text:
Talk:Ashkelon

rocket into hospital
The rocket that hit the Ashkelon hospital did not hit it in may 2008 but earlier, in februray 08: http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3512185,00.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.229.116.204 (talk) 19:10, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Image Size
The image on this page needs to be reset for a smaller size. Brockthepaine 16:39, 25 Mar 2008
 * Done - there was some change at WikiMedia which meant that this happened on many pages. The fix: simply to remove the px from after the image size although also in this case the 3 was missing from the main image. Thanks for flagging it up. Flymeoutofhere (talk) 16:13, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Name: What is Ashqelon-Ashkelon
How pretentious that Ashkelon is Ashqelon in the English-language Wikipedia, to stroke parochial vanities. Wetman 16:22, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Wha...? Where is this coming from? Isn't Ashqelon the official spelling? It was always my understanding that Ashkelon is a media spelling, much like Rechovot instead of Rehovot, or Eilat instead of Elat, or Hawaii instead of Hawai‘i. Ashqelon is also the closest diacritic-free spelling alternate to the academic Standard Hebrew transliteration, Ašqəlon. What's the matter? Who's stroking whose vanities? - Gilgamesh 01:00, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There is no "official" spelling, but Ashkelon is the most common.--Josiah 01:02, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This is what I know. Before recently when I merged Ashkelon and Ashqelon, Ashkelon was about the history of the city (including modern times), and Ashqelon was purely about the Israeli city with a few more specific details on it. It's also been Asqalān in Arabic and Ascalon in Latin. With all the different forms, I thought it proper to unite them under the Standard Hebrew name. - Gilgamesh 02:49, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Also, look at the page history of Ashqelon to see how the article already existed. Since it's the article for the city today, I put Ashkelon's content in the history section then placed a redirect to Ashqelon. And "Ashqelon" is not as uncommon as you may think — there are thousands of Google results for it. There's nothing pretentious about it; it would instead seem to suggest that Ashqelon and Ashkelon are both permissable spellings and neither is necessarily wrong. Also, plenty of other articles for Israeli cities (and Israeli settlements) use Q in the article spelling. See Qiryat Arba. - Gilgamesh 02:55, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

One reason that there was an entry Ashkelon for the ancient city and a separate Ashqelon for the modern one is that the modern city is not historically continuous with the ancient site, nor even exactly on the same ground. (Please click on the link.)  "Ashkelon" has been the standard spelling in English print since the 17th century, google-schmoogle. Wetman 01:43, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Alright, I won't dispute it. "Ashkelon" it is. - Gilgamesh 04:23, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Issues regarding using "Canaanite" as a "Hebrew" script
Please see comments regarding this matter at Thank you. IZAK 08:00, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Changes of Hebrew definitions
See discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Judaism concerning appropriate uses of the word "Hebrew" here. IZAK 05:33, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

History
A large chunck of history between Byzantium and the Crusades needs to be filled in. --Yodakii 08:42, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Equaly important, a large chunk of history between 7th Century and 1948 needs to be filled in from the vantage point of its own culture and inhabitants. Al Majdal was not exactly a ghost town unless you consider Arabs or Muslims to be ghosts. It is for this reason that a separate page for AL Majdal is necessary in order to have freedom of thought and justice. This is not intended to be a political argument. I simply don't see how the current page here can survive a transition from a mind-set that is fixated on European events to another that is concerned with local events like any other functional city. It needs to address historical landmarks such as the shrine of Imam Hussein and the fountain of Job (Biblical figure) for example. Users who keep redirecting Al majdal seem to be in denial of the fact that others once inhabited the city for a very long period of time. And that many important historical events took place over there and would need to link to somewhere when the topics are written and cleaned. Thank you for your consideration. HAE

this text has been reverted into a very empty version:

"Ashkelon (אַשְׁקְלוֹן; Tiberian Hebrew ʾAšqəlôn; عسقلان ; Latin: Ascalon) is a city in the western Negev, in the South District of Israel. It was established on the area of an the ancient Philistine (an non-semitic sea people unrelated to todays people by similar name). Ashkelon is seaport on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea just north of Gaza, close to the ruins of the ancient city which existed for over 5000 years. There are about 117,000 citizens in the city. The anciant city was detroyed at 604 BC by the Babilonian king Nbochadnezar and again during the Arab conquest in 1270 AD. An Arab settlement called 'Al-Mijdal' was established on the site after the original area was destroyed completely by the Mamluke king Biberes after it had served as a Crusader base. There remained a large Jewish population in the town until the Crusaders invaded the region in 1153. This was the remnant of the population into which Hordus the king had been born, the Jewish King who rebuilt the Second Temple, and also invested in much building efforts in Ashkelon. The city is home to several startigic facilities such as a power plant, a small harbor and one of the world largest de-salinization plant - all located at the southern end of the city. Recently, the area has been a target of Palestinian Kasam rockets fired from Gaza."

i figure there's some good info here which needs to be readmitted, i will maybe give it a go at a later date. Jaakobou 05:46, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

The first requirement is a good source, but that text had no source at all. Second, a lot of that material is already present in the article in a more reliable form. Third, some of this text is pure speculation, such as the claim that the Jewish population in 1153 was a remnant of some population of 1500+ years earlier. This is way, way, more than any actual historical evidence can possibly be found for. We should avoid speculative assertions. Of course, well-sourced data on the Jewish history would be welcome (though not necessarily in the introduction). Also the time of founding of al-Migdal needs a source and besides it was not "on the site" but a few km to the north-east. It wasn't even the closest Arab village to the site (that was al-Jurah). The relevance of al-Migdal to this article is that the houses of al-Migdal were the initial buildings of modern Ashkelon. --Zerotalk 08:08, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Ashkelon is NOT Mijdal
I am really not sure why all this Mijdal info is in this article.

Ashkelon is a city that existed from biblical times and now a city in modern israel.

Mijdal is a Palestinian village/town that was near by (a bit inland) and no longer exist - it dersve it;s own article like many non exist Palestinians towns.

Sure but Mijdal is a town that has been icluded by the the growing city of Ashkelon. Furthermore in its present day it isnt in possesion of the Palestinian authority, and neither is it included within the 1967 boundaries, nor the armistice line. Zeq 15:59, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Crusader period History
I rewrote the Crusader history section for Ashkelon because i thought it was unacceptable considering that this was an important city during that period. I'll do the Roman and Byzantine history at a later date. Hera52 17:51, 01 July 2007

Fair use rationale for Image:AshkelonLogo.jpg
Image:AshkelonLogo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:57, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Stop anti Israeli propaganda on this page.
Stop declaring lies based on propaganda books about the city of Ashkelon. Whoever is responsible for this page should not allow people to write fake contest under disguise of quoting serious books.

Stop anti Israeli propaganda on this page.
Stop declaring lies based on propaganda books about the city of Ashkelon. Whoever is responsible for this page should not allow people to write fake context under disguise of quoting serious books. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Creativityisme (talk • contribs) 04:56, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Major POV Issues
This article has major POV issues, particularly in the Modern History section. If the information is verifiable, it needs to be worded much differently. I have not seen such a bad case of NPOV on Wikipedia in quite a while.

 * If only every Wikipedia article had "a bad case of NPOV"... ;-) -- ChrisO (talk) 08:03, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

We really need an audio file for the Hebrew pronunciation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.229.54.25 (talk) 06:02, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Persian period
The Persian period is missing, including the amazing dog cemetery that is the largest ancient burial place for dogs ever found. Someone please add! Zerotalk 11:18, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

List of rulers
From the lede: "In the course of its history, it has been ruled by the Canaanites, the Philistines, the Israelites, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Greeks, the Phoenicians, the Romans, the Persians, the Egyptians, the Muslims, the British and the Crusaders."

Which "Muslims" is this talking about? Given that all the rulers listed are nations/states/specific ethnic groups, shouldn't "Muslims" be replaced with whichever specific Muslim nation(s)/state(s)/people(s) were ruling it.

Also, what British rule is it talking about? I could see no other mention of the British in the article. Does it mean the early 20th century Palistinian Mandate (in which case why is it listed before the Crusaders), or something else? Wardog (talk) 11:10, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

 * That's a good point. "British" in this region is synonymous with the mandate, I moved it to last. As Saladin's rule is usually referred to as Egyptian, this leaves "Muslim" to be the Ottoman Empire. I corrected it as such. The lead still needs work, it is too cumbersome and repeats too much material from later in the page. I will correct it later today if someone doesn't beat me to it. --Muhandes (talk) 11:54, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Forgot something. Maybe the Mamluks should be mentioned. I'll look into it later today. --Muhandes (talk) 11:57, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Benjamin of Tudela, explain deletion
I deleted:
 * Around 1163 Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela visited Ashkelon and found about 200 rabbinate Jews living there.

Reason: This is a mistake. What Benjamin wrote was "From there it is five parasangs to Palmid, which is Ashdod of the Philistines, now in ruins; no Jews dwell there. Thence it is two parasangs to Ashkelonah or New Askelon, which Ezra the priest built by the sea. It was originally called Bene Berak. The place is four parasangs distant from the ancient ruined city of Askelon. New Askelon is a large and fair place, and merchants come thither from all quarters, for it is situated on the frontier of Egypt. About 200 Rabbanite Jews dwell here, at their head being R. Zemach, R. Aaron, and R. Solomon; also about forty Karaites, and about 300 Cuthim." So Benjamin was describing a place quite some distance from Ashkelon. Four parasangs is about 22 km, greater than the distance from Ashkelon to Ashdod. Zerotalk 23:57, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

On the other hand it could be that Benjamin was mistaken when writing "The place is four parasangs distant from the ancient ruined city of Askelon." It would be original research to sort this out ourselves; I found a modern source which does interpret the place as Ashkelon. Zerotalk 00:33, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

I think Benjamin of Tudela is mistaking the ruins of Mayunas Ashkelon, which is was a Byzantine town/port somewhat north of the ancient tell, with that of the original tell. Furthermore he talks about karaites being present in ( new Ashkelon ) which thus must be the ancient tell, if we deduct it from karaite sources in Ashkelon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.67.201.103 (talk) 13:14, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Materials
Relevant sources for this article: — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ynhockey (talk • contribs)
 * http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/AroundIsrael/Article.aspx?id=195916

History: eras missing
Greetings,

The heading says "Roman" era, but what is mentioned is Persian, Greek, and Roman "eras".

