text:
Resident assistant

A resident assistant (RA), also known by a variety of other names, is a trained peer leader who coordinates activities in residence halls in colleges and universities, mental health and substance abuse residential facilities, or similar establishments.

An RA has many roles and responsibilities, including building a residential community through programming, acting as a mentor for students, being a familiar first resource for students with academic or institutional questions, and enforcing residence policies. RAs assist residents with problem solving or refer them to counseling resources. Above all, a resident assistant must be an example and uphold professional and personal accountability as outlined by the institution.

At post-secondary institutions RAs are often undergraduate or graduate students themselves, and must balance their schedule and priorities with the needs of the students they are supporting. RAs must balance their own personal and academic needs while ensuring they are supporting and fostering community among residents, connecting residents with resources, and providing enriching programming. RAs will often report to a residence hall director, or another professional staff member within the Residence Life unit.

A major component of the job is not only creating a community, but also ensuring safety for all, for example, by participating in nightly community walks. Other duties held by RAs outside of community building and programming can include ordering supplies, managing a budget, and determining need for maintenance, repairs, and furnishings. They may maintain household records and assign rooms.

Job benefits
According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the national mean hourly wage of an RA was $13.87 in 2017, and the national mean average annual wage was $28,850. An RA at a college or university does not typically receive an hourly wage, but is compensated in other ways. Common compensations are price-adjusted or free room, free board, and/or stipends. Listed below are two tables of RA hourly and annual mean wage, broken down by individual industries.

Industries with the highest levels of employment in this occupation:

Top paying industries for this occupation:

Job duties and responsibilities
Each institution has its own duties and requirements for an RA. The following are the more common responsibilities of an RA.

Administrative
An RA is often asked to be a liaison between the resident community of which they are a part and the residence hall director of the building. This often requires writing reports, keeping accurate records, completing timely follow-up, and maintaining good communication. RAs are usually required to meet with their building coordinator weekly or bi-weekly to discuss their residents, planned programming, and any other issues or subjects that could affect the ability to perform their administrative responsibilities. The RA may also assist with public relations and housing needs such as submitting facilities concerns for review and collecting information about resident move out.

Community
The residents and the RA compose a community, simply by living together in a similar location. The RA may be required to foster this community by mentoring and encouraging the residents be tolerant and respectful of the other residents and their property. They often facilitate programming to create a sense of community and belonging on the floor or in the building. This programming is meant to bring a greater sense of community, with many institutions having strong community pride within residence halls in the form of mascots and traditions. Further, RAs are often expected to be positive role models within their communities. They are to act as role models of the standards put in place by the institution by demonstrating: academic integrity, respect for diversity and inclusion, and prioritizing community integration or participation.

Interpersonal
These duties deal with directly helping the residents as individuals. This requires the RA to know all the residents and be able to help each resident if they run into any problems with each other as well as with other things that may follow. Some problems could pertain to relationships, classwork, or institutional questions. The RA should have the skills to either assist the resident, or know of a resource that the resident can use to solve their problem. A large portion of an RA's role is not to be the expert in supporting students with all of their needs, but rather to have the knowledge and ability to identify when a resident is in need of support and refer residents to other resources that can support them such as counselling services, academic advising, etc.

Security
These duties involve creating a safe and healthy environment for the residents to reside in. Many institutions require RAs to participate in a 'on duty' rotation where they actively walk through and monitor communities throughout the night. While completing these nightly rounds, enforcing community standards, such as quiet hours and alcohol and drug policy are frequent occurrences. Fines, bonds, and behavioural contracts can be issued at many universities by RAs as a result but at other institutions RAs are only required to address and document concerns and professional staff such as residence hall directors complete the follow-up for community standard infractions. Monitoring floor activity and helping with conflict resolution between residents is another important security related duty of the RA. As more institutions take on a curricular approach and put learning at the forefront of their practice, many RAs are encouraged to have an educational-based conversation with students and focus on restoration and not reprimand them. Finally, while completing their nightly walk throughs RAs are often asked to check on the physical security of residence halls, ensuring doors are locked and there are no facilities concerns that need to be addressed.

Integration
This refers to assisting residents in making a smooth transition into campus life by getting them involved in traditional activities in their institution such as homecoming events, for example. Many RAs are asked to help first-year residence students transition campus and academic life, providing orientation to campus services and being available for questions and support throughout the academic terms. Further, when residents move out of residence halls RAs help support their integration into the broader campus community.

Academic and awareness
This refers to academic development and social awareness. Resident assistants are there to promote the well-being of residents in university housing, and to make sure that residents feel like they have enough resources available to them and know how to use them. RAs may try to teach students about social justice and inclusivity, and take students to places on campus where they can learn more about social justice and groups with differing identities. RAs can show students where to go when they need academic help or advice, and can even offer advice of their own as they are often older students with more experience.

Identity
This refers to the personal development of residents that enables them to gain a level of self-awareness. This can be fostered through student development theory frameworks such as Sanford's theory of challenge and support and Kolb's theory of experiential learning.

Independence
Resident assistants must encourage the development of life skills and personal accountability amongst the residents. This may be through RAs teaching skills such as how to do laundry or cook, or bringing in additional resources such as career centres to support residents in learning how to make a cover letters or excel at job interviews.

Programs
One way many of these elements can be achieved is through programming. This is a major aspect of the job for a resident assistant. Programming can come in three different forms. This includes planned, passive, and take. A planned program is an event created or co-sponsored by the resident assistant. This event is specifically tailored to fit the needs and/or interests of the residents. Sometimes RAs are required to have one planned event for their residents a month, as well as contribute to a building program once a semester in which they work with other RAs to create a meaningful program for the whole building. A passive program is one that is completed without assembling or direct interaction between the residents and/or the resident assistant. Passive programs are generally used to start a conversation on a particular issue affecting the residents. These programs can range from a bulletin board that can be casually read in passing, or they can be more interactive like taking a survey, for example. Finally, take programs require the resident assistant to accompany residents to an event which can include an on-campus program such as an institution sponsored event, a basketball game or perhaps a movie. All these programs help to develop a community amongst residents and incorporate the core values mentioned above.

Active Program Ideas: Mocktails (alcohol safety), Condom Olympics (sex ed), DIY air fresheners with baking soda and essential oils (Hygiene), DIY Tote bags from old t- shirts (Sustainability), Ice-cream Social (Icebreaker), BJ's and PJS- Ben and Jerrys (Sex education), Paint Nite (Alcohol safety).

Passive Program Ideas: Making a door dec (decoration) representative for that month (bunnies in March, ornaments in December, pumpkins in October), going door to door and handing out candy/ taping candy on their door, an interactive bulletin board where they can write countries they've been or what they're thankful for in November.

Institution-specific
These duties are designated from the values and goals of the institution. This denotes that the RA should be a role model by following the regulations. In addition, the RA could be required to disseminate, explain, and uphold these regulations.

At the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, resident advisors are role models, peer advisors, resource referrals, student advocates, and educators. RAs assume leadership roles in creating a positive and friendly atmosphere for students of varied backgrounds. RAs at Illinois develop relationships with their residents on a personal level and try to become a resource to each of them. An RA at Illinois is responsible for a floor of residents, and creates programs and activities for their floor throughout the semester. RAs can point residents in the right direction and help them solve problems by referring them to departments on campus for more extensive help with certain issues. RAs also make sure to address the needs of underrepresented groups of students and work with other staff to incorporate the needs and wishes of these student groups into the community model.

At Illinois, RAs are compensated with waived fees for housing and meal plans, and are given a monthly stipend of roughly $105.00. RAs have nights where they are on duty, and must complete procedures such as checking the security of the building, making sure residents in the residence halls are safe and don’t have any unaddressed concerns, and be available to anyone who is having problems or needs help with something.

The job of an RA is to create a community among their residents that is inclusive, welcoming, and comfortable environment for students who are living in university housing. Creating a social and welcoming living space is important for students getting acclimated to a new setting (the college campus) and making sure students feel at home.

Singapore
At the National University of Singapore, there are cluster leaders, resident assistants, and members of the Junior Common Room Committee (JCRC). Cluster leaders help keep students within their "cluster", which are students on their floor, safe and healthy. They work alongside resident assistants (RAs) to work towards creating a safe and inclusive community for students. RAs are given training in areas such as crisis management, event organization, CPR and AED training, and presentation skills. The JCRC is a student body council made up of elected undergraduate students to help plan events and make sure that students within the residence have a say in what happens around them. Within this committee, there are 9 to 11 potential positions for each residence hall.

Mexico
In Mexico, resident assistants are typically called "prefectos". The position has many of the same functions as in the USA, with a few exceptions including taking attendance every night at 11:30pm. The residence halls tend to be mainly of the same sex; therefore attendance is taken every night by a resident assistant to ensure opposite sex guests are no longer in the building.

United Kingdom
Positions similar to resident assistants are much rarer in the UK than the USA, reflecting British universities taking much less direct interest in their student's personal, social and sporting life than their American equivalents. It is more common to have a professional manager, supported by a team of student assistants, whose role focuses on duties covering security, fire and first-aid along with night/weekend reception. However, some UK universities do have a similar role to that of the resident assistant in the USA. These are often called "senior wardens", "student wardens" or "senior mentors". Such positions do not generally much focus on improvement of student life, and are instead more directed towards pastoral care of residents along with practical responsibilities. The positions are most often filled by graduate students or sometimes undergraduate students from their second year of study on.

