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Alex Borstein

Alexandrea Borstein (born February 15, 1971) is an American actress, comedian, writer, and producer. She is best known for voicing Lois Griffin in the animated comedy series Family Guy (1999–present), for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award. She gained further acclaim for starring as Susie Myerson in the comedy-drama series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017–2023), which earned her two Primetime Emmy Awards.

Borstein also had lead roles as various characters on the sketch comedy series MADtv (1997–2009) and as Dawn Forchette in the medical comedy series Getting On (2013–2015). She had supporting roles in numerous films, including Showtime (2002), Bad Santa (2003), Kicking & Screaming (2005), Little Man (2006), Killers (2010), Ted (2012), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), Love the Coopers (2015), and Extinct (2021).

Early life
Borstein was born in Highland Park, Illinois, a city north of Chicago. She was raised in Deerfield, Illinois, before her family moved to Northridge, California, a neighborhood of Los Angeles. She graduated from Chatsworth High School in 1989. She has two older brothers. Her parents, Irv and Judy Borstein, are both mental health professionals. She has stated that she is of Hungarian and Mongolian descent. She is Jewish.

Her father is from Atlanta. Her maternal grandmother, a Holocaust survivor, was born and raised in Budapest, Hungary, and immigrated to the United States after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Borstein is a graduate of San Francisco State University, where she studied rhetoric.

1993–1998: Career beginnings and MADtv
Borstein trained in improvisational comedy at the ACME Comedy Theater, near Hollywood, where she met her writing partner and future husband Jackson Douglas. Shortly after they began working together on the animated series The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper and Pinky and the Brain, Borstein left her position at an ad agency – where she had written print ads for Barbie – to become a full-time writer. In 1996, while still writing for Casper, Borstein worked on the show Power Rangers Zeo as the voice of Queen Machina, the queen of the Machine Empire.

In 1997, Borstein became a cast member on the third season of the sketch comedy show MADtv after being scouted by talent agents. She originally joined the cast as a featured player, but was upgraded to the repertory mid-season.

Borstein was best known on MADtv for her character Ms. Swan (owner of the Gorgeous Pretty Beauty Nail Salon); her other recurring characters included Eracist Anne, "Stick Chick" Echo, singer Jasmine Wayne-Wayne, child prodigy Karen Goddard, lounge singer Shaunda, News at Six outside-the-studio reporter Sue Napersville, and Cordo the GAP troll. When Seth Green made recurring appearances on the show as mean boss Mr. Brightling, Borstein would play his mother, Mama Brightling.

1999–2009: Further success and Family Guy
While working on MADtv, Borstein met Seth MacFarlane, who was then preparing to launch the animated sitcom Family Guy on Fox. MacFarlane was originally supposed to create animated shorts for MADtv, but declined in favor of creating an independent series. MacFarlane cast Borstein as the voice of character Lois Griffin. After the show's debut in January 1999, Family Guy was cancelled by the network twice in 2000 and 2002, but eventually returned in 2005. As well as her role as the voice performer for Lois and several other characters (including a brief appearance as Ms. Swan in a 2005 episode), she is also a producer and staff writer. She was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for the episode "Lois Comes Out of Her Shell" in 2013.

In 2000, Borstein was cast as Sookie St. James in the WB drama Gilmore Girls. She portrayed Sookie in the pilot but her MADtv contract prevented her from continuing in the role. Borstein made recurring appearances on Gilmore Girls throughout the show's run, first as the harpist Drella and later as the stylist Miss Celine.

As a film actor, she played Ms. Ungermeyer the school principal in The Lizzie McGuire Movie (2003), the best friend of Halle Berry's character in Catwoman (2004), and an employee at CBS News in Good Night, and Good Luck (2005). She also had a small role in the movie Bad Santa (2003) and an uncredited cameo as an obnoxious coffee shop patron in the Will Ferrell movie Kicking & Screaming (2005). On some commercials, she sometimes voices Olive Oyl from Popeye and Betty Boop.

Borstein was a co-host of GSN's Celebrity Blackjack in 2004. She made at least three guest appearances, once as Lois Griffin, on the Comedy Central animated program Drawn Together.

Borstein was cast as a press secretary in the 2007 sitcom pilot The Thick of It, but the series was not picked up for broadcast. She was seen in the 2009 comedy For Christ's Sake, which was directed by her then husband Jackson Douglas.

Borstein's production company is called Crackerpants, Inc. In 2007, it released the DVD Drop Dead Gorgeous (in a Down-to-Earth Bombshell Sort of Way), a recording of a live performance at the Alex Theatre with Teddy Towne as the opening act. The title comes from one of many female character breakdowns Borstein reads from to illustrate sexism in the industry.

2010–present: Getting On and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel
Borstein has made several supporting appearances in such comedic films as Killers (2010), Dinner for Schmucks (2010), Ted (2012), ParaNorman (2012), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), and The Angry Birds Movie (2016).

In 2010, Borstein joined the first season staff of the Showtime comedy-drama series Shameless, as a writer and supervising producer. In its second season, she held the position of writer and consulting producer. She also guest-starred as Lou Deckner in numerous episodes of the series, beginning in the first-season episode "But at Last Came a Knock."

She also appeared as a comedian contestant on IFC's short-lived comedy-driven game show Bunk in 2012.

Borstein starred as Dawn Forchette on the HBO comedy series Getting On, which is a remake of a UK series with the same name. The series has gained positive reviews and earned multiple Primetime Emmy Award nominations. It aired from 2013 to 2015.

From 2017 to 2023, Borstein starred as Susie Myerson in the Amazon Prime Video historical comedy-drama series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, for which she received significant critical acclaim and won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.

Personal life
Borstein met actor and writer Jackson Douglas while she was studying improv at the ACME Comedy Theatre. Douglas proposed to her during the taping of a MADtv skit and they were married in 1999. Douglas filed for divorce in October 2014 and it was finalized in 2017.

Borstein was pregnant while she recorded the DVD commentary for the Family Guy episode "Stewie Kills Lois"; she joked about naming her baby Stewie. She and Douglas have a son and a daughter.

Borstein, who is a carrier of hemophilia herself, is a longtime advocate for the National Hemophilia Foundation.

Religious beliefs
According to Borstein, "We do Shabbat every Friday night. I'm not [someone] that goes to temple all the time—I'm a High Holidays temple goer, and that's about it. But there are traditions," she said in an interview. "Having a mother and a grandmother who are Holocaust survivors, I feel a large responsibility to continue that culture and those traditions—not necessarily the dogma, but what it feels like to be Jewish. I want to instill that in my kids."

title: Alex Borstein


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Cape Nordkinn

Cape Nordkinn (Kinnarodden or Gidnegeahči ) at 71.13389°N, 27.65°W is the northernmost point on the Nordkinn Peninsula in Finnmark county, Norway. It is notable for being the northernmost point of mainland Norway, and by extension the northernmost point of mainland Europe. The cape is located on the border of Gamvik Municipality and Lebesby Municipality.

Geography
Cape Nordkinn is the northern tip of the fractal peninsula within the northernmost part of the Nordkinn Peninsula, about 14 km in a straight line northwest from the village of Mehamn.

The famous North Cape (Nordkapp or more precisely Knivskjelodden) at 71.1834°N, 25.6753°W, is about 5.7 km further north than Cape Nordkinn, and it is branded as Europe's "official" northernmost point, although it is on an island that is just offshore of the mainland.

Tourism

In sharp contrast to North Cape with its extensive tourist infrastructure and busloads of visitors, Cape Nordkinn is a lonely but impressive place that can only be visited following at least a full-day hike from Mehamn and one day back. The terrain is sufficiently difficult for hiking, consisting largely of several kilometers long rock fields, that it is advisable to prepare for more than two days for the round trip, since it is 24 km one way. There is no actual trail, only erected poles and cairns at rather long distances apart.

It is advisable not to travel in rainy weather, as the slippery stones make the terrain very difficult, with sudden fogs and associated whiteout. In fog the orientation on the highland south of the cape can be impossible without a GPS. There is mobile phone coverage in the area, except on west facing slopes.

The cape can also be reached by boat tours. The tourist bureau of Gamvik Municipality provides tourist information. Hurtigruten ships call at Mehamn and Kjøllefjord to the southwest of the cape, providing a sighting opportunity for visitors on the way.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cape Nordkinn


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Gahan Wilson

Gahan Allen Wilson (February 18, 1930 – November 21, 2019) was an American author, cartoonist and illustrator known for his cartoons depicting horror-fantasy situations.

Biography
Wilson was born in Evanston, Illinois, and was inspired by the work of the satiric Mad and Punch cartoonists, and 1950s science fiction films. His cartoons and prose fiction appeared regularly in Playboy, Collier's and The New Yorker for nearly 50 years. He was a regular contributor to the National Lampoon humor magazine. He published cartoons and film reviews for The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. From 1992 through end of publication, he prepared all the front covers for the annual book Passport to World Band Radio. Wilson was a movie review columnist for The Twilight Zone Magazine and a book critic for Realms of Fantasy magazine.

Wilson wrote and illustrated a short story for Harlan Ellison's anthology Again, Dangerous Visions (1972). He also contributed short stories to other publications; including "M1" and "The Zombie Butler" both of which appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and were reprinted in Gahan Wilson's Cracked Cosmos (1975). In 1975 he designed a small trophy, a bust of H. P. Lovecraft, to be given to winners of the World Fantasy Award; the bust was retired following the 2015 awards amid complaints about Lovecraft's history of racism. A new statuette designed by Vincent Villafranca depicting a tree in front of a full moon was released in 2017.

Wilson created a computer game, Gahan Wilson's The Ultimate Haunted House, with Byron Preiss. He wrote the 1992 animated short Diner.

In 2009, Fantagraphics Books released Gahan Wilson: 50 Years of Playboy Cartoons, a slipcased, three-volume collection of Wilson's cartoons and short stories for that magazine. A collection of his work, Fifty Years of Gahan Wilson, was published in 2010.

Awards
In 2005, Wilson was recognized with a lifetime achievement award from the World Fantasy Awards. He received the World Fantasy Convention Award (in the form of the bust of H. P. Lovecraft that he had designed as the award trophy in 1975) in 1981. He also received the National Cartoonists Society's Milton Caniff Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005.