Also, not much of the "Roman" or Byzantine eras is actually discussed.

Then, there's no mention of the first Islamic conquest in the 600s A.D.

76.17.118.157 (talk) 02:43, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Recent Discoveries
Perhaps the kind people of wikipedia could include information (under "Landmarks") about the recent discovery of a Roman Era Statue, a ruined bath house,and a ruined mosaics. This was after a storm hit Askelon's Beach around December 15 2010. I found it on The CNN website. Sorry, no link. Thanks NDGKH (talk) 00:51, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Benny Morris and the "State of Israel" section
A user at IP address 129.98.208.150 added, at the top of that section of the article, a comment saying:

"(This narrative reflects the view of revisionist historian Benny Morris, and has not been verified as fact)"

There is no way I will get involved with an Israel–Palestine argument, but since I removed the commentary from the article itself, I thought it fair to post the IP editor's complaint on the talk page. If anyone else sees the use of Morris as a problem, here's the place to discuss it. A. Parrot (talk) 23:31, 26 April 2012 (UTC)
 * User:Honesty51 added "The following represents the opinion of historian Benny Morris", which is practically the same thing. Do you know a good way to tell the user that adding that commentary is not appropriate on Wikipedia? David1217 (talk) 22:43, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

The Arab village of al-Majdal or al-Majdal Asqalan...
Is there a reliable source for the Arab village being called al-Majdal Asqalan? I don't think I've seen it called anything except al-Majdal. Of course many authors have noted the ancient name parenthetically after naming al-Majdal, but that doesn't count. Zerotalk 22:51, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

I'm still unsatisfied by this being present without a source. Also, Al-Jura was much closer to the site of ancient Ascalon than al-Majdal was, it is almost missing from this article. Zerotalk 22:31, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Well,medieval Arabic usage might often have qualified al-Majdal with 'Ashqalān in order to discriminate it from Majdal Yābā.
 * The linked name is used in Ami Ayalon, Reading Palestine: Printing and Literacy, 1900-1948, University of Texas Press,p.53 cites letters appearing in the al-Hilal newspaper years for the interwar period from readers in Majdal-'Asqalan, and parentheses are not employed. In his bibliography p.188 he cited 'Abd al-Rahim Ahmad Husayn's Qinat madinah:al-madjdal wa'-asqalan,(Beirut 1987).
 * Moshe Sharon Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae(Addendum. Squeezes in the Max van Berchem Collection) BRILL 2007 p.32 lists an inscription from 1375-6 C.E. that might derive from the mosque built in Majdal 'Asqalān (Majdal-'Asqalān in his index p.186 )around 1300CE.
 * In a memorial book for the town of Majdal 'Aqalan, a photo is glossed with the caption:'Majdal 'Asqalan: 17 martyrs of the 1936 revolt,' cited by Rochelle Davis, 'Mapping the Past, Re-creating the Homeland: Memories Village Places in pre-1948 Palestine,' in Ahmad H. Sa'di, Lila Abu-Lughod (eds.) Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory, Columbia University Press, pp.53-75, p.62.Nishidani (talk) 10:10, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Ok, that's enough evidence to justify inclusion of Majdal Asqalan. One reason I was skeptical (and remain puzzled) is that there was another village Al-Jura situated much closer to the ruins of ancient Ashkelon than al-Majdal was.  Al-Jura was almost adjacent to the ruins, but al-Majdal was 4km from them.  Moreover, al-Jura had been there a very long time (in 1596 census, etc).  So why is al-Majdal rather than al-Jura written up as the modern successor of Asqalan?  Maybe just because it was large and famous compared to al-Jura?  Zerotalk 19:10, 23 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Probably because Sayf ad-Din Salar al-Mansuri an-Nasiri built a notable mosque in Majdal, and not at Jura. Geographical orientation was diff'rent them days, a landscape was sacred or profane, and what was notable was determined by the monuments that marked the songlines. Or sumfen along them there lines, guv. Will keep pies eeled however to see if this can be finessed along the lines you suggest.Nishidani (talk) 19:39, 23 March 2014 (UTC)
 * A fine theory, except that the mosque of Ali's head was also much closer to al-Jura than to al-Majdal. I have another theory: the association is only because Israeli Ashkelon was originally seeded with the buildings of al-Majdal (though it has long since encompassed both locations). Zerotalk 20:43, 23 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Hm. I dunno whether I feel more like Dolly Dyer or Frank Partridge in this exchange, Barry. My only problem is that Salar's mosque in Majdal-'Asqalan is dated ca. 1300, two centuries before records speak of al-Jura. You're probably right, but like 90% of the problems we encounter here, the solution lies in Arabic books, only 1% of whose historical details seeps into foreign languages, ahimé.Nishidani (talk) 22:15, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/Ashkelon
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist
 * http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20110724181500/http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 11:29, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 19:13, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

mentioned in the Bible?
Zep 2:4 For Gaza shall be forsaken, and Ashkelon a desolation: they shall drive out Ashdod at the noon day, and Ekron shall be rooted up

Should not this be noted? Yes, or no? Why, or why not? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.47.87.16 (talk) 19:50, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

Ascalon
The Byzantine section is using Ascalon - any reason? jde 188.164.224.203 (talk) 15:49, 28 June 2015 (UTC)

Lost Children of Roman Ashkelon
Programme on Discovery History 28.06.2015: "Exploring the possibility that child murder was common in the ancient world, following the discovery of a mass grave containing 100 skeletons in the sewers of a Roman bath house." jde188.164.224.203 (talk) 16:03, 28 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Ashkelon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150713125053/http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/Ashkelon to http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/Ashkelon
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080807173931/http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/intl/sistercities.php to http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/intl/sistercities.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20141129025646/http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/article.php3?id_article=2981 to http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/article.php3?id_article=2981

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:26, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Occupied Ashkelon in 1948
I can nowhere find source that Morris claimed that Ashkelon had been "occupied in 1948"Ashkelon is not occupied under international law. I proposed a neutral wording like "taken" which does not have legal connotation.Tritomex (talk) 19:41, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The first page of the source refers to "the occupying Israeli force". It was in the Arab section under the partition plan.  Whether it is considered occupied or not today is entirely irrelevant. Zerotalk 23:55, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Ashkelon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110511145843/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1210668639052&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull to http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1210668639052&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110727053047/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2009/03/01/1003355/kassam-slams-into-ashkelon-school to http://jta.org/news/article/2009/03/01/1003355/kassam-slams-into-ashkelon-school
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101016013525/http://www.israel21c.org/technology/archive to http://www.israel21c.org/technology/archive
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120301080555/http://www.duns100.com/ts.cgi?tsscript=comp_eng&duns=600057582 to http://www.duns100.com/ts.cgi?tsscript=comp_eng&duns=600057582
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110907092241/http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/dogs-buried-at-ashkelon.asp to http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/dogs-buried-at-ashkelon.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131020040546/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_15&CYear=2012 to http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_15&CYear=2012

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:22, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Ashkelon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110713063744/http://www.israel-a-la-carte.com/israelcity_view.asp?id=7 to http://www.israel-a-la-carte.com/israelcity_view.asp?id=7
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150812/http://www.jewisheye.org.il/en/about to http://www.jewisheye.org.il/en/about

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:03, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

History, destruction 604 BCE, "citation needed"
A citation is required, at this point: "As it was the last of the Philistine cities to hold out against Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II. When it fell in 604 BC, burnt and destroyed and its people taken into exile, the Philistine era was over."

The destruction on the city in 604 BCE by Nebuchadnezzar II can be found in the Babylonian Chronicles (BM 21946 obv. 18-20), edited by Wiseman 1961 (first ed. 1956), p. 68f. with notes at p. 85 and time table at p. 47. This at least partly covers the statement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.245.118.30 (talk) 12:04, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ashkelon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060827141931/http://www.ashkelon.muni.il/openning_eng.asp to http://www.ashkelon.muni.il/openning_eng.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:36, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Citation needed tag needed in first section.
In the first section, the phrase -the remaining Arabs were deported by the 1950s. There is no reference. Whether people left on their own accord, or were forcibly deported is an extremely important distinction and without any reference, I find it doubtful that the number of people who left on their own accord and the people who were deported is known which such certainty to make an absolute statement like that. Eframgoldberg (talk) 01:58, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
 * It said "evicted" rather than "deported", but "deported" is more correct as they were sent to Gaza. By the style guidelines, the lead section does not need citations if those are provided by the body of the article. You can find them in the State of Israel section. Zerotalk 04:06, 4 May 2018 (UTC)

Update to the Mayor of Ashkelon
As of 2018-19, the mayor is no longer Itamar Shimoni, Tomer Glam was elected mayor in the 2018 regional elections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Egormat1 (talk • contribs) 20:12, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

Please add under notable residents ..

 * Diana Vaisman (born 1998), Belarusian-born Israeli sprinter

Hieroglyphic name
Hello. I ask permission to add the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic name of Ashkelon to the article under the heading of 'Canaanite settlement' with references from hieroglyphic dictionaries. --CaeserKaiser (talk) 14:13, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

Lead
Do we need such details about the 1948 war in the lead? Zarcademan123456 (talk) 07:25, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

The section on Husayn's Shrine could be specific
The Landmarks section goes: "When his remains were later discovered on the hospital grounds, funds from the Shi'ite Ismaili sect in India were used to construct a marble prayer area, and it is visited by Shiite pilgrims from India and Pakistan."

The Shi'a sect that rebuilt is the Dawoodi Bohras under the tutelage of Mohammed Burhanuddin. The pilgrims visit not only from India and Pakistan, but also places like the UK, Yemen, US, and East Africa.

