text:
Italian Radicals

The Italian Radicals (Radicali Italiani, RI) is a liberal and libertarian  political party in Italy. The party draws inspiration form 19th-century classical radicalism and the Radical Party. The RI are a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, along with its former associate party More Europe, and was previously a full member of the Liberal International.

Established on 14 July 2001 with Daniele Capezzone as its first secretary, the party describes itself as "liberale, liberista [and] libertario", where liberale refers to political liberalism, liberista is an Italian term for economic liberalism, and libertario denotes a form of cultural liberalism concerning moral and social issues.

From 2001 to 2017, the party intended to be the Italian section of the Transnational Radical Party (TRP) as the continuation of the Radical Party founded in 1955 by the left wing of the Italian Liberal Party and re-launched in the 1960s by Marco Pannella. As the Radical Party had become a transnational non-governmental organization working mainly at the United Nations level, which by statute could not participate in national elections, its Italian members organised themselves into the Pannella List between 1992 and 1999 and the Bonino List until 2001, when they established the RI. In 2017, the TRP broke with the RI. Quaderni Radicali and Notizie Radicali are the party's newspapers. Radio Radicale is the official radio station of the party; in December 2008, it was awarded by Italia Oggi as the "best specialized radio broadcaster".

Background

The Radical Party was long a left-libertarian movement in Italy, often proposing itself as the most extreme opposition to the Italian political establishment. When Silvio Berlusconi entered the political arena in 1994, the Radicals, who were then organised mostly into the Pannella List and were attracted by Berlusconi's proposed economic liberalism, supported him, albeit critically and without becoming directly involved in his centre-right first government (1994–1995), in the hope of a "liberal revolution" as opposed to the conservative and statist political establishment represented by traditional parties.

The relationship between the Radicals and Berlusconi, whose allies included socially conservative groups at odds with the Radicals' cultural liberalism, soon ended. In the 1999 European Parliament election, the Bonino List obtained 8.7% of the vote and seven MEPs, including Emma Bonino, Marco Pannella, Marco Cappato and Benedetto Della Vedova. However, the Radicals were not able to convert that electoral success into a more stable political influence, as subsequent elections would show.

Road to the new party
Shortly after the 1999 election, they deserted Berlusconi's proposal of welcoming them back into the centre-right fold and instead formed the Committee of Radicals for the Liberal Revolution and the United States of Europe, led by Cappato. In the run-up of the 2000 regional elections, the opposite happened: Berlusconi's conservative allies posed a veto on the Radicals, who wanted to re-compose the alliance. Consequently, they ran independent bids in most regions, obtaining elects only in Piedmont and Lombardy.

In 2001, after a defeat in the general election (only 2.3% of the vote and no seats), they re-organised themselves as Italian Radicals and elected 28-year-old Daniele Capezzone as secretary and Della Vedova, Rita Bernardini and Luca Coscioni as joint presidents.

In the run-up of the 2005 regional elections, the Radicals understood that their isolation was no longer sustainable and took the unprecedented step of contextually asking to join either the centre-right House of Freedoms or the centre-left The Union, regardless of their respective political platforms. The request was turned down by both coalitions, but the effort opened the way for the party's re-positionment in the Italian party system.

Rose in the Fist
In November 2005, the Radicals formed an alliance with the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI), becoming de facto members of The Union coalition for the 2006 general election. The "rose in the fist", the symbol of the Socialist International (which included the SDI) which the Radical Party bought from the French Socialist Party, was chosen for the joint list that was thus named Rose in the Fist (RnP). This decision led those Radicals who were more keen on an alliance with the centre-right to split: this group, led by Della Vedova, launched the Liberal Reformers and joined the House of Freedoms, eventually merging into Berlusconi's Forza Italia.

In the election, the list won a mere 2.6% of the vote, much less than the combined support for the two parties before the alliance (the Radicals alone got 2.3% in the 2004 European Parliament election). The Radicals lost voters in their strongholds in the North to Forza Italia, while the Socialists lost ground in their southern heartlands to The Olive Tree parties (see electoral results of the RnP). After the election, Bonino was sworn in as Minister of European Affairs and International Trade in the Prodi II Cabinet.

In November 2006, after a row with Pannella, Capezzone was forced not to run again for secretary and was replaced by rank-and-file Bernardini. Since then, although not officially leaving, Capezzone became very critical of the government and formed his own political association named Decide!, closer to the centre-right than the centre-left. Later on, Capezzone entered Forza Italia and became the party's spokesman.

In November 2007, the RnP was disbanded as the SDI merged with minor Socialist parties to form the modern-day Italian Socialist Party. The Radicals were at a new turning-point of their history. In the run-up of the 2007 congress, Pannella declared that the party should "give absolute priority to economic, liberal and libertarian reforms rather than the civil struggle to Vatican power, prepotency and arrogance", which had been central in 2006. This did not mean a reconciliation with the centre-right.

Within the Democratic Party
In the 2008 general election, the Radicals stood for re-election in list with the Democratic Party (PD). Under an agreement with PD's leader Walter Veltroni, six deputies and three senators were elected. After the election, Bonino was appointed Vice President of the Senate and the Radicals joined the PD's parliamentary groups. In June, Bernardini, Maria Antonietta Coscioni and Elisabetta Zamparutti (all three elected MPs) were replaced by Antonella Casu, Bruno Mellano and Michele De Lucia as secretary, president and treasurer, respectively. In November, the new leadership was confirmed by the national congress.

In the 2009 European Parliament election, the Radicals ran separately from the PD under the banner of Bonino-Pannella List. Having obtained 2.4% of the vote, they failed to return any MEPs and were excluded from the assembly for the first time in 30 years. In November, Mario Staderini replaced Casu as secretary.

Bonino ran for President of Lazio for the centre-left coalition in the 2010 regional election, but was defeated by Renata Polverini.

Out of Parliament
In January 2013, the party announced that it would contest the upcoming general election on a stand-alone electoral list called Amnesty, Justice and Freedom (Aministia, Giustizia, e Libertà). In the election, the party received 0.2% of the vote, returning no deputies and senators. However, in April and after two months of failed attempts at forming a new government, thanks to her international standing and Pannella's lobbying efforts, Bonino was sworn in as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Letta Cabinet. The cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014, when it was replaced by the Renzi Cabinet, which did not include Bonino.

In November 2013, the party elected a new leadership: Bernardini secretary, Laura Arconti president and Valerio Federico treasurer. The party did not take part in the 2014 European Parliament election, partly due to lack of funds.

During the annual party congress in November 2015, Riccardo Magi was elected secretary and Cappato president. Pannella, who did not speak at the congress, opposed the change, while Bonino, who was no longer in good terms with the old leader, did not even take part in the congress. However, in the following months Bonino decided to side with Magi and Cappato, who launched "Radical" lists for the 2016 municipal elections in Rome and Milan, in a move opposed by the leadership of the TRP, especially Maurizio Turco. The lists obtained 1.2% and 1.9%, respectively, and in both cases they supported the candidates put forward by the PD, either in the first or the second round, opening the way for the party's rapprochement with the centre-left at country-level.

Pannella's death and split
In May 2016, Pannella, who had long suffered from cancer, died and Italian politicians from across the entire political spectrum paid tribute to him.

In the event, the party found itself increasingly divided in two factions: on one side Magi, Cappato and Staderini (who were backed by Bonino), on the other Turco, Bernardini and most of the staff of Radio Radicale (who were closer to the late Pannella). The former focused more on Italian politics and elections, while the latter were more interested in the activity of the Transnational Radical Party (TRP) and no longer in playing an active role in elections (as suggested by Pannella).

The fracture was evident in September 2016 at the congress of the TRP, during which the faction of Turco and Bernardini soundly beat the other wing. At the November 2016 congress, in turn the RI confirmed Magi as secretary, while electing Antonella Soldo as president.

In February 2017, the TRP severed its ties with the RI (who were accused of boycotting the TRP) and the latter were forced out of the Radical headquarters.

Return to Parliament
In November 2017, the RI formed, along with Della Vedova's Forza Europa (FE) and some members of the Civics and Innovators (CI), More Europe (+E), a pro-Europeanist list for the 2018 general election, led by Bonino. +E was part of the centre-left coalition led by Matteo Renzi and the PD.

The list won 2.6% of the vote in the election, falling short of the 3% threshold, but Bonino was elected to the Senate in a single-seat constituency in Rome, Magi to the Chamber also from Rome and Alessandro Fusacchia from the European constituency of Italians abroad. Contextually, the list obtained 2.1% and one regional councillor in the Lombard regional election and 2.1% and one regional councillor also in the 2018 regional election.

In July 2018, +E started to organise itself as a full-fledged party. It was decided that a committee, presided by Gianfranco Spadaccia (a long-time Radical), would lead +E until the founding congress, scheduled for January 2019. The newly formed committee appointed Della Vedova as coordinator. In November, following his election to Parliament, Magi was replaced by Silvja Manzi as secretary; at the same congress Barbara Bonvicini was elected president and Antonella Soldo treasurer. One year later, Manzi, Bonvicini and Soldo were respectively replaced by Massimiliano Iervolino, Igor Boni and Giulia Crivellini.

