text:
Trotternish

Trotternish (Tròndairnis) is the northernmost peninsula of the Isle of Skye in Scotland, beginning at Portree and terminating at Rubha Hunish. The Trotternish escarpment runs almost the full length of the peninsula, some 30 km, and contains such landmarks as the Old Man of Storr and the Quiraing. The summit of The Storr, overlooking the Old Man, is the highest point of the peninsula. The north-eastern part of the peninsula around Quiraing is designated as a National Scenic Area and the entire escarpment is a Special Area of Conservation.

Dinosaur footprints have been found at An Corran, which is also a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer site dating to the 7th millennium BC. The ruins of the 14th–15th-century Duntulm Castle stand at the northern end of the peninsula.

The three major settlements on Trotternish are Portree, generally regarded as the capital of Skye, Uig, a ferry terminus, and Staffin. Trotternish is the strongest Gaelic-speaking area of Skye.

Geography and natural history
Trotternish is underlain by basalt, which provides relatively rich soils and a variety of unusual rock features. The Kilt Rock is named after the tartan-like patterns in the 105 m cliffs. The Quiraing is a spectacular series of rock pinnacles on the eastern side of the main spine of the peninsula and further south is the rock pillar of the Old Man of Storr.

At An Corran near Staffin a local resident found a slab bearing a dinosaur track, probably made by a small ornithopod. Experts subsequently found more dinosaur prints of up to 50 cm, the largest found in Scotland, made by a creature similar to Megalosaurus. At about 160 million years old they are the youngest dinosaur remains to be found in Scotland.

Conservation designations
The north-eastern part of the peninsula around Quiraing is designated as the Trotternish National Scenic Area, one of the forty such areas in Scotland, which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development. The designated area covers 7,919 ha in total, of which 6,128 ha is on land, with a further 1789 ha being marine (i.e. below low tide level, and covering the seas to the east of the peninsula).

The entire length of the Trotternish escarpment is protected as a Special Area of Conservation under the Natura 2000 programme, and classified as a Category IV protected area by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

History
A Mesolithic hunter-gatherer site dating to the 7th millennium BC at An Corran in Staffin is one of the oldest archaeological sites in Scotland. The site continued to be used over many millennia with human bones radiocarbon-dated to the Neolithic (dated to around 3500 BC) and Bronze Age (dated to between 2560 and 2150 BC) periods and a copper-alloy pin from the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age being found, as well as more modern 19th-20th century materials.

Its Mesolithic occupation is probably linked to that of the rock shelter at Sand, Applecross, on the mainland coast of Wester Ross where tools made of a mudstone from An Corran have been found. Surveys of the area between the two shores of the Inner Sound and Sound of Raasay have revealed 33 sites with potentially Mesolithic deposits.

The ruined Duntulm Castle stands on a promontory at the northern end of the peninsula, near the hamlet of Duntulm. During the 17th century it was the seat of the chiefs of Clan MacDonald of Sleat, and is a scheduled monument. The castle is believed to stand on the site of a prehistoric broch or dun known as Dun David, or Dun Dhaibhidh, although no archaeological evidence has been found for this predecessor. The castle was built in the 14th and 15th centuries, when the area was subject to feuds between the rival MacLeod and Macdonald clans, and was abandoned around 1732, when Sir Alexander MacDonald built a new residence, Monkstadt House, 5 mi to the south.

Between 1750 and 1772, Flodigarry, north of Staffin, was the home of Flora MacDonald, the Jacobite made famous by her part in Charles Edward Stuart's escape after his defeat at Culloden. She later moved to Kingsburgh on the southwestern coast of Trotternish, and it was here that Boswell and Johnson met her during their tour of the Western Isles in 1773. Johnson, who held Jacobite views when younger, commented that she was a woman of "soft features, gentle manners, and elegant presence".

Gaelic
In terms of number of speakers, Trotternish is the strongest Gaelic-speaking area of Skye. In the 2001 census, 61% of the population returned as Gaelic speakers, there are Gaelic-medium units in the Staffin and Kilmuir primary schools, and the area is the focus of one of Comunn na Gàidhlig's Gaelic development initiatives, Lasair. In 2010, Comunn na Gàidhlig named Staffin as their Gaelic Community of the Year.

Transport
The main road in Trotternish is the A87, which runs between Portree at the southern end of the peninsula and Uig on the northwest coast. Uig marks the northwestern terminus of the A87, with its southeastern terminus being the junction with the A82 at Invergarry, to the north of Fort William. The A855 road also links Portree and Uig, taking a route along the eastern coast and around the northern end of the peninsula: the two roads thus combine to encircle Trotternish. A minor road also crosses the peninsula, passing between Uig and Staffin via the Quiraing.

Portree is the terminus for Scottish Citylink buses from Glasgow Buchanan bus station and Inverness, with some services continuing on to Uig. Uig serves as the ferry terminal for Caledonian MacBrayne services to Tarbert on Harris and Lochmaddy on North Uist, providing links with the Outer Hebrides.

Settlements in Trotternish

 * Achachork
 * Bornesketaig
 * Brogaig
 * Carbost
 * Duntulm
 * Ellishadder
 * Eyre
 * Flodigarry
 * Garafad
 * Kensaleyre
 * Kilmaluag
 * Kilmuir
 * Kilvaxter
 * Kingsburgh
 * Lealt
 * Portree
 * Skeabost
 * Staffin
 * Tote
 * Uig

title: Trotternish


text:
Talk:Crandon, Wisconsin

Below is the history of the stub page that was located at Crandon, Wisconsin prior to my deleting it in order to move the article from Crandon (city), Wisconsin. older ≠ wiser 15:28, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Crandon, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071011004259/http://www.cnn.com:80/2007/US/10/07/wisconsin.shooting/index.html to http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/10/07/wisconsin.shooting/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071011004402/http://news.yahoo.com:80/s/ap/20071008/ap_on_re_us/wisconsin_shooting to http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071008/ap_on_re_us/wisconsin_shooting

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:33, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on Crandon, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/64vfLAeJ2 to http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:45, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Crandon, Wisconsin


text:
Fougères

Fougères (Felger; Gallo: Foujerr) is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Ille-et-Vilaine department, located in Brittany, northwestern France. As of 2017, Fougères had 20,418 inhabitants. The Fougères area comprises approximately 88,000 inhabitants and is currently growing, unlike the town centre.

Toponymy
Fougères is a town on the edge of Brittany, Maine and Normandy and is named after a fern (see also fougère), or from fous which means fossé ("gap").

The town of Fougères is mentioned in the chorus of the song La Blanche Hermine by Gilles Servat. The author uses it as a symbol of the Breton resistance where it is adjacent to the town of Clisson in the Loire-Atlantique.

Fougères is historically, since the arrival of Latin in Armorica, a region where Gallo is spoken. In Gallo, Fougères translates to Foujerr while its Breton name is Felger. Entry signs to the agglomeration have carried the Breton name for several years. One of the two bagad of the city takes this name: and the Diwan school, opened in 2013, is also called Skol Diwan bro Felger.

Prehistory
The presence of many megalithic monuments, particularly in the, suggests that the area was already inhabited in the Neolithic era (5000 to 2000 years BC).

Middle Ages
The creation of Fougères dates back to the Middle Ages. The Château de Fougères was first mentioned around the end of the 10th century. At the time, it was a simple wooden fortification located on a rocky ridge, whose position favourably dominated the Valley and the surrounding marshes. Fougères was at the crossing of two Roman roads, one from Chartres to Carhaix and the other from Avranches to Nantes. From the 12th century, the population moved away from the shore of the Nançon and the city grew in size, divided into two parishes: Saint-Sulpice for the lower town and Saint-Léonard for the upper town. Since the Middle Ages, crafts developed around tannery, weavers and drapers in the lower town.

Built in the 11th century by the lords of Fougères, the first fortification, defended by Raoul II (1130–1194), was taken by Henry II of England in 1166 and destroyed. Raoul II stubbornly rebuilt a more imposing structure and it became a stronghold defending the borders of Brittany from Mont Saint-Michel to Nantes. However, the geographical position and the interests of the lords of Fougères often tipped in favour of the Kingdom of France. When Raoul III offered its possession to Louis IX of France, the Breton prince Pierre Mauclerc captured the city in 1231, which was re-captured by the king. The daughter of Raoul III, Jeanne de Fougères, who married Hugh XII of Lusignan, undertook new fortification work and beautified the city. The end of the 13th century was a period of peace and prosperity for Fougères.

In 1307, Philip IV of France bought the domain but the Kingdom of France was not interested and did not maintain it. After various fights and reversals of alliances, Bertrand du Guesclin entered in 1373, but the situation did not improve. Abandoned and ravaged by pillaging, the population of Fougères requested assistance from the Duchy of Brittany and the town joined the duchy in 1428, sold by John II of Alençon. However, in 1449, a man named François de Surienne, an Aragonese mercenary at the service of the English, captured and sacked the town in an attempt to force Brittany to ally with England. There were many massacres, which caused a reaction from Francis I, Duke of Brittany, determined to get rid of the English. The Duke of Brittany allied with Charles VII of France and attacked the south of Normandy, laying siege to Fougères. Surienne and his men were, however, able to resist and surrendered on the condition of being able to walk free. This episode announced the Battle of Formigny. Finally, the French general La Trémoille seized Fougères in 1488, during the Mad War.

Early modern
In the 16th century, the town lost its defensive role. Crafts continued to develop, including the craft of tin (in Rue de la Pinterie). During the Wars of Religion, the town remained Catholic while Vitré was affected by clashes with the Huguenots.

Until 1775, Fougères was barely mentioned. The Marquis de La Rouërie, a young man of high standing, then moved to the United States to fight with American insurgents. Back in France, after having been imprisoned for a month for leading the, he was greeted as a hero in his homeland.

