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Anambra State

Anambra State is a Nigerian state, located in the South-eastern region of the country. The state was created on 27 August 1991. Anambra state is bounded by Delta State to the west, Imo State and Rivers State to the south, Enugu State to the east and Kogi State to the north. The State's Capital is Awka, while the State’s Largest City is Onitsha which is regarded as one of the largest metropolis area in Africa. Nnewi is the second largest commercial and industrial city in Anambra State, and also a known automobile hub within Nigeria and Africa.

The state name was formed in 1976 from the former East Central State. The state is named after Omambala River, a river that runs through the state. Anambra is the Anglicized name of the Omambala. The State capital is Awka. The city of Onitsha, a historic port city from the pre-colonial era, remains an important centre of commerce within the state,while Nnewi is the second largest commercial and industrial city in the state.

Nicknamed the "Light of the Nation", Anambra State is the fourteenth most populous state in the nation, although that has seriously been argued against as Onitsha, the state's biggest and most populous urban area was discovered to be over 8.5 million in population in 2022 by Africapolis which makes Onitsha one of the largest urban areas in Nigeria by population. The area currently known as Anambra State has been the site of numerous civilizations since at least the 9th century AD, including the ancient Kingdom of Nri, whose capital was the historic town of Igbo-Ukwu within the state. Residents of Anambra State are primarily Igbo, with the Igbo language serving as a lingua franca throughout the state.

During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), Anambra State was part of the secessionist Republic of Biafra formed by Igbo nationalists. Anambra was severely affected by the war. Today, Anambra State is one of the most urbanized states in Nigeria.

Etymology
The name Anambra is the merging of Anam and the English word 'branch'. Anam is a clan in the Omambala region and the last Igbo speaking community the British colonialists encountered while heading up to Northern Nigeria from across the riverine areas. They usually described present day Anambra as 'Anam branch' to their colleagues up North. Reason Anam together with some neighboring clans was Anambra LGA when the state was created. It is now Anambra-West LGA with Olumbanasa.

History
Anambra's history stretches to the 9th century AD, as revealed by archaeological excavations at Igbo-Ukwu and Ezira. It has great works of art in iron, bronze, copper, and pottery. These have revealed a sophisticated divine Kingship administrative system, which held sway in the area of Anambra from c. 948 AD to 1911. In some towns, such as Ogidi and others, local families had hereditary rights to kingship for centuries.

Great Britain recognised some of these traditional kings and leaders in their system of indirect rule of the Protectorate of South Nigeria. Beginning in the 19th century, they appointed some noble leaders as Warrant Chiefs, authorizing them to collect taxes, among other duties.

Anambra is in the Igbo-dominated area that seceded as part of an independent Biafra in 1967, following rising tensions with Northern Nigeria. During the Nigerian/Biafran war (1967–1970), Biafran engineers constructed a relief airstrip in the town of Uli/Amorka (code named "Annabelle"). Extremely dangerous relief flights took off from Sao Tome and other sites loaded with tons of food and medicine for the distressed Biafran population. Uli/Amorka airstrip was the site where American pilots such as Alex Nicoll, and scores of others, delivered tons of relief supplies to the Biafran population.

Disgusted by the suffering and mounting death toll in Biafra from starvation, as well as the continuous harassment of the relief planes by the Nigerian Airforce, Carl Gustaf von Rosen resigned as a Red Cross relief pilot. He helped Biafra to form an Airforce of five Minicoin planes Malmö MFI-9 stationed at the Uga airstrip. He named his tiny but effective air force "Babies of Biafra" in honour of the babies who died from starvation inside Biafra.

Old Anambra State was created in 1976 from part of East Central State, and its capital was Enugu. In 1991, a re-organisation divided Anambra into two states, Anambra and Enugu. The capital of the New Anambra is Awka.

Location
Boundaries are formed by Delta State and Edo State to the west for about 97 km across the River Niger, Imo State and Rivers State (for four km) to the south, Enugu State to the east for 139 km, and Kogi State to the north for about 40 km. The name was derived from the Anambra River (Omambala) which flows through the area and is a tributary of the River Niger.

Anambra is the eighth-most populated state in the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the second-most densely populated state in Nigeria after Lagos State. The stretch of more than 45 km between the towns of Oba and Amorka contains a cluster of numerous thickly populated villages and small towns, giving the area an estimated average density of 1,500–2,000 persons per square kilometre.

Climate
The state has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate with yearly temperature of 28.99 °C (84.18 °F) and it is -0.47% lower than Nigeria's averages. Anambra typically receives about 212.36 millimeters (8.36 inches) of precipitation and has 243.38 rainy days (66.68% of the time) annually.

The state has been described as one of the worst places affected by the climate change in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa in 2022 according to the Climate Change Education and Action Programme, (CLEAP).

Cities and administrative divisions
With an annual population growth rate of 2.21 percent per annum, Anambra State has over 60% of its people living in urban areas. It is one of the most urbanized states in Nigeria.

The major urban centres of Anambra State are Onitsha, Nnewi, Ekwulobia, Ihiala, Aguleri and Awka, the state capital. Awka and Onitsha had developed as pre-colonial urban centres: Awka was the craft industrial centre of the Nri hegemony. Onitsha is a city state on the Niger, having developed as a river port and commercial centre.

Onitsha is a fast-growing commercial city and has developed to become a huge conurbation extending to Idemili, Oyi and Anambra East LGAs, with one of the largest markets in West Africa.

In 2012 the tri-city area was dubbed the Onitsha-Nnewi-Awka (ONA) Industrial Axis, in recognition of the expanding industrial capacity. Nnewi (sometimes called the Taiwan of Nigeria) is a rapidly developing industrial and commercial centre. Designated as the state capital, Awka has regained its precolonial administrative eminence.

Local government areas

Anambra State consists of 21 local government areas. They are:

 * Aguata
 * Anambra East
 * Anambra West
 * Anaocha
 * Awka North
 * Awka South
 * Ayamelum
 * Dunukofia
 * Ekwusigo
 * Idemili North
 * Idemili South
 * Ihiala
 * Njikoka
 * Nnewi North
 * Nnewi South
 * Ogbaru
 * Onitsha North
 * Onitsha South
 * Orumba North
 * Orumba South
 * Oyi

Economy

Anambra houses the first Nigerian vehicle manufacturer, Innoson, an automobile manufacturer, located in Nnewi.

People all over West Africa travel to Onitsha and Nnewi to trade, which boost the internal revenue of the state. Onitsha is among the top commercial cities in Africa.

Agriculture is an important economic sector in Anambra. Oil palms, maize, rice, yams and cassava are among the crops grown. Fishing is also part of the economic mainstay of Anambra State more especially for communities along the riverine areas.

Anambra is a home of innovation, inventions and creativity. There have been several innovations in Anambra, due to its appreciation of education, which has added to the state's GDP. One of those was in 2018, when two brothers, Atikpo Chukwuebuka and Ubaka Chukwuebuka, were the first to invent a machine, that could wash off the bitterness from bitter-leaf (a highly popular vegetable staple in Nigeria). This machine will greatly improve the productivity of vegetable farming in the state.

The export of agricultural items is a continual boost to Anambra Internal Generated Revenue. In 2017, the state generated $5 million from the export of washed bitter leaf.

There is a huge deposit of oil and gas in Nigeria, with the Anambra Basin having a great potential of 1000 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves untapped. Having more than 13 oil wells situated in Anambra, the state has the capacity to produce more than 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day, with indigenous companies like Orient Petroleum, and Sterling Oil Exploration and Production Co. LTD (SEEPCO), already leading the way.

Natural resources
Anambra is rich in natural gas, crude oil, bauxite, and ceramic. It has an almost 100 percent arable soil.

Anambra state has many other resources in terms of agro-based activities such as fisheries and farming, as well as land cultivated for pasturing and animal husbandry.

Oil and gas
In the year 2006, a foundation-laying ceremony for the first Nigerian private refinery, Orient Petroleum Refinery (OPR), was made at Aguleri area. The Orient Petroleum Resource Ltd (OPRL), owner of OPR, was licensed in June 2002, by the Federal Government to construct a private refinery with a capacity of 55000 barrels.

In 2012, following the efforts of Governor Peter Obi and other stakeholders of Orient Petroleum, Anambra State became an oil-producing state. The indigenous company struck oil in the Anambra River basin.

On 2 August 2015, the management of Orient Petroleum Resources Plc said the company planned to increase its crude oil production to 3,000 barrels per day by September 2015, as it stepped up production activities in two new oil wells in its Aguleri oil fields. An indigenous company, Nails and Stanley Ltd, was to establish a gas plant at Umueje in Ayamelum Local Government Area to support economic activities in the oil and gas industry in the state.

Following the attribution of eleven (11) oil wells by the Revenue Mobilization Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC) in August 2021, Anambra State joined the league of oil producing States in Nigeria. The process to amend the law that set up the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) through which infrastructure is provided to oil producing States has started. The purpose is to include Anambra State in the list of oil producing States as stated in the NDDC law through the amendment of Section 2(1)(b) of the NDDC Establishment ACT CAP N 86 LFN 2004.

Infrastructure and urbanization

Since the late 1990s, there has been a migration from rural to urban areas in the state, resulting in Anambra becoming a highly urbanized state: 62% of its population lives in urban areas. In October 2015, the APGA-led state government of Willie Obiano, signed a memorandum of understanding with Galway modular housing company, Affordable Building Concepts International, for 10,000 housing units to be built in the state.

Given decades of neglect of infrastructure and bad governance, the shift in human migration has posed problems for the state. Infrastructure improvements, both physical and social, have lagged behind the growth in population. There are problems in environmental sanitation, erosion control, and provision of social services. Major cities have become characterized by inadequate and deteriorated road networks and walkways, unregulated building patterns, poor sanitation, uncontrolled street trading, mountains of garbage, and chaotic transport systems, creating congestion, noise pollution, and overcrowding.

The government of Peter Obi, with the assistance of the UN-HABITAT, produced 20-year structural plans (2009–2028) for three major cities in the State: Onitsha, Nnewi and Awka – the Capital Territory, to restore urban planning and guide their growth into the future.

The plans contain policies and proposals for land use, city beautification, road infrastructure, industrial development, housing, waste disposal, water supply and health and educational facilities to turn the cities into successful urban areas that can generate employment and wealth, and provide high living standards for their residents.

