royal hunting park (Tapada de Mafra); building projects continued throughout the reigns of Kings Joseph I (the construction and completion of the Mafra Palace), John VI (the interiors of the Palace) and Ferdinand (the redesign of the Jardim do Cerco). Yet, William Beckford, writing in August 1787, noted that Mafra was of little interest, and nothing more than a few rooftops nestled in mountains.

During the 19th century, the population began to grow around the palace, but this remained generally a rural community (an aspect that would continue until the 20th century). José Mangens in 1936 echoed similar indications of Mafra in writing about old Rua dos Arcipestres, noting: "...Mafra offers nothing interesting and looks more like a hinterland village with its huts and ruined portals typical backyard, shielded with old cans...".

As Guilherme José Ferreira de Assunção later wrote, after a few visits, Queen Maria realized the advantages of establishing a military contingent in the Convent of Mafra, which she initiated. This change transformed the region and its people, who lived in a precarious conditions of existence. After 1840, the Convent was occupied by the army. By 1859, 4000 troops would enlist in the official military boot-camp (Depósito Geral de Recrutas), established by King Pedro V. Unfortunately, the institution was abolished in the following year, when 94 recruits died from an infectious disease. But, from 1848–1859 and 1870–1873, the convent continued to house the Royal Military College (Real Colégio Militar).

In 1887 the Infantry and Cavalry School (Escola Prática de Infantaria e Cavalaria) and, a year later, in Tapada, a firing range was established, that was later frequented by King Carlos, an enthusiast of shooting.

During the French invasion of Portugal in 1807, Napoleon made the Mafra Palace headquarters and garrison. Part of the army headed for Peniche and Torres Vedras under orders from General Luison, the remaining forces garrisoned in the Palace and Convent, while the executive staff requisitioned homes in the village. This lasted nine months, until 2 September 1807, when British forces were able to extricate the French from their positions. Meanwhile, Portuguese engineers, allied to British forces constructed a system of fortresses north of Lisbon, to secure the defence of the capital and expel the French. The Lines of Torres Vedras, as they were known, passed through the municipality of Mafra, and were constructed in 1809 and 1810. Of the 156 fortresses, 48 were located within Mafra municipality, and represented the second line of defence including sites in Malveira, Gradil, Ribamar, Carvoeira, Mafra and Ericeira. In the main only vestiges of these forts and redoubts remain, but those that are still in good condition or have been restored include the forts of Feira, Santa Susana, and Zambujal. Within the Tapada there were forts in Sunível, Milhariça, Juncal and Silvério, while a group of forts followed the left bank of the Ribeira de Safarujo to Ribamar. In the south, the last line of defence, should the French breach the defences, were the forts of Carvoeira, São Julião and Zambujal.

Republic
On 5 October 1910, the Mafra Palace was also the scene for an episode of the Republican Revolution that occurred in Lisbon. King Manuel II fleeing from the coup in Lisbon, took refuge and over-nighted in the Palace of Mafra. The next day they abandoned the palace, by car, travelling with his mother and grandmother to the shores of Praia dos Pescadores in Ericeira, where the royal yacht D. Amélia would take them onto Gibraltar and exile. Later that month, on 20 October, a group of monarchists gathered in the Largo D. João V with arms, where they walked to the Infantry School (Escola Prática de Infantaria), installing themselves in the convent, cutting the telephone wires and telegraph cables. The revolt was easily put down by the military but resulted in a collection of hundreds of people in the local jails.

In 1911, in the Depósito de Remonta e Garanhões which was later replaced by the Military Equestrian School (Escola Militar de Equitação) in 1950 and, seven years later, the Military Centre for Physical Education, Equestriansim and Sport (Centro Militar de Educação Física, Equitação e Desportos). Today, it continues to function as the Military Centre for Physical Education and Sport (Centro Militar de Educação Física e Desportos), since 1993, in the Largo General Conde Januário and the Infantry School (Escola Prática de Infantaria), in the Convent of Mafra.