French Revolution

During the French Revolution, the province of Brittany disappeared along with its privileges. The first changes were originally welcomed by the population. However, over time the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of the priests and the Levée en masse triggered a rebellion, the Chouannerie. In 1793, during the Virée de Galerne, the Vendéens and Chouans seized the town which was taken a few weeks later by the Republicans. For eight years, the town and its region passed from hand to hand, with many massacres and looting occurring. The leader of the Chouans of the Fougères area was the young general Aimé du Boisguy.

The Organization of the reflected a favourable feeling from the population to the new regime:

 * The victories of the Republican armies were celebrated, including the Siege of Toulon against the Anglo-royalists
 * The feast of 26 messidor (14 July), established in 1794, was celebrated in Fougères
 * The anniversary of the execution of Louis XVI, accompanied by an and anarchy, was celebrated (from 1795)
 * Other Republican festivals followed, such as the anniversary of the Republic up to the year VIII (22 September, 1 Vendémiaire), the celebration of youth (10 Germinal, on 30 March), and the Festival of Recognition (the 10 prairial) or the Festival of Agriculture (the 10 messidor).

Early 20th century industry
Little by little, industry replaced crafts and Fougères saw the establishment of shoe manufacturers. In the winter of 1906–07, workers went on strike in the shoe factories and in response, managers organised a lockout. Solidarity was very strong in the city ("Communist" soups to feed the strikers without family income) but also beyond: Children were welcomed by Rennes and Parisian families during conflicts. Jean Jaurès came to Fougères to support the movement.

Glassware production had also existed in the Fougères area since the arrival of Italian glass masters in the 16th and 17th centuries. The installation of this industry is explained by the presence of a sandy soil (since sand is the main component of glass), a forest (since sand needs to be melted) and ferns (soda-rich plants). A glass factory existed on the outskirts of the town (Laignelet), which flourished in the 19th century. However, following social demands in 1921, religious unionism was mobilized and a new Fougères glass factory: La Cristallerie Fougeraise, was founded by, as well as a working town later in 1922, designed by the architect , to accommodate staff.

The 20th century was marked by the British and American bombings on 8 June 1944, during Operation Overlord, which killed 300 people, injured twice as many, and destroyed most of the public and industrial facilities. This bombing was in preparation to liberate France after surrendering to Nazi Germany on June 22 1940. Since then, the town has largely been open to tourism, thanks to its medieval castle and its historic districts. From the 1970s, industry has been diverse: food processing, furniture, mechanical, glass, electronics, computing, and robotics.

Fougères also organizes an important cattle market.

World War I
640 names are engraved in a monument to commemorate the death of soldiers from Fougères that fought for France during World War I. Fougères also welcomed many war wounded soldiers in its hospital and the monument mention 148 additional names of soldiers that died in Fougères but were not originating from the city.

Recent sports events
On 11 July 2013, Fougères hosted the Tour de France as a departure town. When the Tour de France returned on 10 July 2015, Fougères was the finish town for stage 7 (Livarot-Fougères). It was a stage victory for the British cyclist Mark Cavendish. Cyclism came back to the town on 4 July 2016, where Fougères was a race-through town in the stage Granville-Angers.

Fougères is also one of the control points for the Paris–Brest–Paris (PBP) bicycle event. PBP is an ultra-marathon event where cyclists are expected to complete the 1200 km course in under 90 hours, and occurs the year before a Summer Olympic year. Fougères is a control point both out bound to Brest as well as back to Paris.

Pays de Fougères
Located northeast of Ille-et-Vilaine, the has 83,000 inhabitants. This population continues to grow and represents 11.77% of the population of the Department covering 977,449 inhabitants and seven Pays. The Pays is composed of 58 communes, divided into five communities:

Heritage
Fougères is classified as a town of art and history since 1985. It houses 24 historical monuments and 87 buildings surveyed.

Fougères has the label tourisme et handicap, since July 2011.

Castle

Fougères' most visited attraction is the Château de Fougères, a medieval stronghold built atop a granite ledge, which was part of the Duchy of Brittany's ultimately unsuccessful defence against French aggression, and part of a tripartite with Vitré.

The castle is one of the most impressive French castles, occupying an area of 2 ha, or even for some "the largest medieval fortress of Europe." It consists of three enclosures whose walls have been preserved. Although the seigniorial is ruined, the thirteen towers still rise with majesty. Some of these towers can be visited (the Hallay Tower and Tower of the Hague (12th century), Raoul Tower (15th century) and the Mélusine Tower, erected in 1242 by Hugues of Lusignan ). At the entrance, is a triple watermill. Access to the west curtain wall allows observation of the upper town (48.35361°N, -1.20944°W).

The castle and its surroundings has been classified as a historic monument by list of 1862, by order of 4 July 1928 and by order of 26 February 1953.

A representing the castle was issued on 18 January 1960.

The belfry

This was the first to be built in Brittany, in 1397, and also one of only three belfries in Brittany. The location serves as the centre of the weekend market. It symbolised the dynamism of a small-scale civil society seeking independence. Funded by local merchants, it allowed ordinary people access to timekeeping, previously the preserve of the church and nobility. Its architecture was inspired by the Flemish models which the drapers of Fougères discovered during their travels in Flanders. Engraved on the Bell is the inscription: In 1397 the market town of Fougères made me and my name is Roland Chapelle.

The belfry was classified as a historical monument by Decree of 1 September 1922.

The Notre-Dame Gate

A sizable section of the town wall survives, stretching from the château in the lower town, up the hill to surround the upper town. Medieval citizens in the lower town were outside the fortifications and had to retreat into the fortress in times of trouble. The gate of the 15th century with a double drawbridge presents many defenses including moats, embrasures, machicolations, etc., and a protective Virgin turned outwards. It is the only fortified town gate which is left.

The was listed a historical monument by Decree of 9 December 1946, with the south and west of the city walls.

The Saint-Sulpice Church
The dates in part from the 15th century. It was classified as a historical monument by Decree of 26 September 1910. There are two remarkable medieval altarpieces of monumental granite with carved decoration: The altarpiece of the Tanners and the altarpiece of Notre-Dame-des-Marais.

The Church of Saint-Léonard
The Church of Saint-Léonard also dates from the 15th century. It was listed a historical monument by Decree of 15 March 1949. Located at the top of the upper town, it offers a panoramic view of the city.

Religious and civil heritage
The, place where the plot of the novel Les Chouans by de Balzac unravels.
 * One part of the medieval fortifications, when the town was one of the strongest places on the Normandy frontier, is a 15th century gateway known as the Porte St Sulpice.
 * The town hall was built in the 15th century. It was listed by order of 14 October 1926.
 * The ; house porch built in the 16th century near the Saint-Léonard Church. It has been listed by order of 13 May 1929.
 * The former, built in 1680 and partly destroyed by fire in 1794, now houses a cultural centre after being used as a prison and then as barracks. Scored by order of 15 July 1965.
 * The, built in 1740, is the birthplace of the marquis Armand Tuffin de La Rouërie. It now houses the city court. Its front garden was listed by order of 3 February 1928.
 * The, one of the last Italian theatres, built in 1888 by , listed by order of 1 June 1988; its façade was ranked by order of 1 March 1990.

 * Abbey of Saint-Pierre de Rillé. Originally a collegiate church of Augustinian regular canons. It was founded in 1143 and in the seventeenth century became the Abbey of Sainte-Geneviève. It was rebuilt once between 1724 and 1750, and again in the 19th century. Of the former building, visible in its entirety on the 1756 plan, it remains the only stair tower topped by an imperial roof.
 * Crystal glass factory built in 1922 by architect, restored, now houses administrative buildings.
 * Hotel Marigny
 * Hotel Marigny
 * Hotel Marigny

Geology
Fougères is situated in the Cadomian chain. The oldest buildings use readily available stone: la cornéenne. A metamorphic rock, difficult to cut and of very different appearance, it is very solid. Later came the use of Louvigné granite, which is more homogeneous. Most of the buildings of the town are built with these local materials. It took the arrival of the railway to import other stones (late 19th century). In military strategy, note that the castle is not on high, but on a deposit of la cornéenne, which prevents the risk of attacks by mining and from underground.

Location
Fougères is situated:
 * 330 km from Paris
 * 40 km from Rennes
 * 58 km from Mont-Saint-Michel
 * 81 km from Saint-Malo
 * 290 km from Brest
 * 140 km from Nantes
 * 149 km from Caen
 * 130 km from Angers
 * 54 km from Laval
 * 52 km from Avranches
 * 111 km from Alençon

International relations
Fougères is twinned with:
 * Ashford, Kent, United Kingdom, since 1984
 * 🇩🇪 Bad Münstereifel, Germany, since 1967

These two towns have also been paired together since 1964.

 * 🇧🇫 Ouargaye, Burkina Faso
 * Somoto, Nicaragua
 * 🇵🇱 Śrem, Poland

Demography
Fougères is an industrial town and its typical demographic trends show very well. In the 1850s, the Brittany town was "moving in the manufacture of leather shoes to solve a crisis in the shoe industry." Success followed (the Cordier factory, for example) and Fougères saw its population increase by 124% from 9,344 inhabitants in 1856 to 20,952 in 1901, an increase of 11,608 people in less than 50 years (or more than the population of Vitré). At the beginning of the 20th century, Fougères became the capital of female footwear: "...more than 12,000 workers are distributed in 40 factories. In 1946, they manufacture 10.7% of French production for town and fancy use and 7% of work shoes" (Jérôme Cucarull). The crisis of the 1930s put what must be called an industrial district into difficulty, (Florent Le Bot). The mass-closure of SMEs and the concentration of employment into fewer companies (mainly Réhault, JB Martin and Morel et Gâté) provided a second wind to the Fougères industry (4,500 employees in 1966). The slowdown in growth during the second half of the 1960s, then the oil shock in 1973, caused a massacre in the footwear sector, particularly in February–March 1976, with the closure of three companies (Réhault, Morel et Gâté and Maunoir) and the dismissal of 1,140 employees. Since 2008 and the closure of Hasley, only the JB Martin company maintains the tradition of footwear production in Fougères (F. Le Bot, Laurence Héry).