Ref: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzilai_Medical_Center#Husayn_shrine

Ref (pages 30 to 34): https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301537484_Vicissitudes_of_a_Holy_Place_Construction_Destruction_and_Commemoration_of_Mashhad_Husayn_in_Ascalon#citations Murtaza.aliakbar (talk) 11:04, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I have changed the name of the maqam from the ridiculous "Maqam al-Nabi al-Husayn" to the more common "Maqam al-Imam al-Husayn". Nobody claims that al-Husayn was a profet (Nabi), while the Shi'a consider him the third Imam. Sometimes the mosque/grave is also called "Mash-had al-Husayn".
 * A google search for "Maqam al-Nabi al-Husayn" in Arabic script did not provide a single hit.
 * No results found for "مَقامُ النبي الحسين".
 * The good old Meron Rapoport had it wrong this time.
 * Jokkmokks-Goran (talk) 09:54, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 16 May 2020
In the opening paragraph, add "Israelite" before and after "Philistine". The Israelite's evolved out of the Canaanites, therefore they should come before Philistines. The Philistine's, who were likely a Greek related people who came from the sea supplanted the Israelite's for a few centuries before themselves being assimilated into the Iron Age Israelite culture. Therefore, Israelite should come after Philistine as well. Also, Persians should come before the Hasmonean's, Greek's and Roman's. Jaketheforestdude (talk) 20:29, 16 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. – Jonesey95 (talk) 21:35, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 7 June 2020
Someone please remove the image recently added which is repeated in this section.--Aroma Stylish (talk) 03:28, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 16:54, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

Please add as notable person

 * Deniz Khazaniuk (born 1994), tennis player

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 29 October 2020 (2)
Please add External Link:
 * English information on Ashkelon—Ashkelon Volunteers

Please remove dead External Link:
 * Pictures of Ashkelon—Holy Land Pictures Rehovot (talk) 08:01, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅, and thank you very much – good catch!  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 09:31, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Philistine settlement
Regarding the citation needed here: "When it fell in 604 BCE, burnt and destroyed and its people taken into exile, the Philistine era was over.[citation needed]"

The Babylonian Chronicle reads as follows:

He (Nebuchadrezzar) marched to the city of Ashkelon and captured it in the month of Kislev. He captured its king and plundered it and carried off [spoil from it. . .] He turned the city into a mound and heaps of ruins and then in the month of Sebat he marched back to Babylon. [BM 21946, 18–20] Babylonian Chronicle, D. J. Wiseman (1956:68, 85)

There is also extensive discussion in the archaeological report Stager LE, Master DM, Schloen DJ. (2011) Ashkelon 3: The Seventh Century B.C. Available here: https://hmane.harvard.edu/publications/ashkelon-3 --RasakiA (talk) 12:00, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Philistine pronunciation
I cannot find any source for the Philistine language pronunciation *ʾĪšqālān of. If there is no source for this pronunciation, it needs to be removed from the page. Antiquistik (talk) 00:15, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

Long-term history deleted
In September 2021 2022, the following was deleted by Nableezy:"In July 2010, a Grad rocket hit a residential area in Ashkelon, damaging nearby cars and an apartment complex." It seems to be part of the history of the town and had been in the article since 2010.XavierItzm (talk) 11:35, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * It shouldn't have been in the article to begin with, and I support its removal now. As an event in the history of this city, it is way too minor. Zerotalk 11:46, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Ashkelon is an ancient city, and you think a 2010 rocket strike is "part of the history of the town"? Thats just silly, and it doesnt matter how long its been in the article.  nableezy  - 16:02, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

The same goes for a bunch of the material in the post-state section. It should summarize Ashkelon's involvement in the conflict, not give a blow by blow. Ill try to fix that.  nableezy  - 18:02, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

History moved to Tel Ashkelon
Once again I protest the removal of virtually all the pre-modern history to another article at a non-intuitive title. What is the purpose of this? Nobody says "Tel Ashkelon" in crusades historiography. Srnec (talk) 01:30, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

For example, when I click "What links here", the top links are:
 * Aphrodite
 * Amalric of Jerusalem
 * Aimery of Cyprus
 * Aeclanum
 * Aelia Capitolina
 * Book of Jeremiah
 * Book of Judges
 * Books of Samuel
 * Book of Job
 * Book of Zechariah
 * Book of Zephaniah
 * Black Death
 * Damascus

The city they mention is what is now covered under the name Tel Ashkelon. Who is going to check the ~2000 incoming links? Only a fraction of these articles could even use the "naturally disambiguated" title Tel Ashkelon. Srnec (talk) 01:38, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I see both perspectives here. There is certainly a historical discontinuity here between old Ascalon and the new Ashkelon, both temporally, geographically and demographically. The old city was destroyed in 1270 and remained ruined for the best part of 700 years. At the same time, Srnec is right that the split of this content makes for a bit of a mess link wise and will continue to do so as long as people continue to link to the base name, which they will. Might it be worth considering moving this page to Ashkelon (city), having Tel Ashkelon at Ashkelon (ancient city), and having the disambiguation page at the main name space? The history of this name is deep - see Ngrams for the voluminous pre-1948 mentions - and it is equally true that none of the links above are intended to link to a modern geography article about a city; they all relate to the history of the pre-1270 pentapolis metropolis. Given that history, I'm not sure we have a WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Iskandar323 (talk) 05:00, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I agree with both Srnec and Iskandar:
 * Agree a review of the incoming links will be worthwhile. I am happy to do this once the discussion settles, just as I have done elsewhere. I thought best to wait to see if anyone wanted to discuss first – particularly since I agree that the article name(s) may not be quite right yet. Tel Ashkelon is the official Israeli name for the site, but certainly it is not the common name for it (at least not when writing about history)
 * This is a uniquely interesting situation; I am not sure of any perfect precedent. The core history of modern Ashkelon is not historical Ashkelon but historical Majdal (Migdal). That the name Ashkelon was resuscitated by the modern city of Migdal after lying dormant for 700 years needs careful treatment here.
 * Onceinawhile (talk) 10:51, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * do you have a preference for the name of the article about the historical site (currently at Tel Ashkelon? Putting aside the Migdal renaming point, there is a parallel with the other discussion at Caesarea / Caesarea Maritima.
 * As a new article I don't think it needs an WP:RM to move it, if we can agree something in this thread. Onceinawhile (talk) 09:12, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I suppose, parallel to the Caeserea logic and per non-parenthetical geographical naming preferences, Ashkelon, Israel for one (already exists), and Ashkelon (ancient city) or a variation on that for the other, perhaps? Iskandar323 (talk) 10:06, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * That would match other situations up the coast, for example these three related articles: Tel Dor / Dor, Israel / Tantura. Onceinawhile (talk) 11:19, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I would like to join the same protest. Please revert. It's too confusing right now. IMO, it is possible to consider a city to be a continuation of another if it occupies approximately the same location and bears the same name as its historical predecessor. Tombah (talk) 16:04, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Revert what? Do you think the article Tel Ashkelon should be deleted? Do you think more than half of this article should be about the history of Tel Ashkelon? Onceinawhile (talk) 16:55, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not approximately the same location and there is zero continuation. Ashkelon was founded 4km away in an entirely different urban setting 700 years later after the ancient city's destruction. It obviously only bears the name of the ancient city as a result of intentional nostalgic naming, not any continuation. Iskandar323 (talk) 17:52, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 17 February 2023
change the description to remove the mention of Ashkelon being a “ancient Levantine metropolis”. Why? because other cities in Israel, including it’s northern neighbour Ashdod do not have a description that mentions their ancient history so why should Ashkelon? even then many of the ancient philistine cities were important in ancient times including but not limited to Ashkelon so this seems a bit odd. 2A02:14F:2:C3BE:9598:D9B2:A23C:7E59 (talk) 06:26, 17 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Done, but mainly because the modern city and the ancient city are not, in fact, co-located. Iskandar323 (talk) 06:56, 17 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Speaking of which, the introduction seems to have an error.
 * "The modern city is named after the ancient seaport of Ashkelon, which was destroyed in 1270 and whose remains can now be seen at the archaeological site known as Tel Ashkelon on the southeastern edge of the modern metropolis."
 * The archaeological site is generally southwest of the modern city. The ruins are in a national park. https://en.parks.org.il/reserve-park/ashkelon-national-park/ 2601:445:601:6BEA:91E0:15BF:CED5:91CC (talk) 16:57, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oops, yep. Fixed. Iskandar323 (talk) 19:42, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

ERORR: Warning by hamas to the people of ashkelon
There was no worning via SMS to the people of the city before the rocket attack and the source provided by even state that: "In response to the enemy's crime of displacing our people and forcing them to flee their homes in several areas of the Gaza Strip, we give the residents of the occupied city of Ashkelon a deadline to leave before 5 p.m.," Abu Obeida, the spokesperson for Hamas's Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades said in a post on Telegram.

Hamas upliaded the "warning" to their telegram page, not SMS to the citizens they have targeted. 2A0D:6FC2:5FA0:6000:C53B:A30B:5483:E8D0 (talk) 14:06, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

 * @2A0D:6FC2:5FA0:6000:C53B:A30B:5483:E8D0
 * Yes, this seems like either intentional misinformation or just a simple lack of care for the facts.
 * "Sent an SMS" Implies that they sent a message to alert all the civilians in the area, but instead they posted on their private telegram page 2A0D:6FC2:67A0:0:D7A:C568:67F4:E2CE (talk) 14:37, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Changed SMS message to Telegram, thanks. ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 15:12, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * In the future, if you would like a change to be made to a protected page, please use the edit request wizard. Thanks, ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 15:18, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks, didnt know that 2A0D:6FC2:5FA0:6000:C53B:A30B:5483:E8D0 (talk) 18:42, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Innacuracy
"On October 10, 2023, Abu Obaida, spokesperson for Hamas, warned all citizens of Ashkelon to evacuate before 5:00 P.M. local time via a post to his Telegram channel. Once the deadline hit, Hamas launched hundreds of missiles towards Ashkelon."

