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New Jerusalem

In the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible, New Jerusalem (, YHWH šāmmā, YHWH [is] there") is Ezekiel's prophetic vision of a city centered on the rebuilt Holy Temple, the Third Temple, to be established in Jerusalem, which would be the capital of the Messianic Kingdom, the meeting place of the twelve tribes of Israel, during the Messianic era.  The prophecy is recorded by Ezekiel as having been received on Yom Kippur of the year 3372 of the Hebrew calendar.

In the Book of Revelation in the New Testament, the city is also called the Heavenly Jerusalem, as well as being called Zion in other books of the Christian Bible.

Judaism and origin
In Jewish mysticism, there are two Gardens of Eden and two Promised Lands: the heavenly invisible one and the earthly visible one that is a copy of the heavenly invisible one. Heaven in Jewish mysticism includes a heavenly Promised land – including Jerusalem, the temple, and the Ark of the Covenant – and a heavenly Garden of Eden – including the tree of life, a storehouse for the manna that angels eat, and multiple rivers that water the garden. When the Bible mentions a New Jerusalem, heavenly sanctuary, bread of life, or God's throne, it is referring to the Jewish mystical understanding of heaven.

The Babylonian threat to the Kingdom of Judah began as the Babylonian Empire conquered Assyria and rose to power from 612 to 609 BCE. Jerusalem surrendered without major bloodshed to Babylon in 597 BCE. An Israelite uprising brought the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar’s army in 586 BCE. The entire city, including the First Temple, was burned. Israelite aristocrats were taken captive to Babylon.

The Book of Ezekiel contains the first record of the New Jerusalem. Within, there is an extended and detailed description of the measurements of the Temple, its chambers, porticos, and walls. contains a list of twelve Temple gates named for Israel's tribes.

The Book of Zechariah expands upon Ezekiel's New Jerusalem. When the Second Temple was built, after the exile, Jerusalem's population was only a few hundred. There were no defensive city walls until 445 BCE. In the passage, the author writes about a city wall of fire to protect the enormous population. This text demonstrates the beginning of a progression of New Jerusalem thought. In Ezekiel, the focus is primarily on the human act of Temple construction. In Zechariah, the focus shifts to God's intercession in the founding of New Jerusalem.

New Jerusalem is further extrapolated in Isaiah, where New Jerusalem is adorned with precious sapphires, jewels, and rubies. The city is described as a place free from terror and full of righteousness. Here, Isaiah provides an example of Jewish apocalypticism, where a hope for a perfected Jerusalem and freedom from oppression is revealed.

As the original New Jerusalem composition, Ezekiel functioned as a source for later works such as 4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, Qumran documents, and the Book of Revelation. These texts used similar measurement language and expanded on the limited eschatological perspective in Ezekiel.

Interpretation
Judaism sees the Messiah as a human male descendant of King David who will be anointed as the king of Israel and sit on the throne of David in Jerusalem. He will gather in the lost tribes of Israel, clarify unresolved issues of halakha, and rebuild the Holy Temple in Jerusalem according to the pattern shown to the prophet Ezekiel. During this time Jews believe an era of global peace and prosperity will be initiated, the nations will love Israel and will abandon their gods, turn toward Jerusalem, and come to the Holy Temple to worship the one God of Israel. Zechariah prophesied that any family among the nations who does not appear in the Temple in Jerusalem for the festival of Sukkoth will have no rain that year. Isaiah prophesied that the rebuilt Temple will be a house of prayer for all nations. The city of "YHWH Shamma," (cf. Ezek 48:35) the new Jerusalem, will be the gathering point of the world's nations, and will serve as the capital of the renewed Kingdom of Israel. Ezekiel prophesied that this city will have 12 gates, one gate for each of the tribes of Israel. The book of Isaiah closes with the prophecy, "And it will come to pass, that from one new moon to another, and from one sabbath to another, all flesh will come to worship before Me, says YHWH".

Antiochene Persecutions, Hasmonean High Priesthood
The Animal Apocalypse within 1 Enoch (chapters 85–90), is another example where conflict sparks hopes for the New Jerusalem. First Enoch is an apocalyptic response to the persecutions under Seleucid Emperor Antiochus IV. In 167 BCE, Emperor Antiochus returned from fighting in Egypt to quell a revolt in Jerusalem led by Jason, the former High Priest. An agitated Antiochus imposed harsh restrictions on Jewish religion. Circumcision, feast celebration, and Sabbath observance were all banned. Antiochus ordered the burning of Torah copies. Jews were required to eat pork. The worst oppression came in the desecration of the Temple. A polytheistic cult was formed, and worship of YHWH abolished. A statue to a Seleucid deity was constructed on the Jewish altar.

First Enoch was written in the wake of this calamity between 166 BCE–163 BCE. For the author of 1 Enoch, history is a steep descent into evil from the utopia in Eden. The author's vision of the eschaton centers on the restoration of Jerusalem: "I saw until the owner of the sheep brought a house, new and larger and loftier than the former" (1 Enoch 90:29). In this New Jerusalem passage, the sheep are the Jewish people, the builder is God, and the house is the Temple. During the same time period, the Dead Sea scrolls contain a New Jerusalem tradition formed out of strife. As a tiny Jewish sect living in the caves of Qumran, the Essenes opposed Temple leadership and the High Priesthood in Jerusalem. Their condemnation of the Temple focused on criticizing High Priests. They were also frustrated that Judean Kings were also given the role of High Priest. The Essenes were not against the institution of the Temple and its cult per se. The Essenes at Qumran predicted the reunified twelve tribes to rise together against Roman occupation and incompetent Temple leadership and re-establish true Temple worship.

The surviving New Jerusalem texts in Qumran literature focus specifically on the twelve city gates, and on the dimensions of the entire new city. In 4Q554, the gates of Simeon, Joseph, and Reuben are mentioned in this partial fragment. For the author of this fragment, the New Jerusalem's twelve gates signify the reunification of the twelve tribes of Israel. In 5Q15, the author accompanies an angel who measures the blocks, houses, gates, avenues, streets, dining halls, and stairs of the New Jerusalem. There are two important points to consider regarding the Qumran Essenes. First, we do not have enough scroll fragments to completely analyze their New Jerusalem ideologies. Second, based on the evidence available, the Essenes rebelled against Temple leadership, not the Temple itself. Their vision of the New Jerusalem looked for the reunification of the twelve tribes around an eschatological Temple.

4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, 3 Baruch
As evidenced above, the historical progression of New Jerusalem language is specifically tied to conflict. The Babylonian Exile, Antiochene persecutions, and corrupt leadership in Jerusalem incited apocalyptic responses with a vision for a New Jerusalem. In the 1st century CE, an even greater conflict exploded in Iudaea province; the Roman destruction of Jerusalem, as well as the other Roman-Jewish Wars. Subsequent apocalyptic responses fundamentally altered the New Jerusalem eschatology for Jews and Early Christians.

At the core, apocalypses are a form of theodicy. They respond to overwhelming suffering with the hope of divine intercession and a perfected World to Come. The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE meant an end to Second Temple Judaism. Naturally, apocalyptic responses to the disaster followed. This section will first cover 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch. Fourth Ezra and 2 Baruch are important for two reasons. First, they look for a Temple in Heaven, not the eschaton. Second, these texts exhibit the final new Temple texts in Judaism. Jewish texts like 3 Baruch began to reject a restored Temple completely. However, these texts were deemed to be apocryphal by the Rabbis who maintained the belief in a Third Temple as central to Rabbinic Judaism.

The Jewish apocalypse of 4 Ezra is a text contained in the apocryphal book 2 Esdras. The genre of 4 Ezra is historical fiction, set thirteen years after the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem. Fourth Ezra is dated approximately in 83 CE, thirteen years after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem. The story follows Ezra's period of mourning following Jerusalem's fall. Ezra is Job-like in his criticism of God's allowance of Jerusalem's downfall.

In Ezra's deep state of grief, he meets a woman lamenting over Jerusalem. Ezra consoles the woman, and tells her to, "shake off your great sadness, and lay aside your many sorrows… the Most High may give you rest." (4 Ezra 10:24). Suddenly, the woman is transfigured in an array of bright lights. She transforms into the New Jerusalem being rebuilt. As a bereaved widow she convinced Ezra to apply solace to himself through the image of a New Jerusalem.

Fourth Ezra has two clear messages. First, do not grieve excessively over Jerusalem. Second, Jerusalem will be restored as a heavenly kingdom. Fourth Ezra also uses the title "Most High," throughout the apocalypse to emphasise that the Lord will once again reign and reside in Jerusalem.

The apocalypse of 2 Baruch is a contemporary narrative of 4 Ezra. The text also follows the same basic structure 4 Ezra: Job-like grief, animosity towards the Lord, and the rectification of Jerusalem that leads to the comfort of the Job-figure. Second Baruch is historical fiction, written after the Roman destruction but set before the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians.

Baruch is distressed when the Lord informs him of Jerusalem's impending doom. Baruch responds with several theological questions for God. For this study, Baruch's inquiry about the future of Israel and the honor of the Lord are most pertinent (2 Baruch 3:4-6). Baruch learns that the Lord will destroy the city, not the enemy. Baruch also learns of a pre-immanent heavenly Temple: "[The Temple] was already prepared from the moment I decided to create paradise." And I showed it to Adam before he sinned." (2 Baruch 4:3). This Temple was created before Adam, and shown to him before Adam’s fall.

Two important conclusions come from 2 Baruch. First, the author dismisses hopes for an earthly re-built Temple. The focus is entirely on the heavenly Temple that pre-dated the Garden of Eden. This may be a device to express the supremacy of the heavenly Temple as a sanctuary built before Eden (the traditional location of the earthly Temple). Second, Baruch believes that restoration for the people of Israel exists in heaven, not on earth.

The apocalypse of 3 Baruch is the anomaly among post-revolt New Jerusalem texts. Unlike 2 Baruch and 4 Ezra, the text exemplifies an alternative tradition that lacks a restored Temple. Like other apocalypses, 3 Baruch still mourns over the Temple, and re-focuses Jews to the heavens. Yet 3 Baruch finds that the Temple is ultimately unnecessary. This move could be polemical against works which afforded the Temple with excessive veneration. In the passage, an angel comes to Baruch and consoles him over Jerusalem: "Where is their God? And behold as I was weeping and saying such things, I saw an angel of the Lord coming and saying to me: Understand, O man, greatly beloved, and trouble not thyself so greatly concerning the salvation of Jerusalem." (3 Baruch 1:3)

Third Baruch certainly mourns over the Temple. Yet 3 Baruch is not ultimately concerned with the lack of a Temple. This text goes along with Jeremiah and Sibylline Oracles 4 to express a minority tradition within Jewish literature. In the first Christian apocalypse, the Book of Revelation coincides with this perspective on Jerusalem. The study will now move to early Christian perspectives on the Temple and the apocalyptic response in Revelation.