In 2017, the commune had 20,418 inhabitants.

Since the end of World War II, the Trente Glorieuses boosted Fougères and the town increased its population until the 1975 census, arriving at almost 27,000 inhabitants.

By 1975, the town had suffered deeply from the oil crisis of 1973 and had been hit. The town was devastated by successive closures of factories from a crisis in the shoe sector, and refused the implantation of the Citroën company on its territory. The city struggled to recover and saw its population fall. The town went from a population of 26,610 in 1975 to 19,820 in 2008, a 26% decline in population in 34 years, although suburbanisation offset this decline. Today the shoe sector has a few hundred jobs in the town: For example, the JB Martin company remains in Fougères, even though it has completely relocated its production to Asia. The town is growing in relation to Rennes since the inauguration of the Autoroute des Estuaires in 2000, which provides access to Rennes in 30 minutes, and has achieved a satisfactory development based on the growth of more diversified economic activities. More than 30 ha of business parks, between the motorway and the city centre, give an economic attractiveness to the area.

The has 20 communes gathering 42,818 inhabitants (2009) including 46% of this population which is in the town centre. This makes the Fougères urban area the 164th of 241 large urban areas of France.

Inhabitants of Fougères are called Fougerais (male) and Fougeraise (female) in French.

Economy
There used to be an important shoemaking industry which is now almost extinct. There was also an important glass making industry.

During the Middle Ages, salt was heavily taxed and was imported from the Breton regions to the rest of France. Fougères was made a stronghold for "salt smugglers", who would creep along the wall of the city with confiscated salt, to sell in other regions. There is a communal garden in modern Fougères that commemorates this interesting and little-known fact.

Fougères was the seat of the until 2011, replaced since by a delegation from the  after the merger of these.

In 2008, the major employers in Fougères were the Centre hospitalier de Fougères, -Safran Group,, the town of Fougères, the Transports Gélin, Carrefour (Sofodis), the Association Jean-Baptiste Le Taillandier (AREP and the Notre-Dame-des-Marais, Edmond Michelet, Saint-Joseph, and Beau-site schools), the Jean Guéhenno city school, the , and Groom, as well as Otima.

Health
The central hospital of Pays de Fougères has just completed its renovation in 2013: It offers access to 13 care services, emergency, maternity, 16 specialties and 440 beds.

The elderly have two suitable facilities: The Henri Rebuffé sheltered housing, opened in 1987 in the former premises of the Morel et Gaté firm in the Bonabry quarter, and the Cotterêts sheltered housing.

Teaching
Higher education is present at Fougères, notably in the field of health:

 * Institute of nursing training (hospital)
 * Bertin school of hearing aids (CCI Fougères training hub)
 * Fizeau graduate school of Optics (CCI Fougères training hub)
 * Charles-Edouard-Guillaume School of Fine Watchmaking (CCI Fougères training hub)
 * The Fougères CCI Training Institute

Planning and living environment
The town has 38. Several of them (chestnut, tulip trees, sequoia, araucaria) are visible in a private park on boulevard Saint-Germain.

Quarters
In Fougères, five councils of quarters have been implemented:

 * Centre-ville - Urbanistes
 * Forairie - Cotterêts
 * Paron-Orieres - Écartelée - Bonabry
 * Montaubert - Rillé - Saint-Sulpice
 * Madeleine - Sermandiere - Chattiere

Parks and green spaces

 * The : Located in the upper town, it offers a remarkable panoramic view of the town, overlooking the castle and the medieval quarter around Saint-Sulpice church.
 * The Val Nançon: A landscaped garden which offers many ambiances to be discovered and measured. An exhibition of contemporary works including of  has been present since 2000.
 * The Orières Park: Extended more than 4 ha, the stream of Groslay joins a small pond and a playground. There is also a sporting course.
 * René-Gallais Park: In front of the Juliette Drouet cultural centre.
 * La carrière du Rocher Coupé [the quarry of cut rock], nicknamed the Carrière de Californie [California Quarry], is an exceptional place to walk near the castle. A lake now replaces the former corneal shale operation which ran until 1999 and was acquired from the town. At 60 m depth, the lake is more a place of underwater diving training.
 * Pedestrian paths marked out on the ground, allow for the discovery of the upper and the lower town, as well as its many monuments. The walk along the old railway, from the bridge of the slaughterhouse, leads to the forest of Fougères.

Flowers
Fougères participates in the contest of flowery cities and villages and has the label of four flowers (220 cities rewarded in France) and five in Ille-et-Vilaine for the quality of its planning and management of the landscaped areas. The signs are located at all entrances of the city.

Public transport
Fougères is also served by the Illenoo interurban network.
 * Route 9a Rennes <> Liffré <> Fougères
 * Route 13 Fougères <> Vitré
 * Route 17b Fougères <> Pontorson
 * Route 18 Fougères <> Louvigné-du-Désert <> Saint-Georges-de-Reintembault

Road
Fougères is served by the A84 autoroute linking Caen to Rennes.

Railway
Since the cessation of regular passenger traffic between Fougères and Vitré in 1972, only freight and some special trains continued to circulate until 1991, when Fougères station closed. Subsequently, the building served as an SNCF point of sale, until its demolition in 2001 to make way for a shopping complex in the town centre.

For some time, the idea of the return of trains to Fougères has risen in some minds, but eluded most of the local elected representatives.

Sports and recreation
In the former Réhault factory, renovated and renamed Les Ateliers, near the glassworks factory, houses many associations as well as the Maison des associations. More than 100 associations are listed in the field of sport and recreation in particular.

The town will host the start of stage 7 of the 2018 Tour de France.

Sports facilities
The town has numerous municipal sports facilities to allow the people to practice their sport in the best possible conditions:

 * Paron Sports Complex: Football fields and gymnasium
 * Jean-Manfredi Sports Complex (Paron South): Football pitches, rugby, athletics track, velodrome, golf driving range, skating rings, tennis courts
 * Berthelot Municipal Stadium: Football field
 * Justy-Speker Gymnasium
 * Madeleine Stadium: football pitch and athletics track
 * The Cotterêts multi-sport gymnasium
 * The Chattière Sports Centre gymnasium

Other complementing facilities:

 * Aquatis aquatic centre,, inaugurated in May 2010: sports pool and ditch diving (Interior) and fun (Interior and exterior), aquaboggan, jacuzzi, Turkish bath, sauna, water games.
 * Chênedet outdoor base (Fougères community) on the edge of the forest of Fougères, on the road to Louvigné-du-désert
 * CRAPA (Rustic Circuit of physical activity) in Chenedet, near the pond

Private sports centres also exist:

 * Montaubert equestrian centre
 * Dojo of the Pays de Fougères
 * Fougerais Tennis Club
 * Salle de l'Espérance
 * Shooting range

Sports clubs

 * AGL-Drapeau Football (since September 2011) is a new club born from the fusion of two historic associations of the town.
 * AGL Football (until May 2011) which has been organising the Mondialito (mini World Cup bringing together 32 clubs from Brittany and neighbouring departments). These 32 clubs accounted for a weekend the 32 nations qualified for the world in Germany. They have also, for the occasion, worn the complete outfit of the country, offered by the AGL Football.
 * Le Drapeau Football (until May 2011)
 * AGL Handball
 * Pays de Fougères Basket basketball club
 * Espérance Fougères Tennis & Tennis Club fougerais (TCF)
 * Fougères Volley Ball
 * Fougerais swimming club and water polo since the 1970s
 * Fougères Rugby-Club-AGL
 * BCPF Badminton Club of the Pays de Fougères
 * Vigilant Fougères athletics
 * ASPTT Fougères athletics

International women's basketball tournament
Each year the town of Fougères invites four nations to participate in a basketball tournament. This tournament concerns U17 (under 17 years old) or U16 (under 16) female competitors. For three nights (Thursday, Friday and Saturday), each nation competes. In addition to the matches, a 3-point contest is held where the basketball players from each nation must score as many 3-point baskets as possible.

After three matches, the player who has scored the most points is titled "best scorer of the tournament".

The first tournament was in 1993, won by Russia. France has had the most wins (7) ahead of Russia (6) and Australia (3).

Culture
Fougères is a town of Art and History (Villes et Pays d'Art et d'Histoire), a designation assigned to historic areas by the French Ministry of Culture and Communication. The town was involved in the rebellion against the French Revolution in 1793. A skirmish near Fougères was the subject of the French painter Julien Le Blant's (1851–1933) most famous work Le Bataillon Carré, Affaire de Fougères 1793, which won a Gold Medal in the Exposition Universelle in 1889. This large work is now located in the United States, at the Lee Library on the campus of Brigham Young University.

L'association de formation et d'animation populaire
L'association de formation et d'animation populaire [The association of training and popular animation] - or AFAP - is an association created in 1976 whose objective is "to bring together persons wishing to experience and develop traditional cultures in the pays de Fougères (music, dance and singing)." With nearly 200 members, it annually organises the Froger-Ferron prize, whose 25th anniversary in 2011 was marked by the presence of Graeme Allwright.

Bagad Bro Felger

The is an ensemble of traditional Breton music from the lands of Fougères, created in the autumn of 2002 at Fougères. A member of the federation, it currently competes in 2nd category of the  and is present at many festivals in France.

Bagad Raoul II
Still active to date, it is the first bagad of the town and one of the first of Brittany, created in 1954, it quickly took the name of Raoul II in honour of the founder of the town of Fougères.

Breton language
A Diwan school was opened in September 2013, where 14 children are enrolled, or 0.7% of the commune's primary schoolchildren.