This did not happen the cited Yahoo News source has nothing to do with this. Icantthinkofaname22 (talk) 00:45, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * It's all in the source except for the "hundreds". I replaced that. Zerotalk 04:10, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

Ayala Levin (2019) South African ‘know-how’ and Israeli ‘facts of life’: the planning of Afridar, Ashkelon, 1949–1956, Planning Perspectives, 34:2, 285-309, DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2017.1389657 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2017.1389657 Kentucky Rain24 (talk) 20:44, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * What I think should be changed (format using ):
 * It is wrong. The "dar" Has nothing to do with "south" but with the Hebrew word meaning "living in", and is a common suffix for construction companies in Isreal - eg https://www.linkedin.com/company/ashdar-building-company/?originalSubdomain=il :
 * References supporting the possible change (format using the "cite" button):

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done:, can you provide a quote from the T&F source that supports this? My reading of the source is that it doesn't seem to mention any etymology. Please reopen this edit request afterwards. ARandomName123 (talk) Ping me! 15:25, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

Here is the quote from the article I mentioned above- it shows the original plan, when the company was already established and named had nothing to do with building in the South, but panned to build in the North (Haifa), it mentions South africa, and the partnership with Gov't agency "Amidar" :

"the South African Jewish Appeal decided to allocate a million pounds for the construction of immigrant housing in Israel, to help facilitate holocaust survivors’ integration into the young country’s social and economic life.Footnote17 Since housing was the Israeli government’s top priority, this initiative was duly welcomed by the Israeli state. To this end, the Appeal set up the Afridar Corporation in partnership with the housing company Amidar, which was established the same year by the Israeli government. The Appeal initially envisioned its contribution as a suburb on the outskirts of Haifa " — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kentucky Rain24 (talk • contribs) 16:07, 9 April 2024 (UTC) It doesn't mention etymology explicitly, but it's clear that the current claim in the article about "south" is wrong (and does not have a source).
 * I have deleted the unsourced etymology claim. I don't see a clear source for what you want to add either, so I'm not adding it. * Pppery * it has begun... 23:08, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that's a start. I'll try to find an explicit source for what is fairly common knowledge in Israel Kentucky Rain24 (talk) 02:16, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

Train station
Please add to this article the fact that the town has a train station with passenger service. 2001:A62:14EF:1002:3D41:7897:34D8:A0CB (talk) 15:06, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ashkelon


text:
Wikipedia talk:Historical archive/Logs/Offline reports/This is a most wanted article

True or false: there is an easy way to predict when this list will go down to a number near 0. (I always remove any live link whenever it appears, but leave all links that are still ghost links, and this allows the total to decrease.) 66.245.2.190 16:24, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC):

 * Interesting question - I think the answer is false as we don't know (and never will) is the number of articles wikipedia will contain when finished. The best I can give you are some summary numbers of 2nd August 2004

 * Number of existing articles = 563830
 * Average number of red links per article = 2.0079
 * Number of distinct articles linked to by red links = 809858

 * So, the average number of links to each non-existant article is 563830 x 2.0079 / 809858 = 1.3979. If evenly distributed, the 'top' item on the most wanted list will have at least 1.3979 links to it after 809858 / 2 = 404929 more articles are written.  You asked ;) - TB 19:12, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

Less than 100 now!
Now the number of most-wanted articles just went below 100. Approximately how many will it have about a week from now?? 66.245.124.71 22:55, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Only 75 now!
Now it has gone down to 75?? At what rate will it most likely decrease?? 66.245.127.199 21:31, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

What happened??
Uh oh! Until about 4 days ago, I've spent a lot of my time removing various live links in this list. Prior to my edit, there were a total of 175. Now, however, 4 days passed and there are still no live links to remove. What happened?? 66.32.255.239 21:57, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It might be that Most wanted articles was updated and people are working from there now. - SimonP 21:15, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)

10 straight days now!
Now it has been no less than 10 days and none of the remaining 132 links that existed then have become live. What happened?? Georgia guy 00:07, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
J. M. G. Le Clézio

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (13 April 1940), usually identified as J. M. G. Le Clézio, of French and Mauritian nationality, is a writer and professor. The author of over forty works, he was awarded the 1963 Prix Renaudot for his novel Le Procès-Verbal and the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature for his life's work, as an "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization".

Biography
Le Clézio's mother was born in the French Riviera city of Nice, his father on the island of Mauritius (which was a British possession, but his father was ethnically Breton, in France). Both his father's and his mother's ancestors were originally from Morbihan, on the south coast of Brittany. His paternal ancestor François Alexis Le Clézio fled France in 1798 and settled with his wife and daughter on Mauritius, which was then a French colony but would soon pass into British hands. The colonists were allowed to maintain their customs and use the French language. Le Clézio has never lived in Mauritius for more than a few months at a time, but he has stated that he regards himself both as a Frenchman and a Mauritian. He has dual French and Mauritian citizenship (Mauritius gained independence in 1968) and calls Mauritius his "little fatherland".

Le Clézio was born in Nice, his mother's native city, during World War II when his father was serving in the British Army in Nigeria. He was raised in Roquebillière, a small village near Nice until 1948 when he, his mother, and his brother boarded a ship to join his father in Nigeria. His 1991 novel Onitsha is partly autobiographical. In a 2004 essay, he reminisced about his childhood in Nigeria and his relationship with his parents.

After studying at the University of Bristol in England from 1958 to 1959, Le Clézio finished his undergraduate degree at Nice's Institut d'études littéraires. In 1964 Le Clézio earned a master's degree from the University of Provence with a thesis on Henri Michaux and the mystical experience.

After several years spent in London and Bristol, Le Clézio moved to the United States to work as a teacher. In 1967 he served as an aid worker in Thailand as part of his national service, but was quickly expelled from the country for protesting against child prostitution and sent to Mexico to finish his national service. From 1970 to 1974, he lived with the Embera-Wounaan tribe in Panama. He has been married since 1975 to Jémia Jean, who is Moroccan, and has three daughters (one by his first marriage with Rosalie Piquemal). Since the 1990s they have divided their residence between Albuquerque, Mauritius, and Nice.

In 1983 Le Clézio wrote a doctoral thesis on colonial Mexican history for the University of Perpignan, on the conquest of the Purépecha people who inhabit the present-day state of Michoacán. It was serialized in a French magazine and published in Spanish in 1985.

Le Clézio has taught at a number of universities around the world. A frequent visitor to South Korea, he taught French language and literature at Ewha Womans University in Seoul during the 2007 academic year. In November 2013, Le Clézio joined Nanjing University in China as a professor.

Literary career
LE Clézio began writing at the age of seven; his first work was a book about the sea. He achieved success at the age of 23, when his first novel, Le Procès-Verbal (The Interrogation), was the Prix Renaudot and was shortlisted for the Prix Goncourt. Since then he has published more than thirty-six books, including short stories, novels, essays, two translations on the subject of Native American mythology, and several children's books.

From 1963 to 1975, Le Clézio explored themes such as insanity, language, nature, and writing. He devoted himself to formal experimentation in the wake of such contemporaries as Georges Perec or Michel Butor. His persona was that of an innovator and a rebel, for which he was praised by Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze.

During the late 1970s, Le Clézio's style changed drastically; he abandoned experimentation, and the mood of his novels became less tormented as he used themes like childhood, adolescence, and travelling, which attracted a broader audience. In 1980, Le Clézio was the first winner of the newly created Grand Prix Paul Morand, awarded by the Académie Française, for his novel Désert. In 1994, a survey conducted by the French literary magazine Lire showed that 13 per cent of the readers considered him to be the greatest living French-language writer.

Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize in Literature for 2008 went to Le Clézio for works characterized by the Swedish Academy as being "poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy" and for being focused on the environment, especially the desert. The Swedish Academy, in announcing the award, called Le Clézio an "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization." Le Clézio used his Nobel prize acceptance lecture to attack the subject of information poverty. The title of his lecture was Dans la forêt des paradoxes ("In the forest of paradoxes"), a title he attributed to Stig Dagerman.

Gao Xingjian, a Chinese émigré writing in Mandarin, was the previous French citizen to receive the prize (for 2000); Le Clézio was the first French-language writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature since Claude Simon for 1985, and the fourteenth since Sully Prudhomme, laureate of the first prize of 1901.

Controversy
Le Clézio is a staunch defender of Mama Rosa, director of a Mexican shelter raided by the police in July 2014 when children were found eating rotten food and kept against the will of their parents. He wrote an article in Le Monde arguing that she is close to sanctity.

Novels

 * Le Procès-verbal (1963). The Interrogation, trans. Daphne Woodward (1964).
 * Le Déluge (1966). The Flood, trans. Peter Green (1967).
 * Terra Amata (1967). Terra Amata, trans. Barbara Bray (1967).
 * Le Livre des fuites (1969). The Book of Flights, trans. Simon Watson-Taylor (1971).
 * La Guerre (1970). War, trans. Simon Watson-Taylor (1973).
 * Les Géants (1973). The Giants, trans. Simon Watson-Taylor (1975).
 * Voyages de l'autre côté (1975).
 * Désert (1980). Desert, trans. C. Dickson (2009).
 * Le Chercheur d'or (1985). The Prospector, trans. Carol Marks (1993); C. Dickson (2016).
 * Onitsha (1991). Onitsha, trans. Alison Anderson (1997).
 * Étoile errante (1992). Wandering Star, trans. C. Dickson (2005).
 * La Quarantaine (1995).
 * Poisson d'or (1997).
 * Révolutions (2003).
 * Ourania (2006).
 * Ritournelle de la faim (2008).
 * Alma (2017).