Geography
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 11 freguesias:

 * Azueira e Sobral da Abelheira
 * Carvoeira
 * Encarnação
 * Enxara do Bispo, Gradil e Vila Franca do Rosário
 * Ericeira
 * Igreja Nova e Cheleiros
 * Mafra
 * Malveira e São Miguel de Alcainça
 * Milharado
 * Santo Isidoro
 * Venda do Pinheiro e Santo Estêvão das Galés

Twin towns — Sister cities
Mafra is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Fréhel, Côtes-d'Armor, France
 * 🇩🇪 Leimen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 * 🇨🇻 Mindelo, São Vicente, Cape Verde, Cape Verde

Economy
It is mainly rural with some tourist activity centred in the town Mafra and especially in the seaside town of Ericeira, which has become a key destination for national and international surfers. After the completion of the A8 motorway, linking the eastern part of the municipality to the centre of Lisbon, commuter population has increased substantially.

Transportation
The municipality of Mafra is served by a road network that includes national roadways (EN8, EN9, EN116 and EN247) and secondary municipal roadways, permitting access to the municipalities of Torres Vedras, Sintra, Loures, Sobral de Monte Agraço and Lisbon. In addition, the municipality is served by the A8 highway (Lisbon-Leiria), with connections to Venda do Pinheiro, Malveira and Enxara dos Cavaleiros, and the A21 highway (Ericeira–Mafra–Malveira), with connections to Ericeira, Mafra Oeste, Mafra Este, Malveira and Venda do Pinheiro, which have improved the movement of passengers and commerce, and consequently, the development of the region.

Public transport services are handled by the companies Barraqueiro Transportes, SA, Rodoviária de Lisboa and Isidoro Duarte with services throughout the municipality.

The rail network, served by the Linha do Oeste (Western Line), with stations in Mafra (Mafra-Gare) and Malveira, as well as flag-stops in Alcainça–Moinhos and Jeromelo, providing interurban and regional passenger and cargo services (the latter being primarily handled from the Malveira).

Culture

 * Traditional processions for the season of Lent

Notable people

 * Ginés de Mafra (1493 in Mafra – 1546) a Portuguese or Spanish explorer who sailed to the Philippines in the 16th century.
 * Rosa Damasceno (1845 – 1904 in Mafra) a 19th-century Portuguese actress
 * Beatriz Costa (1907 in Mafra – 1996) an actress in the golden age of Portuguese cinema and an author.
 * Vítor Alves (1935 in Mafra – 2011) a Portuguese soldier and politician.
 * Pedro Espinha (born 1965 in Mafra) a retired football goalkeeper with over 397 club caps and 6 for Portugal
 * Alexandre Leitão (born 1979 in Mafra) a Portuguese footballer
 * Pedro Bonifácio (born 1985 in Mafra) a Portuguese footballer with over 330 club caps
 * Miguel Santiago Duarte (born 2004 in Mafra) a Portuguese WSBK Rider.

title: Mafra, Portugal


text:
Talk:Iskra

Old talk
Translation of a paragraph from [Russian Indymedia]:
 * "...the apartment at the historical address Ligovsky prospect, 60, the very same apartment where in 1900 A.I.Lenin /* that's a misprint - should've been V.I.Lenin! */ with a group of Russian Social-Democrats decided to print the revolutionary newspaper "Iskra" (there is a corresponding memorial sign posted on the wall of the house)."

BACbKA 00:07, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

You forget one thing
Iskra is a Soviet IBM-XT clone...oh probably it fades beside this big history. Gnomz007 06:18, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * What the heck are you talking about?? Iskra was a newspaper, not a computer. KNewman 13:05, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * ok... it seems there are more iskras out there -> e.g. PZL TS-11 Iskra... it seems it's time for a disambig... - Blueshade 13:45, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, created Iskra (disambiguation). BTW, Iskra was indeed a well-known Soviet computer. --Anthony Ivanoff 20:23, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Gnomz: as somebody who worked with Iskra-226 a lot, let me tell you it was in no way an XT clone. However, there were a lot of computers branded "Iskra", and some might have been IBM-compatible clones indeed. Haven't worked with these, though...