Anambra became the first state in Nigeria to adopt structural plans for its cities. With effective implementation, it should systematically grow as a major economic center in Nigeria, and West Africa.

The process of urbanization is fairly contributed by population growth, immigration, migration, and infrastructure initiatives like good road, water, power, and gardens, resulting in the growth of villages into towns, town into cities and cities into metros. To have ecologically feasible development, planning requires an understanding of the growth dynamics. There is a fear that if too many people leave the villages, only the aged men and women will be left to farm. This pattern has been seen in Amesi, Akpo, and Achina towns in Aguata local government area. They have been important in the production of yam, cocoyam, and cassava through consistent agriculture, but such activities have suffered due to the out-migration of youth to the urban centres. There has been both food scarcity in the region and over-population in urban areas.

To upgrade the state capital and improve traffic, Awka, Governor Willie Obiano signed off on construction of three flyovers between the Amawbia and Arroma end of the Enugu-Onitsha Expressway, a distance of about three kilometres within the city. Anambra International Cargo Airport, Umueri, opened on 7 December 2021.

Transportation
Anambra has good transport links to other states in the country. Federal highways:
 * A6 north from Owerri in Imo State.
 * A232 (Trans-African Highway 8 Lagos-Mombasa) east from Asaba in Delta State by the 1,404 m Niger River Bridge (1965) to Onitsha via Awka to Enugu State at Ugwuoba.

Other major roads include:
 * the Umuleri-Onitsha Rd north from Onitsha to Aguleri where the Adani Rd continues north to Enugu State,
 * the Awka-Okigwe Rd south from Awka to Imo State at Amaeshi,
 * the Orlu-Ihiala Rd southeast from A6 at Orlu Junction to Imo State,
 * the Uki-Oguta Rd southwest from A6 at Uli to Imo State at Atughobi.

Water Transportation Service;

The Niger River connects Onitsha Inland Port with the ports of Port Harcourt in Rivers State, and Bururu and Warri in Delta State. Nearing completion is the Second Niger Bridge at Onitsha.

Road Transportation companies;
 * Transport Company of Anambra State (TRACAS)
 * Chisco Transport Limited
 * GUO Transport Company
 * Onitsha South Mass Transit
 * Eastern Mass Transit
 * Goodness and Mercy Transport Company
 * Peace Mass Transit
 * ABC Transport Terminal
 * Star Sunny Motors

Air Transportation service;
 * Anambra International Cargo Airport

Culture and tourism
Ogbunike Caves, listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, is one of the most visited tourist sites in Anambra State. It is classified as a sandstone cave (Lateritic sandstones of Campanian-Miocene age). The Owerre Ezukala caves and waterfalls are great tourist attractions in the state. Largely unexplored, the caves are said to be the largest in West Africa.

The indigenous ethnic groups in Anambra state are the Igbo (99% of the population) and a small population of people who are bilingual

Igbo Ukwu Museum: Igbo Ukwu is an ancient town known for its astonishing metal crafts; it continues to attract tourists to see its bronze artifacts. First noticed in 1938, the bronzes were later excavated by Thurstan Shaw (an English archaeologist). They have been dated to the 9th century, and are of high value and historic relevance.

Other places of interest in the state includes:
 * Ogba Waterfalls; considered to be one of the largest cave in West Africa, which will take upwards to two hours to explore. It is located in Owerre Ezeukala, that borders three other states: Abia, Enugu and Imo.
 * Agulu Lake; it is very wide and lengthy with a beautiful surface area. It habitats several marine species the most famous of them being the crocodile and water turtle which on estimate, they were about three hundred. Fishing is prohibited there.
 * Rojenny Tourist Village; located in Oba and has small games reserves that are populated with a variety of animals such as Baboons, Chimpanzees, Alligators etc. It also has African bar-restaurant, children's park, Olympic size swimming pool, etc.
 * Odinani Museum Nri; located in Anaocha Local Government, it houses lots of archaeological discoveries, cultural and traditional religious artifacts.
 * Ikenga Virgin Forest; the only virgin forest in Nigeria as the trees have never been deforested nor its land cultivated. It is home to species of animals that have gone extinct in other parts of the country.
 * The palaces of Obi of Onitsha and Eze Nri.

Cuisines

Anambra also has diverse delicacies; onugbu soup, a famous dish from the state. Nsala soup, Oha Soup, Egusi soup, Palm oil Stew, Nkwobi, Isi ewu, Abacha, Ukwa, and Akidi are some of the most common foods in Anambra.

Festivals
 * Onitsha Ofala Festival; celebrated once a year in October, to mark the climax of the New Yam.
 * Igu Aro Festival ; annual festival celebrated in Enugu Ukwu to flag off the annual planting season.
 * Nnewi afiaolu Festival; traditional festival held annually in Nnewi around August.
 * Imo Awka Festival; usually celebrated between May and June every year, in Awka, the capital city of Anambra State.
 * Aguleri Ovala Festival; celebrated on the first Eke market day of the year in Aguleri.
 * Uzoiyi Festival Umuoji; annual cultural festival of the Umuoji people.

Music

Traditional music in Anambra includes a number of genres such as Igbo Highlife, Ogene, Igbo Gospel, Ekpili, etc. Some notable traditional musicians from Anambra includes: Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe, Chief Oliver De Coque, Maduka Morocco, Umu Obiligbo, Flavour, etc

Dance

Dance is one of the best ways of self-expression in the Igboland. The most popular dance from the state is Mkpokiti dance. Some of the most popular dances in Anambra include: Atilogwu Dance, Egedege dance, Igbo Ndi Eze, etc.

Masquerades

Masquerades are mostly active during the festive seasons. Ijele Masquerade is the most popular masquerade from Anambra. Others include: Izaga, Ulaga, Agaba and Aji Busuu.

Religion
Anambra is a Christian State. The churches in Anambra State include Catholic, Anglican, and Pentecostal.

The Catholic cathedral is the Cathedral Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity, located at 13B New Nkisi Rd, GRA 434106, Onitsha. The Catholic Church comprises the Archdiocese of Onitsha (1889 as Lower Niger) with 126 parishes under Archbishop Valerian Maduka Okele (2003), and three suffragan dioceses of Awka (1977) has 106 parishes under Bishop Paulinus Chukwuemeka Ezeokafor (2011), Ekwulobia (2020) with 83 parishes under Bishop Ebere Okpaleke (2020), and Nnewi (2001) with 115 parishes under Bishop Jonas Benson Okoye (2021).

The Anglican Cathedral is All Saints Cathedral, GRA 434106, Onitsha. The Anglican Province on the Niger in Onitsha was the original diocese in Nigeria (1864 as the Diocese of Equatorial West Africa), under Archbishop Owen Chidozie Nwokolo (2017), and includes eight other Dioceses of Awka (1987) under Archbishop Alexander Chibuzo Ibezim, Nnewi (1996) under Bishop Ndubuisi Obi (2019), Aguata (2005) under Archbishop Samuel Ezeofor (2018), Ogbaru (2007) under Bishop Prosper Afam Amah (2018), Ihiala (2008) under Bishop Israel Kelue Okoye (2016), Niger West (2008) under Bishop Johnson Ekwe (2015) in Umueri, Mbamili (2008) under Bishop Obiora Uzochukwu (2021), Amichi (2009) under Bishop Ephraim Ikeakor (2009).

Anambra State also has numerous Pentecostal churches like Assemblies of God Church, Redeemed Church, House on the Rock, Dominion City, Dunamis, Winners' Chapel, and Christ Embassy.

Primary and secondary school
Anambra State Universal Education Board, (ASUBEB) is responsible for the coordination and organization of educational activities, promotion of effective teaching and learning in Anambra State Schools.

Education is compulsory from ages six to fifteen. It is required that any parents and guardians must ensure that their child is enrolled in and regularly attends private, public or a combination of schools for the academic session. Anambra is known to be leading in basic education in Nigeria, especially in science and technology. In 2018, five students from Regina Pacis Model Secondary School, Onitsha, won gold medals at the World Technovation Challenge, held in Silicon Valley, San Francisco. In 2019, Anambra State representatives from St. John's Science & Technical College Alor, won bronze at the International Festival of Engineering, Science and Technology I-FEST, held in Tunisia. In 2021, Seven students from Queen of the Rosary College, Onitsha defeated over five thousand other teams from around the world to win the Global Prize Award at Diamond Challenge Global Summit. Anambra students have also won series of International and National debate.

Some of Anambra Best Secondary Schools include: Christ the King College Onitsha, Dennis Memorial Grammar School Onitsha, Lorreto Special Science School Adazi Nnukwu, Marist Comprehensive College Nteje, All hallows Seminary Onitsha, British Spring College Awka, Queen Of The Rosary College Onitsha, Grundtvig International Secondary School Oba, Mater Amabilis Secindary School Umuoji, St. Charles College Onitsha, Carol Standard Convent Ichi,  Dominican Sisters College Abatete, Regina Pacis Model Secondary School Onitsha, St Joseph’s Seminary Special Science School Awka-Etiti, Maria Regina Model Comprehensive Secondary School Nnewi, etc.

Colleges and Universities
Anambra state is a home to number of public and private tertiary institutions. Their activities are overseen by the Anambra state and Federal Ministry of Education.

Public

 * The Nnamdi Azikiwe University (UNIZIK), Awka, which runs a modern teaching hospital in Nnewi with facilities also at Umunya, and Ukpo. There are also a faculty of pharmaceutical sciences at Agulu, a School of Preliminary studies at Mbaukwu, and a College of Agriculture.
 * The Anambra State University (Officially known as Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, formerly known as Anambra State University of Science and Technology (ASUTECH), with two campuses, one in Uli, and another at Igbariam
 * The Federal Polytechnic, Oko
 * The Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze
 * Nwafor Orizu University of Education (formerly known as the Nwafor Orizu College of Education), Nsugbe
 * Anambra State Polytechnic, formerly known Anambra State College of Agriculture, Mgbakwu

Private

 * Madonna University, Okija, the first Catholic University in Nigeria.
 * Tansian University, Umunya
 * Paul University, Awka
 * Legacy University, Okija
 * St Peter's University, Achina
 * The UA College of Science & Technology Isuofia
 * The University of America College of Science and Technology.
 * Grundtvig Polytechnic, Oba
 * Buckingham Academy of Management and Technology, Ogidi
 * Onit College of Education, Mbaukwu

The literacy rate in the state is comparatively high compared to other states. Anambra State students have won laurels, nationally and internationally in recent times. This is a pointer to the literacy rate of the state, when compared to others. Primary and secondary school enrollment in the state is one of the highest in the country. Consequently, Anambra state has the highest number of JAMB candidates going after the limited number of spaces in Nigeria's tertiary colleges. From 2011/2012 to 2014, its students had the best results in both WAEC and NECO-conducted senior secondary school examinations.

