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Dawn Upshaw

Dawn Upshaw (born July 17, 1960) is an American soprano. She is the recipient of several Grammy Awards and has released a number of Edison Award-winning discs; she performs both opera and art song, and her repertoire spans Baroque to contemporary. Many composers, including Henri Dutilleux, Osvaldo Golijov, John Harbison, Esa-Pekka Salonen, John Adams, and Kaija Saariaho, have written for her. In 2007, she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

Early life
Dawn Upshaw was born in Nashville, Tennessee. She began singing while attending Rich East High School in Park Forest, Illinois and was the only female ever promoted to the top choir (the Singing Rockets) as a sophomore, according to choir director Douglas Ulreich. She received a B.A. in 1982 from Illinois Wesleyan University, where she studied voice with Dr. David Nott. She went on to study voice with Ellen Faull at the Manhattan School of Music in New York City, earning her M.M. in 1984. She also attended courses given by Jan DeGaetani at the Aspen Music School. She was a winner of the Young Concert Artists International Auditions (1984) and the Walter M. Naumburg Competition (1985), and was a member of the Metropolitan Opera Young Artists Development Program. Since her start in 1984, Upshaw has made more than 300 appearances at the Metropolitan Opera.

Career
Upshaw came to international fame with her performance on the million-selling recording (1992), with David Zinman, of Symphony No 3 by Henryk Górecki, known as the Symphony of Sorrowful Songs (Symfonia pieśni żałosnych).

She has premiered more than twenty-five new works, notably Henri Dutilleux's song-cycle Correspondances, and has embraced several pieces created for her, including the Grawemeyer Award-winning opera L'Amour de Loin by Kaija Saariaho, The Great Gatsby by John Harbison, the nativity oratorio El Niño by John Adams, and Osvaldo Golijov's highly acclaimed chamber opera Ainadamar and song cycle Ayre. In 2009, she premiered David Bruce's song cycle The North Wind was a Woman at the gala opening of the Chamber Music Society of the Lincoln Centre's season.

In addition to her operatic recordings, she has also sung the title role in the first complete recording of the score of Gershwin's Oh, Kay!. She has also recorded albums of songs by Vernon Duke and Rodgers and Hart. Upshaw was a guest of President of the United States Bill Clinton and Mrs. Clinton on the NBC special Christmas in Washington. The BBC presented a prime-time telecast of her 1996 London Proms Concert, Dawn at Dusk, in which she performed songs from American musical theater. Her engagements with James Levine over many years led to a 1997 recording of Claude Debussy songs.

Upshaw appears on an album of Christmas music in association with the male vocal ensemble Chanticleer titled Christmas with Chanticleer featuring special guest Dawn Upshaw for Teldec Classics.

Upshaw tours regularly with pianist Gilbert Kalish. Richard Goode and Margo Garrett are also long-standing partners. She has worked with director Peter Sellars many times, including on his staging of Händel's Theodora at Glyndebourne, his Paris production of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress—as part of the Los Angeles Philharmonic and Esa-Pekka Salonen's month-long residency at the Théâtre du Châtelet, 1996—a staging of Bach's cantata Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199, presented in the 1995–96 season at New York's 92nd Street Y, and the Salzburg Festival production of Olivier Messiaen's Saint François d'Assise (1998). Upshaw has often performed as a soloist at the annual Ojai Music Festival in California; most recently in 2006, 2008, and 2009. In 2011, she was the music director of the festival, where she performed the world premiere of the Peter Sellers-staged production of George Crumb's work Winds of Destiny. She joined the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra as artistic partner beginning with the 2007–08 season, and she is artistic director of the Graduate Program in Vocal Arts at the Bard College Conservatory of Music, which accepted its first students in the 2006–07 academic year. She also is a faculty member at the Tanglewood Music Center.

Upshaw holds honorary doctorates of arts from Yale University, the Manhattan School of Music, Illinois Wesleyan University, and Allegheny College. She is an Andrew Dickson White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University from 2020 to 2026.

Personal life
Upshaw is a divorced mother of two. She lives near New York City. She was diagnosed with and treated for early-stage breast cancer in 2006.

Awards and recognition
1989 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Soloist
 * Knoxville: Summer of 1915 (Music of Barber, Menotti, Harbison, Stravinsky)''

1991 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Soloist
 * The Girl with Orange Lips (Falla, Ravel, etc.)

2003 Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance
 * The Kronos Quartet & Dawn Upshaw for Berg: Lyric Suite

2006 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording
 * The Atlanta Symphony and chorus with Dawn Upshaw for Golijov: Ainadamar (Fountain of Tears)

2007 MacArthur Fellowship

2014 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Soloist
 * Winter Morning Walks (Maria Schneider)

Selected discography

 * 1990: Marc-Antoine Charpentier: Te deum H.146, Magnificat H.74, Kurt Moll, bass, John Aler, tenor, Dawn Upshaw, soprano, Ethna Robinson, contralto, Ann Muray, soprano and contralto, Academy of St Martin in the Fields, conducted by Neville Marriner. CD EMI classics, 1991
 * 1991: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Le Nozze di Figaro, conducted by James Levine, Deutsche Grammophon, 435 488-2
 * 1992: Jules Massenet: Chérubin, conducted by Pinchas Steinberg, RCA Victor Red Seal CD, 09026-60593-2
 * 1992: Henryk Górecki: Symphony No. 3, Nonesuch/Elektra Records CD, 79282
 * 2005: James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09
 * 2005: Ayre (Golijov), Deutsche Grammophon CD, 00289 477 5414

title: Dawn Upshaw


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Tuckerman

Tuckerman may refer to:

 * Tuckerman (surname)
 * Tuckerman, Arkansas, United States
 * Tuckerman Ravine, a glacial cirque in New Hampshire, United States
 * Tuckerman Brewing Company, a brewery in New Hampshire, United States

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tuckerman


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Key Stage

A key stage is a stage of the state education system in England, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar setting the educational knowledge expected of students at various ages. The term is also used in some other autonomous territories such as Hong Kong, and countries such as Australia (some states), although the ages at which each key stage applies differ between countries.

Key Stages in England are often abbreviated as KS (ex. KS1). Each key stage consists of a certain range of school years so there is no key stage for higher education.

In Wales, the new curriculum replaces key stages with "progression steps" at ages 5, 8, 11, 14 and 16, "relating to broad expectations of a child’s progress".

Stages
In England, the stages are as follows:

The national curriculum sets out targets to be achieved in various subject areas at each of the Key Stages.

The Key Stages were first defined in the Education Reform Act 1988 to accompany the first introduction of the national curriculum. The precise definition of each of the main 4 key stages is age-related, incorporating all pupils of a particular age at the beginning of each academic year. The key stages were designed to fit with the most prevalent structures which had already grown up in the education system over the previous 100 years of development.

Prior to the four main key stages, pupils attend a Foundation Stage, the latter part of which is compulsory.

Key Stage 1 fits broadly with the first stage of primary education, often known as infant schools. This break had existed for some time, being acknowledged in the 1931 Hadow Report as 'axiomatic' by as early as 1870.

Key Stage 2 fits the later stage of primary education, often known as junior schools. Again, described by Sir William Henry Hadow, this took pupils up to the standardised break at age 11.

Secondary education was split between Key Stage 3 & Key Stage 4 at age 14, to align with long-existing two-year examination courses at GCSE level.

Key Stage 5 is the final Key Stage and refers to education for students beyond secondary school aged 16 to 18 participating in sixth form or college.

title: Key Stage


text:
St. George's School

St George's School or Saint George's School may refer to:

Brunei

 * St. George's School, Brunei

Chile

 * Saint George's College, Santiago

Canada

 * St. George's School of Montreal, Quebec
 * St. George's School (Vancouver), British Columbia

Germany

 * St. George's The British International School

India

 * St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad)
 * St. George's School, Chennai
 * St George's College, Mussoorie, Uttarakhand

Israel and Palestine

 * St. George's College, Jerusalem
 * St. George's School, Jerusalem

Italy

 * St. George's British International School, Rome

Malaysia

 * St. George's Girls' School, George Town, Penang
 * St. George's Institution, Taiping

South Africa

 * St. George's Grammar School (Cape Town)

Spain

 * St. George's British School, Sevilla, Seville

Switzerland

 * St George's School in Switzerland

Turkey

 * St. George's Austrian High School, Istanbul

England

 * St George's Catholic School, Maida Vale, London
 * St George's School, Windsor Castle, Berkshire
 * St George's School, Ascot, Berkshire
 * St George's School, Harpenden (St.George's V.A School), Hertfordshire
 * St George's School, Stowmarket; renamed to Finborough School
 * St. George of England Specialist Engineering College (formerly St. George of England High School), Bootle, Merseyside
 * St George's Church of England School, Gravesend, Kent
 * St George's Church of England Foundation School, Broadstairs, Kent
 * St George's School, Blackpool, Lancashire
 * St George's College, Weybridge, Surrey
 * St George's School, Birmingham, West Midlands

Scotland

 * St. George's School, Edinburgh

United States

 * St. George's School, Tinley Park, Illinois
 * St. George School, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; see
 * St. George's School (Rhode Island), Middletown, Rhode Island
 * St. George's Independent School, Memphis, Germantown, and Collierville, Tennessee
 * Saint George's School (Spokane, Washington)

Zimbabwe

 * St. George's College, Harare

title: St. George's School


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Chris Stewart (author)

Christopher Stewart (born 27 March 1951) is a British author who was the original drummer and a founder member of Genesis. When not writing, he runs a farm, where he lives, near Orgiva in Spain.

