text:
Antoine-Louis Barye

Antoine-Louis Barye (24 September 1795 – 25 June 1875) was a Romantic French sculptor most famous for his work as an animalier, a sculptor of animals. His son and student was the known sculptor Alfred Barye.

Biography
Born in Paris, France, Barye began his career as a goldsmith, like many sculptors of the Romantic Period. He first worked under his father Pierre, and around 1810 worked under the sculptor Martin-Guillaume Biennais, who was a goldsmith to Napoleon. After studying under sculptor Francois-Joseph Bosio in 1816, and painter Baron Antoine-Jean Gros, he was in 1818 admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts. But it was not until 1823, while working for the goldsmith Emile Fauconnier that he discovered his true predilection from watching the animals in the Jardin des Plantes, making vigorous studies of them in pencil drawings comparable to those of Delacroix, then modeling them in sculpture on a large or small scale.

In 1819 while he was studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, Barye sculpted a medallion named Milo of Crotana Devoured by a Lion, in which the lion bites into Milo's left thigh. Milo's theme was the school's official theme for the medallion competition of 1819, where Barye earned an honorable mention. c. 1820 Barye sculpted Hercules with the Erymanthean Boar, depicting Hercules's fourth Labor, where he had to capture a live wild boar from Mount Erymanthos.

Barye was no less successful in sculpture on a small scale, and excelled in representing animals in their most familiar attitudes. Barye sculpted the portrait medallion Young Man in a Beret (1823) in bronze, as well as Portrait of the Founder Richard (1827), in which only a head and neck are shown. He also sculpted Poised Stag (1829), a much larger sculpture, which had a height of 48 cm, and was one-third life size.

Barye didn't only want to be known as a sculptor of small bronzes, he wanted to be known as a sculpteur statuaire (a sculptor of large statues). In 1831 he exhibited much larger statues, Tiger Devouring a Gavial Crocodile which was a plaster sculpture 41 cm high and 103 cm long, and Lion Crushing a Serpent, 138 cm high and 178 cm long, made in bronze. In 1832 had truly mastered a style of his own in the Lion with a Snake.

Barye, though engaged in a perpetual struggle with want, exhibited year after year studies of animals, admirable groups which reveal him as inspired by a spirit of true romance and a feeling for the beauty of the antique, as in his Theseus and the Minotaur (1843), Roger and Angelica on the Hippogriff (1846)), Lapitha and Centaur (1848), Jaguar Devouring a Hare (1850), and numerous minor works now very highly valued. The latter two works were exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1850, causing Théophile Gautier to observe:"The mere reproduction of nature does not constitute art; Barye aggrandizes his animal subjects, simplifying them, idealizing and stylizing them in a manner that is bold, energetic, and rugged, that makes him the Michelangelo of the menagerie."

Examples of his larger work include the Lion of the Column of July, of which the plaster model was cast in 1839, various lions and tigers in the gardens of the Tuileries, and the four groups War, Peace, Strength, and Order (1854).

While Barye excelled at sculpture, he often faced financial burdens due to his lack of business knowledge. In 1848 he was forced to declare bankruptcy, and all of his work and molds were sold to a foundry. The foundry began making inferior work from 1848 to 1857, and his reputation suffered during this time. In 1876 what remained of Barye's inventory, 125 models, were sold to the Ferdinand Barbedienne foundry. The 1877 Barbedienne catalogue offered all of the models in bronze in variable sizes, and the Barbedienne castings were of superb quality.

Fame did not come until later in life. In 1854 he was made Professor of Drawings at the Museum of Natural History, and was elected to the Académie des beaux-arts in 1868. He produced no new works after 1869.

The mass of admirable work left by Barye entitles him to be regarded as one of the great animal life artists of the French animalier school, and the refiner of a class of art which has attracted such men as Emmanuel Frémiet, Paul-Édouard Delabrièrre, Auguste Cain, and Georges Gardet.

There is a public square on the eastern tip of Île Saint-Louis in Paris dedicated to him.

Family

Barye had a son, Alfred Barye, who studied under him and also became an animalier sculptor. Alfred, although very competent in his own right as a sculptor, would struggle to gain notoriety working in the shadow of his more famous father. Antoine-Louis was not pleased when his son began signing work as "A. Barye" because he thought this created confusion between his work and that of his son. He forced his son to sign as "A. Barye, fils" or "Alf Barye" in order to distinguish their works. The senior Barye signed only one way throughout his entire career, simply marking his bronzes "Barye".

title: Antoine-Louis Barye


text:
User talk:Reikai~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Reikai. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Reikai~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:22, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:02, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Reikai~enwiki


text:
User talk:TJSwoboda

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!
 * Let me second that...we're glad to have you here! If you need help, give me a shout!-- Violin Girl ♪ 14:25, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Your edit to He-Man (edit summary)
Just a thought, but if you do run for office, you can always consider "By the power of Greyskull, I have the power!" as a slogan. Flowerpotman talk-wot I've done 23:54, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Canon law relationship chart
You commented here Image talk:CannonLawRelationshipChart.png and I thought I'd let you know that I created the same thing in SVG so you can make it as big as you'd like:

 * [[Image:Canon law relationship chart.svg|400px]]

For what it's worth. :) Cburnett 21:10, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot
SuggestBot predicts that you will enjoy editing some of these articles. Have fun!

SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please tell me on SuggestBot's talk page. Thanks from ForteTuba, SuggestBot's caretaker.

P.S. You received these suggestions because your name was listed on the SuggestBot request page. If this was in error, sorry about the confusion. -- SuggestBot 01:46, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Redirection (not deletion) of Ziltoid The Ominiscient
I noticed that you had started a deletion discussion for this article, but since the nomination was incomplete, I just went ahead and redirected it to Ziltoid the Omniscient. That way if anyone mistypes "omniscient" while searching, they'll get to the other article.

For future reference, if you do want to delete a page to which you're the only significant contributor, you don't have to go through the whole long Articles for Deletion process -- the author of a page can request deletion by adding this tag:

 —Cel ithemis  21:54, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

76.16.142.44
I'm sorry... I'll let you tell on the next one... ;) Basketball110  pick away... 23:51, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Skinheads attack
I understand the logic behind your conclusions on WP:AIV, but the vandal(s) is/are not skinheads. It's happened before. The cross and the text ("This is the Zodiac speaking") are copied from Zodiac Killer, a serial killer from the 1970s. Channel ®   01:19, 19 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, I misinterpreted the symbol. Thanks. TJSwoboda (talk) 01:29, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

New message from Gareth Griffith-Jones
Not the Talk page. The article's 'history' ... See edit summary! Gareth Griffith-Jones (GG-J's Talk) 17:22, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

Blanking/Redirecting Articles
I am only doing that because I have seen quite a few articles about non-notable actors getting redirected to their only notable film role (e.g. Julia Winter, Carrie Henn, Charlie Ray, and Ariyan A. Johnson). It seems people prefer doing that rather than deleting the articles completely since their names are plausible search terms or if they become more notable in the future, we can restore the articles easily. I chose to redirect Ross Little to Born and Bred because as of right now, that is his only major acting role. However, it is quite possible that he will become more notable if he continues acting. Same applies for Jolean Wejbe and Big Love, though there was an AfD for Wejbe back in 2008, which was closed as "delete," but the article was recreated in 2010, thus I cannot put a WP:PROD template on it and don't know how to nominate an article for deletion as an unregistered user. As of right now, she still does not meet WP:NACTOR. I put a PROD template on Lewis McGibbon and Kayden Kessler because they have no major acting roles as of yet, only small ones, thus it is hard to find the right film/show article to redirect them to. I don't think redirecting Little and Wejbe right now is a source of controversy since they have don't have many editors or editors watching them, but if even one other user, registered or not, objects to this and restores the articles, then I will put a WP:PROD template or nominate them for deletion if possible. 74.88.115.8 (talk) 18:14, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for October 18
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Cozy Powell, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Forcefield. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:39, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:25, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:21, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:TJSwoboda


text:
Timken Company

The Timken Company is a global manufacturer of bearings and power transmission products. Timken operates from 42 countries.

Company history
In 1898, Henry Timken obtained a patent for an improved tapered roller bearing, and in 1899 incorporated as The Timken Roller Bearing Axle Company in St. Louis.

In 1901, the company moved to Canton, Ohio, as the automobile industry began to overtake the carriage industry. Timken and his two sons chose this location because of its proximity to the American car manufacturing centers of Detroit and Cleveland and the American steel-making centers of Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

In 1917, the company began steel- and tube-making operations in Canton to vertically integrate and maintain better control over the steel used in its bearings. World War I had created an increase in demand for steel, affecting its supply and price in the market.

Timken entered international markets in the early 1900s, establishing a presence initially in Great Britain, France and Germany. The performance of Timken tapered roller bearings in World War I military equipment made an impression on the European bearing market. After the war, Great Britain rose to the position of #2 in the global automotive manufacturing market, creating opportunities for Timken to expand its European manufacturing presence.

Timken entered the Great Depression in a strong financial position and its performance placed it in the ranks of the most solid, well-managed industrial firms of the 1930s. Expanding into non-automotive markets like agriculture, machine tooling, industrial and rail softened the impact.

During World War II, Timken production increased dramatically to keep up with wartime demand. For instance, every U.S. jeep was built using 24 Timken® bearings. With 660,000 jeeps delivered to the U.S. military, Timken delivered more than 15.8 million bearings for those vehicles over the course of the war. Following the war, much of the machinery shipped to Europe under the Marshall Plan was Timken-bearing equipped, helping Timken establish a broader presence in a bearing market where European competitors had dominated.

By 1960, Timken had operations in the U.S., Canada, Great Britain, France, South Africa, Australia and Brazil. Timken Research was created in 1966 to establish technological leadership and to help standardize research and development processes across the company.

Timken expanded into new global markets throughout the 1970s and 1980s, establishing a sales operation in Japan in 1974 and opening sales offices in Italy, Korea, Singapore and Venezuela in 1988. By the late 1990s Timken also had a sales presence in Spain, Hong Kong, China and Singapore.