In August 2019, tensions grew within the coalition supporting the Conte government, leading to the issuing of a motion of no-confidence by the League. During the following government crisis, the M5S and the PD agreed to form a new cabinet together, under outgoing Prime Minister Conte. In September, +E decided not to support the newly formed Conte II Cabinet, despite opposition by Tabacci, Magi and Fusacchia. The three voted in favour of the government in the Chamber, while Bonino voted against it in the Senate. In October, Fusacchia announced he was leaving +E.

In November 2020, Magi and Bonino formed joint sub-groups in the Mixed Groups of the Chamber and the Senate respectively, together with the deputies and senators affiliated with Action, a political party led by Carlo Calenda. The sub-group in the Chamber continued to include "Italian Radicals" in its name.

Recent events
The party supported the centre-left coalition in the 2022 general election, with no candidates and elects.

The 2023 annual party congress was due in December, but was suspended due to irregularities. The congress was thus rescheduled in January 2024: internal elections were deserted by the party's old guard and, as a result, 20-year-old Matteo Hallissey was elected secretary, 25-year-old Patrizia De Grazia president and 23-year-old Filippo Blengino treasurer.

In March 2024, in the run-up of the 2024 European Parliament election, the party was a founding member of a broad, liberal and pro-Europeanist list named "United States of Europe", along with More Europe, Italia Viva, the Italian Socialist Party and the European Liberal Democrats, in order to overcome the 4% electoral threshold. In late April the list was joined also by L'Italia c'è.

Ideology
According to the party statute, the RI is both a "liberal, liberist and libertarian" party, and a non-ideological, pragmatic, and open movement. The party is the only Italian political movement that consents to dual membership with other parties. The Italian Radicals has been described as representing "the most significant expression" of "libertarianism ... in the Italian context". Libertarianism in this sense is defined as follows: "In emphasising the importance of individual liberty and personal responsibility with respects to all matters, libertarians argued that the only thing that may legtimately be demanded of others is non-interference. Hence, libertarians oppose state intervention to help individuals achieve self-realization (e.g., through welfare measures) or to protect them from themselves (e.g., through legislation against the sale and use of drugs). And on the same grounds they staunchly support private property and unregulated markets." According to Tom Lansford, the party is a mostly libertarian, middle-class political grouping standing for civil and human rights.

The RI claims the legacy of Risorgimento radical-republican figures such as Carlo Cattaneo, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Felice Cavallotti, and 19th-century liberal and socialist intellectuals as Gaetano Salvemini, the brothers Carlo and Nello Rosselli, Benedetto Croce, and party ideologue Ernesto Rossi. Internationally, the RI political though is influenced by ideas of Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma Gandhi, Immanuel Kant and Karl Popper.

The Radicals have long adopted referendums to bring political changes. Since 1974, the Radical Party and its successor RI had purposed more than 110 referendums and were successful 35 times. Other political methods have included Gandhi-inspired nonviolence, the Satyagraha, also adopting extreme tactics like hunger strike and, occasionally, thirst strike. Pannella became involved in nonviolence after a long-time association with Aldo Capitini, a pacifist activist nicknamed the "Italian Gandhi".

On fiscal issues, the RI is usually liberal, supporting non-interventionist and free-market policies, but in recent times accepted part of the welfare state system, especially on healthcare. The RI is divided in two wings, i.e., the Friedmanians, who are influenced by Milton Friedman and the Chicago School, and the Keynesians, who support neo-Keynesian or post-Keynesian economics. This divide declined in the 2010s, when it adopted moderate liberal trends on economy.

On social issues, the RI appears as the most progressive party in Italy. The RI fully supports progressive stances including same-sex marriage, LGBT adoption, abortion, artificial insemination and euthanasia, vocally advocating for an advance healthcare directive (AHD). On healthcare, the RI support universal healthcare with possibility to choose between state-managed service and private insurances. The RI also calls for the legalization of prostitution and cannabis while enforcing the fight against hard drugs like heroin with harm reduction methods. On immigration, the RI supports ius soli policy and faster legal integration of regular immigrants, granting them citizenship and the right to vote. The RI criticises sentiment against illegal immigrants, rejecting the "invasion" theory supported by far-rightists. On religious affairs, the RI follows the historical Radical Party's position of anti-clericalism, calling for the abolition of Lateran Treaty (approved in 1929 and modified in 1984) and secularisation. The party is a strong critic of the Catholic-dominated politics, underlining the ghettoisation of religious minorities, including atheists and agnostics.

On foreign affairs issues, the RI has been a keen supporter of European federalism,  non-interventionism, Atlanticism and Zionism, while advocating a two-state solution. The party is also a strong supporter of enlargement of the European Union including towards Turkey, Morocco, Israel and Palestine and is a strong opponent of dictatorial-like states such as China, Russia and Syria. Despite their non-interventionism, the RI is not pacifist and supports war actions where civil rights are absent and minorities endangered, e.g., the Kosovo and Afghanistan wars. The RI had supported several cultural and social mobilisations in support of several persecuted ethnic and religious minorities including the Tibetans, the Uyghurs, the Degar and the Chechens.

Leadership

 * Secretary: Daniele Capezzone (2001–2006), Rita Bernardini (2006–2008), Antonella Casu (2008–2009), Mario Staderini (2009–2013), Rita Bernardini (2013–2015), Riccardo Magi (2015–2018), Silvja Manzi (2018–2019), Massimiliano Iervolino (2019–2024), Matteo Hallissey (2024–present)
 * President: Benedetto Della Vedova, Rita Bernardini and Luca Coscioni (2001–2003), Luca Coscioni (2003–2006), Maria Antonietta Coscioni (2006–2008), Bruno Mellano (2008–2010), Silvio Viale (2010–2013), Laura Arconti (2013–2014), Riccardo Magi (2014–2015), Marco Cappato (2015–2016), Antonella Soldo (2016–2018), Barbara Bonvicini (2018–2019), Igor Boni (2019–2024), Patrizia de Grazia (2024–present)
 * Treasurer: Danilo Quinto (2001–2003), Rita Bernardini (2003–2006), Elisabetta Zamparutti (2006–2008), Michele De Lucia (2008–2013), Valerio Federico (2013–2016), Michele Capano (2016–2017), Silvja Manzi (2017–2018), Antonella Soldo (2018–2019), Giulia Crivellini (2019–2024), Filippo Blengino (2024–present)
 * President of the National Committee: Werther Casali (2004–2010), Marco Revelli (2010–2011), Giulia Simi (2011–2013), Michele Capano (2013–2014), Silvio Viale (2014–2015), Antonella Soldo (2015–2016), Manuela Zambrano (2016–2017), Alessandro Massari (2017–2019), Silvio Viale (2020–2021), Dario Boilini (2021–2023), Matteo Giusti (2023–present)

title: Italian Radicals


text:
Wonder Boys

Wonder Boys is a 1995 novel by the American writer Michael Chabon. It was adapted into a film with the same title in 2000.

Plot summary
Pittsburgh professor and author Grady Tripp is working on an unwieldy 2,611-page manuscript that is meant to be the follow-up to his successful, award-winning novel The Land Downstairs, which was published seven years earlier. On the eve of a college-sponsored writers' and publishers' weekend called WordFest, Tripp's wife walks out on him, and he learns that his mistress, the chancellor of the college, Sara Gaskell, is pregnant with his child. To top it all off, Tripp finds himself involved in a bizarre crime committed by one of his students, an alienated young writer named James Leer. During a party, Leer shoots and kills the chancellor’s dog and steals her husband’s prized Marilyn Monroe collectible: the jacket worn by the actress on the day of her marriage to Joe DiMaggio.

The New York Times reviewed the novel as "...the ultimate writing-program novel. If that sounds insulting, I don't mean it to be. But anyone who has ever served time in a writing program and gone to the "writing festivals" at various universities will instantly recognize the milieu and the characters."

Inspiration
The novel grew from Chabon’s concerns with completing an unrealized novel, Fountain City, about the construction of a perfect baseball park in Florida. He decided to write a story about, in part, an author who couldn’t finish his own work. The main character of Grady Tripp is admittedly based on University of Pittsburgh professor, Chuck Kinder, who taught the undergraduate Chabon in the early 1980s. Kinder’s great opus, a novel inspired by his friendship with author Raymond Carver, was reportedly more than 3000 pages long at one point. It was finally published in a very slimmed-down version in 2001 as Honeymooners: A Cautionary Tale.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wonder Boys


text:
Kirsten Imrie

Kirsten Fifi Imrie (born 26 October 1967) is a former Page 3 girl, glamour model, and television presenter.