Background and musical career
Stewart was born in Crawley and grew up in Horsham, Sussex. He attended The Abbey School, Ashurst Wood, then later became a classmate of Tony Banks and Peter Gabriel at Charterhouse in Surrey, and joined them in a school band called the Garden Wall. This was joined by classmates Mike Rutherford and Anthony Phillips to form Anon, which was renamed Genesis in January 1967. Stewart appears on Genesis's first two singles, "The Silent Sun" / "That's Me" and "A Winter's Tale" / "One-Eyed Hound". Although several demos from Stewart's time with the band appear on the Genesis Archive 1967-75 box set, he is not credited with playing on any of them (though one track features drumming that may have been done by Stewart). At the recommendation of Jonathan King, Stewart was – rather inelegantly – fired from the band in the summer of 1968 due to his poor technique and was replaced by John Silver.

Farmer and author
After travelling and working throughout Europe, Stewart settled and bought a farm named El Valero in the Alpujarras region of Andalucia, where he lives and works with his wife Ana Exton and daughter Chloë. He ran for the position of local councillor in the 27 May 2007 local elections in Órgiva representing the Green Party, where he received 201 votes (roughly 8 per cent).

He is now known for his autobiographical books, Driving Over Lemons: An Optimist in Andalucia (1999, ISBN 0-9535227-0-9) and the sequels, A Parrot In The Pepper Tree (2002, ISBN 0-9535227-5-X) and The Almond Blossom Appreciation Society (2006, ISBN 0-9548995-0-4), about his life farming in Spain. All three are also available as audiobooks (Lemons ISBN 0-14-180143-3, Parrot ISBN 0-14-180402-5, and Almond ISBN 0-7528-8597-9), narrated by Stewart.

In 2009, Stewart's publisher, Sort of Books, announced plans to release his memoir focused on sailing, entitled Three Ways to Capsize a Boat: An Optimist Afloat. This was fulfilled as ISBN 978-0956003812.

In 2014, Sort Of Books published Stewart's book of stories, Last Days of the Bus Club (4 June 2014, ISBN 978-1-908745-43-9), which focuses on his daughter's going to university, and his and Ana's subsequent life alone on the farm. Stewart has also contributed to two books in the Rough Guides series: the Rough Guide to Andalucia and the Rough Guide to China.

title: Chris Stewart (author)


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Tull

Tull may refer to:

Places

 * Tull, Arkansas, a town in the United States
 * Tull en 't Waal, a village in the Netherlands

Other uses

 * Tull (surname)
 * Jethro Tull (band), British progressive rock group
 * Tull, a fictional town in the Stephen King novel The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger

title: Tull


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Radio documentary

A radio documentary is a spoken word radio format devoted to non-fiction narrative. It is broadcast on radio as well as distributed through media such as tape, CD, and podcast. A radio documentary, or feature, covers a topic in depth from one or more perspectives, often featuring interviews, commentary, and sound pictures. A radio feature may include original music compositions and creative sound design or can resemble traditional journalistic radio reporting, but cover an issue in greater depth.

Origins of Radio Documentary in America
The early stages of fiction audio storytelling did not entirely resemble what would later be called radio documentaries. In the 1930s, with radio stations like WNYC entering the airspace, reporters documented real people and real-life scenarios through short on-the-ground interviews rather than dramatization. Other notable documentary broadcasts include unrefined one-shot audio recordings of events, such as the Hindenburg disaster in 1937. By 1939, CBS responded to growing anxieties about immigration in the U.S. with a six-month series, titled "Americans All…Immigrants All," which highlighted the stories of immigrant communities.

The lack of documentary-style reporting in this era can be attributed, in part, to technological limitations; recording equipment was not easily portable.

1940s in American Radio Documentary
An important moment in the establishment of the radio documentary as a widely used and discussed format is the expansion of portable audio recording devices. In 1945, sound archivist and radio producer, Tony Schwartz began to use portable audio recording equipment to collect the sounds of his neighborhood in New York City to share on his WNYC radio show; his features ran for 30 years and grew to include the sounds of daily life recorded by and mailed to him from people around the world. This style of sharing true-life sound bytes would remain in public radio documentary.

In 1946, one of the most pivotal developments in the spread and stylization of radio documentary was the creation of the CBS Documentary Unit. It was the first sector of a major media network dedicated to this format of radio. The unit was "'devoted exclusively to the production of programs dealing with major domestic and international issues and involving extraordinary research and preparation'". Not only did the content deviate from programming that favors advertisers, the style deviated from the standard, creating a well-known format. The style of reporting for the CBS features was adopted and melded by ABC and NBC networks. The format included extensive interviews to gain multiple perspectives on an issue, adherence to journalistic ethics, and often a call to action; the programming was usually released as multiple segments and at peak times. Examples of these first documentary projects include CBS' 1946 war feature, The Empty Noose, and ABC's 1949 program, V.D., A Conspiracy of Silence, addressing the lack of public attention to venereal disease.

1970s in American Radio Documentary
With the founding of National Public Radio in 1971, radio documentary began shifting again due to non-commercial educational media. For a short time, programs such as All Things Considered explored creative styles of presenting non-fiction by deviating from now-traditional styles of radio documentary by hiring reporters outside of the radio sphere.

1990s-present in American Radio Documentary
Important shifts in technology have allowed radio documentary to travel beyond analog. With the advent of podcasting and internet radio, the FCC provides no guidelines for these media. Programs are allowed to skirt FCC regulation, marking yet another shift in the content and style of documentary programming. Current features that exemplify the new possibilities opened by podcasting include the often gritty subject matter of Love + Radio and the critical success of the podcast Serial due to the ability of listeners across the globe to access the content for free.

Quotes
"At its best, radio combines the power and immediacy of great documentary films with the intimacy and poetry of a New Yorker-style magazine piece."

"Staring red-eyed at the mirror in front of me, having spent another day and half of the night with my computer, I ask myself fundamental questions: Why radio? Why documentary? Answer: No other medium can provide me with more freedom of creation and investigation. It meets my urgent interest in reality and the desire for a 'musical' expression. The material (der Werkstoff) is sound. And sound always surrounds us. And: I'm not so much interested in the description of stable situations, but in processes. Our medium is not space, but time; our stories are not glued to the ground, but have motion, life ... That's why!"

"So what is a radio feature? Technically speaking, it is a 30- to 60-minute, elaborate broadcast from a semantic field related to a radio drama, that can contain all the elements from original sound (interviews) and author texts (epic or scenic type) to noise and music."

Radio documentary in developing nations
There has been tremendous interest in the field of radio documentaries, particularly in developing nations such as India, Iran, South Korea and Malaysia. In India, for example, radio documentary is gaining in popularity due to their flexibility, efficiency and accessibility to the masses. Producers such as Chitra Narain and Danish Iqbal have been accredited with its revival and popularity in the region. Danish Iqbal who is primarily a drama producer combined the elements of dramatic narrative to produce some memorable radio documentaries. His documentary "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai" is considered a classic for the use of effective narrative and ambient sounds. This documentary presents an account of unseen bridges between a Kashmiri Shikarah Wala and his auto rickshaw driver friend in Delhi. Although they never met each other their unseen bond is the subject of this rare Documentary which transcends the barriers of political, religious and regional prejudices.

Because both Chitra and Danish had a long tenure at Delhi and had a creative collaboration with many media institutes, their influence is seminal in shaping the thinking of many of their students and co-workers. Danish won twice the prestigious Public Service Broadcasting Award for his documentaries.

Notable feature makers
• China Walcott

• Greg Barron

• Jay Allison

• Eurydice Aroney

• Tony Barrell

• Alex Blumberg

• Peter Leonhard Braun

• Kyla Brettle

• Edwin Brys

• Bill Bunbury

• Scott Carrier

• Alex Chadwick

• Bill Drake

• Stephen Erickson

• Joe Frank

• Laurence Gilliam

• John Gilliland

• Ira Glass (and This American Life)

• Glenn Gould (The Solitude Trilogy)

• David Gutnick (Commonwealth Prize, United Nations Broadcast Award etc)

• Alan Hall (Falling Tree)

• Berit Hedemann (Prix Europa Yleisradio 1997 and 1998)

• David Isay

• Malta Jasperson

• Lisbeth Jessen

• Kitchen Sisters

• Ronan Kelly

• Brigitte Kirilow

• Helmut Kopetzky

• Robert Krulwich

• Bill Lichtenstein

• Klaus Lindemann

• Bosse Lindquist (Prix Futura/Prix Europa 1995, and others)

• Kaye Mortley

• Susan Marling

• Ewan MacColl

• Siobhan McHugh

• Pete Myers

• Charles Parker

• Piers Plowright

• Lorenz Rollhäuser (Prix Europa 2008)

• Steve Rowland

• Nancy Updike

• Emil Benčík

title: Radio documentary


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Dravida Peravai

Dravida Peravai (Dravidian Front), is a political party in Puducherry, India. The DP was formed in 1996 by a break-away faction of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The Party claims to be a "Green" party. The present Party General Secretary is N. Nandhivarman. The DP strives to unite Tamils and impart a scientific outlook for the enrichment of Tamil culture. Despite claiming to be "Green" the Party has fought for national projects like the Indian Rivers Inter-link, the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project and the Tenth Degree Canal, an Indo-Thailand joint venture. The DP is concerned about future continental and coastal changes affecting Tamil Nadu and Tamils. The Dravida Peravai supports what they refer to as the "Tamil struggle" in Sri Lanka.