Timken acquired its competitor, The Torrington Company, in 2003 for $840 million, doubling the size of the company and creating the world's third-largest bearing manufacturer at that time.

The company changed its corporate structure in 2014; the roller bearing-producing part of the company was separated from the steel-producing part of the company, resulting in two separate companies. The Timken Company continues to manufacture roller bearings, while TimkenSteel, which changed its name to Metallus in 2024, produces steel.

Timken entered the linear motion space in 2018 with the acquisition of Rollon, a leader in linear guides, telescopic rails, and linear actuators and systems used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. To further expand and strengthen its position in the attractive linear motion space, Timken acquired iMS in 2021 and added Nadella's complementary product portfolio in 2023.

In 2023, Timken expanded its Industrial Motion segment with the acquisitions of Des-Case, Rosa Sistemi and Lagersmit. The company also bolstered its engineered bearings portfolio in 2023 with the acquisitions of American Roller Bearing and Engineered Solutions Group (iMECH).

Company overview
Timken posted $4.8 billion in sales in 2023 and employs more than 19,000 people globally, operating from 45 countries. The company has been recognized among America's Most Responsible Companies and America's Greatest Workplaces for Diversity by Newsweek, the World's Most Ethical Companies® by Ethisphere, America's Most Innovative Companies by Fortune and America's Best Large Employers by Forbes.

Timken is focused on expanding its tapered roller bearings and growing its offering of industrial bearings and mechanical power transmission products and services. Today the company engineers, manufactures and markets bearings, gear drives, automated lubrication systems, belts, chain, couplings and linear motion products, and offers a spectrum of powertrain rebuild and repair services. Timken engineering knowledge in metallurgy, tribology and power transmission is applied across bearings and related systems to improve the reliability and efficiency of machinery around the world. Additionally, Timken products are used in a variety of diversified markets including food and beverage, energy harvesting, marine vessels, mining, agriculture, construction, civil aerospace, defense and commercial vehicles.

In 2023, Timken’s wheel bearings were used on Ford Motor Company's F-150 Lightning and Philadelphia Gear® main reduction gears were installed in the latest generation of United States Navy ships.

The Timken Company brands include: Timken bearings; GGB bearings; American Roller Bearing and Engineered Solutions Group (iMECH); Lagersmit sealing solutions; Rollon, Nadella and Rosa Sistemi linear motion products; Philadelphia Gear and Cone Drive gear drive solutions; Groeneveld-BEKA lubrication systems; Lovejoy couplings and universal joints; Torsion Control Products spring couplings; R+L Hydraulics hydraulic components; Diamond and Drives chain; PT Tech industrial clutches and brakes and Des-Case filtration solutions. The company also operates Timken Power Systems, which supplies and services industrial drivetrain customers with repair, upgrade and service for bearings, gearboxes and electric motors.

title: Timken Company


text:
User talk:GaiusKnight

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:GaiusKnight


text:
ATC code L02

L02AA Estrogens

 * L02AA01 Diethylstilbestrol
 * L02AA02 Polyestradiol phosphate
 * L02AA03 Ethinylestradiol
 * L02AA04 Fosfestrol

L02AB Progestogens

 * L02AB01 Megestrol
 * L02AB02 Medroxyprogesterone
 * L02AB03 Gestonorone

L02AE Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues

 * L02AE01 Buserelin
 * L02AE02 Leuprorelin
 * L02AE03 Goserelin
 * L02AE04 Triptorelin
 * L02AE05 Histrelin
 * L02AE51 Leuprorelin and bicalutamide

L02BA Anti-estrogens

 * L02BA01 Tamoxifen
 * L02BA02 Toremifene
 * L02BA03 Fulvestrant
 * L02BA04 Elacestrant

L02BB Anti-androgens

 * L02BB01 Flutamide
 * L02BB02 Nilutamide
 * L02BB03 Bicalutamide
 * L02BB04 Enzalutamide
 * L02BB05 Apalutamide
 * L02BB06 Darolutamide

L02BG Aromatase inhibitors

 * L02BG01 Aminogluthetimide
 * L02BG02 Formestane
 * L02BG03 Anastrozole
 * L02BG04 Letrozole
 * L02BG05 Vorozole
 * L02BG06 Exemestane

L02BX Other hormone antagonists and related agents

 * L02BX01 Abarelix
 * L02BX02 Degarelix
 * L02BX03 Abiraterone
 * L02BX04 Relugolix
 * L02BX53 Abiraterone and prednisolone

title: ATC code L02


text:
Aigars Prūsis

Aigars Prūsis (born January 5, 1976, in Liepāja) was the leader of Latvia's National Power Union, a far-right nationalist political party, in 2003–2006.

He ran latvians.lv, an Internet portal for far-right Latvian nationalist groups.

title: Aigars Prūsis


text:
Sonny Jurgensen

Christian Adolph "Sonny" Jurgensen III (born August 23, 1934) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for 18 seasons, playing for the Philadelphia Eagles and Washington Redskins. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1983. Jurgensen was also a longtime color commentator for Washington's radio broadcast crew.

Early life
Jurgensen was born on August 23, 1934, in Wilmington, North Carolina. He started playing sports in elementary school, when he led his school to the city grammar school titles in baseball and basketball. He later won Wilmington's youth tennis championship and pitched for his local Civitan club, which won the city baseball title.

High school
Jurgensen attended and played high school football at New Hanover High School. He played a number of positions for the team and as a junior was a backup quarterback on the state championship team. After a senior year where he scored three touchdowns and kicked nine extra points, he was chosen to start at quarterback for the North Carolina team in the annual North Carolina vs. South Carolina Shrine Bowl in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Jurgensen also played basketball and baseball during high school. As a senior on the basketball team, he averaged 12 points per game as a guard and the team was the state title runner-up. That same year in baseball, he batted .339 and played as a pitcher, infielder, and catcher. He also became a switch-hitter.

College career
Jurgensen attended and played college football at Duke University. He joined the varsity team in 1954 as a backup quarterback behind Jerry Barger and he completed 12 of 28 passes for 212 yards, with one touchdown and three interceptions.

But Jurgensen made the biggest impact that season as a defensive back, when he tied a team record with interceptions in four consecutive games. and ended the season with five interceptions. Duke finished the campaign with a 7–2–1 regular-season record and an Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) title. Then on New Year's Day, Duke beat the Nebraska Cornhuskers 34–7 in the 1955 Orange Bowl.

Jurgensen took over as starting quarterback in 1955. He also retained a starting position in the defensive secondary.

Duke ended the season with a 7–2–1 record along with an ACC co-championship, but did not go to a bowl because Maryland received the league's automatic bid to the Orange Bowl. That season Jurgensen completed 37 of 69 passes for 536 yards, three touchdowns and seven interceptions. He rushed 54 times for 48 yards and scored two touchdowns. He also punted four times for a 33.7 average and intercepted four passes for 17 yards.

Jurgensen's senior season in 1956 did not start well, when Duke lost to South Carolina, 7–0, in the season opener. This game marked Duke's first ACC loss, coming in the fourth year of the conference's existence. Duke finished the season with a 5–4–1 mark and Jurgensen ended up 28–59 for 371 yards.

He threw six interceptions and two touchdown passes and rushed 25 times for 51 yards with three touchdowns. Jurgensen's final career stats included 77–156 passes for 1,119 yards, 16 interceptions and six touchdowns. He also rushed for 109 yards and intercepted 10 passes.

Jurgensen also played baseball briefly at Duke and turned down an invitation to try out for the basketball team.

Before being drafted by the NFL, Jurgensen worked as a Sunday school bus driver in Herndon, Virginia.

Philadelphia Eagles (1957–1963)
Jurgensen was drafted in the fourth round of the 1957 NFL draft by the Philadelphia Eagles. He was Philadelphia's backup quarterback, behind Bobby Thomason in 1957 and Norm Van Brocklin, from 1958 through 1960. It was during this time as a backup that Jurgensen was a part of a championship team for the only time in his professional career, when the Eagles won the 1960 NFL Championship,. Although he did not play quarterback in any playoff games, Jurgensen was the holder for field goals and extra points.

After Van Brocklin retired in 1961, Jurgensen took over as Philadelphia's starter and had a successful year, passing for an NFL record 3,723 yards, tying the NFL record with 32 touchdown passes, and was named All-Pro. Following an injury-plagued 1963 season, Jurgensen was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 1, 1964, in exchange for quarterback Norm Snead and cornerback Claude Crabb.

Washington Redskins (1964–1974)
Jurgensen took over play-calling for the Redskins during the 1964 season. He was then selected to play in the Pro Bowl following the season and was also named second Team All-Pro.

One of Jurgensen's most memorable games was during the 1965 season, when the Cowboys took a 21–0 lead at DC Stadium. Jurgensen then threw for 411 yards, leading the team back to win 34–31. He rushed for a touchdown on a quarterback sneak and threw a game-winning 35-yard pass to Bobby Mitchell.

In 1967, Jurgensen broke his own record by passing for 3,747 yards and also set NFL single-season records for attempts (508) and completions (288). Injuries hampered his performance during the 1968 season, however, with Jurgensen missing two games with broken ribs and suffering chronic pain in the elbow of his throwing arm due to calcium deposits. Jurgensen threw the ball just 292 times during the year, completing 167 for 1,980 yards and 17 touchdowns.

However, he tied an NFL record early in the 1968 season for the longest pass play in league history. The 99-yard pass play to Jerry Allen occurred September 15, 1968, during the Redskins' game against the Chicago Bears. Coincidentally, Redskins' quarterbacks had three of the first four occurrences of a 99-yard pass play (Frank Filchock to Andy Farkas in 1939 and George Izo to Bobby Mitchell in 1963 were the other two occurrences of the play). Since Jurgensen's feat, no other Redskins' quarterback has completed a 99-yard pass.

In 1969, Vince Lombardi took over as the Redskins' head coach. That season, Jurgensen led the NFL in attempts (442), completions (274), completion percentage (62%), and passing yards (3,102). The Redskins went 7–5–2 and had their best season since 1955 (which kept Lombardi's record of never having coached a losing NFL team intact). Lombardi died of cancer shortly before the start of the 1970 season. Jurgensen would later say that, of the nine head coaches he played for during his NFL career, Lombardi was his favorite.