Career
Imrie was born on 21 April 1969 in Glasgow, Scotland, and raised in Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland from the age of three. After leaving school at the age of 16, she worked in various blue-collar jobs in the Edinburgh area. Aged 18, she married a local man from Haddington, East Lothian, but the marriage soon dissolved.

Imrie then moved to London and began a glamour modelling career. She started appearing as a Page 3 girl in The Sun in November 1988, shortly after her 21st birthday, and continued to appear regularly on Page 3 until August 1993. She also posed nude for a wide range of men's magazines, including the US edition of Penthouse, which featured her as its cover girl and Penthouse Pet for December 1989 (modelling under the pseudonym Kirsten Stewart). She continued to pose for glamour photographs through her late 30s, appearing in the April 2007 edition of Mayfair magazine at the age of 39.

Imrie also worked as a television presenter. In 1995, she appeared on the newly launched adult television channel Television X. In 1996, L!VE TV recruited Imrie as a television sports presenter. She replaced another former Page 3 girl, Gail McKenna, who had moved to the channel Five.

Controversy and personal struggles
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, British tabloid newspapers regularly featured stories about Imrie's jet-setting lifestyle, her alleged alcohol and cocaine abuse, her celebrity relationships, and even her alleged lesbian affairs with other glamour models.

In the 1990s, Imrie struggled with debt. On 27 September 1994, when she appeared in a London court on charges of driving under the influence (DUI), her solicitor told the court that she was no longer receiving regular modelling work, was struggling under a "mountain of debt," was living on unemployment benefits, and was "almost on the breadline".

In November 2000, tabloid newspapers ran stories reporting that Imrie was penniless and sleeping rough on Clapham Common, having sold her house to pay off debts. The tabloids later claimed that readers' donations had enabled Imrie to rent a flat in South London, resume her modelling career, and turn her life around.

In 2003, Imrie spoke about her homelessness and addiction problems in the UK television documentary The Curse of Page 3.

title: Kirsten Imrie


text:
Kristin Hersh

Martha Kristin Hersh (born August 7, 1966) is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter known for her solo work and with her rock bands Throwing Muses and 50FootWave. She has released eleven solo albums. Her guitar work and composition style ranges from jaggedly dissonant to traditional folk. Hersh's lyrics have a stream-of-consciousness style, reflecting her personal experiences.

Early life
Hersh was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and moved to Newport, Rhode Island, when she was six years old. Her father was a professor at Salve Regina University in Newport and her mother a special educational needs teacher. She was interested in music at an early age and wanted to learn guitar chords; her father gave her a guitar when she was nine. Her parents separated when Hersh was 11, and her mother married the father of her best friend Tanya Donelly. Hersh talked Donelly into starting a band, then called The Muses, when they were 14.

Throwing Muses and early solo work
Throwing Muses was formed in 1981 when Hersh and Donelly were freshmen in high school. Friends from school, including Elaine Adamedes, Becca Blumen, Leslie Langston and David Narcizo, were part of the group with Narcizo (and, initially, Langston) becoming a long-term member. Hersh initially wrote and sang most of Throwing Muses' songs, often in changing tempos. Donelly also contributed songs and lead vocals.

Hersh attended Salve Regina University, majoring in archetypal psychology and philosophy, but dropped out shortly before graduating to establish the band in Boston, Massachusetts, where they had been playing on weekends. While at Salve, Hersh befriended film actress Betty Hutton, who was attending the school in her 60s; Hutton also attended several early Throwing Muses shows in Newport.

The Throwing Muses were signed to 4AD, the first American group to be signed on the British label, and released the EP Chains Changed in 1987. Two releases followed, the mini-LP The Fat Skier and the album House Tornado. The 4AD Throwing Muses biography describes its sound at the time as "... joining the dots between elliptical post-punk, harmonious folk jangle and rockabilly thunder without ever settling into standard genre patterns." For the Throwing Muses 1986 UK tour, the Boston-based Pixies, embarking on their first European tour, was the opening band.

The band signed a U.S. deal with Sire/Reprise Records in 1987 and began touring the U.S. and Europe while recording albums, with Hersh writing most of the songs. The band became a trio when Donelly left the group after 1991's The Real Ramona.

In 1994, Hersh began a solo career on Sire/Reprise and 4AD as an acoustic performer, beginning with Hips and Makers, an album sparsely arranged around her vocals, guitar, and a cellist, in contrast to the volatile, electric sound of her band work. Michael Stipe of R.E.M. made an appearance on this first solo album. After receiving some airplay and major media coverage for the Throwing Muses album University in 1995, Hersh moved to Rykodisc for the band's 1996 album, Limbo, and released her solo album, Strange Angels, in 1998. To better control her career and the distribution of her recorded material, she created the ThrowingMusic label with then-husband and manager Billy O'Connell in 1996. This enabled her to co-release some of her projects, including an ongoing download-subscription service called Works in Progress (WIP) for releases available through the label's website. Hersh continued to offer her solo releases online, releasing Sky Motel in 1999.

Throwing Muses functions as a noncommercial musical enterprise, focusing on touring over record sales and airplay. In a 2014 interview, Hersh stated: "As far as I'm concerned, music is not a commodity. It's something that people have earned by being human. They have a right to hear it, and a right to share it, as they always have in churches and parties. That's how music happens."

2000 to present
In 2001, Hersh released the Sunny Border Blue solo album, on which she again played nearly all instruments. She described the album as having even more intensity than her previous works, as she continued her pursuit of songwriting as being in part a way to transform "ugly feelings" into art. She also collaborated further with like-minded alternative artists like Vic Chesnutt, Willard Grant Conspiracy, Grant Lee Phillips and John Doe.

In 2003, she released The Grotto, an acoustic solo album of song sketches with personal lyrics set in Providence, Rhode Island, with Andrew Bird on violin and Howe Gelb on piano. On the same date a self-titled album by Throwing Muses was also released, the first since Limbo. Both were recorded at Steve Rizzo's studio in Rhode Island. When Narcizo was unable to tour on a full-time basis due to other commitments, Hersh formed her power rock trio 50FootWave. Her touring appearances and recording efforts in 2004 and 2005 centered around both 50 Foot Wave and her solo career.

Independent output
In 2007, Hersh released her first solo album in four years, entitled Learn to Sing Like a Star. NPR described Hersh's "emotional and raw" pop songs as both "accessible and off-kilter." Concurrently she launched CASH Music, a subscription-based, direct-to-consumer website, that was formed along with fellow musician Donita Sparks. Fans can become "Strange Angels" and subscribe to her output to receive albums and print releases, downloadable content, and guest spots for live shows – packages ranging from $30 per quarter to $5,000 (executive producer credit on her next album) 50FootWave's EP Power+Light was released on CASH in 2009 and Hersh was involved in several projects—a second collection of Appalachian folk songs, The Shady Circle and a series of new free tracks. The album Crooked was released as a downloadable album and hardback book containing essays about each track.

Throwing Muses reformed in 2013 and released Purgatory/Paradise, a 32-track album accompanied by a book designed by Narcizo, who works as a graphic designer. The book features photos, artwork and lyrics by Hersh. It was the band's first release in ten years.

At this point in her career, Hersh's output was independently released online. She expressed that she wanted a complete break with the music industry, stating, "Because we differ from the recording industry ethically, we had been asked to dumb down our product so many times. I have been asked to act and look like a bimbo so many times and I just decided, 'I'm not going to turn my back on my music. I'm not going to turn my back on women.' We're morally bound to not participate in the traditional recording industry because we disagree with it. So we continue to play music, which has nothing to do with the music business."

In October 2016, she released the double album Wyatt at the Coyote Place and an accompanying book. Hersh embarked on a tour in support of the album.

On June 12, 2018, Hersh announced on her website that she has signed with Fire Records. Her new record, Possible Dust Clouds, was released on October 5, 2018. She finished recording the album in May of the same year.

In February 2020, it was announced that Throwing Muses would release a new album, Sun Racket, on May 22; the release was delayed to September 4.

Themes and style
Hersh's vocal style ranges from softly melodic to impassioned screaming. She has an occasional vibrato that punctuates some of her more dramatic phrasing. Candid about her episodes of mental illness and despair, her songs cover a vast spectrum of topics, including childbirth ("Hysterical Bending"), love ("Tar Kissers", "Lavender"), surreal vignettes ("Delicate Cutters", "Fish"), death ("Limbo"), emotional anguish ("The Letter"), loss of custody of her first son ("Candyland"), and the shedding of a relationship's anxiety ("Snake Oil").

Simon Reynolds in The New York Times pointed to Hersh's "mesmerizing" explorations of "rage, aggression and mental chaos" as evidence of female rock artists of the early 1990s pushing against gender role boundaries to express "more than simply vulnerability or defiance" in their work.

Ann Powers, also in the Times, wrote of Hersh's musical style: "Her plastic, sometimes obsessively circular song structures emphasize staggered rhythms and extreme dynamic shifts, and her voice, a carnal cry that pushes through her body gathering up air, lends her often oblique lyrics an oracular veneer."