Notable RAs

 * Anthony Bradley, theology professor at The King's College – Clemson University
 * Ryan C. Clark, RA at Virginia Tech, killed in the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting.
 * Hillary Clinton – Wellesley College, United States Senator, former First Lady of the United States, 2008 and 2016 Presidential Candidate and Former United States Secretary of State
 * Katie Couric, Today, CBS Evening News, Katie – University of Virginia
 * Mike Ditka – University of Pittsburgh
 * Robert Gates, Former United States Secretary of Defense, Former President of Texas A&M University, Former Director of Central Intelligence – College of William & Mary
 * Donald Glover, actor/comedian/writer/rapper – New York University
 * Joanie Laurer, aka Chyna from the WWE – University of Tampa
 * Michael Craig-Martin, Artist
 * Terry McAuliffe, 72nd Governor of Virginia, former Chairman of the Democratic National Committee
 * Jerry O'Connell, actor (Sliders, Las Vegas, Jerry Maguire, Stand by Me) – New York University
 * Paul Reiser, actor – Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY
 * Tom Reynolds – University of Maryland, College Park, author and host of The Complete Guide to Everything
 * Adam Sandler, actor – New York University
 * Donna Shalala, President of the University of Miami, former U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services for the Clinton Administration – Syracuse University
 * Wesley Snipes, actor – SUNY Purchase
 * Kerry Washington, actor – George Washington University
 * Open Mike Eagle, hip hop artist and comedian – Southern Illinois University Carbondale

title: Resident assistant


text:
Sven Regener

Sven Regener (born 1 January 1961) is a German musician and writer living in Berlin. In 1982 he recorded his first LP with the band Zatopek and in 1984 he joined Neue Liebe. In 1985 he founded the Berlin band Element of Crime together with Jakob Friderichs. He writes almost all their lyrics as well as playing trumpet.

In 2001 he published his first novel, Berlin Blues (original title Herr Lehmann), which achieved sales of around one million copies. The book takes place in autumn 1989 in Berlin. In 2004, Regener was awarded the Deutscher Filmpreis for the screenplay to the film of the same name (best screenplay that has been turned into a film).

His second novel, Neue Vahr Süd, was released in 2004 and follows the life of Frank Lehmann while serving in the Bundeswehr in 1980 in Bremen. In 2008 this was followed by a third novel, Der kleine Bruder (The Little Brother) which dealt with the time between 1980 and 1989.

Bands

 * Zatopek
 * Toten Piloten
 * Neue Liebe
 * Element of Crime

Works

 * Herr Lehmann (2001), English translation: Berlin Blues (2003)
 * Neue Vahr Süd (2004)
 * Angulus Durus (2006), with Germar Grimsen
 * Der kleine Bruder (2008)
 * Magical Mystery (2013)
 * Wiener Straße (2017)
 * Glitterschnitter (2021)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sven Regener


text:
Talk:Lists of UK singles chart number ones

Naming
I've moved this page so that it now conforms to the same naming pattern as the corresponding List of Number 1 Hits (USA). Future pages for other countries can follow the same scheme. Bonalaw 13:14, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't this page be moved to List of Number 1 singles (UK). This would allow for the creation of List of Number 1 albums (UK) and remove the word 'hits' which doesn't sound very encyclopaedic. Dmn 23:07, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Now you mention it, yes. The same should be done for the US number ones page too. Bonalaw 11:44, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Chart source
I think there should perhaps be some clarification about the charts and their validity and general acceptance, in the opening paragraph here. I know little about this other than the Network Chart was rivalling the more established chart during the late 80s early 90s. Worth mentioning-

 * Record Mirror charts (1955-62) - after that RM used the Record Retailer survey
 * Melody Maker charts (1956-???
 * Disc and Music Echo charts (1958-67)
 * MRIB Network Chart (1984-???

 * Mintguy (T) 10:52, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * A rather nice thing about the formatting on the article page is that it gives us the freedom to include information from the other charts as well. Might be worth looking into. -- Bonalaw 20:45, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Split?
This article involves a lot of scrolling - perhaps it should be split into List of Number 1 singles (UK) 1952-1981 and List of Number 1 singles (UK) 1982-2004 or something? violet/riga (t) 18:30, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I wondered about that. It can take a long time to load. In the latest list on Special:longpages, this is the 106th longest page on Wikipedia. Dividing it up somehow seems a good idea. Bonalaw 12:18, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * We should probably start moving on this. Maybe we could split it up by decade? I'm not sure of how a split should properly be done on wikipedia to preserve page history, but it does need to be done. Bonalaw 10:06, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * We need a request for demerge! I agree splitting it by decades might be good, and I was thinking of adding a little write-up about the number ones from each year. violet/riga (t) 16:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

From VP
With the size of List of Number 1 singles (UK) approaching 80k (though yes, lists are partially exempt from the size limit) it's time for this article to be split. I'm not sure how well the edit history would survive, however, and that's why I haven't done a manual move/copy/edit/etc.. I'd appreciate it if someone could split it into: List of hit singles (UK) would be a disambig page (with List of Number 1 singles (UK) being a redirect to it). My plan is to write an overview of the main hits of the decade with the number ones being the main aspect. Any discussion prior/in objection to this would be appreciated. violet/riga (t) 22:56, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * List of hit singles from the 1950s (UK)
 * List of hit singles from the 1960s (UK)
 * List of hit singles from the 1970s (UK)
 * List of hit singles from the 1980s (UK)
 * List of hit singles from the 1990s (UK)
 * List of hit singles from the 2000s (UK)
 * I made a page just for the 1950s. Will that work? — RJH 22:20, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It was mentioned to me that the name should be List of Number 1 singles from the 1950s (UK) (&c.) to preserve the original intent. (That differs from "hit singles", which may not have been at number 1 on the charts.) So I moved the page and updated the links on List of Number 1 singles (UK) — RJH 17:43, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * If that's what you think but, as said above, I planned to expand the list into an article mentioning other major singles from each decade - smash hit singles that didn't get to number 1, or memorable or mentionable songs from that era. violet/riga (t) 22:41, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Copyright?
Are we allowed to re-publish this information under the GFDL, isn't it already copyright by the Official UK Charts Company? Edward 16:10, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Photos
I added a few photos. What do people think about the change? Dmn / [[User talk:Dmn|Դմն ]] 21:03, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Good idea, though I don't think the Kylie image is the most appropriate. Be nice to find some ones for the older number ones too - there must be a The Beatles single cover somewhere. violet/riga (t) 21:28, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Together I think we've made some great additions. Shame there are quite a few famous names without associated pictures, but they'll be added I'm sure.  Good work Dmn / [[User talk:Dmn|Դմն ]]! violet/riga (t) 16:56, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dates
There is a problem with this, On the list the number ones are recorded as being number one 6 days after they were actually number one. Can someone please sort this out? Jeffy
 * There are two possible solutions. Either we can change the dates, or we can add a header explaining the "week ending" system, like on the US number ones page. Bonalaw 06:24, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * From what I can tell the chart compilation day changed from Wednesday to Sunday in 1969. The dates before that are Wednesdays and I've now changed all the ones after that to Sundays.  If anyone else can check the dates I'd really appreciate it. violet/riga (t) 17:00, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * @Bonalaw, UK week chart dates in Wikipedia are all wrong! They're not like the USA Billboard Hot 100 indeed: the week ending date IS NOT the one on which is announced but the last day of the week previous to the day another chart is announced and, thus, another week starts; another new week that IS NOT the current sales week! When a new chart is announced counts have already been done in the UK so in this date the chart week starts, IT DOESN'T ENDS! Take a look at the current UK chart, please: the week ending date HAS STILL TO COME! In view of this all the dates are wrong. Let's take an example: on January 8, 1995, the new number 1 was "Cotton Eye Joe" by Rednex BUT Wikipedia lists it on January 14 assuming that sales were for previous days starting with day 8 and ending with day 14 while in reality sales refer to the whole week before day 8. That other week was instead the chart week, NOT the sales week! So we need to clarify what a week ending date actually is. --Morbius (talk) 13:29, 22 January 2023 (UTC)
 * In my opinion the column header Week ending date is ambiguous because, differently from the US Billboard Hot 100, in the UK Singles Chart there are two of them and they don't match: the first one is at the end of the sales week; the second one is at the end of the chart week that starts the day following the end of the sales week. We should call it  Week starting date or Issue date updating every date to 6 days earlier as UK OffcialCharts.com actually shows. --Morbius (talk) 16:07, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Downloads
I just created this page: List of Number 1 music downloads (UK). Any help would be appreciated. I'm not even sure if I have the dates right. Dmn / [[User talk:Dmn|Դմն ]] 17:22, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Total change
After looking at ways of changing this article I've viewed Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 2004 and List of Number 1 Hits (USA). I think that is a great way of doing it and propose this is changed over to the same format. Yes, it'll take a lot of time and effort but I think it is quite a superior way of organising it. After that is done we could remove a lot of US bias in List of musical events and 2004 in music etc. and integrate information there. Anyone have any comments? violet/riga (t) 12:15, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I've always thought that there must be a better way to organise this page, the table format of the US charts looks a lot better - I agree that this should be adopted. But I question the need to have each year on a different page (an earlier suggestion of splitting by decade would be a good compromise).  And I also agree that the music year pages are far too US-centric, but this is going to be harder to overcome (it doesn't mean we shouldn't try though).  I'm happy to help.  David 5000 17:21, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah that's a good point. I think it'd be OK if we can have the number one singles and then (perhaps some of) the following:
 * Number one albums by week
 * Number one downloads by week (for the later years)
 * "Important" hit singles of the year
 * I think that should give it enough scope to justify individual articles. violet/riga (t) 17:59, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Ooh, "important" hit singles that weren't number 1 - I like the sound of that. Presumably we could include the cumulative chart of the year too.  It sounds as though you're talking about making something like a purely UK-based 'year in music' page, incorporating all of the charts of the year, plus additional information.  I like the sound of this, but I'm not quite sure how it would fit into the existing structure of Wikipedia's music pages.  Could we split the current, say, "2004 in music" page into "2004 in music (US)", "2004 in music (UK)" etc., with just the "2004 in music" page being a general one covering births, deaths etc, and then disambiguating to the other pages? David 5000 18:06, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I reckon so. The 2004 in music (US) pages would need to be created by somebody, perhaps by using the details from Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 2004 (which I think is an awful name, tbh) in the same way that we'd create the UK ones.  I've cobbled together a little test example for you to look at - feel free to play around with it to suggest anything. violet/riga (t) 18:41, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this is a great idea and a worthwhile project - I've added some comments on your test page. BUT one fundamental thing is: if we make each year's page this detailed, I think we still need a page like this, simply showing a list of number 1s.  Which brings us right back around to the start of the discussion.... David 5000 19:27, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * We could use the List of Number 1 Hits (USA) kind of format with links to each of these pages. I'm sure there's an article with a list of record-breaking singles somewhere too. violet/riga (t) 19:48, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * In the week ending 14th/15th November 1952, Al Martino hit #1 with "Here In My Heart" becoming the first #1 single in the UK ever. I'd be happy to do as much as you people would like on this project of transforming the UK #1's to be like the US #1's, however, I will need to know 2 things:-
 * 1) do you want to do week beginning's, week ending's or both?
 * 2) please let me know the starting date, whichever method you choose, for "Here In My Heart" so I know how to structure the dates. Thank you Ultimate Star Wars Freak 17:28, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Delete the charts?
Editors might be intested in Articles for deletion/2005 Oricon Top 100 Singles. Kappa 18:28, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Genre-specific charts?
Does the UK have number one singles by genre specific charts like the US does? For example List of number-one modern rock hits (United States) ? Nagelfar 04:36, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Kind of - there are never-referred to official indie, rock, R'n'B and dance charts, listed here . These are almost universally ignored, basicially because the UK is so much smaller and so to get onto a genre specific chart is not really that big news; any album that is perhaps on sale can do well; for example, Nevermind by Nirvana is in the top 10 of the rock albums, whilst Green Day have three records in the top 10. Robdurbar 09:08, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