The Redskins enjoyed a resurgence in the early 1970s under coach George Allen and made it as far as Super Bowl VII, losing to the Miami Dolphins. However, Billy Kilmer started in place of Jurgensen, who was again bothered by injuries in 1971 and 1972.

During this period, a quarterback controversy developed between the two, complete with fans sporting "I Love Billy" or "I Love Sonny" bumper stickers on their vehicles. The defensive-minded Allen preferred Kilmer's conservative, ball-control style of play to Jurgensen's more high-risk approach. Despite the controversy, Jurgensen was helpful to his rival. Even to this day, Kilmer still stays at Jurgensen's house when he is in town.

In 1974, at the age of 40 and in his final season, Jurgensen won his third NFL passing crown even though he was still splitting time with Kilmer. In the final game of his NFL career, Jurgensen made his first and only appearance as a quarterback in an NFL postseason game in the Redskins' 19–10 loss to the Los Angeles Rams in the first round of the 1974 NFC playoffs. He came off the bench in relief of Kilmer and completed six of 12 passes but also threw three interceptions.

Jurgensen is recognized as the finest pure passer of his time. A five-time Pro Bowl selection, he earned three NFL individual passing titles. He exceeded 400 yards passing in a single game five times, and threw five touchdown passes in a game twice. With a career rating of 82.6, his stats include 2,433 completions for 32,224 yards and 255 touchdowns. He also rushed for 493 yards and 15 touchdowns.

Jurgensen's 82.62 career passer rating is the highest for any player in the "Dead Ball Era" (pre-1978).

Lombardi once told Pat Peppler of the Green Bay Packers head office that, "If we would have had Sonny Jurgensen in Green Bay, we’d never have lost a game.”

Broadcasting career
After retiring from the Redskins following the 1974 season, Jurgensen began another career as a color commentator, initially with CBS television. Later teaming with Hall of Fame linebacker Sam Huff, Jurgensen continued to cover the Washington Redskins on radio.

He covered the team for WRC-TV from 1994 until December 2008, when Redskins Report was canceled due to budget cuts. He served as a game analyst at preseason games and as studio analyst at training camp, making weekly picks, and other assignments. He retired from broadcasting prior to the 2019 season.

Honors
Jurgensen was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 1971 and the Duke Sports Hall of Fame in 1979. He was then inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1983. In 1999, Jurgensen was ranked the ninth best sports figure from North Carolina by Sports Illustrated and became a member of Wilmington's Walk of Fame in 2004.

Washington retired Jurgensen's #9 jersey in 2022, during their Week 18 game against the Dallas Cowboys.

Community service
He serves on the board of advisors of the Code of Support Foundation, a nonprofit military services organization.

title: Sonny Jurgensen


text:
Sargon the Sorcerer

Sargon the Sorcerer is the name of several fictional characters appearing in DC Comics. The first version of the character appeared in 1941, during the period known to fans as the Golden Age.

The original incarnation of the character is John Sargent, son of archaeologist Richard Sargent, who gained magic powers after reciting an incantation while holding an artifact that had been given to him by his mother. Fearing a negative public reception from having genuine magic powers, Sargent formed a stage magician persona to disguise his abilities. Over time, he became a crime-fighter and was notably a peer of other magic users such as Zatara and Baron Winters. The character was later killed during a ritual meant to help the Swamp Thing and Deadman battle the Great Darkness.

The second Sargon, David Sargent, first appears in Helmet of Fate: Sargon #1 (April 2007) and was created by Steve Niles and Scott Hampton. David is the grandson of John Sargent. He gained a shard of the Ruby of Life from demons who had previously been unable to explore John’s estate due to magical protections; the demons were unaware of David’s relationship to John. Upon bestowing the shard in his chest, he succeeded his grandfather and established himself as a mystic superhero. The character's tenure is short-lived, as he is seemingly killed by Lobo in Hell after sacrificing his own energies to transport heroes to the world of the living.

After the New 52 reboot, the character's history changed; while John's lifetime mirrors the Golden Age storyline, the character is instead succeeded by his daughter, Jaimini Sargent. Unlike prior depictions of Sargon, Jaimini is portrayed primarily as a villain. The character appears of East Indian descent and is an adversary of John Constantine, having usurped her father's name as Sargon the Sorceress and his position within the Cult of the Cold Flame.

Sargon appeared in live-action in the Arrowverse crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths, portrayed by Raúl Herrera.

Publication history
John Sargent, the original Sargon, first appeared in All-American Comics #26 (May 1941), and was created by John B. Wentworth and Howard Purcell. The character continued in All-American Comics until issue #50 (June 1943), and then moved to Comic Cavalcade (1943-1946) and Sensation Comics (1946-1948).

John Sargent
Sargon debuted in All-American Comics #26, with a publication date of May 1941. He was a stage magician, dressed like a swami complete with turban, to disguise the fact that he wielded true mystic powers, passing off such feats as illusions. As a child, he came into possession of the mystic Ruby of Life which allowed him to control anything he touches (touching the ground lets him erect a wall, for instance).

Taking his professional name from the ancient king of the same name, Sargon has had a checkered career, acting mostly as a hero during the Golden Age aided first by his lady assistant Flora Styles, and later by his cartoonish fat little comic relief sidekick / manager Maximillian O'Leary as he battled crooks, spies and his azure-skinned archenemy the Blue Lama, the Queen of black magic.

He re-emerges in the Silver Age – as a villain, at least at first. It was later explained that his villainous activities were the result of certain side effects of possessing the Ruby of Life. He was brought back for occasional guest appearances in the Silver Age and was awarded with an honorary membership in the Justice League in Justice League of America #99 in 1972. Sargon later explained that he moved from his home of Earth-Two to take up residence on Earth-One in 1950.

Sargon maintained contacts with several other mages in the DC Universe, notably Baron Winters, Zatara (a fellow faux stage magician), and the younger mage John Constantine. Sargon answered the summons of Constantine to participate in a ritual at the mansion of Winters to help deal with the effects of the Crisis on Infinite Earths, using the Swamp Thing as their portal into the war being fought in Hell. Locking hands in a circle of power, and using the psychic powers of Constantine's drunken acquaintance Mento, the group of sorcerers (which also included Zatara's daughter Zatanna) observed the events unfolding, and attempted in turn to channel their magical powers into several other mystical characters present in Hell, including Etrigan, the original Doctor Fate, and the Spectre.

Their enemy, a primal form of evil (called the Great Evil Beast) that was surging upwards to obliterate everything in its path, sensed their interference and lashed out several times; its power raced around the circle, finding a weak link and incinerating it. The first to fall was Sargon. At first panicking and crying out for the others to help him, and almost pulling his hands away from the circle, Sargon was rebuked by Zatara to maintain his composure and die like a sorcerer. In a final act of will, Sargon apologized for his outburst, calmly sat in place and was burned alive without a whimper, never letting go of his colleagues' hands the entire time. This ritual also kills Zatara and drives Mento completely insane.

Sargon would later return in Swamp Thing, "borrowing" the body of an elderly German man named Koestler and planning to lead the souls trapped in Hell in an assault on Heaven. He sacrificed this form to save his niece, Gracie Brody.

During the Books of Magic series, the Phantom Stranger and young Timothy Hunter had a brief encounter with what was apparently Sargon's soul, who attempted to warn the boy of the dangers and costs of pursuing magic power. He then disintegrated right before their eyes, leaving behind his Ruby of Life.

Sargon appears in the Day of Judgement series as a gray soul in the realm of Purgatory. He presumably joins in the fight against the guardians of Purgatory when a team of living heroes arrives to bring back the soul of Hal Jordan.

In 2011, DC Comics rebooted the DC universe in "The New 52". Sargon appears briefly in Justice League Dark, where he is mentioned as one of the great magicians of the past age, among peers such as Zatara and Dr. Occult. In Constantine #1, Sargon is revealed to have been one of four powerful magicians who became corrupted by their power and formed the villainous cult known as the Cold Flame.

David John Sargent

The Helmet of Fate miniseries featured a Sargon the Sorcerer one-shot, starring his successor David John Sargent.

A college dropout and former band singer, David lived as a drifter. Two men claiming to represent the estate of his grandfather, the original Sargon, found David and told him that he was John’s heir. The men were demons trying to find Sargon's Ruby of Life, but could not do so because of John’s protection spells.

David was tricked into signing away his grandfather's estate over to the two men, who then prepared to force him to find the Ruby when the Helmet of Fate suddenly appeared. David escaped the two and was led into his grandfather's secret attic by Sargon's ghost. Searching around, he found his grandfather's old props, his suit and turban, which contained some pieces of the Ruby. Those pieces then went into David's chest; through them Sargon was able to project himself in front of his grandson. He explained to David that he needed a successor to his name to find the remaining pieces of the Ruby, which had somehow shattered, and he was the only member of his bloodline still alive. He also explained that he pulled the Helmet off its course in order to provide a distraction long enough to grant David the Ruby's power.

David accepted the role of Sargon the Sorcerer, and armed with new mystical abilities, went to drive the two men from his home. At the time, the two used a piece of the Ruby they acquired to turn themselves into demons, and managed to weaken the Helmet. David then quickly disposed of the two, and sent the Helmet back on its course after placing a piece of himself into it.

David went on to play a part in Reign in Hell, assisting Zatanna and Blue Devil, and ultimately sacrificing himself to Lobo's mercy to allow many heroes and anti-heroes out of Hell; this event left Zatanna and Blue Devil traumatized, as they were the ones who went to Sargon for help in the first place.

Jaimini Sargent
In the Constantine: The Spark and the Flame, Jamini is revealed to have taken the powers of her father (who has since became corrupted) and his role in the group, calling herself "Sargon the Sorceress", and set her sights on Constantine as both sought to reconstruct a mystical item known as the "Croyden Compass", a magic artifact that can seek out magic power sources, intent on increasing her already formidable sorcery. After learning Constantine was also after the artifact and already had gained its dial. As Constantine sought the lens, he is ensnared by Sargon, who attempts to force the location of the lens out of him, as she and Tannark were unable to find the lens within the shop of Agnus Croyden's son, Phillip. Constantine reveals that his son's eyes are the lens they sought but frees the Riddling Butcher, an enemy of Jaimini's father in the past, and leaves her to fight the demon after predicting she would emerge victorious.