Influences
Hersh has said her parents' album collections, featuring Patti Smith, the Carter Family, Stevie Wonder, Robert Johnson, Talking Heads, The Clash, Steve Miller, The Beatles, Philip Glass, and traditional music all influenced her when she was growing up. Among her early contemporary musical influences are The Raincoats, The Pretenders, Talking Heads, Violent Femmes, Meat Puppets, Dead Kennedys, Hüsker Dü, Velvet Underground, R.E.M., and X.

Author
Hersh's illustrated children's book Toby Snax was published in 2007 and further developed in 2011 as an interactive app for children. The app allows children to hear her read the story out loud and features her recordings of lullabies that she learned as a girl in Tennessee.

Her 2010 memoir Rat Girl (published in the UK as Paradoxical Undressing) is based on a diary she wrote when she was 18, touring with Throwing Muses, diagnosed with bipolar disorder and pregnant with her first child. Rob Sheffield in The New York Times called it an "uncommonly touching punk memoir," and named it #8 in Rolling Stone's "25 Greatest Rock Memoirs of All Time."

Hersh's 2015 book Don't Suck, Don't Die: Giving Up Vic Chesnutt, is a rumination on her friendship with the singer-songwriter Vic Chesnutt. She cites him as one of her songwriting influences with his "fluid timing and the grace of a melody that breaks the rules of meter."

Personal life
Hersh was married to her former manager Billy O'Connell for 25 years until they divorced in 2013. She has four sons. , she is engaged to former Throwing Muses bassist Fred Abong.

Hersh has talked openly about her bouts with mental illness and its role in her musical process. When she was 16, she was struck by a car while riding her bicycle, suffering a double concussion that affected the way she heard sounds. She described it as hearing ambient sounds continuously and "...the sounds would alter their sonic vocabulary until I was hearing syllables, and drums. And then all these words would come". She's stated that hearing "pieces of songs" in her mind compelled her to take the pieces apart and craft songs from them. She also claims that she doesn't remember writing her early songs—that "they wrote her".

She has had more than one diagnosis (and misdiagnoses) for her condition, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and most recently post-traumatic and dissociative disorders, which she says have been successfully treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy.

Hersh has synesthesia; she sees musical chords in colors.

Studio albums

 * Hips and Makers (1994)
 * Strange Angels (1998)
 * Murder, Misery and Then Goodnight (1998)
 * Sky Motel (1999)
 * Sunny Border Blue (2001)
 * The Grotto (2003)
 * Learn to Sing Like a Star (2007)
 * Speedbath (2008, under a Creative Commons License)
 * Crooked (2010)
 * Wyatt at the Coyote Palace (2016)
 * Possible Dust Clouds (2018)
 * Clear Pond Road (2023)

Cover songs

 * "Wave of Mutilation" (Pixies) – American Laundromat Records, High School Reunion: a tribute to those great 80's films!, 2005
 * "Like a Hurricane" (Neil Young) – American Laundromat Records, Cinnamon Girl: Women Artists Cover Neil Young for Charity, 2008
 * "Panic Pure" (Vic Chesnutt) – Columbia Records, Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation, 1996

Books

 * Toby Snax. Delicate, 2007. ISBN 978-1934703014.
 * Rat Girl. New York: Penguin, 2010. ISBN 978-0143117391.
 * Paradoxical Undressing. Atlantic, 2011. ISBN 978-1848872394.
 * Don't Suck, Don't Die: Giving Up Vic Chesnutt. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0292759473.
 * Toby Snax. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1477311271.
 * Don't Suck, Don't Die: Giving Up Vic Chesnutt. American Music Series. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1477311363. With a foreword by Amanda Petrusich.
 * Nerve Endings: Selected Lyrics. Unbound, 2018. ISBN 978-1783525638.
 * Seeing Sideways: A Memoir of Music and Motherhood. University of Texas Press, 2021. ISBN 978-1477312346.

title: Kristin Hersh


text:
Cnicht

Cnicht is a mountain in Snowdonia which forms part of the Moelwynion mountain range.

Features
Its appearance when viewed from the south-west, i.e., from the direction of Porthmadog, has earned it the sobriquet the "Matterhorn of Wales", albeit being 3,789 metres lower. In reality, Cnicht is a long ridge and, at 691 m, is the fifth-highest peak in the Moelwynion mountain range. It can be easily ascended from Croesor, the village at its foot, or, with more difficulty, from Nant Gwynant to the northwest.

Although regarded by some as a mountain in its own right, Cnicht does not have the required 150m of topographic prominence to be classed as a Marilyn.

Toponymy
The mountain's name is thought to derive from the English surname Knight, the name of a family who were formerly merchants in Caernarfon. When borrowed into Welsh, the consonants represented by $⟨K⟩$ and $⟨gh⟩$ were still pronounced in English, and these are retained in the Welsh name Cnicht as $⟨C⟩$ (/k/) and $⟨ch⟩$ (/χ/).

In fiction
It appears as the "Saeth" in Patrick O'Brian's 1952 novel Three Bear Witness (published as Testimonies in the USA), which is set in a fictionalised version of Cwm Croesor. O'Brian and his wife lived in the valley between 1946 and 1949.

title: Cnicht


text:
Talk:Bianchi identities

Untitled
The Bianchi identities applies to connections in general and not just to the Levi-Civita connection of Riemannian manifolds. Phys 20:39, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bianchi identities


text:
User talk:Steadman

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
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 * Remember Neutral point of view
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title: User talk:Steadman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Dew

Looks like a "fan page" by an orthographically challenged student for his/her/their "esteemed Lecturor". Ianb 20:40, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * delete, he hasn't advanced to the rank of professor yet, and the article focuses on his personality rather than his achievements. He hasn't got any books listed at Amazon.com. Dunc_Harris|☺ 22:14, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Clear delete. After reading this for the second time this looks like a joke to me. Thue | talk 23:40, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Dew drop this article as the ultimate suck-up. - Lucky 6.9 23:48, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Another non-notable Bob. Geogre 01:18, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Give it shot: It has not had the best opportunity to be refined. Spelling has been more criticized than corrected, Amazon.com is not an accurate representation of the zeitgeist, and forgiving the creator of his shortcomings as a writer of the people, allow others to help create what may become a valued source of free information.BB 21 Jul 2004.
 * Delete: Sycophantic page that is embarrassing to read. Has to be a joke? Giano 09:53, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Andris 11:48, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Somewhere out there is a youth taping heavily xeroxed candid photos of Robert Dew onto the headless torsos of Barbie dolls. Yep, that's a delete.  Postdlf 01:32, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete J. Random Professor. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:17, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
50 Foot Wave

50 Foot Wave (often stylized as 50FOOTWAVE) is an American alternative rock band, formed in 2003. The band is fronted by Kristin Hersh, who writes the group's songs with collaborative efforts from the other group members in composing and arranging the music. The group's name is a reference to both an illustration and the term for the 50-foot sound wave of the lowest F tone audible to the human ear. The band sometimes abbreviates its name as L'~, using the Roman numeral for 50.

History
Kristin Hersh previously spent more than two decades playing with Throwing Muses, releasing several solo albums as well. Her solo tours in the late 1990s and early 2000s focused on acoustic guitar playing. In 2003, she launched the more electric guitar-oriented 50FOOTWAVE.

The band was designed as a power trio, with a lineup including drummer Rob Ahlers and Throwing Muses bassist Bernard Georges. Hersh contributes guitar, lyrics, and vocals to this project. The band's first live performance was recorded in Burbank in October 2003 and released on a very limited basis as an official bootleg. Among other live appearances internationally in 2004, 50 Foot Wave performed a month-long residency of shows in January that year at the Silverlake Lounge, while the group was based in the Los Angeles area. The group's self-titled studio mini-album was co-released in March 2004 by the band's ThrowingMusic label and 4AD Records.

Hersh has described 50FOOTWAVE's music as "having a lot of math in it," while also calling it less emotionally and musically "tangled" than some of her past Throwing Muses work. Others have described some of the new songs as having "confrontational" lyrics.

In March 2005, the group released its long-planned, full-length album, Golden Ocean, on ThrowingMusic, in partnership with 4AD.

The group toured Europe and the United States in 2005, while Hersh simultaneously continued her solo concerts in alternating parts of the year.

In December 2005, the band released a new EP called Free Music! available via free FLAC and mp3 downloads at their website and several download partner sites. The downloads reserved some rights though Creative Commons licenses.

In early March 2009, the band released all their previous albums along with a selection of live tracks, an Instrumental EP and the upcoming Power+Light album for download at their website. As before, the tracks were available in FLAC and mp3 format and the band reserved some rights though Creative Commons licenses.