There is also a country music albums chart in the UK that is published in Country music people magazine every month (yes, this chart compilies the whole months sales not a week). However as Robdurbar has said these charts are overlooked becausde the UK is much smaller and while there is an audience for country, jazz and other music, the sales will be much smaller than the United States. 74.65.39.59 00:23, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Dates
I don't know if anyone else agrees but it is not clear to me whether the dates for each single are for the period when the single was at number 1 or whether it covers the entire period that the single was in the charts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.101.228.218 (talk) 01:39, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

for someone who loves disambig/category clarity...
The page List of number-one singles is currently a redirect to this page, List of number-one singles (UK). That's obviously incorrect. It needs to be a disambig page.. in essence, it needs to be a list of lists. Would someone mind doing the honors? There should be a top-level category for number-one hits across the world too, shouldn't there? I'm a little busy... Thanks! 163.28.49.5 (talk) 03:37, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was Move per discussion - The current titles are ambiguous, but the originally proposed titles are lengthy. Support has been voiced for the titles proposed in the course of the discussion, which are not ambiguous and are shorter than the originally proposed titles. Neelix (talk) 20:58, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

Relisted for further input. Jafeluv (talk) 10:36, 27 September 2011 (UTC) – This move will obviously have a significant effect on several lists, a lot of which are featured, so it seemed only polite to propose the move here rather than just moving them all without warning.
 * List of number-one singles (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Singles Chart
 * List of number-one singles from the 1950s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Singles Chart from the 1950s
 * List of number-one singles from the 1960s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Singles Chart from the 1960s
 * List of number-one singles from the 1970s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Singles Chart from the 1970s
 * List of number-one singles from the 1980s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Singles Chart from the 1980s
 * List of number-one singles from the 1990s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Singles Chart from the 1990s
 * List of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Singles Chart from the 2000s
 * List of number-one singles from the 2010s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Singles Chart from the 2010s
 * List of Christmas number one singles (UK) → List of Christmas number ones on the UK Singles Chart
 * List of number-one albums (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Albums Chart
 * List of number-one albums from the 1950s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Albums Chart from the 1950s
 * List of number-one albums from the 1960s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Albums Chart from the 1960s
 * List of number-one albums from the 1970s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Albums Chart from the 1970s
 * List of number-one albums from the 1980s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Albums Chart from the 1980s
 * List of number-one albums from the 1990s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Albums Chart from the 1990s
 * List of number-one albums from the 2000s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Albums Chart from the 2000s
 * List of number-one albums from the 2010s (UK) → List of number ones on the UK Albums Chart from the 2010s
 * List of Christmas number one albums (UK) → List of Christmas number ones on the UK Albums Chart

The way I see it, the titles of these lists are currently not as well-defined and clear as they could be for readers of this encyclopaedia. They say "number-one singles", but number one of what exactly? A song can be a "number-one single", but not necessarily have reached number one on the UK Singles Chart. For example, two weeks ago "Moves Like Jagger" by Maroon 5 reached number one on the UK Official Download Chart, thereby making it a "number-one single", meaning that a reader could conceivably expect to find it listed in the List of number-one singles from the 2010s (UK) article. But the song is not listed there because, as of yet, it has not reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, and that is the criterion for being listed in these articles. Hence, the titles should reflect this.

The titles to which I'm proposing moving these articles are obviously slightly longer than the current ones, but I believe that this is a fair sacrifice if it makes them less ambiguous for our readers. Thanks very much. A Thousand Doors (talk | contribs) 19:29, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Comment: This seems like a big deal over a small thing, and one that might not actually improve the situation much anyway. The thrust of the move is that the current names aren't specific enough. I can agree with that, but there's the ol' question of whether Please Please Me was ever Number One - ie, which chart are we talking about? With albums going back to the 50's here, the plethora of charts becomes an issue. I don't know enough about this matter to make a vote one way or the other, but it's not as simple as is being described in the move request. Absconded Northerner (talk) 22:59, 16 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's a good point, maybe the rationale in my request was a little flippant – before 1969, the UK Singles Chart didn't even officially exist. What The Official Charts Company (or some earlier organisation) seems to have done is to go back retrospectively over the various pre-1969 charts and decide which of them they consider to be canonical. Therefore, "number ones on the UK Singles chart" is something that they have clearly well-defined, and we can verify from their official website whether or not a single or album reached number one. So, for example, Please Please Me was a UK Albums Chart number one during the 1960s (source: ), so it should be included in the List of number-one singles from the 1960s (UK). I hope that addresses your concern. A Thousand Doors (talk | contribs) 23:25, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Question There's obviously been very little discussion of this matter over the past three weeks. I've not requested all too many moves before, so what happens if there is no consensus one way or the other about whether to move or not? Will the move request be automatically failed? I still feel that the new titles that I've suggested (although slightly longer) are clearer and more well-defined than the ones we are currently using, so I do think that it would be of benefit to Wikipedia to change them. If the request is failed due to lack of discussion, am I still within my rights to invoke WP:IAR and move them anyway? Yours inquisitively, A Thousand Doors (talk | contribs) 20:11, 5 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I think I support the thinking behind the proposal - I also don't like the way "(UK)" is placed in brackets as if it's just a disambiguator, when in fact it's an essential part of the title - but can we not find something shorter? Like "List of 1950s UK Singles Chart number ones"?--Kotniski (talk) 07:20, 6 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I guess I could get behind that, although I don't know if there are any MOS topics that we need to consider first. For me, the most important thing is that "UK Singles Chart number ones" (or something similar) is mentioned in the list title. A Thousand Doors (talk | contribs) 08:52, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lists of UK Singles Chart number ones. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/653uzeq3B?url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/singles-chart/ to http://www.theofficialcharts.com/singles-chart/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:59, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:23, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Spice Girls live West MacLaren 1997.jpg

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:UK Singles Chart which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:18, 12 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Differential Galois theory

I started this page in my user page, and was planning on doing quite a bit more work on it before moving it to a wikipedia article, but haven't really worked on it lately, so i thought that, in the spirit of the wiki, i will just move it now, in its unfinished state. I still plan on doing work on it, bringing it to a finished state, but in the meantime, here it is. Also, I now think that differential field extension and differential Galois theory should be separate articles (compare Galois theory vs. algebraic extension (or equivalently with field extension, which i think is a redundant article, and should be merged with algebraic extension)). Sooner or later someone should split this article. perhaps after it gets longer. right now, there is no Galois theory in this article, just some differential field theory. - Lethe 19:20, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

There are also a number of different 'flavours' of DGT. The 'textbook' one - automorphisms of differential fields - also seems to be one with which one can't do so much. But I do welcome having this page to launch the topic on WP.