Festival Voix de Pays
Every year in July, the Festival des Voix de Pays [Festival of the Country Voices] is held within the walls of the castle, organized by the Juliette-Drouet de Fougères Community cultural centre. This event has taken place for more than twenty years,

Media
The newspapers and journals of Fougères are:

 * The daily edition of Ouest-France of Fougères.
 * The weekly (most 77,000 readers) appears every Thursday and speaks mainly of Fougères news but also of all of the Pays (Antrain, Saint-Brice-en-Coglès, Louvigné-du-Désert, Liffré, etc.) and also of the Pays de Vitré, northern Mayenne, and the south of Manche. Founded in 1837, it has changed title several times to become La Chronique Républicaine in 1944.
 * , a quarterly journal created in 1975, describes the history, economy, traditions, arts and literature of the . Published for thirty-two years, it disappeared in 2007.

There are local information magazines published on the metropolitan area, such as La Lettre of the.

Several free radio stations have existed in Fougères, namely:

 * Radio des Marches de Bretagne (RMB): 20 December 1983 – 1986. Its premises were located at 41 Rue Nationale. Its slogan was la radio fruitée [fruity radio]. At the end of the 1980s, the RMB team ended up split into two. One group decided to merge with RCV (Radio Cité Vitré) to give birth to FPB (Fréquence des Portes de Bretagne). The other team, meanwhile, created Galaxie.
 * Fréquence des Portes de Bretagne (BPF): 1986–97
 * Radio Mélusine: 1984-1992: Its premises were located at 1 Rue Nationale, on the floor of the current Victor-Hugo theatre, abandoned at the time.
 * Radio Galaxie: 1986-1992: Its slogan was l'onde magique [the magic wave], sung by the Costa brothers who made the broadcast design of the station.
 * Radio Mélusine Galaxie: 1992–97
 * Radio des Trois Provinces - Crystal FM - Sensation

People from Fougères

 * Eolia, mummy
 * , intellectual and Breton professor, conducted a school in the 11th century.
 * (1700–1779), religious.
 * Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen (1712–1790), lieutenant general of the naval armies under Louis XV and Louis XVI.
 * Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie, known as "Colonel Armand" (1751–1793), general of the army during the American War of Independence, head of the under the French Revolution.
 * (born 1751), magistrate and politician.
 * Thérèse de Moëlien Trojolif (1759–1793), cousin of La Rouërie, Member of the Breton Association.
 * Aimé Picquet du Boisguy (1776–1839), general of the Chouans of Fougères and Vitré, Maréchal de camp under the Restoration.
 * (1774–1804), Chouan officer, brother of the former.
 * (1772–1795), Chouan officer, brother of previous.
 * Jean Ambroise Baston de Lariboisière (1759–1812): general and baron of the Empire, inspector-general of artillery under the First Empire.
 * (1745–1823): general and baron of the Empire,, then under the First Empire.
 * (1774–1860), general of the Empire, son of the former.
 * Jean-Marie Bachelot La Pylaie (1786–1856), botanist and explorer.
 * Juliette Drouet (1806–1883), actress, mistress of Victor Hugo. She gave her name to the Juliette-Drouet cultural centre.
 * (1814–1876), poet.
 * Pierre Heude (1836–1902), zoologist.
 * (1851–1927), architect.
 * (1852–1927), magistrate, vice-président of the Mixed Courts of Alexandria, Egypt 1884-1902.
 * (1858–1944), painter.
 * Lucien Haudebert (1877–1963), composer
 * The Abbé (1880–1933).
 * (1882–1941), nationalist Breton and Breton language poet.
 * (1885–1962), first French military parachutist.
 * Jean Guéhenno (1890–1978), writer, journalist and academic. He has given his name to two public schools.
 * (1891–1956), poet.
 * (1901–1940), professional football player.
 * Thérèse Pierre (1908–1943), resistant, responsible for the Arrondissement of Fougères where it participated actively in the Organization of the, she was captured by the Gestapo and killed at the in Rennes. A public college bears her name in Fougères.
 * Georges Franju (1912–1987), filmmaker and director.
 * (born 1939), author of children's literature.
 * (born 1942), politician.
 * (born 1955), Breton independence of Emgann.
 * (born in 1963), comic writer and artist.
 * Pascale Fonteneau (born 1963), journalist and novelist.
 * (born in 1965), basketball coach.
 * Laurent Huard (born 1973), former professional football player for Stade Rennais, AS Saint-Étienne and CS Sedan Ardennes. He is now a coach at Stade Rennais training centre.
 * (born 1976), illustrator.
 * (born 1977), journalist, founder of the Pan-African media.
 * Frédéric Molas (born 1982) and Sébastien Rassiat (born 1982), creators of the Joueur du Grenier YouTube web series
 * Fabien Lemoine (born 1987), professional football player trained at Stade Rennais, evolving from 2011 at AS Saint-Étienne.

People who have stayed in Fougères

 * François-René de Chateaubriand: he often came to Fougères where one of his sisters lived. He did not keep a very good memory of the place:

At my sisters, the province was in the middle of the fields. We went dancing neighbours as neighbours, playing the comedy which I was sometimes a bad actor. In winter, it was necessary to suffer the small town society at Fougères, dances, meetings, dinners.

 * Balzac: After having discovered Fougères in 1828, he wrote the novel Les Chouans. (Read the novel in French on Wikisource). A hotel on Rue Nationale bears his name.
 * Victor Hugo stayed in Fougères with his mistress Juliette Drouet in June 1836.
 * Joueur du grenier is living in Fougères with his staff.

title: Fougères


text:
1971 Turkish military memorandum

The 1971 Turkish military memorandum (12 Mart Muhtırası), issued on 12 March that year, was the second military intervention to take place in the Republic of Turkey, coming 11 years after its 1960 predecessor. It is known as the "coup by memorandum", which the military delivered in lieu of sending out tanks, as it had done previously. The event came amid worsening domestic strife, but ultimately did little to halt this phenomenon.

Background
As the 1960s wore on, violence and instability plagued Turkey. An economic recession late in that decade sparked a wave of social unrest marked by street demonstrations, labour strikes and political assassinations. Left-wing workers' and students' movements were formed, countered on the right by Islamist and militant Turkish nationalist groups. The left carried out bombing attacks, robberies and kidnappings; from the end of 1968, and increasingly during 1969 and 1970, left-wing violence was matched and surpassed by far-right violence, notably from the Grey Wolves. On the political front, Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel's centre-right Justice Party government, re-elected in 1969, also experienced trouble. Various factions within his party defected to form splinter groups of their own, gradually reducing his parliamentary majority and bringing the legislative process to a halt.

By January 1971, Turkey appeared to be in a state of chaos. The universities had ceased to function. Students, emulating Latin American urban guerrillas, robbed banks and kidnapped US servicemen, also attacking American targets. The homes of university professors critical of the government were bombed by neo-fascist militants. Factories were on strike and more workdays were lost between 1 January and 12 March 1971 than during any prior year. The Islamist movement had become more aggressive and its party, the National Order Party, openly rejected Atatürk and Kemalism, infuriating the Turkish Armed Forces. Demirel's government, weakened by defections, seemed paralyzed in the face of the campus and street violence, and unable to pass any serious legislation on social and financial reform. The immediate spur for the coup appears to have been the discovery of another coup plot scheduled for 9 March. It involved retired general and 1960 plotter Cemal Madanoğlu, Devrim editor Doğan Avcıoğlu and a group of left-wing junior officers. The high command responded by retiring all officers below four-star general connected with the plot.

Memorandum
It was in this atmosphere that on 12 March, the Chief of the General Staff, Memduh Tağmaç, handed the prime minister a memorandum, really amounting to an ultimatum by the armed forces. It demanded "the formation, within the context of democratic principles, of a strong and credible government, which will neutralise the current anarchical situation and which, inspired by Atatürk's views, will implement the reformist laws envisaged by the constitution", putting an end to the "anarchy, fratricidal strife, and social and economic unrest". If the demands were not met, the army would "exercise its constitutional duty" and take over power itself. Demirel resigned after a three-hour meeting with his cabinet; veteran politician and opposition leader İsmet İnönü sharply denounced any military meddling in politics. While the precise reasons for the intervention remain disputed, there were three broad motivations behind the memorandum. First, senior commanders believed Demirel had lost his grip on power and was unable to deal with rising public disorder and political terrorism, so they wished to return order to Turkey. Second, many officers seem to have been unwilling to bear responsibility for the government's violent measures, such as the suppression of Istanbul workers' demonstrations the previous June; more radical members believed coercion alone could not stop popular unrest and Marxist revolutionary movements, and that the social and economic reformism behind the 1960 coup needed to be put into practice. Finally, a minority of senior officers concluded that progress within a liberal democratic system was impossible, and that authoritarianism would result in a more egalitarian, independent and "modern" Turkey; other officers felt they had to intervene, if only to forestall these radical elements.

The coup did not come as a surprise to most Turks, but the direction it would take was uncertain, as its collective nature made it difficult to discern which faction in the armed forces had seized the initiative. The liberal intelligentsia hoped it was the radical-reformist wing led by Air Force commander Muhsin Batur, who favoured implementing reforms envisaged by the 1961 constitution; they were thus encouraged by the memorandum. Their hopes were dashed when it turned out that the high command had taken power, animated by the spectre of a communist threat, and not a radical group of officers as in 1960. (There were rumours the high command had acted to pre-empt a similar move by junior officers; the notion was seemingly confirmed when a number of officers were retired soon afterwards.) The "restoration of law and order" was given priority; in practice this meant repressing any group viewed as leftist. On the day of the coup, the public prosecutor opened a case against the Workers' Party of Turkey for carrying out communist propaganda and supporting Kurdish separatism. He also sought to close all youth organisations affiliated with Dev-Genç, the Federation of the Revolutionary Youth of Turkey, blamed for the left-wing youth violence and university and urban agitation. Police searches in offices of the teachers' union and university clubs were carried out. Such actions encouraged vigilante action by the "Idealist Hearths", the youth branch of the Nationalist Action Party; provincial teachers and Workers' Party supporters became prime targets. The principal motive for the suppression of the left seems to have been to curb trade union militancy and the demands for higher wages and better working conditions.