In early 2010, the band announced that its new EP would be titled "With Love from the Men's Room". The 5-track disc was recorded in Highland Park, CA, and it was released in January, 2012. Once again, the band released the music with Creative Commons licensing, and the liner notes encourage fans to "SHARE THIS MUSIC -- You are encouraged to repost, podcast, make videos, record covers, burn copies for friends, burn copies for enemies, USE it. Anything, everything is ok with us. What matters most to us is that people hear, connect with, and pass on this band's music".

Personnel

 * Kristin Hersh – vocals, guitar
 * Bernard Georges – bass
 * Rob Ahlers – drums

Discography

 * 50FOOTWAVE (2004, ThrowingMusic/4AD)
 * Golden Ocean (2005, ThrowingMusic/4AD)
 * Free Music! (2005, ThrowingMusic)
 * Power + Light (2009, ThrowingMusic)
 * With Love From The Men's Room (2012, ThrowingMusic)
 * Bath White (2016, ThrowingMusic)
 * Black Pearl (2022, Fire Records)

Song samples

 * "Sally Is a Girl," from Golden Ocean album(mp3 link via permission from toolshed.biz)
 * "Bone China," from Golden Ocean album(mp3 link via permission from toolshed.biz)
 * ThrowingMusic label videos and MP3s
 * "Power + Light"
 * Yahoo Music Videos(three band videos)

title: 50 Foot Wave


text:
User talk:Tony Weeks

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Tony Weeks


text:
Magdalena Abakanowicz

Magdalena Abakanowicz (20 June 1930 – 20 April 2017) was a Polish sculptor and fiber artist. Known for her use of textiles as a sculptural medium and for outdoor installations, Abakanowicz has been considered among the most influential Polish artists of the postwar era. She worked as a professor of studio art at the University of Fine Arts in Poznań, Poland, from 1965 to 1990, and as a visiting professor at University of California, Los Angeles in 1984.

She was born to a noble landowning family in Falenty, near Warsaw, before the outbreak of World War II. Her formative years were marred by the Nazi occupation of Poland, during which her family became part of the Polish resistance. After the war, under the imposed communist rule, Abakanowicz attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Sopot and the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw between 1950 and 1954, navigating a conservative educational environment marked by the imposition of Soviet-dictated restrictive and propagandistic doctrine of Socialist Realism.

The Polish October and subsequent political and cultural thaw in 1956 marked a significant turning point in Abakanowicz's career. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Abakanowicz's work began to take on more structure and geometric form, influenced in part by Constructivism. Her one-person exhibit at the Kordegarda Gallery in Warsaw in 1960 signaled her emergence in the Polish textile and fiber design movement. She received first international recognition following her participation in the first Biennale Internationale de le Tapisserie in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1962.

Abakanowicz's most celebrated works emerged in the 1960s with her creation of three-dimensional fiber works called Abakans. During the 1970s and 1980s, she transitioned to creating humanoid sculptures. These works reflected the anonymity and confusion of the individual amidst the human mass, a theme influenced by her life under a Communist regime. Some of her prominent international public artworks include Agora in Chicago and Birds of Knowledge of Good and Evil in Milwaukee.

Early life
Marta Magdalena Abakanowicz (married name Kosmowska) was born to a noble landowning family in the village of Falenty, near Warsaw. Her mother, Helena Domaszewska, descended from old Polish nobility. Her father, Konstanty Abakanowicz, came from a Polonized Lipka Tatar family that traced its origins to Abaqa Khan, a 13th-century Mongol chieftain. Her father's family fled Russia to the newly re-established democratic Poland in the aftermath of the October Revolution.

When she was nine, Nazi Germany invaded and occupied Poland. Her family endured the war years living on the outskirts of Warsaw and became part of the Polish resistance. At the age of 14 she became a nurse's aid in a Warsaw hospital; seeing the impact of war first hand would later influence her art. After the war, the family moved to the small city of Tczew near Gdańsk, in northern Poland, where they hoped to start a new life.

Under the newly-imposed communist doctrine, the Polish government officially adopted socialist realism as the only acceptable art form which should be pursued by artists; it had to be 'national in form' and 'socialist in content'. Other art forms being practiced at the time in the Western Bloc, such as Modernism, were officially outlawed and heavily censored in all Communist Bloc nations, including Poland. Lack of official approval did nothing to reduce her enthusiasm or alter the revolutionary course of her work.

Education
Abakanowicz completed part of her high school education in Tczew from 1945 to 1947, after which she went to Gdynia for two additional years of art school at the Liceum Sztuk Plastycznych in that city. After her graduation from the Liceum in 1949, Abakanowicz attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Sopot (now in Gdańsk). In 1950, Abakanowicz moved back to Warsaw to begin her studies at the Academy of Fine Arts there, the leading art school in Poland. To get into the Academy she had to pretend to be the daughter of a clerk, because her noble background would otherwise have prevented her acceptance on the course.

Her years at the university, 1950–1954, coincided with some of the harshest assaults made on art by the leaders of the Eastern Bloc. By utilizing the doctrine of 'Socialist realism', all art forms in communist nations were forced to adhere to strict guidelines and limitations that subordinated the arts to the needs and demands of the State. Realist artistic depictions based on the national 19th-century academic tradition were the only form of artistic expression taught in Poland at the time. The Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts, being the most important artistic institution in Poland, came under special scrutiny from the Ministry of Art and Culture, which administered all major decisions in the field at the time.

Abakanowicz found the climate at the Academy to be highly "rigid" and overly "conservative". She recalled: "I liked to draw, seeking the form by placing lines, one next to the other. The professor would come with an eraser in his hand and rub out every unnecessary line on my drawing, leaving a thin, dry contour. I hated him for it."

While studying at the university she was required to take several textile design classes, learning the art of weaving, screen printing, and fiber design from instructors such as Anna Sledziewska, Eleonora Plutyńska, and Maria Urbanowicz. These instructors and skills would greatly influence Abakanowicz's work, as well as that of other prominent Polish artists of the time.

First artworks
Following her education at the Academy, Abakanowicz began to produce her first artistic works. Due to the fact that she spent most of her academic life moving from place to place, much of her earlier artwork was lost or damaged, with only a few, delicate plant drawings surviving. Between 1956 and 1959, she produced some of her earliest known works; a series of large gouaches and watercolors on paper and sewn-together linen sheets. These works, described as being 'biomorphic" in composition, depicted imaginary plants, birds, exotic fish, and seashells, among other biomorphic shapes and forms. Joanna Inglot wrote in The Figurative Sculpture of Magdalena Abakanowicz about these early works: "[they] pointed to Abakanowicz's early fascination with the natural world and its processes of germination, growth, blooming, and sprouting. They seem to capture the very energy of life, a quality that would become a constant feature of her art." Abakanowicz said:

"My gouaches were as large as the wall permitted. Depressed by years of study, I was fighting back by making my gouaches for myself. For so long it had been repeated that I could not do it; my response had to be on a big scale. I wanted to take a walk among imaginary plants."

It was also during this time that the Polish People's Republic began to lift some of the heavy political pressures imposed by the Soviet Union, mainly due to the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. In 1956, under the new party leadership of Władysław Gomułka, Poland experienced a dramatic social and cultural shift during the Polish October. The shift resulted in the liberalization of the forms and content of art, with Stalinistic methods of art form being openly criticized by Gomułka's government.

A major freedom granted to Polish artists was the permission to travel to several Western cities, such as Paris, Venice, Munich, and New York City, to experience artistic developments outside the communist countries. This liberalization of the arts in Poland and injection of other art forms into the Polish art world greatly influenced Abakanowicz's early works, as she began to consider much of her early work as being too flamboyant and lacking in structure. Constructivism began to influence her work in the late 1950s as she adopted a more geometric and structured approach. Never fully accepting Constructivism, she searched for her own "artistic language and for a way to make her art more tactile, intuitive, and personal." As a result, she soon adopted weaving as another avenue of artistic exploration.

In her first one-person exhibit at the Kordegarda Gallery in Warsaw in the spring of 1960, she included a series of four weavings along with a collection of gouaches and watercolors. Though her first exhibit received minimal critical notice, it helped advance her position within the Polish textile and fiber design movement and resulted in her inclusion into the first Biennale Internationale de le Tapisserie in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1962. The event opened the way to her international success.

Over the next few years, she challenged the established idea that weaving could not be fine art, by using metal supports and pulling the pieces away from the walls thus making woven but increasingly sculptural work.

Abakans
The 1960s saw some of the most important works produced during Abakanowicz's career. In 1967, she began producing three-dimensional fiber works called Abakans. Her Abakans were included in a group exhibition titled, Wall Hangings, organised in 1969 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York by Mildred Constantine, curator of architecture and design, and the textile designer Jack Lenor Larsen. Abakanowicz and the other artists included in the exhibition were pushing boundaries between high art and traditional definitions of what was considered craft. Her use of "unexpected, often soft materials, arranged in modular or serial structures” in her Abakan series, places her within the Postminimalism art movement that began in 1966. Abakanowicz stated that she sought the “total obliteration of the utilitarian function of tapestry” and demonstrated the capacity of fiber to produce forms that were soft yet structured and complex.