Charles Matthews 19:24, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I've added the See also section. I started writing something into the Risch algorithm page, which then required the elementary function page, after which I discovered this article. My knowledge of the field is limited: the Monthly paper, Moser's papers, Hardy, some ACM SIG stuff. I read this before any of the books in Computer Algebra came out. So change at will. XaosBits 21:56, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Is it possible that there is a bug in the last section (Example...) ? it seems somehow rather uncomplete... — MFH: Talk 22:06, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've commented it out. If someone wants to add some content, and restore it, good job.  As it stands now, it doesn't even get started:

 * == Example of theorem ==
 * Suppose we want to know whether a function of the form f*eg has an elementary antiderivative, with f and g in C(x)
 * -GTBacchus 20:03, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Differential algebra
I was somehow surprised to be redirected here from differential algebra. For me, differential algebra means an algebra with a derivation, e.g. lie algebras and so on. Thus this initial link should point to a page where derivations, not antiderivations, come first (or to the category of this name). — MFH: Talk 22:02, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I redirected differential algebra to this article because I started writing an article on the subject and then discovered the Differential Galois theory article with the content I needed.  The subject has its origins in Liouville's papers centered on a theorem (now known as Liouville's principle) that gives the form of an elementary integral.  Differential algebra is being used in the sense of Joseph Ritt, whose book is available online from the AMS.   Ritt's approach still has many analytical elements in it, but in 1968 Rosenlicht published an algebraic proof of Liouville's principle.  Ritt seems to be well cited.  The field of differential algebra has many applications for symbolic manipulations in programs such as Mathematica and Maple. As I noted, I'm a dilettante, so beware.     XaosBits 02:35, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

How is this defended?
'However, no matter how long the list of so called elementary functions, there will still be functions on the list whose antiderivatives are not."--VKokielov 05:02, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

If I put all continuous functions on the "list", then every function on the list surely has an antiderivative on the list. So, the statement is either nonsense, or it needs clarification of what is meant by list, and what functions are allowed to be included. — Emil J. 14:41, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

The List would have to be of infinite length, and would therefore never be finished.

Nevertheless, the statement as is stands is not exactly true and is of no consequence -- it talks about finite sets of functions, so they cannot even contain all complex constant functions -- also, it's false if the set contains only the 0 function (constant, equal to 0). I assume the idea was to say that if we include all constants and a finite number of functions together with all possible expressions made from them, sums, products then, given the set contains at least some functions we usually consider elemenentary, the consequence holds. I have no idea what this required subset is and don't know whether it's at all correct, so I'll refrain from changing the article. 83.9.165.125 (talk) 18:38, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Example?
Hello! I am looking for an example of how to use the basic theorem. Is there an easy application to, for instance, prove that $$e^{e^x}$$ or $$e^{x^2}$$ doesn't have an elementary integral? Thanks A5 16:33, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

However, no matter how long the list of so called elementary functions, as long as it is finite, there will still be functions on the list whose antiderivatives are not.
This is not true. If we consider only polynomials to be elementary, any integral of elementary function will be elementary.--MathFacts (talk) 20:43, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Differential Galois theory


text:
Thornton Burgess

Thornton Waldo Burgess (January 17, 1874 – June 5, 1965) was an American conservationist and author of children's stories. He was sometimes known as the Bedtime Story-Man, after his newspaper column Bedtime Stories. By the time he retired, he had written more than 170 books and 15,000 stories for the daily newspaper column.

Early life and career
Born January 17, 1874 in Sandwich, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod, Burgess was the son of Caroline F. Haywood and Thornton W. Burgess Sr., a direct descendant of Thomas Burgess, one of the first Sandwich settlers in 1637. Thornton, Sr., died the same year his son was born, and the young Thornton, Jr. was brought up by his mother in Sandwich. They lived in humble circumstances. As a youth, he worked tending cows, picking trailing arbutus (mayflowers) or berries, shipping water lilies from local ponds, selling candy, and trapping muskrats. William C. Chipman, one of his employers, lived on Discovery Hill Road, a wildlife habitat of woodland and wetland. This habitat became the setting of many stories in which Burgess refers to Smiling Pool and the Old Briar Patch.

Graduating from Sandwich High School in 1891, Burgess briefly attended a business college in Boston from 1892 to 1893, living in Somerville, Massachusetts, at that time. But he disliked studying business and wanted to be an author. He relocated to Springfield, Massachusetts, where he accepted a job as an editorial assistant at the Phelps Publishing Company. His first stories were written using the pseudonym "W. B. Thornton".

Burgess married Nina Osborne in 1905, but she died in childbirth a year later, leaving him to raise their son alone. It is said that he began writing bedtime stories to entertain his young son, Thornton III. Burgess remarried in 1911; his wife Fannie had two children by a previous marriage. The couple later bought a home in Hampden, Massachusetts, in 1925 that became Burgess' permanent residence in 1957. His second wife died in August 1950. Burgess returned frequently to Sandwich, which he always claimed as his spiritual home. Many of his childhood experiences and the people he knew there influenced his interest and were the impetus for his concern for wildlife.

Old Mother West Wind
Burgess used his outdoor observations of nature as plots for his stories. In Burgess' first book, Old Mother West Wind (1910), the reader meets many of the characters found in later books and stories. The characters in the Old Mother West Wind series include Peter Rabbit (known briefly as Peter Cottontail), Jimmy Skunk, Sammy Jay, Bobby Raccoon, Little Joe Otter, Grandfather Frog, Billy Mink, Jerry Muskrat, Spotty the Turtle, Old Mother West Wind, and her Merry Little Breezes.

Additional publications
For the next 50 years, Burgess steadily wrote books that were published around the world in many languages, including French, Gaelic, German, Italian, Spanish, and Swedish. Collaborating with him was his illustrator and friend Harrison Cady who was born and raised in Gardner, Massachusetts, and thereafter of New York and Rockport, Massachusetts. Peter Rabbit was created by British author and illustrator Beatrix Potter, prompting Burgess to note, "I like to think that Miss Potter gave Peter a name known the world over, while I with Mr. Cady's help perhaps made him a character."

From 1895 to 1962, Burgess wrote "nearly 900" stories, natural science articles, and poems for magazines, including 201 children's stories for People's Home Journal magazine. For over 16 years from May 1913 through the magazine's demise following its final December 1929 issue, Burgess published a children's story in every issue of People's Home Journal magazine.

From 1912 to 1960, without interruption, Burgess wrote his syndicated daily newspaper column (via the George Matthew Adams Service), Bedtime Stories.

Radio broadcasts
From 1912 to 1960, Burgess also broadcast on the radio. His Radio Nature League radio series began at WBZ (AM), then located in Springfield, in early January 1925. Burgess broadcast the program from the studio at the Hotel Kimball on Wednesday evening at 7:30 p.m. Praised by educators and parents, the program had listeners and members in more than 30 states at its peak. Burgess' Radio Nature League disbanded briefly in August 1930, but he continued to give radio talks for WBZ concerning conservation and the humane treatment of animals.

Final publications
In 1960, Burgess published his last book, Now I Remember, Autobiography of an Amateur Naturalist, depicting memories of his early life in Sandwich as well as his career highlights. That same year, Burgess, at the age of 86, had published his 15,000th newspaper column.

In 1998, Burgess' granddaughter, Frances B. Meigs, published My Grandfather, Thornton W. Burgess : An Intimate Portrait, detailing her childhood growing up under his wing.

Death
He died on June 5, 1965, at the age of 91. His son had died suddenly the year before.

Awards and accomplishments
Burgess was actively involved with conservation efforts. Some of his projects during his lifetime included:

 * Helping to pass laws protecting migrant wildlife.
 * "The Green Meadow Club" for land conservation programs.
 * "The Bedtime Stories Club" for wildlife protection programs.
 * "Happy Jack Squirrel Saving Club" for War Savings Stamps & Bonds.
 * The Radio Nature League broadcast from WBZ in Boston and WBZA in Springfield, Massachusetts.

For his efforts, Burgess also received:

 * An Honorary Literary Degree in 1938, from Northeastern University
 * A special gold medal from the Museum of Science in Boston, for "leading children down the path to the wide wonderful world of the outdoors"
 * The Distinguished Service Medal of the Permanent Wildlife Protection Fund.