Christianity
Christians have always placed religious significance on Jerusalem as the site of the crucifixion of Jesus and other events central to the Christian faith.

In particular, the destruction of the Second Temple that took place in the year 70, a few decades after Christianity began its split from Judaism, was seminal to the nascent Christian apocalypticism of that time. In the Olivet Discourse of the Gospels, Jesus predicts the destruction of Herod's Temple, and promises that it will precede the return of the Son of Man, commonly called the Second Coming. This prophecy of the renewal of Jerusalem by the messiah echoes those of the Jewish prophets. John of Patmos' vision of the New Jerusalem in the Book of Revelation draws on the Olivet discourse and all the historical precursors mentioned above.

Based on the Book of Revelation, premillennialism holds that, following the end times and the second creation of heaven and earth (see The New Earth), the New Jerusalem will be the earthly location where all true believers will spend eternity with God. The New Jerusalem is not limited to eschatology, however. Many Christians view the New Jerusalem as a current reality, that the New Jerusalem is the consummation of the Body of Christ, the Church and that Christians already take part in membership of both the heavenly Jerusalem and the earthly Church in a kind of dual citizenship. In this way, the New Jerusalem represents to Christians the final and everlasting reconciliation of God and his chosen people, "the end of the Christian pilgrimage." As such, the New Jerusalem is a conception of Heaven, see also Heaven (Christianity).

Interpretation
Christianity interprets the city as a physical and/or spiritual restoration or divine re-creation of the city of Jerusalem. It is also interpreted by many Christian groups as referring to the Church to be the dwelling place of the saints.

John of Patmos describes the New Jerusalem in the Book of Revelation in the Christian Bible, and so the New Jerusalem holds an important place in Christian eschatology and Christian mysticism, and has also influenced Christian philosophy and Christian theology. Such a renewal of Jerusalem, if a reconstruction, is an important theme in Judaism, Christianity, and the Baháʼí Faith. Renewed Jerusalem bears as its motto the words Ad librum (Latin: "as by the book".)

Many traditions based on biblical scripture and other writings in the Jewish and Christian religions, such as Protestantism, and Orthodox Judaism, expect the literal renewal of Jerusalem to some day take place at the Temple Mount in accordance with various prophecies. Dispensationalists believe in a literal New Jerusalem that will come down out of Heaven, which will be an entirely new city of incredible dimensions. Other sects, such as various Protestant denominations, modernist branches of Christianity, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and Reform Judaism, view the New Jerusalem as figurative, or believe that such a renewal may have already taken place, or that it will take place at some other location besides the Temple Mount.

It is important to distinguish between "the camp of the saints, and the beloved city" spoken of in Revelation 20:9, and the New Jerusalem of chapter 21. Rev. 20:9 refers to an earthly city, the description and purpose of which is found in book of Ezekiel, starting with chapter 36 and ending with chapter 48. One of the most obvious differences is that the dimensions of the New Jerusalem of Rev. 21 are 1,000 times bigger than the dimensions of the city in Ezekiel 48 (and, in Rev. 20:9). New Jerusalem of Revelation 21 is 2,225 km in length, width, and height. A city of these gigantic proportions cannot be located on Earth; but, as stated in Rev. 21, the city comes "down out of Heaven from God", presumably onto, the "new earth."

Introduction to the City
The term New Jerusalem (καινὴ Ἰερουσαλήμ) occurs twice in the New Testament, in Revelation verses 3:12 and 21:2. A large portion of the final two chapters of Revelation deals with John of Patmos' vision of New Jerusalem. He describes New Jerusalem as "'the bride, the wife of the Lamb'", where the river of the Water of Life flows (Revelation 22:1).

After John witnesses the new heaven and a new earth "that no longer has any sea", an angel takes him "in the Spirit" to a vantage point on "a great and high mountain" to see New Jerusalem "descend out of heaven." The enormous city comes out of heaven down to the New Earth. John's elaborate description of New Jerusalem retains many features of the Garden of Eden and the paradise garden, such as rivers, a square shape, a wall, and the Tree of Life.

Description of the City
According to John, the New Jerusalem is "pure gold, like clear glass" and its "brilliance [is] like a very costly stone, as a stone of crystal-clear jasper." The street of the city is also made of "pure gold, like transparent glass". The base of the city is laid out in a square and surrounded by a wall made of jasper. It says in that the height, length, and width are of equal dimensions – as it was with the Holy of Holies in the Tabernacle and First Temple – and they measure 12,000 furlongs (approximately 1,500 miles). John writes that the wall is 144 cubits, which is assumed to be the thickness since the length is mentioned previously. 144 cubits is about 65 meters, or 72 yards. It is important to note that 12 is the square root of 144. The number 12 was very important to early Jews and Christians, and represented the 12 tribes of Israel and 12 Apostles of Jesus Christ. The number symbolizes completeness in Revelation. The four sides of the New City represent the four cardinal directions (North, South, East, and West.) In this way, New Jerusalem is thought of as an inclusive place, with the 12 gates accepting all of the 12 tribes of Israel from all corners of the earth.

There is no temple building in the New Jerusalem. God and the Lamb are the city's temple, since they are worshipped everywhere. Revelation 22 goes on to describe a river of the water of life that flows down the middle of the great street of the city from the Throne of God. The tree of life grows in the middle of the street and to both sides of the river. The tree bears twelve (kinds of) fruit and yields its fruit every month. According to John, "The leaves of the tree were for healing (those of all) nations." This inclusion of the tree of life in the New Jerusalem harkens back to the Garden of Eden. The fruit the tree bears may be the fruit of life.

John states that the New Jerusalem will be free of sin. The servants of God will have theosis (i.e. the power or likeness of God, that is "in his image" of holiness) and "His name will be on their foreheads." Night will no longer fall, and the inhabitants of the city will "have need (of) no lamp nor light of the sun, for the Lord God gives them light." John ends his account of the New Jerusalem by stressing its eternal nature: "And they shall reign forever and ever."

Gates
It had a great, high wall with twelve gates and with twelve angels in charge of the gates. On the gates were written the names of the twelve tribes of the sons of Israel. There were three gates on each side: three on the east, three on the south, three on the north, and three on the west (Revelation 21:12–13). The twelve gates were twelve pearls; each gate was made from a single pearl (Revelation 21:21a). The gates in the north wall are named for Reuben, Judah, and Levi; those in the east wall, for Joseph, Benjamin, and Dan; those in the south wall, for Simeon, Issachar, and Zebulun; and those in the west wall are named for Gad, Asher, and Naphtali (Ezekiel 48:31–34).

The New Jerusalem gates may bear some relation to the gates mentioned in Enoch, Chapters 33–35, where the prophet Enoch reports that from each of the four "heavenly gates – opening in heaven – three (new gates) were seen distinctly separating (off, as if) the extremities of the whole earth" [were pulling apart each of the four gates into three new ones]. Thus, the four gates were each replaced by three new ones, totaling twelve [i.e. 3 x 4 = 12] gates in all. [33, 3.][ref. Laurence translation, Book of Enoch.]

Geometry
In 21:16, the angel measures the city with a golden rod or reed, and records it as 12,000 stadia by 12,000 stadia at the base, and 12,000 stadia high. A stadion is usually stated as 185 meters, or 607 feet, so the base has dimensions of about 2220 km by 2220 km, or 1380 miles by 1380 miles. In the ancient Greek system of measurement, the base of the New Jerusalem would have been equal to 144 million square stadia, 4.9 million square kilometers or 1.9 million square miles (roughly midway between the sizes of Australia and India). If rested on the Earth, its ceiling would be inside the upper boundary of the exosphere but outside the lower boundary. By way of comparison, the International Space Station maintains an orbit with an altitude of about 386 km (240 mi) above the earth.

Revelation 21:22
The Book of Revelation may have been composed during the end of the 1st century AD near the end of Domitian’s reign (A.D. 96), although some date it to the later end of the reign of Emperor Nero Domitius (54 to 68 CE). The work is addressed to the "seven churches that are in Asia" (1:4). Revelation is normally broken into three sections: the prologue (1:1–3:22), the visions (4:1–22:5), and the epilogue (22:6–20). This study is principally concerned with chapter 21.

The author of Revelation was both a Jew by birth and a believing Christian. The author and the addressees of Revelation are searching for the Lord to vindicate them and judge the "inhabitants of the earth" for their suffering (6:10). The fall of Jerusalem, coupled with the Neronian persecutions, form the tension within the subtext of Revelation.

Throughout Revelation, several references to the Temple are made. This Temple appears to be of heavenly origin. When the eschaton arrives in, the reader expects the temple to come down from heaven with the New Jerusalem. Revelation 21 even contains typical New Jerusalem terminology that accompanies a restored Temple. Specific measurements are given for the new city (Ezekiel 40–48, 4Q554), and the city is built with gold, sapphires, and emeralds (Isaiah, Tobit). In addition, 21:21 references the "twelve gates." Revelation maintains another typical aspect of New Jerusalem tradition – the reunification of the twelve tribes of Israel (Ezekiel 48:33–34, 4Q554).

Verse 22 marks a sudden and remarkable shift in New Jerusalem apocalyptic rhetoric: "I saw no temple in the city, for its temple is the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb." Following with the tradition of 3 Baruch and 4 Sibylline Oracles, Revelation foresees an eschaton without the Temple. Why has the Revelation suddenly denied an eschatological Temple? Verse 23 sheds light on this disparity.

Verse 23 proclaims, "And the city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it, for the glory of God is the light, and its lamp is the lamb." For the author of Revelation, there is no need for a Temple because the Lord will be the New Jerusalem's eternal light and Jesus (the lamb) will be its lamp. This re-interpretation uses Isaiah to make its case: "The LORD will be your everlasting light, and your God will be your glory. Your sun shall no more go down, or your moon withdraw itself; for the LORD will be your everlasting light, and your days of mourning shall be ended." (Isaiah 60:19)

The Temple is discarded in the eschaton because the Lord will provide illumination for the New Jerusalem, and Christ will be the glory for its residents. Henceforth, Christians believed that the New Jerusalem no longer required a Temple. For Christians, their Lord sufficiently replaced the Temple.

New Jerusalem – Dead Sea Scrolls
Discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls near Qumran, Israel, were fragments of a scroll which describes New Jerusalem in minute detail. The New Jerusalem Scroll (as it is called) appears to contain apocalyptic vision, although, being fragmented, it is hard to categorize. Written in Aramaic, the text describes a vast city, rectangular in shape, with twelve gates and encircled by a long wall. Similar descriptions appear in Ezekiel 40–48 and Revelation 21–22 and comparison to the Temple Scroll (also found near Qumran) shows many similarities despite no direct literary links between the two.

Montanism
From the middle of the 2nd century CE to the middle of the 6th century CE, the ancient Christian sect of Montanism, which spread throughout the Roman Empire, expected the New Jerusalem to descend to earth at the neighboring Phrygian towns of Pepuza and Tymion. In late antiquity, both places attracted crowds of pilgrims from all over the Roman Empire. Pepuza was the headquarters of the Montanist church. The Montanist patriarch resided at Pepuza. Women played an emancipated role in Montanism, serving as priests and also bishops. In the 6th century CE, this church became extinct.