Each Abakan is made out of woven material using Abakanowicz's own technique. The material used for many of these pieces was found, often collecting sisal ropes from harbors, intertwining them into threads and dying them. She also used "rope, hemp, flax, wool and horsehair." Hung from the ceiling, Abakans reach sizes as large as thirteen feet with sometimes only a few inch clearance from the ground. The Abakans often incorporated reproductive references to eggs and the womb.

One of her large Abakans is included in the collection of the Nasher Sculpture Center in Dallas, Texas. The piece hangs on the wall and is made of five large recycled sisal panels in varying thickness and dyed in a burnt umber color. The work was acquired in 2019 and was exhibited in an exhibition titled Resist/Release.

In October 2023, Abakanowicz's pioneering textile art served as inspiration for the latest collection from the Alexander McQueen fashion house, which debuted at the Paris Fashion Week. The designs were created by Sarah Burton and were met with high acclaim as they were presented alongside two Abakans from the collection of the Central Textile Museum in Łódź.

Humanoid sculptures
During the 1970s, and into the 1980s, Abakanowicz changed medium and scale; she began a series of figurative and non-figurative sculptures made out of pieces of coarse sackcloth which she sewed and pieced together and bonded with synthetic resins. These works became more representational than previous sculptures but still retain a degree of abstraction and ambiguity. In 1974-1975 she produced sculptures called Alterations, which were twelve hollowed-out headless human figures sitting in a row. From 1973–1975 she produced a series of enormous, solid forms reminiscent of human heads without faces called Heads. From 1976-1980 she produced a piece call Backs, which was a series of eighty slightly differing sculptures of the human trunk.

In 1986-87 she created a series of fifty standing figures called Crowd I. She also began to once again work around organic structures, such as her Embryology series, which consisted of several dozen soft egg-like lumps varying in size. These were dispersed round an exhibition room at the Vienna Biennial in 1980.

These humanoid works of the 1970s and 1980s were centered around human culture and nature as a whole and its condition and position in modern society. The multiplicity of the human forms represents confusion and anonymity, analyzing an individual's presence in a mass of humanity. These works have close connections to Abakanowicz's life living in a Communist regime which repressed individual creativity and intellect in favor of the collective interest. These works also contrast with her earlier Abakan series, which were individually powerful pieces, whereas the figurative sculptures lost their individuality in favor of multiplicity.

In the late 1980s to 1990s Abakanowicz began to use metals, such as bronze, for her sculptures, as well as wood, stone, and clay. Her works from this period include Bronze Crowd (1990–91), shown in the garden of the Nasher Sculpture Center, and Puellae (1992), part of the National Gallery of Art's collection. She stated in a speech given at the Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź:

"In consequence, the expression of art saturated with history, deformed by modernity, diverging from the direction of art in the free world. Perhaps the experience of the crowd, waiting passively in line, but ready to trample, destroy or adore on command like a headless creature, became the core of my analysis. And maybe it was a fascination with the scale of the human body. Or a desire to determine the minimal amount necessary to express the whole."

In 2019, her work featuring humanoid sculptures entitled Caminando, from the private collection of Robin Williams, set a new record at auction for an artwork sold in Poland by fetching 8 million zlotys (ca. US$2.1 million). This record was broken again twice in 2021 when in October another of her works known as Crowd III (1989) fetched 13.2 million zlotys (ca. $3.3 million) while in December her Bambini (1999) set of sculptures was sold for 13.6 million zloty.

War Games
One of Abakanowicz's most unusual works is titled War Games, which is a cycle of monumental structures made up of huge trunks of old trees, with their branches and bark removed. Partly bandaged with rags and hugged by steel hoops, these sculptures are placed on lattice metal stands. Like the name of the cycle implies, these sculptures have a very militaristic feel to them, as they have been compared to artillery vehicles. During the 1990s Abakanowicz was also commissioned to design a model of an ecologically-oriented city. She also choreographed dance.

Agora
Abakanowicz's final round of work includes a project called Agora, which is a permanent installation located at the southern end of Chicago's Grant Park, next to the Roosevelt Road Metra station. It consists of 106 cast iron figures, each about nine feet tall. All the figures are similar in shape, but different in details. The artist and her three assistants created models for each figure by hand, and the casting took place from 2004 to 2006. The surface of each figure resembles a tree bark or wrinkled skin. The work creates a feeling of crowdedness, hence the name "agora". Furthermore, all the bodies are headless and armless giving them an eerie, anonymous look.

Collections

 * Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC

Awards

 * Grand Prix of São Paulo Biennale, São Paulo, Brazil (1965)
 * Herder Prize, Vienna, Austria (1979)
 * Jurzykowski Prize, New York City (1982)
 * Award for Distinction in Sculpture, granted by the Sculpture Center, New York (1993)
 * Commander Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1998)
 * Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts, Berlin, Germany (1999)
 * Officier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Paris, France (1999)
 * Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts, Norway (1999)
 * Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2000)
 * Visionaries! Award granted by American Craft Museum (2000)
 * Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award, International Sculpture Center, (Hamilton, NJ) (2005)
 * Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with a star (2010)

On 20 June 2023 she was the subject of a Google Doodle.

Doctorates and honors

 * Honoris Causa doctorate from the Royal College of Art, London, England (1974)
 * Honoris Causa doctorate from the Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, Rhode Island (1992)
 * Honorary member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin (1994)
 * Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York City (1996)
 * Honorary member of the Sachsische Akademie der Kunste, Dresden, Germany (1998)
 * Honoris Causa doctorate from the Academy of Fine Arts, Łódź, Poland (1998)
 * Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree, Pratt Institute, New York (2000)
 * Honoris Causa doctorate from the Massachusetts College of Art, Boston, Massachusetts (2001)
 * Honoris Causa doctorate from the University of Fine Arts in Poznań, Poland (2002)
 * Honoris Causa doctorate from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (2002)

Quotes
"I feel overawed by quantity where counting no longer makes sense. By unrepeatability within such a quantity. By creatures of nature gathered in herds, droves, species, in which each individual, while subservient to the mass, retains some distinguishing features. A crowd of people, birds, insects, or leaves is a mysterious assemblage of variants of certain prototype. A riddle of nature's abhorrence of exact repetition or inability to produce it. Just as the human hand cannot repeat its own gesture, I invoke this disturbing law, switching my own immobile herds into that rhythm."

"Art will remain the most astonishing activity of mankind born out of struggle between wisdom and madness, between dream and reality in our mind."

title: Magdalena Abakanowicz


text:
Talk:Diana DeGarmo

Biography
Are there any sources that can confirm that Diana had anything to do with "The Sarah Connor Chronicles?" I spent some time doing some research and couldn't find a single article linking Diana to it at all. Unless this can be confirmed as a fact with a source, it should stay out of the article. -- --ShadeRPG 03:45, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * My source is myself and that is all I can say for now. That so much other sourceless information is ignored is a puzzlement.
 * PowderedToastWoman 06:21, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * By that logic, I could be a source and make up anything I wanted to as well. Your argument about other things being sourceless is fallacious -- you can't justify practicing outright vandalism by pointing to other unsourced information that is less "harmful," for lack of a better word.  Regardless, most, if not all of the other information that you're referring to can easily be looked up and confirmed as fact, or is more of a general knowledge type of thing.  Clearly I'm not the only one who's noticed your activity on here, so please be extra careful with your edits in the future, if you choose to continue editing.  -- --ShadeRPG 13:38, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Musical Influences
Do we have any sources on the so-called 'influences'? I see that Mariah Carey was just added with no rationale. I think the influences should be deleted. As a matter of fact, I'll do so right now. -- --Abg 20:17, 4 January 2006 (UTC)abg

Possible wikispam?
I am uncertain how everyone will feel about this, but the news article link that was just added to entertainment dash news dot org was added by somebody going through and linking to his (minimally useful) site on several celebrity articles. In most cases he provided a link to an alleged general news site for the celebrity in question, sites which basically give the equivalent of a Google news search with a bunch of additional articles that also claim to be related but are not. I'm removing these links, but since the link on this page actually goes to a real article, I'm going to leave it. Jdavidb 20:43, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Trivia
I added to the trivia a portion about her being related to Eddie DeGarmo of DeGarmo & Key. Metamorphousthe 17:44, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

I really didn't see where to add this bit of info but wanted to know why there was no mention of Diana being on the Ice Princess soundtrack (on her wiki page I mean) The movie has her listed in the soundrack credits.

Tony

I added it in to the Music section.AphroditePhenome 23:25, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Biography
Paragraph 1 of the biography states that she was a Coca-Cola kid and did "225 shows a day". Wtf? How long were these shows? That's nearly impossible, especially given child labor laws. Do we have a cite for this? Shinku Hisaki 01:25, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

record deal
I don't know if it's true, but there are rumors going around saying that she might sign to Bad Boy, the Bad Boy official Myspace page is one of Diana's friends

Don Vito
Is that Bam Margera's uncle?