Anambra State has some of the best boarding and day secondary schools in Nigeria. The state places a high standard on secondary education.

Health
The successive government of the state had established Anambra State Health Insurance Scheme, to enable people pay a little amount of money for quality healthcare services noting that it is a way of strengthening the health sector and making health services accessible to the people of the State irrespective of their level of income.

Notable Health Institutions in Anambra include:
 * Anambra University Teaching Hospital Awka.
 * Nnamdi Azikiwe Teaching Hospital Nnewi
 * Iyi Enu Hospital Ogidi
 * St. Borromeo Specialist Hospital Onitsha
 * Dame Irene Okwuosa Cardiology Hospital Oraifite
 * Obijackson Children Hospital Okija
 * Health Research Institute Umuchukwu

Government and politics
The State has a three-tier administrative structure: State, Local and Autonomous community levels. The three arms at state level are the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary. The executive arm is headed by an elected governor, who is assisted by a deputy governor, commissioners and executive advisers.

Anambra's political history can be described as varied. Until the early 21st century, it was marked by considerable unrest. Having a long list of "firsts" in Nigerian history, it has been known by the sobriquet as, "The Light of The Nation". On 29 May 1999, Chinwoke Mbadinuju was sworn in as civilian governor of Anambra state, after many years of military rule. His administration was plagued by deep problems: the most notable was withholding of teachers' salaries in the school. The teachers finally conducted a ten-month strike in all the government secondary schools in the state.

Before Mbadinuju's rule, secondary education had been free of charge. His administration imposed a tuition fee of 3,000 Naira per term, for all secondary schools, which led to an unprecedented massive demonstration by secondary school students from all over the state. Many people attribute Mbadinuju's failure to political godfathers; his successor also struggled. On 26 May 2003, Chris Ngige was sworn in as the new governor of the state, but he was removed in March 2006 after Peter Obi of APGA filed charges against him of electoral malpractice. The Court of Appeal in Enugu asserted that Ngige's apparent victory in the 2003 election was fraudulent and ordered him to leave the seat.

Obi was ousted by a faction of the Anambra State House of Assembly on 2 November 2006 and replaced by Virginia Etiaba, his deputy. On 9 February 2007, Etiaba handed power back to Obi after the Court of Appeal had nullified Obi's removal.

On 14 April 2007, Andy Uba of PDP was "elected" as the new governor of the state and, on 29 May, was sworn in. Reported to be massively rigged, the election was widely criticised. On 14 June 2007 the Supreme Court of Nigeria ruled that Peter Obi's tenure had not ended; therefore, there was no vacancy in the governorship. It removed Andy Uba from office and replaced him with his predecessor Obi.

On 6 February 2010, Peter Obi was re-elected governor for a second term of four years, after a hot contest with Chris Ngige, a former governor of the state; Prof. Charles Soludo, a former governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria; and Andy Uba, who was a strong voice in the state's politics. Other contenders included Mrs Uche Ekwunife, Prince Nicholas Ukachukwu, and many others. Twenty-five contestants ran for the office. Obi was affirmed as the winner of the election, having more than 30% votes above the immediate runner-up. Chief Willie Obiano was sworn in on 17 March 2014 after winning the 16 November 2013 election. Governor Willie Obiano of All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) was sworn in for a second term in office on 17 March 2018 after the victory at 18 November 2017 elections. He handed over to Charles Soludo, winner of the 9 November 2021 gubernatorial election in Anambra state on 17 March 2022.

Media
Notable media houses in Anambra include:

Television

 * Anambra Broadcasting Service TV
 * NTA Channel 5 Awka
 * NTA Onitsha

Radio

 * ABS 88.5FM
 * Brilla Sports 88.9FM
 * Wazobia 93.7FM
 * Sapientia 93.5FM
 * Blaze 91.5FM
 * City Radio 89.7FM

Newspaper

 * National Light Newspaper

Sports
The most popular sport in the state is Football. Anambra is home to a number of professional sports teams: the Ifeanyi Ubah FC of NPFL, the NPFL champion Udoji United FC, and Anambra Pillars FC.

Some notable stadiums include: Ifeanyi Ubah International Stadium Nnewi, Awka City Stadium, Chuba Ikpeazu Memmorial Stadium Onitsha, etc.

Electoral system
The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.

Notable people

Political Figures

 * Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe – 3rd Governor General of Nigeria; 1st President of Nigeria; and the father of Nigerian Nationalism
 * Dr. Alex Ekwueme – from Oko town; politician; architect; first Executive Vice-President of Nigeria, serving 1979–1983
 * Dim Emeka Ojukwu – native of Nnewi, the leader of the secessionist Biafra Republic
 * Emeka Anyaoku – first black Secretary-General of the Commonwealth and recipient of South Africa's Order of the Companions of Oliver Reginald Tambo for his role in initiating talks between the apartheid state and the African National Congress
 * Nwafor Orizu – hails from Nnewi, Nnewi South; 3rd Senate President of Nigeria and Acting President of Nigeria (1965–1966)
 * Dr. Senator Chuba Wilberforce Okadigbo (1941–2003) – native of Ogbunike; president of the Senate of Nigeria
 * Dora Akunyili – ex-head of NAFDAC, and former Nigeria Minister of Information, won international awards for cleansing Nigeria of the scourge of fake drugs
 * Chief P.N. Okeke-Ojiudu – politician and businessman and the first minister of agriculture in the Nigerian first republic.
 * Chukwuemeka Ezeife – former Governor of Anambra State and Presidential Adviser on Political Matters to President
 * Dr Chris Ngige- former Governor of Anambra State
 * Peter Obi- Former governor of Anambra State
 * Professor Humphrey Nwobu Nwosu – professor of political science; former NEC chairman; conducted the freest, fairest and most credible election so far in Nigeria
 * Chief Willie Obiano - Former governor of Anambra State.
 * Chinwoke Mbadinuju- Former governor of Anambra State
 * Professor Charles Chukwuma Soludo –economist who spearheaded Nigerian economic reform from 1999 to 2008; ex-head of the Central Bank of Nigeria
 * Lieutenant-General Chikadibia Isaac Obiakor – military advisor, Assistant Secretary General Office of Military Affairs, UN Office of Peacekeeping Operations, commander of the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) Artillery Brigade in Liberia in 1996 and 1997
 * Senator Victor Umeh - former National Chairman of APGA and the senator of the Federal Republic in the 10th senate.
 * Oseloka H. Obaze (born 1955) – diplomat, politician and author
 * Ukpabi Asika – political scientist and administrator from Onitsha; East Central State administrator during and after the Nigerian Civil War
 * Chief Jerome Udoji – from Ozubulu; social reformer; first African to be made a District Officer by the Colonial Administration.
 * Chi Onwurah – British Labour Party politician, elected at the 2010 general election as the Member of Parliament for Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central, becoming the first female British MP of African origin
 * Chuka Umunna – British Labour Party Member of Parliament for Streatham constituency
 * Augustine Aniebo - Retired General and Military Administrator
 * Judith Amaechi - Former First Lady of Rivers State
 * Ejike Obumneme Aghanya - Retired Military Officer

Authors
 * Professor Chinua Achebe – native of Ogidi and best known for the classic, Things Fall Apart; first African writer whose books are standard curricula in schools and universities across the world
 * Chimamanda Adichie – writer, won the Orange Prize for Fiction (2007) and a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship (2008). She is one of 21st century most influential author
 * Cyprian Ekwensi – MFR, writer of international repute
 * Christopher Okigbo - Poet
 * Teresa Meniru - writer
 * Ifeoma Onyefulu - Novelist
 * Prof Chukwuemeka Ike.jpguemeka Ike – writer of many books including Toads for Supper, Bottled Leopard, and Expo 77; hails from Ndikelionwu in Anambra State; was the traditional ruler Ikelionwu XI; first registrar of the West African Examination Council
 * Joy Chinwe Eyisi - Author and Teacher
 * Ifeoma Okoye novelist
 * Okwui Enwezor - Curator and Poet
 * Adaeze Atuegwu - author and disability inclusive advocate
 * Nkem Nwankwo - Novelist
 * Obi Egbuna - Writer and Activist
 * Chukwuemeka Ike - Writer and Monarch
 * Emeka Nwabueze - Playwright and Researcher

Actors, Actresses, Film Directors, TV Hosts and Journalists

 * Pete Edochie - A Veteran in the Nigerian Film Industry and a Nollywood Icon.
 * Amaechi Muonagor - Nollywood actor and producer.
 * Ngozi Ezeonu - Actress and Journalist.
 * Bob-Manuel Udokwu - Lifetime Achievement award winner at the 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards.
 * Jim Iyke - Nollywood Icon
 * Chidi Mokeme - actor and ex host of the Gulder Ultimate Search Reality-show.
 * Chika Ike - winner of the Actors Guild of Nigeria(AGN) Award for Most Disciplined Actress.
 * Chioma Chukwuka - actress and movie producer, winner of the Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actress in a leading role, winner of the Afro Hollywood award for Best actress in a lead role.
 * Tony Umez - Actor
 * Ebuka Obi-Uchendu - Big Brother Naija and Rubbing minds host.
 * Ikechukwu Onyeka - Film Director
 * Okechukwu Oku - Film Producer
 * Chioma Okoye - Actress and Producer.
 * Ebube Nwagbo - Actress
 * Kalu Ikeagwu - Actor
 * Adaora Onyechere - journalist
 * Josh2Funny - Comedian
 * Chika Oduah - Journalist
 * Ken Erics – multi-award-winning Nollywood actor, producer, CEO of KEN ERICS Productions, writer and occasional musician.
 * Frederick Leonard - Actor
 * Nuella Njubigbo - Actress and Scriptwriter
 * Oge Okoye - Actress
 * Yul Edochie - Actor and Director