Dravida Peravai is for ensuring gender justice equal-representation for women in all electoral avenues. The party is for enforcing total prohibition in the country. The party wants to end all kinds of gambling, flesh trade, abuses of children and women, bonded labor practices, dowry system, superstition, corruption and criminalization. The General Secretary of the party N.Nandhivarman : Past :1964-1972 : Student DMK Pondicherry State Convenor, 1972 October -1972 December : Founder and First expelled leader in Anna DMK [ Dinamani Tamil daily and many news papers report story ], 1974 : Propaganda Secretary DMK for 1974 Pondicherry Assembly polls, 1974-1978 : Columnist who fought emergency through official organs of DMK, 1978-1992 : Self-imposed political exile, 1978-1992 : Granite Export under Seven Seas Enterprises, Blackstone[ India ] Greenland Exports, XL Rocks, Nirmal Granites, 1994-1996 : Convenor Dravida Ilaingnar Peravai [ Dravida Youth Front] 1996-2015 : General Secretary Dravida Peravai, registered with Election Commission of India, 1998-2004 : Associate Party of Samata Party presided by George Fernandes. The Party described the former Minister of Defence George Fernandes as the "International Torch-bearer of Socialism" in view of his longstanding association with socialist movement. Party also spearheads a movement for separate Union Territory for Karaikal within Indian Union.

title: Dravida Peravai


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François Gagnepain

François Gagnepain (23 September 1866 – 25 January 1952) was a French botanist. The standard botanical author abbreviation Gagnep. is applied to plants described by Gagnepain.

With Achille Eugène Finet, he named a number of species within the botanical family Annonaceae. The genus Gagnepainia (family Zingiberaceae) was named in his honor by Karl Moritz Schumann. The French Academy of Sciences awarded Gagnepain the Prix de Coincy for the year 1907.

Selected publications

 * Topographie botanique des environs de Cercy-la-Tour (Nièvre), Société d'histoire naturelle d'Autun, 1900 - Botanical topography involving the environs of Cercy-la-Tour (Nièvre).
 * Contributions à la flore de l'Asie orientale, 1905, (in collaboration with Achille Eugène Finet) - Contributions to the flora of eastern Asia.
 * Contribution à l'étude géo-botanique de l'Indo-Chine, 1926 - Contribution to the geobotanical study of Indochina.

title: François Gagnepain


text: Template:Normandy battle beaches

title: Template:Normandy battle beaches


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User:Andor~enwiki

My other languages sidebar contains all languages (and varieties) capable appearing there. I checked them from Complete list of language wikis available.

Ok, you are now in wiki-page

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title: User:Andor~enwiki


text:
OpenVPN

OpenVPN is a virtual private network (VPN) system that implements techniques to create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections in routed or bridged configurations and remote access facilities. It implements both client and server applications.

OpenVPN allows peers to authenticate each other using pre-shared secret keys, certificates or username/password. When used in a multiclient-server configuration, it allows the server to release an authentication certificate for every client, using signatures and certificate authority.

It uses the OpenSSL encryption library extensively, as well as the TLS protocol, and contains many security and control features. It uses a custom security protocol that utilizes SSL/TLS for key exchange. It is capable of traversing network address translators (NATs) and firewalls.

OpenVPN has been ported and embedded to several systems. For example, DD-WRT has the OpenVPN server function. SoftEther VPN, a multi-protocol VPN server, also has an implementation of OpenVPN protocol.

It was written by James Yonan and is free software, released under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2). Additionally, commercial licenses are available.

Encryption
OpenVPN uses the OpenSSL library to provide encryption of both the data and control channels. It lets OpenSSL do all the encryption and authentication work, allowing OpenVPN to use all the ciphers available in the OpenSSL package. It can also use the HMAC packet authentication feature to add an additional layer of security to the connection (referred to as an "HMAC Firewall" by the creator). It can also use hardware acceleration to get better encryption performance. Support for mbed TLS is available starting from version 2.3.

Authentication
OpenVPN has several ways to authenticate peers with each other. OpenVPN offers pre-shared keys, certificate-based, and username/password-based authentication. Preshared secret key is the easiest, and certificate-based is the most robust and feature-rich. In version 2.0 username/password authentications can be enabled, both with or without certificates. However, to make use of username/password authentications, OpenVPN depends on third-party modules.

Networking
OpenVPN can run over User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) transports, multiplexing created SSL tunnels on a single TCP/UDP port (RFC 3948 for UDP).

From 2.3.x series on, OpenVPN fully supports IPv6 as protocol of the virtual network inside a tunnel and the OpenVPN applications can also establish connections via IPv6. It has the ability to work through most proxy servers (including HTTP) and is good at working through network address translation (NAT) and getting out through firewalls. The server configuration has the ability to "push" certain network configuration options to the clients. These include IP addresses, routing commands, and a few connection options. OpenVPN offers two types of interfaces for networking via the Universal TUN/TAP driver. It can create either a layer-3 based IP tunnel (TUN), or a layer-2 based Ethernet TAP that can carry any type of Ethernet traffic. OpenVPN can optionally use the LZO compression library to compress the data stream. Port 1194 is the official IANA assigned port number for OpenVPN. Newer versions of the program now default to that port. A feature in the 2.0 version allows for one process to manage several simultaneous tunnels, as opposed to the original "one tunnel per process" restriction on the 1.x series.

OpenVPN's use of common network protocols (TCP and UDP) makes it a desirable alternative to IPsec in situations where an ISP may block specific VPN protocols in order to force users to subscribe to a higher-priced, "business grade" service tier. For example, Comcast previously declared that their @Home product was, and had always been, designated as a residential service and did not allow the use of commercial applications. Their argument was that conducting remote work via a VPN can adversely affect the network performance of their regular residential subscribers. They offered an alternative, @Home Professional, this would cost more than @Home product. So, anyone wishing to use VPN would have to subscribe to higher-priced, business-grade service tier.

When OpenVPN uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) transports to establish a tunnel, performance will be acceptable only as long as there is sufficient excess bandwidth on the un-tunneled network link to guarantee that the tunneled TCP timers do not expire. If this becomes untrue, performance falls off dramatically. This is known as the "TCP meltdown problem".

Security
OpenVPN offers various internal security features. It has up to 256-bit encryption through the OpenSSL library, although some service providers may offer lower rates, effectively providing some of the fastest VPN available to consumers. It runs in userspace instead of requiring IP stack (therefore kernel) operation. OpenVPN has the ability to drop root privileges, use mlockall to prevent swapping sensitive data to disk, enter a chroot jail after initialization, and apply a SELinux context after initialization.

OpenVPN runs a custom security protocol based on SSL and TLS, rather than supporting IKE, IPsec, L2TP or PPTP.

OpenVPN offers support of smart cards via PKCS#11-based cryptographic tokens.

Extensibility
OpenVPN can be extended with third-party plug-ins or scripts, which can be called at defined entry points. The purpose of this is often to extend OpenVPN with more advanced logging, enhanced authentication with username and passwords, dynamic firewall updates, RADIUS integration and so on. The plug-ins are dynamically loadable modules, usually written in C, while the scripts interface can execute any scripts or binaries available to OpenVPN. In the OpenVPN source code there are some examples of such plug-ins, including a PAM authentication plug-in. Several third-party plug-ins also exist to authenticate against LDAP or SQL databases such as SQLite and MySQL.

Platforms
It is available on Solaris, Linux, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, QNX, macOS and Windows XP and later. OpenVPN is available for mobile operating systems including Maemo, Windows Mobile 6.5 and below, iOS 3GS+ devices, jailbroken iOS 3.1.2+ devices, Android 4.0+ devices, and Android devices that have had the Cyanogenmod aftermarket firmware flashed or have the correct kernel module installed. It is not compatible with some mobile phone OSes, including Palm OS. It is not a "web-based" VPN shown as a web page such as Citrix or Terminal Services Web access; the program is installed independently and configured by editing text files manually, rather than through a GUI-based wizard. OpenVPN is not compatible with VPN clients that use the IPsec over L2TP or PPTP protocols. The entire package consists of one binary for both client and server connections, an optional configuration file, and one or more key files depending on the authentication method used.

Firmware implementations
OpenVPN has been integrated into several router firmware packages allowing users to run OpenVPN in client or server mode from their network routers. A router running OpenVPN in client mode, for example, allows any device on a network to access a VPN without needing the capability to install OpenVPN.

Notable firmware packages with OpenVPN integration include:

OpenVPN has also been implemented in some manufacturer router firmware.

Software implementations
OpenVPN has been integrated into SoftEther VPN, an open-source multi-protocol VPN server, to allow users to connect to the VPN server from existing OpenVPN clients.