No, he's a producer and his real name is Rodney Richard.

Blue Skies sales
 Blue Skies has sold an additional 35,000 copies as of July 2007, with an estimated total of 200,000 copies.

Source?

ID theft
I decided to remove the part about her identity being stolen, as it was completely unsourced. Does anyone have any sources for this information? Thanks. Acalamari 23:59, 1 August 2007 (UTC) The Victorian County Court heard that between November 8, 2007, and January 30 this year, Quattrocchi stalked 2004 American Idol runner-up Diana DeGarmo, her mother and flatmate. When Quattrocchi was arrested, police seized a flash drive that contained personal emails, personal and business information and log on codes of all three victims, Ms Borg said. Quattrocchi also hacked Ms Morris' Facebook account and and deleted all information on it, except photos of Ms DeGarmo, Ms Borg said.

Second Studio Album
I added the Second Studio Album part to albums is that good and stay there or else go to it and edit it more for me if you know more about than me

Gone Country/ Second album
Okay now that Diana is on the show Gone Country does that mean that might postpone her second album cause I have been reading about for a couple of months on her wikipedia page but nothing has really changed except when I found out a couple of weeks ago that she was competing in Gone Country. Now the thing that I am wondering about is whether she will scrap the songs she has made for her second album and just realse a country one now? Headstrong 345 (talk) 03:47, 31 December 2007 (UTC)Headstrong 345

Picture
The main display picture was from the Gone Country Promotional Shoot shot by Ron Jaffe. I contacted Ron and he allowed me to use the photograph on wikipedia. It has now been deleted because it violated a copyright, which it did not, since I had the author's permission to use it. Ideas? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Scrstdgrm (talk • contribs) 06:20, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Ethnicity?
Is She Really Mexican? Some people told me she was French/Italian/Native American but I have yet to see that other than useless IMDB. But I haven't seen Mexican Either. Is there a source for that? 24.7.125.67 (talk) 00:51, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

I've wondered what she was ethnically from when she was on American Idol. Puttering around on the internet a bit... while it's just one name in the family tree, DeGarmo/Degarmo seems to be an Anglicization of the French name "DeGarmeaux". The original people here of that name seem to come from early French Huguenot immmigrant(s) to the U.S. Just guessing from that, it would be likely then that the paternal line is of older "American" stock... Clearly though, just from looking at her, she kind of looks mixed with either Mestizo-type Hispanic (perhaps Mexican would be the logical guess?) or even with some sort of East Asian (maybe Filipino?). Those of course are just reasonable guesses there, nothing concrete, but maybe something to go on in terms of finding info. Anybody have anything concrete? Might be worthy of inclusion in the article, given her interesting appearance and uncommon name.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Diana DeGarmo. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090611150514/http://www.americanidol.com:80/news/view/pid/1752 to http://www.americanidol.com/news/view/pid/1752

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title: Talk:Diana DeGarmo


text:
USS Johnston

Two ships have been named USS Johnston in the United States Navy in honor of John Vincent Johnston.

 * USS Johnston (DD-557), was a Fletcher-class destroyer, which sank in the Battle off Samar in 1944
 * USS Johnston (DD-821), was a Gearing-class destroyer launched 10 October 1945 and transferred to Taiwan in 1980

title: USS Johnston


text:
Rhinogydd

The Rhinogydd (a Welsh plural form, often anglicised as Rhinogs and also known by the alternative Welsh plural Rhinogau) are a range of mountains located east of Harlech in North Wales. The name Rhinogydd derives from the names of two of the more famous peaks, Rhinog Fawr and Rhinog Fach, although the greatest elevation in the range is reached by Y Llethr, 756 m (2,480 feet).

Foel Penolau, the northernmost summit of the range, was promoted to a Hewitt in 2018 due to a new survey.

The Rhinogydd are notably rocky and heather-clad towards the northern end of the range, especially around Rhinog Fawr, Rhinog Fach and towards Moel Ysgyfarnogod. The southern end, around Y Llethr, Diffwys and the Ysgethin Valley has a softer, grassy character.

A population of feral goats are in the range. Over 30 km² are protected as a Special Area of Conservation and a National Nature Reserve.

Geology
The Rhinogydd are formed of hard sedimentary rocks of Cambrian age which occur as a major anticlinal structure known to geologists as the Harlech Dome. This structure which originated during the Caledonian Orogeny (mountain-building period) extends from Cadair Idris in the south to Blaenau Ffestiniog in the north. Its erosion by successive glaciations has left the valleys and peaks of the Rhinogydd visible today. The core of the area is formed from the hard-wearing greywackes of the Rhinog Formation. The formation also contains and is overlain by some siltstones and mudstones which form a broken zone of softer scenery around the periphery of the area's rugged core. In places, swarms of dolerite dykes cut through the country rocks in a generally northwest–southeast direction. Much of the lower ground is mantled by glacial till, a legacy of the last glaciation.

History of geological investigations
The geology of the area was first characterised by Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison in 1835. The Geological Survey began work in the area in 1846 and their first maps were published in 1855. With the discovery of gold in the area in 1846 the state of geological knowledge increased dramatically. At least a dozen major publications appeared between 1844 and 1939.

Hillwalking in the Rhinogydd
The Rhinogydd are far less well known than the areas in the north of the Snowdonia National Park, such as the Glyderau, Carneddau and the Snowdon massif itself. This is due to the rugged nature of the landscape in the Rhinogydd and the fame of Snowdon as the highest peak in Wales. The Rhinog mountains are popular with hillwalkers looking for a more isolated, wilder walking experience.

The peaks of the range are most easily accessed from the west side. Two valleys - Cwm Nantcol ('valley of the Nantcol (stream)') and Cwm Bychan ('small valley') - lead deep into the mountains and may be reached from the village of Llanbedr.

The most popular walking route in this area begins at the Roman Steps at 52.85466°N, -4.00512°W, which leads from Cwm Bychan through Bwlch Tyddiad and around Rhinog Fawr. Despite the name, these steps are not Roman and are in fact the well preserved remains of a medieval packhorse trail leading from Chester to Harlech Castle. At the top of the Roman Steps, the route curves around the eastern end of Rhinog Fawr and enters Cwm Nantcol via Bwlch Drws Ardudwy ('pass of the doorway of Ardudwy'). A different path leads from Cwm Nantcol, passing around the western end of Rhinog Fawr back to Cwm Bychan via Gloywlyn ('gleaming lake'), completing a circular route that can easily be completed in a day.

Main peaks
The range contains the following Marilyns:
 * Y Llethr 756 m
 * Rhinog Fawr 720 m
 * Rhinog Fach 712 m
 * Y Garn 629 m
 * Moel Ysgyfarnogod 623 m
 * Moelfre 589 m

the following Hewitts:
 * Diffwys 750 m
 * Foel Penolau 614 m

and the following Nuttalls:
 * Crib-y-rhiw 670 m
 * Diffwys West Top 642 m

title: Rhinogydd


text:
Kathiawar

Kathiawar is a peninsula, near the far north of India's west coast, of about 23500 sqmi bordering the Arabian Sea. It is bounded by the Gulf of Kutch in the northwest and by the Gulf of Khambhat in the east. In the northeast, it is connected to the rest of Gujarat and borders on the low, fertile hinterland of Ahmedabad. It is crossed by two belts of hill country and is drained radially by nine rivers which have little natural flow aside from in monsoon months, thus dams have been built on some of these. Kathiawar ports have been flourishing centres of trade and commerce since at least the 16th century.

Etymology and history
The name Kathiawad seems to have been derived from the early settlements of Kathikas or Kathis who entered Gujarat from Sindh in early centuries of the Common Era.

Literary comment

The state of the region in the early nineteenth century is shown in Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration, "Scene in Kattiawar", to an engraving of a painting by Clarkson Frederick Stanfield.

Districts in Kathiawad Region

 * Amreli
 * Bhavnagar
 * Junagadh
 * Gir Somnath
 * Devbhumi Dwarka
 * Jamnagar
 * Rajkot
 * Porbandar
 * Morbi
 * pipaliya Puja khachar

Geography and ecosystem
The natural vegetation on most of the peninsula is xeric scrub. A range of low hills known as the Gir Hills occupies the south-central portion of the peninsula. The highest of these is Girnar. The hills are home to an enclave of tropical dry broadleaf forest.

Gir National Park and its surroundings host the last remaining Asiatic lion population. Other national parks in Kathiawar are Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar on the Gulf of Cambay, and Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch, near Jamnagar.