Educators, Inventors and Scientists

 * Professor Kenneth Dike – pre-eminent scholar of African History and native of Awka; first indigenous vice-chancellor of the University of Ibadan and founder of the National Archives
 * Philip Emeagwali – winner of the 1989 Gordon Bell Prize for supercomputing
 * Professor Chike Obi – mathematician famous for his work on non-differential equations; won the 1985 ICTP Prize and developed a special solution for Fermat's last theorem;
 * Professor Samuel Okoye – black Africa's first PhD in radio astronomy; with Antony Hewish of the University of Cambridge, discovered the radio source of Crab Nebula neutron star.
 * Fabian Udekwu (1928–2006) – professor of surgery and trailblazer of open heart surgery in Africa
 * Pius Okigbo, CON – world-renowned economist; first economic advisor to the Federal government of Nigeria (1960–1962); first Nigerian Ambassador to the European Community; renowned for bringing to light to over $12 billion missing in oil windfall receipts from the Central Bank of Nigeria during the first Gulf War.
 * Chinyere Stella Okunna – first Nigerian female professor in mass communication
 * Tessy Okoli - Provost
 * Kenneth Ofokansi- Professor of Pharmaceutics
 * Pius Nwankwo Okeke - Professor of Physics, Astronomer and Educator
 * Walter Enwezor - Agriculturalist, Professor of Soil Sciences
 * Grace Chibiko Offorma - researcher
 * Bennet Omalu - physician, forensic pathologist and neuropathologist who was the first to discover and publish findings on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
 * John Anenechukwu Umeh - first Professor of Estate Management in Africa and Asia.
 * Gordian Ezekwe - Mechanical Engineer and Inventor
 * Kathleen Okafor - Professor of Property and Commercial law
 * Timothy Uzochukwu Obi - Veterinary Professor
 * Prof. Lazarus Ekwueme - First Nigerian Professor of Music.
 * Chichi Menakaya - Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon

Musicians

 * Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe – popular Nigerian highlife musician; holds the Nigerian record for the highest selling album.
 * Chief Oliver De Coque – popular Nigerian highlife musician and guitarist
 * P-Square – Nigerian music duo consisting of twin brothers from Ifitedunu
 * Flavour – popular singer and songwriter from Umunze
 * Ckay - A singer known for his international hit single "Love Nwantiti"
 * Phyno (Chibuzo Nelson Azubuike) - popular Igbo rapper.
 * Wilberforce Echezona - Musicologist
 * Echezonachukwu Nduka - Pianist and musicologist
 * Emeka Nwokedi – conductor and music director

Business Executives

 * Cletus Ibeto – industrialist and businessman from Nnewi
 * Godwin Maduka – doctor, businessman, philanthropist, founder of Las Vegas Pain Institute and Medical Center
 * Emeka Offor – chairman of Chrome Group
 * Louis Odumegwu Ojukwu – native of Nnewi; first Nigerian millionaire and first president of the Nigerian Stock Exchange
 * Azikiwe Peter Onwualu – former director general and chief executive officer of the Raw Materials Research and Development Council.
 * Allen Onyema – chairman of Air Peace
 * Oscar N. Onyema – OON, chief executive officer of the Nigerian Stock Exchange and chairman of Central Securities Clearing System.
 * Omu Okwei - Merchant queen of the Niger River
 * C. T. Onyekwelu - Businessman, Pioneer of Recording Industry in Nigeria
 * Stella Chinyelu Okoli - Founder of Emzor pharmaceutical manufacturing company
 * Mathias Ugochukwu - Industriallist
 * Cosmas Maduka - Founder of Coscharis Group
 * Daniel Chukwudozie - Chairman, Dozzy Group of Companies
 * Lady Ada Chukwudozie - Executive director of Dozzy Oil and Gas Limited.
 * Paul O - Record Executive and Event Promoter
 * Obi Cubanna - Founder of Cubanna group

Artists and Illustrators

 * Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy MBE – London-based artist; first black artist to paint a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II; one of the UK Women of the Year in 2002 and 2003; represented the UK at the Council of Europe; in 2009 she was made an MBE
 * Professor Ben Enwonwu – native of Onitsha; first Nigerian sculptor of international repute with artwork gracing the United Nations headquarters
 * Professor Uche Okeke – native of Nimo; one of the foremost Nigerian fine artists; founder of the Uli movement
 * Chike Aniakor - Painter
 * Obiora Udechukwu - Painter
 * Uche Okeke - Painter

Beauty Pageants

 * Sylvia Nduka - Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria 2011, Miss World 2011 Nigeria representative.
 * Fiona Amuzie-Iredu - Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria 2010, Miss World 2010 Nigeria representative.
 * Adaeze Igwe - Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria 2008, Miss World 2008 Nigeria representative, wife of former Nigerian football team captain Joseph Yobo.
 * Lynda Chuba - Miss Africa 1987, 2nd Nigerian to represent Nigeria in Miss Universe 1987 after a 23-year absence of the country in the pageant.
 * Collete Nwadike - winner of the Exquisite Face of the Universe Pageant and winner of Miss Tourism Nigeria 2014.
 * Precious Chikwendu - Model

Religious Figures
 * Blessed Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi (born in Aguleri, Anambra State, 1903 – died Leicester, England, 1964) – ordained a Roman Catholic priest of the Archdiocese of Onitsha, Nigeria; later a Cistercian monk at Mount Saint Bernard Monastery in England; Pope John Paul II beatified him in 1998
 * Cardinal Francis Arinze – once considered a potential Pope
 * Peter Cardinal Okpaleke - Roman Catholic Cardinal.
 * Henry Ndukuba - Primate of Church of Nigeria
 * Godfrey Okoye - First Bishop of Port Harcourt Diocese and
 * Valerian Okeke - Catholic Archbishop of Onitsha
 * Ebube Muonso – religious leader

Sports
 * Mikel John Obi
 * Alex Iwobi
 * Daniel Akpeyi
 * Chidi Okeke
 * Amobi Okoye
 * Victor Anichebe
 * Uche Nwofor
 * Caleb Ekwegwo

Monarchs
 * Eze Nri
 * Igwe Nnewi
 * Obi of Onitsha

title: Anambra State


text:
Hugh Blumenfeld

Hugh Blumenfeld (born October 11, 1958) is an American folk musician and singer-songwriter from Connecticut. He was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York City, graduated with degrees in Biology and Humanities from M.I.T. in 1980, and got a master's degree in English Literature from the University of Chicago in 1981. He was active in the Greenwich Village music scene in the 1980s, attending the Cornelia Street Songwriters Exchange and performing at Folk City and Speak Easy while working on a PhD in Poetics from New York University. He also helped to edit the Fast Folk Musical Magazine (now part of the Smithsonian-Folkways collection) and recorded songs for a dozen issues. After earning his PhD in 1991, he worked as an English professor until 1994, when he began writing and performing full-time. Over the next 10 years he toured mainly in the Northeast and Midwest, with several short tours in Europe and one in Israel. In 1999 he was appointed Connecticut State Troubadour.

In the fall of 2003, he enrolled in medical school at the University of Connecticut and became an MD. He currently practices family medicine in Hartford, Connecticut, and continues to perform as part of a folk quintet, The Faithful Sky with long-time collaborators including Jim Mercik.

Recordings
Blumenfeld's first album, The Strong in Spirit, was self-released as an LP in late 1987. It featured performances by Lucy Kaplansky, Marshal Rosenberg, Kenny Kosek and Mark Dann, and was produced by David Seitz. It includes "Let Me Fall In Love Before the Spring Comes," which was later included in on a Winter's Night, a popular compilation edited by Christine Lavin. In 1993, Barehanded became the first release of the New York-based independent label Prime-CD.

In 1996, Blumenfeld released Mozart's Money, a more highly produced album that helped him gain a national audience through reviews and indie radio airplay. AllMusic praised it as a leap forwards with its more "confident" and "radio-friendly" sound. Lucy Kaplansky and Mark Dann feature prominently and are joined by Michael Visceglia (of Suzanne Vega's band) and Mindy Jostyn. Rocket Science, the last of his Prime-CD recordings, came out in 1998; AllMusic noted its "brave", "bold" and "endearingly honest songs" in a 3/5 review. In 2000, he recorded Big Red in Switzerland for the Brambus record label with percussionist Shane Shannahan, who later joined Yo Yo Ma's Silk Road Project, and popular Swiss country music singer Doris Ackermann. In 2010, his CD Dad was released on Waterbug Records.

Discography

 * The Strong in Spirit (1988)
 * Barehanded (1993)
 * Mozart's Money (1996)
 * Rocket Science (1998)
 * Big Red (2000)
 * Mr Jekyll and Dr Hyde (1998, 2004)

Compilations:
 * On A Winter's Night (Rounder)
 * Big League Babe: Tribute to Christine Lavin, Vol. 2 (Prime-CD).
 * Postcrypt (Prime-CD)
 * The Folk Next Door (WWUH-FM)
 * Fast Folk
 * Fast Folk Musical Magazine: A Community of Songwriters (Smithsonian-Folkways, 2002)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hugh Blumenfeld


text: Category:Seward County, Nebraska

title: Category:Seward County, Nebraska


text:
Talk:Ivan Mazepa

The statement about Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
"He expanded the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, the primary educational institution of Ukraine at the time, to accommodate 2,000 students, founded schools and printing houses". Since during that time Ukraine was a part of the Russian Empire, this sentence should be mentioned as "primary educational institution of Ukraine and Russian Empire". The Moscow State University has been founded only in 1755 by M. Lomonosov who spent some time in Kyiv-Mohyla Academy himself (look into appropriate articles about Moscow University and Lomonosov). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.187.102.37 (talk) 23:13, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Place of death
Did Mazepa die at Bendery? My source (Lonely Planet guide to Romania says so) can someone more in the know comment on this Jackliddle 22:42, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, only the city carried the name of Bender at that time and was part of the Ottoman Empire. He ran there together with Carl XII who seeked to find an ally against the Russians. The great historian and politician Mykhailo Hrushevskiy says that in his book History of Ukraine-Rus. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 23:27, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Another Muscovy/Russia name debate
I don't think that the Cossacks or Rus'-Ukraine used the Greek word, "Rossiya" for the Tsar's state. The Muscovites didn't adopt that as a country name until 1713, which created diplomatic difficulties. Genyo 02:00, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Absurd and incorrect. Muscovy was just an old term for Moscow, after Ivan III or perhaps Ivan IV. Marcus2 21:59, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Muscovy was known throughout Europe, as the diplomatic history of 1713 indicates, when the request by Muscovy to be called "Rossiya" was greeted with incredulity in European capitals. Document another date with facts! Don't just decide you don't like the truth! Genyo 02:24, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Marcus,