ISKRA 226 was made after WANG 2200 in 1981. ISKRA 1130 was an XT clone, was available in 1990 - 1991. The 226 was well known and used broadly; the 1130 were few. Worked with the 226 for several years, it was a good personal computer for the pre- IBM PC time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:F470:14:3:E85D:2720:2A67:CACF (talk) 18:13, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iskra


text: User talk:24.203.129.174

title: User talk:24.203.129.174


text:
Frank De Lima

Franklin Wilcox Napuakekaulike De Lima (born July 8, 1949) is an American comedian and singer from Hawai’i. He is most well known for his stand-up and song parodies about the politics and culture of Hawai'i, having multiple comedy specials and media appearances.

Early life and education
De Lima was born and raised in Pauoa Valley within a large Catholic Portuguese and multiracial family and started comedy while he was young. After graduating from Damien Memorial School, De Lima earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology from Chaminade University and a Masters of Divinity from St. Patrick's Seminary and University. After graduating from St. Patrick's, he was ordained as a deacon in the Roman Catholic Church at the age of 25 before deciding to return home to start his career as a singer.

Career
De Lima is one of Hawai'i's most popular comedians, often incorporating current events and trends into music parodies as well as commenting on local ethnic culture.

De Lima, along with his musical duo David Kauahikaua and Bobby Nishida, often perform at nightclubs and concert events throughout Hawai'i and the West Coast. Thus far, De Lima's catalog includes three videos and 17 comedy albums. He has also worked with other local comedians, most notably Andy Bumatai and Augie T. During his career, he has received 14 Nā Hōkū Hanohano Awards.

One of his most well-known appearances is in a commercial for TheCab, in which he performs the contact number for the company. He has also appeared in a number of comedy specials and news appearances as a media personality.

Non-profit and charity work
In 1980, De Lima founded the non-profit Frank De Lima Student Enrichment Program after he had recovered from a car accident and used his free time to visit schools with a purpose of helping Hawai'i's students understand the importance of reading, studying, laughing, family, managing major emotional and physical life transitions, and providing support to middle and intermediate school students. Since the program's inception, De Lima's visits have increased to 300 schools statewide biennially. In recognition of his commitment to Hawai'i's children, De Lima has been honored by Governor Ben Cayetano Kilohana Award for Volunteer of the Year and the Ellison S. Onizuka Memorial Award from the National Education Association among others.

At 50 years old, De Lima was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and has since advocated for its prevention through healthy lifestyles. On February 11, 2006, De Lima participated as a guest speaker for the Taking Control of Your Diabetes Conference and joined with the Hawai’i Department of Health as a spokesperson for the Prevent Diabetes Hawai'i campaign in March 2017. During the COVID-19 pandemic, De Lima would work again with the Department of Health to promote public awareness through songs and advertisements about COVID safety.

Discography

 * "A Taste of Malasadas" – originally released in 1977
 * "The Best of De Lima Too!!" – 1991

title: Frank De Lima


text: Country codes: N

title: Country codes: N


text: Category:Sportspeople of the United States


text:
CDN

CDN may refer to:

Places

 * Abbreviation sometimes used for Canada or Canadian

Technology

 * Content delivery network, on the Internet
 * Change detection and notification, of Web pages

Transportation

 * Former Canadian Airlines, ICAO airline code
 * Coulsdon Town railway station, England, station code
 * Croydon railway station, Melbourne, Australia, station code

Organizations

 * Centro Dramático Nacional, the national theatre of Spain

Media

 * CDN Publishing Co., owner of former Chicago Daily News

Entertainment

 * CDN television, Dominican Republic

title: CDN


text:
Shortcut (magazine)

Shortcut is a Swedish-language magazine and meeting place centred on work and lifestyle. The magazine was established in January 1999. It is published bimonthly and aims at people with higher education, entrepreneurs, free agents and self-taught people.

title: Shortcut (magazine)


text:
Acts of Love (album)

Acts of Love is an album of 50 poems by Penny Rimbaud of the anarchist punk band Crass, set to classical music composed and arranged by Penny Rimbaud and Paul Ellis, and performed by Steve Ignorant and Eve Libertine. Released in 1985 on Crass Records, the record was accompanied by a book of 50 paintings by artist Gee Vaucher.