Wilson is the subject of a feature-length documentary film, Gahan Wilson: Born Dead, Still Weird, directed by Steven-Charles Jaffe.

He was an influence on later alternative cartoonists, including Gary Larson, John Callahan and Bill Plympton.

Personal life
Wilson was married to author Nancy Winters (née Nancy Dee Midyette) from 1966 until her death in March 2019.

In 2019, Wilson's stepson Paul Winters announced that Wilson was suffering from advanced dementia. Wilson died from complications of dementia on November 21, 2019, in Scottsdale, Arizona.

Children's fantasy

 * Matthew Looney series written by Jerome Beatty Jr., illustrated by Gahan Wilson:
 * Matthew Looney's Voyage to the Earth (1961)
 * Matthew Looney's Invasion of the Earth (1965)
 * Matthew Looney in the Outback (1969)
 * Matthew Looney and the Space Pirates (1972)
 * Maria Looney on the Red Planet (1977)
 * Maria Looney and the Cosmic Circus (1978)
 * Maria Looney and the Remarkable Robot (1978)
 * Bob Fulton's Amazing Soda-pop Stretcher: An International Spy Story (1963) written by Jerome Beatty Jr., illustrated by Gahan Wilson
 * Harry, the Fat Bear Spy (1973)
 * Harry and the Sea Serpent (1976)
 * Granny's Fish Story (1975)
 * The Bang Bang Family (1974)
 * Spooky Stories for a Dark and Stormy Night (1994)
 * Didn't Didn't Do It (2007) written by Bradford Morrow, illustrated by Gahan Wilson

Books edited by Gahan Wilson

 * Gahan Wilson's Favorite Tales of Horror (1976)
 * The First World Fantasy Awards (1977)

title: Gahan Wilson


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User talk:Shard

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Hi, Shard. I really appreciate the support. Right now, your vote on La La is being counted as "abstain/ambiguous", but I'm pretty sure you want to keep it, based on the things you've said? Do you want to clarify your vote? Everyking 05:22, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

RfC against Everyking
Hi, I noticed you were at one point involved in the dispute at Autobiography (album). Well, I've filed an RfC against Everyking, and I thought you might like to certify or at least endorse it. Thanks. Johnleemk | Talk 05:42, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

File:Pocket Full of Kryptonite back cover.PNG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Pocket Full of Kryptonite back cover.PNG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Peripitus (Talk) 11:44, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of DLD (software) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article DLD (software) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/DLD (software) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 13:15, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shard


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Johann Georg Palitzsch

Johann Georg Palitzsch (11 June 1723 in Prohlis, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire (today Dresden-Prohlis (de)) – 21 February 1788 in Prohlis) was a German astronomer who became famous for recovering Comet 1P/Halley (better known as Halley's Comet) on Christmas Day, 1758. The periodic nature of this comet had been deduced by its namesake Edmond Halley in 1705, but Halley had died before seeing if his prediction would come true. Raised to become a successful farmer under a strict stepfather, Palitzsch secretly studied as much astronomy as he could from the books he could afford. He learned contemporary astronomy from the book “Vorhof der Sternwissenschaft” (“The Forecourt of Astronomy”) by Christian Pescheck. He learned Latin and, at age 21, inherited the farm, which allowed him to construct his own botanical garden, library, laboratory, and museum. He received support from various benefactors, including the future King. But the wars between Prussia and Austria interrupted his ambitions.

Upon his death on 21 February 1788 Palitzsch left behind a library of 3518 books, partly consisting of handwritten copies he had created from scientific works too expensive for him to purchase.

A crater and a vallis (valley) on the Moon are named after him.

The asteroid 11970 Palitzsch also is named after him.

title: Johann Georg Palitzsch


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Barðsneshorn

Barðsneshorn is the extreme end of Barðsnes in the east of Iceland. Barðsneshorn is 9.7 km to the north of Gerpir easternmost point of mainland Iceland.

title: Barðsneshorn


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Thomas Kuchel

Thomas Henry Kuchel (August 15, 1910 – November 21, 1994) was an American politician. A moderate Republican, he served as a US Senator from California from 1953 to 1969 and was the minority whip in the Senate, where he was the co-manager on the floor for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Kuchel voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1964, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Voting Rights Act of 1965,  and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court, while Kuchel did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

Early life
Kuchel was born in Anaheim, Orange County, the son of Henry Kuchel, a newspaper editor and the former Letitia Bailey. Kuchel attended public school as a child. While he was at Anaheim High School, he was student body president, a yell leader and a member of the debate team. While there, he debated a team from Whittier High School, winning his own debate against his opponent and later intraparty rival, Richard Nixon.

Kuchel graduated from both the University of Southern California in 1932 and the University of Southern California Law School before he entered the state government.

Career
Kuchel served in the California State Assembly from 1937 to 1941, in the California State Senate from 1941 to 1945, and as California State Controller from 1946 to 1953. During World War II, Kuchel was a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve.

In 1953, Kuchel was appointed to the U.S. Senate by Governor Earl Warren to fill the vacancy created after Republican Senator Richard Nixon was elected Vice President. Kuchel was elected to the remainder of Nixon's term in 1954 and to full terms in 1956 and 1962.

As a U.S. Senator, Kuchel had first attempted to steer clear of the factional infighting within the California Republican Party, which took place in the 1950s between Vice President Nixon, U.S. Senate Republican Leader William F. Knowland, a conservative, and Republican Governor Goodwin J. Knight, a liberal. Known as a moderate, Kuchel eventually backed Knowland in his campaign to oust Knight in the Republican primary for governor in 1958. Knight withdrew his re-election bid and ran for Knowland's Senate seat, but he and Knowland both lost that year.

While running for a second full term in 1962, Kuchel pointedly refused to endorse ticket-mate Nixon's candidacy for governor in a heated race against incumbent Democrat Edmund G. "Pat" Brown, Sr. The 1962 election favored incumbents, as Brown beat Nixon by a comfortable margin and Kuchel coasted to victory. To date, Kuchel is the last senatorial candidate to win all 58 California counties in a single election.

However, Kuchel broke with Knowland in 1964 when the latter asked him to endorse Barry Goldwater for the Republican nomination for president, and Kuchel instead endorsed Nelson Rockefeller, who narrowly lost the California presidential primary to Goldwater. During his campaign for Rockefeller, Kuchel warned in campaign ads that control by the right-wing movement of the California Republican party would lead to the destruction of the two-party system. While Kuchel was campaigning against Goldwater, a "vicious document" circulated that purported to be an affidavit signed by a Los Angeles police officer, saying that in 1949, he had arrested Kuchel. The document said that the arrest was for drunkenness while Kuchel had been in the midst of a sex act with a man. Four men were indicted for the libel: Norman H. Krause, a bar owner and ex-Los Angeles policeman, who had actually arrested two people in 1950 who worked in Kuchel's office for drunkenness; Jack D. Clemmons, a Los Angeles police sergeant until his resignation two weeks before his arrest; John F. Fergus, a public relations man for Eversharp, who was charged with possession of a concealed weapon and given a suspended sentence in 1947; and Francis A. Capell of Zarephath, New Jersey, the publisher of a right-wing newsletter.

During the 1966 California gubernatorial primary, Kuchel was urged by moderates to run against conservative actor Ronald Reagan. Citing the hostilities of the growing conservative movement, Kuchel decided not to run. He instead issued a negative statement about the conservatives: "A fanatical neo-fascist political cult of right-wingers in the GOP, driven by a strange mixture of corrosive hatred and sickening fear that is recklessly determined to control our party or destroy it!" In May 1963, Kuchel attacked the right-wing movement in the Senate in a speech, describing them as not conservatives, but "radicals with a capital R" and that the movement defiled conservatism.

Kuchel was one of thirteen Republican senators to vote in favor of Medicare. In 1981, he described himself as a progressive Republican, a type of Republican that governs for the many.

Kuchel was narrowly defeated in the Republican primary in 1968 by conservative state Superintendent of Public Instruction Max Rafferty, who went on to lose the general election to Alan Cranston, the former State Controller, a position that had once been held by Kuchel himself. Kuchel returned to California and moved to Beverly Hills, where he practiced law until his retirement in 1981.

He was appointed by the Supreme Court to represent the appellee in United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film.

Death
He died of lung cancer on November 21, 1994, in Beverly Hills.

Legacy
Secretary of Defense and former White House Chief of Staff and CIA Director Leon Panetta began in politics as a legislative assistant to Kuchel. Panetta would cite Kuchel as "a tremendous role model."

On August 17, 2010, the Beverly Hills City Council paid tribute to Senator Kuchel on the 100th anniversary of his birth. His widow Betty Kuchel and daughter Karen Kuchel accepted a proclamation from then Councilman and now mayor William Warren Brien, a grandson of Governor Earl Warren, at the council meeting.

title: Thomas Kuchel


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Bjargtangar

Bjargtangar (, regionally also ) is the westernmost point of Iceland and is considered the westernmost point of Europe outside the mid-Atlantic archipelago of Azores (which are not classified as remote islands). It is the westernmost point in the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) time zone.

title: Bjargtangar


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B16

B16 or B-16 may refer to:

 * B16 (New York City bus) serving Brooklyn
 * HLA-B16, an HLA - B serotype
 * Honda B16 engine
 * Volvo B16 engine
 * LNER Class B16, a class of British steam locomotives
 * Martin XB-16, a proposed bomber aircraft
 * B16 melanoma, a cell line
 * Boron-16 (B-16 or 16B), an isotope of boron
 * One of the ECO codes for the Caro–Kann Defence in chess
 * Pope Benedict XVI
 * Bundesstraße 16, federal highway in Germany
 * 16 amp, type B – a standard circuit breaker current rating
 * B16 Standardization of Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Gaskets - ASME committee and specification group.

title: B16


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Hraunhafnartangi

Hraunhafnartangi is the second northernmost point of mainland Iceland and was believed to be the northernmost point until 2016 when it lost that title to the close by Rifstangi which was found to exceed it by 68 metres. It is notable for the Hraunhafnartangi Lighthouse.

title: Hraunhafnartangi


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Launceston Airport

Launceston Airport is a regional airport on the outskirts of Launceston, Tasmania. The airport is located in the industrial area of Western Junction 15 km from Launceston city centre. It is Tasmania's second busiest after Hobart Airport; it can also run as a curfew free airport.