In other media
An unidentified Sargon the Sorcerer makes a cameo appearance in "Crisis on Infinite Earths", portrayed by Raúl Herrera.

title: Sargon the Sorcerer


text:
ATC code L03

L03AA Colony stimulating factors

 * L03AA02 Filgrastim
 * L03AA03 Molgramostim
 * L03AA09 Sargramostim
 * L03AA10 Lenograstim
 * L03AA12 Ancestim
 * L03AA13 Pegfilgrastim
 * L03AA14 Lipegfilgrastim
 * L03AA15 Balugrastim
 * L03AA16 Empegfilgrastim
 * L03AA17 Pegteograstim
 * L03AA18 Efbemalenograstim alfa
 * L03AA19 Eflapegrastim
 * QL03AA90 Pegbovigrastim

L03AB Interferons

 * L03AB01 Interferon alfa natural
 * L03AB02 Interferon beta natural
 * L03AB03 Interferon gamma
 * L03AB04 Interferon alfa-2a
 * L03AB05 Interferon alfa-2b
 * L03AB06 Interferon alfa-n1
 * L03AB07 Interferon beta-1a
 * L03AB08 Interferon beta-1b
 * L03AB09 Interferon alfacon-1
 * L03AB10 Peginterferon alfa-2b
 * L03AB11 Peginterferon alfa-2a
 * L03AB12 Albinterferon alfa-2b
 * L03AB13 Peginterferon beta-1a
 * L03AB14 Cepeginterferon alfa-2b
 * L03AB15 Ropeginterferon alfa-2b
 * L03AB16 Peginterferon alfacon-2
 * L03AB17 Sampeginterferon beta-1a
 * L03AB60 Peginterferon alfa-2b, combinations
 * L03AB61 Peginterferon alfa-2a, combinations
 * QL03AB90 Interferom omega, feline origin

L03AC Interleukins

 * L03AC01 Aldesleukin
 * L03AC02 Oprelvekin

L03AX Other immunostimulants

 * L03AX01 Lentinan
 * L03AX02 Roquinimex
 * L03AX03 BCG vaccine
 * L03AX04 Pegademase
 * L03AX05 Pidotimod
 * L03AX07 Poly I:C
 * L03AX08 Poly ICLC
 * L03AX09 Thymopentin
 * L03AX10 Immunocyanin
 * L03AX11 Tasonermin
 * L03AX12 Melanoma vaccine
 * L03AX13 Glatiramer acetate
 * L03AX14 Histamine dihydrochloride
 * L03AX15 Mifamurtide
 * L03AX16 Plerixafor
 * L03AX17 Sipuleucel-T
 * L03AX18 Cridanimod
 * L03AX19 Dasiprotimut-T
 * L03AX21 Elapegademase
 * L03AX22 Leniolisib
 * QL03AX90 Feline interleukin-2 recombinant canarypox virus (viral vector)

title: ATC code L03


text:
User talk:Zh

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Hey thanks for your help on these controversial articles! Shorne is indeed going on a near-rampage of whitewashing and communist apologetics. But, I write to advise against editing others' user pages, since that sort of thing can get you into big trouble. If you must, put that sort of thing on the user's Talk page. Just some advice. Very Verily 07:36, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Requests for comment Shorne
A few of us are talking about doing a RfC regarding Shorne. Before we can do that we must pass this threshold:

"Before listing any user conduct dispute here, at least two people must try to resolve the same issue by talking with the person on his or her talk page or the talk pages involved in the dispute. The two users must document and certify their efforts when listing the dispute. If the listing is not certified within 48 hours of listing, it will be deleted."

If you feel that any issues exist with respect to his edits, please enter into a dialogue on User talk:Shorne and see how much progress we can make through negotiation. Fred Bauder 19:02, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

Cabal
You might be interested in Arbitration request - CheeseDreams vs. a cabal of "fundamentalists"

CheeseDreams 02:29, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:America's Army1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:America's Army1.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 06:33, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:America's_Army2.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:America's_Army2.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 17:34, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:America's Army1.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:America's Army1.jpg. You've indicated that the image meets Wikipedia's criteria for non-free content, but there is no explanation of why it meets those criteria. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. If you have any questions, please post them at Media copyright questions.

Thank you for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 02:58, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:America's Army1.jpg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:America's Army1.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you object to the listing for any reason. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 16:10, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zh


text:
Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond

The Diocese of Richmond (Diœcesis Richmondiensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in Virginia in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Baltimore.

The diocese's current bishop is Barry C. Knestout, who was appointed by Pope Francis on December 5, 2017.

Statistics
The Diocese of Richmond encompasses all of central and southern Virginia, the Hampton Roads area, and the Eastern Shore of Chesapeake Bay.

As of 2022, the diocese had 135 diocesan and religious priests serving a Catholic population of 226,674 in 138 parishes and eight missions. The diocese was operating nine hospitals and seven facilities for the elderly.

1600 to 1800
Prior to the American Revolution, few Catholics lived in the British Colony of Virginia. Attempts to found Catholic settlements in Virginia were made by Lord Baltimore in 1629, and by Captain George Brent in 1687. In 1634, Reverend John Altham, a Jesuit companion of Reverend Andrew White, performed missionary work among the Native American tribes living on the south bank of the Potomac River.

The colonial government of Virginia soon enacted stringent laws against the practice of Catholicism. In 1687, Reverends Edmonds and Raymond were arrested at Norfolk, Virginia, for exercising their priestly functions. During the last quarter of the 18th century, the few Catholic settlers at Aquia Creek near the Potomac, were attended by Reverend John Carroll and other Jesuit missionaries from Maryland.

1800 to 1820
With the 1786 passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, proposed by future US President Thomas Jefferson, Catholics were granted religious freedom in the new state of Virginia. Reverend Jean Dubois, accompanied by several French priests and letters of introduction from the Marquis de Lafayette, arrived in Norfolk in August 1791. in December 1791, the Virginia General Assembly invited Dubois to celebrate a Mass in the courtroom of the new Virginia State House. This was the first Mass conducted anywhere in Richmond.

Future US President James Monroe hosted Dubois in Richmond until he was able to rent a house there. Dubois later opened a school to teach French, the classics and arithmetic. Virginia Governor Patrick Henry helped Dubois learn English. For two years, Dubois mainly celebrated Mass in rented rooms or at the homes of Richmond's few Catholic families.

According to tradition, Alexandria had a log chapel with an unknown resident Catholic priest by 1776. Reverend John Thayer from Boston was stationed at the chapel in 1794. Reverend Francis Neale erected a brick church in Alexandria in 1796 and constructed a larger one there in 1811. Reverend Anthony Kohlmann and future Bishop Benedict Fenwick frequently officiated in Alexandria.

The first Catholic church in Norfolk was St. Patrick's in 1791. Its parishioners were refugees who had fled France after the French Revolution in 1789. It is the oldest parish in the diocese. Around 1796, Reverend James Bushe started building new church in Norfolk. He was succeeded there by the future Archbishop Leonard Neale.

1820 to 1850
Pope Pius VII erected the Diocese of Richmond on July 11, 1820. He removed all of Virginia (except for the two counties of the Eastern Shore region) and present day West Virginia from the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Pius VII appointed Reverend Patrick Kelly as its first bishop. After arriving in New York in 1820, Kelly traveled to Baltimore to meet Bishop Ambrose Maréchal. Kelly wrote about to his brother about Maréchal:"He did not receive me over kindly, and tried to persuade me it would be dangerous to take possession of my See; but his arguments did not satisfy me, and I arrived Norfolk on 19th January."In January 1821, Kelly took up residence in Norfolk which had a larger Catholic population than the episcopal see in Richmond. While bishop, Kelly opened the first Catholic school in the diocese and engaged in missionary efforts. Kelly was soon involved in disputes with Maréchal over their jurisdictions. To end the fighting, Pius VII appointed Kelly as bishop of the Diocese of Waterford and Lismore in Ireland in early 1822. There would be no new bishop in Richmond for the next 18 years.

Pope Gregory XVI named Reverend Richard Whelan as the new bishop of the Diocese of Richmond in 1840. Since Kelly's departure in 1822, the diocese had been vacant. During that period, Richmond had become a stronghold of the Know-Nothing political party, known for its anti-Catholic bigotry and violence. As the diocese only had six priests, Whelan appealed to the Societies for the Propagation of the Faith in Paris, Lyon, France, and Vienna in the Austrian Empire to recruit priests. He also established a seminary college outside Richmond, where he resided and taught classes whenever he was in town. Whelan also established several parishes, missions and schools.

In 1848, Whelan petitioned Pope Pius IX to divide the Diocese of Richmond into two dioceses, with the Allegheny Mountains serving as the boundary. In 1850, Pope Pius IX erected the Diocese of Wheeling. He removed from the Diocese of Richmond all of Virginia west of the Allegheny Mountains and the state of Pennsylvania. Pius IX named Whelan bishop of the new diocese and replaced him in Richmond with Monsignor John McGill of the Diocese of Bardstown.

1850 to 1870
When McGill arrived in Richmond in 1850, the diocese had 7,000 Catholics, eight priests, and 10 churches. He convened the first diocesan synod in 1855. During his tenure, Virginia was devastated by yellow fever and cholera epidemics. Pius IX in 1858, transferred the territory of Alexandria to the Diocese of Richmond. The Federal government in 1846 had retroceded the city of Alexandria back to Virginia from the District of Columbia.

During the American Civil War, Catholics in the Confederate States were unable to purchase Catholic books published in the North. To fill the gap, McGill wrote, "The True Church Indicated to the Inquirer" and "Our Faith, the Victory", republished as "The Creed of Catholics". He also visited Union Army prisoners of war in the Libby Prison in Richmond, doing what he could to aid them. In 1867, McGill brought the Sisters of Charity from Emmitburgh, Maryland, to set up a school in the diocese. McGill died in 1872 and Pius IX named James Gibbons, then vicar apostolic of North Carolina, as the new bishop of Richmond. Gibbons stayed in Richmond for five years, at which point Pius IX appointed him coadjutor archbishop of Baltimore.