In 2012, the album was rereleased on CD.

title: Acts of Love (album)


text:
User:TruthSifter

I want all you guys that know me to change this and really show what you know about me and what you guys think of me. Just dont put any personaly identifiable information like my last name and specifically where I live, my b-day, that kinda stuff. Also, leave my contact info, wikipedia contributions, and this beginning as is. I hope you guys have fun with this.

About Me
A young adult living in the area of Philidelphia. Attending college for computer science with a minor in graphic design and business. Long term goal of a video game designer.

Jeff's going off to college, where he'll be having the time of his life. He's a genius with computers, and a ladies man as well. Jeff is great at tennis and pickleball. He plays like a possesed demon out there on the courts. And he showed me the light of Hooters. He has some really good cd's, too, that we listened to.

Hobbies
chevele is a good band but a better car

Political Beliefs
A strong believer in the constitution and the rights affirmed to citizens.

Bush f***ed up. Kerry has a waffle hut.

Voting for Nader would help, but his votes go to Bush.

Simple solution - Physical Removal of President

Canidates:

Mr. Bunny Gary Bryan Boitano Jim Perkins (Mongo)

List More or simply remove this silly comment.

Wikipedia Contributions
Pickleball created it from scratch Alien Vs. Predator Added the cast and crew lists and external links

Contact information

 * E-mail: RicochetGod@Comast.net
 * AIM: SiftingTheTruth

title: User:TruthSifter


text:
High Seas

High Seas may refer to:

 * International waters
 * High Seas (TV series), 2019 Spanish Netflix original
 * High Seas (film), 1929 British film
 * High Seas (album), 2001 album by Trailer Bride
 * "High Seas" (NCIS), episode of American television series NCIS season 1

title: High Seas


text:
Functional gastrointestinal disorder

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), also known as disorders of gut–brain interaction, include a number of separate idiopathic disorders which affect different parts of the gastrointestinal tract and involve visceral hypersensitivity and motility disturbances.

Definition
Using the Delphi method, the Rome Foundation and its board of directors, chairs and co-chairs of the ROME IV committees developed the current definition for disorders of gut-brain interaction.

A group of disorders classified by GI symptoms related to any combination of:
 * Motility disturbance
 * Visceral hypersensitivity
 * Altered mucosal and immune function
 * Altered gut microbiota
 * Altered central nervous system (CNS) processing

Classification
Terms such as functional colonic disease (or functional bowel disorder) refer in medicine to a group of bowel disorders which are characterized by chronic abdominal complaints without a structural or biochemical cause that could explain symptoms. Other functional disorders relate to other aspects of the process of digestion.

The consensus review process of meetings and publications organised by the Rome Foundation, known as the Rome process, has helped to define the functional gastrointestinal disorders. Successively, the Rome I, Rome II, Rome III and Rome IV proposed consensual classification system and terminology, as recommended by the Rome Coordinating Committee. These now include classifications appropriate for adults, children and neonates/toddlers.

The current ROME IV classification, published in 2016, is as follows:

A. Esophageal disorders
 * A1. Functional chest pain
 * A2. Functional heartburn
 * A3. Reflux hypersensitivity
 * A4. Globus
 * A5. Functional dysphagia

B. Gastroduodenal disorders
 * B1. Functional dyspepsia
 * B1a. Postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)
 * B1b. Epigastric pain syndrome (EPS)
 * B2. Belching disorders
 * B2a. Excessive supragastric belching
 * B2b. Excessive gastric belching
 * B3. Nausea and vomiting disorders
 * B3a. Chronic nausea vomiting syndrome (CNVS)
 * B3b. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
 * B3c. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS)
 * B4. Rumination syndrome