In the 2018/19 financial year, the airport had a record 1.39 million passengers. The subsequent COVID pandemic had a significant effect on passenger numbers in the following period, however patronage has recovered strongly and is forecast to reach a new record in 2023/24.

Launceston Airport is Australia's 13th busiest airport.

History
After the formation of the Tasmanian Aero Club in 1927, the first air travel facility in Tasmania was built on the site. In July 1929 the Home Territories Department acquired land at the Western Junction, then also called Valley of Springs, for a £20,400 ($41,000) aerodrome. The Western Junction Aerodrome was officially opened in 1929, and opened for use in 1930. In February 1931, around 20,000 people crammed into Evandale Road to watch Colonel Brinsmead, Controller of Civil Aviation, officially open Western Junction as a government aerodrome. During 1932, small aircraft flew from Launceston to Flinders Island.

From August 1940 until late 1944, the airport was used by the Royal Australian Air Force as a base for No. 7 Elementary Flying Training School. It was Tasmania's only RAAF Base. Two of the Bellman hangars from this period are still located at the airport, on the southern Freight and General Aviation operations area.

In 1962, under the leadership of Tony John, a plan for major redevelopment of the airport was approved. This included strengthening of all pavements, a runway extension, and a new terminal building. The airport was officially reopened that same year as Launceston Airport. In October 1982 the runway was further upgraded to Boeing 767 standard.

In 1998, the airport was privatised, and is now owned jointly by Launceston City Council and Australia Pacific Airports Corporation. The collapse of Ansett Australia in 2001, the introduction of Virgin Blue (now Virgin Australia) and Jetstar in 2001 and 2004; and the creation of the Australian low-cost airline market; have all contributed to a dramatic increase in aircraft movements at Launceston Airport. In 2007 the airport reached the milestone of one million passenger movements per year. Tiger Airways Australia also introduced services, and withdrew again in July 2010.

Terminal
Launceston Airport underwent a A$20 million redevelopment, the largest expansion in its history at the time. The project doubled the size of the terminal and was completed in November 2009.

The airport currently has a bar; James Boag Bar and Kitchen; two café outlets; Hudsons Coffee, Wilderness Espresso and a News and Gift Shop, The Launceston Store. As part of the expansion, two new gate lounges were installed (Gate Lounges 2 and 3), with the capability for two more gate lounges when required in future. The new gate lounge area is approximately 1200 m2 at apron level. The gate lounges for departing passengers were constructed along with a 100 m2 extension of the landside lounge floor, bringing the landside lounge area to 800 m2. The new departure area has a single location for all airlines' check-in operations: QantasLink, Jetstar and Virgin Australia have a total of 12 check-in counters. A checked bag screening (CBS) facility is linked to these check-in counters, allowing all aircraft checked baggage to be screened as required by the Commonwealth government from 1 December 2008. A 500 m2 baggage arrivals hall was constructed, and two new baggage carousels were installed: the first one opened to the public on 18 March, with the second following in April. Previously passengers had to take their bags from the airline baggage equipment. A new multi-tenant car rental counter has been constructed next to the baggage arrivals area. There was a 1000m² expansion of the main landside passenger lounge, with views of the apron and runway.

The redeveloped terminal was officially opened on 12 March 2010 by the Premier of Tasmania, David Bartlett.

As of August 2022 further works had commenced at Launceston Airport to expand the check-in area and install the latest state-of- the-art security technology, with passenger numbers expected to double over the next 15 years. Supported by the State and Federal governments, the $11 million project will double the size of the airport’s check-in hall, with an additional 650 square metres offering space for self-check-in equipment, an easier security experience and an enhanced retail offering. The installation of new security technology will allow passengers to keep laptops, tablets and aerosols in their bags.

The entrance to the Qantas Regional lounge will also be moved behind security screening, meaning travellers with access to the lounge can spend more time there before boarding their flight.

In August 2023, the new check-in hall opened, commencing the first stage of the airport's infrastructure development to improve the passenger experience.

The 13th of December 2023 marked the completion of the first phase in the terminal expansion, with new state-of-the-art security screening technology becoming available for airport visitors.

Airlines and destinations
The Qantas Group is the dominant operator at Launceston airport, with Jetstar operating up to six daily flights to/from Melbourne, up to two daily flights to/from Sydney and up to one daily flight to/from Brisbane throughout the year. QantasLink operates up to four flights daily to/from Melbourne, up to two daily flights to/from Sydney and seasonal services to/from Brisbane. Virgin Australia operates up to four daily flights to/from Melbourne, one daily flight to/from Sydney, between four and seven flights per week to/from Brisbane as well as a number of seasonal flights to/from Adelaide and Perth.

Sharp Airlines offer up to three flights a day to Flinders Island and up to two flights a day to King Island via Burnie.

Airlines of Tasmania provide twice weekly services to both Cape Barren Island and Hobart, in addition to light aircraft charter.

Bonza commenced flights to and from the Gold Coast in November 2023, with flights departing regularly all year round. The airline also have recently announced a direct service to the Sunshine Coast, with flight commencing in late March.

Traffic and statistics
Launceston Airport's passenger numbers have increased dramatically in recent years, significantly exceeding the airports forecasts in the Airport Master Plan 2005. The passenger numbers achieved in the 2007-08 fiscal year were not anticipated until at least fiscal year 2019–20.

Access
Primary access to Launceston Airport is via private vehicles. Launceston Airport has a short term and a long term car park, as well as an overflow car park which can accommodate 1,665 parked vehicles. Public transport is not provided between Launceston Airport and the City of Launceston. Numerous taxi services are available as well as Airport Shuttle Buses that operate mainly from the City Centre to the airport but also connecting the Northwest Tasmanian towns of Devonport, Ulverstone and Burnie.

Tassielink Transit bus route "Evandale-Perth-Longford- Cressy" has three daily buses calling on Evandale Road outside Launceston Airport (no services on Sundays and Public Holidays).

The designated pick-up point for Uber and other rideshare services is located adjacent to the undercover car park, which can be accessed by following directional signage from the terminal and following the covered walkway to the north of the terminal towards the Sharp Airlines terminal/undercover car park.

Accidents and incidents
On 29 May 2003, Qantas Flight 1737 – en route from Melbourne Airport – was involved in an attempted hijacking shortly after takeoff. The would-be hijacker, a passenger named David Robinson, intended to fly the aircraft into the Walls of Jerusalem National Park located in central Tasmania. The flight attendants and passengers successfully subdued and restrained Robinson, and the aircraft returned to Melbourne, where it landed safely.

title: Launceston Airport


text:
Talk:Geauga Lake

Recent move attempt
A move discussion above supports the amusement park article's title as "Geauga Lake" not "Geauga Lake (amusement park)". I undid a recent attempt that went against previously established consensus. Georgia guy, please start a new move discussion if you wish to change the title. --GoneIn60 (talk) 20:18, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I did, at Talk:Geauga Lake (Ohio). Georgia guy (talk) 20:24, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * That move discussion only concerns moving the lake article to the primary topic position. It does not discuss what to do with the amusement park article, which already occupies the primary topic position. Your proposal should have addressed both moves. --GoneIn60 (talk) 20:51, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

Recent changes to lead
I undid this edit for a couple reasons. First, MOS:DASH doesn't favor em dashes over en dashes, or vice versa; it only suggests using them consistently throughout the article. Second, a redirect is not reason enough to force the redirected term to appear in bold. Per MOS:BOLDSYN, we should only be bolding significant alternate titles, not all alternate titles. "Six Flags Ohio" was used for one season and is rather insignificant in comparison to the other titles that have been bolded.As for the location of Geauga Lake, none of the cited references I looked at mention that it's in Bainbridge Township. It may in fact be true, but if the trend in reliable sources only mentions Aurora, then Wikipedia should reflect that in the article. Doing otherwise could be considered a form of original research. Are there sources that say otherwise? If so, let's include those in the article before adding it in the lead. --GoneIn60 (talk) 06:32, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Have a look at Google Maps, for starters, and just type in "Aurora, Ohio" and it will show the boundaries of the city. Note that much of the waterpark is even outside the city of Aurora and all but a small portion of the former Geauga Lake is as well. The majority of the lake itself is also in Bainbridge. That's not a highly controversial fact and typically does not need its own citation simply because, like I did, readers can find maps on their own. Another recent article also verifies it is in Bainbridge Township ("The land straddles both Bainbridge and Aurora..."). All it took was a quick web search under "Geauga Lake" and "Bainbridge". You can also do that instead of simply reverting and then accusing of original research. When facts like that are simple and non-controversial, always assume the editor knows what they're doing. If it really bothers you, put a "citation needed" tag on it or simply do your own search. Stating where something actually is isn't original research. And since we have articles for both Aurora and Bainbridge, we can be more precise in mentioning location.
 * As for the alternate title, I disagree. Because the Six Flags Ohio name was significant enough to have a redirect made, there is no problem having it bolded in the lead. "Significant" is a matter of perspective and consensus. It may have been used only one season, but "Worlds of Adventure" wasn't used much longer (three seasons) or even "Geauga Lake and Wildwater Kingdom" (three seasons). The precedent I have seen at other articles is if there is a redirect for an alternate name, that name is bolded at some point, usually the first instance. I would also argue it's more or as well-known as "Giles Pond" or "Picnic Lake", which you added to the lead. Just looking at the page stats for "Six Flags Ohio", it's still getting regular views, meaning people are looking for the park under that name.
 * My understanding with spaced en-dashes is that they typically aren't used in pairs like that. But commas (which were originally there) also work there. From what MOS:DASH says, though, when using the spaced en-dash, you need to use the – template instead. --JonRidinger (talk) 13:46, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