OpenVPN is also integrated into Vyos, an open-source routing operating system forked from the Vyatta software router.

Licensing
OpenVPN is available in two versions:

 * OpenVPN Community Edition, which is a free and open-source version
 * OpenVPN Access Server (OpenVPN-AS) is based on the Community Edition, but provides additional paid and proprietary features like LDAP integration, SMB server, Web UI management and provides a set of installation and configuration tools that are reported to simplify the rapid deployment of a VPN remote-access solution. The Access Server edition relies heavily on iptables for load balancing and it has never been available on Windows for this reason. This version is also able to dynamically create client ("OpenVPN Connect") installers, which include a client profile for connecting to a particular Access Server instance. However, the user does not need to have an Access Server client in order to connect to the Access Server instance; the client from the OpenVPN Community Edition can be used.

title: OpenVPN


text:
Edmond Leburton

Edmond Jules Isidore Leburton (18 April 1915 – 15 June 1997)   was a Belgian politician who served as the prime minister of Belgium from 1973 to 1974.

He first entered Parliament representing Huy, Belgium.

Prime Minister of Belgium
Leburton served as the Prime Minister of Belgium from January 1973 to April 1974. A number of reforms were carried out under Leburton's government, including a law on 'prolonged minority' (June 1973) to safeguard people with mental disabilities, the introduction of annual adjustments to pensions to the level of economic prosperity (March 1973), and the passage of an Act which strengthened the rights of tenants (November 1973). In addition, improvements were made to various social welfare benefits. He was the last native French speaker to hold that office, disregarding the bilingual Paul Vanden Boeynants from Brussels, until Elio Di Rupo took office in December 2011. He was a member of the Socialist Party. Leburton was also the last member of that party to hold the office of Prime Minister until Elio Di Rupo.

Personal life
On 20 December 1947, Leburton married Charlotte (Joniaux) (born 20 August 1922 and died 17 september 2020) and had two sons, Jean-Pierre (born 4 March 1949), and Eddy (born 28 July 1951). He died on 15 June 1997 in Waremme, aged 82.

Honours
The list of all Honours is published on the carte de Deuil, 1997.

 * 🇧🇪 Belgium : Minister of State, by Royal Decree.
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium : Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold, by Royal Decree of 16.04.1977.
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium : Grand Cross in the Order of Leopold II.
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium : Croix de Guerre.
 * Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 * Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Orange-Nassau.
 * Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Oak Crown.
 * Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Aztec Eagle.
 * Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Isabella the Catholic.
 * Knight Grand Cross in the Order of King Abdul Aziz.
 * Grand Officer in the Legion of Honour

title: Edmond Leburton


text:
User:LiSrt

nothing of interest here yet

title: User:LiSrt


text:
Garo National Council

The Garo National Council is a political party in Meghalaya in northeastern India which campaigns for the creation a new Indian state to be called Garoland, for the people of the Garo Hills.

Founded in February 1946 as the Garo National Conference, Moody K Marak was the first President. In 1948 the organisation was renamed the Garo National Council. The GNC was a founding member of the All Party Hill Leaders Conference (APHLC).

In 1998, the GNC was successful in electing Clifford Marak to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly. Marak lost in 2003, but regained a seat in 2013 (he died in March 2015).

The GNC is a member of the Garo Hills State Movement Committee (GHSMC), a coalition of groups supporting the separate state of Garoland.

title: Garo National Council


text:
Chris Stewart

Chris or Christopher Stewart may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Chris Stewart (author) (born 1950), former member (drummer) of British band Genesis
 * Christopher Stewart (artist) (born 1966), British visual artist and educator
 * Christopher S. Stewart, American author
 * Chris Stewart (1946–2020), Northern Irish bass player and session musician associated with Eire Apparent and Spooky Tooth
 * Chris Stewart, former lead guitarist for the rock band Black Veil Brides
 * Christopher Stewart, a.k.a. Tricky Stewart (born 1977), American rapper and music producer

Others

 * Chris Stewart (baseball) (born 1982), American MLB player
 * Chris Stewart (ice hockey, born 1961), Canadian ice hockey coach
 * Chris Stewart (ice hockey, born 1987), Canadian hockey player
 * Chris Stewart (politician) (born 1960), American author, businessman, politician, and former Air Force pilot
 * Chris Stewart (athletics), British marathoner, third place at the NYC marathon, 1976

title: Chris Stewart


text: Category:Portuguese politicians

title: Category:Portuguese politicians


text:
Talk:Surudi milli

From VfD:

Foreign language article. - UtherSRG

 * Judging from "What links here", this is apparently the national anthem of Tajikistan. Unfortunately, my Tajik is a bit rusty, and the page needs formatting as well as context and an English translation, but it "belongs" and should be kept.  Smerdis of Tlön 13:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I've added a few extra details I've managed to glean from google searches, but nowhere appears to have the English translation. Might mean an email to the Tajik Embassy in London, which I'm happy to do myself.  In the meantime, a very strong KEEP. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 15:48, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Though sod's law reared its ugly head in my direction and there isn't actually an embassy for Tajikistan in the UK... So I've emailed the one in the US instead! Watch this space for response... -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 16:02, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: surely this is a candidate for the procedure? I.e. listed for two weeks as needing translation before being summarily executed. Ianb 18:50, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Even if it was, is it likely that within two weeks someone who speaks Tajik is likely to stumble upon it by chance? -- Graham ☺ | Talk 20:59, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Good question. I was just worried about the sky falling down if correct procedure is not followed ;-). I do think a vfd listing is quite an effective way of perfoming Darwinian selection on doubtful articles though. Ianb 21:55, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as we now know what it is. Ianb 21:55, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

http://www.times.kg/country_guide/?D=kz&pub=kz001#anthem gives entirely different information on authorship: "The authors are poets Muzafar Alimbayev, Kadyr Myrzaliyev, Tumanbai Moldagaliyev and Zhadyra Daribayeva and composers Mukan Tulebayev, Eugeny Brusilovsky and Latif Khamidi." Since our current statement is uncited, I'm inclined to believe that site, but I figured I'd first put this up here to see if someone else knows more. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:34, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC) Never mind. Someone added a link to a translation of the wrong country's anthem! I'll fix it. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:36, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surudi milli


text:
Talk:George Moore (novelist)

Untitled

 * This article is part of WikiProject Irish literature. See that page for further information.

older entries
an early collection of short stories, Celibates. In what sense is this collection early? It doesn't seem to be early in his career (almost 20 years in). Markalexander100 01:19, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Changed this: by the way, your edit was a non-sentence, Filiocht 07:57, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

Sorry- I'm still confused by the difference between cut and paste and copy and paste. ;) Markalexander100 08:52, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No problem. I dread to think what you'd see if you looked at my edit history to the article!. Filiocht 09:11, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

Successful FAC nomination
Self nomination: another late 19th/early 20th century Irish writer with links to the Celtic Revival. Filiocht 11:13, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I rather like it, although Moore was as despised a figure as a lauded one. He seems to have been more influential as a guy who was there than as a novelist.  (His memoirs, though, are very much of note.)  Geogre 14:58, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. Good article, but I find it a bit short. I miss a more detailed description of (some of) his works and a discussion of his legacy (who did he influence (Joyce is briefly mentioned in the lead section). As a minor point, I would include "Online books" section with the "Works" section. Also, you might want to add dates to the paintings of Moore, so we can be sure they are in the PD. Jeronimo 11:11, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments. Here are some responses/queries 1) Joyce is mentioned again in the Dublin and the Celtic Revival section specifying that Dubliners was influenced by The Untilled Field. Other than Joyce, it is hard to think of anyone who Moore influenced. See Geogre's comment above. 2) Manet died in 1883, so his works are by definition PD. 3) I see no reason for including the online books with the works. For readers not familiar with how wiki linking works, I think the arrangement I use makes it clear that the online works are just that. 4)Which works would you suggest I expand on? I have given limited information about The Untilled Field, Hail and Farewell and The Brook Kerith and the article is currently the best part of 2,000 words long if you include the lists. Filiocht 11:28, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) If little people were influenced by him, perhaps you should mention that. Also, it may be interesting to note his popularity among readers (then and now), but that may be difficult. 2) I realise that, but if you mention this on the image page, there's no need to look up Manet's DOD. 3) OK, it was just a suggestion. 4) I usually don't count lists in article length, but there's no requirement for a minimum length anyway. I don't know Moore's work, so I couldn't recommend any particular works. I would just like to know more than just the titles of his works. This could be a work-by-work discussion, more extensive discussion of his most important works, or a classification of his works by category ("many of his poems deal with..." or so). I think you may be able to find the best form for Moore. Let me know if you have more questions. Jeronimo 11:49, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I have attempted to address points 1, 2 and 4. Please review. Filiocht 12:33, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Support now. A little more on his works would still be nice, but then again, they should get their own articles anyway if they're important enough. Jeronimo 19:32, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Support -- user:aurang
 * Support. Markalexander100 08:52, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. The list of his works is quite extensive, his life biography is well written and informative - and I really like the painting of George Moore by Édouard Manet, unlike the black and white images that are so often used for deceased writers, this colourful image really brings the article to life. CGorman 10:39, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know why people feel obliged to vandalize wikipedia, I clicked on this article and got a page full of pornographic pictures. Hopefully this isn't going to be a trend for wikipedia, although, seems like everything is going in that direction

 * Émile Zotrutla? Not very subtil since it doesn't link anywhere.