What's anachronistic about calling Muscovy, "Muscovy" in 1709? Do you know what anachronism means? Genyo 02:53, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

By this time, as shown to you already, nation was referred to Great Rusia (or Rosia) and after Tsar Aleksey I, using the spelling "Rossiya". Marcus2 13:10, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

When was this "shown to me already?" Genyo 04:05, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

See Talk:Russian history, 1682-1796. Marcus2 11:00, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I am moving this text from the article to talk for the record until anyone can find a grain of truth or at least of a known Urban myth. --Irpen 01:07, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hrushevskiy refers to Russia for this period as simply Moscow. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 00:55, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Various period maps also show 'Russia' or 'Rvssia' in Latin script. As well as 'Great Tartaria' and 'there be dragons' How about Mercator's Atlas, 1619? Says Rvssia
 * https://sanderusmaps.com/our-catalogue/antique-maps/europe/eastern-europe/antique-map-of-russia-by-g-mercator-8454 Muchandr (talk) 23:45, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

The Mazeppa Ride
Mazeppa's fame lies on two foundations. One is the Battle of Poltava (1709); the other is the famous "Mazeppa ride". Curiously, the ride belongs to the domain of legend, not history. According to the legend, a young 20 year old Mazeppa was caught having an affair with the wife (or daughter) of a Polish nobleman. Wishing to rid himself of the offending young page, the nobleman had Mazeppa tied naked and backwards to a wild horse captured from the Ukrainian steppes. The intent was that Mazeppa would soon die on the inhospitable steppes. After three days of a wild ride, tied helpless, the horse finally stumbled, fell, and died. Mazeppa passed out, but at the last moment a band of cossacks happened by. They rescued him, took him to their camp, and nursed him. He rose in the ranks, ultimately becoming their leader (hetman) and ultimately "prince" of ukraine.

The story travelled to France, England, became a symbol of French romanticism, crossed the ocean as a stage play, and from the 1860s became the most performed stage play in the American west.

Please comment below. --Irpen 01:07, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Mazeppa ride is obviously due to Lord Byron's opus Mazeppa. He was likely given a task to glorify Mazepa in spite of the Russian interests, but was secretly sympathetic to the alternate candidate, Menshikov. The British intelligentsia generally was. For example, was Menshikov presented by Newton himself as a member of the Royal Society, for geography and for economics. Specifically for discovering St. Petersburg and for horrendous amount of embezzling associated with it. What are Mazepa's academic credentials? The persistent rumor that Mazepa was made a prince of the Holy Roman Empire does not verify. Menshikov, however, was made a Duke of Cosel, which I don't think was that serious a title (see my comment elsewhere on this page)
 * Firstly, there was no way a prince of the HRE could get into serious trouble for getting into some Polish noble's wife's or daughter's pants. Pretty studly of Mazepa, who was like pushing 70 at the time.
 * Secondly, an allegory of riding horseback naked and tied-up is a known one. It means getting hanged. The horse is usually a wooden one, and here we deal with a seemingly real one.
 * Thirdly, the horse is guided by a giant raven, tearing on its ears. This is an obvious reference to Norse mythology, specifically Huginn or Muninn, Odin's personal companions. This means that Mazeppa is going for a personal meeting with Odin, reserved for insidious traitors. In case you didn't know, Odin was not only first among Norse gods, but also personally responsible for death and damnation. The fastest mode of transportation available to Odin was actually hanging himself on the branch of the Yggdrasil, the World Tree. Took up to 9 days ETA anywhere in the Universe. Hence, Odin was said to be riding a wooden horse for a few days. I interpret this as a horse provided courtesy of Odin's establishment, i.e. the Scandinavian Heck (Frozen Over?) Muchandr (talk) 23:34, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

The whole article is false.
The article is based on rumors that were spread throughout the Empire by Russians to discredit Mazepa. The true history states a diffrent version. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 00:59, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * No, the Russian side of the story is actually more accurate than the Ukrainian narrative. Both sides lie a lot though and have political motives behind them. The article itself should be neutral to both schools and represent the true nature of Mazepa. I've written a research paper on this topic....too lazy to re-write the work into the wiki though...maybe some day...--Львівське (talk) 21:40, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I am specifically objecting to the rather dubious Ukrainian source mazepa.name for the claim that Mazepa was made a prince of the Holy Roman Empire. Unfortunately, all the paperwork for the actual title disappeared from the Austrian archives. This is hearsay. As presented by anonymous third party at a verbal seminar at University of Vienna?
 * Secondly, there is no prince without principality! A grant of estate as large as a small country! Menshikov, Mazepa's nemesis, was actually offered a title of HRE Duke of Cosel (Koźle) in exchange for recognition of his title Duke of Ingria, but it looks like some kind of in-joke, because Ingria roughly corresponds to Leningrad oblast+Finland in area. This was the Tsar's personal estate administered directly from St. Pete. Cosel means goat in Russian, and is rather derogatory. Also, a Polish woiwowode title was really equal to a Count Palatine in HRE table of ranks. Between a count and a prince. Thus, the recognition of princely/ducal/royal equivalency conditional on some additional small print. Some prince-electors, the highest strata of HRE nobility were modest Palatine Counts, but most were really just counts. The only Emperor Palatine is the one from Star Wars. The Polish woiwode appears to also be the closest equivalent to Ukrainian hetman and alt-Germanic margrave, of which there was only one extant in the Anglosphere. That of Phil, Prince Consort of Lizbekistan. You know, the one who begat Chuck, their current king. Muchandr (talk) 22:52, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:OR--Aristophile (talk) 18:00, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * And there were princes without principalities. Notably Turn&Taxis.--Aristophile (talk) 18:02, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, princes have a named estate within the Emperor's realm? Turns&Taxis was named after an existing private corporation. It can't be just Prince Mazepa.
 * I made a Google translation from Ukrainian.
 * On September 1, 1707, by order of the emperor, hetman Ivan Mazepa was granted the title of "Prince of the Holy Roman Empire", as evidenced by the signature of Prince Chemborn on the last page of the same letter from Mazepa and the entry in the registration book (volume XII). However, it was not possible to obtain the deed with Mazepa's princely title because it was not bought. The German diplomat, who was on duty in Russia and who, on the instructions of Peter I, came to Vienna to collect the letters with the title of count for the tsarist chancellor F. Golovkin and the titles of prince for O. Menshikov and I. Mazepa, ran out of money for the letter to the hetman, although for this matter, the hetman personally handed over three thousand ducats to Menshikov. 'Subsequently, this unredeemed deed disappeared.''
 * To summarize. There is no deed. Estate name is unknown. There is a signature, by somebody who is not the Emperor, on the original petition letter. This looks like an acknowledgement of message receipt, not a grant. Muchandr (talk) 12:31, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:Verify Your own source does not verify. The title was never granted, because allegedly, the fee was not paid. Unfortunately, the deed disappeared subsequently. This is hearsay. Also, it was not "for services to the Holy League", but based on a hypothetical personal petition to the Emperor by Mazepa. Muchandr (talk) 05:28, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:CONSENSUS & WP:EDITORIALIZE & WP:IDONTLIKEIT.--Aristophile (talk) 11:52, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I merely cited a verbatim Google translation from the relevant paragraph in Ukrainian, because this here is a talk page in English. (section in Italics)
 * Let's suppose that none of my comments apply. This still leaves the claim of a) the deed being unclaimed due to an unpaid fee, b) the deed subsequently disappearing. This is actually stated directly by your original source.
 * Which makes it not too original, but rather anecdotal. Muchandr (talk) 12:11, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The consensus version would be something like, "Mazepa was rumored to be granted a title of HRE prince, which he never consummated due to an unpaid fee"
 * Come to think of that, the story of passing the money to Menshikov is also highly suspect. Why would you pass the money for an important errand to your mortal enemy? Muchandr (talk) 12:33, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20130514085047/http://izbornyk.org.ua/coss4/mazk05.htm this has detailed info. So - cease and desist.--Aristophile (talk) 23:10, 11 April 2023 (UTC)
 * This is simply a more verbose version of the same. There is only the entry in "incoming folder", but no record of the actual title grant
 * According to the government notes on the last page of Mazepa's letter, on charging the emperor and under the signature of the book Schönborn, on September 1, 1707, only Mazepa was awarded the title of "Prince of the Holy Roman Empire", which is also indicated in the registration book on the awarding of noble titles (volume XII). On the same page of Mazepa's letter is the note "l Sept. 1707, Nulla expeditio." In our opinion, this postscript comes from a later time, as indicated by a different handwriting. This postscript is also proof that this letter was not sent to Mazepa, but today it is not in the Austrian State Archives, although it was seen there as early as 1887 by the German researcher M. Gritzner, its further fate is unknown. Muchandr (talk) 00:33, 12 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It is irrelevant whether it exists or not. We have a WP:SECONDARY source, and as such it is WP:RS preferred to any primary one.--Aristophile (talk) 00:55, 12 April 2023 (UTC)
 * You do realize that both of your sources are archived materials? Primary has a new version, secondary is defunct from 2013? This stretches the 'published' requirement of WP:RS, I reckon. Anyhow, I don't really have a problem with the content of your sources. You simply have to read them carefully.
 * A deed signed by the Emperor personally is a requirement for princely title. Both of your sources mention it being lost. How is it not relevant? Muchandr (talk) 01:15, 12 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Another note from your own source detailing what the Austrian vibe was. The Austrians were obviously no real allies of the Swedes
 * Before the transition of Mazepa to the Swedish side, as we have seen, German, and above all, Austrian magazines, writing about the hetman, called him "His Excellency", "Prince", "Field Marshal" and. etc. Now, after the transition of the Hetman to the side of the Swedes, the tone of the Austrian press has completely changed. When writing about the military events of that time, there are no longer those enthusiastic or favorable notes or high titles addressed to Mazepa. He is mentioned only as "Der Mazeppa", not sparing at the same time such epithets as "traitor", "perjurer", "egoist", etc. About the transfer of Mazepa to the Swedes, Winnerses Diaryum (ch. 563) writes, for December 22-25, 1708, that the hetman wanted to go over to the side of the Swedish king with his entire army, but his intention was "discovered in time" and only about a thousand went over with him Cossacks. Muchandr (talk) 00:37, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