The commanders who seized power were reluctant to exercise it directly, deterred by the problems that faced the Greek junta. They had little choice but to rule through an Assembly dominated by conservative, anti-reformist parties and an "above-party" government which was expected to carry out the reforms. The military chiefs would give directives from behind the scenes. To lead this government, on 19 March they chose Nihat Erim, acceptable to the Justice Party and the more conservative faction of the Republican People's Party. (This included İnönü, who embraced the generals once they picked his close associate, but the party's general secretary Bülent Ecevit was infuriated and resigned from his post. For his part, Demirel cautioned his party to remain calm. ) Erim appointed a technocratic cabinet from outside the political establishment to carry out the commanders' socio-economic reform programme. The regime rested on an unstable balance of power between civilian politicians and the military; it was neither a normal elected government, nor an outright military dictatorship which could entirely ignore parliamentary opposition.

Aftermath
In April, politics was eclipsed (and the envisaged reform put off until after 1973) when a new wave of terror began, carried out by the Turkish People's Liberation Army, in the form of kidnappings with ransom demands and bank robberies. Intelligence sources confirmed rumours that dissident junior officers and military cadets were directing this force. On 27 April, martial law was declared in 11 of 67 provinces, including major urban areas and Kurdish regions. Soon, youth organisations were banned, union meetings prohibited, leftist (but not militant neo-fascist) publications proscribed and strikes declared illegal. After the Israeli consul was abducted on 17 May, hundreds of students, young academics, writers, trade unionists and Workers' Party activists—not just leftists but also people with liberal-progressive sympathies—were detained and tortured. The consul was shot four days later after a daytime curfew had been announced.

For the next two years, repression continued, with martial law renewed every two months. Constitutional reforms repealed some of the essential liberal fragments of the 1961 Constitution and allowed the government to withdraw fundamental rights in case of "abuse". The National Intelligence Organization (MİT) used the Ziverbey Villa as a torture center, employing physical and psychological coercion. The Counter-Guerrillas were active in the same building, with interrogations directed by their mainly Central Intelligence Agency-trained specialists, and resulting in hundreds of deaths or permanent injuries. Among their victims was journalist Uğur Mumcu, arrested shortly after the coup, who later wrote that his torturers informed him even the president could not touch them.

Ferit Melen, who made little impression, took over the premiership in April 1972, followed a year later by Naim Talu, whose main task was to lead the country to elections. (An important reassertion of civilian influence took place in March–April 1973, when Demirel and Ecevit, normally at odds, both rejected the generals' choice for president, instead having Fahri Korutürk elected to the post by the Assembly. ) By summer 1973, the military-backed regime had achieved most of its political tasks. The constitution was amended so as to strengthen the state against civil society; special courts were in place to deal with all forms of dissent quickly and ruthlessly (these tried over 3,000 people before their abolition in 1976); the universities, their autonomy ended, had been made to curb the radicalism of students and faculty; radio, television, newspapers and the constitutional court were curtailed; the National Security Council was made more powerful; and, once the Workers' Party was dissolved in July 1971, the trade unions were pacified and left in an ideological vacuum. That May, Necmettin Erbakan's National Order Party had been shut down, which the government claimed showed its even-handedness in the anti-terror campaign, but he was not tried and allowed to resume his activities in October 1972; the National Action Party and the right-wing terrorists who worked under its aegis were left conspicuously alone.

In October 1973, Ecevit, who had won control of the Republican People's Party from İnönü, won an upset victory. Nevertheless, the very same problems highlighted in the memorandum re-emerged. A fragmented party system and unstable governments held hostage by small right-wing parties contributed to political polarization. The economy deteriorated, the Grey Wolves escalated and intensified political terrorism as the 1970s progressed, and left-wing groups too carried out acts aimed at causing chaos and demoralization. In 1980, seeking once again to restore order, the military carried out yet another coup.

In 2013, a monument was unveiled near the site of the Ziverbey Villa in Kadıköy. It commemorates the victims who were tortured inside the building following the coup.

title: 1971 Turkish military memorandum


text:
Blackheath F.C.

Blackheath Football Club is a rugby union club based in Well Hall, Eltham, in south-east London.

The club was founded in Blackheath in 1858 and is the fourth-oldest rugby club in continuous existence in the world, after Dublin University Football Club (1854), Liverpool St Helens F.C. (1857), and Edinburgh Academical Football Club (1857). The Blackheath club also assisted in organising the world's first rugby international (between England and Scotland in Edinburgh on 27 March 1871) and hosted the first international between England and Wales ten years later – the players meeting and getting changed at the Princess of Wales public house. Blackheath, along with Civil Service F.C., is one of the two clubs that can claim to be a founder member of both The Football Association and the Rugby Football Union.

The club currently plays in National League 1, the third tier of the English rugby union system, with matches played at Well Hall after a move from Rectory Field in Blackheath at the end of the 2015–16 season.

Early history
The institution was founded as "Blackheath Football Club" in 1858 by old boys of Blackheath Proprietary School who played a "carrying" game of football made popular by Rugby School. When the old boys played against the current pupils, supporters would shout for either "Club" or "School" accordingly. This is why, to this day, supporters of BFC shout for "Club", not for "Blackheath". In 1863, the club developed the tactic of passing the ball from player to player as an alternative to the solo break and the "kick and follow-up".

Blackheath is the fourth-oldest rugby club in continuous existence in the world, after Dublin University Football Club (1854), Liverpool St Helens F.C. (1857) and Edinburgh Academical Football Club (1857), but asserts it is the "oldest independent Rugby club, meaning that it was not attached to any institution such as a military establishment, hospital, school or college."

In 1863 Blackheath was a founder member of The Football Association which was formed at the Freemasons' Tavern, Great Queen Street, on Lincoln Inn Fields, London 26 October 1863 with the intention to frame a code of laws that would embrace the best and most acceptable points of all the various methods of play under the one heading of "football". Francis Maule Campbell, a member of Blackheath, was elected treasurer. At the fifth meeting Campbell argued that hacking was an essential element of 'football' and that eliminating hacking would "do away with all the courage and pluck from the game, and I will be bound over to bring over a lot of Frenchmen who would beat you with a week’s practice." At the sixth meeting on 8 December Campbell withdrew Blackheath, explaining that the rules that the FA intended to adopt would destroy the game and all interest in it. Other rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the Football Association. In this way the great divide between association football and rugby took place.

In December 1870, Edwin Ash, secretary of Richmond Football Club published a letter in the papers which said, "Those who play the rugby-type game should meet to form a code of practice as various clubs play to rules which differ from others, which makes the game difficult to play." On 26 January 1871 a meeting attended by representatives from 22 clubs was held in London at the Pall Mall Restaurant. As a result of this meeting the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was founded. Three lawyers who had been pupils at Rugby School drew up the first laws of the game which were approved in June 1871. The Club is one of seven of the original twenty-one clubs to have survived to this day.

Later history
Blackheath initially played its matches on the Heath (meeting and changing at the Princess of Wales public house) but occasional interruptions from spectators led the club to move, initially to a private field (Richardson's Field) in Blackheath before moving to the Rectory Field in 1883.

On 27 March 1871, England (captained by Blackheath's captain and with three other Club players in the 20-strong side) played Scotland at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, losing by one point. This was the first international rugby union game in history. Richardson's Field hosted the first England v. Wales fixture on 19 February 1881, which England won, again with four Club players in the side. In 1982 Blackheath joined the list of winning teams at the Glengarth Sevens at Stockport R.U.F.C.

Blackheath were one of the opponents for The Original All Blacks on their 1905–06 northern hemisphere tour, the first-ever New Zealand rugby union tour outside of Australasia. The touring side ran out 32–0 victors.

After 158 years it was announced that the 2015–16 season would be the last playing at the historic Rectory Field as the club had made the difficult decision to move to their training ground, Well Hall in Eltham, for the 2016–17 season to maximise matchday revenue and to continue developing for the future. Blackheath played their last game at the Rectory Field on 30 April 2016, beating Blaydon 45–17.

Modern club

 * Blackheath FC's first team currently plays in National Division 1 in England, but the club fields many sides.
 * The mini and junior sections have their own home ground, based at Kidbrooke Road, Well Hall, London, SE9.
 * The club also has two women's teams, the first XV winning the Championship South East 2 League back to back in seasons 2015–16 and 2016–17.
 * The club provides sections ranging from under-6's right through to under-18's, and has experienced success at all levels.
 * The mini section ran its first Mini Rugby Festival at Eltham College on 25 November 2007.
 * The club also runs a rugby academy, which started in its current format in 2013, for boys who wish to continue their academic studies alongside playing rugby. The academy is also based at Well Hall.