Since 2001, Peter Lampe of the University of Heidelberg has directed annual archaeological campaigns in Phrygia, Turkey. During these interdisciplinary campaigns, together with William Tabbernee of Tulsa, Oklahoma, numerous unknown ancient settlements were discovered and archaeologically documented. Two of them are the best candidates so far in the search for the identification of the two holy centers of ancient Montanism, Pepuza and Tymion, the sites of the expected descent of the New Jerusalem. Scholars had searched for these lost sites since the 19th century.

The ancient settlement discovered and identified as Pepuza by William Tabbernee and Peter Lampe was settled continuously from Hellenistic times to Byzantine times. In Byzantine times, an important rock-cut monastery belonged to the town. The town is in the Phrygian Karahallı area, near the village of Karayakuplu (Uşak Province, Aegean Region, Turkey). The ancient site of Tymion identified by Peter Lampe is located not far away at the Turkish village of Şükranje. For the Montanists, the high plane between Pepuza and Tymion was an ideal landing place for the heavenly New Jerusalem.

Catholicism
The Catholic Church places the New Jerusalem in the eschatological role found in Revelation. Catholicism also holds that the New Jerusalem already exists as a spiritual community in Heaven, the Church triumphant, with an outpost on earth, the Church militant. Together, the Church triumphant, Church militant, and Church suffering form the Church universal. Augustine of Hippo, a Doctor of the Church and Church Father, draws inspiration from John's account of the New Jerusalem to outline this view in his monumental work The City of God.

The Catholic Encyclopedia article on "Heaven" states that Catholic "theologians deem more appropriate that there should be a special and glorious abode, in which the blessed have their peculiar home and where they usually abide, even though they be free to go about in this world. For the surroundings in the midst of which the blessed have their dwelling must be in accordance with their happy state; and the internal union of charity which joins them in affection must find its outward expression in community of habitation. At the end of the world, the earth together with the celestial bodies will be gloriously transformed into a part of the dwelling-place of the blessed (Revelation 21). Hence there seems to be no sufficient reason for attributing a metaphorical sense to those numerous utterances of the Bible which suggest a definite dwelling-place of the blessed. Theologians, therefore, generally hold that the heaven of the blessed is a special place with definite limits. Naturally, this place is held to exist, not within the earth, but, in accordance with the expressions of Scripture, without and beyond its limits. All further details regarding its locality are quite uncertain. The Church has decided nothing on this subject."

Eastern Christianity
Emperor Lalibela of Ethiopia built the city of Lalibela as a new reconstructed Jerusalem in response to the Muslim capture of Jerusalem by Saladin's forces in 1187.

The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that the New Jerusalem is the City of God that will come down from heaven in the manner described in the Book of the Apocalypse (Revelation). The Church is an icon of the heavenly Jerusalem. The New Jerusalem Monastery in Russia takes its name from the heavenly Jerusalem.

Puritans
The New Jerusalem was an important theme in the Puritan colonization of New England in the 17th century. The Puritans were inspired by the passages in Revelation about the New Jerusalem, which they interpreted as being a symbol for the New World. The Puritans saw themselves as the builders of the New Jerusalem on earth. This idea was foundational to American nationalism.

Swedenborgian
Ecclesiastic Swedenborgians often refer to their organizations as part of or contributing to the New Jerusalem as explained by Emanuel Swedenborg in such books as New Jerusalem and Its Heavenly Doctrine, Apocalypse Revealed, and Apocalypse Explained. According to Swedenborg, the New Jerusalem described in the Bible is a symbol for a new dispensation that was to replace/restore Christianity. Also according to these books, this New Jerusalem began to be established around 1757. This stems from their belief that Jerusalem itself is a symbol of the Church, and so the New Jerusalem in the Bible is a prophetic description of a New Church.

Latter Day Saints
In the Latter Day Saint movement, the New Jerusalem is viewed as a physical kingdom that will be built in North America, centered on Independence, Missouri. The movement refers to the New Jerusalem as Zion. The movement's founder, Joseph Smith, attempted to establish this Zion in the early 1830s, and drafted a detailed plat of Zion based on his view of the biblical description of the New Jerusalem, including plans for a temple. However, due to political and military rivalry with other Missouri settlers, members of the religion were expelled from Missouri in 1838. Subsequently, several Latter Day Saint denominations have established residence there, believing that it will be the center of God's Millennial kingdom.

Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that New Jerusalem is made up of anointed Christians serving in heaven as Kings and Priests over the earth. The number of these King-Priests will eventually total 144,000. This belief is based on New Jerusalem being described as "a bride adorned for her husband", and this same "bride" then being described as "the Lamb's wife". is seen as depicting a wife-like relationship between the Lamb and the 144,000, therefore linking the identity of the 144,000 with the Lamb's wife and in-turn also that of New Jerusalem.

Universal Friends
The religious community known collectively as the Society of Universal Friends that gathered around the Quaker evangelist known as the Public Universal Friend in the late 18th century was one of religious righteousness and devotion to Christian ideals. In 1790, the preacher founded a community called (New) Jerusalem, planned as a communal society where righteousness would prevail in the wilderness of New York's Finger Lakes region, in what is today the town of Jerusalem, New York. The society faded away after the death of their leader.

British Israelism
Richard Brothers, the originator of British Israelism, developed a viewpoint that the British are descended from the Lost Tribes of Israel, and that the capital city of Britain should therefore be re-modeled as a New Jerusalem for the coming Age of Enlightenment. Supposedly this idea was already present in 16th Century England, and that it reached its height of influence during and just after the First World War; certain buildings, such as St Paul's Cathedral, supposedly contain elements of the plan in their design.

Bedwardism
Bedwardism, a Jamaican religious movement active between 1889 and 1921, asserted that August Town (a suburb of Kingston) was the New Jerusalem for the western hemisphere, and that Union Camp, where Alexander Bedward's Free Baptist Church was located, was Zion. This movement fell apart when Bedward was arrested in 1921.

Kimbanguism
Kimbanguism, a Congolese sectarian church founded in 1921 by Simon Kimbangu, refers to Kimbangu's birthplace in Nkamba, Congo (a village near Mbanza-Ngungu), as New Jerusalem, where he reputedly performed miracles. Like Bedward, Kimbangu was imprisoned for life in the year 1921, however his movement continues with many followers to the present.

The Kimbanguist believe that people of the Nkamba village saw the New Jerusalem descending from heaven (a building) physically in 1935, by which time Father Simon Kimbangu was in prison. The Kimbanguist has constructed this same design of the building, calling it Nkamba New Jerusalem, in reference to Revelation 21; it has a river with supposed healing power.

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
In 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom captured Nanjing (Nanking) during the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing dynasty of China and renamed the city "New Jerusalem".

Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith views the New Jerusalem as the renewal of religion that takes place about every thousand years and which secures the prosperity of the human world. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, identified the New Jerusalem with his claimed revelation (the word of God), and more specifically with the Law of God.

`Abdu'l-Bahá, Bahá'u'lláh's son, further explains that the New Jerusalem which descends from heaven is not an actual city which is renewed, but the law of God since it descends from heaven through a new revelation and it is renewed. Shoghi Effendi, head of the religion after the death of `Abdu'l-Bahá, stated that specifically Bahá'u'lláh's book of laws, the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, is the new Jerusalem. Bahá'u'lláh, in the Tablet of Carmel, also states that the new Jerusalem had appeared upon the new Mount Zion, Mount Carmel.

Music
The Lutheran hymn "Jerusalem, du hochgebaute Stadt", with lyrics written by Johann Matthäus Meyfart in 1626, describes entering the Heavenly Jerusalem. It was set by composers such as Max Reger and Sigfrid Karg-Elert.

title: New Jerusalem


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Chrysler B platform

The B platform or B-body was the name of two of Chrysler's midsize passenger car platforms – at first rear-wheel drive, from 1962 through 1979; and the later, unrelated front-wheel drive platform, used by the Eagle Premier / Dodge Monaco, from 1988 through 1992.

The 1962-1979 platform underwent significant changes through its production life, but each Chrysler B-platform car in a given model year shared the same chassis, with only styling differences between the Dodge and Plymouth models. The cars were otherwise mechanically identical. Similarly, the 1988-1992 Premier and Monaco models differed only by styling and shared the same front-wheel drive B-body platform.

The Plymouth B-body series ultimately comprised four cars with nearly identical outward appearances (differing only in trim package, drive train and accessories). These were the Belvedere, Satellite, GTX and Road Runner. The 1970 Superbird was a Road Runner with an extended nose cone and front fenders borrowed from the Dodge Coronet, a revised rear window, and a high-mounted rear wing. The Superbird's unique styling was a result of homologation requirements for using the same aerodynamic nose and rear wing when racing the car in the NASCAR series of the time. While the aerodynamic concept used to create the Superbird was identical to that of the 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona, they shared no common body components. The Superbird was produced only during the 1970 model year.

In NASCAR competition, the Superbird was successful with Pete Hamilton driving for Petty Enterprises winning the 1970 Daytona 500 using a Superbird. However, NASCAR effectively hobbled the low production winged cars after 1970 with strict regulations that limited the size of engines that could power them. This rendered them uncompetitive.

There was more diversity in the outward appearance of the Dodge B-body series. The Dodge models based on the B-body were the Coronet, Super Bee and the Charger. The 1969 Charger Daytona was a Charger with an extended nose and high-mounted rear wing, offered for the same reasons as the Superbird. The Charger Daytona was produced only during the 1969 model year.

1962–1979
Cars using the rear-wheel-drive B platform include:
 * 1962 Dodge Dart
 * 1962–1964 Dodge Polara
 * 1962–1964 Plymouth Fury
 * 1962–1964 Plymouth Savoy
 * 1962–1970 Plymouth Belvedere
 * 1963–1964 Dodge 220 (Canadian)
 * 1963–1964 Dodge 330
 * 1963–1964 Dodge 440
 * 1965–1974 Plymouth Satellite
 * 1965–1976 Dodge Coronet
 * 1966–1978 Dodge Charger
 * 1967–1971 Plymouth GTX
 * 1968–1975 Plymouth Road Runner
 * 1975–1978 Plymouth Fury
 * 1975–1979 Chrysler Cordoba
 * 1977–1978 Dodge Monaco
 * 1978–1979 Dodge Magnum
 * 1979 Chrysler 300

Five different wheelbases were available:
 * 116 in
 * 1962 Dodge Dart
 * 1962–1964 Dodge Polara
 * 1962–1966 Plymouth wagons
 * 1962–1970 Plymouths (except wagons)
 * 1963–1964 Dodge 220/330/440
 * 115 in
 * 1971–1979 2-door models
 * 1975–1979 Chrysler Cordoba
 * 117 in
 * 1965–1970 Dodges
 * 1967–1974 Plymouth wagons
 * 1971–1974 Plymouth 4 doors
 * 117.5 in
 * 1975–1978 Plymouth and Dodge 4 doors and wagons
 * 118 in
 * 1971–1974 Dodge

1988–1992
From 1988 to 1992, the B-body name was used again for the midsize front-wheel-drive Eagle Premier sedan, which was originally designed by and was slated to be built by American Motors with Renault until Chrysler's buyout of that company in March 1987. The Premier was later joined by the similar Dodge Monaco for 1990.