The start of the Civil War led to the formation of the state of West Virginia. It consisted of the western counties of Virginia, which had seceded from Virginia rather than be part of the breakaway Confederate States of America. However, the new state boundary between Virginia and West Virginia did not coincide with the boundary between the Dioceses of Wheeling and Richmond. This disparity endured for over a century. Pope Pius IX erected the new Diocese of Wilmington in 1868. As part of that new diocese, the pope removed two Eastern Shore counties from the Diocese of Richmond.

1870 to 1910
After McGill died in 1872, Pope Leo XIII appointed Reverend John J. Keane of the Archdiocese of Baltimore as the new bishop of Richmond. As bishop, Keane established the Confraternity of the Holy Ghost, a Catholic fellowship, in the diocese. He published A Sodality Manual for the Use of the Servants of the Holy Ghost in 1880. Despite opposition, Keane founded schools and churches for Catholic African-Americans in the diocese. He addressed Protestant groups to educate them about the Catholic Church. Keene was appointed rector of the Catholic University of America in Washington D.C. in 1886. He resigned his post as bishop two years later to serve full time as rector.

In 1889, Leo XIII appointed Monsignor Augustine Van de Vyver as bishop of the Diocese of Richmond. In 1901, philanthropist Thomas Ryan and his wife donated almost $500,000 to buy the land and construct a new Sacred Heart Cathedral in Richmond. It was consecrated in 1906. While bishop, Van de Vyver open new religious congregations, schools and other Catholic institutions. With assistance from a donor, Van de Vyver opened an industrial college for African-American boys in Rock Castle, Virginia. Katherine Drexel, mother superior of the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament. opened a school for African-American girls.

In August 1902, Reverend Joseph Anciaux a Belgian Josephite priest in Virginia wrote a letter to the Congregation of the Propaganda in Rome, condemning acceptance by the U.S. Catholic hierarchy of racial segregation in the United States. He called it a radical and non-Catholic policy, and accused Van de Vyver personally of timidity in the face of "negro haters". In October 1902, Van de Vyver forced Anciaux to leave the diocese.

1910 to 2000
After Van de Vyver died in 1911, Pope Pius X named Auxiliary Bishop Denis J. O'Connell of the Archdiocese of San Francisco as the new bishop of Richmond. The first parish in Virginia Beach, the Star of the Sea, was established in 1915.

O'Connell resigned due to bad health in 1926 and Pope Pius XI named Auxiliary Bishop Andrew Brennan of the Diocese of Scranton to replace him. In 1929, at Brennan's suggestion, the Holy Name Society of Richmond establish the Catholic Laymen's League of Virginia. It was created to counteract the flow of anti-Catholic bigotry and misinformation in the media and from some Protestant ministers.

In 1935, Pius XI named Monsignor Peter Ireton of Baltimore to assist Brennan as coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Richmond, a job Ireton would hold for ten years. When Brennan resigned in 1945, Ireton automatically succeeded him as bishop of Richmond. During his tenure as bishop, Ireton established 42 parishes, built 24 schools, and increased the Catholic population from 37,000 to 147,000.

Ireton died in 1958 and Pius XI appointed Bishop John Russell from the Diocese of Charleston as his replacement. In implementing the Second Vatican Council reforms, Russell established a diocesan Commission on Ecumenical Affairs in 1963, and a diocesan Pastoral Council and a Council of Priests in 1966. A champion of civil rights, he had the parents of prospective students for Richmond's Catholic schools be interviewed for signs of racism.

In 1970, Pope Paul VI named Monsignor Walter Sullivan as auxiliary bishop in Richmond. When Russell resigned in 1973, the pope appointed Sullivan as the new bishop. In 1974, Paul VI established the current boundaries of the Diocese of Richmond by: In 1977, Sullivan established a joint Catholic and Episcopalian parish, Holy Apostles in Virginia Beach The church had separate altars for the two denominations. That same year, he established the diocesan Commission on Sexual Minorities to reach out to LGBTQ+ Catholics.
 * Transferring the two Eastern Shore counties, ceded to the Diocese of Wilmington in 1868, back to the Diocese of Richmond
 * Erecting the new Diocese of Arlington, taking Northern Virginia from the Diocese of Richmond
 * Realigning the boundary between the Dioceses of Richmond and Wheeling to match the Virginia-West Virginia state line

2000 to present
The diocese was sued for defamation in July 2003 for $14 million by Carole Kahwajy. A principal of St. Benedict School in Richmond, the diocese had fired her in January 2002. Kahwajy said that diocesan officials had spread a story that she had covered up sexual abuse of boys at the school by Reverend John Hesch. She also claimed that diocese said she was sexually abusing boys at the school and had a sexual relationship with another priest.

In 2003, after 33 years as bishop, Sullivan retired. Pope John Paul II named Bishop Francis X. DiLorenzo of the Diocese of Honolulu as his replacement in 2004. Upon his installation, DiLorenzo reactivated the diocese's liturgical commission to assert control over any statements or documents produced by clergy within the diocese. DiLorenzo forcibly retired Reverend Thomas J. Quinlan, pastor of Holy Family Catholic Church in Virginia Beach for a history of using offensive language during mass. The situation had culminated with what DiLorenzo termed a sacrilegious reference to Mary, mother of Jesus, by Quinlan at a Christmas Eve mass.

DiLorenzo moved his residence from Cathedral Place in Richmond to Midlothian. Some Catholics raised questions about the move and see it as a way to distance himself from his flock. But DiLorenzo responded that he is only 25 minutes away from the diocesan offices and that the move saved the diocese money: "Do I need to live in a three-story building by myself? I don't think so." The three-story house was turned into offices for those working in a building that the diocese was renting for $35,000 a year. "We saved ourselves thirty-some thousand a year," said DiLorenzo, "and I moved to Midlothian, a very quiet place."

In 2013, the diocese reported an increase in the number of seminarians preparing for the priesthood. According to Michael Boehling, the typical candidate was in his early to mid-20s, and was a college graduate with a degree in history, science or mathematics. "They are articulate and bright, well-rounded individuals who are mature for their age,"

A judge in 2016 dismissed a lawsuit filed by a former diocesan employee. The diocese had hired John Murphy to serve as executive director of Saint Francis Home in Richmond. The diocese fired him a week later after learning that he was in a same-sex marriage. Murphy asked for a dismissal after reaching a settlement with the diocese.

DiLorenzo ended the diocesan sexual minorities commission, which his predecessor had established in 1977. DiLorenzo increased the number of clustered parishes. He also brought in consultants to review some diocesan departments and commissions for dissolution. DiLorenzo retired in 2017. His replacement as bishop was Auxiliary Bishop Barry C. Knestout from the Archdiocese of Washington, appointed by Pope Francis in 2017

In January 2019, Knestout gave permission to the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Virginia to use Saint Bede Catholic Church in Williamsburg for the ordination of Reverend Susan B. Haynes as its new bishop. The Episcopal diocese did not have a cathedral and usually rotated locations for its ordinations and other events. The announcement was met with opposition by some Catholics who objected to holding a non-Catholic worship service and the episcopal ordination of a woman in a Catholic church. Over 3,000 people signed an online petition condemning the action. Two days later, the Diocese of Southern Virginia announced it would celebrate Haynes' ordination elsewhere.

Sexual abuse
In March 1994, after the suicide death of a 21 year old man, his parents sent a request to the diocese that Reverend John Hesch not participate in the funeral mass. That request prompted an investigation by the diocese, which revealed allegations by the deceased man that Hesch had sexually molested him during the 1980s when he was a student at St. Benedict School. When Hesch returned from a trip to Europe in June 1994, Sullivan confronted him with the accusations. Later that day, Hesch committed suicide.

In July 1994, a former teacher at St. Benedict, Jacqueline M. Mishkel, said she and another teacher had reported Hesch to the diocese in 1985. Mishkel said that boys told her that during Hesch's sex education classes, he had the boys feel his exposed penis. She said the diocese told her Hesch would be sent away for counseling, but nothing happened.

In April and August 1996, according to the 2023 Attorney General’s Report on Child Sexual Abuse in the Archdiocese of Baltimore, two men reported to the Diocese of Richmond that they had been sexually molested as young teenagers by Reverend John Bostwick III between 1980 and 1982. During trips with the boys, Bostwick fondled one boy's genitals and tried the same with the second boy. Bishop Sullivan in November 1996 suspended Bostwick, then serving in Louisiana, and ordered him to attend a treatment facility, which Bostwick refused. Bostwick was never returned to ministry.

In February 2019, Knestout released a list of 42 priests with "credible and substantiated" accusations of sexual abuse against them. The list covered allegations from the 1950s to 1993. The liste included Bishop Carroll Dozier of the Diocese of Memphis, who was accused of committing acts of sex abuse while serving in the Diocese of Richmond.

In 2019, Knestout instructed Mark White to shut down his blog, under pain of removal from the priesthood. White had criticized the church hierarchy's handling of the child sexual abuse crisis. His targets included former Cardinal Theodore McCarrick, for whom Knestout had served as priest secretary, and Cardinal Donald Wuerl, with whom Knestout had worked as auxiliary bishop. In May 2020, Knestout removed White from his parish and trespassed him from the parish residence. Knestout ordered White to take up residence at a retreat center and undertake a ministry to prisoners. In June 2020, the Vatican denied White's appeal of Knestout's decree on technical grounds. In 2021, White said that Knestout was petitioning the Vatican to laicize him.

In October 2020, Richmond newspapers revealed that the diocese had paid $6.3 million to settle 51 out of 68 claims of sexual abuse. In July 2021, the diocese added four more names to its list of clergy with credible accusations of sexual abuse.