Notable players

 * See also Category:Blackheath F.C. players

 * 🏴 David Allen – openside flanker who played at Club for 13 seasons between 2004 and 2016, scoring 147 league tries from 274 appearances and becoming the all-time top try scorer in tier 3. Gained 8 caps for the England Counties XV as well as appearing for the Barbarians.
 * 🏴 Harold Dingwall Bateson.
 * 🏴 Thomas Batson
 * 🏴 Norman Bruce
 * 🏴 Mike Bulpitt
 * 🏴 George Burton (rugby union)
 * 🏴 Mike Campbell-Lamerton.
 * 🏴 Charles Arthur Crompton, played in England's first international
 * 🏴 Walter Michael Dickson
 * 🏴 John Douglas
 * 🏴 Hector Forsayth
 * 🏴 Edward Fraser
 * 🏴 C.B. Fry
 * 🇳🇿 John Gallagher, All Black and member of the team that won the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987.
 * 🇨🇦 Stephen Gray, played for Canada 1987,91,95 World Cups.
 * 🇬🇧 Thomas Gubb
 * 🏴 Stan Harris
 * 🇺🇸 Dhani Jones
 * 🏴 Aadel Kardooni, England A
 * John Selwyn Moll
 * 🇿🇦 JEC 'Birdie' Partridge
 * 🏴 Alexander William Pearson (born 1854)
 * 🏴 Charles Pillman. Played for England 18 times before WW1.
 * 🏴 Robert Pillman. Charles Pillman's younger brother who played for England against France in 1914 and was killed in Belgium in 1916
 * 🏴 Hamish Scott
 * 🏴 E H D Sewell sports writer and cricketer
 * 🏴 Charles Sherrard (1849–1938), played in England's first international
 * 🏴 Joe Simpson.
 * 🏴 Mickey Skinner "The Munch".
 * 🏴 Stephen Smith. Five England caps
 * 🏴 Graham Standing
 * 🏴 Frederick Stokes (1850–1929), the first captain of the England national rugby union team.
 * 🏴 Lennard Stokes (1856–1933), former captain of the England national rugby union team.
 * 🏴 Henry Taylor (rugby union)
 * 🏴 Rob Webber.

Fictional players

 * Dr. Watson, character from the Sherlock Holmes stories

Honours

 * Middlesex Sevens (2): 1932, 1958
 * Gala Sevens (1): 1957
 * Kent Cup (16): 1891, 1972, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1996, 2003, 2009, 2013
 * Glengarth Sevens Main Event (1): 1982
 * Glengarth Sevens Davenport Plate (1): 1983
 * National Division Three South (1): 2003–04
 * National League 2 East (1): 2022–23

title: Blackheath F.C.


text:
Battle of Stiklestad

The Battle of Stiklestad (Slaget på Stiklestad, Stiklarstaðir) in 1030 is one of the most famous battles in the history of Norway. In this battle, King Olaf II of Norway (Óláfr Haraldsson) was killed. During the pontificate of Pope Alexander III, the Roman Catholic Church declared Olaf a saint in 1164.

His younger half-brother, Harald Hardrada (Haraldr Haraldsson harðráði), was also present at the battle. Harald was only fifteen when the battle of Stiklestad took place. He became King of Norway in 1047, until his death in a failed invasion of England at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066.

The authenticity of the battle as a historical event is subject to question. Contemporary sources say the king was murdered. According to the Anglo Saxon Chronicle of 1030, Olaf was killed by his own people. Adam of Bremen wrote in 1070 that Olaf was killed in an ambush, and so did Florence of Worcester in 1100. Those are the only contemporary sources that mention the death of the king. After the king's canonization it was felt that the saint could not have died in such circumstances. The story of the Battle of Stiklestad as most know it gradually developed during the two centuries following the death of King Olaf. Since he was sainted, Olaf must have fallen in a major battle for Christianity.

Background
During the 9th century, Norway was divided between several local kings controlling their own fiefs. By the end of the century, King Harald Fairhair (Old Norse: Haraldr Hárfagri) managed, mainly due to the military superiority gained by his marriage alliance with Hákon Grjótgarðsson of Nidaros, to subjugate these mini–kingdoms, and he created a unified Norwegian state.

This alliance came apart after Harald's death. The jarls of Lade and various descendants of Harald Fairhair would spend the next century interlocked in feuds over power. As well as power politics, religion also played a part in these conflicts, as two of the descendants of Harald Fairhair, Haakon the Good and Olaf Tryggvason attempted to convert the then heathen Norwegians to Christianity. In the year 1000, Sveinn Hákonarson and Eiríkr Hákonarson of Lade took control over Norway, being supported by the Danish King Sweyn Forkbeard (Old Norse: Sveinn Haraldsson Tjúguskegg). In 1015, Olaf Haraldsson, representing the descendants of Harald Fairhair, returned from one of his Viking trips and was immediately elected as King of Norway. In June 1016, he won the Battle of Nesjar against the jarls of Lade.

Olav Haraldsson's success in becoming King of Norway was helped by the Danes being kept occupied with the ongoing fighting in England. In the year 1028, the Danish king Cnut the Great made an alliance with the Lades, and Olaf had to go into exile in Kievan Rus' (Old Norse: Garðaríki). In the year of 1029 the last Lade jarl, Haakon Sigurdsson (Old Norse: Hákon Sigurðarson), drowned, and Olaf prepared a military expedition to reclaim the throne. Olaf was supported by the Swedish king Anund Jacob who wanted to weaken Cnut's power and provided Olaf with 400 men and guides that could lead Olaf through Dalarna into Norway.

Battle
According to saga sources, Olaf traveled with his 3,600 man army through Sweden and crossed the mountains into the valley of Verdal (Old Norse: Veradalr), about 80 km north of the city of Trondheim. Olaf and his men arrived at Stiklestad, a farm in the lower part of the valley. This was where the Battle of Stiklestad took place, as described by Snorri Sturluson in his famous work Heimskringla, written about 200 years later.

At Stiklestad, Olaf met an army led by Hárek of Tjøtta (Old Norse: Hárekr ór Þjóttu), Thorir Hund from Bjarkøy and Kálfr Árnason, a man who previously served Olaf. The farmer army consisted of one hundred hundred according to Snorri, which in long hundreds means 14,400, and not 10,000. He states that the battle cry of Olaf's men was Fram, fram, kristsmenn, krossmenn, konungsmenn! (Forward! Forward! Men of Christ, men of the cross, men of the king!), while that of the opposing army was Fram, fram, búandmenn! (Forward! Forward! Farmers!).

According to Snorri, Olaf received three severe wounds – in the knee, in the neck, and while leaning against a large stone the final mortal spear thrust up under his mail shirt and into his belly. According to saga sources, Thorir was among those who gave Olaf his lethal wounds, together with Kálfr Árnason and Torstein Knarresmed from Rovde in Sunnmøre. While earlier sources do not specify who dealt the king his blows, Snorri makes Thorir Hund responsible for the latter, using the spear that had killed his nephew and set the fallout between the king and Thorir in motion. During the Battle of Stiklestad, King Olaf almost killed Thorir Hund with a war hammer. However, Torstein Knarresmed managed to get between them and gave Olaf a wound right above his left knee. Shortly later Thorir Hund thrust his spear into the king's stomach before Kálfr Árnason struck the king in the throat with his sword. Torstein Knarresmed was subsequently killed by a blow in the back but was revenged later that same day by one of Thorir's men. The king's body was carried away and buried secretly in the sandy banks of the Nidelva River south of the city of Trondheim.

Aftermath
The year after the battle, his grave and coffin were opened and according to Snorri the body was incorrupt and the hair and nails had grown since he was buried. The coffin was then moved to St. Clement's Church in Trondheim. Among the bishops that Olaf had brought with him from England, was Grimketel and it was he that initiated the beatification of Olaf on 3 August. Stiklestad Church (Stiklestad kyrkje) was erected on top of the stone against which St Olaf died. The stone is supposedly still inside the altar of the church.

One hundred years later, Nidaros Cathedral was built in Trondheim on the site of his original burial place. Olaf's body was moved to this church and enshrined in a silver reliquary behind the high altar. This reliquary took the form of a miniature church, common to medieval reliquaries containing the entire body of a saint, but was unique in that it is said to have had dragon heads at the apex of the gables similar to those still seen on Norwegian stave churches. In the 16th century, during the Protestant Reformation period, Olaf's body was removed from this reliquary, which was melted down for coinage by order of the Dano-Norwegian king. His remains were reburied somewhere in Nidaros Cathedral – exactly where is still today an unsolved mystery. Queen Josephine of Leuchtenberg of Norway and Sweden, the consort of Oscar I, asked for the one known remaining relic of St. Olaf, an ulna or radius in a medieval reliquary in the Danish National Museum, from King Frederik VII of Denmark, which he gave to her and which she in turn gave to St. Olaf's Cathedral in Oslo in August 1862.

Evaluation
While Snorri's description of the battles in the Heimskringla makes for epic reading, its grandeur most likely must be put down to the writer's taste for the grand.

In Gardarike, Olaf was only surrounded by his most loyal followers. Neither can one expect that recruitment was especially ample in Sweden or through the sparsely-populated valleys through which Olaf travelled. Thus, Olaf's army was probably of a rather rag-tag character, an impression accentuated by tales of how local robber groups would join it as Olaf made his way down Verdal. The recruitment of robber gangs and other scofflaws was likely no surprise to the polytheistic heathens that opposed Olaf's attempts to forcibly convert them by murdering and torturing regional Jarls and Kings to terrorize them into accepting Christianity. Heimskringla reports that Anund Jacob could not raise support of an invasion of Norway among the Swedes and could only provide Olaf with a smaller force made out of his personal soldiers.

In fact, why Olaf chose to travel through the politically-hostile Trøndelag, rather than to try to rally his relatives and political allies of Eastern Norway, is to this day an unsolved mystery. Perhaps he was making a last-ditch attempt for Nidaros, hoping to win acceptance for his claim to the throne amongst the farmers of Trøndelag.

On the other hand, the opposition – basically lower nobles and grand farmers under the influence of King Cnut – could not have had much time to assemble a large force. When alerted to Olaf's presence, they must have responded swiftly, considering that they met Olaf relatively far up the valley. Therefore, their action points more toward a small, hastily-arranged rally of men rather than the elaborate logistics that would have been needed to assemble a 10,000-man-strong army.

Those who could have mobilized a large-scale army, the local nobles of Trøndelag (of which Einar Thambarskelfir was a prime example) were notable largely by their absence on either side. Also, the battlefield of a hotly-contested battle between nearly 20,000 men should have produced rich archeological findings to that effect; at Stiklestad however, these are sparse, though this is common in Norway. The rocky soil is not as well-suited to battlefield archaeology as continental or English soil. It makes georadar readings all but unusable, and the location of the battle site highly uncertain. On Stiklestad, the soil is deep soil with some clay, and georadar was used in 2008, showing traces of large buildings, but not much to indicate a battlefield. As is the case with most battles mentioned in the sagas, the sizes of the battling armies are probably impossible to determine.