Models

 * 1988–1992 Eagle Premier
 * 1990–1992 Dodge Monaco

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chrysler B platform


text:
Chrysler C platform

Chrysler's C platform was the basis for rear wheel drive full-size cars from 1965 to 1978. Although often misclassified, 1964 and earlier full-size Chrysler products, and 1966 and earlier Imperials are not C-bodies.

History
C-bodies were built between 1965 and 1978. They had wheelbases ranging from 119 to 124 inches, they were generally loaded with features, and all C-Body cars used a torsion bar front suspension design.

In 1969, Chrysler redesigned the C-Body platform to incorporate its new “Fuselage” styling that brought the upper and lower sections of body into one uniformly shaped design, in turn changing the look of all the models. This new C-Body design saw Chrysler ditching the last stylistic remnants of the early-to-mid 1960s in favor of a more contemporary silhouette. These emphasized luxury over performance.

However, due to economic turmoil and an auto industry reeling from a one-two punch of federal regulation and skyrocketing gas prices, Chrysler's sales dipped and production ended in 1978.

Wheelbases

 * 119 in
 * 1965-1968 Plymouths (except wagons)
 * 121 in
 * 1965-1966 Plymouth wagons
 * 1965-1966 Dodge Monaco sedan
 * 1965-1966 Dodge Polara sedan
 * 1965-1966 Chrysler wagons
 * 121.5 in
 * 1975-1977 Plymouth Gran Fury (except wagons)
 * 1974-1977 Dodge Monaco (except wagons)
 * 122 in
 * 1967-1973 Plymouth wagons
 * 1974 Plymouth Fury III/Gran Fury
 * 1967-1973 Dodge Monaco sedan
 * 1967-1973 Dodge Polara sedan
 * 1967-1973 Chrysler Town & Country
 * 120 in
 * 1969-1974 Plymouth Fury (except wagons)
 * 124 in
 * 1974-1977 Plymouth and Dodge wagons
 * 1965-1971 Chrysler 300
 * 1965-1978 Chrysler New Yorker sedans
 * 1965-1978 Chrysler Newport
 * 1974-1978 Chrysler Town & Country
 * 1974-1975 Imperials
 * 127 in
 * 1967-1973 Imperials

1988
The "C" name was revived as the basis of Chrysler's new K-based mid-size front wheel drive cars.

Cars that used the front wheel drive C:
 * 1988-1993 Chrysler New Yorker
 * 1988-1993 Dodge Dynasty

title: Chrysler C platform


text: User talk:202.92.75.130

title: User talk:202.92.75.130


text:
Chrysler D platform

Chrysler's D platform is the name used by Chrysler for the platform derived from the Mitsubishi Galant and used by the front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive Diamond Star Motors cars in the 1990s. The original D platform debuted in 1990 and was refreshed in 1995 as the PJ platform. Another DSM platform derived from the Galant, the FJ platform, debuted in 1995 for use in the Chrysler Sebring and Dodge Avenger.

BD

 * 1990-1994 Mitsubishi Eclipse/Plymouth Laser/Eagle Talon

PJ

 * 1995-1999 Mitsubishi Eclipse
 * 1995-1998 Eagle Talon

FJ

 * 1995-2000 Chrysler Sebring/Dodge Avenger coupes

ST-22

 * 2000-2005 Mitsubishi Eclipse
 * 2001-2005 Chrysler Sebring/Dodge Stratus coupes

title: Chrysler D platform


text:
Cumulus castellanus cloud

Cumulus castellanus (from Latin castellanus, castle) is an unofficial name of a species of cumulus cloud that is distinctive because it displays multiple towers arising from its top, indicating significant vertical air movement. It is a misnomer for cumulus congestus and correspondingly can be an indicator of forthcoming showers and thunderstorms. The World Meteorological Organization and the American Meteorological Society do not recognize cumulus castellanus as a distinct species, but instead classify all towering cumulus clouds as Cumulus congestus.

title: Cumulus castellanus cloud


text: User talk:203.173.42.7

title: User talk:203.173.42.7


text:
Booster engine

A locomotive booster for steam locomotives is a small supplementary two-cylinder steam engine back-gear-connected to the trailing truck axle on the locomotive or one of the trucks on the tender. It was invented in 1918 by Howard L. Ingersoll, assistant to the president of the New York Central Railroad.

A rocking idler gear permits the booster engine to be put into operation by the driver (engineer). A geared booster engine drives one axle only and can be non-reversible, with one idler gear, or reversible, with two idler gears. There were variations built by the Franklin company which utilized side rods to transmit tractive force to all axles of the booster truck. These rod boosters were predominately used on the leading truck of the tender, though there is an example of a Lehigh Valley 4-8-4 using it as a trailing tender truck.

A booster engine is used to start a heavy train or maintain low speed under demanding conditions. Rated at about 300 - 500 hp at speeds from 10 to(-), it can be cut in while moving at speeds under 12 - 22 mph and is semi-automatically cut out via the engineer notching back the reverse gear or manually through knocking down the control latch up to a speed between 21 and(-), depending on the model and gearing of the booster. A tractive effort rating of 10000 - 12,000 lbf was common, although ratings of up to around 15,000 lbf were possible.

Tender boosters are equipped with side-rods connecting axles on the lead truck. Such small side-rods restrict speed and are therefore confined mostly to switching locomotives, often used in transfer services between yards. Tender boosters were far less common than engine boosters; the inherent weight of the tenders would decrease as coal and water were consumed during operation, effectively lowering the adhesion of the booster-powered truck.

Reasons for use
The booster was intended to make up for fundamental flaws in the design of the standard steam locomotive. To start off, most steam locomotives do not provide power to all wheels. The amount of force that can be applied to the rail depends on the weight on the driven wheels and the factor of adhesion of the wheels against the track. Unpowered wheels are generally needed to provide stability at speed, but at low speed they are not required, so they effectively 'waste' weight which could be used for traction. Therefore, the application of a booster engine to the previously unpowered axle meant that overall starting tractive effort was increased with zero penalty to the adhesion levels of the main engine.

Additionally, the "gearing" of a steam locomotive is fixed, because the pistons are linked directly to the wheels via rods and cranks. Therefore, a compromise must be struck between ability to exert high tractive effort at low speed and the ability to run fast without inducing excessive piston speeds (which would cause failure), or the exhaustion of steam. That compromise means that, at low speeds, a steam locomotive is not able to use all the power the boiler is capable of producing; it simply cannot use steam that quickly, so there is a substantial difference between the amount of steam the boiler can produce and the amount that can be used. The booster engine enabled that wasted potential to be put to use.

The increased starting tractive effort provided by the booster meant that, in some instances, railroads were able to reduce the number of, or eliminate the use of additional helper locomotives on heavier trains. This resulted in lower operating and maintenance costs, higher locomotive availability and productivity (ton-miles), and ultimately, greater profitability.

Disadvantages
Boosters were costly to maintain, with their flexible steam and exhaust pipes, idler gear, etc. Improper operation could also result in undesirable drops in boiler pressure and/or damage to the booster. The booster and its associated components also added several tons of weight to the locomotive which would be considered "dead weight" at speeds above which the booster could not be used. Additionally, if the booster suffered a failure where the idler gear could not be disengaged, the entire locomotive would be speed restricted to 20 mph or less, until it could be taken out of service to facilitate repairs, decreasing locomotive availability.

Calculating tractive effort and operating speeds
A rough calculation of booster tractive effort could be made with the following formula:

$$t = \frac {cd^2spr} {w},$$

where
 * t is tractive effort in pound-force
 * c is the coefficient representing mean effective pressure, normally set to 0.80
 * d is the piston diameter in inches (bore)
 * s is the piston stroke in inches
 * p is the working pressure in pounds per square inch
 * r is the booster gear ratio
 * w is the diameter of the trailing wheels to which the booster is geared in inches

The typical locomotive booster employed a pair of 10 in by 12 in cylinders. Available gear ratios and associated operating speeds for both the Franklin type C and type E booster models are detailed in the table below.

North America
The booster saw most use in North America. Railway systems elsewhere often considered the expense and complexity unjustified.

Even in the North American region, booster engines were applied to only a fraction of all locomotives built. Some railroads used boosters extensively while others did not. The New York Central was the first railroad to use a booster in 1919 and remained a proponent of the device, applying them to all of its high-drivered 4-6-4 Hudson locomotives to increase their acceleration out of stations with crack passenger trains. The rival Pennsylvania Railroad, however, used few booster-equipped locomotives. Similarly, the Chesapeake & Ohio specified boosters on all of its Superpower locomotives aside from the Allegheny to increase tonnage ratings over some of the hilly terrain found on their main lines, while rival Norfolk & Western experimented with boosters briefly and found their cost unjustified, instead choosing to increase engine tractive effort through the raising of boiler pressure.

Canadian Pacific Railway rostered 3,257 steam locomotives acquired between 1881 and 1949, yet only 55 were equipped with boosters. 17 H1 class 4-6-4s, 2 K1 class 4-8-4s and all 36 Selkirk 2-10-4s.

Australia
In Australia, Victorian Railways equipped all but one of its X class 2-8-2 locomotives (built between 1929 and 1947) with a 'Franklin' two-cylinder booster engine, following a successful trial of the device on a smaller N class 2-8-2 in 1927. From 1929 onwards, South Australian Railways 500 class 4-8-2 heavy passenger locomotives were rebuilt into 4-8-4s with the addition of a booster truck.

New Zealand
NZR's KB class of 1939 were built with a booster truck to enable the locomotives to handle the steeper grades of some South Island lines (particularly the Cass Bank of the Midland Line). Some boosters were later removed because of the gear jamming.

Great Britain
In Great Britain, eight locomotives of four different classes on the London and North Eastern Railway were equipped with booster units by Nigel Gresley. Four were existing locomotives rebuilt with boosters between 1923 and 1932: one of class C1 (in 1923); both of the conversions from class C7 to class C9 (in 1931); and one of class S1 (in 1932). The remaining four were all fitted to new locomotives: the two P1 2-8-2 locomotives, built in 1925; and two class S1 locomotives built in 1932. The boosters were removed between 1935 and 1938, apart from those on class S1 which were retained until 1943.