 * "All it took was a quick web search...You can also do that instead of simply reverting and then accusing of original research"
 * Just to be clear, the so-called "revert" you are referring to is here. Information, which has existed in the article for quite some time, was removed. It wasn't a revert per se, so let's get that straight. As for "accusing of original research", accuse is a strong exaggeration. I simply said if the trend in reliable sources supports Aurora only, then going against that trend could be considered a violation. That's far from an accusation, which should have been obvious by the use of the conditional "if". And for the record, I haven't re-removed Bainbridge following your revert, and instead chose to discuss it here per WP:BRD. Perhaps you overlooked that fact as well.Secondly, locations can be controversial, and sorting out that controversy isn't always as simple as looking at a map. Take your Google Maps reference, for example. If you click on the Wildwater Kingdom waypoint, the address will show as "1100 Squires Rd, Aurora, OH 44202", which agrees with the park's website. However, any person looking at the map could draw the same conclusion you spoke of regarding the amusement park, seeing that the water park is physically located in more than one area. They might assume then that both areas need to be stated to describe the park's location. So far, this hasn't happened at Wildwater Kingdom (Aurora, Ohio), and I imagine that's because a majority of reliable sources don't mention Bainbridge when describing the water park's location. When I looked at the cited sources in the amusement park article, the same appears to be the case. While some mention Bainbridge, most do not. Realize that I am not challenging its physical location, which is where I think the disconnect is coming from in this discussion. I'm simply suggesting we describe the park's location the same way it is typically described in reliable sources. The source you posted above and many like it are in reference to future plans for the property – a discussion being had by both Aurora and Bainbridge officials. The nearly 600-acre plot of land is likely being split up under separate zoning policies implemented by both districts. These "discussions" have nothing to do with the way the park self-identified its location when it was in operation (see this), nor does it impact the way reliable sources reported the park's location prior to its closing (see this and this). Talking about the amusement park and talking about the property itself are two separate, distinct discussions. This article is mainly about the amusement park, and its location was best known to be Aurora, OH.

 * "I would also argue it's more or as well-known as "Giles Pond" or "Picnic Lake""
 * This is a moot point for two reasons. First, no one is attempting to bold these terms. Second, these were the first names on record for the amusement park. Their level of recognition doesn't matter, since we are summarizing the park's early history (or beginnings) in the lead.

 * "Just looking at the page stats for "Six Flags Ohio", it's still getting regular views, meaning people are looking for the park under that name"
 * If you look carefully at the redirect, you'll notice its traffic is averaging roughly 6 hits/day, which is pretty low compared to Geauga Lake's 375 hits/day. That's only 1.6% of the overall traffic, which isn't very convincing if you're going to use that stat as your main justification for significance. Even more alarming are the conditions surrounding the redirect. Four articles shown here are still using the old "Six Flags Ohio" wikilink. This makes the 6 hits/day stat misleading and less relevant. Until those old links are eliminated from Wikipedia, there's no guarantee where the hits are coming from (searches vs. clicking outdated links in other articles). There's too much of a concern here to bank an opinion on traffic alone.

 * "From what MOS:DASH says, though, when using the spaced en-dash, you need to use the – template"
 * Seriously? Are we reading the same thing? When I look at the guideline, I see:
 * Clearly there is a difference between "can", "should", and "need", and somehow you've gone with the most extreme interpretation. This is just an observation, but if you continue to misinterpret policies and guidelines like this, you're going to end up in a lot more of these discussions which can be easily avoided. Let's also not lose sight of the fact that your first attempt at changing my en dash was to replace it with an em dash (diff). That was NOT recommended by the guideline, and it seems like you're backpedaling a bit at this point in this latest MOS:DASH proclamation. --GoneIn60 (talk) 20:32, 15 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Clearly there is a difference between "can", "should", and "need", and somehow you've gone with the most extreme interpretation. This is just an observation, but if you continue to misinterpret policies and guidelines like this, you're going to end up in a lot more of these discussions which can be easily avoided. Let's also not lose sight of the fact that your first attempt at changing my en dash was to replace it with an em dash (diff). That was NOT recommended by the guideline, and it seems like you're backpedaling a bit at this point in this latest MOS:DASH proclamation. --GoneIn60 (talk) 20:32, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

 * First, physical location should always be accurate, and many times that means an entity is in more than one jurisdiction. Because Wikipedia isn't a paper encyclopedia, we can be more precise in a subject's actual location since we don't have to worry about print space. The park has an Aurora ZIP code (the billing office is in Aurora...I used to work there), hence many sources referring to it being in Aurora, but that in itself does not establish it is only physically in Aurora anymore than Southeast High School (Ohio), which has an address of "Ravenna, Ohio 44266" is in Ravenna. It's actually a good 10 miles from Ravenna, but the Ravenna ZIP code covers much of rural Portage County. Same for Field High School (located in Brimfield but has a Mogadore mailing address), and Springfield High School (Lakemore, Ohio), which has an Akron ZIP code but is located in Lakemore. ZIP codes do not correspond with city or community boundaries, so their use for identifying where something physically is can be problematic. The majority of the property that this article is about is in Bainbridge, which the source I gave you in my last reply shows, along with Google Maps and other available map sources. Wildwater Kingdom is also in both. That editors used "Aurora, Ohio" in the title does not negate that (I changed it to just "Ohio" since there isn't another Wildwater Kingdom in Ohio). Aurora is the larger and better-known of the two anyway. But how the park "self-identified" is irrelevant and has no effect on the mention of where the park actually is in the lead. There was a time Sea World Ohio "identified" as being in Cleveland (see http://www.themeparkbrochures.net/1988/swohio1988_1.html), despite being a good 20 miles from the city. Marketing and simplicity for convenience doesn't restrict precision here. Wildwater Kingdom hasn't been changed...yet. The reality is that article has received very little attention (had a whole seven edits for 2015...).

 * I still disagree about the placement and bolding of Six Flags Ohio in the lead. The fact it was only a one year name does not make it insignificant. It was a name the park was known by and other editors felt it was important enough to make a redirect. It would be one thing if it were clearly a temporary name or was a "working title", but it wasn't. It was an official name for a year, complete with literature, ads, and merchandise. There are also still mentions of it in secondary sources. It is ultra prominent? No. But that doesn't mean it shouldn't be included, especially in the historical context of its mention in the lead when the park was rebranded as a Six Flags (the first Six Flags in Ohio). It does not add a significant amount of text nor is it some obscure, largely unknown trivia factoid. And while we're not talking about bolding "Giles Pond" or "Picnic Lake", they're still mentioned in the lead (indicating they have some significance) while you're arguing that "Six Flags Ohio" shouldn't be bolded or mentioned in the lead. Neither "Giles Pond" or "Picnic Lake" is a redirect to this one. I would argue if they're not significant enough to be bolded as past names, they should be in the history section only, not in the lead.

 * As for the minutiae of the dashes, sorry, that's how I've seen it done. I've rarely ever seen the en-dash used as a break on Wikipedia. When I replaced it with the em-dash, that's from past experience when other editors did the same thing on my edits or edits I saw, and my interpretation of MOS:DASH. Extreme? Eh, not so much; probably more of an absolute interpretation. Policies and guidelines do change, and apparently that's been updated. I don't check guidelines every few months; I go on what I know, so I stand corrected. You'll note that when I placed the template, it didn't alter the appearance of how you wrote that sentence, so I'm not sure why that appears to have upset you. But hey, if you want to take it out, be by guest. And yes, you are the first person who has ever taken issue with that in my 11 years of editing. --JonRidinger (talk) 17:20, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I also noticed in looking back at the talk page that we had a similar discussion about location back in 2012. See Talk:Geauga Lake/Archive 1. Seemed to have been resolved then, so I'm wondering what changed? --18:13, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

 * That discussion you referenced above was back when I was much less familiar with Wikipedia policies and guidelines. I've learned a lot since then, and Wikipedia should strive to be an accurate representation of what appears in the sources. Mentioning Bainbridge in the lead, to me, gives it WP:UNDUE prominence in the lead. It should instead be mentioned in the body in a discussion about the aftermath that followed the park's demise. However, I am willing to drop the Bainbridge issue for now, as it's not important enough to fuss over any further. I still think we should use the phrasing found in a majority of reliable sources, but since there are at least a few sources that reference Bainbridge, the issue is a minor one. At some point, I'll try to find a proper venue with a broader scope to discuss issues like this, since it tends to crop up in multiple articles (as this isn't the first time I've seen it being debated). As for the other minor issue, the en dash, it's worth noting that the MOS:DASH section on dashes has remained essentially the same for the past 3 years. It would be unreasonable to assume that an experienced editor would check for updates every few months, but it is reasonable to expect an editor to at least check it before citing it. While I have come across articles with em dashes, a vast majority in my experience use and favor en dashes. Apparently, your mileage may vary. The issue isn't so much about which one is preferred; it's the fact you changed it unnecessarily from one format to the other when both formats are acceptable. Enough said about that, moving on.The one point remaining is the appearance of "Six Flags Ohio" in the lead. I understand your argument that "Giles Pond" and "Picnic Lake" are not any more significant than "Six Flags Ohio", but realize that the reason they appear in the lead is because they help describe the park's beginnings, which is important in a summary. "Six Flags Ohio" describes a brief change that occurred near the tail-end of the park's history, in addition to only lasting a year. It is not as important when summarizing a park's overall history. Had it occurred at the beginning and been useful to a brief summary of the park's historical beginnings, I would support it just as much as the other names. Unfortunately, it's not, and its absence from the lead clears clutter in an effort to make the lead more concise. The name belongs in the history section of the article, but to a reader who may only read the lead of the article, it is an unimportant detail that can be left out. Whether there were 5 name changes or 20, not all of them would need to be in the lead. The initial park name(s) and the most significant names that follow are the ones we should keep; "Six Flags Ohio" is not among them. --GoneIn60 (talk) 19:33, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

 * We disagree on the significance of the names. The change to Six Flags Ohio was a significant development in the park's history, since it was the first name change in around 100 years and coincided with the opening of four new roller coasters. That it only lasted one season was simply because of later developments with the acquisition of SeaWorld. If it didn't interrupt the flow to not mention its initial name upon becoming a Six Flags, I'd support its removal, but it creates a gap. I can appreciate the need to de-clutter a lead, but I don't feel this adds significant amount of text to consider it "clutter". I would counter-argue that removal of the Giles Pond and Picnic Lake names in the lead does little, if anything, to lessen the reader's understanding's of the park (that it developed from a recreation area), especially since to understand the names, you need some context of who "Giles" is and some background on the "picnic" part. Even more important, those early names don't refer to the park, they refer to the lake. "Six Flags Ohio" has context, was the beginning of a distinct era for the park, and was clearly an official name, so seems logical to mention, on top of the redirect.