Spring Days
Have added Spring Days to the list of novels. Have previously owned a copy published by Henry Vizetelly, currently have one published by Brentano's, New York. In his preface, the author says "When Henry Vizetelly....was sent to prison for publishing Zola's novels, mine were taken over by Walter Scott, and all were reprinted except "Spring Days"". Titles 01:01, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

The Passing of the Essenes
Have added "The Passing of the Essenes" to the list of plays. This was first published in a limited edition in 1930, followed by a new and revised edition in 1931. Titles 02:08, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Criticism
Any discussion of George Moore that doesn't include G. K. Chesterton's criticism is incomplete. The following is Chapter 9 of Heretics, published in 1905.

'''IX. The Moods of Mr. George Moore''' Mr. George Moore began his literary career by writing his personal confessions; nor is there any harm in this if he had not continued them for the remainder of his life. He is a man of genuinely forcible mind and of great command over a kind of rhetorical and fugitive conviction which excites and pleases. He is in a perpetual state of temporary honesty. He has admired all the most admirable modern eccentrics until they could stand it no longer. Everything he writes, it is to be fully admitted, has a genuine mental power. His account of his reason for leaving the Roman Catholic Church is possibly the most admirable tribute to that communion which has been written of late years. For the fact of the matter is, that the weakness which has rendered barren the many brilliancies of Mr. Moore is actually that weakness which the Roman Catholic Church is at its best in combating. Mr. Moore hates Catholicism because it breaks up the house of looking−glasses in which he lives. Mr. Moore does not dislike so much being asked to believe in the spiritual existence of miracles or sacraments, but he does fundamentally dislike being asked to believe in the actual existence of other people. Like his master Pater and all the aesthetes, his real quarrel with life is that it is not a dream that can be moulded by the dreamer. It is not the dogma of the reality of the other world that troubles him, but the dogma of the reality of this world. The truth is that the tradition of Christianity (which is still the only coherent ethic of Europe) rests on two or three paradoxes or mysteries which can easily be impugned in argument and as easily justified in life. One of them, for instance, is the paradox of hope or faith−− that the more hopeless is the situation the more hopeful must be the man. Stevenson understood this, and consequently Mr. Moore cannot understand Stevenson. Another is the paradox of charity or chivalry that the weaker a thing is the more it should be respected, that the more indefensible a thing is the more it should appeal to us for a certain kind of defence. Thackeray understood this, and therefore Mr. Moore does not understand Thackeray. Now, one of these very practical and working mysteries in the Christian tradition, and one which the Roman Catholic Church, as I say, has done her best work in singling out, is the conception of the sinfulness of pride. Pride is a weakness in the character; it dries up laughter, it dries up wonder, it dries up chivalry and energy. The Christian tradition understands this; therefore Mr. Moore does not understand the Christian tradition. For the truth is much stranger even than it appears in the formal doctrine of the sin of pride. It is not only true that humility is a much wiser and more vigorous thing than pride. It is also true that vanity is a much wiser and more vigorous thing than pride. Vanity is social−−it is almost a kind of comradeship; pride is solitary and uncivilized. Vanity is active; it desires the applause of infinite multitudes; pride is passive, desiring only the applause of one person, which it already has. Vanity is humorous, and can enjoy the joke even of itself; pride is dull, and cannot even smile. And the whole of this difference is the difference between Stevenson and Mr. George Moore, who, as he informs us, has "brushed Stevenson aside." I do not know where he has been brushed to, but wherever it is I fancy he is having a good time, because he had the wisdom to be vain, and not proud. Stevenson had a windy vanity; Mr. Moore has a dusty egoism. Hence Stevenson could amuse himself as well as us with his vanity; while the richest effects of Mr. Moore's absurdity are hidden from his eyes. If we compare this solemn folly with the happy folly with which Stevenson belauds his own books and berates his own critics, we shall not find it difficult to guess why it is that Stevenson at least found a final philosophy of some sort to live by, while Mr. Moore is always walking the world looking for a new one. Stevenson had found that the secret of life lies in laughter and humility. Self is the gorgon. Vanity sees it in the mirror of other men and lives. Pride studies it for itself and is turned to stone. It is necessary to dwell on this defect in Mr. Moore, because it is really the weakness of work which is not without its strength. Mr. Moore's egoism is not merely a moral weakness, it is a very constant and influential aesthetic weakness as well. We should really be much more interested in Mr. Moore if he were not quite so interested in himself. We feel as if we were being shown through a gallery of really fine pictures, into each of which, by some useless and discordant convention, the artist had represented the same figure in the same attitude. "The Grand Canal with a distant view of Mr. Moore," "Effect of Mr. Moore through a Scotch Mist," "Mr. Moore by Firelight," "Ruins of Mr. Moore by Moonlight," and so on, seems to be the endless series. He would no doubt reply that in such a book as this he intended to reveal himself. But the answer is that in such a book as this he does not succeed. One of the thousand objections to the sin of pride lies precisely in this, that self−consciousness of necessity destroys self−revelation. A man who thinks a great deal about himself will try to be many−sided, attempt a theatrical excellence at all points, will try to be an encyclopaedia of culture, and his own real personality will be lost in that false universalism. Thinking about himself will lead to trying to be the universe; trying to be the universe will lead to ceasing to be anything. If, on the other hand, a man is sensible enough to think only about the universe; he will think about it in his own individual way. He will keep virgin the secret of God; he will see the grass as no other man can see it, and look at a sun that no man has ever known. This fact is very practically brought out in Mr. Moore's "Confessions." In reading them we do not feel the presence of a clean−cut personality like that of Thackeray and Matthew Arnold. We only read a number of quite clever and largely conflicting opinions which might be uttered by any clever person, but which we are called upon to admire specifically, because they are uttered by Mr. Moore. He is the only thread that connects Catholicism and Protestantism, realism and mysticism−−he or rather his name. He is profoundly absorbed even in views he no longer holds, and he expects us to be. And he intrudes the capital "I" even where it need not be intruded−− even where it weakens the force of a plain statement. Where another man would say, "It is a fine day," Mr. Moore says, "Seen through my temperament, the day appeared fine." Where another man would say "Milton has obviously a fine style," Mr. Moore would say, "As a stylist Milton had always impressed me." The Nemesis of this self−centred spirit is that of being totally ineffectual. Mr. Moore has started many interesting crusades, but he has abandoned them before his disciples could begin. Even when he is on the side of the truth he is as fickle as the children of falsehood. Even when he has found reality he cannot find rest. One Irish quality he has which no Irishman was ever without−−pugnacity; and that is certainly a great virtue, especially in the present age. But he has not the tenacity of conviction which goes with the fighting spirit in a man like Bernard Shaw. His weakness of introspection and selfishness in all their glory cannot prevent him fighting; but they will always prevent him winning. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.238.223.115 (talk) 07:25, 27 February 2007 (UTC).

Surely the claim that Moore infulenced Joyce requires a citation? I've searched on Google and found nowhere else that makes that claim. Their styles are similar but it can't be presumed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.145.242.85 (talk) 20:20, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

first realist novel?
His next book, A Mummers Wife (1885) is widely recognised as the first major English language novel in the realist style.

Is this really true? Maybe Zola-type Naturalism, but my sense was that writers like Eliot, Hardy, Meredith, and even Trollope were considered more or less realists. john k (talk) 14:52, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Category LGBT
Why ? There's nothing in the article to support this category. Nor in anything else I've read about Moore ? --Xuxl (talk) 01:02, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I requested more information from the user who originally added the category. In response to another editor, the user (User:Danvera) added a book title to the article in lieu of an actual citation.  Since I don't have the book, I don't know what it says about Moore.  I also don't know if the book is a reliable source or if including it would violate undue weight policy.  Danvera hasn't responded to my query (in fact, hasn't edited an article in some months), so I'm removing the category.  If anyone objects, please consider adding information supporting the category to the article. Aylad ['ɑɪlæd] 18:17, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Mummers Wife or Mummer's?
The article renders the title both ways. 99.247.1.157 (talk) 17:17, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:01, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

WP:URFA/2020 review
I am looking at this article as part of WP:URFA/2020, an initiative to evaluate older featured articles to ensure that they still meet the featured article criteria. I have some concerns about this article:
 * The article has numerous unreferenced passages, including two paragraphs in the "Controversy in England" section
 * I am surprised that there isn't a section that explains the themes or writing style of Moore's written work. Shouldn't this be included?
 * Many of the sources are not used as inline citations. Can they be included, or should they be removed?