An early type of booster used in Great Britain was the steam tender, which was tried in 1859 by Benjamin Connor of the Caledonian Railway on four 2-4-0 locomotives. Archibald Sturrock of the Great Northern Railway (GNR) patented a similar system on 6 May 1863 (patent no. 1135). It was used on fifty GNR 0-6-0 locomotives: thirty converted from existing locomotives between 1863 and 1866, and twenty built new in 1865 (nos. 400–419). The equipment was removed from all fifty during 1867–68.

title: Booster engine


text:
Chrysler F platform

The Chrysler F platform was a rear wheel drive automobile platform used by Chrysler motors from 1976 to 1980. It was replaced by the nearly identical M platform. There were two wheelbases: 108.7 in for 2-door models, and 112.7 in for four-doors. As the market evolved, these would be marketed as mid-size and eventually take on full-sized nameplates such as Plymouth Fury for police and fleet applications. These were effectively replaced by the very successful Chrysler K platform in standard and stretch sizes which retained two bench seats, column shifter and room for six, unlike many other compact-sized cars modeled after non-American designs. Cars that used the F platform include:
 * 1976–1980 Dodge Aspen/Plymouth Volaré
 * 1979–1980 Plymouth Duster
 * 1976–1980 Plymouth Road Runner
 * 1976–1980 Dodge Dart (Mexico)
 * 1976–1980 Dodge Super Bee (Mexico)
 * 1976–1980 Chrysler Valiant/Valiant Volare
 * 1977–1980 Monteverdi Sierra

title: Chrysler F platform


text:
Chrysler E platform

The Chrysler E platform referred to two separate and unrelated car ranges.

The "E" designation was initially used for the following rear wheel drive cars in the 1970s:
 * 1970-1974 Dodge Challenger, 110 in wheelbase
 * 1970-1974 Plymouth Barracuda, 108 in wheelbase

The designation was later used for an extended version (hence "E") of the front wheel drive Chrysler K platform during the 1980s for the following cars:
 * 1983-1988 Dodge 600
 * 1985-1988 Plymouth Caravelle
 * 1983-1984 Chrysler E-Class
 * 1983-1987 Chrysler New Yorker
 * 1988 Chrysler New Yorker Turbo
 * 1983-1986 Chrysler Executive

title: Chrysler E platform


text:
Metropark station

Metropark station is an intermodal transportation hub on the Northeast Corridor in the Iselin section of Woodbridge Township in Middlesex County, New Jersey that is located 24.6 miles southwest of New York Penn Station. It is owned and operated by NJ Transit and serves Amtrak and NJ Transit's Northeast Corridor Line. NJ Transit runs peak period 'loop' buses in coordination with train schedules.

The station is near the interchange of Route 27 and Garden State Parkway near exits 131 and 132. and has a multi-story parking facility that is open at all times.

The station, built by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) and the United States Department of Transportation, opened on November 14, 1971, as Garden State Metropark. It was built as a suburban park-and-ride stop for the then-new high-speed rail Metroliners.

History
Metropark was one of two park-and-ride infill stations proposed in the 1960s for use by the new Metroliners, the other being Capital Beltway in Lanham, Maryland, just outside Washington, D.C. The two stations were originally named Capital Beltway Metropark and Garden State Metropark; these were shortened to Capital Beltway and Metropark. Both were conceived as public-private partnerships. Under a plan put forward in late 1968 by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) the state would contribute $648,000 toward the cost of the station, then estimated at $1.4 million.

Amtrak service to Metropark began on November 14, 1971. The station's cost had increased to $2.6 million, shared by NJDOT and the United States Department of Transportation. It had two 850 ft high-level platforms and had 820 parking spaces. It was next to the Garden State Parkway to allow easy access by automobile; a large business park – "the first Edge City in the world to grow from a parking lot" – soon grew near the station. Commuter trains continued to use Iselin station, half a mile east.

The station was officially renamed Harrison A. Williams Metropark Station on July 30, 1979, in recognition of Senator Williams' support for its construction. After his 1981 conviction for bribery and conspiracy in the Abscam scandal, local officials campaigned to have his name removed from the station, though it remained until at least 1984. Northbound on- and off-ramps were added to the Garden State Parkway at Exit 131A in November 1986 to improve station access.

Renovation
In January 2007, NJ Transit announced a nearly $30 million renovation plan for the station, to be completed by 2010. Reconstruction was completed by Anselmi & DeCicco, Inc. of Maplewood, NJ in summer 2009, and cost $47 million. Climate-controlled shelters and LCD train information systems were installed, platforms were extended to accommodate 12-car trains, canopies were lengthened and the station building was enlarged as part of the project.

On April 12, 2023, one of the two staircases between the underpass and the southbound platform was closed.

Ridership
Since 2001, Metropark has been the busiest New Jersey Transit station apart from the city terminals. Many commuters from the South Shore of Staten Island utilize the station to commute to Manhattan. Along with Princeton Junction in 2006, Metropark was the first non-terminal station to have over 7,000 weekday boardings.

Layout and services
The station is served by NJ Transit Rail Operations Northeast Corridor Line. The station has two high-level side platforms flanking the four tracks of the Northeast Corridor. Amtrak's long-haul services and most Keystone Service trains that utilize the Northeast Corridor bypass the station via the inner tracks, as do some NJ Transit express trains. Until 2005, the eastbound also stopped at Metropark. Amtrak trains skip most other stations between Trenton and Newark Penn Station, but many trains stop at Metropark despite having to switch to the outside (local) tracks to do so. Pairs of 45-mph crossovers (interlockings MENLO and ISELIN) just east and west of the station were added about 1986 to make this easier.

Five peak-hour "Metropark Loop" routes, operated by NJ Transit as bus routes 801–805, connect the station to the surrounding office parks and residential areas.

title: Metropark station


text:
Chrysler minivans

The Chrysler minivans are a series of minivans that have been produced and marketed by the American automaker Chrysler since the 1984 model year. Currently in its sixth generation, the model line is marketed worldwide, primarily in North America and Europe. Introduced as the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager, the Chrysler minivans have been marketed under a variety of nameplates under the Chrysler, Plymouth, Dodge, and Ram brands; through the use of rebadging, the model line has also been marketed under the Lancia and Volkswagen brands.

The introduction of the Chrysler minivans popularized the body styles by automakers in North America, leading to the introduction of competitive vehicles such as the Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari, Ford Aerostar, Toyota Previa, and Mazda MPV. During the 1990s, the popularity of the model line led to its form factor becoming closely adopted by many of its competitors, leading to the Ford Windstar/Freestar, Honda Odyssey, Toyota Sienna, and Nissan Quest.

Since 1983, Chrysler has manufactured minivans at its Windsor Assembly facility (Windsor, Ontario, Canada). From 1987 to 2007, the company supplemented production in North America with its Saint Louis Assembly facility (Fenton, Missouri). For the European market, exports were largely supplemented by the Eurostar joint-venture factory in Graz, Austria from 1992 to 2002. The highest-selling line of minivans worldwide, Chrysler produced the 15 millionth example of the model line in 2019.

First generation (1984–1990)
The first-generation Chrysler minivans were released in November 1983 as 1984 models. The Dodge Caravan was an all-new nameplate, with the Plymouth Voyager adopted from its previous full-size van line. The model lines were built on the front-wheel drive Chrysler S platform. To streamline production and development costs, while the S platform was a distinct design, it shared powertrain commonality with the K platform and its variants; interior components were also shared with other Chrysler vehicles.

For 1987, Chrysler introduced the extended-length Dodge Grand Caravan and Plymouth Grand Voyager, which used a long-wheelbase version of the S platform chassis. For 1988, the Chrysler Voyager was introduced for European export. Alongside the passenger van, the model line was sold by Dodge as a cargo van; from 1984 to 1988, it was known as the Dodge Mini Ram Van and as the Dodge (Grand) Caravan C/V from 1989 to 1990.

Chrysler added a minivan to its namesake brand early in the 1990 year, shifting the Chrysler Town & Country from its traditional station wagon usage to a minivan; sold exclusively in a long-wheelbase version, the Town & Country became the highest-trim Chrysler minivan.

Second generation (1991–1995)
The second-generation Chrysler minivans were released for the 1991 model year, returning the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager, their extended-wheelbase "Grand" versions, and the Chrysler Town & Country. The minivans were introduced to Mexico, with Chrysler using the Chrysler Grand Voyager/Grand Caravan nameplate.

Designated the Chrysler AS platform (as Chrysler switched to a two-letter platform nomenclature), the second-generation minivans underwent a substantial revision of the body (sharing only the front door and sliding door stampings) and chassis (the front suspension was retuned and the rear suspension was redesigned entirely); powertrain commonality shifted from the K-car sedans towards its larger derivatives. In a first for the segment, the model line was fitted with a standard driver-side airbag (1991) and optional integrated rear child safety seats (1992). Following its introduction in its Ford and GM competitors, Chrysler introduced an all-wheel drive system as an option for 1991.

For 1994, the model line underwent a mid-cycle revision. While the model line was officially classified a light truck by the US government, the minivans were upgraded to meet 1998 federal safety standards for cars, adding side-impact door beams, dual airbags, four-wheel disc brakes, and a redesigned dashboard. The second-generation minivans are the last versions of the model line to be fitted with a manual transmission in North America and also the final versions fitted with exterior woodgrain trim.

From 1993 to 1995, the Chrysler TEVan was a limited-production electric vehicle based on the Dodge Caravan; sold to fleet buyers, between 56 and 80 were produced. For 1994, Chrysler offered a CNG (compressed natural gas) version of its minivan; the fuel tank replaced the spare tire well.

ES platform
The ES platform is the European counterpart to the North American AS platform. Alongside production by Windsor Assembly in Canada, production of export-market minivans began in 1992 in Graz, Austria (in the Eurostar joint venture factory between Chrysler and Steyr-Daimler-Puch). Alongside the European-market Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager, the ES platform serves as the basis for the Dodge Mini Ram Van (a cargo van exclusive to the Netherlands).

Third generation (1996–2000)
The third-generation Chrysler minivans were released in January 1995 for model year 1996. In a $2.8 billion redesign of the model line (the most expensive design program ever undertaken by Chrysler at the time), the Dodge Caravan, Plymouth Voyager, and Chrysler Town & Country underwent their first complete redesign since their introduction. The Dodge Caravan (Chrysler Caravan in Mexico) and Plymouth Voyager were both returned in both standard and extended-wheelbase versions; the Chrysler Town & Country was expanded into a full model line, introducing multiple trim levels and a short-wheelbase body.

Designated the Chrysler NS platform, the minivans again used a front-wheel drive chassis (with all-wheel drive as an option). Nearly four inches taller than its predecessor, the third generation adopted a cab forward configuration, shifting the windshield and dashboard forward. As a first in an American-market large minivan, a driver-side sliding door (originally intended for the first-generation model line, but deleted to reduce costs) was introduced as an option. To improve the flexibility of seat removal, the rear seat latches were redesigned, with bench seat latches set on rollers. To further differentiate each model line, designers styled the Caravan, Voyager, and Town & Country with distinct front fascias and exterior trim; exterior woodgrain trim was retired from all three model lines. In another change, the hood ornament was deleted (the only Chrysler Pentastar visible to the driver was on the steering wheel).