 * As for Bainbridge, it's really not a matter of WP:UNDUE since it's a verifiable fact, not an opinion or viewpoint. You mention taking "extremes" in guidelines...be careful you aren't doing the very thing you've said I have done for punctuation. I have shown several reliable sources that confirm the reality the park was in both jurisdictions. And again, citing a ZIP code or publicity materials doesn't negate the reality of where something is actually located. Nothing wrong with being reasonably precise, nor is there any requirement that an article can only have one location (Carowinds is another example...it's in two different states). It's similar to a school that has campuses in more than one town. You list all locations. WP:UNDUE would be, for instance, if we had a large and highly-detailed section or paragraph in the lead about the controversy surrounding the park's closure or about the park's location, but very little about the general history and/or rides. --JonRidinger (talk) 22:43, 23 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Good point about WP:UNDUE. It refers to opinions and viewpoints, and not verifiable facts. My position was focused on the way the location was described in reliable sources, which appears to overwhelmingly favor Aurora over Bainbridge. In that light, it appeared to be a "viewpoint" from the sources, regardless of where the actual property resides. After giving it more thought, however, I've come to realize that it's really nitpicking on my part. I do not plan on revisiting the location issue at this point. Also after re-reading the lead and taking your argument into account about the first change to the name in 100 years, I've decided to drop my opposition to its presence in the lead. Not sure all former names need to be bolded, but that's an issue for another venue (WPTALK:MOS). I do appreciate your persistence and response, so hopefully we can put this behind us and move forward. --GoneIn60 (talk) 23:32, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

Thanks...it's good to discuss and get on the same page, plus I definitely learned something about using en-dashes I didn't know! Also thanks for catching my mistake on "Pre-Amusement park era". Yes it should be a hyphen as you fixed, not a dash. I went through and did that without thinking when I was putting the dashes in for the years. Oops! --JonRidinger (talk) 01:14, 24 June 2016 (UTC)
 * No problem. Yeah, I suppose I overreacted a bit! On another note, I noticed there isn't an article on the defunct Funtime, Inc. Might be worth creating one, as there's a lot of info out there (looks like one of the co-founders was originally from Sandusky). If you have time to get one started, great, but if not I may find time in the next few weeks or so. --GoneIn60 (talk) 04:15, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Geauga Lake


text:
Talk:Acehnese people/Archive 1

Achinese is an alternate (perhaps former) spelling for Acehnese, which the article ought to somehow take into account.

I changed They are of Malayan stock to They are of Malayan ancestry because stock when refering to people seems somewhat perjorative or at the very least too close for comfort to race theory. If the new version is not strictly true, someone should edit it to be more precise. CyborgTosser (Only half the battle) 05:19, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

They are about 50,000 pure Acehnese in Malaysia (40% are Malaysian citizen). But lots of Northern Malays in the states of Kedah, Perlis and Perak have Acehnese blood. State of Kedah former Chief Minister, Sanusi Junid is of Acehnese origin. An actress, Wardina Safiyyah also has Acehnese blood, and most of her Acehnese relatives live in Meulaboh.

The correct spelling is Acehnese. Achinese (was the former English spelling which predated the formation of the nation of Indonesia). The articles should be changed to reflect this. Eagleswings 11:58, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acehnese people/Archive 1


text:
Lotte World

Lotte World or Lotte World Adventure is a major recreation complex in Seoul, South Korea. It consists of a large indoor theme park, an outdoor amusement park called "Magic Island", an artificial island on a lake linked by monorail, shopping malls, a luxury hotel, an observation tower, a Korean folk museum, sports facilities, and movie theaters. Opened in July 1989, Lotte World receives approximately 7.3 million visitors each year. Lotte World's sister theme park, Lotte World Adventure Busan, opened in March 2022.

General information
Lotte World is located in Sincheon-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It is made up of two main sections, the outdoor amusement park Magic Island, and Adventure (indoors).

Lotte World is open all year long, without any holiday closings. Its operating hours are from 10 am to 9 pm. Depending on weather conditions (below 0 °C or above 30 °C, wind speed over 7~14m2, rain over 0.2mm) some Magic Island attractions may be closed.

Opening
Construction started on the Lotte World Adventure in 1985. It opened at 11 a.m. on July 12, 1989. Magic Island opened on March 24, 1990. It is located near Jamsil Station on Seoul Subway Line 2 and Seoul Subway Line 8. In the early days, there was a market and a New Country Supermarket. In 1990, the New Country Supermarket was absorbed by Lotte Shopping and changed its name to Lotte Department Store in Jamsil in 1998.

In Seomyeon, Busan, there was Lotte World Sky Plaza, which started construction in 1992 and opened in 1996. It was not financial due to the lack of a free pass system and annual membership system. In 1999, it was demolished due to the safety issues of the Sky Plaza and Loop. Busan Lotte World Sky Plaza has now been replaced by Lotte Cinema multiplex theaters.

The initial hours of operation were 9:30 a.m. to 8 p.m., but the hours of operation have changed from 9:30 a.m. to 11 p.m. since 1998 when marketing was conducted, stating "every day until 11 p.m." Lotte World rose 20 percent when sales at other theme parks in Korea fell about 20 percent during the IMF bailout.

There are more than 40 different kinds of amusement facilities, including Gyro Drop and Atlantis. There are large-scale fantasy parades at 2 p.m. and 7 p.m. every day, except Monday. On December 12, 2007, the total number of visitors exceeded 100 million. In 2012, foreign tourists accounted for 10 percent of the total. Lotte Department Store Jamsil branch and duty-free shop are also famous tourist attractions. In the Seoul metropolitan area, it is considered one of the top three entertainment facilities along with Everland and Seoul Land. In 2011, it ranked 11th in the world in number of visitors, with 7.58 million visitors.

In May 2013, Lotte World Underland, a theme zone with the theme of a goblin village, was opened on the first basement floor. The 4D Shooting Theater, Media Zone, and restaurants were located in Underland as well.

In the case of Magic Island, there was a high-altitude series of high-altitude fighter jets, high-altitude parachutes and high-altitude wave rides in the 1990s. Now, there are a gyro attractions consisting of Gyro Drop, Gyro Swing, and Gyro Spin.

Lotte World Ice Rink, which measures 36 m × 65 m (118 ft × 213 ft) on the third basement floor of Adventure, is a skating attraction. On the west side of Adventure was Lotte World Swimming. KidZania, a children's vocational theme park, is located here.

Lotte World opened the Gimhae Lotte Water Park in Jangyu-dong, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do from 2014 to 2015. In October 2014, Lotte World Aquarium was opened within Lotte World Mall in Songpa-gu, Seoul. In 2016, Lotte World Kids Park was opened in Eunpyeong Lotte Mall.

In 2021, the Busan Lotte World Magic Forest Theme Park, also known as Osiria Theme Park, will be opened at the Dongbu Mountain Tourist Complex in Gijang-gun, Busan.

Attractions
The "Adventure" part of the amusement park is divided into four main floors.

Adventure 1F: Underland
The Adventures of Sinbad

A boat ride that allows passengers to travel along with Sinbad through an underground waterway.

The Conquistador

An Intamin-made galleon ship ride. It swings back and forth, almost reaching the ceiling of Lotte World at its maximum height. The seats at the ends of the ship rise 5 more meters (16.4 ft) and 24 degrees higher than the seats towards the middle. Must be at least 110 cm (3 ft 7 in) to ride.

Flume Ride

A log ride consisting of a 4-seat long boat that travels through a Jurassic jungle. Former name was "the Marrakesh Express". Must be at least 110 cm (3 ft 7 in) to ride.

Camelot Carrousel

The merry-go-round located near the middle of Lotte World consists of 64 white horses. This is also the merry-go-round featured in South Korean drama series, Stairway to Heaven.

Giant Loop

A Larson's fireball type ride made only of one big loop. Passengers are constantly taken for 360 degree spins in a 14m-wide circular rail. The vehicle even stops while upside down. It was closed on April 21, 2019.

Drunken Basket

An Intamin drunken barrels model teacup ride that spins the individual vehicles left and right while the whole ride itself rises up and down.

3D Desperados

A wide IMAX screen theater, where the seats are in the form of a horse. The seats move in all directions in accordance with the screen image. Passengers over 120 kg (265 lb) or under 120 cm (3 ft 11 in) must sit on a coach seat.

Lotty's Kidstoria

A playground for children under age 8. This play area's theme is a fairy-tale world. Children can go barefoot to explore Cinderella's Castle, Alice in Wonderland, and other fairy-tale stories. Children at most 125 cm (4 ft 1 in) are permitted.

Treeble's Hopper

A children's ride. The children are taken up towards a tree house as they jump up and down over 6 meters (19.7 ft). Only children between 90 cm (2 ft 11 in) and 120 cm (3 ft 11 in) are permitted.

Kids Bumper Cars

Bumper cars for children which not permitted on the Crazy Bumper Cars. Anyone over 140 cm (4 ft 7 in) is not permitted, unless they are accompanying a child. Children under 5 years must have an adult with them.

Swing Pang Pang

A mini version of the Teacup ride; the children get on a twirling basket. Children under 6 years have to be accompanied by an adult.

Boong Boong Car

A kid ride where the children aboard a Boong Boong Car (붕붕 in Korean is the sound a car makes) and go to save Hansel and Gretel from the witch's house. Children under 105 cm (3 ft 5 in) are required to be accompanied by an adult.

Brother Moon & Sister Sun

Jump into the sky with Brother Moon & Sister Sun to run away from a tiger!

Lotty Train

Make your adventure taking a small train.

Eureka

Magic boats that take riders up and down while spinning around.

Jumping Fish

Explore aquatic adventures. The only way to escape from the evil shark is to jump over it.

Do you speak Beluga?

Interactive live show with Beluga.