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Mazepa vs. Mazeppa
So, I think it's pretty clear from a cursory search that "Mazepa" is the most common spelling, but "Mazeppa" does exist in some sources, e.g.. I've matched the way that Britannica presented the spelling. Hopefully this is an acceptable solution for the editor that is trying to change the whole article to Mazeppa. Mz7 (talk) 01:09, 5 January 2019 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, when I was (re)writing Cultural legacy of Mazeppa, I came to this conclusion:
 * The spelling "Mazepa" refers to the historical person; the double-p "Mazeppa" is used for the artistic and literary works
 * Might it be worth pasting that into this article too?? --Carbon Caryatid (talk) 01:01, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

"Traitor"
- yes, he was perceived/described in fiction (like the poem by Pushkin) as a traitor, but it does not mean he actually was. A lot of politicians changed sides in history. It does not mean all of them should be assigned to category "traitor". One could create a new category like "traitor in fiction" where this page would belong. My very best wishes (talk) 15:11, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Whether he was a traitor or not is a position taken by you, me or a particular author, but the article describes this in quite some detail: "The image of a disgraceful traitor persisted throughout Russian and Soviet history", "Until 1869, his name was even added to the list of traitors publicly cursed in Russian churches during the Feast of Orthodoxy service, along with Pugachev, Razin and False Dmitry I", "30 percent of the population of Ukraine views Mazepa as "a man who fought for the independence of Ukraine", while 28 percent view him "as a turncoat who joined the enemy's ranks"". You (we) can pin that on Pushkin, but his reputation as a traitor is a fact. Let me point to a couple of names from that category: Benedict Arnold was either an American traitor or a loyal British subject, depending on the position you take, but he has gone down in history, especially in the US, as an archetypical traitor. Pavlik Morozov, also on the list, was either a Bolshevik hero or someone who betrayed his family for ideological reasons (aka brainwashing), and I assume it's this fame as a snitch that landed him in the category. Ostalgia (talk) 15:58, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * What you refer to is unsourced on the page since 2008. I checked some other related refs. They are dead links and hardly reliable like Interfax, etc. But even if this is a correct info ("his name was even added to the list of traitors publicly cursed in Russian churches"), let's assume it is, this is all propaganda/mythology, just like Goldstein in Nineteen Eighty-Four or Trotsky in Stalinist propaganda. My very best wishes (talk) 16:20, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * In addition, your argument is self-defeating. Were Pugachev and Razin traitors? Should they be included to such category? My very best wishes (talk) 16:35, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * And no, Pavlik Morozov is not generally regarded in sources as a traitor of historical proportions. The kid was a victim of propaganda. Benedict Arnold? Yes, this is probably a justified inclusion, but neither Morozov nor Mazepa was Benedict Arnold. My very best wishes (talk) 16:42, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I would appreciate it if you could reply in one go, if possible (or edit your message as long as it hasn't been replied to). The list includes people who have been convicted of treason (whether you or I consider them to be traitors is inconsequential and OR) as well as people are perceived as traitors or easily and popularly identified as such (see Judas, for instance). Mazepa easily fits the bill. As for Morozov, two weeks ago at ANI a user accused me of being a "Pavlik Morozov" for "snitching" on him. Once again, what we personally think of Morozov is inconsequential (and OR!) as long as there's a perception of him as such. As long as we're here, we do not do research or "exonerate" people we presume to have been wronged by history. Ostalgia (talk) 16:57, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Ostalgia, please don't be edit warring over the category. Your argument is inconclusive: "Traitors in history" is not the same as "People referred to as traitors in propaganda". The category itself is problematic of course and if it were up to me it wouldn't exist, but that's beside the point. Please do not add that again. Drmies (talk) 17:03, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I have not added it - it has been in the page for months, and I took issue with removing it without consensus, or without discussion. I would appreciate it if you would check what actually happened before accusing me of edit warring to introduce content. Ostalgia (talk) 17:08, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * We're having discussion here. You are not making a cogent argument, and you continue to edit war. You just reverted again, with a phony edit summary. My very best wishes, this editor's work is the very definition of disruption: if they do this again, with or without a fake edit summary, report them to WP:AIV please, unless you want to write up an AN3 report. If you do that, you could consider pinging, , , and , who have all been administratively involved with their previous block for edit warring. Drmies (talk) 17:13, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * As I have just told you, I was introducing archive.org links to the content My very best wishes removed because is unsourced on the page since 2008. I checked some other related refs. They are dead links. How is my edit summary deceptive? Ostalgia (talk) 17:15, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, we do have Category:People convicted of treason. Was he convicted of treason? If so, he can be included. I do not think he was. My very best wishes (talk) 17:15, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, I believe he was declared a traitor by the Emperor and anathemised by the church, was he not? That's the best we can get from an absolute monarchy. //Edit: so as to be completely above board here, if you agree I will restore the bits you removed due to dead links, with archive.org links added for clarity. I actually did that 10 minutes ago but Drmies made edits in between and I apparently reverted his changes in the process. Ostalgia (talk) 17:24, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hence he was not convicted for treason by any court. Looking at sources you linked, such as (an anonymous news posting by Interfax), I do not think they are sufficiently good RS. With regard to public opinion, one needs a better source explaining how the survey was conducted (who was asked and what, exactly, etc.). Yes, he is a controversial historical figure (who is not?), but my arguments above stand. My very best wishes (talk) 17:59, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Neither were most traitors in history, because there were just no courts to judge them, and even when there were, no court could overrule the dictum of the monarch - your logic would basically mean we cannot call anyone a traitor before the existence of an independent judiciary!
 * Regarding the second part of your message, the Interfax source (it's Interfax-Ukraine, not Russian Interfax) does not deal with the survey, but with the protests in Simferopol against the honouring of Mazepa (it's the exact same bit, and source, that you removed). It's merely a factual report typical of a news agency. The survey is referenced in the article by The Local (which, in turn, seems to be based on AFP). It is a reasonable description of the results of the survey. To add the survey itself (and I'm not sure it could be found at this point) would be to add a primary source, which is frowned upon. But it (or rather, the formulation we had on Wikipedia until a couple hours ago!) is also quoted in a textbook for foreign students published by a Ukrainian university and approved by the ministry of education of Ukraine (you can look for "turncoat" to get to that part more quickly). Ostalgia (talk) 18:23, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:POV, WP:WEIGHT.--Aristophile (talk) 18:38, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * If you find a citation from Magoczi or Snyder calling him a traitor, we may give it a consideration.
 * Otherwise: he was perfectly faithful to his land.--Aristophile (talk) 18:41, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Welcome to the talk page. Going forward, it would be ideal if you did this at the start.
 * If you find any historian from the 20th century onwards simply talking about "the traitor Mazepa", then you can be sure he's not a historian at all, not one of any worth, at any rate.
 * On the other hand, that Mazepa was declared a traitor by his (by then nominal) suzerain is a fact, as was the anathema pronounced against him. The effects of this have been discussed by historians, including Ukrainian ones (Drmies removed an interesting article by Subtelny that apparently --I've only had time to give it a glance-- advances the hypothesis that Mazepa's conviction of treason on secular grounds played a role in the formation of the idea of the state in Imperial Russia). Furthermore, the role of Mazepa in the historical consciousness of Russia (and part of Ukraine, if the sources in the article are to be believed) is akin to that of Benedict Arnold in the US - that of the archetypical traitor. That was (and to an extent is), I think, more or less clear from the article. With these things in mind, it is not illogical that he would be included into the "traitors in history" category. I will also remind you that I am not trying to introduce the category - it is you who is trying to remove it. I will not lose any sleep either way, but I do not believe it's a wrong category. Another questions is whether the category makes any sense at all, but as Drmies above said, that is beside the point. Cheers Ostalgia (talk) 19:42, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You should know that convictions for treason are a normal practice in Russia to persecute independent thinkers. And they certainly do not make one a traitor.--Aristophile (talk) 20:46, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Technically ALL Ukrainians are traitors to Russia, but that is not encyclopedic.--Aristophile (talk) 20:47, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I do not think that comparison is a particularly apt one - you're taking a country (Putin's Russia, but this could be pushed back to large periods of Soviet Russia) "blessed" with what is undoubtedly an uncommonly authoritarian government for the modern day (especially for modern day Europe) and comparing it with a country that was governed well in line with the standards of the time (Peter the Great's Russia). I also do not believe that Ukrainians have been declared traitors by Russia (although that line of thought is probably what underlies some of the more unhinged nationalist takes), but that is irrelevant to the topic at hand.
 * Nevertheless, there's another issue here. Drmies seems to believe the problem lies in the fact that the category seems to suggest that it is Wikipedia that considers them traitors, when in fact it's individual entities (different countries, movements, etc.) that have declared them as such. In that case, I would believe the bigger question is not whether or not Mazepa should be in the category, but whether the category should exist at all. Would you agree with this assessment? If so, would you (I don't mean you alone, mind you) be willing to bring its removal or reworking up for discussion? Cheers. Ostalgia (talk) 21:08, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Speaking on the category, that was just a minor passing-by edit (I frequently check categories on various pages). Contrary to your edit summary, that was not a revert of anything. Having such prolonged conversation about this is not normal. I already stated my justification above. Speaking about other changes, that was poorly sourced, not just broken links (see above). I do not mind this to be restored if better sourced. My very best wishes (talk) 00:52, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * P.S. You seem to say that he is perceived as a traitor in Russia and Ukraine. Well, I have no idea. How many people in Russia and Ukraine even know about the existence of Mazepa? I bet very few in Russia. This is just a matter of good sourcing. Please find a sociological study about it and cite it on the page. End of story. What was cited was a news article about something else, and what exactly it said on this issse was not very clear. My very best wishes (talk) 16:48, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the delayed reply, busy day today. I am sorry you feel the discussion has dragged on, but I think civil discussion is the only way forward on any topic in this encyclopedia. I do not mind a discussion extending over a couple of days if it's conducted in reasonable terms and respectfully. Regarding my edit summary, I meant to say removal, not revert - my apologies for any confusion. As for the sourcing issue, I cannot help but disagree - the Interfax link you removed as dead was supporting the statement that about 100 people rallied in the Ukrainian city of Simferopol to protest against Mazepa. Being merely a factual claim, I would not say it's badly sourced. The second bit you removed (an opinion poll on Mazepa showing a rough split among Ukrainians in 2009) was sourced to The Local (which I don't think is untrustworthy), which in turn attributes it largely to AFP (clear RS). I do not believe that's badly sourced either, but in any case a similar description of the poll can be found here, again linked to AFP and in particular to Anya Tsukanova (AFP Ukraine bureau).
 * As for your post scriptum, my apologies once again - I was assuming you were better acquainted with Russia and perhaps taking things for granted (for some reason I was convinced you were Russian, but I must've been thinking of someone else). It is not me who says he's perceived as a traitor in Russia, but experts in the region. For instance, Andreas Kappeler states that "[i]n Russia, he has the reputation of the archetype of a traitor" . He also elaborates on how in some quarters people continue to use "mazepist" as an insult. Even a quick Google search should acquaint you with other articles touching on the topic, if you're interested in that.
 * Once again, and this was my point, we're not passing value-judgment on Mazepa (and neither are serious historians in any country, including Russia). However, if the category is meant to list people convicted of treason by their state, then he was officially declared one and belongs there, and if the category is meant to list people who have this reputation as traitors in some countries/cultures/regions, then he also belongs there. The question then becomes, as stated above, whether the category is pertinent at all, as (regardless of any value it could have) it could be suggesting that Wikipedia is endorsing a decision taken by a state or entity. Ostalgia (talk) 21:01, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * (1) With regard to category, the consensus is not on your side, hence no. (2) With regard to "30 percent of the population of Ukraine views Mazepa..." you need a better source, with more detailed results on the survey. Who and where did they ask? How many people took part in the survey? How many people said "I do not know", etc. (3) "around 100 people held a protest in Simferopol" is hardly due on the page. But again, I am not opposed to re-including anything if properly sourced except only the category. My very best wishes (talk) 21:26, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Consensus has to be based on something, otherwise it comes down to WP:IDLI. One way or the other, the question of whether the category is useful or not supersedes that of whether we should add this or that person to it.
 * As for the survey, what you're asking borders on requesting a primary source, which is not admissible in the article, or an article on the survey itself, doing a detailed breakdown of everything, which would be borderline impossible to find. Here is an interview published by the Russian service of RFE/RL where a bit more info is shared, namely the % of non-respondents and people who chose not to go with either option. I repeat that I consider the previous sources were good had the links not been dead. It's neither a controversial claim nor complex information and the source was reliable enough.
 * Finally, regarding your third point, if you take the phrase out of context it, of course, makes little sense, but I believe it was there as an example of the resistance elicited by the figure of Mazepa among some quarters. Not a gamechanger, though. Cheers. Ostalgia (talk) 18:51, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You are giving good sources. In particular, this one you gave is probably a scholarly one. But what does it say? "Hetman Mazepa – traitor or national hero?" A discussion follows saying he is controversial historical figure that has been perceived as a hero by some people and as a traitor by others. This is an argument against including him to the category "Traitors in history" because it is debatable if he was a traitor. But whatever this source says in terms of content is OK to include.My very best wishes (talk) 23:58, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Kappeler is a noted specialist and I would expect his article to be good. It hardly is an argument against the inclusion, though - many traitors are seen positively by others (a man's traitor can be another man's freedom fighter, if you will) or, at the very least, indifferently (off the top of my head an exception I can think of is Quisling, who probably has no backers beyond the narrow circle of bizarre Norwegian nazism). To bring back an example from the list, Benedict Arnold is the traitor for Americans, but for the British he's probably just another general (and for everyone else he's a nobody). This is why I believe the bigger question has become what purpose the category serves, and whether listing someone there is endorsing a conviction for treason or just listing people who have achieved the status of an archetypical traitor in certain places.
 * Anyways, if you're OK with the sources let me know and I'll add a few lines which you can comment on later. Cheers. Ostalgia (talk) 21:49, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You say: "a man's traitor can be another man's freedom fighter". Yes, exactly. This is an argument against including to the category. Would you classify Che Guevara to Category:Terrorism? I have no idea about Benedict Arnold. It does not matter British or American. Was he described in vast majority of RS as a traitor? If not, he does not belong there. As about other refs, I am not asking anything impossible, just something on the subject of the poll about Mazepa like. . My very best wishes (talk) 17:06, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
 * If Guevara were described as a terrorist widely in a country/countries, and his behaviour were described widely as terrorism, then yes, he could be described as a terrorist and added to the category. I believe that is quite literally what Wikipedia is about.
 * As for the poll, I don't think public opinion polls on an active (and in this case, serving) politician are a valid comparison, as they receive constant and extend coverage in the press, and even in that case, we do not hold any figure on Wikipedia to your standards provided reliable sources are reporting on those polls. Cheers. Ostalgia (talk) 11:02, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