Wildlife Sanctuaries and Museum
After his death, the Massachusetts Audubon Society purchased Burgess' Hampden home and established the Laughing Brook Wildlife Sanctuary at that location; the house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Thornton W. Burgess Society operates the Green Briar Nature Center in East Sandwich, Massachusetts. The Society's Thornton W. Burgess Museum in Sandwich closed to the public October 2012.

Other

 * A middle school in Hampden, Massachusetts was named after Burgess in honor of his work for conservation. The school opened in 1967 and was closed by the Hampden-Wilbraham Regional School District in June 2018.
 * In the early 1970s, an anime television adaptation of some of Burgess' works was produced by a Japanese animation studio and was later distributed worldwide. The English language translation was entitled Fables of the Green Forest.
 * John Crowley's novel Little, Big (1980) includes allusions to locations and characters in Burgess' stories.

Books
• 1905 The Bride's Primer (contributor)

• 1910 Old Mother West Wind

• 1911 Mother West Wind's Children

• 1912 Baby Possum Has a Scare

• 1912 Baby Possum's Queer Voyage

• 1912 Mother West Wind's Animal Friends

• 1912 The Boy Scouts of Woodcraft Camp

• 1913 Little Animal Stories for Little Children

• 1913 Mother West Wind's Neighbors

• 1913 The Adventures of Reddy Fox

• 1913 The Adventures of Johnny Chuck

• 1913 The Boy Scouts on Swift River

• 1914 The Adventures of Peter Cottontail

• 1914 A Glad Time Made a Sad Time

• 1914 Danny Meadow Mouse Learns Something

• 1914 Fun with Farmer Brown's Boy

• 1914 How Unc' Billy Possum Met Buster Bear

• 1914 Jack Frost Helps Paddy the Beaver

• 1914 Jerry Muskrat Begins to Build

• 1914 Jerry Muskrat Is Laughed At

• 1914 Jerry Muskrat Wins Respect

• 1914 Jumper the Hare Cannot Sleep

• 1914 Mr. Toad and Danny Meadow Mouse Take a Walk

• 1914 Old Mr. Toad Gets His Stomach Full

• 1914 Peter Rabbit Puts on Airs

• 1914 Striped Chipmunk's Secret Joke

• 1914 The Adventures of Unc' Billy Possum

• 1914 The Boy Scouts on Lost Trail

• 1914 Unc' Billy Possum Has a Fright

• 1914 The Adventures of Mr. Mocker

• 1914 The Adventures of Jerry Muskrat

• 1915 The Adventures of Danny Meadow Mouse

• 1915 Mother West Wind "Why" Stories

• 1915 My Own Bedtime Story

• 1915 Peter Rabbit's Get Acquainted Party

• 1915 The Adventures of Grandfather Frog

• 1915 The Adventures of Chatterer the Red Squirrel

• 1915 The Adventures of Sammy Jay

• 1915 The Bedtime Story Calendar

• 1915 The Boy Scouts in a Trapper's Camp

• 1915 Tommy and the Wishing Stone

• 1915 Tommy's Wishes Come True

• 1916 Little Animal Stories for Children

• 1916 Mother West Wind "How" Stories

• 1916 The Adventures of Buster Bear

• 1916 The Adventures of Old Mr. Toad

• 1916 The Adventures of Prickly Porky

• 1916 The Adventures of Old Man Coyote

• 1917 An Important Meeting at the Smiling Pool

• 1917 Busy Folks and Sleepy Folks

• 1917 Four little Mice at School and Play

• 1917 Johnny Chuck Loses His Temper

• 1917 Mother West Wind "When" Stories

• 1917 Paddy the Beaver Gives Warning

• 1917 Peter Rabbit Introduces His Big Cousin

• 1917 Peter Rabbit Learns from Striped Chipmunk

• 1917 Striped Chipmunk Has a Secret

• 1917 The Adventures of Paddy the Beaver

• 1917 The Adventures of Poor Mrs. Quack

• 1918 The Adventures of Bobby Coon

• 1918 The Adventures of Jimmy Skunk

• 1918 Mother West Wind "Where" Stories

• 1918 Happy Jack

• 1918 Happy Jack Squirrel's Thrift Club

• 1919 Mrs. Peter Rabbit

• 1919 The Adventures of Bob White

• 1919 The Adventures of Ol' Mistah Buzzard

• 1919 The Burgess Bird Book for Children

• 1920 Bowser the Hound

• 1920 Old Granny Fox

• 1920 The Burgess Animal Book for Children

• 1921 Lightfoot the Deer

• 1921 Tommy's Change of Heart

• 1922 Blacky the Crow

• 1922 Buster Bear Invites Old Mr. Toad to Dine

• 1922 Grandfather Frog Stays in the Smiling Pool

• 1922 Whitefoot the Woodmouse

• 1923 Buster Bear's Twins

• 1923 The Burgess Flower Book for Children

• 1924 Billy Mink

• 1925 Animal Pictures

• 1925 Little Joe Otter

• 1926 Jerry Muskrat at Home

• 1926 The Christmas Reindeer

• 1927 A Frightened Baby

• 1927 A Great Joke on Jimmy Skunk

• 1927 A Woe-Begone Little Bear

• 1927 An Imp of Mischief

• 1927 Cubby Bear Has a Mind of His Own

• 1927 Cubby Finds an Open Door

• 1927 Cubby Gets a Bath

• 1927 Cubby in Mother Brown's Pantry

• 1927 Digger the Badger Decides to Stay

• 1927 Grandfather Frog Gets a Ride

• 1927 Happy Jack Squirrel Helps Unc' Billy

• 1927 Longlegs the Heron

• 1927 Milk and Honey

• 1927 The Neatness of Bobby Coon

• 1927 What Farmer Brown's Boy Did

• 1928 Bobby Coon Has a Good Time

• 1928 Bowser the Hound Meets His Match

• 1928 Grandfather Frog Fools Farmer Brown's Boy

• 1928 Happy Jack Squirrel's Bright Idea

• 1928 Peter Rabbit Learns to Use His New Coat

• 1929 Farmer Brown's Boy Becomes Curious

• 1929 Little Joe Otter's Slide

• 1929 The Burgess Seashore Book for Children

• 1929 Wild Flowers We Know

• 1929 Wild Flowers We Should Know

• 1930 Betty Bear's Lesson

• 1930 Whitefoot's Secret

• 1932 Big Book of Green Meadow Stories

• 1932 The Burgess Big Book of Green Meadow Stories

• 1933 Birds You Should Know

• 1933 Jimmy Skunk's Justice

• 1933 Peter Rabbit's Carrots

• 1935 The Wishing-Stone Stories

• 1937 Big Thornton Burgess Story-book

• 1937 Tales from the Storyteller's House

• 1937 The Book of Animal Life

• 1938 Mother Nature's Song and Story Book

• 1938 While the Story-Log Burns

• 1940 A Merry Coasting Party

• 1940 A Robber Meets His Match

• 1940 Bobby Coon's Mistake

• 1940 Paddy's Surprise Visitor

• 1940 Peter Rabbit Proves a Friend

• 1940 Reddy Fox's Sudden Engagement

• 1940 The Three Little Bears

• 1940 Young Flash the Deer

• 1941 Little Pete's Adventure

• 1941 The Little Burgess Animal Book for Children

• 1941 The Little Burgess Bird Book for Children

• 1942 Animal Stories (also published as The Animal World of Thornton Burgess)

• 1942 Little Chuck's Adventure

• 1942 Little Red's Adventure

• 1942 Thornton Burgess Animal Stories

• 1944 On the Green Meadows

• 1944 The Feast at Big Rock

• 1944 Why Peter Rabbit's Ears Are Long and Three Other Stories

• 1945 At the Smiling Pool

• 1945 The Big Book of Burgess Nature Stories

• 1946 The Crooked Little Path

• 1947 The Dear Old Briar-Patch

• 1949 Along Laughing Brook

• 1949 Baby Animal Stories

• 1949 Nature Almanac

• 1950 A Thornton Burgess Picture Story Book

• 1950 At Paddy the Beaver's Pond

• 1953 Everybody Lends Jerry Muskrat a Hand

• 1953 Peter Rabbit's Prank

• 1953 Reddy Fox Takes a Bath

• 1954 Peter Rabbit and Reddy Fox

• 1954 The Littlest Christmas Tree

• 1955 Aunt Sally's Friends in Fur

• 1955 Stories Around the Year

• 1956 50 Favorite Burgess Stories

• 1956 Little Peter Cottontail

• 1957 How Peter Cottontail Got His Name

• 1958 Read Aloud Peter Rabbit Stories

• 1959 Bedtime Stories

• 1959 Nature Stories to Read Aloud

• 1960 Now I Remember: Autobiography of an Amateur Naturalist

• 1963 The Million Little Sunbeams

• 1965 Mother West Wind Stories to Read Aloud

• 1965 The Burgess Book of Nature Lore

title: Thornton Burgess


text:
Forge (character)

Forge is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most commonly in association with the X-Men. A mutant with an unsurpassed brilliance in technology, he has had a lengthy career as a government weapons contractor. Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist John Romita Jr., Forge first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #184 (Aug. 1984).