Adventure 2F
French Revolution

A high-octane roller coaster. It rotates 360 degrees and even up to 540 degrees in some parts. The roller coaster passes through the building and is indoors, so it may feel like it might hit the building. You can also purchase photos taken while boarding at the exit. In 2017 the French Revolution's name was changed to French Revolution2 VR. Must be at least 120 cm to ride.

Bumper Car

For adults, must be at least 140 cm to ride.

Adventure 3F
Jungle Adventure

A water ride that takes passengers through the jungle. They get on a jungle boat and enter a dark cave and are taken through the rapids.

World Monorail

The monorail takes visitors through Lotte World—both inside and outside. It gives a scenic view as it goes by Adventure, then goes outside to Magic Island that sits over the Seok-Chon Lake. There are two stations, Lake Station and Adventure Station.

Adventure 4F
Aeronauts Balloon Ride

This ride in a balloon spans the majority of the indoor park. It allows visitors view Lotte World from high above.

Dynamic Theatre

This theatre shows 15-minute-long movies, while the chair vibrates along with the movie.

Animal Theatre

This production, targeted towards children, tells the story of Piggy who is in love with a Princess. The King has already chosen a fiancé for the Princess, Knight Rolo. However, Piggy eventually wins the love of the princess through the help of his animal friends.

Pharaoh's Fury

An Egyptian-themed dark ride similar to Indiana Jones Adventure ride at Disneyland.

Magic Island
Atlantis Adventure is a steel rollercoaster and is themed to the lost city, Atlantis. It is one of the most intense rides in the park. Gyro Drop is a new attraction coupled with VR goggles to give a simulation of a futuristic landscape during the elevation sequence. After completing a short rotation at the top, the seats will be dropped, halting to a stop at the base. One can opt out of the VR goggles if needed.

Gyro Swing is basically a giant swing similar to the indoor ride, but with a rotating end where participants are seated.

Comet Express is an indoor roller coaster with a space theme that travels through three separate rooms. Each car seats two people and rotates independently from the train.

Bungee Drop is the main bungee ride in the area.

Swing Tree is the chair swing ride in this area.

World Monorail is the monorail in this area.

Gyro Spin A Zamperla Mega Disk'o ride with 40 seats.

Fantasy Dream Fantastic underground train full of cute animals.

Metro Madness Crazy bumper cars crashing into everything.

Auto Tours Classic European cars for children.

Former Attractions
Parachute Drop

Hydra (Waagner-Biro Tree Triple Wheel)

Barn Stormer

Eagle Fortress

Replaced by Swing Tree.

Waikiki Wave

A Vekoma top spin ride. It was located on where Gyro Spin is now.

Rad Flying Tires A top spin ride with super fast tires to hold on to. It is located where Bumper Car is now.

Live shows

 * Magic Theatre: The « Magic Theatre » is a theatre of about 200 seats, featuring magicians and illusionists from Korea, as well as several other countries around the world. One of those was the Canadian illusionist Loran, who was featured from July to December 1997, accomplishing more than 700 performances. Loran is an international artist whose magic is hallmarked in a Medieval-Gothic style.

In popular culture

 * Lotte World was one of several locations used for filming the Korean drama Stairway to Heaven, namely the carousel, ice rink and as the seat of Cha Song-joo's family business.

 * The South Korean boy band H.O.T. shot the video for their single "Candy" in Lotte World.

 * Lotte World was one of several locations used for filming the Korean drama Hyde Jekyll, Me.

 * Lotte World was featured on the South Korean variety/reality lifestyle show Pajama Friends.

 * Lotte World was featured on the South Korean variety/reality show Welcome, First Time in Korea?.

 * The British K-Pop girl group KAACHI filmed their music video "Get up" in Lotte World.

 * The 14th episode of korean drama King the Land takes place in Lotte World.

title: Lotte World


text:
Cap de Creus

The Cap de Creus (Cabo de Creus in Spanish) is a peninsula and a headland located at the far northeast of Catalonia, some 25 km south from the French border. The cape lies in the municipal area of Cadaqués, and the nearest large town is Figueres, the capital of the Alt Empordà and the birthplace of Salvador Dalí. Cap de Creus is the easternmost point of Catalonia and therefore of mainland Spain and the Iberian Peninsula.

The area is now a Natural Park.

The peninsula has an area of 190 km2 of an extraordinary landscape value; a wind-beaten very rocky dry region, with almost no trees, in contrast with a seaside rich in minuscule creeks of deep blue sea to anchor. Mountains are the eastern foothills of the Pyrenees, the natural border between France and Spain. The region is frequently swept by the awful north wind "tramontana" (beyond mountains) which has caused many naval disasters. Cadaqués is the most well known village, home of artists and writers, with sophisticated atmosphere, near Port Lligat where Dalí built his home in a paradise small bay. (Dalí depicted the peninsula in his paintings The Persistence of Memory and The Great Masturbator.) El Port de la Selva, with a little fishing harbour, is less exploited, with good gastronomic resources and pleasant terraces.

Sant Pere de Rodes stands out at 500 m of altitude, with views of the Cap and the Pyrenees. It is an 11th-century monastery whose first structures date from about 750 AD.

One legend tells that the Cap de Creus was hewn by Hercules.

title: Cap de Creus


text:
Punta de Estaca de Bares

Punta da Estaca de Bares is the northernmost point of Spain and the Iberian Peninsula, at a latitude of 43° 47′ 38″ North. It is located in Galicia. Conventionally, it marks the western end of the Cantabrian Sea, or Bay of Biscay, in the North Atlantic ocean.

The peninsula of Estaca de Bares penetrates considerably into the Atlantic Ocean and the Cantabrian Sea, and as a result it is one of the rainiest places in Europe, with more than 2500 mm a year (a Temperate rain forest). These special weather conditions have created over the centuries a unique ecosystem and biodiversity which have made it possible for this area to be declared an Area of National Natural Interest.

The history of Estaca de Bares Point is very rich. The ruins of the Phoenician Salt Fish Factory and the Phoenician Port are open to visitors. There is a lighthouse that was constructed in 1850 and still works to this day, under the administration of the Captain of the Port of Ferrol, Spain. There is also a bird sanctuary, ruins of molinas (grain mills) and abandoned military bases located here.

There is currently an abandoned military site there. It was first operated by the US Coast Guard beginning in the early 1960s as a LORAN (Long Range Aid to Navigation) Station. The station at Estaca de Bares operated jointly with stations operated by the British Government in East Blockhouse, Wales and, until 1973, the French Government in Pospoder, France. In 1978, after the Coast Guard ended the LORAN operations, the US Air Force assumed control of the base. The US Air Force 2186 Communications Squadron, headquartered at Torrejón Air Base near Madrid, operated the site as a remote Radio Relay Link (RRL) communications site until 1991, and it now sits in ruins. While the site was open, many Americans met and married local citizens.

There are also a series of waterways that used to power mills for the local citizens. These mills are located between the abandoned military base and the bird sanctuary.

The other site used to be an old signaling station used by the Spanish Navy. It has been converted into a hotel/restaurant.

During World War II a German submarine was sunk off the coast there. One of the German officers who survived the sinking returned every year thereafter to mark the anniversary. After his death he had his ashes scattered over Estaca de Bares.

title: Punta de Estaca de Bares


text: Category:Radio personalities

title: Category:Radio personalities


text:
Violet Carson

Violet Helen Carson, OBE (1 September 1898 – 26 December 1983) was a British actress of radio, stage and television, and a singer and pianist, who had a long and celebrated career as an actress and performer during the early days of BBC Radio, and during the last two decades of her life as the matronly Christian widow, town gossip and elderly battle-axe Ena Sharples in the ITV television soap opera Coronation Street. She was one of the original characters from the series debut in 1960 and would feature in the role for twenty years.

Early life and career
Carson was born on German Street in Ancoats, Lancashire. Her Scottish father, William Brown Carson, ran a flour mill and her mother, Mary Clarke Carson ( Tordoff), was an amateur singer. As a child, she took piano lessons while attending a Church of England school and performed with her younger sister Nellie as a singing act called the Carson Sisters. In 1913, she became a cinema pianist providing the musical accompaniment for silent films. As silent films fell out of fashion following the arrival of "talkies", Carson took up singing.

She married road contractor George Peploe on 1 September 1926, her 28th birthday. Peploe died in 1929 at the age of 31. They had no children and Carson never remarried.

Radio and theatre career
In 1935, Carson joined BBC Radio in Manchester, singing a range of material from comic musical hall style songs to light operatic arias. She began in a show called Songs at the Piano and was a regular member of Children's Hour on the BBC Home Service. Carson was also the star of Nursery Sing Song from Manchester, in which she frequently sang with producer Trevor Hill, many years her junior. Contrary to popular opinion, she was never known as "Auntie Vi", that epithet belonging only to Violet Fraser in the 1920s. "I was never anyone's aunt," Carson exclaimed when Hill produced a BBC Radio programme about her in 1981.

In 1938, Carson provided piano accompaniment for two songs in an Al Bowlly recording session, which were released on a His Master's Voice 78 with Carson being credited. She worked with the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts during the Second World War, and was for six years the pianist for the Wilfred Pickles radio show Have A Go.

Her extensive radio career included a period as a presenter and interviewer on Woman's Hour for five years, and she acted in numerous radio dramas. It was while recording a children's programme in 1951 that she first worked with Tony Warren, who would later become the creator of Coronation Street.

Coronation Street
Carson is best remembered for her role as Ena Sharples, the flint-faced and gruff moral voice of Coronation Street, a role she played from 1960 to 1980. In 1962, she was named ITV Personality of the Year for her portrayal of Ena.

For much of her time on the programme, Ena's moralising caused her to spar regularly with Elsie Tanner (Patricia Phoenix). She appeared in the first episode, which aired on 9 December 1960. Long after her departure from the programme and after her own death, Carson continues to be synonymous with the hairnet that Ena chose to wear for almost every occasion. As a singer, Carson was in the soprano range and was a regular on the Christian hymnal programme Stars on Sunday during its ten-year run from 1969.