Is anyone interested in addressing these concerns, or should it be listed at WP:FAR? Z1720 (talk) 20:21, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

Evictions
There is a line which states During his time back in Mayo, he gained a reputation as a fair landlord, continuing the family tradition of not evicting tenants

There is evidence to the contrary. Some are documented in United Irishman, New York, May 1882, noting a number of evictions in his name in Mayo. 2A00:23C6:3E1F:FC01:1959:6D62:DF54:60C3 (talk) 01:15, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Moore (novelist)


text: User talk:83.70.48.30

title: User talk:83.70.48.30


text:
Talk:Tsukemono

This page should not be merged with pickling, it could be linked to that topic but it is very culturally specific pickling, overgeneralizing categories is not an effective way of sorting information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.229.85.62 (talk) 21:06, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Merge this with pickles you fucking sperglord idiots 72.49.212.85 (talk) 17:45, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Shouldn't "Tsukemonoishi" be "Tsukemono'ishi"? (A check on the kanji Wiktionary states this, but the guy on at ja.wikipedia is confused on if an apostrophe should be placed) WhisperToMe 05:02, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The Japanese language doesn't have apostrophes. Also, it doesn't have spaces between words. So the question is one of English, not Japanese.

 * Since tsukemono is a word (pickle) and ishi is a word (rock or stone), it would make sense to separate the two words with a space, or link them with a hyphen, or write the compound as a single word. I would not recommend an apostrophe. User:222.12.130.169

 * There's no need for an apostrophe. Apostrophes are used to make it clear which syllable is used in writing the word in Japanese.  There are two possibilities with this word as it's written: tsu-ke-mo-no-i-shi or tsu-ke-mo-n-o-i-shi.  If the Japanese writing was the latter then I'd put in an apostrophe.  It's also clear in this article which it is because the word tsukemono is mentioned.  Exploding Boy 08:22, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)

Move proposal
See Talk:Ume. Badagnani (talk) 04:50, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tsukemono


text:
Self-referential humor

Self-referential humor, also known as self-reflexive humor, self-aware humor, or meta humor, is a type of comedic expression that—either directed toward some other subject, or openly directed toward itself—is self-referential in some way, intentionally alluding to the very person who is expressing the humor in a comedic fashion, or to some specific aspect of that same comedic expression. Here, meta is used to describe that the joke explicitly talks about other jokes, a usage similar to the words metadata (data about data), metatheatrics (a play within a play as in Hamlet) and metafiction. Self-referential humor expressed discreetly and surrealistically is a form of bathos. In general, self-referential humor often uses hypocrisy, oxymoron, or paradox to create a contradictory or otherwise absurd situation that is humorous to the audience.

History
Old Comedy of Classical Athens is held to be the first—in the extant sources—form of self-referential comedy. Aristophanes, whose plays form the only remaining fragments of Old Comedy, used fantastical plots, grotesque and inhuman masks and status reversals of characters to slander prominent politicians and court his audience's approval.

Douglas Hofstadter wrote several books on the subject of self-reference; the term meta has come to be used, particularly in art, to refer to something that is self-referential.

Meta-jokes
Meta-jokes are a popular form of humor. They contain several somewhat different, but related categories: joke templates, class-referential jokes, self-referential jokes and jokes about jokes.

Joke template
This form of meta-joke is a sarcastic jab at the endless refitting of joke forms (often by professional comedians) to different circumstances or characters without a significant innovation in the humor. "Three people of different nationalities walk into a bar. Two of them say something smart, and the third one makes a mockery of his fellow countrymen by acting stupid."

"Three blokes walk into a pub. One of them is a little bit stupid, and the whole scene unfolds with a tedious inevitability. —Bill Bailey"

"How many members of a certain demographic group does it take to perform a specified task? A finite number: one to perform the task and the remainder to act in a manner stereotypical of the group in question."

Class-referential jokes
This form of meta-joke contains a familiar class of jokes as part of the joke. For example, here are a few subversions of the standard bar joke format: "A dyslexic man walks into a bra."

"A bar was walked into by the passive voice."

"A non sequitur walks into a bar. In a strong wind, even turkeys can fly."

Self-referential jokes
Self-referential jokes refer to themselves rather than to larger classes of previous jokes.

"What do you get when you cross a joke with a rhetorical question?" "Three blind mice walk into a bar, but they are unaware of their surroundings so to derive humour from it would be exploitative.""I'm a self-deprecating comedian...though I'm not very good at it."

Jokes about jokes
Marc Galanter, in the introduction to his book Lowering the Bar: Lawyer Jokes and Legal Culture, cites a meta-joke in a speech of Chief Justice William Rehnquist: I've often started off with a lawyer joke, a complete caricature of a lawyer who's been nasty, greedy, and unethical. But I've stopped that practice. I gradually realized that the lawyers in the audience didn't think the jokes were funny and the non-lawyers didn't know they were jokes.

Stand-up comedian Mitch Hedberg would often follow up a joke with an admission that it was poorly told, or insist to the audience that "that joke was funnier than you acted."

The process of being a humorist is also the subject of meta-jokes; for example, on an episode of QI, Jimmy Carr made the comment, "When I told them I wanted to be a comedian, they laughed. Well, they're not laughing now!"— a joke previously associated with Bob Monkhouse.

Fumblerules
Fumblerules are stylistic guidelines, presented such that the phrasing of the rule itself constitutes an infraction. For example, "Don't use no double negatives".

Limericks
A limerick referring to the anti-humor of limericks: "The limerick packs laughs anatomical Into space that is quite economical. But the good ones I've seen So seldom are clean And the clean ones so seldom are comical."

W. S. Gilbert wrote one of the definitive "anti-limericks": "There was an old man of St. Bees, Who was stung in the arm by a wasp; When they asked, "Does it hurt?" He replied, "No, it doesn't, But I thought all the while 'twas a Hornet.""

Tom Stoppard's anti-limerick from Travesties: "A performative poet of Hibernia Rhymed himself into a hernia He became quite adept At this practice, except For the occasional non-sequitur."

A limerick about limericks: "A limerick's cleverly versed, The second line rhymes with the first; The third one is short, The fourth's the same sort And the last line is often the worst."

Metaparody
Metaparody is a form of humor or literary technique consisting "parodying the parody of the original", sometimes to the degree that the viewer is unclear as to which subtext is genuine and which subtext parodic.

RAS Syndrome
RAS syndrome is the redundant use of one or more of the words that make up an acronym or initialism with the abbreviation itself, thus in effect repeating one or more words. "RAS" stands for Redundant Acronym Syndrome and so RAS syndrome is self-referencing.

title: Self-referential humor


text:
Roland Mesnier

Roland Mesnier (July 8, 1944 – August 26, 2022) was a French-born American pastry chef and culinary writer. His creations during his twenty-five years as Executive Pastry Chef (1980–2004) at the White House earned him the reputation of a creative genius.

Career
Mesnier was born into a family of nine children in the village of Bonnay, France. He first became interested in becoming a chef when he visited his brother's pastry shop in a nearby city. When he was fourteen, his mother secured an apprenticeship for him at a pastry shop in Besançon. He worked from 6am to 8pm six days a week, and in exchange received 300 francs a month, plus room and board, in addition to cooking lessons.

Like most young apprentices, Mesnier was at first given only menial tasks, such as grocery shopping, to see whether he was truly interested in learning the profession. Mesnier stayed on and eventually was taught how to make cakes, croissants, and brioche. He also was first exposed to puff pastry and chocolate molding, which laid the groundwork for his future specialties. At 17 he passed his apprenticeship exam and began to look for work that would enhance both his skills and his reputation.

Eventually he found his way to Paris, working in a restaurant and pastry shop near the Opéra Garnier. He soon mastered all there was to learn in Paris, and on the advice of his employer he went to West Germany, where techniques were more advanced. Mesnier lived in Hamburg and Hanover and learned marzipan modeling along with how to make cakes, cookies, and fondants, as well as the German and English languages.

Mesnier was hired as White House pastry chef in 1979 by First Lady Rosalynn Carter, and retired on July 30, 2004.

Personal life and death
In 1967, while he was working in Bermuda, Mesnier met his wife, Martha Whiteford, a teacher from West Virginia. Together they had a son.

After retiring, Mesnier wrote a book about his White House experiences, titled All the President's Pastries (2007).

A short time before his death, Mesnier entered an assisted-living facility in Burke, Virginia, where he died of cancer on August 26, 2022, at the age of 78.

title: Roland Mesnier


text:
Schindleria brevipinguis

Schindleria brevipinguis is a species of marine fish in family Gobiidae of Perciformes. Known as the stout infantfish, it is native to Australia's Great Barrier Reef and to Osprey Reef in the Coral Sea.

Anatomy
S. brevipinguis is among the smallest known fish in the world, together with species such as Paedocypris progenetica. Males of S. brevipinguis have an average standard length of 7.7 mm, a gravid female was 8.4 mm and the maximum standard length of the species is 10 mm. It held the record for the smallest known vertebrate, but now, by a measurement of snout-to-vent length, the smallest vertebrate species currently is the recently (Jan 2012) described frog Paedophryne amauensis, while the parasitic males of the anglerfish Photocorynus spiniceps are but 6.2 mm long. S. brevipinguis is distinguished from the similar S. praematura by having its first anal-fin ray further forward, under dorsal-fin 4, rather than 7–11 in S. praematura. Like most closely related fishes, the fish is very thin, and one specimen weighed just 0.7 milligrams.

Taxonomy
The specific epithet, brevipinguis, derives from the Latin brevis (short) and pinguis (stout), in reference to the fish's shorter, thicker body, as compared with other Schindleria species.