Bishops of Richmond

 * 1) Patrick Kelly (1820–1822), appointed Bishop of Waterford and Lismore
 * 2) Richard Vincent Whelan (1841–1850), appointed Bishop of Wheeling
 * 3) John McGill (1850–1872)
 * 4) James Gibbons (1872–1877), appointed Archbishop of Baltimore (elevated to Cardinal in 1886)
 * 5) John Joseph Keane (1878–1888), appointed Rector of The Catholic University of America and Archbishop of Dubuque
 * 6) Augustine Van de Vyver (1889–1911)
 * 7) Denis Joseph O'Connell (1912–1926)
 * 8) Andrew James Louis Brennan (1926–1945)
 * 9) Peter Leo Ireton (1945–1958)
 * 10) John Joyce Russell (1958–1973)
 * 11) Walter Francis Sullivan (1974–2003)
 * 12) Francis Xavier DiLorenzo (2004–2017)
 * 13) Barry Christopher Knestout (2018–present)

Auxiliary Bishops of Richmond

 * Joseph Howard Hodges (1952–1961), appointed Bishop of Wheeling
 * Ernest Leo Unterkoefler (1962–1964), appointed Bishop of Charleston
 * James Louis Flaherty (1966–1975)
 * Walter Francis Sullivan (1970–1974), appointed Bishop here
 * David Edward Foley (1986–1994), appointed Bishop of Birmingham

Other diocesan priests who became bishops

 * Francis Janssens, appointed Bishop of Natchez in 1881 and later Archbishop of New Orleans
 * Vincent Stanislaus Waters, appointed Bishop of Raleigh in 1945
 * Carroll Thomas Dozier, appointed Bishop of Memphis in 1970
 * Antons Justs (priest here, 1962–1974), appointed Bishop of Jelgava, Latvia in 1995

Notable people

 * Francis J. Parater (1897–1920), seminarian and candidate for canonization

Knights of Columbus
The Knights of Columbus has several councils in the Diocese of Richmond. One of its best known services is the KOVAR drive, which raises money for Virginians with intellectual disabilities.

Education
As of 2022, the Diocese of Richmond had nine high schools with an enrollment exceeding 1800 students and 24 elementary schools with an enrollment exceeding 6500.

Higher Education
Bon Secours Memorial College of Nursing – Henrico.

High schools

 * Benedictine College Preparatory – Goochland
 * Blessed Sacrament Huguenot Catholic School – Powhatan
 * Cardinal Newman Catholic Academy – Bon Air
 * Catholic High School – Virginia Beach
 * Cristo Rey Richmond High School – Richmond
 * Peninsula Catholic High School – Newport News
 * Roanoke Catholic School – Roanoke
 * Saint Gertrude High School – Goochland
 * St. Vincent de Paul Virtual Academy – Newport News. It is administered by Peninsula Catholic High School
 * Walsingham Academy – Williamsburg

Closed schools
Holy Cross Regional Catholic School – Lynchburg

Lower Schools
The Diocese of Richmond oversees other Catholic education options across Virginia that are administered by different parishes, religious orders and private lay groups.

title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond


text:
Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard

Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard (13 September 1803 – 17 March 1847) was a prolific French illustrator and caricaturist who published under the pseudonym of Grandville, and numerous variations (e. g. Jean-Jacques Grandville, Jean Ignace Isidore Grandville) throughout his career. Art historians and critics have called him "the first star of French caricature's great age", and described his illustrations as featuring "elements of the symbolic, dreamlike, and incongruous" while retaining a sense of social commentary, and "the strangest and most pernicious transfigurement of the human shape ever produced by the Romantic imagination". The anthropomorphic vegetables and zoomorphic figures that populated his cartoons anticipated and influenced the work of generations of cartoonists and illustrators from John Tenniel, to Gustave Doré, to Félicien Rops, and Walt Disney. He has also been called a "proto-surrealist" and was greatly admired by André Breton and others in the movement.

Grandville was born in 1803, in Nancy, France into a family of artist and actors and received his earliest instruction in drawing from his father. He moved to Paris about 1823–1825 and began designing illustrations. His reputation was established in 1829 when he published a set of 70 lithographs titled Les Métamorphoses du jour. During the July Revolution of 1830 and the turbulent years that followed, he worked with Honoré Daumier and others producing provocative political cartoons for periodicals that were highly critical of the new monarchy of Louis Philippe I. After strict censorship laws were passed and threats from the police in 1835, Grandville turned to book illustration. He illustrated several classics such as La Fontaine's Fables, Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Swift's Gulliver's Travels, and Cervantes's Don Quixote. In later years his books were increasingly centered around his illustrations, with the text written for his images e.g. Un autre monde (1844), Cent proverbes: têxte par trois Tetes dans un bonnet (1845), and Les fleurs animées (1846). Grandville typically made drawings for publishers that were later copied into lithographs and woodcuts by professional engravers, only occasionally did he make his own prints.

He married his cousin Marguerite Henriette Fischer in 1833 and they had three sons, but Marguerite and all three sons predeceased him, all on separate occasions. He remarried in 1843 to Catherine Marceline "Céline" Lhuillier and they had one son, Armand in 1845. Traditional accounts say that he went mad and died in an insane asylum; however, recent authors say that although the hospital where he died in Paris, Maison de Santé in Vanves, did treat the mentally ill among other illnesses, he was not "mad" and likely died of a throat infection, possibly diphtheria.

Early life: 1803–1830
Jean Ignace Isidore Gerard, "Grandville", was born on September 15, 1803, in Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, in northeastern France. His parents called him Adolphe, a name that originated from an older brother who had died three months before Grandville was born, and a name that followed him through the rest of his life. His father, Jean-Baptiste Gérard, was a noted painter of miniatures. He inherited his father's talent and exhibited an aptitude for drawing at an early age. He received his earliest education in art from his father and several authors have noted his father's influence on his draftsmanship and dense compositions, even in his mature work. Another painter of miniatures and lithographer, Léon-André Larue, called Mansion, was a relative who encouraged Grandville to go to Paris and learn lithography. Lithography had only recently been invented in Germany in the 1790s and was rapidly gaining popularity in Paris as a fast and cheap alternative to engraving and etching, for mass-producing prints and illustrated publications. In a period of social and political turmoil, inexpensive illustrated newspapers were coming into vogue, and opportunities for draftsmen and illustrators were also on the rise among the publishers and lithography studios in Paris at that time. Grandville was drawn to and influenced by the satirical prints, caricatures, and illustrations (often political) that were growing in popularity in France. Sources differ on the exact year and age, but after completing school, c. 1823 –1825, Grandville moved to Paris and began pursuing a career in illustration and lithography. One account states his first lithograph titled La Marchande de cerises (The Cherry Seller), was published in Nancy 1824 or 1825.

Grandville's parents had friends and family in Paris working in the theater who provided work and connections early on, including a relative, Frédéric Lemétheyer, who was a stage manager in the Opéra-Comique. He began using his pseudonym, "Grandville" in Paris. It was derived from "Gérard de Grandville", his paternal grandparents stage name when they were actors and worked in the court of Lorraine. The pseudonym Grandville appeared in numerous variations throughout his career, including Grandville, Jean-Jacques Granville, J. J. Grandville, Jean Ignace Isidore Grandville, J. I. I. Grandville, Jean de Granville, and other variants. He designed illustrations for decks of playing cards and worked with Hippolyte Lecomte, a painter and ballet set designer in Paris, for whom he produced a set of color lithographs Costumes De Théãter in 1826. That set was followed by additional series including 12 lithographs created for the printer Langlumé titled Les Dimanches d'un bourgeois de Paris ou Les tribulations de la petite propriété (Sundays of a Paris Bourgeois or The Tribulations of Small Property), in 1826. Subsequent collections included 53 prints in La Sibylle des salons (The Sibyl of the Salons) in 1827 and 12 prints in Titres pour morceaux de musique (Titles for Musical Pieces) in 1828.

Grandville lived a bohemian life in the late 1820s and early 1830s, renting in a small room on the upper floor of a building which is said to have been crowded with pens and papers where he drew incessantly. It became a gathering place for artist, writers, singers, lithographers and others. The painter Paul Delaroche was a neighbor during this period. Alexandre Dumas was among the milieu and later wrote of the time, "If we had money, we had beer. If not, we were happy just to smoke, joke and argue." Grandville was described as a thin, somewhat quiet, and at times melancholy man, although Dumas noted he also had a sharp wit and a competitive side to him. It was in this period that he met the charismatic 28-year-old Charles Philipon, an editor and lithographer with the newspaper La Silhouette.

Grandville's first real success was Les Métamorphoses du jour (The Metamorphoses of the Day), a set of 70 color lithographs published in 1829. In this series, figures with human bodies but the heads of various animals, from fish to elephants, are depicted acting out a human comedy, perceptively satirizing the bourgeois of Paris and human nature in general. It established his reputation with the public and he was thereafter sought after as an illustrator by publishers and periodicals. In 1830 he published Voyage pour l'éternité (Voyage to Eternity), a series of nine lithographs in which death, in the form of a variously dressed skeleton, pays visits to a variety of Parisians, and is finally seen triumphantly leading a parade of young soldiers to their fate. Printing was stopped after only few copies were made due to the dark theme, which was possibly inspired by Thomas Rowlandson's Dance of Death. However, it did succeed in gaining him more notoriety and the admiration of a few such as Champfleury and Honoré de Balzac.

Les Métamorphoses du jour (1829), color lithographs

The French Revolution of 1830: 1830–1835
In the French Revolution of 1830, the "Three Glorious Days" (July 27–29) saw the liberal, republican, working class of Paris fighting in the streets to bring down the Bourbon monarch Charles X, who was replaced by his more liberally minded cousin Louis Philippe I. These same republican workers were rapidly marginalized as the bourgeoisie appropriated the social, economic, and political gains of the revolution to their own ends. Alexandre Dumas is known to have fought with the workers and it is possible that Grandville and others in his circle participated in the fighting as well. Several satirical republican periodicals begin to emerge in Paris at this time, including La Silhouette, Tribune, La Caricature, L'Artiste, Le Charivari, Corsaire, Réformateur, Bon Sens, Populaire, and others. These papers were often political, provocative, and pressed the issue that the workers had been pivotal in bringing Louis Philippe to power, but were now dismissed by the new monarchy.