On 14 February 1968, Carson sailed from Southampton on the Orient Line's liner Oriana, bound for Australia. She arrived in Fremantle on 6 March 1968 and Melbourne on 9 March. Thousands of Australians greeted her on the docks. On 22 March 1968, she attended the 10th Annual TV Week Logie Awards (named after John Logie Baird) at the Southern Cross Hotel in Melbourne, where she presented awards to some of the winners that year.

During the 1970s, Carson suffered from ill health, and only played Ena sporadically throughout the decade. She was absent from Coronation Street for most of 1974 after suffering a stroke.

In April 1980, Carson made what would ultimately be her final appearance on Coronation Street. A storyline involving Ena moving to Lytham St. Annes to stay with a friend while her flat at the street's community centre was being renovated, was aired. When the character returned, the flat was not ready and Ena announced on screen (to characters Ken Barlow and Albert Tatlock) that she would return to her flat — but only if she felt like doing so. It was at this point that Carson became ill with pernicious anaemia and was forced to leave the programme, although at the time it was anticipated that she would return at some stage. However, this did not happen and all subsequent storylines involving Ena were shelved due to Carson's poor health, although Ena was not written out.

Carson lived in a bungalow in Bispham, Blackpool, with her sister Nellie, and refused to make any public appearances after her retirement. The year after she retired, Carson underwent surgery for an abscess from which she never fully recovered.

Recordings
Violet Carson released an EP Violet Carson Sings and Plays for You on the Columbia label in 1961. She later recorded an album Stars on Sunday: Miss Violet Carson for the York label.

Death
Carson died of heart failure on Boxing Day 1983 at the age of 85. She was cremated in a private ceremony at Carleton Crematorium, Blackpool, on 4 January 1984, and is commemorated at Bispham Parish Church in Blackpool.

A memorial service dedicated to Carson was held at Manchester Cathedral on 28 February 1984, the same Cathedral where she was baptised and married. The service was attended by 500 people, as well as many of her Coronation Street colleagues including William Roache (Ken Barlow) and Granada Television president Lord Bernstein. Sir Charles Groves conducted the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, including an arrangement of Carson's favourite song, "Cherry Ripe".

Carson left £193,190 in her will, with bequests including to the Grand Theatre Trust in Blackpool, the Sharp Street Ragged School in Manchester, for whom she was the former president, and Friends of Manchester Cathedral. The residue of her estate went to her sister, Nellie Kelly.

Honours
Carson was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1965 and had a rose cultivar named after her ('Violet Carson', McGredy 1964). Wax statues of her are held at Madame Tussauds in London and Blackpool. She switched on the Blackpool Illuminations in 1961.

Carson is commemorated by a blue plaque outside Granada Studios in Manchester, where she filmed the majority of her work as Ena Sharples.

title: Violet Carson


text:
User:Loren36

Vandal testaments
According to edits made here by some fine upstanding editors:

''This user is a twat and is on the shit list due to his unwelcome commie viewpoints and abusing his admin privledge to push his pro-U.S. pro-TI bias while being a KMT stooge. This user has been warned for blanking articles and enjoys anal intercourse and teabagging, and does not understand that "ogrish.com" is inappropriate for an encyclopedia. "Say no to Da Bian You are DA BIan REPUBLIC OF CHINA". He is also a woodchuck, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, da, du, du, du, da, du, du, du, du, da, da, da, da, da, da!!''

Projects

 * Kelvin-Helmholtz instability - Will get around to it... eventually.
 * Improvement of Primitive equations to be more friendly to the layperson.

History

 * I edited my first article on July 28, 2004.
 * On the RC Patrol on and off since June 2005.
 * Admin since August 15, 2005.

title: User:Loren36


text:
Sheridan Downey

Sheridan Downey (March 11, 1884 – October 25, 1961) was an American lawyer and a Democratic U.S. Senator from California from 1939 to 1950.

Early life
He was born in Laramie, the seat of Albany County in southeastern Wyoming, the son of the former Evangeline Victoria Owen and Stephen Wheeler Downey. He was educated in public schools of Laramie, and attended the University of Wyoming. Downey attended the University of Michigan Law School, and attained admission to the bar in 1907. In 1914, the school awarded Downey his LL.B. degree as of the graduating class of 1907. He practiced law in Laramie, and in 1908 he was elected district attorney of Albany County as a Republican. In 1910 he married Helen Symons; they had five children. In 1912, Downey split Wyoming's Republican vote by heading the state's "Bull Moose" revolt in support of Theodore Roosevelt, thus leading to a Democratic victory statewide.

Politics
In 1913, Downey moved to Sacramento, California, and continued to practice law with his brother, Stephen Wheeler Downey, Jr. During his first few years in California, he devoted most of his time and energy to his law practice and various real estate interests. In 1924 he supported Robert La Follette, Sr.'s Progressive party campaign for the presidency, and in 1932 he became a Democrat and campaigned for the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

In October 1933, Downey announced that he was running for governor of California. After a series of meetings with the writer Upton Sinclair, who also had designs on the governorship, Downey agreed to run for Lieutenant Governor of California while Sinclair ran for governor. Their political platform was the End Poverty in California (EPIC) plan. Opponents called the ticket "Uppie and Downey". EPIC began as a mass movement, calling for an economic revolution to lift California out of the depression. The EPIC platform called for state support for the creation of jobs, a massive program of public works, and an extensive system of state-sponsored pensions and radical changes in the tax structure.

Before long, more than 2,000 grassroots EPIC clubs sprouted throughout the state, and the most popular EPIC anthem, "Campaign Chorus for Downey and Sinclair," was made into a phonograph record by Titan Records for mass distribution. It featured the speaking voice of Downey, announcer Jerry Wilford, and the singing of three men calling themselves the "Epic Trio." While EPIC was defeated by Republican Frank Merriam in November 1934. Downey, who had been subjected to less vitriol than Sinclair during the campaign, remained a viable political force in the state. Downey actually garnered 123,000 votes more than his running mate. Downey gained a statewide reputation as a champion of progressive politics.

After Sinclair's defeat, Downey became an attorney involved with Dr. Francis Townsend, the main advocate of the Townsend Plan for government old-age pensions. Townsend's $200-a-month pension plan had won a large following in California, particularly among retirees. Downey's support lead to him writing Why I Believe in the Townsend Plan (1936).  In 1936, the two drifted apart, as Townsend supported Union Party presidential nominee William Lemke of North Dakota, and Downey remained a Democrat committed to Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

U.S. Senate
In 1938 Downey was elected to the United States Senate where he served until his resignation in November 1950. He ran as a supporter of the proposed "Ham and Eggs" government pension program and defeated incumbent Senator William Gibbs McAdoo in the Democratic primary by more than 135,000 votes. Despite the strong backing McAdoo received from the White House and a personal campaign appearance by President Franklin Roosevelt to endorse McAdoo, Downey won the primary and went on to win the general election, defeating Republican Philip Bancroft 54%-46%. On October 24, 1938, Downey appeared on the cover of Time magazine.

Though he had been considered a staunch liberal, Downey as a senator became a conservative Democrat who won the support of California's major oil interests. He supported the efforts of oil companies and agribusiness to procure state, rather than federal, control of California's oil resources. He also worked to exempt the California Central Valley from the Reclamation Act of 1902 to assist corporate farms. In the Senate, Downey also introduced a series of pension bills, and in 1941, he was named chairman of a special Senate committee on old-age insurance.

He took an early stand supporting a military draft but opposed the Roosevelt administration's plans to requisition industries in time of war. During World War II, he called for the creation of a committee to investigate the status of blacks and other minorities in the armed forces and advocated a postwar United Nations, international control of atomic energy, increased veterans' benefits, and federal pay raises. At the end of the war, he opposed continuation of the military draft.

During his years in the Senate, Downey often represented the interests of California's powerful motion picture industry. His shift from a liberal New Dealer to a conservative Democrat would become officially recognized after the war ended.

Re-election
After his narrow reelection to the Senate in 1944, defeating Republican Lieutenant Governor Frederick F. Houser by 52 percent to 48 percent, Downey began a push for the California Central Valley project, which had been initiated during the 1930s as part of the New Deal's vast array of public works projects, such as power dams and irrigation canals.

In a 1947 book entitled They Would Rule the Valley, Downey argued that the farmers of the Central Valley, who controlled water rights based on state law, would come into conflict with the federal Bureau of Reclamation. Downey acknowledged that Central Valley farmers were technically in violation of the Reclamation Act of 1902, but defended these violations of Federal law as necessary because, in the context of California agriculture the Federal limitation was impractical. Downey's political views made him vulnerable. Helen Gahagan Douglas challenged him in a primary. In 1950 Downey dropped out of the race, citing ill health, and threw his support in the Democratic primary behind Manchester Boddy, the conservative and wealthy publisher of the Los Angeles Daily News. He even indicated that if Douglas won the primary, which she did, he would support Republican U.S. Representative Richard Nixon in the general election. In the ensuing Douglas-Nixon race, Nixon prevailed in what his critics called a smear campaign. From this race, Nixon emerged with the sobriquet "Tricky Dick". Downey resigned from his Senate seat on November 30, 1950, enabling the governor to appoint Nixon, which gave him a seniority advantage over other new senators elected in 1950.

Later life and achievements
After he left the Senate, Downey practiced law in Washington, D.C., until his death in San Francisco in 1961. Downey also served as a lobbyist representing the city of Long Beach and the large petroleum concerns leasing its extensive waterfront. Upon his passing, he donated his body to the University of California Medical Center in San Francisco. His papers are archived at the Bancroft Library in Berkeley.

During his years in the Senate, Downey was often described as slight, grayish, and strikingly handsome. His political career in many ways typified the transformation of millions of Republican progressives who supported Theodore Roosevelt and the "Bull Moose" movement of 1912 into Democratic supporters of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal in the 1930s. During the 1930s and early 1940s, Downey was one of California's most significant progressive politicians. While he was often overshadowed in state politics by Republican progressives like Hiram Johnson and Earl Warren, Downey left a significant mark because of his tireless advocacy of old-age pensions, organized labor, and racial justice. His conservative turn after his reelection in 1944, when he increasingly represented the interests of big business, large agribusiness concerns, and the oil industry, has obscured his historical reputation as a one-time liberal and progressive force in California politics.