The first specimen was collected by Jeff Leis in 1979, but the species was not formally described until a 2004 paper (Watson and Walker).

title: Schindleria brevipinguis


text:
Butler

A butler is a person who works in a house serving and is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance. A butler is usually male and in charge of male servants while a housekeeper is usually a woman and in charge of female servants. Traditionally, male servants (such as footmen) were better paid and of higher status than female servants. The butler, as the senior male servant, has the highest servant status. He can also sometimes function as a chauffeur.

In older houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as majordomo, butler administrator, house manager, manservant, staff manager, chief of staff, staff captain, estate manager, and head of household staff are sometimes given. The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given but, perhaps more importantly, in line with the requirements of the individual employer. In the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an estate manager of higher rank than the butler. The butler can also be assisted by a head footman or footboy called the under-butler.

Background
The word butler comes from Anglo-Norman buteler, a variant form of Old Norman *butelier, corresponding to Old French botellier 'officer in charge of the king's wine bottles', derived from boteille 'bottle' (Modern French bouteille), itself from Gallo-Romance BUTICULA 'bottle'. For centuries, the butler has been the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages, which in ancient times might have represented a considerable portion of the household's assets and led to the position becoming chief steward of a household. In Britain, the butler was originally a middle-ranking member of the staff of a grand household. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the butler gradually became the senior, usually male, member of a household's staff in the very grandest households. However, there was sometimes a steward who ran the outside estate and financial affairs, rather than just the household, and who was senior to the butler in social status into the 19th century. Butlers used always to be attired in a special uniform, distinct from the livery of junior servants, but today a butler is more likely to wear a business suit or business casual clothing and appear in uniform only on special occasions.

A silverman or silver butler has expertise and professional knowledge of the management, secure storage, use and cleaning of all silverware, associated tableware and other paraphernalia for use at military and other special functions.

Origin and history
The modern role of the butler has evolved from earlier roles that were generally concerned with the care and serving of alcoholic beverages.

Ancient through medieval eras
From ancient through medieval times, alcoholic beverages were chiefly stored first in earthenware vessels, then later in wooden barrels, rather than in glass bottles; these containers would have been an important part of a household's possessions. The care of these assets was therefore generally reserved for trusted slaves, although the job could also go to free persons because of heredity-based class lines or the inheritance of trades.

The biblical book of Genesis contains a reference to a role precursive to modern butlers. The early Hebrew Joseph interpreted a dream of Pharaoh's שקה (shaqah) (literally "to give to drink"), which is most often translated into English as "chief butler" or "chief cup-bearer."

In ancient Greece and Rome, it was nearly always slaves who were charged with the care and service of wine, while during the Medieval Era the pincerna filled the role within the noble court. The English word "butler" itself comes from the Middle English word bo(u)teler (and several other forms), from Anglo-Norman buteler, itself from Old Norman butelier, corresponding to Old French botellier ("bottle bearer"), Modern French bouteiller, and before that from Medieval Latin butticula. The modern English "butler" thus relates both to bottles and casks. Eventually the European butler emerged as a middle-ranking member of the servants of a great house, in charge of the buttery (originally a storeroom for "butts" of liquor, although the term later came to mean a general storeroom or pantry). While this is so for household butlers, those with the same title but in service to the Crown enjoyed a position of administrative power and were only minimally involved with various stores.

Elizabethan through Victorian eras
The steward of the Elizabethan era was more akin to the butler that later emerged. Gradually, throughout the 19th century and particularly the Victorian era, as the number of butlers and other domestic servants greatly increased in various countries, the butler became a senior male servant of a household's staff. By this time he was in charge of the more modern wine cellar, the "buttery" or pantry (from French pain from Latin panis, bread) as it came to be called, which supplied bread, butter, cheese, and other basic provisions, and the ewery, which contained napkins and basins for washing and shaving. In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties. Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, a manual published in Britain in 1861, reported:

"The number of the male domestics in a family varies according to the wealth and position of the master, from the owner of the ducal mansion, with a retinue of attendants, at the head of which is the chamberlain and house-steward, to the occupier of the humbler house, where a single footman, or even the odd man-of-all-work, is the only male retainer. The majority of gentlemen's establishments probably comprise a servant out of livery, or butler, a footman, and coachman, or coachman and groom, where the horses exceed two or three."

Butlers were head of a strict service hierarchy and therein held a position of power and respect. They were more managerial than "hands on"—more so than serving, they officiated in service. For example, although the butler was at the door to greet and announce the arrival of a formal guest, the door was actually opened by a footman, who would receive the guest's hat and coat. Even though the butler helped his employer into his coat, this had been handed to him by a footman. However, even the highest-ranking butler would "pitch in" when necessary, such as during a staff shortage, to ensure that the household ran smoothly, although some evidence suggests this was so even during normal times.

The household itself was generally divided into areas of responsibility. The butler was in charge of the dining room, the wine cellar, pantry, and sometimes the entire main floor. Directly under the butler was the first footman (or head footman), although there could also be a deputy butler or under-butler who would fill in as butler during the butler's illness or absence. The footman‒there were frequently numerous young men in the role within a household‒ performed a range of duties including serving meals, attending doors, carrying or moving heavy items, and they often doubled as valets. Valets themselves performed a variety of personal duties for their employer. Butlers engaged and directed all these junior staff and each reported directly to him. The housekeeper was in charge of the house as a whole and its appearance. In a household without an official head housekeeper, female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under the butler's management, while in smaller households, the butler usually doubled as valet. Employers and their children and guests addressed the butler (and under-butler, if there was one) by last name alone; fellow servants, retainers, and tradespersons as "Mr. [Surname]".

Butlers were typically hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady. Beeton in her manual suggested a GBP 25–50 (US$2,675‒5,350) per-year salary for butlers; room and board and livery clothing were additional benefits, and tipping known as vails, were common. The few butlers who were married had to make separate housing arrangements for their families, as did all other servants within the hierarchy.

In the early United States
From the beginning of slavery in the United States, in the early 17th century, African Americans were put to task as domestic servants. Some eventually became butlers. Gary Puckrein, a social historian, argues that those used in particularly affluent homes authentically internalised the sorts of "refined" norms and personal attributes that would reflect highly upon the social stature of their masters or mistresses. One of the first books written and published through a commercial U.S. publisher by an African American was by a butler named Robert Roberts. The book, The House Servant's Directory, first published in 1827, is essentially a manual for butlers and waiters, and is called by Puckrein "the most remarkable book by an African American in antebellum United States". The book generated such interest that a second edition was published in 1828, and a third in 1843.

European indentured servants formed a corps of domestic workers from which butlers were eventually drawn. Although not the victims of institutionalised slavery, many of them had not volunteered for domestic service, but were forced into it by indebtedness or coercion. As with African American slaves, they could rise in domestic service, and their happiness or misery depended greatly on the disposition of their masters.

The modern butler
Beginning around the early 1920s (following World War I), employment in domestic service occupations began a sharp overall decline in western European countries, and even more markedly in the United States. Even so, there were still around 30,000 butlers employed in Britain by World War II. As few as one hundred were estimated to remain by the mid-1980s. Social historian Barry Higman argues that a high number of domestic workers within a society correlates with a high level of socio-economic inequality. Conversely, as a society undergoes levelling among its social classes, the number employed in domestic service declines.

Following varied shifts and changes accompanying accelerated globalisation beginning in the late 1980s, overall global demand for butlers since the turn of the millennium has risen dramatically. According to Charles MacPherson, President of Charles MacPherson Associates and owner of The Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers and Household Managers, the proximate cause is that the number of millionaires and billionaires has increased in recent years, and such people are finding that they desire assistance in managing their households. MacPherson emphasises that the number of wealthy people in China has increased particularly, creating in that country a high demand for professional butlers who have been trained in the European butlering tradition. There is also increasing demand for such butlers in other Asian countries, India, and the petroleum-rich Middle East.

Higman additionally argues that the inequality/equality levels of societies are a major determinant of the nature of the domestic servant/employer relationship. As the 21st century approached, many butlers began carrying out an increasing number of duties formerly reserved for more junior household servants. Butlers today may be called upon to do whatever household and personal duties their employers deem fitting, in the goal of freeing their employers to carry out their own personal and professional affairs. Professional butler and author Steven M. Ferry states that the image of tray-wielding butlers who specialise in serving tables and decanting wine is now anachronistic, and that employers may well be more interested in a butler who is capable of managing a full array of household affairs‒from providing the traditional dinner service, to acting as valet, to managing high-tech systems and multiple homes with complexes of staff. While in truly grand houses the modern butler may still function exclusively as a top-ranked household affairs manager, in lesser homes, such as those of dual-income middle-class professionals, they perform a full array of household and personal assistant duties, including mundane housekeeping. Butlers today may also be situated within corporate settings, embassies, cruise ships, yachts, or within their own small "Rent-a-Butler" business or similar agency.

Along with these changes of scope and context, butlering attire has changed. Whereas butlers have traditionally worn a special uniform that separated them from junior servants, and although this is still often the case, butlers today may wear more casual clothing geared for climate, while exchanging it for formal business attire only upon special service occasions. There are cultural distinctions, as well. In the United States, butlers may frequently don a polo shirt and slacks, while in Bali they typically wear sarongs.

In 2007, the number of butlers in Britain had risen to an estimated 5,000. That number rose to 10,000 by 2014, consistent with increased worldwide demand.