The success of Grandville's previous lithographic series led to invitations to design cartoons for these papers. The first of these was the satirical paper La Silhouette where his friend Charles Philipon was working as an editor. Grandville's lithograph Let's Put Out the Light and Rekindle the Fire! ("the light" of the Enlightenment and "the fire" of book-burning), criticizing censorship of the press, was published in June 1830 and quickly proscribed by the government. La Silhouette had a short run (December 1829 – January 1831), folding after the administration's fines and pressure. It was only one in a succession of papers of similar content, many of which buckled under government pressure, and in some cases the same editors, writers, and illustrators moved from one paper to the next.

Before La Silhouette closed, Charles Philipon and Auguste Audibert founded La Caricature in 1830, with Honoré de Balzac as a literary editor and Grandville, Achille Devéria, Honoré Daumier, Edme Jean Pigal, Auguste Raffet, and Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers as cartoonist and lithographers. As one author put it "From 1830 to 1835 Philipon and La Caricature waged all-out war against Louis-Philippe." As part of this "war" Grandville designed numerous prints, including multi-part lithographs published over a period of weeks that collectors could piece together into one, e.g. the seven part Grande Croisade contre la Liberté (The Great Crusade Against Liberty) and La Chasse à la Liberté (The Hunters in Pursuit of Liberty). These attacks on monarchy were taken seriously and were not without consequences. Louis Philippe's regime seized papers, levied fines, and sent editors, writes, and illustrators to prison. Daumier was fined 500 francs and spent six months in prison in 1832. Charles Philipon received even greater fines and longer prison terms as did other publishers. Grandville endured persistent harassment from the police, including searches, and one incident described as a mugging in his own building by thuggish policemen, foiled by a neighbor who confronted them with pistols. He is said to have been deeply distressed by these events. Grandville filed criminal charges asserting the police had entered his residence by force, and he later published a lithograph ''Oh!! Les vilaines mouches!!'' Philipon organized L'Association Mensuelle lithographique which offered fine prints to its members in the early 1830s. Grandville produced over half the prints, with the profits going to pay the paper's fines.

As La Caricature was collapsing, Philipon launched yet another review, Le Charivari in 1832, in which political attacks were more subtle, oblique, and veiled and the cartoons often addressed broader, less political, social satire. Grandville, Philipon, and Daumier, achieved a level of celebrity status among factions of the public, as much for their defiant opposition as their cartoons. His political cartoons enjoyed great popularity with the public and were held in high regard by many. Publishers and editors such as Edouard Charton of Le magasin pittoresque, as gave Grandville the freedom to choose his own subjects and create his images.

The business of caricaturing was financially tenuous. The papers typically paid cartoonists by the print and artist considered themselves lucky to receive a contract for drawing on a regular basis. Grandville had made his earlier lithographs himself, but after he started producing cartoons for the periodicals about 1831, he typically turned his original drawings over to publishers who had professional lithographers copy his images for printing. Color was sometimes added in colorist studios, almost always women, who applied watercolor or gouache by hand, following notes supplied by the artists.

The "Fieschi attentat", an unsuccessful assassination attempt on King Louis Philippe occurred on July 28, 1835, the fifth anniversary of the July Revolution. The September Laws soon followed, with censorship of the press and significantly longer prison sentences for publishing criticisms of the king and his administration. Caricatures required approval from the government before they were published and the press was forbidden to report on trials involving the press.

Political lithographs (1830–1835)

Later career: 1836–1847
At the outbreak of the July Revolution of 1830, Grandville was a 26-year-old bachelor living a bohemian life. By the time the September Laws were passed in 1835, he was a 31-year-old husband, and a father. He quit producing political cartoons after the September Laws and turned to illustrating books. It has been postulated that he was relieved and even happy to leave the politics and police harassment behind at this point in his life. In July 1833 he married a cousin from Nancy, Marguerite Henriette Fischer and the couple maintained an apartment close to his studio, and rented a house near the outskirts of town. In 1834 their first son Ferdinand was born. A second son, Henri, was born in fall of 1838, but tragedy soon struck the family. Marguerite's health is said to have declined with each birth and Ferdinand died of meningitis about the time Henri was born. In 1841 Henri choked to death on a piece of bread while his parents helplessly watched. A third son, Georges, was born in July 1842 but, Marguerite died of peritonitis later that month. Grandville remarried in October 1843 to Catherine Marceline Lhuillier (1819–1888) who was the mother of his fourth son Armand, born in 1845. One source states that from her deathbed, his first wife Marguerite, had a hand in selecting Catherine as a second wife and stepmother for her husband and son.

The first major undertaking in book illustration that Grandville undertook was a volume of song lyrics by the popular French songwriter Pierre-Jean de Béranger, first published with 38 wood engravings in 1835, and an expanded edition with 100 engravings in 1837. This was followed by several volumes of classic literature, including as La Fontaine's Fables, Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Boccaccio's The Decameron, and Cervantes's Don Quixote. While his illustrations for classic prose include some fine, if conventional illustrations, they did not provide him with the opportunity to give free range to his imagination. He had a greater affinity for children's literature, that shows in his illustration for La Fontaine Fables, and later the Fables of Lavalette and Florian, collectively ranking among his finest work. He made a series of drawings for Perrault's Little Red Riding Hood but these were not published.

Grandville adapted and refined his style in switching from cartoons to book illustrations, which coincided with the evolving printing technology and a shift from lithography to wood engraving. Previously, illustrations were typically printed on separate pages that were inserted into the text. With end-cut wood engravings, fine detail could be achieved on the hard end grain of wooden blocks, that could then be placed with the typographical blocks and printed on the same page with the text, lowering cost, and increasing the speed and quality of illustrated texts. Wood engravings also deteriorate less quickly than metal plates used for intaglio printing. Grandville did not engrave the wooden blocks himself. Typical of 19th century illustrators, he provided his original drawings to his publishers which were then carved by professional engravers for his book illustrations.

Book illustrations (after 1836) wood engravings

Art
Though the designs of Grandville are occasionally unnatural and absurd, they usually display keen analysis of character and marvellous inventive ingenuity, and his humour is always tempered and refined by delicacy of sentiment and a vein of sober thoughtfulness. Grandville's ability for political provocation made his work much in demand. He worked in a wide variety of formats, from his first job illustrating the parlor game Old Maid, to illustrated newspaper strips of which he was a master. His illustrations for Le Diable à Paris ("The Devil In Paris"; 1844–1846) were used by Walter Benjamin for his study of that city as an urban organism. One of Grandville's supreme achievements, at a time when French printing technology was ascendant, was Les Fleurs Animées, a series of images that are both poetic and satirical.

Perhaps his most original contribution to the illustrated book form was Un Autre Monde, which approaches the status of pure surrealism, despite being conceived in a pre-Freudian age. The full title of the book is, Un autre monde: Transformations, visions, incarnations, ascensions, locomotions, explorations, pérégrinations, excursions, stations, cosmogonies, fantasmagories, rêveries, folâtreries, facéties, lubies, métamorphoses, zoomorphoses, lithomorphoses, métempsycoses, apothéoses et autres choses (Another world: Transformations, visions, incarnations, ascents, locomotions, explorations, peregrinations, excursions, stations, cosmogonies, phantasmagoria, reveries, frolics, pranks, fads, metamorphoses, zoomorphoses, lithomorphoses, metempsychoses, apotheoses and other things).

Original drawings

Legacy

Alexandre Dumas wrote in his memoirs: "Grandville had a delicate and sarcastic smile, eyes that sparkled with intelligence, a satirical mouth, short figure, large heart and a delightful tincture of melancholy perceptible everywhere — that is your portrait, dear Grandville!" Interest in Grandville's art remained relatively high for a few of decades after his death. His final works were published posthumously and several of his books were reissued in later editions and translated into other languages. Rue Grandville (48.83919°N, 2.42015°E), in the Saint-Mandé commune of Paris, is named in his honor. A monument with a bust of Grandville by Ernest Bussière was erected in the Parc de la Pépinière in Nancy, France in 1893.

Théophile Gautier's Portraits contemporains includes a short chapter on Grandville. Over 25 years after Grandville's death, Gautier wrote that Grandville still enjoyed "a popular reputation and whose drawings, caricatures, and illustrations are known to everyone". Although Gautier judged Grandville less a colorist than Daumier and less a poet than Tony Johannot, he stated, "His original pen-and-ink drawings are exquisite in finesse, liveliness, and well rendered, and will gain in value year after year. We can ape Grandville, but will not equal it again."

Honoré de Balzac expressed ambivalent views of Grandville. He was an enthusiastic supporter and collector of Grandville's early print series, and the two worked together at La Caricature in the early 1830s, where Balzac worked as an editor, and caricatures were an integral part of the newspaper. However in the 1840s, when publishers begin including illustrations in books, Balzac became more critical. He believed illustrations competed with the written word, distorted and diluted the text, and were undermining the market for novels, perhaps with some justification. Balzac contributed chapters to Grandville's Scènes de la vie privée et publique des animaux (1842) which was one of the bestsellers of the 1840s, selling 25,000 copies, while Balzac's first edition novels of the period were only selling 1,200–3,000 copies.

Charles Baudelaire, friend and champion of Honoré Daumier, was not a fan of Grandville. It seems odd that the author of Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), with poems such as Spleen, and the great admirer and translator of Edgar Allan Poe, felt frightened by the images of Grandville. Today his criticisms read like an underhanded compliment.

"There are superficial people whom Grandville amuses, but as for me, he frightens me. When I enter into Grandville's work, I feel a certain discomfort, like in an apartment where disorder is systematically organized, where bizarre cornices rest on the floor, where paintings seem distorted by an optic lens, where objects are deformed by being shoved together at odd angles, where furniture has its feet in the air, and where drawers push in instead of pulling out. Charles Baudelaire (1857)"

His style and humour had a marked influence on John Tenniel and various other Punch-cartoonists.