Replacing the TEVan, the Dodge Caravan EPIC electric vehicle was produced from 1999 to 2000 (taking its name from a 1992 concept car); the EPIC was leased to fleet buyers.

Coinciding with the phaseout of the Plymouth brand, Chrysler introduced a Chrysler-brand Voyager and Grand Voyager for North America for 2000 (sold concurrently alongside its Plymouth namesake).

GS platform
The Chrysler GS platform is the global export counterpart to the North American Chrysler NS platform. Again sharing design and powertrain commonality with its North American counterpart, the export version of the Chrysler model line was the only version to offer a manual transmission and a 2.5L turbodiesel engine. In 1996, the Austrian Eurostar factory commenced production of the first right-hand drive Chrysler minivans.

Alongside the Chrysler Voyager and Grand Voyager marketed for European export, Chrysler marketed the renamed Dodge Ram Van in the Netherlands in a cargo-only configuration.

Fourth generation (2001–2007)
Generation IV of the platform was introduced on January 10, 2000, and was called RS.

Models:
 * 2001–2003 Chrysler Voyager
 * 2001–2007 Chrysler Town & Country
 * 2001–2007 Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan
 * 2001–2007 Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager (Mexico)

CS
The CS is a variant of the RS platform made specifically for the Chrysler Pacifica crossover SUV.

Model:
 * 2004–2008 Chrysler Pacifica

RG
The Chrysler RG platform is the global export counterpart to the North American Chrysler RS platform.

Model:
 * 2001–2007 Chrysler Caravan/Grand Caravan
 * 2001–2007 Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager
 * 2005-2007 Chrysler Town & Country (Taiwan)
 * 2001–2007 Dodge/Chrysler Ram Van (Netherlands, cargo van)
 * 2007–2010 Chrysler Grand Voyager/Dodge Grand Caravan (China)

Fifth generation (2008–2020)
The fifth-generation Chrysler minivans were introduced at the 2007 North American International Auto Show for the 2008 model year, marking the debut of the RT platform. In a major change, the short-wheelbase configuration was dropped, alongside the Chrysler Town & Country, all Dodge minivans were now Grand Caravans. The export-market Chrysler Grand Voyager made its return; following the acquisition of Chrysler by Fiat, the model line was also marketed as a Lancia Voyager outside North America. Unlike the preceding and succeeding generations, the fifth generation minivans were not marketed under the Chrysler Grand Caravan nameplate. It was also the only generation of the Dodge Grand Caravan to be marketed in Mexico.

The first Chrysler minivans to be powered exclusively by V6 engines (in North America), the RT platform marked the introduction of a 4.0 L SOHC V6 and a 6-speed automatic transmission. For 2011, the 3.6 L Pentastar V6 replaced all three V6 engines, remaining the sole V6 engine through current production. In Europe, the Voyager was powered by a 2.8 L VM Motori inline-4 turbodiesel; for the first time, no manual transmission was offered.

For 2012, the Grand Caravan C/V cargo van shifted its branding, becoming the Ram C/V. In 2015, Ram replaced the C/V with the Ram ProMaster City (a rebadged Fiat Doblo).

Models:
 * 2008–2016 Chrysler Town & Country
 * 2008–2020 Dodge Grand Caravan
 * 2008–2010 Chrysler Grand Voyager
 * 2011–2015 Lancia Voyager
 * 2012–2014 Ram C/V (replaced by Ram ProMaster City)

RM
The Volkswagen Routan was introduced at the 2008 Chicago Auto Show as a rebadged variant of the Chrysler minivans, manufactured at Windsor Assembly using the RT platform, designated as the RM platform. Marketed by Volkswagen exclusively in the North American market, the Routan featured revised interior and exterior styling as well as different equipment content from the Chrysler vans. Production of the Routan was discontinued in 2013.

Model:
 * 2009–2014 Volkswagen Routan

Discontinuation
On February 28, 2020, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced the discontinuation of the Dodge Grand Caravan, the last RT nameplate in production; production of the minivan was scheduled to conclude in late May but has since been delayed to mid-July.

Sixth generation (2017–present)
The sixth generation of the Chrysler minivan was introduced at the 2016 North American International Auto Show, as Chrysler released the 2017 Chrysler Pacifica. Serving as a replacement for the Town & Country, the Pacifica revived the nameplate of the 2004–2008 Town & Country-derived CUV. For the first time since their 1984 introduction, Chrysler markets a different minivan than Dodge, with the latter division retaining the previous-generation Grand Caravan; the Chrysler/Lancia Voyager export nameplates were discontinued and all exports are sold as Pacificas.

Sharing the CUSW (Fiat D-Evo) platform with the Chrysler 200, the Pacifica is the first minivan sold in North America sold with a 9-speed automatic transmission; a CVT is part of the first plug-in hybrid powertrain in a minivan, offered as an option.

For the 2020 model year, Chrysler reintroduced the Voyager nameplate (last seen in 2003 for the United States). Adopting the lower two trim levels of the Pacifica, the Voyager also introduces a trim level specifically for fleet sale. The option of all-wheel drive (last seen in 2004) was also reintroduced for the gasoline-only Pacifica during this model year.

For the 2021 model year, Chrysler announced that the lower two trim levels of Pacifica, sold as the Voyager in the United States, will be sold under the Grand Caravan nameplate in Canada. The L and LX trim levels respectively adopt the SE and SXT designations from the outgoing Dodge Grand Caravan. Vehicles bearing the "Chrysler Grand Caravan" nameplate were last seen in 2007, primarily in South American markets.

Models:
 * 2017–present Chrysler Pacifica/Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid
 * 2020–present Chrysler Voyager/Chrysler Grand Caravan

title: Chrysler minivans


text:
Talk:AFI 100 Years... series

Untitled
Anybody want to take on the task of italicizing all of these movie titles? RickK 04:46, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. Now, another question: is it appropriate to have these full lists on Wikipedia? --Twinxor 22:54, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd say yes. Especially in ths case, where the items are in a specific order, which can't be duplicated well with categories. - Lifefeed 19:27, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Caddyshack quote
Hmm. I coulda sworn the actual line in Caddyshack contained the words "Man outta nowhere..." - dcljr (talk) 07:01, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio
 "You may not copy the content of this website, store any of the content on your hard drive or any other storage device, distribute or transmit any of the content to any other person or company, frame or otherwise display any of the content of this website on your own or any other website, or make any other use of it, without the prior written consent of AFI. Such copying, distribution, transmission, display, or other use would breach these terms and conditions and infringe AFI's copyrights and/or other intellectual property rights owned by or licensed to AFI. With respect to all content streamed from this website, you agree not to copy, sell, license, modify, redistribute, transmit, publicly display, publicly perform, publish, edit, or create derivative works from such content." --Tbonefin 4 July 2005 15:48 (UTC)

 * Legal statements from corporations do not override national laws. Companies know that, but include such unforceably broad statements for maximum possible protection. In the U.S., copyright protects the presentation, arrangement, and supporting material of lists (i.e., the 3-hour program presenting the AFI list), but not the list itself, if it's based on an obvious order, like poll data (see Feist vs. Rural). The EU's database rights law may or may not apply, and its sui generis rationale seems ambiguous in this situation. Furthermore, basic lists of these types (i.e., produced within copyrighted programs) have passed numerous deletion and copyvio tests on Wikipedia. (See the village pump archive for the latest rehashing of this issue on other such lists.) — Jeff Q (talk) 4 July 2005 16:41 (UTC)

Too long
This article is way too long. Considering there are already seperate pages for each of the lists, I think this page should serve only to link to those pages, and provide some background information. Here are links to those pages:
 * AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs
 * AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions
 * AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills
 * AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs
 * AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars
 * AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies -- jiy 6 July 2005 02:15 (UTC)

 * If there are no objections to this in the next day I'm going to go ahead and do this. Qutezuce 18:53, August 17, 2005 (UTC)

WHICH 100 years?
What 100 years are they using for this series? When do they say American movies started? That should be here. . . (John User:Jwy talk) 22:12, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree, but I can't find the date range. -162.6.97.3 (talk) 22:11, 14 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Given that the first "100 Years" list (100 Movies) was released in 1998, I would guess they're probably counting from the beginning of the 20th century (even though 1893 or 1894 might be more appropriate). Would be nice to have a reference, though — especially since these lists were released over an entire decade. The exact starting year is largely academic, since the earliest film to actually make it on any of their lists (AFACT) is 1915's Birth of a Nation, which, after the 2007 update of the "100 Movies" list, was replaced by 1916's Intolerance. The most recent films in any of the lists are 2004's Ray and Hotel Rwanda. FYI. - dcljr (talk) 00:24, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

Is there a new list for 2009?
I haven't seen one anywhere. Does anyone know what the deal is? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.125.60.162 (talk) 03:16, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

 * As it seems to be a celebration of the first 100 years of American film, I doub it. Maybe every 100 years, not every year! (John User:Jwy talk) 04:10, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * AFI did indeed release one new list of 100 movies (stars, etc.) every year from 1998 to 2008, as is clear from the article, but apparently stopped there. - dcljr (talk) 01:46, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:AFI 100 Years... series


text:
Bartolomé de Escobedo

Bartolomé de Escobedo (1515 – August 11, 1563) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance.

Biography
He was born in Zamora, studied at Salamanca where he was a singer, and in 1536 joined the papal choir in Rome as only the second Spaniard to be admitted after Cristóbal de Morales. He remained in Rome until 1554, interrupted by a short return to his home in 1541-5. When he left the papal choir he returned to Spain, taking a non-resident prebend at the cathedral in Segovia.

He had his share of difficulties while in Rome, mostly due to his short temper and illness. Records from the Vatican, the Diarii Sistini, show that he was fined on two occasions for calling a fellow singer an "ass" and a "fat pig", and that he was inexplicably excommunicated for one day in 1546. Despite this, he was well regarded as a theorist and was famously involved in judging the public debate of 1551 between Nicola Vicentino and Vicenzo Lusitano over the relevance of ancient Greek modes to 16th century music.

Escobedo has been speculated to be the teacher of Tomás Luis de Victoria, but no firm evidence of this has been uncovered.

Of his music only two masses, six motets and one villancico survive.