Forge shared a romantic relationship with Storm and a brief affair with Mystique, which led him to associate with the X-Men and thus enhancing the technology at the X-Mansion. He was also a member of X-Factor.

Publication history
Forge was created by writer Chris Claremont and artist John Romita Jr., and first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #184 (Aug. 1984).

Claremont's outline for the character's debut identifies Forge as Daniel Lone Eagle, although that name has not been used for the character in Marvel canon.

As part of Marvel NOW!, Forge returns as a member of Cable's X-Force.

Early years
Forge is a mutant with an innate superhuman talent for invention and an intuitive genius. He is a Native American of the Cheyenne nation. Despite being trained as a medicine man, he primarily relies upon technology rather than mysticism to accomplish his tasks. This causes conflict with his teacher, Naze, and ultimately leads him to leave and join the military.

While in the army, Forge served in the Vietnam War. After rising in the ranks to become a sergeant, he was asked to join S.H.I.E.L.D. Forge declines, seeing his need is in Vietnam. During his second tour of duty in the war, his comrades are killed by enemy troops. In anger, he uses their spirits to summon a band of demons to destroy the opposition. Forge, concerned about his former comrades, decides to order a B-52 bombing on his position to close the portal from the world of the unliving. The bombs destroy the spirits, but he is injured as well, losing his right leg and right hand. This action allows the demon called the Adversary to come to Earth. After this, Forge is hesitant to employ his mystical abilities.

Years later, Forge creates cybernetic replacements for his lost limbs. When Tony Stark stops making advanced weaponry for the US government, Forge is hired as an employee of the Defense Department.

One of his earliest commissions is to design a weapon to detect the Dire Wraiths. Subsequently, Forge constructs a device capable of neutralizing mutant powers. Following orders from the President, Henry Peter Gyrich, an agent of the National Security Council, takes the device. Forge protests because the device is untested and extremely dangerous to use. The device is used against Rogue, who was wanted for allegedly killing a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. However, the device instead removes the powers of her teammate, Storm.

Romance
Forge rescues Storm after she falls into a river. Forge brings her back to his home in Dallas, Texas. During her recovery, romantic feelings develop between them. When she finds out he developed the device which removed her abilities, Storm leaves. They are briefly reunited to fight the common enemy of the Dire Wraiths, who are trying to prevent Forge from perfecting his neutralizer. They are defeated by the combined forces of the X-Men, Magik and Amanda Sefton.

Forge later improves his Neutralizer, but is hesitant to design more devices like it because of what happened with Storm. With the help of the Wraiths' enemy, Rom the Space Knight, Forge creates a large-scale version of the neutralizer in Earth's orbit. Rom and Forge use the device on the Wraith's home-world, casting the entire race into the other-dimensional Limbo.

After saving the world, Forge destroys all remaining Neutralizers and focuses on ridding the Earth of the Adversary. The Adversary, in the shape of Naze, convinces Storm that Forge was driven insane by her leaving and is planning to open a gate to hell. Storm tries to kill Forge, but the moment she stabs him she sees that she was tricked. During the events of the Fall of the Mutants crossover, the Adversary banishes Storm and Forge to another dimension, devoid of human life. Storm and Forge spend an unknown amount of time there, rekindling their romance. Forge then restores Storm's abilities and uses them to power a gate back home.

X-Men
Forge and Storm arrive on Earth and join the X-Men in their battle with the Adversary. Forge is required to sacrifice nine willing lives to banish the Adversary forever; eight X-Men and Madelyne Pryor volunteer and die in the casting of Forge's spell. The goddess Roma intervenes and secretly restores the X-Men to life. Magik, younger sister of X-Man Colossus, sees Forge as responsible for the death of her brother and attacks Forge, who fights back using his knowledge of Native-American sorcery. Feeling guilty over his involvement, Forge allows Magik to stab him with her Soulsword in the hopes it will kill him. Instead, its effects cause both mutants to come to terms with their shortcomings.

Destiny
Forge, still unaware of the X-Men's resurrection, fights alongside Mystique's Freedom Force and an interim team of "X-Men" against the Reavers at Muir Island. He uses his mutant skills to create a rifle that deactivates the cyborg enemy Skullbuster and forces the rest of the Reavers to retreat. During the battle, Destiny is killed, but not before foreseeing that Forge and Mystique will one day love one another, a fact that both parties find implausible. Afterwards, Mystique blames him for Destiny's death.

Banshee approaches Forge, on a lead given by Lorna Dane (Polaris) that the team is still alive. Forge is convinced by visions that all the X-Men are still alive. During this time, his days as a soldier in the Vietnam War are depicted. The two of them plan to travel all over the world looking for their missing friends, starting with Storm in Cairo, Egypt, but their plane is ambushed by the Fenris Twins. Later, they go to the ruins of the Xavier Mansion (destroyed during the events of Inferno), and rescue Jean Grey from a gang of Masque's Morlocks. They finally learn that the X-Men are indeed alive, but have faked their deaths for the time being.

Forge and Banshee eventually find the X-Men and become full-time members. They fight against several threats, such as Genoshan soldiers, Skrulls, and the Shadow King. During X-Tinction Agenda, Forge's skills are critical in defeating Cameron Hodge and overthrowing the Genoshan government. His plans are kept deep inside his own mind by a self-induced trance that even the forced removal of his artificial limbs cannot break.

End of romance
After the events of the Muir Island Saga, Forge becomes a member of the X-Mansion's "support team". He redesigns the Danger Room and the Blackbird jet.

With the arrival of Bishop and Storm's constant involvement with the team, Forge and Storm's relationship becomes rocky. Forge leaves the X-Men after coming to believe Storm would have rejected his proposal of marriage. The pair continue to have an on-again-off-again relationship, until it ends for good. Forge goes back home to Dallas to become a government contractor again and to help with the mental care of Mystique, who is becoming schizophrenic. During her stay, Forge and Mystique grow closer and have an affair.

X-Factor
Forge replaces Valerie Cooper as the new government liaison for the mutant superhero team X-Factor. Forge goes on his second cosmic adventure while with X-Factor, venturing to the far side of the sun with dozens of other superheroes in the incident known as the Infinity Crusade. Forge is personally affected as one of his team, Wolfsbane, is kidnapped by the villain called the Goddess. Forge ends up orbiting a duplicate Earth in an escape pod, along with the vigilante Nomad.

When the team begins to experience personal problems, Forge takes a more active involvement, gradually taking over the leadership of the remaining members of X-Factor. In this role, he sees the mutant criminals Mystique and Sabretooth forced to become unwilling members of his team. Forge also comes to terms with his heritage when the Adversary returns. With Naze's assistance, Forge defeats the Adversary by combining technology created using his mutant powers with his mystical abilities. Under Forge's leadership, X-Factor is tricked into hunting and battling former team member Multiple Man. Following this, Forge severs the team's involvement with the government and leads them underground. Forge and Mystique become more attracted to one another while working together as members of the team, with Forge ultimately falling in love with Mystique. During their time underground, another former X-Factor member, Strong Guy, awakes from a coma that he suffered due to his powers over-stressing his heart. Forge creates a device that saves Strong Guy's life. Along with the other team members, Forge is severely injured after Sabretooth betrays and attacks the team. Mystique escapes her forced membership while Forge is recuperating. After recovering from his injuries, Forge refuses to become a member of a new X-Factor line-up led by former team leader Havok, as he feels that Havok is no longer trustworthy. This new version of X-Factor disbands shortly thereafter. For a time, Forge is not active on any mutant groups, though he briefly works as support staff at the X-Men's mansion.

Xavier's Underground
Forge takes part in Xavier's Underground movement. He works with a former X-Factor member, Multiple Man, in Genosha. Afterwards, Forge returns to the X-Men and briefly becomes a mentor to Danielle Moonstar.

Later, Charles Xavier asks him for help in locating Mystique whom he needs for a clandestine mission. Forge also helps Cannonball and Siryn find Cable with the aid of Deadpool, and builds a pair of special gauntlets for New X-Men team member Surge; afterward, he returns to his lab to build a Nimrod unit with the primary objective of protecting mutants and secondary objective of protecting humans. He then encounters a time-traveling Nimrod suffering from severe damage, demanding that Forge fix him; this version of Nimrod comes from an alternate future, and had compelled an alternate version of Forge (married to Storm, with two children) to build a device to allow it to travel to the past. The alternate Forge had seemingly complied, but actually built a device to send Nimrod not only back in time, but also to another timeline, and to disable him upon arrival. Nimrod threatens to harm this reality's Storm, and Forge offers to transfer Nimrod into his own version of the Sentinel, which Nimrod agreed to. The transfer is interrupted by the arrival of Surge and the rest of the New X-Men, who had received Forge's distress call through Surge's own gauntlets; in the ensuing battle, Forge helps them defeat Nimrod.

Messiah Complex
After Forge sends Madrox and Layla to the future, he goes on a mission at Cyclops' behest to rendezvous with the other X-Men, who are on their way to confront Sinister's forces. He is shot by a seemingly treacherous Bishop. He is seen later in the recovery room along with other injured X-Men.