C. Bowel disorders
 * C1. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
 * IBS with predominant constipation (IBS-C)
 * IBS with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D)
 * IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M)
 * IBS unclassified (IBS-U)
 * C2. Functional constipation
 * C3. Functional diarrhea
 * C4. Functional abdominal bloating/distension
 * C5. Unspecified functional bowel disorder
 * C6. Opioid-induced constipation

D. Centrally mediated disorders of gastrointestinal pain
 * D1. Centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome (CAPS)
 * D2. Narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS)/ Opioid-induced GI hyperalgesia

E. Gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi disorders
 * E1. Biliary pain
 * E1a. Functional gallbladder disorder
 * E1b. Functional biliary sphincter of Oddi disorder
 * E2. Functional pancreatic sphincter of Oddi disorder

F. Anorectal disorders
 * F1. Fecal incontinence
 * F2. Functional anorectal pain
 * F2a. Levator ani syndrome
 * F2b. Unspecified functional anorectal pain
 * F2c. Proctalgia fugax
 * F3. Functional defecation disorders
 * F3a. Inadequate defecatory propulsion
 * F3b. Dyssynergic defecation

G. Childhood functional GI disorders: Neonate/Toddler
 * G1. Infant regurgitation
 * G2. Rumination syndrome
 * G3. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
 * G4. Infant colic
 * G5. Functional diarrhea
 * G6. Infant dyschezia
 * G7. Functional constipation

H. Childhood functional GI disorders: Child/Adolescent
 * H1. Functional nausea and vomiting disorders
 * H1a. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)
 * H1b. Functional nausea and functional vomiting
 * H1b1. Functional nausea
 * H1b2. Functional vomiting
 * H1c. Rumination syndrome
 * H1d. Aerophagia
 * H2. Functional abdominal pain disorders
 * H2a. Functional dyspepsia
 * H2a1. Postprandial distress syndrome
 * H2a2. Epigastric pain syndrome
 * H2b. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
 * H2c. Abdominal migraine
 * H2d. Functional abdominal pain ‒ NOS
 * H3. Functional defecation disorders
 * H3a. Functional constipation
 * H3b. Nonretentive fecal incontinence

Causes
FGIDs share in common any of several physiological features including increased motor reactivity, enhanced visceral hypersensitivity, altered mucosal immune and inflammatory function (associated with bacterial dysbiosis), and altered central nervous system and enteric nervous system (CNS-ENS) regulation.

The pathophysiology of FGID has been best conceptualized using biopsychosocial model help to explain the relationships between an individual factors in their early life that in turn can influence their psychosocial factor and physiological functioning. This model also shows the complex interactions between these factors through the brain-gut axis. These factors affect how FGID manifest in terms of symptoms but also affect the clinical outcome. These factors are interconnected and the influences on these factors are bidirectional and mutually interactive.

Early life factors
Early life factors include genetic factors, psychophysiological and sociocultural factors, and environmental exposures.
 * Genetics – Several polymorphisms and candidate genes may predispose individuals to develop FGID. These include alpha-2 adrenergic and 5-HT receptors; serotonin and norepinephrine transporters (SERT, NET); inflammatory markers interleukin-(IL)10, tumor necrosis factor-(TNF) alpha, and TNF super family member 15 (TNF-SF15); intracellular cell signaling (G proteins); and ion channels (SCN5A). However, the expression of a FGID requires the influence of additional environmental exposures such as infection, illness modeling and other factors.
 * Psychophysiological factors may affect the expression of these genes, thus leading to symptoms production associated with FGID.
 * Sociocultural factors and family interactions have been shown to shape later reporting of symptoms, the development of FGIDs, and health care seeking. The expression of pain varies across cultures as well including denial of symptoms to dramatic expression.
 * Environmental exposures – Prior studies have shown the effect of environmental exposures in relation to the development of FGIDs. Environmental exposures such as childhood salmonella infection can be a risk factor for IBS in adulthood.