Ruthenian?
Leocadii changed "Ukrainian" to "Ruthenian" so the article starts with "Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa was a Ruthenian military, political, and civic leader ...". Lute88 changed it back to Ukrainian, Leocadii changed it to Ruthenian again. Now Leocadii is blocked so it's probably safe to change to Ukrainian again, but I'll specify the arguments here and see whether there are strong feelings. The argument of course is that "Ukrainian" was not what the inhabitants of the area generally called themselves in those days, and I can think of other examples, for example the start of Wikipedia's Wallenstein article says Bohemian not Czech. However, (a) the Name of Ukraine article suggests the name wouldn't have been utterly unknown even at the time, (b) the Wikipedia article on Socrates starts by calling him "Greek" not "Athenian" and the Wikipedia article on Cortez starts by calling him "Spanish" not "Castilian", (c) when this article was created, it started by calling Mazepa "Hetman of the Leftbank Ukraine". I think the argument for Ukrainian is stronger. Any other opinions? Peter Gulutzan (talk) 00:43, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I've changed it back. I don't think there any contradictory opinions. Wallenstein was half ethnic Czech, half German Bohemian.--Aristophile (talk) 14:59, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Ukrainians is 20 century term (quoute from wikiarticle: "ethnonym Ukrainians came into wide use only in the 20th century"), in 19 or even more 17 century there was no Ukrainians, but Ruthenians. In Polish wikipedia he is even named "Polish nobelman of Ruthenian descent" he was actualy citizen of Polish-Lithuanian, maybe more accurate is Ruthenian, but for sure he couldnt be Ukrainian — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.161.191.0 (talk) 16:16, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Aristophile, this is about: the article starts with "Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa was a Ruthenian military, political, and civic leader ...". You didn't change it back. You changed the infobox. Peter Gulutzan (talk) 17:17, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * the previous and next hetman was Ruthenian, but Mazepa is Ukrainian? Stop fake history for your propaganda. You trying to use 20 century term for 17 century person. Stop putting lies in history for your propaganda. The only discussion is was he Polish or Ruthenian, Ukrainian wasnt in equasion for 3 centuries! Currynistan (talk) 23:41, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Currynistan has also started WP:NPOVN thread Ukrainian propaganda. Peter Gulutzan (talk) 00:37, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The NPOVN thread appears to have ended. I undid so the sentence reads once again the article starts with "Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa was a Ukrainian military, political, and civic leader ...". However, if there are objections that don't involve accusing me of putting lies in history for my propaganda etc., and if Aristophile goes along with it, I suppose we could compromise by saying nothing about nationality in the first sentence (as was done for Ivan Mazepa's predecessor). Peter Gulutzan (talk) 14:21, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Update: Alexander Danilovich Menshikov sent a letter to Tsar Peter on October 17, 1708 referring to Mazepa: "он сие учинил, то не для одной своей особы, но и всей ради Украины" ("he did this, not for the sake of his person alone, but for the whole of Ukraine"). Due to Wikipedia censorship I cannot link to the Russian source, but English translations of Menshikov's missive appear elsewhere so we know that an important Russian was using the name Ukraine in a Mazepa context at the time. Peter Gulutzan (talk) 20:40, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * before 20 century term is Ruthenian. He was Rzeczpospolita noble, so maybe even Polish is more accurate. We don't know if he lived in 20 century he will identify as Ukrainian or Belerusian, maybe more probaly Polish, but there is historical term, that is Ruthenian. Ukraine before 20 century was a name for Polish-Lithuania borderland region. You couldn't use 20 century term for historical figure because you have him on banknote, especially all previous and next hetman are named Ruthenians. The Belerusian, Ukrainian and other evolved from Ruthenian only in 20 century31.161.138.184 (talk) 14:34, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @TimothyBlue before you edit please give any source (except mentioned before Ukrainian propaganda) that Ukrainian isn't only 20 century term, look also for other languages versions, Jan Kołodyński is a Polish nobleman name, if we want to be serious he might be of Ruthenian descent, so "Polish nobleman of Ruthenian descent", but definitely not "Ukrainian" because it is term only created in 20 century, this is figure from 17 century so again don't use modern terms for historical persons 83.23.8.118 (talk) 20:11, 25 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Your POV is not supported by a WP:CONSENSUS of editors. You need to cease trying to remove historical references to Ukrainians.  // Timothy :: talk  21:52, 25 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @TimothyBlue you put your POV, I bring facts. It's 20 century term that you are trying to POV to 17 century historical figure. The fact and most taken opinions are that he was Polish-Lithuanian Rzeczpospolita nobleman named Jan Kołodyński (very Polish name with -ski suffix). I understand where this POV is coming from if propaganda been put to you from banknotes, but facts are clear and most opinions are consensual. What consensus you need for fact. The clear fact is he is 17 century figure, in this time Ukrainian, mean for Rzeczpospolita the same as Mazovia, Silesian, Lithuanian and even didn't happen because it was just called Ruthenian (the one for modern Belarusian and Ukrainian). So hiding after some mythical consensus you fake history on two levels:
 * - using 20 century term Ukrainian,
 * - not using proper term Ruthenian, what was only regional term for Polish subject, born in Rzeczpospolita.
 * So stop with your ahistorical POV. 83.23.8.118 (talk) 22:13, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

"Jan Kołodyński" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Ko%C5%82ody%C5%84ski&redirect=no Jan Kołodyński] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TartarTorte 18:30, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

Ukrainian?
How can he be Ukrainian when Ukraine wasn't a thing back then? 213.129.55.97 (talk) 13:18, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Read earlier thread Ruthenian?]. Peter Gulutzan (talk) 16:02, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ivan Mazepa


text:
Category:British novelists

Novelists from the United Kingdom.

title: Category:British novelists


text:
Austric languages

The Austric languages are a proposed language family that includes the Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and Madagascar, as well as Kra–Dai and Austroasiatic languages spoken in Mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. A genetic relationship between these language families is seen as plausible by some scholars, but remains unproven.