Antiquity (places: history, archaeology, nature, religion)

 * Dwarika
 * Somnath
 * Sasan Gir and interiors / Kathi territories in Amreli-Bhavnagar districts
 * Vallabhi
 * Junagadh
 * Shatrunjay Hills, Palitana
 * Sihor
 * Palitana
 * Virpur (Rajkot) and Gondal
 * Jamnagar & Marine National Park
 * Velavadar
 * Old cities of Gondal, Wadhvan, Morbi, Wankaner
 * Diu, India

Religion, pre-history, spirituality

 * Sudama – Krishna's friend and a character from Mahabharata
 * Baba Balak Nath – One of the legendary Naths and Chaurasi Siddhas
 * Neminath – One of the Siddhas and 22nd Jain Tirthankar
 * Narsinh Mehta (1414-1481) – Poet and saint
 * Dayanand Saraswati – Hindu religious scholar, reformer, and founder of the Arya Samaj
 * Jalaram Bapa – A mystic and saint
 * Shrimad Rajchandra – A prominent Jain philosopher
 * Morari Bapu – Preacher, teacher, thinker
 * Ramesh Bhai Ojha (Hindi: रमेश भाई ओझा) – Hindu spiritual leader and preacher of Vedanta Philosophy
 * Gangasati – Paanbai & Kahadsinhji Gohil mystic saints near samadhiyala
 * Kanji Swami – Jain scholar & Saint of Songadh, Also known as "Koh-i-Noor of Kathiawar"

Society, ideology, politics, leadership

 * Mahatma Gandhi – pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India, and Father of Nation
 * Muhammad Ali Jinnah – lawyer, politician, statesman and the founder of Pakistan and Pakistani Father of the Nation
 * U. N. Dhebar – Freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement and President of the Indian National Congress
 * Virchand Gandhi – First Gujarati patriot from Mahuva to visit USA officially and participate in first World Religion Parliament, 1893
 * Fatima Jinnah – Mother of Pakistani Nation
 * Gangubai Kothewali – Social activist and prostitute

Governance, nobility, reforms, politics

 * Nawab Sir Muhammad Mahabat Khan III – Babi of Junagadh state
 * Maharaja Sir Takhtsinhji Gohil of Bhavnagar – Reformist and progressive ruler who constructed the Bhavnagar State Railway
 * Maharaja Bhagvatsinhji of Gondal – A progressive and enlightened ruler, wrote Bhagavadgomandal
 * Maharaja Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja of Jamnagar - India's first delegate at the League of Nations in 1920, then a UN represtative, Head of Korean War rehabilitation. Sheltered 500 Polish children in his state during WWII; The Good Maharaja
 * Maharaja Krishnakumar Sinjhji Gohil – Reformist, progressive and noble Maharaja of Bhavnagar
 * Balwantrai Mehta – Freedom fighter, social worker and pioneer of concept of Panchayati Raj
 * Jivraj Mehta – Politician, first Chief Minister of Gujarat, aa Surgeon.

Art, literature, poetry, journalism, socialism

 * Jhaverchand Meghani – Litterateur, social reformer and freedom fighter
 * Kalaguru Ravishankar Raval – a painter, art teacher, art critic, journalist and essayist
 * Dalpatram – Poet of Gujarati literature
 * Nanalal Dalpatram Kavi – Author and poet
 * Sursinhji Takthasinhji Gohil – Known for poetry and Gujarati literature
 * Dula Bhaya Kag – Poet, social reformer and freedom fighter
 * Amrut Ghayal – Shayar of Gujarati Ghazal
 * Kavi Kant – Poet
 * Harilal Upadhyay – Author in the Gujarati language
 * Chunilal Madia – Author, playwright, poet, journalist, editor
 * Ghulam Mohammed Sheikh – Painter, writer, art critic
 * Rajendra Shukla – Poet
 * Ramesh Parekh – Poet
 * Ruswa Majhalumi- Imamuddin Murtaza Khan Babi, a Gujarati language poet and a royal of Pajod state.

Sports, adventure

 * K. S. Ranjitsinhji – Maharaja of Nawanagar, cricketer
 * Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji – Cricketer
 * Vinoo Mankad – Cricketer
 * Ashok Mankad – Cricketer
 * Dilip Doshi – Cricketer
 * Karsan Ghavri – Cricketer
 * Ashok Patel – Cricketer
 * Dhiraj Parsana – Cricketer
 * Ajay Jadeja – Cricketer
 * Parthiv Patel – Cricketer
 * Ravindra Jadeja – Cricketer
 * Siddharth Trivedi – Cricketer
 * Cheteshwar Pujara – Cricketer
 * Jaydev Unadkat – Cricketer

Cinema, entertainment, music, folklore

 * Mohammed Chhel – A magician and a Fakir (mystic)
 * Vijay Bhatt – Producer, director and screenwriter
 * Nanabhai Bhatt – Indian film director and producer; father of Mahesh Bhatt and Mukesh Bhatt
 * Dina Pathak – Actor, director of Gujarati theatre, activist
 * Asha Parekh – Actress, director, and producer
 * Shahabuddin Rathod – Humorist, writer, teacher
 * Parveen Babi – Bollywood actress
 * Dimple Kapadia – Bollywood actress
 * Manhar Udhas – One of the top Ghazalkars
 * Pankaj Udhas – Indian singer, Ghazal singer
 * Mehul Kumar – Director, producer
 * K. Lal – Indian magician
 * Alka Yagnik – Singer
 * Ben Kingsley – Actor (ancestral roots in Saurashtra)
 * Hemant Chauhan – Singer, Bhajanik
 * Neeraj Vora – Film director, dialogue writer, actor
 * Himesh Reshammiya – Music composer, singer, artist
 * Dilip Joshi – Cinema and television actor
 * Anjum Rajabali – Screenwriter, actor, producer
 * Anand Gandhi – Film director, screenwriter and entrepreneur
 * Chhel Vayeda – Art director and production designer
 * Pan Nalin – Film director, screenwriter and documentary maker
 * Sanjay Chhel – Film director, writer and lyricist

Business, industry, innovation, entrepreneurship, philanthropy

 * Vishal Patel - hotelier, busiest man in America
 * Nanji Kalidas Mehta – Industrialist and philanthropist
 * Muljibhai Madhvani – Businessman, entrepreneur, industrialist and philanthropist
 * Nautamlal Bhagavanji Mehta – Freedom fighter, businessman
 * Dhirubhai Ambani – Indian business magnate and entrepreneur who founded Reliance Industries
 * Abdul Gaffar Billoo – Pakistani pediatric endocrinologist and philanthropist
 * Ahmed Dawood – Industrialist and philanthropist
 * Sam Pitroda – Inventor, entrepreneur and policymaker
 * Tulsi Tanti – Chairman and managing director of Suzlon Energy
 * Abdul Sattar Edhi – Founded Edhi Foundation helping poor and needy

History and culture

 * Prince Vijaya – Exiled prince of Sihor colonising Sri Lanka
 * Ra Navghan – Historical character during Solanki period
 * Devayat Bodar - Historical warrior and savior of Ra Navghan
 * Kadu Makrani – Insurgent of the Indian rebellion of 1857
 * Mohkam Singh – one of the punj pyare of Sikh religion, was born in Dwarka

title: Kathiawar


text: User talk:129.115.38.31

title: User talk:129.115.38.31


text:
Party of Liberal Democrats

LIBRA - Party of Liberal Democrats (LIBRA - Stranka liberalnih demokrata or LIBRA for short, also spelled Libra) was a short-lived Croatian social-liberal political party active between September 2002 and August 2005. During its existence the party ran in only one parliamentary election, in 2003, and won three seats in the 151-seat 5th Assembly of the Croatian Parliament.

LIBRA was formed in July 2002 and formally registered in September that year, following a split in the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS) when a faction led by Jozo Radoš, then defence minister in the Cabinet of Ivica Račan I, opposed HSLS leader Dražen Budiša's decision to leave the ruling five-party centre-left coalition dominated by SDP, in the hopes of provoking an early election. However, then Prime Minister Ivica Račan managed to avoid a fresh election by forming a reconstructed Cabinet of Ivica Račan II on 30 July 2002, with the newly formed LIBRA holding two seats in the cabinet - Goran Granić as Deputy Prime Minister, and Roland Žuvanić as Minister for Maritime Affairs, Transport and Communications.

Until the end of the 4th Assembly in October 2003, the party was represented in the Croatian Parliament with nine members, all former HSLS members, with Ivo Škrabalo as head of the party club.

LIBRA then ran in the November 2003 election as a junior partner in a centre-left coalition with Social Democratic Party (SDP), Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS) and the Liberal Party (LS). The coalition lost the election to the centre-right Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), winning a total of 43 seats in a 151-seat parliament, out of which only 3 belonged to LIBRA.

In February 2005 party members voted to merge with the Croatian People's Party (HNS) which changed its name in Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats (HNS-LD or, more commonly, just HNS). Two of LIBRA's MPs in the 5th Assembly, Jozo Radoš and Vilim Herman, joined HNS, while the third, Željko Pavlic, resigned his party membership to become independent.

In August 2005 the party was formally struck from the party register.

Election history
The following is a summary of the party's results in legislative elections for the Croatian Parliament.

title: Party of Liberal Democrats


text: Template:TFA

title: Template:TFA