Short stories and novellas

 * Le Jour où Beaumont fit connaissance avec sa douleur (1964). The Day Beaumont Became Acquainted with His Pain.
 * La Fièvre (1965). Fever, trans. Daphne Woodward (1966)
 * Mondo et autres histoires (1978). Mondo and Other Stories, trans. Alison Anderson (2011).
 * La Ronde et autres faits divers (1982). The Round & Other Cold Hard Facts, trans. C. Dickson (2002).
 * Printemps et autres saisons (1989)
 * Awaité Pawana (1992). Pawana, trans. Christophe Brunski (2008).
 * La Fête chantée et autres essais de thème amérindien (1997)
 * Hasard suivi d'Angoli Mala (1999)
 * Cœur brûle et autres romances (2000)
 * Fantômes dans la rue (2000). Ghosts in the Street.
 * Tabataba suivi de Pawana (2002)
 * Histoire du pied et autres fantaisies (2011)
 * Tempête : deux novellas (2014). Storm.
 * Chanson bretonne, suivi de L'Enfant et la Guerre (2020)
 * Avers (2023)

Non-fiction

 * Le Rêve mexicain ou La Pensée interrompue (1965). The Mexican Dream, Or, The Interrupted Thought of Amerindian Civilizations, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (1993).
 * "Sur la lecture comme le vrai voyage" (1965). "On Reading as True Travel", trans. Julia Abramson.
 * "La Liberté pour rêver" (1965). "Freedom to Dream", trans. Ralph Schoolcraft.
 * "La Liberté pour parler" (1965). "Freedom to Speak", trans. Le Clézio.
 * L'extase matérielle (1967). Material Ecstasy.
 * Conversations avec J. M. G. Le Clézio (1971)
 * Haï (1971)
 * Mydriase (1973). Mydriasis, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan, published in Mydriasis: Followed by “To the Icebergs” (2019).
 * Vers les icebergs (1978). To the Icebergs, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan, published in Mydriasis: Followed by “To the Icebergs” (2019).
 * L'Inconnu sur la Terre (1978)
 * Trois Villes saintes (1980)
 * Une lettre de J. M. G. Le Clézio (1982)
 * Sur Lautréamont (1987)
 * Diego et Frida (1993)
 * Ailleurs (1995)
 * Dans la maison d'Edith (1997)
 * Enfances (1998)
 * L'Enfant de sous le pont (2000)
 * L'Africain (2004). The African, trans. C. Dickson (2013).
 * Ballaciner (2007)
 * Chanson bretonne suivi de L'Enfant et la guerre (2020)
 * Identité nomade (2024)

Travel diaries

 * Voyage à Rodrigues
 * Gens des nuages
 * Raga. Approche du continent invisible

Collections translated by the author into French

 * Les Prophéties du Chilam Balam
 * Relation de Michoacan
 * Sirandanes

Books for children

 * Voyage au pays des arbres (1978)
 * Lullaby (1980). From Mondo et autres histoires.
 * Peuple du ciel, suivi de Les Bergers (1981). Both from Mondo et autres histoires.
 * Celui qui n'avait jamais vu la mer, suivi de La Montagne du dieu vivant (1982). Both from Mondo et autres histoires.
 * Villa Aurore, suivi de Orlamonde (1985)
 * Balaabilou (1985). Extracts from Désert.
 * La Grande Vie, suivi de Peuple du ciel (1990). "La Grande Vie" from La Ronde et autres faits divers.

Books written by other authors with preface written by Le Clézio
See also: J. M. G. Le Clézio bibliography.
 * The French-language preface to Juan Rulfo's short story collection Le Llano en Flammes
 * Preface to French filmmaker Robert Bresson's "Notes Sur Le Cinématographe"

Honours

 * He was made Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur on 25 October 1991 and was promoted to Officier (Officer) in 2009
 * In 1996, he was made Officier (Officer) of the Ordre national du Mérite.
 * Lycée Français J. M. G. Le Clézio in Port Vila, Vanuatu is named after him.

title: J. M. G. Le Clézio


text:
Category talk:Fiction

Fictional
I was told that this Category:Fiction is planned to be used (in the future, when boolean category queries become available) for excluding of "fictional everything" from queries. For this reason it contains sub-categories like Category:Fictional books, Category:Fictional characters, Category:Fictional companies, etc.

I see at least four problems in this:

 * 1) Shouldn't Category:Fiction and all affected subcategories include  ?
 * Category:Fiction contains a number of articles and subcategories which aren't fictional, like Thriller.
 * 1) Down the subcategory tree, this idea relies on carefully including only fictional items in each subcategory. This is violated in several places as of now.
 * 2) It is complicated and time consuming to accurately sort all fictional articles into this elabborate hierarchy.

As an alternative I started a flat Category:Fictional, but was advised to stop, see Category_talk:Fictional. I still see no problem of having this category, even if it will grow to some 2000 to 6000 entries, I estimate (de.wikipedia has de:Kategorie:Mann which in the moment holds about 2000 entries).

Pjacobi 16:29, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: There is a proposal at Category_talk:Fictional that may resolve these questions (I think it does, anyway) that seems like a good compromise. Jwrosenzweig 16:33, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fiction


text: User talk:68.202.157.106

title: User talk:68.202.157.106


text: Template:Subdivisions of Estonia

authors: Ильина Оля Яковна

title: Template:Subdivisions of Estonia


text:
Aljamiado

Aljamiado (عَجَمِيَة trans. ʿajamiyah ) or Aljamía texts are manuscripts that use the Arabic script for transcribing European languages, especially Romance languages such as Old Spanish or Aragonese. This alphabet is also called the Morisco alphabet.

According to Anwar G. Chejne, Aljamiado or Aljamía is "a corruption of the Arabic word ʿajamiyah (in this case it means foreign language) and, generally, the Arabic expression ʿajam and its derivative ʿajamiyah are applicable to peoples whose ancestry is not of Arabian origin". During the Arab conquest of Persia, the term became a pejorative.

History

The systematic writing of Romance-language texts in Arabic scripts appears to have begun in the fifteenth century, and the overwhelming majority of such texts that can be dated belong to the sixteenth century. A key aljamiado text is the compilation Suma de los principales mandamientos y devediamentos de nuestra santa ley y sunna by the mufti of Segovia, of 1462.

In later times, Moriscos were banned from using Arabic as a religious language, and wrote in Spanish on Islamic subjects. Examples are the Coplas del alhichante de Puey Monzón, narrating a Hajj, or the Poema de Yuçuf on the Biblical Joseph (written in Aragonese).

Aljamiado played a very important role in preserving Islam and the Arabic language in the life of the Moriscos of Castile and Aragon; Valencian and Granadan Moriscos spoke and wrote in Andalusi Arabic. After the fall of the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula, the Moriscos (Muslims in parts of what was once Al-Andalus) were forced to convert to Christianity or leave the peninsula. They were forced to adopt Christian customs and traditions and to attend church services on Sundays. Nevertheless, some of the Moriscos kept their Islamic belief and traditions secretly, and this included the usage of Aljamiado.

In 1567, Philip II of Spain issued a royal decree in Spain, which forced Moriscos to abandon using Arabic on all occasions, formal and informal, speaking and writing. Using Arabic in any sense of the word would be regarded as a crime. They were given three years to learn the language of the Christian Spanish, after which they would have to get rid of all Arabic written material. Moriscos of Castile and Aragon translated all prayers and the Hadith (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) into Aljamiado transcriptions of the Spanish language, while keeping all Qur'anic verses in the original Arabic. Aljamiado scrolls were circulated amongst the Moriscos. Historians came to know about Aljamiado literature only in the early nineteenth century. Some of the Aljamiado scrolls are kept in the Spanish National Library in Madrid.

Letters
Notes:
 * 1) The letter alif (ا) plays three roles. First as a carrier of vowel at the beginning of a word. Second is for writing the [e] sound in combination with diacritic, and third is for writing vowel hiatus.
 * 2) It is not an independent letter, but a special "dongara" consisting of a letter and a consonant (in other words, the repetition of a letter) to indicate a specific sound.
 * 3) These letters are only used in writing Arabic loanwords. The Ladino equivalents for these letters are in accordance with the Judeo-Arabic orthographic traditions.
 * 4) This letter has a dual pronunciation, depending on the letter after it. For this reason, both in Aljamiado and in Ladino, two different letters are used to represent it.
 * 5) In Ladino, the pronunciation of this letter differs from its equivalent in modern Spanish.
 * 6) Whenever the letter "D" is at the beginning of the word, or after a nasal consonant ("m" or "n"), or after a lateral consonant ("l"), pronounced as [d] and written with the letter "d". In all other cases, it is pronounced as [ð] and written with the letter "d".
 * 7) In old Spanish, the letter "X" was for representing the sound [ʃ]. But in some words, especially those that start with "ex-", the pronunciation of this letter is [s], [ks] or [gz].
 * 8) In the writing of Aljamiado, the Maghrebi script has been common, in which the placement and number of dot of on letters "faʾ" and "qafʾ" are different from the conventional Arabic script, or the so-called "Mashreqi script".
 * 9) The letter "waw" does not correspond to any exact letter in the Spanish Latin alphabet. This letter and its sound [w] are pronounced in certain digraphs and trigraphs. Worded differently, there are diphthongs and triphthongs as result of certain vowel sequences, where the sound [w] is pronounced and the letter "waw" is used to write it.
 * 10) The letter "y" in the Spanish Latin alphabet is equivalent to "yaʾ" (ي). But this letter is also used to write some consonant sequences, especially consonant sequences that have a sound similar to [j] in their pronunciation.

Vowels
Spanish has 5 vowels, which include [a], [e], [i], [o], [u].

In the Arabic language and alphabet, however, there are only 3 vowels, [a], [i], [u]. In Arabic, these 3 vowels have both a short form, which is represented by diacritics fatʾha, kasra, and ḍamma, and long forms, which are represented by the letters alif (ا), yaʾ (ي), and waw (و).

In Spanish, however, there is no difference between short and long vowels. In Aljamiado alphabet, 4 vowels are written as follows:

The vowel [a] is represented by the diacritic "◌َ". The vowel [i] is represented by the diacritic "◌ِ". The two vowels [o] and [u] are merged and are represented by the diacritic "◌ُ". The vowel [e] is represented by the combination of fatʾha and alif "ـَـا".

The Hebrew alphabet, like Arabic, has both diacritics, known as niqqud, and the use of three letters alef (א), vav (ו), and yod (י). In the Judaeo-Spanish alphabet, niqqud is not used, and only three aforementioned letters are used. Also, in addition to the merger of [o] and [u], two vowels [i] and [e] are also merged, and thus only three vowels are shown; as follows:

The vowel [a] is represented by alif "א". The two vowels [e] and [i] are merged and represented by yod "י". The two vowels [o] and [u] are merged and are represented by vav "ו".

In Aljamiado, similar to Arabic and Persian, when the vowel is at the beginning of the word, alif (ا) is used as the vowel carrier, except for the [e] sound. For the [e] sound, a hamza is used as a vowel carrier, followed by alif (ا). In Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) as in Arabic, alif "א" plays the same role.

No distinction between unstressed or stressed vowels exist in Aljamiado manuscripts.

In the middle of the word, in Aljamiado, only diacritics (and for the case of [e] only a diacritic and an alif (ا) and in Judaeo-Spanish only one of the three previously mentioned letters are used.