Works
Masses:
 * Missa Ad te levavi (a6)
 * Missa Philippus Rex Hispanie (a6)

Motets:
 * Domme non secundum (a5)
 * Erravi sicut ovis (a4)
 * Exurge quare obdormis (a4)
 * Hodie completi sunt (a5)
 * Immutentur habitu (a4)
 * Magna opera Domini (a4)

Villancico:
 * Ay, ay, ay, quien se queja (a6)

References and further reading

 * Anthony Fiumara, 'Escobedo's Missa Philippus Rex Hispanie: a Spanish descendant of Josquin's Hercules Mass', Early Music, Vol. 28, 2000. pp. 50–62
 * Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4
 * Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4

title: Bartolomé de Escobedo


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Coronation of the British monarch

Coronation of the British monarch
(Uncontested -- 20 July) Self-nomination. -- Emsworth
 * Support, a great article on an interesting ceremony. Lisiate 02:08, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. 195.167.169.36 16:52, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Consider this a support if you add a section about recent coronations.[[User:Avala|Avala| ★ ]] 20:27, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * What is the section supposed to include? The dates are already indicated in a link. The ceremony does not really change from coronation to coronation, except that numerous extremely obscure changes are made: e.g. at Elizabeth II's coronation, the Lord of the Manor of Worksop, who has the hereditary right to carry the Queen's glove, did not participate. -- Emsworth 21:15, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Great if you're into that sort of thing. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 15:39, 2004 Jul 22 (UTC)
 * Object. It does need to mention the cultural impact of the most recent coronation, particularly the effect it had on television.  20 million UK people watched it, which in 1953 was astounding, and obviously far more than previous coronations.  Morwen - Talk 20:36, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've added a paragraph; is more necessary? -- Emsworth 03:33, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I consider that adequate. Morwen - Talk 17:28, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Exploding Boy 17:09, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. --Zerbey 17:13, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 17:16, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Chrysler LH platform

The LH platform served as the basis for the Chrysler Concorde, Chrysler LHS, Chrysler 300M, Dodge Intrepid, Eagle Vision, and the final Chrysler New Yorker. A Plymouth to be called the "Accolade" was planned, but never saw production. The platform pioneered Chrysler's "cab-forward" design; featured on some Chrysler, Dodge, and Eagle cars in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Development
As the 1990s dawned, Chrysler faced a renewed round of financial troubles. The US economy slipped into a recession following the 1987 Black Monday stock market crash and the Savings and Loan Crisis, but the company's main problems were due to a lack of engineering innovation and careless spending during the years of prosperity in the 1980s. Most of Chrysler's lineup was based on the proven, but dated K-car platform, plus debt accumulated from expensive purchases including Italian automaker Lamborghini along with American Motors, and critics routinely criticized their inability to produce cars that were competitive with Japanese companies or Ford, which had just struck a coup-de-grace with the Taurus line. It was time for Chrysler to make a fresh start for the 1990s. The Board of Directors at Chrysler announced that Lee Iacocca would retire at the end of 1992. Iacocca was promoting Gerald Greenwald as his replacement, but that bought opposition. Although some suspected that he would later turn the leadership over to Bob Lutz, the board instead designated an outsider, the straitlaced Bob Eaton as the new chairman. With Chrysler facing an uncertain future in the late 1980s, engineering teams were now allowed to explore new designs that had been largely discouraged under Iacocca's tenure.

The LH platform was based on the American Motors-developed and Renault-derived Eagle Premier. According to Bob Lutz, "[t]he Premier had an excellent chassis and drove so damned well that it served as a benchmark for the LH ... the spiritual father, the genetic antecedent of the LH is the Premier." Like the Premier, the LH-cars featured a longitudinally-mounted engine with a front-wheel drive drivetrain, unusual in most U.S. front-wheel drive cars, but a hallmark of Renault's designs. This arrangement meant that the design team had to use a chain to connect the automatic transmission with the front differential, a design reminiscent of the original Oldsmobile Toronado though subject to greater wear and noise.

The LH platform team was headed by François Castaing, who was previously responsible for product engineering and development at American Motors Corporation (AMC). Working with an engineering team of only 700, it took just over three years from the styling studio to the showrooms. To give focus for the platform engineering team, the benchmark target was the Eagle Premier.

Exterior styling was heavily influenced by another Chrysler design which debuted as the Lamborghini Portofino, a concept car introduced at the 1987 Frankfurt Auto Show.

The Dodge and Eagle LH cars competed directly against the Ford Taurus and other mid-size cars, largely replacing the K-based C-bodies. The Chrysler models competed with upmarket domestics such as Buick and Oldsmobile. The LH cars debuted in 1992 and were updated in 1997. The LH platform was replaced with the rear-wheel drive Chrysler LX platform for the 2005 model year. While Chrysler's sales never rose to the levels of those popular rivals, the LH vehicles succeeded in altering Chrysler's previously dowdy public image, recasting the automaker as an innovative design leader. The cab-forward look also influenced Chrysler's subsequent compact PL (Chrysler Neon) and midsize JA platform car designs in the 1990s.

Much as the company had done in the months leading up to the introduction of the K-platform cars in 1980, Chrysler referred directly to the LH platform in advertisements touting the advantages of its "cab-forward" architecture (generally meant to imply wheels moved out towards the corners of the body; a short, sloping hood; and a large windshield extending from its base over the front wheels), and also referred to the platform name for the Chrysler LHS sedan. Although the real "gold mine" of Chrysler's acquisition of AMC was the Jeep brand, their minivans and LH sedans also helped to bail the company out of almost certain bankruptcy in the 1990s.

First generation (1993–1997)
The first generation LH cars used the existing 3.3 L OHV V6 as well as a new 3.5 L SOHC V6, with a four-speed automatic transmission as standard.

Cars built on the first version of the LH platform:
 * 1993-1997 Chrysler Concorde
 * 1993-1997 Dodge Intrepid
 * 1993-1997 Eagle Vision
 * 1994-1996 Chrysler New Yorker
 * 1994-1997 Chrysler LHS

All versions shared a 113 in wheelbase. One year after the original three cars were introduced, the "stretched" LHS and New Yorker had different rear bodywork providing 5 in more overall length as well as a revised rear seat providing more legroom.

Originally, Chrysler came close to giving Plymouth a variant of the LH platform, called the Plymouth Accolade, a name consistent with the then-current Plymouth Acclaim. It was to be a base model below the equipment level of the Intrepid. The Accolade never made it into production.

Second generation (1998–2004)

The second generation LH cars used the 2.7 L DOHC V6 and 3.2 L SOHC V6, as well as an updated version of the older 3.5 L, with a four-speed automatic transmission as standard.

Cars built on the second version of the LH platform:
 * 1998-2004 Chrysler Concorde
 * 1998-2004 Dodge Intrepid
 * 1999-2001 Chrysler LHS
 * 1999-2004 Chrysler 300M
 * 2002-2004 Chrysler Concorde Limited

When Chrysler discontinued the Eagle brand after 1998, the Chrysler 300M was introduced as a replacement for the Vision. All models again shared a wheelbase of 113 in. The 300M was several inches shorter than Concorde, Intrepid, & LHS, due to shorter front and rear overhangs in order to bring the car's length under 5 meters.

Media
One episode of Robert Reich's 1992 PBS miniseries Made In America focused on the then-yet-to-be-released LH's development and its role in reversing Chrysler's flagging fortunes. A camouflaged Dodge Intrepid is seen being put through the paces at Chrysler's test track, along with concept sketches and other behind-the-scenes activities.

title: Chrysler LH platform


text: List of Chrysler platforms

title: List of Chrysler platforms


text:
A Little Peace and Quiet

"A Little Peace and Quiet" is the second segment of the first episode of the first season of the television series The Twilight Zone. In this segment, a woman discovers a pendant which allows her to freeze time.

Plot
While digging in her garden, harried housewife Penny unearths a wooden box containing a gold pendant in the shape of a sundial. She discovers that saying "shut up" while wearing the pendant causes the entire world but herself to become frozen in time and saying "start talking" makes everything begin moving again. She uses this power to give herself much-needed reprieves from the demands of her dim-witted and hapless husband Russell and their four children: Janet and Susan, who are always fighting; Bertie, who is clumsy; and Russell Jr., who is always playing pranks. She also silences news programs about recent arms talks between the United States and the Soviet Union and moves door-to-door anti-nuclear weapons activists away from her house while they are frozen in time.

One evening, the radio announces that nuclear missiles are heading for the United States from the Soviet Union. When the radio reveals that ICBMs have entered U.S. airspace, the terrified Penny freezes time, then leaves her house and walks through town. As she notices terrified people looking skyward, she looks up to see a Soviet nuclear missile frozen a few hundred feet in the air, nose down, and moments from impact. She is left with a no-win choice: unfreeze time and die or live eternally alone in a silent world.

Production
No visual effects were used for the time stops; the actors and numerous extras, even the dog, all had to hold themselves perfectly still during these sequences. In the cases of characters who were frozen in off-balance positions (e.g. running or lunging), concealed armatures were used to support their weight. The mid-pour orange juice and mid-spill milk were both plastic.

Director Wes Craven said the child actors needed little encouragement to be rambunctious, being naturally full of energy. In conjunction with the exceptionally large cast, the set was always chaotic between takes.

Lead actress Melinda Dillon's shouting "Shut up!" an extra two times as the nuclear missiles approach was unscripted. In the final scene, the two films playing in the theater when Penny stops time are Dr. Strangelove and Fail Safe. Both 1964 films depict nuclear warfare.

title: A Little Peace and Quiet


text:
User:KevinBot

Introduction
I belong to User:Kevin Rector. Please direct all questions to him.

I am a Bot. I am going through and hard coding instances of the conversion template so the Wiki servers won't have to run those conversions each time a page is called up. Please keep using the conversion template when you need to, just know that eventually I'll swing around and do the conversion for one last time.

You can view my contributions to see what pages I have edited.

I ran for the first time on August 2, 2004. But I didn't start running in earnest until August 4, 2004 (everything before that was test runs).

The Laws that I live by

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Licensing and Intellectual Property
Kevin has agreed to multi-license my contributions (including those entered via a bot), with the exception of his user pages, as described below:

Peace to you and all your children too.

title: User:KevinBot


text:
List of Chrysler engines

Four cylinder
1926–1933: Flathead 4

1981–1995: K Engine

1994–2010: PowerTech

2007–present: World Engine
 * 1.8, 2.0, and 2.4 "World Engine" (2007–2017)
 * 2.0 and 2.4 "Tigershark" (2012–present)

Six cylinder
1924–1959: Flathead 6

1959–2000: Slant-6

1970–1981: Hemi-6 (Australia)

1987–2004: 3.9L/238 LA & Magnum

1989–2011: 3.3 & 3.8 OHV V6

1993–2010: SOHC V6

1998–2010: LH Engine

2002–2013: PowerTech

2010–present: Pentastar

Eight cylinder
1930–1950: Flathead 8

1951–1958: FirePower (Hemi)

1955–1958: Polyspheric V8

1968–1969: Chrysler Ball-Stud Hemi (A279)

Small block
1956–1961: A - Chrysler's first small-block V8.

1964–1992: LA

 * 273
 * 318
 * 340
 * 360

1992–2003: Magnum

 * 318
 * 360

1999–2009: PowerTech

2003–2024: Hemi

 * 5.7L Hemi - The smallest modern Hemi engine, called the Eagle, introduced in 2002.
 * 6.1L Hemi - A larger modern Hemi, 2004–2010.
 * 6.4L Hemi - A larger bore modern Hemi engine, called the Apache, introduced in 2011.
 * 6.2L Hemi - A supercharged Hemi engine, called the Hellcat, introduced in 2014.
 * 6.2L Hemi - A supercharged Hemi engine, called the Demon, introduced in 2017.