Training
Butlers traditionally learned their position while progressing their way up the service ladder. For example, in the documentary The Authenticity of Gosford Park, retired butler Arthur Inch (born 1915) describes starting as a hall boy. While this is still often the case, numerous private butlering schools exist today. Additionally, major up-market hotels such as the Ritz-Carlton offer traditional butler training, while some hotels have trained a sort of pseudo-butler for service in defined areas such as "technology butlers", who fix guests' computers and other electronic devices, and "bath butlers" who draw custom baths.

Gender and butlering
Butlers have traditionally been male, and this remains the norm. Probably the first mention of a female butler is in the 1892 book Interludes being Two Essays, a Story, and Some Verses by Horace Smith. In it Smith quotes the noted writer and Anglican clergyman Sydney Smith, who between 1809 and 1829 struggled to make ends meet in a poorly paid assignment to a rural parish in Yorkshire: "I turned schoolmaster to educate my son, as I could not afford to send him to school. Mrs. Sydney turned schoolmistress to educate my girls as I could not afford a governess. I turned farmer as I could not let my land. A man servant was too expensive, so I caught up a little garden girl, made like a milestone, christened her Bunch, put a napkin in her hand, and made her my butler. The girls taught her to read, Mrs. Sydney to wait, and I undertook her morals. Bunch became the best butler in the country.

Today, female butlers are sometimes preferred, especially for work within West Asian and Southeast Asian families where there may be religious objections for men to work closely with women in a household. Western female celebrities may also prefer a female butler, as may households where the wife is driving the decision to hire a butler. Despite these trends, the Ivor Spencer School asserts that female butlers are not easily placed, on the whole.

In ancient times, the roles precursive to butlering were reserved for chattel or those confined within heredity-based class structures. With the advent of the medieval era, butlering became an opportunity for social advancement‒even more so during Victorian times. Although still based upon various antecedent roles as manifested during different eras, butlering today has frequently taken over many of the roles formerly reserved for lower-ranking domestic servants. At the same time it has become a potentially lucrative career option.

Notable butlers

 * Eugene Allen, White House butler who served under seven U.S. presidents
 * Leslie Bartlett, butler, toastmaster; and founder of The London School of British Butlers
 * Paul Burrell, butler to Diana, Princess of Wales
 * Alonzo Fields, White House chief butler from 1932 to 1953
 * Grant Harrold butler to King Charles III, then-Prince of Wales, from 2004 to 2011

In visual art
Butlers have been occasionally depicted in visual art. A famous painting, Heads of Six of Hogarth's Servants (c. 1758), is unique among such works. In it, the 18th-century English artist William Hogarth depicted his household servants, all surrounding the butler. In showing the group in a close-knit assemblage rather than in the performance of their routine household duties, Hogarth sought to humanise and dignify them in a manner akin to wealthy-class members, who were the normal subjects of such portraits. While this was a subversive act that certainly raised many eyebrows in his day‒Hogarth conspicuously displayed the work in his estate home in full view of guests‒at the same time he had painted his servants' facial expressions to convey the sincerity and deference expected of servant-class members.

In contemporary art, "The Butler's in Love" series by U.S. artist Mark Stock is especially poignant. In the series, Stock portrays the butler as sick with love, but the possibility of fulfillment is hopeless: the love is a forbidden love, perhaps felt for the lady of the house, and so it must be suffered alone in silent concealment. In addition to the ongoing mannerisms and facial expressions of the butler, a seated lady once appearing in a curtained room and a recurring lipstick-stained absinthe glass over which the butler obsesses provide the interpretive clues. In selecting a butler as his subject, Stock sought to provide a "universal character", a pathos-laden figure that could be widely related to and that could depict the universality of loneliness felt by someone who can only look in from the outside. Stock began the series in 1985 to express his difficult feelings during a personal experience of unrequited love. One of the paintings was inspiration for a 3-D short film, "The Butler's in Love" by actor/director David Arquette, shot in 2008 at San Francisco's historic Westerfield Mansion.

In fiction
The real-life modern butler attempts to be discreet and unobtrusive, friendly but not familiar, keenly anticipative of the needs of his or her employer, and graceful and precise in execution of duty. The butler of fiction, by contrast, often tends to be larger than life and has become a plot device in literature and a traditional role in the performing arts. Butlers may provide comic relief with wry comments, clues as to the perpetrators of various crimes, and are represented as at least as intelligent and moral as their “betters,” or even more so. They are often portrayed as being serious and expressionless and in the case that the wealthy hero is an orphan‒such as Batman, Chrono Crusade's Satella Harvenheit, or Tomb Raider's Lara Croft‒may be a father figure to said hero. Regardless of the genre in which they are cast, butlers in fiction almost invariably follow the "British butler" model and are given an appropriate-sounding surname. The fictional butler tends to be given a typical Anglo-Celtic surname and have an English accent. The Asian, African American, or Caribbean houseboy is a variant, but even these major-domos are based on the British icon.

Today, butlers are usually portrayed as being refined and well-spoken. However, in 19th century fiction such as Dracula, butlers generally spoke with a strong Cockney or other regional accent.

"The butler" is integral to the plot of countless potboilers and melodramas, whether or not the character has been given a name. Butlers figure so prominently in period pieces and whodunits that they can be considered stock characters in film and theatre, where a catchphrase is "The butler did it!"

The best-known fictional manservant, and the archetype of the quintessential British butler, is himself not a butler at all. Reginald Jeeves, the iconic creation of author P. G. Wodehouse is a "gentleman's gentleman" and general factotum. Probably the best-known fictional butlers are Alfred from the Batman comic and films; Hudson of Upstairs, Downstairs television fame; Mr Carson from the Downton Abbey television series; and Crichton from J. M. Barrie's The Admirable Crichton. Lesser-knowns include Mr. Belvedere from the novel Belvedere, which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series; Lurch, from the television series The Addams Family, based on Charles Addams' The New Yorker cartoons; Beach, from the Wodehouse series about Blandings Castle; Niles, the butler at the Sheffield house in American sitcom The Nanny, Geoffrey from The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Bailey (an English canine butler) from the children's animated television series Arthur and Benson from the two series Soap and Benson.

Not all fictional butlers portray the "butler stereotype", however. Alan Bates, who played the butler Jennings in the film Gosford Park was coached in brooding detail by Arthur Inch, a longtime real-life butler. Mr. Stevens, the butler played by Anthony Hopkins in the film Remains of the Day, was also acted with remarkable realism. A female butler, Sarah Stevens, is the principal character in Linda Howard's 2002 Dying to Please, a murder/romance novel. Howard gives detailed and generally accurate descriptions of butlering in the work.

Examples

 * Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's butler from Batman
 * Angus Hudson, from the television show Upstairs, Downstairs
 * Austin, from the game Gardenscapes
 * Benson DuBois, the Tate butler in the hit 1970's sitcom, Soap
 * Butler, the butler for Prince Salde Canarl Shellbrick III off of the puzzle game Puyo Puyo Fever 2
 * Cadbury, butler to Richie Rich
 * Chadwick, from Jamaica Inn
 * Charles Carson, butler to the Crawley family in Downton Abbey
 * Charley Raunce, who succeeds to the position from footman when Eldon the Butler dies, in the novel Loving by Henry Green.
 * Cogman, a human-sized sociopathic Autobot Headmaster who acts as Sir Edmund Burton's butler.
 * Domovoi Butler, butler/bodyguard to Artemis Fowl in Eoin Colfer's Artemis Fowl book series.
 * Edmund Blackadder, butler to Prince George the Prince Regent, in the TV Series Blackadder the Third
 * Edwin Jarvis, Tony Stark's butler from Iron Man
 * Giles, the butler for ABC's Whodunnit? TV series
 * Hayate Ayasaki, The titular protagonist of Hayate the Combat Butler
 * Higgins, from the sitcom Our Man Higgins and the radio comedy on which it was based, It's Higgins, Sir
 * Hugh Edgar, a butler in The Edwardian Country House, 2002 British historical recreation TV series
 * John Lawless, a central character in the 1967 Sherman Brothers' musical movie The Happiest Millionaire played by 60 teen idol Tommy Steele.
 * Nestor, the butler of Marlinspike Hall in The Adventures of Tintin
 * Niles, the butler in the TV Series The Nanny
 * Ronove, the demon butler and highest-ranking furniture of the Golden Witch; Beatrice and the Endless Sorcerer, Battler from Umineko no Naku Koro ni
 * Sebastian Beach, from the Blandings Castle stories by P. G. Wodehouse, frequently conspires with the clever Gally Threepwood
 * Sebastian Michaelis, a demon disguised as a man bound by contract to his master in the Black Butler manga and anime series
 * Smithers, Veronica Lodge's fictional butler
 * Spencer, butler in Power Rangers Operation Overdrive
 * Mr. Stevens, the protagonist of Kazuo Ishiguro's Booker Prize-winning novel, The Remains of the Day and movie of the same name
 * Subaru Konoe, the female butler of Kanade Suzutsuki who is disguised as a male in the Mayo Chiki! anime, manga and light novel
 * Underling, the butler in the 2006 Broadway Musical The Drowsy Chaperone
 * Wadsworth, the protagonist in the movie Clue
 * Willikins, butler to Samuel Vimes in the Discworld series by Terry Pratchett.

title: Butler