Divided We Stand
Forge suffers an array of injuries, including serious head trauma, from Bishop's attack during his mad quest to murder the first mutant child following M-Day. Bishop steals several time travel devices that Forge is reverse engineering. Throughout his recovery, Forge is obsessed with recreating his notes and research on these devices. Fixated to an unhealthy degree on this project, Forge shuts himself off in his home at Eagle Plaza to devote all his time to this work. But before he begins, he enhances his home's defense systems to ensure that he never falls victim to such an attack again.

Ghost Box
Forge later returns in Astonishing X-Men #29, when the X-Men fly to his complex on Wundagore Mountain to confront him about his apparent role in an inter-dimensional invasion of Earth. After following a trail of mysteriously genetically created mutants and death, the X-Men track Forge down, who through a monologue, reveals his true madness. He wants to save the world from the Annexation, an invasion from a parallel world on the other side of the Ghost Box, the trans-dimensional teleporter. He plans to send the X-Men to the parallel universe that is home to the Ghost Boxes to destroy them before the Annexation begins. The X-Men try to talk Forge down, but he rebukes them and forcibly opens the Ghost Box, risking all life on Earth. Thanks to the assistance of Abigail Brand and Beast, a laser is shot into the opening of the Ghost Box. Before everything is destroyed, Ororo offers Forge a chance to come back with them. A bitter Forge rejects her offer, and stays in his complex as it is destroyed.

Cable and X-Force
As part of Marvel NOW!, Forge is shown to still be alive following the destruction of his complex, and has apparently restored his original right hand (but still uses a prosthetic for his right leg). Forge is approached by Cable (after he used his telepathic abilities to help cure him of his insanity) to be in a new X-Force team created by Cable.

All-New, All-Different Marvel
As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel, Forge appears as a member of Storm's X-Men as their primary technician even though his relationship with Storm is awkward and strained. Forge programmed Cerebra into the body of a Sentinel with the capability to showcase human emotion and the ability to teleport along with mutant detection so she could be a bridge between Earth and Limbo.

Dawn of X
Professor X tasks Forge with modifying Cerebro so it can store backups for mutant minds. Forge would later assist the Marauders with recovering his mutant power neutralizers after they were co-opted by the Russians.

In Destiny of X, Forge is selected to be part of the new X-Men team during the second Hellfire Gala.

Powers and abilities
Forge is a mutant with a superhuman intuitive talent for inventing mechanical devices, backed up by the ability to visually perceive mechanical energy in action. This power allows him to instinctively recognize the potential and functional uses of any machine or technological device in his visual range, a skill that combined with his natural intelligence gives him the ability to conceive, design and build highly advanced mechanical devices; and operate, modify and disassemble existing technology or create countermeasures for it. Forge's superhuman talent for invention does not mean that he is of a superhuman intellect; even a genius at invention must for the most part consciously work out the theoretical principles behind the invention and then the design of the invention itself through a series of logical steps. In Forge's case, however, many of these logical steps are worked out by his subconscious mind. Hence, Forge himself might not be entirely aware of exactly how he figured out how to create an invention of his. Sometimes, he must disassemble a device he has made to even figure out how it works.

Forge wore synthetic stretch fabric backed by micro-thin bulletproof Kevlar and thermal insulation while a member of the X-Men. He sometimes employs devices of his own invention. Most notable among these was his Neutralizer gun that could suppress superhuman mutant abilities. The only known examples of this device have been destroyed. Forge has also invented a hand-held scanning device that can detect the presence of superhuman beings or aliens.

Forge has knowledge of many scientific and technological fields. He also possesses various mystical abilities such as spell casting through mystical training, though he rarely uses them. He possesses extensive knowledge of Native American magic.

His bionic-robotic right hand (which he has since restored to its original organic state) and right leg often contain concealed weapons and devices that he can use in combat. In addition, they can be outfitted with computer interfaces and plasma blasters. His skill as a hand-to-hand combatant and as a marksman from his military training were so impressive that Nick Fury offered him a job with S.H.I.E.L.D.

Reception

 * In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Forge 38th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.
 * In 2018, CBR.com ranked Forge 30th in their "Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World" list.
 * In 2018, CBR.com ranked Forge 19th in their "20 Most Powerful Mutants From The '80s" list.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse reality, Forge was a member of Magneto's rebels, the X-Men, and years of combat against Apocalypse's empire had left him a cyborg with a mostly-robotic body except for the right half of his face. He left them to go his own way and became the founder and leader of the Outcasts, an anti-Apocalypse resistance cell of mutants disguised as a traveling theater group. The Outcasts' consisted of Sauron, Toad, Brute, and Mastermind, and later Sonique and Essex, who is rescued by the group from the Infinites during their attack on a train. He became a father figure to Nate Grey, and also his trainer, teaching him how to combat without using his powers. When the Outcasts were attacked by Domino and her henchmen Caliban and Grizzly, Forge attempted to distract them with a Flash Grenade and later in the battle personally killed Grizzly for killing Toad. Forge was eventually killed by Sinister, who had been masquerading as a member of the Outcasts called Essex.

Age of X
An alternate version of Forge is present in the Age of X reality. He was present when Magneto used New York City skyscrapers to create his so-called "Fortress X".

Exiles
An alternate version of Forge, who appears to be a White American with no apparent Native heritage (but still a cyborg with a robotic right leg, though now also with a robotic right full-arm instead of just a robotic right hand), is drafted onto the interdimensional superhero group the Exiles. Originating from Earth-2814, he was married to his reality's Storm. In this reality, the Skrulls succeeded in conquering Earth, but Forge rebuilt and reprogrammed Sentinel City to destroy their command city. He seemingly perished in the explosion, but was instead plucked out of time and put on the Exiles.

Here Comes Tomorrow
In the apocalyptic alternate future of Here Comes Tomorrow, the final arc of Grant Morrison's run of New X-Men, a British Mutant under the name Smith had taken Forge's alias, the Maker. Though his powers and his relation to Forge, if any, are unknown, he bore some physical resemblance to the former Maker, and also carried numerous mechanical tools.

House of M
Forge is seen in House of M as a scientist working under Tony Stark, Iron Man. He is one of Stark's most trusted employees and is one of the first to learn that he is truly Iron Man. He utilizes his skills in technology and computers by aiding Jarvis and Stark in tracking down the mutant gene bombs that Johnny Storm and Stark are hunting down all over the city.

Hulk: Future Imperfect
In the mini-series Hulk: Future Imperfect, describing an alternate timeline where the Hulk becomes the Maestro, the Maestro claims that Forge created a weapon specifically designed to kill the Maestro, but that the Maestro killed him before the weapon could be used. The present-day Hulk would later encounter Forge using such a weapon.

Marvel Zombies
Forge appears in Marvel Zombies alongside Magneto's Acolytes as one of few survivors who were hiding on Asteroid M from the hordes of zombie superheroes on Earth. He constructs artificial limbs for the Black Panther after the zombie Giant-Man consumes some of his original ones. Forge becomes close friends with Black Panther, and Forge's daughter later marries Black Panther's son, and the couple later conceives a child. After the Panther's and Forge's children die under mysterious circumstances (later revealed that to have been murdered by Malcolm Cortez), both friends become closer through their shared tragedy, and help to raise their grandson together.

During the former heroes' forty years of absence, Forge anticipates that the zombies would return. Over the decades he and his forces plunder the technological remnants of the world. He makes improvements to Reed Richards' and Tony Stark's technologies for defenses of the colony New Wakanda, such as the Avengers' force field projector and Iron Man's armors. The inter-dimensional transporter is the only technology Forge is unable to rebuild, and it is later revealed that Fabian Cortez's son, Malcolm, has sabotaged it by removing some of its key components. Forge dons one of the Iron Man armors when the zombies return. After multiple extensive battles, the surviving zombies and the colonists begin a truce because the returning zombies' hunger has faded. Cortez ambushes and teleports the zombies to another dimension to seize power within the colony.

Mutant X
The version of Forge who appears in the Mutant X comic is virtually the same as his mainstream incarnation: he first used his powers to manufacture anti-mutant technology for the government, and later becomes Storm's lover. However, because Storm has become a vampire in the Mutant X universe, he allows her to regularly drain blood from him so that she will not have to violate her oath to never take a life.

Old Man Logan
As revealed by Old Man Logan, the Earth-21923 Forge was not with the X-Men the night when the villains rose and Mysterio tricked Wolverine into killing his fellow X-Men. Many years later after the villains took over the United States of America and renamed it Amerika, Forge was shown living in a Cheyenne reservation in South Dakota when Rhino led the Rhino Gang into invading. While Forge's highly advanced weaponry defeated the Rhino Gang, Forge rode an exo-skeleton which he used to beat Rhino to death. Upon ending up on Earth-616, Old Man Logan told Forge about the fate of his Earth-807128 counterpart. Even though Old Man Logan never visited the Cheyenne Reservation, he was sure that Forge was the one responsible for protecting it from the Rhino Gang.

Old Man Logan's return to this Wasteland sees a renewed focus on Forge. He has built a fortress on his land, above and below. When it is attacked by Sabretooth clones, Forge sacrifices his life to detonate his secret weapon, an unstable Old Man Speedball.