Psychosocial factors
There is a strong link between FGIDs and psychosocial factors. Psychosocial factors influence the functioning of the GI tract through the brain-gut axis, including the GI tract's motility, sensitivity, and barrier function. Psychosocial factors also affect experience and behavior, treatment selection, and clinical outcome.

Psychological stress or one's emotional response to stress exacerbates gastrointestinal symptoms and may contribute to FGID development and maintenance. Specifically in children and adolescents, anxiety and depression may present as FGID-associated somatic complaints, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Similarly, anxiety in individuals with FGIDs is linked to greater pain severity, frequency, duration, chronicity, and disabling effects. This is because psychological stress can impact the gut's mucosal barrier functions, allowing bacteria and bacterial products to migrate and cause pain, diarrhea, and other GI symptoms. Conversely, since the brain-gut axis is bidirectional, GI inflammation and injury can amplify pain signals to the brain and contribute to worsened mental status, including anxiety and depression symptoms.

Individuals with FGIDs may also experience poor socialization. Due to the nature of the disease, individuals with an FGID may have difficulty with regular school or work attendance and participation in extracurricular activities, leading to isolation and a lack of peer support. This lack of peer support may lead to depression and loneliness, conditions which exacerbate FGIDs symptoms. In addition, children with FGIDs are more likely to experience bullying. As such, stressful situations which influence socialization (seen as either a lack thereof or negative experiences) may lead to an impaired functioning in patients with FGIDs.

Family interactions may also play a role in the development of FGIDs through their effects on the physical and psychosocial functioning of an individual. Family factors which may influence the development of an FGID include child attachment style, maladaptive parenting behaviors (paternal rejection and hostility), and even the parents' health status, as children of chronically ill parents experience increased somatization, insecure attachment, and worsened biopsychosocial functioning. Each of these factors leads to the accumulation of stressors, which can ultimately lead to the development of an FGID. In addition, family units which have a member with an FGIDs diagnosis are more likely to face family functioning difficulties, including challenges to familial roles, communication, affective involvement, organization, and cohesion. These challenges arise due to the nature of the disease, and ultimately worsen symptoms for the FGID patient.

Physiology
The physiology of FGID is characterized by abnormal motility, visceral hypersensitivity as well as dysregulation of the immune system and barrier function of the GI tract as well as inflammatory changes. Studies have shown altered muscle contractility and tone, bowel compliance, and transit may contribute to many of the gastrointestinal symptoms of FGID which may include diarrhea, constipation, and vomiting. In FGID there is poor association of pain with GI motility in many functional GI disorders. These patient often have a lower pain threshold with balloon distension of the bowel (visceral hyperalgesia), or they have increased sensitivity even to normal intestinal function; Visceral hypersensitivity may be amplified in patients with FGIDs. Studies on postinfectious IBS have shown that factors such as mucosal membrane permeability, the intestinal flora, and altered mucosal immune function. Ultimately leading to visceral hypersensitivity. Factors contributing to this occurrence include genetics, psychological stress, and altered receptor sensitivity at the gut mucosa and myenteric plexus, which are enabled by mucosal immune dysfunction. There has been increased attention to the role of bacteria and the microbiome in overall health and disease. There is evidence for a group of microorganisms which play a role in the brain-gut axis. Studies have revealed that the bacterial composition of the gastrointestinal tract in IBS patient differs from healthy individuals (e.g., increased Firmicutes and reduced Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacteria) However, further research is needed to determine the role of the microbiome in FGIDs. The types of food consumed and diet consumed plays a role in the manifestation of FGID and also their relationship to intestinal microbiota. Studies have shown that specific changes in diet (e.g., low FODMAP—fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols, or gluten restriction in some patients) may help and reduce the symptom burden in FGID. However, no one diet has been shown to be recommended for all people.
 * Abnormal motility
 * Visceral hypersensitivity
 * Immune dysregulation, inflammation, and barrier dysfunction
 * Microbiome
 * Food and diet