Notes:
 * 1) The letter hei (ה) is used when the vowel [a] is at the end of the word. This letter is the equivalent to the letter «ه، ـه» or «ة، ـة»  in Persian and Arabic.

Vowel Sequences
In Spanish, vowels sequences fall into two general types, diphthongs and Vowel hiatus. "diphthong" means that in practice, a pair of sequential vowels are read as a single vowel under one syllable. "Vowel hiatus" means that two vowels are read as two consecutive separate syllables.

The pronunciation of vowels and their writing are subject to certain rules in the Spanish Latin Alphabet, as well as in Aljamiado. In Spanish, vowels are divided into two general groups: "strong" and "weak":

 * Vowels [a], [e], [o] are classified as strong;
 * Vowels [i], [u] are classified as weak.

As previously mentioned, in Aljamiado, there is no difference in writing between [o] and [u]. In Judaeo-Spanish, there's no difference between [o] and [u], nor between [e] and [i].

"Vowel hiatus" occurs when two strong vowels are sequential. In such a case, each vowel is read as part of a separate syllable. "Diphthong" occurs when one vowel is weak and the other is strong. In this case, Stress in pronunciation is on the strong vowel. Of course, there are exceptions to these rules.

Below table outlines the general guidelines and some examples

Consonants
In order to better understand Aljamiado writing conventions, it is necessary to understand the pronunciation of Old Spanish and the evolution of the sounds of Spanish. That is why the manuscripts of Aljamiado are considered important sources for the study of Spanish linguistics.

The first thing that should be mentioned is that in Aljamiado, like Persian and other Arabic-derived alphabets, changes were made to the letters in the Arabic alphabet in order to show new consonants. In other Arabic-derived alphabets, these changes were made by adding dots to the letters that most closely match an existing sound in Arabic alphabet. But in Aljamiado, this was done by gemination mark on the letters with the closest existing sound. Gemination, in addition to this role, in Aljamiado also plays the role of geminating, like Arabic, something that is done in the Spanish Latin alphabet by writing letters twice. For example, "ب" produces a [b], but "بّ" produces a [p].

The Ladino alphabet also does the same thing with niqqud such as "Rafe" (רָפֶה) "◌ﬞ" or "Geresh" (גֶּרֶשׁ) "◌׳", for example "ב" produces the sound [b], and "בﬞ" or "ב׳" produce the sound [v].

Notes
 * 1) This sound, for the most part, has evolved out of existence in Modern Spanish. The "x" (شّ) now sounds like "j" ([x]) in most cases in modern Spanish.

Some letters simply adopted another value.

The phoneme /β/ was typically represented by the letter ب (b), though in some instances it was represented by the letter ف (f). The plosive consonants were required to be aspirated; however, this aspect was lost in weaker positions such as the initial position of a word or an intervocalic position. In Aljamiado texts, the letter ط was utilized to represent the phoneme /t/ in initial and intervocalic positions where it was unaspirated, while the letter ت was utilized in postconsonantal positions to indicate the aspirated form of the phoneme. Similarly, the letter ﻕ was used to represent the phoneme /k/ in initial and intervocalic positions where it was unaspirated, and the letter ﻙ was used in postconsonantal positions to indicate the aspirated form. However, according to the glossary of Abuljair, the aspiration of plosive consonants never ceased to occur in any position.

B, V (ب) and P (بّ)
In Spanish language, the letter "B" has two allophones. If the letter is at the beginning of the word, or after a nasal consonant ("m" or "n"), it is pronounced as [b]. Otherwise, it is pronounced as [v~β]. The letter "v" also is pronounced as [v~β] regardless of position in the word.

In Aljamiado, no distinction is made between any one of these. The letter "baʾ" (ب) is used for all cases.

In Judeo-Spanish, distinction is made between these two allophones. Cases of [b] are written with the letter "beth" "ב". Whereas the sounds [v~β] are written with the letter "beth" with Rafe or Geresh "בﬞ (ב׳)". US Government Guide on Romanization of Ladino As Arabic alphabet lacks a letter for the equivalent to the letter "P", the sound [p], in Aljamiado, a digraph has been created. This digraph consists of the letter "baʾ" and a shadda, "بّ".

This is not an issue in Judeo-Spanish, as the letter "Pe" has two possible pronunciations of [p] and [f]. Thus for the sound [p], the letter "pe" (פ) is used. For the sound [f], the letter "pe" plus Rafe or Geresh (פﬞ (פ׳) / ף) is used.

G, J (ج and خ) and Ch (جّ)
In Spanish, the letter "G" represents two pronunciations. If "G" is followed by "e", "i", or "y", it will have a "soft" pronunciation [x]. Otherwise, it will have a hard pronunciation [g].

In Spanish, the letter "J" has pronunciation identical with "soft G". In old Spanish, these two were pronounced as [ʒ~d͡ʒ]. Thus, the Aljamiado letter for both these sounds is reflective of this historic sound. The letter "jim" (ج) is used, as opposed to "khaʾ" (خ).

Similarly in Judeo-Spanish, the letter "gimel" plus Rafe or Geresh (גﬞ (ג׳)) has historically been used. In Modern Judeo-Spanish (Ladino), unlike varieties of Spanish, this historic pronunciation has been preserved. However, due to contact and influence from other languages, namely Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, and French, a distinction between [ʒ] and [d͡ʒ] in orthography has come to dominance. Namely that the former ([ʒ]) are shown with "zayn" Rafe or Geresh (זﬞ (ז׳)).

D (د and ذ)
Similar to the letter "B", the letter "D" represents two allophones in Spanish. If the letter is at the beginning of the word, or after a nasal consonant ("m" or "n"), it is pronounced as [d]. Otherwise, it is pronounced as [ð].

While this is not reflected in Latin alphabet, in Aljamiado manuscripts, as well as in Judeo-Spanish (not universally) is shown.

In instances where the pronunciation is [d], the letter "dal" (د) has been used in Aljamiado, and the letter "dalet" (ד) Judeo-Spanish.

In instances where the pronunciation is [ð], the letter "ḏal" (ذ) has been used in Aljamiado, and the letter "dalet" plus Rafe or Geresh (דﬞ (ד׳)) Judeo-Spanish.

R (ر) and Rr (رّ)
In Spanish Latin Alphabet, "r" versus "rr" denotes a difference in pronunciation, with the former being [ɾ] (Voiced alveolar tap), and the latter [r] (Voiced alveolar trill). This distinction is used in Aljamiado too with the use of shadda. The letter "r" being shown with "raʾ" (ر), and the "rr" with "raʾ-shadda" (رّ).

This distinction is not shown in Judeo-Spanish. Both cases are shown with a single "resh" (ר). In some regional varieties of Ladino, the distinction in pronunciation had ceased to exist as well.

Z (ز), Ç/S (س), and X (ش)
One of the notable evolutions in the Spanish language has been with respect to fricative-coronal consonants.

In old Spanish, the letter "z" was pronounced as [d͡z]. It is thus written in Aljamiado with the letter "zaʾ" (ز). In Judeo-Spanish, the letter "zayin" (ז) is used. However, in modern Spanish, the pronunciation of the letter "z" has evolved in two manners. In most dialects of European Spanish, the letter "z" today is pronounced identically as the soft pronunciation of the letter "c", as [θ]. In Latin American dialects, the letter "z" is pronounced identically as the letter "s" and the soft pronunciation of the letter "c", as [s].

The letter "c" has two pronunciations in Spanish, based on rules and factors, hard and soft C. "c" is pronounced "soft" if it is followed by "e", "i", or "y", or if it is given a cedilla accent (ç). In other cases, "c" is pronounced as "hard", as a [k].

In old Spanish, the soft pronunciation of "c" was as [t͡s]. In Aljamiado, this letter was uniquely assigned the letter "sin" (س). In Judeo-Spanish, the letter "samech" (ס) was used.

However, in modern Spanish, the soft pronunciation of the letter "c" has evolved in two manners. In most dialects of European Spanish, the letter "c" today is pronounced identically as the letter "z", as [θ]. In Latin American dialects, the soft pronunciation of the letter "c" is pronounced identically as the letter "s" and "z", as [s].

In old Spanish, the letter "s" was pronounced as [s] or [z], distinct from the soft pronunciation of the letter "c". The digraph "ss" represented [s] as well, but has since been replaced with a single "s" in Spanish orthography. To reflect the difference between "s" and soft pronunciation of "c", in Aljamiado, the letter "shin" (ش) was given a new association and sound, and was used to write "s". Similarly, in Judeo-Spanish, letter "shin" (ש) was used.

In modern Judeo-Spanish, in the centuries after expulsion of Jews from Spain, as the pronunciations of "c" and "s merged independently of Spanish, confusion ensued for a few decades, with both "samech" (ס) and "shin" (ש) being used interchangeably. Today, the letter "samech" (ס) has won out and is used exclusively.

In old Spanish, the letter "x" had a pronunciation as [ʃ]. In Aljamiado, the letter "shin" (ش) was used. In Judeo-Spanish, the letter "shin" has been used, historically with niqqud Rafe or Geresh (שﬞ (ש׳)). But in modern times, without any (ש).

In modern Spanish, the pronunciation of "x" has evolved. In most cases, it is now pronounced as the letter "j" would, [x]. This is reflected in orthography as well. In Judeo-Spanish, the original pronunciation has been retained.

In some instances, especially in beginning of words as "ex-", the letter "x" has preserved an [s] sound, or a [ks] sound. In Judeo-Spanish this is reflected mostly by "gimel+zayin" (גז) and in some other words as "koph+samech" (קס).

Other uses
The practice of Jews writing Romance languages such as Spanish, Aragonese or Catalan in the Hebrew script is also referred to as aljamiado.

The word aljamiado is sometimes used for other non-Semitic language written in Arabic letters:

 * Bosnian and Albanian texts written in Arabic script during the Ottoman period have been referred to as aljamiado. However, many linguists prefer to limit the term to Romance languages, instead using Arebica to refer to the use of Arabic script for Slavic languages like Bosnian.
 * The word Aljamiado is also used to refer to Greek written in the Arabic/Ottoman alphabet.