Ronin
In an alternate reality of X-Men: Ronin, the X-Men are superheroes based out of Japan. Forge is a Japanese police officer with an attraction to Storm. He also helps build and pilot an array of robots called Sentinel Force which are sent against the X-Men.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Marvel version of Forge has been dramatically re-imagined. He became a member of the Brotherhood of Mutants and follows Magneto with the promise of getting to strike back at humans. This version of Forge is also now of Asian Indian descent, a play upon the mainstream version of the character's American Indian heritage.

Magneto ordered Forge to invent a machine that would enhance his abilities to a point where Magneto would be able to kill every human on Earth. It was only at the final stages of his machine that he realized what he was truly doing, and attempted to confront Magneto. Magneto asks Forge if he is hesitating, and Forge hastily assures him no; he is later seen depressed and angry.

In the 'Magnetic North' storyline it is revealed that he was freed from prison by Mystique. As a pair, they frame Lorna Dane with one of Forge's devices. It causes her powers to malfunction, killing dozens of innocent people. Later, Forge does nothing as Mystique snaps the neck of a female police officer and assumes her form. As part of a carefully thought out plan, Forge and Mystique later personally attack the Triskelion; the headquarters for the Ultimates and a supervillain prison. They kill dozens of S.H.I.E.L.D. soldiers during the attack and even more die cleaning up the prison break which results.

He is then taken into custody, but escapes the Triskelion using a phasing device, also helping Wolverine break out as well. Although, according to Nick Fury in Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk, he orchestrated the escape for Wolverine to lead him to the Hulk's location. He is later tortured and killed in the Savage Land by the Brotherhood.

Television

 * Forge appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Marc Strange. This version is the leader of X-Factor. Additionally, an alternate timeline version that serves as the leader of a mutant resistance also appears in the series.
 * Forge appears in X-Men '97, voiced by Gil Birmingham. Lucas Bishop explicitly addresses him as "Daniel" following the disappearance of the X-Men and Asteroid M, apparently referencing the unused name of Daniel Lone Eagle.
 * Forge appears in X-Men: Evolution, voiced by Sam Vincent. This version possesses the additional ability to transform one of his hands into a multi-tooled robotic device and was trapped in a pocket dimension for three decades due to one of his inventions backfiring until he is rescued by Nightcrawler in the present.
 * Forge appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Roger Craig Smith. This version is an inexperienced member of the X-Men who serves as their engineer and mission analyst.

Video games

 * Forge appears as a non-playable character (NPC) in X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants.
 * Forge appears in Storm's ending in X-Men: Children of the Atom.
 * Forge appears in Storm's ending in X-Men vs. Street Fighter.
 * Forge appears as a playable character in X-Men: Mutant Academy 2, voiced by Marc Strange.
 * Forge appears as a playable character in X-Men: Next Dimension, voiced by Carlos Ferro.
 * Forge appears as a NPC in X-Men Legends, voiced by Lou Diamond Phillips.
 * Forge appears as a NPC in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced again by Lou Diamond Phillips.
 * Forge appears as a NPC in X-Men: Destiny, voiced by Phil LaMarr.
 * Forge makes a cameo appearance in Strider Hiryu's ending in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.
 * Forge appears in Marvel Heroes, voiced by Carlos Alazraqui.
 * Forge appears in Marvel Snap.

title: Forge (character)


text:
AVP

AVP may stand for:

Business

 * Assistant/associate/area vice president, a title; see vice president
 * Avon Products (stock ticker symbol AVP)

Other organizations

 * Alternatives to Violence Project
 * Aruban People's Party (Arubaanse Volkspartij/Partido di Pueblo Arubano)
 * Association of Volleyball Professionals
 * National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, aka Anti-Violence Project/Program
 * AVP Research Foundation

Transportation

 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Small seaplane tender (AVP)

Facilities

 * Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport (IATA airport code AVP) in Avoca, Pennsylvania
 * Aylesbury Vale Parkway railway station (rail station code AVP)

Medicine

 * Anthrax Vaccine Precipitated, a British anthrax vaccine
 * Arginine vasopressin, the form of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin found in most mammals

Popular culture

 * Alien vs. Predator, a science fiction franchise
 * Alien vs. Predator (film)

Other uses

 * Attribute–value pair, data representation in computing systems and applications
 * Alternative vote plus, a voting system
 * Apple Vision Pro, a mixed reality headset
 * Atharvaveda-Paippalada, a recension of Atharvaveda

title: AVP


text: Category:Grant County, Minnesota

title: Category:Grant County, Minnesota


text:
Bob Schul

Robert Keyser Schul (September 28, 1937 – June 16, 2024) was an American long-distance runner. , he is the only American to have won an Olympic gold medal in the 5000 m, at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

Early career
Schul, born and raised on a farm in West Milton, Ohio, was born with asthma, which bothered him throughout his career. As told by his brother Larry he started running as a child against his brothers in Indian relays where one would start at the back of the pack and work to get to the front. This would come to be one of the tactics he would later use in his running. He started running for his school in seventh grade and continued through high school (4:34.4 mile). He graduated from Milton-Union High School in 1955. He continued his collegiate career in 1956, at Miami University in Ohio, where he broke the school record in the mile as a sophomore running 4:12.1. He graduated in 1966.

He joined the Air Force as an enlisted airman and for a year had limited training because of Air Force schooling. In May 1960, he was assigned to Oxnard Air Force Base in California and Max Truex (himself a world class distance runner, who placed sixth in the Olympic 10,000 meters that year) became his commanding officer. In June, after one month of good training, Schul ran the USA championships; he placed fifth in his trial race, running 3:55 for 1500 meters. In 1961, Truex introduced Schul to Hungarian coach Mihály Iglói. Under Iglói's training, Schul finished third at the national championships in the 3000 m steeplechase. In 1962, he ran well indoors at two miles, with only one American, Jim Beatty, running faster. However, after several poor races that spring, Schul was diagnosed with mononucleosis and spent three months in an Air Force hospital. The next winter, Schul became the US Indoor Champion, running 13:39.3 for three miles. A few weeks later, he ran the third fastest indoor two miles ever (8:37.5), though losing to Beatty's world record time of 8:30.7. With a partially torn soleus muscle, Schul placed third in the Pan American Games at 5K, but the injury kept him from competing in the U.S. Championships.

1964 success
Returning to Miami University in the fall of 1963, Schul continued using Iglói's training methods, with some innovations. The highlights of his 1964 indoor season were a new American record time for three miles, 13:31.4 (then the second fastest indoor time in the world), and two wins over 10,000 meters world record holder Ron Clarke of Australia.

Schul posted an extremely impressive outdoor season in 1964, not losing a single race and beating among others Bruce Kidd, Gerry Lindgren, Billy Mills, Bill Baillie, and Bill Dellinger. Schul first broke the American record in the 5000m at Compton, running 13:38.0. Schul did not run in the NCAA Championships that year, as he thought it unfair for a twenty-six-year-old to be running against younger opponents. He won both the US Championship and the separately held Olympic Trials that year. On August 29, 1964, Schul set a new world record for two miles of 8:26.4, eclipsing the previous mark of 8:29.6 by Michel Jazy of France.

For the first time Track and Field News and Sports Illustrated picked an American to win a distance race, as Schul went to the Games having both the best time in the world in the 5000m and the new two-mile world record. The Olympic final was held in heavy rain. In the last lap, Jazy appeared poised to take the gold, as he had opened up a ten-meter lead on the back stretch; however, Schul ran an impressive 37.8 for the last 300 meters on a muddy track. He caught Jazy 50 meters before the finish line, and pulled away for a clear victory to take the gold medal.

Injuries and retirement
After returning home, Schul's knee was hurting and he could not run for four months. Using a YMCA pool and stationary bicycle throughout the winter, he resumed running in March 1965.

With only three months of training, Schul won the US Championship again in 1965, this time over three miles again, setting a new American record of 13:10.4. He stated afterward, "it was the toughest race I ran and won." Schul never managed to regain his 1964 level again, though he did run personal bests over the metric distances of 1500 meters (3:40.7) and 3000 meters (7:59.9) in Europe.

In August 1965, Schul's knee began hurting again and he decided to retire. He resumed training in 1967 for fitness purposes and this led him to the 1968 Olympic trials at South Lake Tahoe. With numerous injuries and limited training, he still managed to place fifth in the final. In that final, he had an asthma attack after a few laps and struggled throughout, fainting as he crossed the finish line.

In 1971, for one year, Schul served as the national coach for Malaysia and then moved back to the U.S., re-settling in Ohio. In his spare time he continued to train club athletes. In 1978, the Air Force sent all their top distance runners to Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio to train under Schul. After a year of training, many of the athletes reduced their times enough to compete in National events. Schul himself participated in road races along with his club athletes until the age of sixty, when his right leg and back problems prevented further racing. Along the way, Schul became a top masters runner (33.55 for 10,000 m and 76:00 for half marathon at age fifty; 17:56 for 5,000 m at age 60). In October 2007, Schul had his right hip replaced.

Schul was employed at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, as its men's and women's cross country and track coaches from 1996 to 2007.

Death
Schul died in Middletown, Ohio on June 16, 2024, at the age of 86.

title: Bob Schul