Works

 * Onward America, 1933.
 * Courage America, 1933.
 * Why I Believe in the Townsend Plan, 1936.
 * Pensions or Penury?, 1939. - An early book of New Deal advocacy.
 * Highways to Prosperity, 1940.
 * They Would Rule the Valley, 1947. - A book written to inform Californians about the Federal Government's efforts to impose undue economic restrictions on agriculture via the Reclamation Bureau.

title: Sheridan Downey


text:
User:Combuchan

I reside in Phoenix, Arizona (Roosevelt neighborhood). Articles of chief concern to me are technical articles, numismia, histories, and just about anything to do with Arizona.

title: User:Combuchan


text:
Paul Palmer

Paul Palmer may refer to:

 * Paul Palmer (American football) (born 1964), American football player
 * Paul Palmer (cricketer) (born 1992), Jamaican cricketer
 * Paul Palmer (minister) (died 1747), American religious leader
 * Paul Palmer (physicist) (1926–2011), American physicist
 * Paul Palmer (swimmer) (born 1974), British swimmer

Paul Palmer may also refer to:
 * Paul Palmer (schooner), a five-masted schooner built in 1902
 * Paul Palmer (shipwreck), 1902 shipwreck site in Massachusetts, USA

title: Paul Palmer


text:
Heegaard splitting

In the mathematical field of geometric topology, a Heegaard splitting is a decomposition of a compact oriented 3-manifold that results from dividing it into two handlebodies.

Definitions
Let V and W be handlebodies of genus g, and let ƒ be an orientation reversing homeomorphism from the boundary of V to the boundary of W. By gluing V to W along ƒ we obtain the compact oriented 3-manifold

 * $$ M = V \cup_f W. $$

Every closed, orientable three-manifold may be so obtained; this follows from deep results on the triangulability of three-manifolds due to Moise. This contrasts strongly with higher-dimensional manifolds which need not admit smooth or piecewise linear structures. Assuming smoothness the existence of a Heegaard splitting also follows from the work of Smale about handle decompositions from Morse theory.

The decomposition of M into two handlebodies is called a Heegaard splitting, and their common boundary H is called the Heegaard surface of the splitting. Splittings are considered up to isotopy.

The gluing map ƒ need only be specified up to taking a double coset in the mapping class group of H. This connection with the mapping class group was first made by W. B. R. Lickorish.

Heegaard splittings can also be defined for compact 3-manifolds with boundary by replacing handlebodies with compression bodies. The gluing map is between the positive boundaries of the compression bodies.

A closed curve is called essential if it is not homotopic to a point, a puncture, or a boundary component.

A Heegaard splitting is reducible if there is an essential simple closed curve $$\alpha$$ on H which bounds a disk in both V and in W. A splitting is irreducible if it is not reducible. It follows from Haken's Lemma that in a reducible manifold every splitting is reducible.

A Heegaard splitting is stabilized if there are essential simple closed curves $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ on H where $$\alpha$$ bounds a disk in V, $$\beta$$ bounds a disk in W, and $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ intersect exactly once. It follows from Waldhausen's Theorem that every reducible splitting of an irreducible manifold is stabilized.

A Heegaard splitting is weakly reducible if there are disjoint essential simple closed curves $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ on H where $$\alpha$$ bounds a disk in V and $$\beta$$ bounds a disk in W. A splitting is strongly irreducible if it is not weakly reducible.

A Heegaard splitting is minimal or minimal genus if there is no other splitting of the ambient three-manifold of lower genus. The minimal value g of the splitting surface is the Heegaard genus of M.

Generalized Heegaard splittings
A generalized Heegaard splitting of M is a decomposition into compression bodies $$V_i, W_i, i = 1, \dotsc, n$$ and surfaces $$H_i, i = 1, \dotsc, n$$ such that $$\partial_+ V_i = \partial_+ W_i = H_i$$ and $$\partial_- W_i = \partial_- V_{i+1}$$. The interiors of the compression bodies must be pairwise disjoint and their union must be all of $$M$$. The surface $$H_i$$ forms a Heegaard surface for the submanifold $$V_i \cup W_i$$ of $$M$$. (Note that here each Vi and Wi is allowed to have more than one component.)

A generalized Heegaard splitting is called strongly irreducible if each $$V_i \cup W_i$$ is strongly irreducible.

There is an analogous notion of thin position, defined for knots, for Heegaard splittings. The complexity of a connected surface S, c(S), is defined to be $$\operatorname{max}\left\{0, 1 - \chi(S)\right\}$$; the complexity of a disconnected surface is the sum of complexities of its components. The complexity of a generalized Heegaard splitting is the multi-set $$\{c(S_i)\}$$, where the index runs over the Heegaard surfaces in the generalized splitting. These multi-sets can be well-ordered by lexicographical ordering (monotonically decreasing). A generalized Heegaard splitting is thin if its complexity is minimal.

Examples
S^1 \times \{x_0\} \times \{x_0\} \cup \{x_0\} \times S^1 \times \{x_0\} \cup \{x_0\} \times \{x_0\} \times S^1 $$. It is an easy exercise to show that V, a regular neighborhood of $$\Gamma$$, is a handlebody as is $$T^3 - V$$. Thus the boundary of V in $$T^3$$ is a Heegaard splitting and this is the standard splitting of $$T^3$$. It was proved by Charles Frohman and Joel Hass that any other genus 3 Heegaard splitting of the three-torus is topologically equivalent to this one. Michel Boileau and Jean-Pierre Otal proved that in general any Heegaard splitting of the three-torus is equivalent to the result of stabilizing this example.
 * Three-sphere: The three-sphere $$S^3$$ is the set of vectors in $$\mathbb{R}^4$$ with length one. Intersecting this with the $$xyz$$ hyperplane gives a two-sphere.  This is the standard genus zero splitting of $$S^3$$.  Conversely, by Alexander's Trick, all manifolds admitting a genus zero splitting are homeomorphic to $$S^3$$. Under the usual identification of $$\mathbb{R}^4$$ with $$\mathbb{C}^2$$ we may view $$S^3$$ as living in $$\mathbb{C}^2$$.  Then the set of points where each coordinate has norm $$1/\sqrt{2}$$ forms a Clifford torus, $$T^2$$.  This is the standard genus one splitting of $$S^3$$.  (See also the discussion at Hopf bundle.)
 * Stabilization: Given a Heegaard splitting H in M the stabilization of H is formed by taking the connected sum of the pair $$(M, H)$$ with the pair $$\left(S^3, T^2\right)$$. It is easy to show that the stabilization procedure yields stabilized splittings.  Inductively, a splitting is standard if it is the stabilization of a standard splitting.
 * Lens spaces: All have a standard splitting of genus one. This is the image of the Clifford torus in $$S^3$$ under the quotient map used to define the lens space in question.  It follows from the structure of the mapping class group of the two-torus that only lens spaces have splittings of genus one.
 * Three-torus: Recall that the three-torus $$T^3$$ is the Cartesian product of three copies of $$S^1$$ (circles). Let $$x_0$$ be a point of $$S^1$$ and consider the graph $$\Gamma =

Theorems

 * Alexander's lemma: Up to isotopy, there is a unique (piecewise linear) embedding of the two-sphere into the three-sphere. (In higher dimensions this is known as the Schoenflies theorem.  In dimension two this is the Jordan curve theorem.)  This may be restated as follows: the genus zero splitting of $$S^3$$ is unique.
 * Waldhausen's theorem: Every splitting of $$S^3$$ is obtained by stabilizing the unique splitting of genus zero.

Suppose now that M is a closed orientable three-manifold.
 * Reidemeister–Singer theorem: For any pair of splittings $$H_1$$ and $$H_2$$ in M there is a third splitting $$H$$ in M which is a stabilization of both.
 * Haken's lemma: Suppose that $$S_1$$ is an essential two-sphere in M and H is a Heegaard splitting.  Then there is an essential  two-sphere $$S_2$$ in M meeting H in a single curve.

Classifications
There are several classes of three-manifolds where the set of Heegaard splittings is completely known. For example, Waldhausen's Theorem shows that all splittings of $$S^3$$ are standard. The same holds for lens spaces (as proved by Francis Bonahon and Otal).

Splittings of Seifert fiber spaces are more subtle. Here, all splittings may be isotoped to be vertical or horizontal (as proved by Yoav Moriah and Jennifer Schultens).

classified splittings of torus bundles (which includes all three-manifolds with Sol geometry). It follows from their work that all torus bundles have a unique splitting of minimal genus. All other splittings of the torus bundle are stabilizations of the minimal genus one.

A paper of classifies the Heegaard splittings of hyperbolic three-manifolds which are two-bridge knot complements.

Computational methods can be used to determine or approximate the Heegaard genus of a 3-manifold. John Berge's software Heegaard studies Heegaard splittings generated by the fundamental group of a manifold.

Minimal surfaces
Heegaard splittings appeared in the theory of minimal surfaces first in the work of Blaine Lawson who proved that embedded minimal surfaces in compact manifolds of positive sectional curvature are Heegaard splittings. This result was extended by William Meeks to flat manifolds, except he proves that an embedded minimal surface in a flat three-manifold is either a Heegaard surface or totally geodesic. Meeks and Shing-Tung Yau went on to use results of Waldhausen to prove results about the topological uniqueness of minimal surfaces of finite genus in $$\R^3$$. The final topological classification of embedded minimal surfaces in $$\R^3$$ was given by Meeks and Frohman. The result relied heavily on techniques developed for studying the topology of Heegaard splittings.

Heegaard Floer homology
Heegaard diagrams, which are simple combinatorial descriptions of Heegaard splittings, have been used extensively to construct invariants of three-manifolds. The most recent example of this is the Heegaard Floer homology of Peter Ozsvath and Zoltán Szabó. The theory uses the $$g^{th}$$ symmetric product of a Heegaard surface as the ambient space, and tori built from the boundaries of meridian disks for the two handlebodies as the Lagrangian submanifolds.

History
The idea of a Heegaard splitting was introduced by. While Heegaard splittings were studied extensively by mathematicians such as Wolfgang Haken and Friedhelm Waldhausen in the 1960s, it was not until a few decades later that the field was rejuvenated by, primarily through their concept of strong irreducibility.

title: Heegaard splitting