Text sample
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

title: Aljamiado


text:
Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing

The Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing occurred on 13 February 1978, when a bomb exploded outside the Hilton Hotel in George Street, Sydney, Australia. The hotel was hosting the first Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting (CHOGRM), a regional offshoot of the biennial meetings of the heads of government from across the Commonwealth of Nations.

The bomb was planted in a rubbish bin and exploded when the bin was emptied into a garbage truck outside the hotel at 12:40 a.m. It killed two men, Alec Carter and William Favell, the garbage collectors who picked up the bin. A police officer guarding the entrance to the hotel lounge, Paul Burmistriw, died later. It injured eleven others. Twelve foreign leaders were staying in the hotel at the time, but none were injured. Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser immediately deployed the Australian Army for the remainder of the CHOGRM meeting.

The Hilton case has been highly controversial due to allegations that Australian security forces, such as the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), may have been responsible. This led to the Parliament of New South Wales unanimously calling for the Commonwealth to hold an inquiry in 1991 and 1995.

The Hilton bombing was described in Parliament as the first and only domestic terrorist event in Australia.

Prior to the bombing, the security forces had been under considerable pressure. In South Australia, the White inquiry into their police special branch was very critical, and ties with ASIO were cut. New South Wales was about to have a similar inquiry. After the bombing, the NSW inquiry was never held, and the Commonwealth increased support for the anti-terrorism activities of the intelligence services.

Accusations of conspiracy
It has been asserted that there were a number of unusual circumstances, namely:
 * At the 1983 Walsh Coronial Inquest, it was stated by Terry Griffiths and others that there was a continuous police presence outside the building since the previous morning. This may have prevented anyone placing a large bomb into the rubbish bin while the police were there.
 * The 1995 ABC documentary Conspiracy showed the driver of the garbage truck, Bill Ebb, claiming that the bins would normally be emptied several times each day, but police had prevented three earlier trucks from emptying the bin that contained the bomb, even though it was overflowing with rubbish.
 * In 1991, John Hatton said in parliament that the garbage bin had not been searched for bombs and that searching bins is normally a high priority, and is specified in New South Wales police permanent circular 135.
 * Army dog handler Keith Burley said that his dogs could smell very small quantities of explosives, and were expected to be used for the event. Burley said they were unexpectedly called off a few days prior without explanation.
 * The entire truck and all bomb fragments were dumped immediately afterwards, at an unrecorded location. This prevented forensic evidence, such as the type of explosive used, from being gathered. Hatton compared that to the detailed evidence retrieved from the Pan Am Flight 103 that exploded at 30,000 feet.
 * In 1983, William Reeve-Parker provided a statutory declaration that an army officer had admitted planting the bomb by switching rubbish bins 24 hours earlier. Reeve-Parker denied knowledge of who the officer was, although he "had helped his son".  Reeve-Parker was never called as a witness at the coronial inquest.
 * The officer-in-charge of police immediately after the bombing, Inspector Ian MacDonald, claimed there had been a cover-up.
 * In 1995, Andrew Tink said that it had been alleged that former Attorney General of New South Wales Frank Walker and Federal Government Senator Gareth Evans had been told by a CSIRO scientist, that under pressure from ASIO they had made two fake bombs in the week prior to the bombing. The bombs were designed not to explode, but could do so in a garbage truck compactor.
 * The principal private secretary of a federal senator was told that the bomb squad was waiting nearby at this early hour of the morning. Barry Hall QC said that this would make it hard to claim that they were not involved. The government did not permit people from the bomb squad to be called as witnesses to the inquest.
 * Sgt Horton stated that he saw an occurrence pad entry, that showed the warning call was received at 12:32, 8 minutes before the bomb exploded. It was not relayed instantly to the police out front. At the inquest, four other versions of this pad were shown, each timing the call at 12:40.

Many of these issues were identified by Terry Griffiths, a former policeman who was seriously injured in the bombing, who had called for an inquiry. In 1995, Peter Collins, NSW Attorney General 1991–1992, said "The Hilton Bombing is a history of half truths, a litany of lies". In 1995, Barry Hall QC, counsel for Griffiths, argued that ASIO may well have planted the bomb in order to justify their existence.

The 1982 Walsh inquest was terminated prematurely, due to the finding of a prima facie case of murder.

Arguments against a conspiracy
The then Indian prime minister Morarji Desai claimed that the Ananda Marga organisation had attempted to kill him, due to the imprisonment of the organisation's spiritual leader, Shrii Shrii Anandamurti. There had been other alleged attacks by Ananda Marga. On 15 September 1977, the military attaché at the Indian High Commission, Canberra, Colonel Singh and his wife, were attacked in Canberra. Just over a month later an Air India employee in Melbourne was stabbed. ASIO had infiltrated the Ananda Marga from 1976, and were monitoring it.

In 1998, Ben Hills wrote an article called "The Hilton Fiasco", published in the Sydney Morning Herald. He argued that members of Ananda Marga were responsible for the Hilton bombing, saying that Evan Pederick was recruited for the bombing by Tim Anderson, while a man called Abhiik Kumar was the likely mastermind. He asserted that ASIO had information which would have helped in the police investigation, but withheld it.

In the 2016 publication, Who Bombed the Hilton?, film-maker Rachel Landers addressed the accusation that the bins outside the Hilton were left unemptied, with a bomb secreted inside one of them, as part of a conspiracy by Australian police or security agencies. Landers asserts: "An enormous number of people are free to shove any number of objects (including an enormous placard) into the bin, lean on it or use it as a convenient seat over a very long period of time. For the conspiracists to be correct, the following have to be lying in their statements: seven garbage men (including a street sweeper), an accountant, two hippies, a sign-writer, a father of two out for the day with his kids, an anarchist and the Hilton commissionaire. They also have to be colluding with each other, the police who have been told to wave away garbage trucks and, one assumes, ASIO and their mates at Special Branch."

Landers also drew attention to the activities of Abhiik Kumar. She maintained that Kumar had been in almost every country where there was a threat, an attack or cases of Margis being arrested for violence against an Indian national. This included Kumar being in Sydney the day before the Hilton bombing.

In 2019 book, The Hilton Bombing: Evan Pederick and the Ananda Marga, Imre Salusinszky argued that "not a single shred of evidence has emerged to support any of the conspiracy theories about the Hilton bombing." He said "the official cover-up, if indeed there is one, has remained tight as a drum". Salusinszky gave a detailed account of Pederick's involvement in Ananda Marga activities. This included planting the bomb outside the Hilton and then going to Brisbane on the same day. He covered in detail Pederick's decision to confess to a Catholic priest after eleven years of guilt and torment.

Trials and Investigations
A few days after the bombing, Richard Seary offered his services to the police Special Branch as an informant. He expressed the view that the Ananda Marga society might be involved with the Hilton bombing. He soon infiltrated that organization, which had its headquarters in three adjacent houses in Queen Street, Newtown.

On 15 June 1978, Seary told Special Branch that members of Ananda Marga intended to bomb the home of Robert Cameron, a member of the far-right National Front of Australia, that night at his home in the Sydney suburb of Yagoona. Two members of the society — Ross Dunn and Paul Alister — were subsequently apprehended at Yagoona in Seary's company and charged with conspiracy to murder Robert Cameron.

It was alleged that Dunn and Alister had intended to plant a bomb at Cameron's home. Dunn and Alister stated that they intended only to write graffiti at Cameron's home and had no knowledge of the bomb, which they claimed had been brought by Seary. Seary having already given discredited evidence accusing Dunn and Alister at the initial Hilton bombing inquest, was considered an unreliable witness in the written judgement of the High Court in Alister v R (1984): "...Richard Seary, drug addict, informer and mentally disturbed fantasizer, must be one of the most unreliable persons ever presented as the principal prosecution witness on a charge of serious crime. The accused were entitled to refer to the fact that Seary had accused them of admitting the Hilton bombing. The accusation by Seary was made in circumstances which cast grave doubt upon his credibility. Seary claimed that Alister and Dunn made the admission to him in the car on the way to Cameron's house. However, in Seary's record of interview following the arrest at Yagoona, in which he set out the events, he made no reference to the Hilton bombing. If the admission had been made, Seary's failure to refer to it was extraordinary."

However, there was also some police evidence, and the prosecution had strongly associated the matter with the Sydney Hilton bombing. The trial relating to the alleged plot to bomb Cameron's home began in February 1979, but the jury could not come to a verdict. A second trial was held in July, and all three defendants were convicted.

In 1982, a coronial inquest into the bombing was held. Stipendiary Magistrate Walsh found a prima facie case of murder against two members of Ananda Marga—Ross Dunn and Paul Alister, but not Tim Anderson—based on evidence from Richard Seary, which was later discredited.

Coronial inquiries are limited in their scope. No person appearing before the coroner has a right to subpoena evidence without permission from the coroner, and in this inquest Walsh rejected all applications.

In 1984, the Attorney-General, Paul Landa, established an inquiry to investigate the convictions of Dunn, Alister and Anderson. The inquiry was similar to a Royal Commission, and was headed by Justice Wood. Richard Seary was in England at the time and did not take part, but after the inquiry indicated that he was willing to take part. Justice Wood reconvened the inquiry and it ran through to February 1985. The result was that Justice Wood recommended the pardoning of the three, and they were released in 1985.

The inquiry did not directly cover the Hilton Bombing. The pardoned trio received compensation from the NSW Government. Alister ploughed his compensation money into land on Bridge Creek Road near Maleny, Queensland, which became his home, and the site of the Ananda Marga River School.

According to Paul Alister's later assertions, points that emerged during the inquiry included:
 * Tapes of conversations between Richard Seary and his Special Branch contact showed that Seary had originally suggested that the Hare Krishna group might have been responsible for the Hilton bombing
 * Police ignored the Hare Krishna suggestion and told Seary to spy on Ananda Marga.
 * Seary infiltrated Ananda Marga one month later than he had originally stated in court.
 * Seary knew how to obtain explosives illegally, although he had said in court that he did not.
 * Seary had told police about the alleged Cameron bombing plan five days earlier than he originally stated.
 * Dr Emanuel Fischer, who had done a psychiatric assessment of Seary, said he was schizoid and psychopathic.
 * Seary's girlfriend Wendy, said that Seary had told her that he had thought they were going to Robert Cameron's house to put up posters, and he had been surprised that explosives were brought along.
 * Wendy said that Seary had not volunteered to spy on Ananda Marga, but had been pressured by the police.
 * Seary's friend Dok said that Seary had a plan to bomb an abattoir when he had been in the Hare Krishnas.