Olaf's role in Norwegian history had only just begun at his death. While nobles and rich farmers had expected their position to improve with the removal of the aggressive Olaf, the opposite happened. The rule of Cnut's mistress and their infant son Svein was exceedingly harsh on the people. The church especially – a traditional ally of Olaf – came under greater pressure.

Thus, the late King's martyr status was accentuated, helping to incite common folk into revolting against the hardships enforced by the succeeding Danish rule. Propaganda proclaiming the heroic nature of Olaf's last stand made for great nation-building material in the immature Norwegian state, where the warrior ethic of the Vikings and their gods and goddesses were still highly revered. According to Snorri, even nature lent a hand, as the day of the battle coincided with a nearly-full solar eclipse, as reflected in the description of an ill-fated 'blooded red sun', which was interpreted as a certain omen of bad things to come. However, the solar eclipse took place at about 2:00 p.m. on August 31 that year contrary to the traditional date of the battle on July 29.

Olaf was a rather stubborn and rash ruler. Modern historians generally agree that Olaf was inclined to violence and brutality. Ironically, he became Norway's patron saint. His canonization was performed only a year after his death by the bishop of Nidaros. The cult of Olaf not only unified the country, it also fulfilled the conversion of the nation, something for which the king had fought so hard.

While divisive in life, in death Olaf became – Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae – the eternal king of Norway, wielded a unifying power no foreign monarch could hope to undo. Cnut, most distracted by the task of administering England, managed to rule Norway for five years after the battle through his viceroy son Svein. However, when Olaf's illegitimate son Magnus (dubbed 'the Good') laid claim to the Norwegian throne, Cnut had to yield. Thus, a century of prosperity and expansion followed, lasting until the kingdom again descended into the Civil war era in Norway over the issue of succession.'

Legacy
Stiklestad National Cultural Center (Stiklestad Nasjonale Kultursenter) at Verdal was established by a parliamentary resolution in 1995. Olavsstøtta is a monument in the Stiklestad National Cultural Center. It was erected in 1807 in memory of the Battle of Stiklestad. The memorial is one of the oldest preserved public monuments in Norway.

In 1901, poet Per Sivle wrote a poem Tord Foleson, about King Olaf's standard-bearer at the battle. Foleson was able to plant the banner before he died, and it remained standing throughout the battle, even after the king fell. It was kept erect and replaced by the local populace for centuries, and a memorial stands at the site today. The most famous line of the poem, Merket det stend, um mannen han stupa ('The symbol stands, even when the man falls'), is inscribed on the memorial in Stalheim, Norway. It is also on the inscription wall in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp memorial site.

The Saint Olav Drama (Spelet om Heilag Olav) is an outdoor theatre performance played every end of July in Stiklestad. In July 1954, the owner of the farm at Stiklestad gave permission for the performance of a play based on the battle on his property. The play was written by Olav Gullvåg and has been staged every year since 1954. Annually, people travel to Stiklestad to watch The Saint Olaf Drama at what is now the largest outdoor theatre in Scandinavia.

Other sources

 * Bagge, Sverre Cross and Scepter (Princeton University Press. 2014) ISBN 978-0691161501
 * Bagge, Sverre From Viking Stronghold to Christian Kingdom (Museum Tusculanum Press. 2010) ISBN 978-8763507912
 * Henriksen, Vera St Olav of Norway: King, saint and enigma (TANO. 1985) ISBN 978-8251820554
 * Myklebus, Morten Olaf Viking & Saint (Norwegian Council for Cultural Affairs, 1997) ISBN 978-82-7876-004-8
 * Winroth, Anders The Conversion of Scandinavia (Yale University Press. 2012) ISBN 978-0300205534

title: Battle of Stiklestad


text:
User talk:RJHall

Oh dear, I just noticed this - sad, but look after yourself and keep happy. If you ever do decide to come back, we'll be here, cheers, Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 03:41, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

Come Back RJH
RJH lives on. ElliottBelardo (talk) 13:17, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

DYK for NGC 6752
Alex ShihTalk 12:03, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

Million Awards
The Million Award is a new initiative to recognize the editors of Wikipedia's most-read content; you can read more about the award and its possible tiers (Quarter Million Award, Half Million Award, and Million Award) at Million Award. You're also welcome to display this userbox:

If I've made any error in this listing, please don't hesitate to correct it; if for any reason you don't feel you deserve it, please don't hesitate to remove it; if you know of any other editor who merits one of these awards, please don't hesitate to give it; if you yourself deserve another award from any of the three tiers, please don't hesitate to take it!

I'm sorry to see you've decided to retire, but whether you someday choose to return or not, thanks for the millions of readers your work has helped, and will continue to help. Cheers and all best, -- Khazar2 (talk) 03:13, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

bummer that you left
maybe good in a way for you (this site can be stressful). bad for the site though. really liked your contributions and interactions. if you can participate in fluorine's formal peer review, appreciate.71.127.137.171 (talk) 20:48, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
  space exploration

Thank you for quality articles on astronomy and its history, such as History of Mars observation, and for pointing out the Seven Deadly Stereotypes, - repeating: you are an awesome Wikipedian (9 October 2010)!

--Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:10, 8 January 2013 (UTC) A year ago, you were the 359th recipient of my PumpkinSky Prize, --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:49, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

Three years ago, you were recipient no. 359 of Precious, a prize of QAI! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:26, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Thank you for today's Epsilon Eridani! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 16:14, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

Seven years now! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:42, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

More reasons to keep
Hello RJHall, long time ago you have expressed your views on Articles_for_deletion/List_of_dictators. Now I have improved the related articles and lists with systematic findings based on published reliable sources from history and political science. However, two of them are currently submitted to Afds (by a Chinese Wikipedian who in the past has personally attacked me for my contribution to politics-related articles in Chinese Wikipedia). Your comments are welcome and appreciated: (1) Articles_for_deletion/List_of_dictatorships (2)Articles_for_deletion/List_of_modern_dictators_in_Latin_America. Thanks.--(comparingChinese Wikipedia vs Baidu Baike by hanteng) 15:28, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Lunar crater references
Template:Lunar crater references has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Ricky81682 (talk) 06:42, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

Retirement
Hi,

I just noticed your departure. I will not dare adding my voice to those asking someone who's created Inline tags and done so much more for the project to return. I entirely respect your decision. If I may ask you for an ultimate favor, could you give us an idea of the reasons behind your decision?

Thank you very much --Chealer (talk) 04:30, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * It's natural to take a vacation, but hope to see you back one day, Mr Hall - at the place where the job is never finished. JMK (talk) 14:47, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Agreed! Same here, you are missed. BOZ (talk) 23:18, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

Thanks folks
Thank you for all your kind words.

The reason I departed is that I had just grown too frustrated about having to interact with hard-headed individuals regarding the minutia of page content and layout. I'd spent much time getting pages just so--exactly according to the MoS, only to have it switched around with useful information removed. Rather than spending endless time futilely battling over such details and engaging in what proved to be pointless debates, I retired.

Anyway, I've said my piece. At present I have a new and much more rewarding hobby in 3D modeling, so rarely spend time here any more. Wikipedia remains a useful source of information though, and for that I'm thankful. Good luck with your projects, and may you have more patience with narrow-minded people than I did. RJH (talk) 02:47, 5 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Wow that sounds fun - good luck with the hobby! Been buffing astronomy articles in your absence.....but take care of yourself. Leisure time is too valuable to waste if not unwinding and enjoying....Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 04:27, 5 December 2014 (UTC)
 * 3D modeling is awesome; I've used Autodesk Maya in the past to make some cool stuff and it's always been fun... I'd say the reason I contribute here is because I find it to be a more productive and more rewarding use of my free time than watching random YouTube videos and the like, but if it ever stopped becoming fun, I wouldn't think twice about quitting. You gotta enjoy life! StringTheory11 (t • c) 15:22, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

Merry Christmas!

BOZ (talk) is wishing you a Merry Christmas! This greeting (and season) promotes WikiLove and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a Merry Christmas, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Don't eat yellow snow!

Spread the holiday cheer by adding to their talk page with a friendly message. I'm wishing you a Merry Christmas, because that is what I celebrate. If you don't like Christmas or just don't celebrate it in any of its forms, then please accept a generic "Happy Holidays". If you celebrate no holidays at this time of year, then hopefully you will be satisfied with an even more generic "Season's Greetings". :)

Epsilon Eridani scheduled for TFA
This is to let you know that the Epsilon Eridani article has been scheduled as today's featured article for February 15, 2017. Please check the article needs no amendments. If you're interested in editing the main page text, you're welcome to do so at Today's featured article/February 15, 2017, but note that a coordinator will trim the lead to around 1100 characters anyway, so you aren't obliged to do so. Thanks! Jimfbleak - talk to me?  12:07, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Feb 14 to avoid clash with an FP, sorry Jimfbleak - talk to me?  06:54, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

FA Review for Ceres
I have nominated Ceres (dwarf planet) for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. 20:18, 21 June 2019 (UTC)

FAR of Earth
I have nominated Earth for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Soumya-8974 talk contribs subpages 18:08, 15 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Your call has been forwarded to an automated voice messaging system.  Le Panini   (Talk tome?)  19:04, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

Today's Wikipedian 10 years ago
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:46, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Jupiter Featured article review
I have nominated Jupiter for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  00:07, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:50, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

We miss you. Today we enjoy Earth, on Earth Day. I run a little celebration on my talk, including Psalm 115. Enjoy what you do! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:52, 22 April 2021 (UTC)

We thank you today for Globular cluster, introduced in 2006: "This is a significant general topic within the discipline of astronomy." You and your work are remembered! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 06:10, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

FAR for Mars
I have nominated Mars for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. (t · c)  buidhe  13:50, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Featured Article Save Award for Mars
There is a Featured Article Save Award nomination at Wikipedia talk:Featured article review/Mars/archive1. Please join the discussion to recognize and celebrate editors who helped assure this article would retain its featured status. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  01:51, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

FAR for Supernova
I have nominated Supernova for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. BloatedBun (talk) 10:59, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

Thank you today for the article, and all who helped with the review. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 22:34, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Globular cluster scheduled for TFA
This is to let you know that the Globular cluster article has been scheduled as today's featured article for July 10, 2022. July 1 has a date-linked TFA already. Please check the article needs no amendments. If you're interested in editing the main page text, you're welcome to do so at Today's featured article/July 10, 2022, but note that a coordinator will trim the lead to around 1000 characters anyway, so you aren't obliged to do so.