The art historian H. W. Janson noted Grandville's imagery anticipated various aspects of dada, surrealism, and pop art. Janson speculated if Marcel Duchamp's Tu m' (1918) could have been inspired by Grandville's View of the Paris Salon, from Un autre monde, both of which involve subjects from the two dimensional surface of a painting emerging from the canvas into the real three dimensional space of the viewer. Janson asserted that Grandville's illustration The Finger of God, also from Un autre monde, must have been familiar to pop artists producing large scale sculptures such as César Baldaccini's Le pouce (The Thumb) in 1966. Grandville's affinity with surrealism has been recognized since the 1930s. His work was included in the Museum of Modern Art's landmark exhibition Fantastic Art, Dada, and Sureealism in 1936. However, the art historian William Rubin pointed out the absence of any reference or recognition of Grandville by André Breton in his two manifestos of surrealism, or the other surrealists in the formative years of the movement in the 1920s. After a period of relative obscurity in the early 20th century, Grandville's work became widely reproduced in the 1930s. Renewed interest in his work coincided with the rise of surrealism as a mainstream movement. It was apparently only in hindsight that André Breton, Georges Bataille, Max Ernst and others came to recognize Grandville as a significant precursor to the movement (but not an influence). Max Ernst was particularly enthusiastic about Grandville's work and included him in a montage of 40 names, titled Max Ernst's favorite poets and painters, originally published in View, 1941, alongside Bosch, Vinci, Shakespeare, Blake, Poe, Van Gogh, Chirico, and others. Ernst later made the frontispiece for a 1963 facsimile edition of Un autre monde with a caption reading "A new world is born. All praise to Grandville."

British rock band Queen used part of his artwork for their 1991 album Innuendo and alternate pieces for most of the subsequent single releases: the album's title track, "I'm Going Slightly Mad", "These Are the Days of Our Lives" and "The Show Must Go On". The video clip of Innuendo featured animated versions of the illustrations inspired by Grandville, and the single "I'm Going Slightly Mad" also featured one of this characters on the back of the sleeve and as the basis for a picture disc release.

American grunge band Alice in Chains used part of Grandville's artwork for their self-titled 1995 album.

The graphic novel Grandville by Bryan Talbot was greatly inspired by Grandville's illustrations.

Grandville's art is used extensively in the video game Aviary Attorney, which is set during a fictionalized version of the French Revolution of 1848.

Gallery
La Fontaine 's Fables (1838–1840) wood engravings

Selected works

 * Les Métamorphoses du jour (Metamorphoses of the Day), 73 lithographs, Aubert, Paris, 1829
 * Voyage pour l'éternité (Voyage to Eternity), 9 lithographs, Aubert, Paris, 1830
 * La Silhouette (The Silhouette), 9 lithographs, periodical illustrations, 1829–1831
 * La Caricature (The Caricature), 120 lithographs, periodical illustrations, 1830–1835
 * Le Charivari (Le Charivari), 106 lithographs, periodical illustrations, 1832–1835
 * L'Association Mensuelle lithographique (The Association of Monthly Lithographs), 16 lithographs, 1 etching, 1 engraving, periodical illustrations, 1832–1834
 * Le Magasin pittoresque (The Picturesque Store), 67 woodcuts, periodical illustrations, 1833–1857
 * 24 breuvages de l'homme (24 Beverages of Man), 8 lithographs, Bulla, Paris, 1835
 * Oeuvres complétes de P. de Beranger (Complete works of P. de Béranger), 38 wood engravings, Fournier et Perrotin, Paris, 1835 (100 wood engravings in 1837 edition)
 * Fables de La Fontaine (La Fontaine 's Fables), 258 wood engravings, Fournier et Perrotin, Paris, 1838–1840
 * Voyages de Gulliver (Gulliver's Travels), by Jonathan Swift, 346 wood engravings, Fournier et Furne, Paris, 1838
 * Les Aventures de Robinson Crusoe (The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe), by Daniel Defoe, 206 wood engravings, Fournier, Paris, 1840
 * Les Français peints par eux-mêmes (The French Painted by Themselves), periodical illustrations, 18 wood engravings, 1840
 * Fables de Lavalette (Fables of Lavalette), 21 etchings, Paulin et Hetzel, Paris, 1841 (33 etchings in 1847 ed.)
 * Fables de Florian (Fables of Florian), 95 wood engravings, Dubochet, Paris, 1842
 * Scènes de la vie privée et publique des animaux (Scenes of the Private and Public Life of Animals), 320 wood engravings, Hetzel et Paulin, Paris, 1842
 * Petites misères de la vie humaine (Little Miseries of Human Life), by Old Nick & Grandville, 222 wood engravings, Fournier, Paris, 1843
 * L'Illustration (The Illustration), 17 wood engravings, periodical illustrations, 1843–1845
 * Un autre monde (Another World), text by Taxile Delord, 185 wood engravings, Fournier, Paris, 1844.
 * Cent proverbes: par trois Tetes dans un bonnet (One Hundred Proverbs: by Three Heads in a Bonnet), by Old Nick, Taxile Delord, & Amédée Achard, 105 wood engravings, Fournier, Paris, 1845
 * Jérôme Paturot à la recherche d'une position sociale (Jérôme Paturot in Search of a Social Position), by Louis Reybaud, 186 wood engravings, Dubochet, Paris, 1846
 * Les fleurs animées (Animated Flowers or Flowers Personified), text by Taxile Delord, 2 wood engravings, 50 engravings, Gabriel de Gonet, Paris 1846
 * L'Ingénieux hidalgo Don Quichotte de La Mancha (The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha), by Cervantes, 18 wood engravings, 8 engravings, Ad Mame et Cie, Tours, 1848

title: Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard


text:
Grandville

Grandville may refer to:

Places

 * Grandville, Aube, a commune in France
 * Grandville, Michigan, a city in the United States
 * Grandville, Wallonia, a district of Oreye, Belgium
 * La Grandville, a commune in Ardennes, France

Other uses

 * Grandville (comics), a 2009 series of graphic novels by Bryan Talbot
 * Grandville (graphic novel)
 * The pseudonym of Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard Grandville (1803–1847), French caricaturist

title: Grandville


text:
ATC code L04

L04AA Selective immunosuppressants

 * L04AA03 Antilymphocyte immunoglobulin (horse)
 * L04AA04 Antithymocyte immunoglobulin (rabbit)
 * L04AA06 Mycophenolic acid
 * L04AA15 Alefacept
 * L04AA19 Gusperimus
 * L04AA22 Abetimus
 * L04AA24 Abatacept
 * L04AA28 Belatacept
 * L04AA32 Apremilast
 * L04AA40 Cladribine
 * L04AA41 Imlifidase
 * L04AA48 Belumosudil
 * L04AA58 Efgartigimod alfa

L04AB Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors

 * L04AB01 Etanercept
 * L04AB02 Infliximab
 * L04AB03 Afelimomab
 * L04AB04 Adalimumab
 * L04AB05 Certolizumab pegol
 * L04AB06 Golimumab
 * L04AB07 Opinercept

L04AC Interleukin inhibitors

 * L04AC01 Daclizumab
 * L04AC02 Basiliximab
 * L04AC03 Anakinra
 * L04AC04 Rilonacept
 * L04AC05 Ustekinumab
 * L04AC07 Tocilizumab
 * L04AC08 Canakinumab
 * L04AC09 Briakinumab
 * L04AC10 Secukinumab
 * L04AC11 Siltuximab
 * L04AC12 Brodalumab
 * L04AC13 Ixekizumab
 * L04AC14 Sarilumab
 * L04AC15 Sirukumab
 * L04AC16 Guselkumab
 * L04AC17 Tildrakizumab
 * L04AC18 Risankizumab
 * L04AC19 Satralizumab
 * L04AC20 Netakimab
 * L04AC21 Bimekizumab
 * L04AC22 Spesolimab
 * L04AC23 Olokizumab

L04AD Calcineurin inhibitors

 * L04AD01 Ciclosporin
 * L04AD02 Tacrolimus
 * L04AD03 Voclosporin

L04AE Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators

 * L04AE01 Fingolimod
 * L04AE02 Ozanimod
 * L04AE03 Siponimod
 * L04AE04 Ponesimod
 * L04AE05 Etrasimod

L04AF Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitors

 * L04AF01 Tofacitinib
 * L04AF02 Baricitinib
 * L04AF03 Upadacitinib
 * L04AF04 Filgotinib
 * L04AF05 Itacitinib
 * L04AF06 Peficitinib
 * L04AF07 Deucravacitinib
 * L04AF08 Ritlecitinib

L04AG Monoclonal antibodies

 * L04AG01 Muromonab-CD3
 * L04AG02 Efalizumab
 * L04AG03 Natalizumab
 * L04AG04 Belimumab
 * L04AG05 Vedolizumab
 * L04AG06 Alemtuzumab
 * L04AG07 Begelomab
 * L04AG08 Ocrelizumab
 * L04AG09 Emapalumab
 * L04AG10 Inebilizumab
 * L04AG11 Anifrolumab
 * L04AG12 Ofatumumab
 * L04AG13 Teprotumumab
 * L04AG14 Ublituximab
 * L04AG15 Divozilimab
 * L04AG16 Rozanolixizumab

L04AH Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitors

 * L04AH01 Sirolimus
 * L04AH02 Everolimus

L04AJ Complement inhibitors

 * L04AJ01 Eculizumab
 * L04AJ02 Ravulizumab
 * L04AJ03 Pegcetacoplan
 * L04AJ04 Sutimlimab
 * L04AJ05 Avacopan
 * L04AJ06 Zilucoplan
 * L04AJ07 Crovalimab
 * L04AJ08 Iptacopan
 * L04AJ09 Danicopan

L04AK Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors

 * L04AK01 Leflunomide
 * L04AK02 Teriflunomide

L04AX Other immunosuppressants

 * L04AX01 Azathioprine
 * L04AX02 Thalidomide
 * L04AX03 Methotrexate
 * L04AX04 Lenalidomide
 * L04AX05 Pirfenidone
 * L04AX06 Pomalidomide
 * L04AX07 Dimethyl fumarate
 * L04AX08 Darvadstrocel
 * L04AX09 Diroximel fumarate

title: ATC code L04