Paul Alister later speculated about Richard Seary's motives, saying he was a "wild card" because he seemed to have his own agenda. He stated that Seary seemed to have a mixture of motives for what he said, and seemed to dislike the police. Seary's girlfriend indicated that Seary had been pressured by the police to find evidence that incriminated the "Margiis". Alister and his colleagues speculated that perhaps Seary was being blackmailed into informing, because of his former activity as a drug addict. Seary had also been present when someone had died of a drug overdose. This may have given the police leverage over him, because he could be charged.

In 1989, Anderson was re-arrested for the Sydney Hilton bombing, tried, convicted and sentenced to fourteen years. The crown prosecutor was Mark Tedeschi QC. Anderson was acquitted in 1991 by the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal, which held that the verdicts of guilty were unsafe and unsatisfactory.

Chief Justice Gleeson concluded: "... there was one important respect in which, in my view, the proceedings miscarried ... The Crown was permitted, in an unfair manner, to obscure a major difficulty concerning the reliability of the evidence of its principal witness ... by raising an hypothesis that was not reasonably open on the evidence ... a direction given by the learned trial judge to the jury relating to the 'sanity' of Pederick ... constitutes an additional reason for treating the verdicts as unsafe and the process at the trial as unsatisfactory ... The trial of the appellant miscarried principally because of an error which resulted in large part from the failure of the prosecuting authorities adequately to check aspects of the Jayewardene theory. This was compounded by what I regard as an inappropriate and unfair attempt by the Crown to persuade the jury to draw inferences of fact, and accept argumentative suggestions, that were not properly open on the evidence. I do not consider that in those circumstances the Crown should be given a further opportunity to patch up its case against the appellant. It has already made one attempt too many to do that, and I believe that, if that attempt had never been made, there is a strong likelihood that the appellant would have been acquitted."

Instead of ordering a new trial, the Court entered a judgement of acquittal.

Pederick confessed to the bombing and so was convicted without detailed scrutiny of his confession. However, in the Anderson appeal, Chief Justice Gleeson said Pederick's account of the bombing was "clearly unreliable". He found: "On any view of the matter, his account of the events of 12 February 1978, and in particular of the circumstances relating to his actual attempt at assassination, is clearly unreliable. He is incapable of giving a description of those events which does not involve serious error."

Questions about Pederick's sanity were raised in the Anderson appeal. Gleeson criticised the trial judge's directions to the jury that Pederick must be assumed to be "sane". He described Pederick as "a witness who said that on a particular occasion he stood in George Street in Sydney and tried to blow up the Prime Minister of India, the Prime Minister of Australia, and a number of other people besides, and, when his attempt was unsuccessful, attributed its failure to the supernatural intervention of his guru". The Chief Justice added: "He seems to have been a person whose reasoning processes were somewhat unorthodox. There was a significant danger of confusing the jurors by telling them that the law presumed him to be sane".

Pederick unsuccessfully appealed his conviction in 1996, the year before his release. The appeal was rejected when he produced no evidence to explain why his original confession had been false. Pederick was released after serving eight years in jail and stated: "I guess I was quite unique in the prison system in that I had to keep proving my guilt, whereas everyone else said they were innocent."

The two failed prosecutions against Tim Anderson and his friends have been cited as instances of Australian miscarriages of justice. For example, in Kerry Carrington's 1991 book ''Travesty! Miscarriages of Justice'', and in other law texts, including notes on compensation practice. A plaque was unveiled at the site of the explosion in George Street on 13 February 2008, the 30th anniversary of the blast.

The then-Premier of New South Wales, Morris Iemma, commended the City of Sydney Council for restoring the memorial plaque to its original home, and said he hoped there will never be a need for another.

Journal articles

 * (Search for "Hilton")
 * (Search for "Hilton")
 * (Search for "Hilton")
 * (Search for "Hilton")

News reports and other media

 * Dellora, Daryl (1995) Conspiracy: Produced by Film Art Doco for Australian Broadcasting Corporation, documentary (shown on True Stories series).
 * Reviews of Dellora (1995) Conspiracy documentary:
 * Negus, George (2009) ABC George Negus discussion with Daryl Dellora.
 * Dixon, Norm (2008) Review of Dellora, Daryl and Ian Wansborough "The Hilton Bombing Revisited"
 * Freeman, Jane (6 February 1995) "The Hilton bombing" The Sydney Morning Herald
 * Head, Mike (13 February 2008) "30 years since Sydney's Hilton Hotel bombing—the unanswered questions" World Socialist [Website] (International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI))

title: Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing


title: User:Marco255


text:
Talk:Brushless DC electric motor

commutator section
There are several parts wrong in this section. either the stator or rotor fields can be commutated, the term "commutator" does not only apply to the brushed commutator, but also applies to the brushless commutator that changes the field in the stator of a brushless DC motor. Note that these changes also need to be made in many accompanying articles. Here are some lay references, there are plenty of academic references as well, but I don't foresee this will be in dispute. https://www.machinedesign.com/automation-iiot/article/21832366/motion-design-101-electronic-commutation, http://fab.cba.mit.edu/classes/961.04/topics/brushless_DC1.pdf, https://buildingenergy.cx-associates.com/understanding-electronically-commutated-motors Skeptonomicon (talk) 16:05, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

 * There is no longer a Brushless DC electric motor section but I have reviewed the Brush commutator and Brushless solution sections and no longer see the identified problem. ~Kvng (talk) 18:55, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

vice
I hope I am not too far off base here. Please be gentle as I am a noob here. I've quoted the segment of the article and bolded the exact text I think needs clarification. While the word "vice" has three common meanings, none of them seem to apply here.

''Applications

BLDC motors can potentially be deployed in any field-application currently fulfilled by brushed DC motors. Cost and control complexity prevents BLDC motors from replacing brushed motors in most common areas of use. Nevertheless, BLDC motors have come to dominate many applications: Consumer devices such as computer hard drives, CD/DVD players, and PC cooling fans use BLDC motors almost exclusively. Low speed, low power brushless DC motors are used in direct-drive turntables. High power BLDC motors are found in electric vehicles and some industrial machinery. These motors are essentially AC synchronous motors with permanent magnet rotors.

The Honda Civic hybrid car uses a BLDC motor to supplement the output of the internal combustion engine when the extra power is needed. It is also used to start the engine via a conventionalstarter and solenoid method.''

Gamaray?
"In a BLDC motor, the electromagnets do not move; instead, the permanent magnets rotate and the gamaray remains static." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericg33 (talk • contribs) 08:29, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Section on inverters
See the large removal in this edit http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brushless_DC_electric_motor&diff=483426920&oldid=483368233 (the other stuff is tweaks)

Slightly confused section - a BDC motor needs an inverter and control stuff to make it work - that much is clear. I removed the text-book stuff about "first we should consider".

Most of the description appears to be that which should be found in articles on Inverter, or VVVF drive, of Vector drive, or whatever people call them -

There was some specialised unreferenced stuff - eg "In addition, using a trapezoidal control leaves one leg undriven at all times, allowing for back-EMF-based sensorless feedback." -this needs referencing with context if it is to be in the article.

There were other problematic sentences such as "A motor can be optimized for AC (i.e. vector control) or it can be optimized for DC (i.e., block commutation)" - the issue here is that there is no clue and no article saying what "block commutation" is.. I'm not sure what it is trying to say, and it appears vaguely contradictory with earlier statements. The term "trapezoidal EMF" is also unexplained.

One bit that is not clear enough
 * Another very important issue, at least for some applications like automotive vehicles, is the constant power speed ratio of a motor (CPSR). The CPSR has direct impact on needed size of the inverter. Example: A motor with a high CPSR in a vehicle can deliver the desired power (e.g., 40 kW) from 3,000 RPM to 12,000 RPM, while using a 100 A inverter. A motor with low CPSR would need a 400 A inverter in order to do the same.

There is no article CPSR - and the text doesn't currently make that much sense.

Someone else should look at this - also the article makes the assumption that BDC motors always use a Permanent magnet synchronous motor - as far as I know this is correct  -though contradictory examples will probably exist - the main issue with this is that it might be better to cover the motor science at Permanent magnet synchronous motor and link to that article from the page.Oranjblud (talk) 21:23, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

 * CSPR and inverter no longer appear in the article. ~Kvng (talk) 19:10, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

Rare earth magnets
I am not exactly a motor expert so correct please, but I would understand that the real revolution in creating BLDC motors with incredibly high power to size ratios has come about with the advent of rare earth permanent magnets. The electronics and the rare earth magnets are the two technologies that enable the hi-power density applications such as electric cars, Segways, drone copters, etc, etc. I think an article that fails to mention neodymium/iron/boron alloy magnets leaves a significant gap in the knowledge of the reader. Here is a typical reference science direct

 * neodymium magnets is mentioned in the lead and I have added the suggest ref there. ~Kvng (talk) 19:17, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

too much jargon in opening
"The controller times commutation (hence rpm) and creates current waveforms (hence torque)."

Say What?? Is that even a sentence?

The opening paragraph here needs major rewrite to avoid use of highly specialized technical jargon.

174.103.146.141 (talk) 01:10, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

forgot to log in Gjxj (talk) 01:11, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brushless DC electric motor


text:
Ptilimnium

Ptilimnium is a group of plants in the family Apiaceae described as a genus in 1819. The common name is mock bishopweed or mock bishop's weed. It is endemic to the United States, primarily in the Southeast, the Lower Mississippi Valley, and the Lower Great Plains.

Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted five species:
 * Ptilimnium ahlesii Weakley & G.L.Nesom
 * Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. - SE + SC + NE USA
 * Ptilimnium costatum (Elliott) Raf. - SC USA
 * Ptilimnium nuttallii (DC.) Britton - SC USA
 * Ptilimnium texense J.M. Coult. & Rose - Texas, Louisiana, Florida

Ptilimnium nodosum (Rose) Mathias, native to Georgia and South Carolina, is treated as Harperella nodosa by Plants of the World Online.

title: Ptilimnium