Big block
1958 - 1978: B

 * 350
 * 361
 * 383
 * 400

1959–1978: RB

 * 383
 * 413
 * 426 Wedge

1966-1978: RB

 * 440

1964–1971: Hemi

 * 426

V10
Viper V10 - An evolution of the LA design, executed in aluminium.

Magnum V10 - A similar cast-iron engine was made for Dodge Ram trucks.

Turbine
1954–1980: Turbine Engine

AMC
Chrysler acquired a number of engines after acquiring AMC in 1987.

Four cylinder

 * 1987–2002: AMC I-4

Six cylinder

 * AMC I-6

V8

 * AMC 360 - American Motors' "GEN-3" V8s were introduced for the 1970 model year in AMC passenger automobiles. The "GEN-3" engines were available in Jeep utility vehicles starting in 1971. It is not the same as Chrysler's 360 V8. Chrysler continued production of the AMC 360 engine after the 1987 buyout of AMC to power the full-size Jeep Wagoneer (SJ) SUV that was produced until 1991. It was one of the last carbureted car/truck engines built in North America. Chrysler never used this engine in any other vehicle.

Cummins B-Series

 * 6BT - 5.9 L Diesel I6 used in 1989–1998 Dodge Ram
 * ISB - 5.9 L Diesel I6 used in 1998–2007 Dodge Ram
 * ISB6.7 - 6.7 L Diesel I6 currently used in Dodge Ram

Three cylinder

 * Mitsubishi 3A92 1.2 L - Used in the Dodge Attitude (2015–present)

Four cylinder

 * Orion G12B 1.4
 * Orion G15B 1.5
 * Orion 4G15 1.5
 * Saturn 4G32 1.6
 * Saturn G32B 1.6
 * Sirius 4G61 1.6 DOHC
 * Saturn 4G37 1.8
 * Astron G52B 2.0
 * Sirius 4G63 2.0 DOHC
 * Sirius G63B 2.0
 * Sirius 4G64 2.4
 * Astron G54B 2.6

Six cylinder

 * 1978–1979: 6DR5
 * 2.5 L 6G73 - Used in the Chrysler Sebring, Dodge Avenger, Chrysler Cirrus, and Dodge Stratus
 * 3.0 L 6G72 - Used in the Plymouth Acclaim/Dodge Spirit and 1987–2000 Dodge Caravan/Plymouth Voyager, also Dodge Dynasty, Chrysler LeBaron, Chrysler TC, Chrysler New Yorker, Dodge Daytona, Dodge Stealth, Chrysler Sebring (Coupe), Dodge Stratus (Coupe), Dodge Shadow ES, and Plymouth Duster

Four cylinder

 * OM611 - 2.1 L diesel (2002–2004)
 * OM646 - 2.1 L diesel (2004–2010)
 * OM651 - 2.1 L diesel (2011–present)

Five cylinder

 * OM647 - 2.7 L diesel

V6

 * OM642 - 3.0 L diesel V6 used in 2006–2010 Chrysler 300, 2005–2010 Jeep Grand Cherokee and 2006–2010 Jeep Commander
 * M112 E32 - 3.2 L V6 used in 2003-2007 Chrysler Crossfire.
 * M112 E32 ML - Supercharged 3.2 L V6 used in 2005-2006 Chrysler Crossfire SRT-6.

V12

 * M120 V12 - Used for the Chrysler ME Four-Twelve.

Four cylinder

 * 425 OHV 2.5 L diesel
 * R425 DOHC 2.5 L diesel
 * R428 DOHC 2.8 L diesel
 * RA428 DOHC 2.8 L diesel
 * A428 DOHC 2.8 L diesel

Five cylinder

 * 531 OHV - 3.1 L diesel

Six cylinder

 * EcoDiesel 3.0 L diesel

V6

 * A630 DOHC - 3.0L diesel  V6 (EU-spec) currently used in Jeep Grand Cherokee and Chrysler 300/Lancia Thema
 * L630 DOHC - 3.0L diesel  V6 (US-spec) used in Jeep Grand Cherokee and Ram 1500

Three cylinder

 * Firefly 1.0 L Turbo Multiair II (2018–present)
 * Firefly 1.0 L BSG MHEV (2020–present)

Four cylinder

 * FIRE 1.4 L Turbo Multiair (2012–present)
 * Firefly 1.3 L Turbo Multiair II (2018–present)
 * E.torQ 1.6 and 1.8 L (2014–present)
 * Multijet 1.6, 2.0, and 2.2L diesel (2014–present)
 * Multijet 3.0L Iveco JTD diesel (2014–present)

V6

 * 1989–1990: 3.0L PRV engine

Four cylinder

 * Hyundai Alpha engine 1.4 and 1.6 L (used in 2005-2018 Dodge Attitude)

Others

 * Chrysler UK
 * 1.5 L Hillman four
 * Renault
 * J8S 2.1 L diesel
 * Douvrin 2.2 L
 * Volkswagen
 * 1.7 L
 * 2.0 TDI PD diesel
 * Simca Type 315
 * Tritec 1.6 (1999–2007)

title: List of Chrysler engines


text: Category:Wadena County, Minnesota

title: Category:Wadena County, Minnesota


text: User talk:64.83.210.123

title: User talk:64.83.210.123


text:
Gold frame

A gold frame is an attachment to a military decoration which is issued by the militaries of some countries. The gold frame is designed to enclose an award ribbon and is usually a means of distinguishing the ribbon's special quality or denoting some additional achievement to the award's basic criteria.

The gold frame is normally an automatic attachment to a ribbon decoration. In certain cases, however, awards may be issued both with and without the gold frame depending upon the level of achievement. Such is the case in the United States Air Force which denotes the gold frame as a "gold border". The Air Force Expeditionary Service Ribbon may be presented with a gold border when the decoration is presented for service in a designated combat zone.

The gold frame and gold border is a device for ribbon awards only, and there are no provisions for issuing the attachment for medals.

title: Gold frame


text:
Examination Day

"Examination Day" is the first segment of the sixth episode of the first season of the television series The Twilight Zone. The segment is based on the short story "Examination Day" by Henry Slesar. The story was first published in Playboy (February 1958).

Plot
Dickie Jordan is an intelligent and curious youth. He and his family live in a dystopian future. On Dickie's twelfth birthday, he is required by law to undergo an intelligence examination. Dickie's birthday wish is to do well on his exam. His parents appear stressed and avoid his questions. When the time comes, his father brings him to a government testing facility. There he is given a serum to ensure he tells the truth and given a series of intelligence assessment questions.

After the test is complete, Dickie's parents are contacted by the government and told that Dickie's intelligence exceeded the legal limit and so he was executed. The parents burst into tears as the government examiners ask them how they would like to handle their son's remains: whether his body should be interred by the government, or if they would prefer a private burial.

Reception
The Evening Independent wrote that the episode was "a bit predictable, but the reason for the tragic climax was a shock".

title: Examination Day


text: User talk:61.29.106.146

title: User talk:61.29.106.146


text: User talk:203.43.164.30

title: User talk:203.43.164.30


text:
Button, Button (The Twilight Zone)

"Button, Button" is the second segment of the 20th episode of the first season of the revival of the television series The Twilight Zone. The segment is based on the 1970 short story of the same name by Richard Matheson; the same short story forms the basis of the 2009 film The Box. It poses the question of whether an ordinary person would be willing to cause a total stranger to die in exchange for $200,000 ($1 million in The Box) by simply pushing a button. In a documentary on the making of the movie The Box, Matheson states the inspiration for the story came from his wife, whose college professor had asked a similar question as a way of promoting a class discussion.

Matheson, who was one of the most prolific contributors to the original The Twilight Zone, wrote the teleplay for the segment himself under a pseudonym, making "Button, Button" one of just two segments in the series written by one of the original Twilight Zone writers (the other being "The Elevator").

Plot
Arthur and Norma Lewis live in a low-rent apartment and are descending into abject poverty. One day, a box with a button on top of it is delivered to their apartment. That evening, a man who introduces himself as Mr. Steward visits. He gives Norma the key to the box and explains that if she presses the button, someone she does not know will die, and she will receive $200,000.

Arthur and Norma wonder whether Steward's proposal is genuine, and debate whether to press the button. They open the box and discover it is empty, with no mechanism that the button could activate, so Arthur throws it in the trash. However, after Arthur goes to bed, Norma retrieves the box from the dumpster. The next day, Arthur sees Norma sitting at the kitchen table transfixed by the button. He encourages her to push it just so she can get it off her mind. Finally, she pushes the button.

The next day, Mr. Steward returns to retrieve the box and deliver the $200,000. Steward says that the button will be "reprogrammed" and offered to someone else with the same terms and conditions adding as he focuses on Norma: "I can assure you it will be offered to someone whom you don't know." A horrified, knowing expression crosses Norma's face.

Short story
"Button, Button" was first published in Playboy, June 1970. The story was republished as part of a collection of Matheson's short stories.

In the original short story, the plot is resolved differently. Norma presses the button, and receives the money—after her husband dies in a train incident, where he is pushed onto the tracks. The money is the no-fault insurance settlement, which is $50,000 instead of the $200,000 in the Twilight Zone episode. A despondent Norma asks the stranger why her husband was the one who was killed. The stranger replies, "Do you really think you knew your husband?"

Matheson strongly disapproved of the Twilight Zone version, especially the new ending, and used his pseudonym Logan Swanson for the teleplay.

Film
The Box, a feature film based on this story written and directed by Richard Kelly, starring Cameron Diaz and James Marsden, was released in 2009. Basil Hoffman, the actor who played Steward in the Twilight Zone episode, appears in the film in a different role.

Radio
A radio-play version of the story is written by Henry Slesar, who also produced the radio program. As the CBS Radio Mystery Theater 15th episode entitled "The Chinaman Button", it was first broadcast Jan. 20, 1974. It was repeated at least twice on March 15, 1974, and again October 7, 1978.

In this version of the story, a man who is desperate for money is offered the chance to make a fortune. All he has to do is commit an anonymous murder, where he will not even have to see the victim. Actors for this radio play were Mason Adams, Paul Hecht, Evie Juster, Ralph Bell, and Will Hare.

title: Button, Button (The Twilight Zone)


text: User talk:12.72.97.178

title: User talk:12.72.97.178


text:
User talk:148.87.1.170

Proposed deletion of Ranka

The article Ranka has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "This article is of questionable notability and would have to be fundamentally rewritten to meet Wikipedia policy."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Spirit of Eagle (talk) 01:51, 20 July 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Ranka for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Ranka is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Ranka until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Spirit of Eagle (talk) 01:03, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:148.87.1.170


text: User talk:67.173.236.19

title: User talk:67.173.236.19