Brain-gut axis
The brain-gut axis is a bidirectional mechanism in which psychosocial factors influence the GI tract and vice versa. Specifically, the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain influence GI activity and immune cell function, and the microbes within the gut regulate mood, cognition, and mental health. These two systems interact through several mechanisms. There are direct, physical connections between the central nervous system and nerve plexuses to the visceral muscles. In addition, neurotransmitters send signals related to thoughts, feelings, and pain regulation from the brain to the GI tract. The brain-gut axis influences the entire body through a variety of pathways; it regulates sensory, motor, endocrine, autonomic, immune, and inflammatory reactions. Within the physical and psychological interactions of FGIDs specifically, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and even autism are well-linked to GI dysfunction. Conversely, functional GI diseases are linked to several comorbid psychiatric diseases. Negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, anger, stress, and pain may delay gastric emptying, decrease intestinal and colonic transit time, and induce defecation and diarrhea.

Psychotherapeutic treatments
Because FGIDs are known to be multifactorial with external stressors and environmental factors playing a role in their development, current research demonstrates that psychological treatments may be effective in relieving some symptoms of the disease. Interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), hypnotherapy, and biofeedback-assisted relaxation training (BART) each show promise in symptom reduction. Each of these therapies aims to alter an individual's thought patterns and behaviors while improving self-efficacy, which all work together to improve health outcomes.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a treatment based on the theory that thinking affects one's feelings and behaviors. As such, alterations in one's thought process can have a positive or negative effect on actions and perceptions. Through the lens of FGIDs, a negative thought pattern may be associated with a negative physical experience of abdominal pain, discomfort, and general sickness. In theory, retraining the patient's thought patterns can alleviate these symptoms and improve quality of life. In patients with FGIDs, CBT is an effective treatment option; one study found 87.5% of participants to be completely pain-free following treatment. Internet-based CBT (iCBT) is similarly effective, and may be a good treatment option for individuals who either cannot afford or otherwise lack access to traditional CBT.

Hypnotherapy, another method for reducing symptoms of FGIDs, teaches users how to alter their perception of uncomfortable sensations in the body. Gut-directed hypnotherapy specifically gives greater improvements in symptoms than standard treatment of the disease. Research demonstrates directed hypnotherapy to be an effective mechanism of reducing visceral hypersensitivity (a low pain threshold of the internal organs) and sympathetic activity, due to the reduced activity of the anterior cingulated cortex and state of relaxation achieved during hypnosis. For patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional abdominal pain (FAP), hypnotherapy reduces pain intensity and frequency.

BART therapies monitor the physiological changes occurring with thoughts, feelings, and emotions. These therapies aim to teach patients how to visualize the effects of the interventions they are undergoing. BART is used to improve mood and somatic responses to anxiety disorders, which may relieve some of the psychological and physiological symptoms of FGIDs. The visual, real-time feedback given through BART empowers the patient to see the difference that the therapy is making, thus giving the patient control over the physiological components of the disease. This allows the patient to maximize their mind-body connection and eventually optimize symptom management and quality of life. BART allows the patient to break the positive feedback loop of anxiety and pain, thus reducing disease exacerbations.

Pharmaceutical treatments
Antidepressants have been thoroughly studied as a potential treatment for FGIDs. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) show the most promise in treating some of the symptoms of FGIDs. TCAs, specifically amitriptyline, show promising results when examining common FGIDs symptoms such as pain and poor quality of life. SNRIs also demonstrate pain-relieving qualities. SSRIs are less effective in pain management, but may reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, which would, in turn, reduce some FGIDs symptoms.

Epidemiology
Functional gastrointestinal disorders are very common. Globally, irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia alone may affect 16–26% of the population.

Research
There is considerable research into the causes, diagnosis and treatments for FGIDs. Diet, microbiome, genetics, neuromuscular function and immunological response all interact. A role for mast cell activation has been proposed as one of the factors.

title: Functional gastrointestinal disorder