For Featured Articles promoted recently, there will be an existing blurb linked from the FAC talk page, which is likely to be transferred to the TFA page by a coordinator at some point.

We suggest that you watchlist Main Page/Errors from the day before this appears on Main Page. Thanks! Jimfbleak - talk to me?  13:35, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Nature
Nature has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. GabrielPenn4223 (talk) 15:36, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Boeing Aircraft Holding Company

A tag has been placed on Boeing Aircraft Holding Company requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company, corporation or organization that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. RickyCourtney (talk) 20:14, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

"Barnard's star in fiction" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnard%27s_star_in_fiction&redirect=no Barnard's star in fiction] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TompaDompa (talk) 20:16, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

"82 Eridani in fiction" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=82_Eridani_in_fiction&redirect=no 82 Eridani in fiction] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TompaDompa (talk) 20:19, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

"Delta Pavonis in fiction" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delta_Pavonis_in_fiction&redirect=no Delta Pavonis in fiction] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TompaDompa (talk) 20:43, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

"Lalande 21185 in fiction" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lalande_21185_in_fiction&redirect=no Lalande 21185 in fiction] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TompaDompa (talk) 21:12, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

"Delta Sagittarii in fiction" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delta_Sagittarii_in_fiction&redirect=no Delta Sagittarii in fiction] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TompaDompa (talk) 21:13, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

"Groombridge 1618 in fiction" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groombridge_1618_in_fiction&redirect=no Groombridge 1618 in fiction] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TompaDompa (talk) 21:14, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

"Epsilon Pegasi in fiction" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epsilon_Pegasi_in_fiction&redirect=no Epsilon Pegasi in fiction] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TompaDompa (talk) 21:15, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

"Beta Librae in fiction" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_Librae_in_fiction&redirect=no Beta Librae in fiction] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TompaDompa (talk) 21:18, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

"Gamma Draconis in fiction" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamma_Draconis_in_fiction&redirect=no Gamma Draconis in fiction] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TompaDompa (talk) 21:19, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Nature
Nature has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Z1720 (talk) 20:10, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:RJHall


text:
Gustav Wagner

Gustav Franz Wagner (18 July 1911 – 3 October 1980) was an Austrian member of the SS with the rank of Staff sergeant (Oberscharführer). Wagner was a deputy commander of Sobibor extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where 200,000-250,000 Jews were murdered in the camp's gas chambers during Operation Reinhard. Due to his brutality, he was known as "The Beast" and "Wolf".

Biography
Wagner was born in Vienna, Austria. He served as a soldier in the Austrian army from 1928 and joined the then illegal Nazi Party in 1931 as member number 443,217. After being arrested for proscribed National Socialist agitation, he fled to Germany, where he joined the SA and later the Schutzstaffel in the late 1930s, serving as a guard at an unknown concentration camp.

In May 1940, Wagner was part of the Aktion T4 euthanasia program at Hartheim killing centre with administrative functions and cremating the bodies of murdered patients. Due to his experience in T4, Wagner was assigned to help establish the Sobibor extermination camp in March 1942 and oversaw the construction of the camp. Once the gassing installation, barracks, and fences were completed, Wagner became deputy commandant of the camp under Commandant Franz Stangl. His official title was quartermaster-sergeant of the camp.

Wagner was in charge of selecting which prisoners from the newly arrived transports would be used as slave laborers in and outside the camp, from among the newly arrived ghetto inhabitants. When Wagner was on vacation or attending to duties elsewhere, Karl Frenzel assumed his role within the camp.

More than any other officer at Sobibor, Wagner was responsible for the daily interactions with prisoners. Survivors of the camp described him as a cold-blooded sadist. Wagner was known to beat and thrash camp inmates on a regular basis, and to kill Jews without reason or restraint. Inmate Moshe Bahir described him: "He was a handsome man, tall and blond — a pure Aryan. In civilian life he was, no doubt, a well-mannered man; at Sobibor he was a wild beast. His lust to kill knew no bounds... He would snatch babies from their mothers' arms and tear them to pieces in his hands. I saw him beat two men to death with a rifle, because they did not carry out his instructions properly, since they did not understand German.  I remember that one night a group of youths aged fifteen or sixteen arrived in the camp.  The head of this group was one Abraham.  After a long and arduous work day, this young man collapsed on his pallet and fell asleep.  Suddenly Wagner came into our barrack, and Abraham did not hear him call to stand up at once before him.  Furious, he pulled Abraham naked off his bed and began to beat him all over his body.  When Wagner grew weary of the blows, he took out his revolver and killed him on the spot. This atrocious spectacle was carried out before all of us, including Abraham's younger brother."

Erich Bauer later remarked: "I estimate that the number of Jews gassed at Sobibor was about 350,000. In the canteen at Sobibor I once overheard a conversation between Karl Frenzel, Franz Stangl and Gustav Wagner. They were discussing the number of victims in the extermination camps of Belzec, Treblinka and Sobibor and expressed their regret that Sobibor 'came last' in the competition."

Also according to Bauer, Wagner participated in gang rapes of female prisoners prior to killing them: "I was blamed for being responsible for the death of the Jewish girls Ruth and Gisela, who lived in the so-called forester house. As it is known, these two girls lived in the forester house, and they were visited frequently by the SS men. Orgies were conducted there.  They were attended by [Kurt] Bolender, [Hubert] Gomerski, Karl Ludwig, Franz Stangl, Gustav Wagner, and Steubel.  I lived in the room above them and due to these celebrations could not fall asleep after coming back from a journey...."

Inmate Eda Lichtman wrote that on the Jewish fast day of Yom Kippur, Wagner appeared at roll call, selected some prisoners, gave them bread and forced them to eat it. As the prisoners ate the bread, Wagner laughed loudly, enjoying his joke because he knew that these Jews were pious.

One of the Sobibor prisoners improvised a song which ironically described camp life (original text with English translation):

Wagner enjoyed this song and he forced the prisoners to sing it frequently.

After two Jews escaped from Sobibor in the spring of 1943, Wagner was put in charge of a squad of soldiers from the Wehrmacht, who laid minefields around the camp so as to prevent further escapes. However, these efforts did not prevent another escape, which took form in the Sobibor revolt. Wagner was not present at the camp on the day of the Sobibor revolt on 14 October 1943, having taken a holiday with his then wife Karin to celebrate the birth of a daughter, Marion. The inmates knew of Wagner's absence and believed that it would improve their chances of success. Wagner was considered the strictest in terms of prisoner supervision at the camp. After the successful revolt, Wagner was ordered to aid in closing the camp. He helped to dismantle and remove evidence of the camp by ruthlessly commanding the Jewish prisoners who performed this task. For instance, after the Arbeitsjuden "worker Jews" had been transported from Treblinka and had successfully torn down the Sobibor barracks, Wagner killed them.

Heinrich Himmler considered Wagner to be "one of the most deserving men of Operation Reinhard" (einer der verdientesten Männer der Aktion Reinhard).

After Sobibor, Wagner was transferred to Italy, where he participated in the deportation of Jews with other staff from the extermination camps and T4.

After World War II
Initially unknown, Wagner, disguising himself as a regular military motorcyclist was held and then released from a prisoner of war camp. He found labouring work on houses and eventually was sentenced to death in absentia. Franz Stangl by chance passed Wagner as he worked on a building site demolishing a house and Wagner immediately joined his former commandant and crossed into Italy. Clergy at the Collegio Teutonico di Santa Maria dell'Anima sheltered both men in Rome and arranged for them to leave for Syria via the Ratlines. Later both men with Stangl's wife and children fled to Brazil, where Wagner was admitted as a permanent resident and Brazilian passport was issued in the name of "Günther Mendel". He worked as a house-helper for a wealthy Brazilian family and then as a maker of concrete fence posts on a farm. He married a local woman who was a widow and raised her children and lived outside Sao Paulo.

Wagner was arrested on 30 May 1978 after an investigation by Simon Wiesenthal. When Stangl had been put on trial in Germany, he testified that Wagner was living in Brazil, but the Brazilian police failed to locate him. When a journalist showed Wiesenthal a photograph of a group of German-Brazilians celebrating Hitler's eighty-ninth birthday, Wiesenthal falsely identified one of the men as Wagner, thinking that he could spook Wagner into fleeing and inadvertently revealing himself. However, Wagner instead surrendered himself to the Brazilian authorities, who then refused extradition requests from Israel, Austria, Yugoslavia, West Germany, and Poland.

Wagner, in a 1979 BBC interview, showed no remorse for his activities in running the camp, remarking: "I had no feelings. ... It just became another job. In the evening we never discussed our work, but just drank and played cards."

In October 1980, Wagner was found dead with a knife in his chest in Atibaia. Wagner's attorney reported his death as a suicide though Szlomo Szmajzner implied to Jules Schelvis and Richard Rashke that there may have been more to the story. Several historians, including Rashke himself, have speculated that Szmajzner himself murdered Wagner. Wagner's date of death was determined to be 3 October 1980.

title: Gustav Wagner