Additionally, Hmong–Mien languages are included by some linguists, and even Japanese was speculated to be Austric in an early version of the hypothesis by Paul K. Benedict.

History
The Austric macrofamily was first proposed by the German missionary Wilhelm Schmidt in 1906. He showed phonological, morphological, and lexical evidence to support the existence of an Austric phylum consisting of Austroasiatic and Austronesian. Schmidt's proposal had a mixed reception among scholars of Southeast Asian languages, and received only little scholarly attention in the following decades.

Research interest into Austric resurged in the late 20th century, culminating in a series of articles by La Vaughn H. Hayes who presented a corpus of Proto-Austric vocabulary together with a reconstruction of Proto-Austric phonology, and by Lawrence Reid, focussing on morphological evidence.

Evidence
Reid (2005) lists the following pairs as "probable" cognates between Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Austronesian.

Among the morphological evidence, he compares reconstructed affixes such as the following, and notes that shared infixes are less likely to be borrowed (for a further discussion of infixes in Southeast Asian languages, see also Barlow 2022 ).
 * prefix *pa- 'causative' (Proto-Austroasiatic, Proto-Austronesian)
 * infix *-um- 'agentive' (Proto-Austroasiatic, Proto-Austronesian)
 * infix *-in- 'instrumental' (Proto-Austroasiatic), 'nominalizer' (Proto-Austronesian)

Below are 10 selected Austric lexical comparisons by Diffloth (1994), as cited in Sidwell & Reid (2021):

Extended proposals
The first extension to Austric was first proposed Wilhelm Schmidt himself, who speculated about including Japanese within Austric, mainly because of assumed similarities between Japanese and the Austronesian languages. While the proposal about a link between Austronesian and Japanese still enjoys some following as a separate hypothesis, the inclusion of Japanese was not adopted by later proponents of Austric.

In 1942, Paul K. Benedict provisionally accepted the Austric hypothesis and extended it to include the Kra–Dai (Thai–Kadai) languages as an immediate sister branch to Austronesian, and further speculated on the possibility to include the Hmong–Mien (Miao–Yao) languages as well. However, he later abandoned the Austric proposal in favor of an extended version of the Austro-Tai hypothesis.

Sergei Starostin adopted Benedict's extended 1942 version of Austric (i.e. including Kra–Dai and Hmong–Mien) within the framework of his larger Dené–Daic proposal, with Austric as a coordinate branch to Dené–Caucasian, as shown in the tree below.

Another long-range proposal for wider connections of Austric was brought forward by John Bengtson, who grouped Nihali and Ainu together with Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Hmong–Mien, and Kra–Dai in a "Greater Austric" family.

Reception
In the second half of the last century, Paul K. Benedict raised a vocal critique of the Austric proposal, eventually calling it an 'extinct' proto-language.

Hayes' lexical comparisons, which were presented as supporting evidence for Austric between 1992 and 2001, were criticized for the greater part as methodologically unsound by several reviewers. Robert Blust, a leading scholar in the field of Austronesian comparative linguistics, pointed out "the radical disjunction of morphological and lexical evidence" which characterizes the Austric proposal; while he accepts the morphological correspondences between Austronesian and Austroasiatic as possible evidence for a remote genetic relationship, he considers the lexical evidence unconvincing.

A 2015 analysis using the Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP) did not support the Austric hypothesis. In this analysis, the supposed "core" components of Austric were assigned to two separate, unrelated clades: Austro-Tai and Austroasiatic-Japonic. Note however that ASJP is not widely accepted among historical linguists as an adequate method to establish or evaluate relationships between language families.

title: Austric languages


text:
Supermodular function

In mathematics, a function
 * $$f\colon \mathbb{R}^k \to \mathbb{R}$$

is supermodular if

f(x \uparrow y) + f(x \downarrow y) \geq f(x) + f(y) $$ for all $$x$$, $$y \isin \mathbb{R}^{k}$$, where $$x \uparrow y$$ denotes the componentwise maximum and $$x \downarrow y$$ the componentwise minimum of $$x$$ and $$y$$.

If −f is supermodular then f is called submodular, and if the inequality is changed to an equality the function is modular.

If f is twice continuously differentiable, then supermodularity is equivalent to the condition

 * $$ \frac{\partial ^2 f}{\partial z_i\, \partial z_j} \geq 0 \mbox{ for all } i \neq j.$$

Supermodularity in economics and game theory
The concept of supermodularity is used in the social sciences to analyze how one agent's decision affects the incentives of others.

Consider a symmetric game with a smooth payoff function $$\,f$$ defined over actions $$\,z_i$$ of two or more players $$i \in {1,2,\dots,N}$$. Suppose the action space is continuous; for simplicity, suppose each action is chosen from an interval: $$z_i \in [a,b]$$. In this context, supermodularity of $$\,f$$ implies that an increase in player $$\,i$$'s choice $$\,z_i$$ increases the marginal payoff $$df/dz_j$$ of action $$\,z_j$$ for all other players $$\,j$$. That is, if any player $$\,i$$ chooses a higher $$\,z_i$$, all other players $$\,j$$ have an incentive to raise their choices $$\,z_j$$ too. Following the terminology of Bulow, Geanakoplos, and Klemperer (1985), economists call this situation strategic complementarity, because players' strategies are complements to each other. This is the basic property underlying examples of multiple equilibria in coordination games.

The opposite case of supermodularity of $$\,f$$, called submodularity, corresponds to the situation of strategic substitutability. An increase in $$\,z_i$$ lowers the marginal payoff to all other player's choices $$\,z_j$$, so strategies are substitutes. That is, if $$\,i$$ chooses a higher $$\,z_i$$, other players have an incentive to pick a lower $$\,z_j$$.

For example, Bulow et al. consider the interactions of many imperfectly competitive firms. When an increase in output by one firm raises the marginal revenues of the other firms, production decisions are strategic complements. When an increase in output by one firm lowers the marginal revenues of the other firms, production decisions are strategic substitutes.

A supermodular utility function is often related to complementary goods. However, this view is disputed.

Submodular functions of subsets
Supermodularity and submodularity are also defined for functions defined over subsets of a larger set. Intuitively, a submodular function over the subsets demonstrates "diminishing returns". There are specialized techniques for optimizing submodular functions.

Let S be a finite set. A function $$f\colon 2^S \to \mathbb{R}$$ is submodular if for any $$A \subset B \subset S$$ and $$x \in S \setminus B$$, $$f(A \cup \{x\})-f(A) \geq f(B \cup \{x\})-f(B)$$. For supermodularity, the inequality is reversed.

The definition of submodularity can equivalently be formulated as
 * $$ f(A)+f(B) \geq f(A \cap B) + f(A \cup B) $$

for all subsets A and B of S.

Theory and enumeration algorithms for finding local and global maxima (minima) of submodular (supermodular) functions can be found in "Maximization of submodular functions: Theory and enumeration algorithms", B. Goldengorin.

title: Supermodular function


text:
Carly Patterson

Carly Rae Patterson (born February 4, 1988) is an American singer, songwriter and former artistic gymnast. She was the all-around champion at the 2004 Olympics, the first all-around champion for the United States at a non-boycotted Olympics, and is a member of the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame. Patterson frequently joins radio segments on 1310 AM and 96.7 FM The Ticket in Dallas Fort-Worth.

Gymnastics
Patterson began gymnastics after attending a cousin's birthday party at a Baton Rouge gymnastics club (Elite Gymnastics) in 1994. She was coached there by former Israeli Olympian Yohanan Moyal. She started competing internationally in 2000, when she was 12 years old.

2000–2003
In 2000, Patterson participated in the Top Gym Tournament in Belgium and won the silver medal in the all-around and the bronze on balance beam. The next year, at the 2001 Goodwill Games in Brisbane, Australia, she was ranked second in the all-around before the final rotation but missed three landings on the floor exercise and finished seventh.

Patterson became the U.S. junior national all-around champion in 2002. She then began her senior career by winning the 2003 American Cup, where she was the youngest competitor, having just turned 15. However, she was forced to sit out the 2003 U.S. National Championships, which would have been her first Nationals as a senior, because of a broken elbow.

Although she could not compete in Nationals, Patterson successfully petitioned to the 2003 World Gymnastics Championships in Anaheim, California. There, she earned the all-around silver medal, becoming the first American woman to medal in a World Championships all-around since Shannon Miller in 1994. She also helped the United States earn the team gold medal, a first for the American women.

2004
Patterson again won the all-around at the American Cup in 2004, a performance she dedicated to her coach Evgeny Marchenko's mother, who had died just days before the competition. Later that year, she became co-national champion with Courtney Kupets. She also won the floor exercise at the National Championships and placed second on balance beam.

At the Olympic Trials, Patterson fell off the balance beam on both days of competition, dropping her to third place. However, her performances at a subsequent national training camp were strong enough for her to make the Olympic team.

Olympic Games
At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Patterson finished first overall in the preliminary round and qualified for the all-around and balance beam finals. The United States, including Patterson, struggled in the team final: She under-rotated her vault, stubbed the low bar with her foot on the uneven bars, and had several wobbles on balance beam and a lunge forward on her dismount. She later admitted to being distracted after a rushed start on vault, with her coach saying, "The beginning of the competition was stressful. It set the tone." The U.S. women, the reigning world champions, settled for silver.

In the individual all-around, Patterson narrowly defeated three-time world all-around champion Svetlana Khorkina of Russia. After scoring lower than usual on the vault (9.375), Patterson was stronger on her last three events, scoring 9.575 on the uneven bars, 9.725 on the balance beam, and 9.712 on the floor exercise. She became only the second American woman to win an Olympic all-around gold medal, and the first to do so in a non-boycotted Olympic Games. (Mary Lou Retton won the title at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. But because those Games were boycotted by the Soviet Union, Retton did not face the Soviet gymnasts who consistently dominated the sport during that period, accounting for five of the eight Olympic all-around champions before 1984 and nine of the ten previous world all-around champions.)

On August 23, Patterson competed in the balance beam event final, where she received a score of 9.775 and won the silver medal behind Cătălina Ponor of Romania.

Post-Olympics
Soon after the Olympics, Patterson was diagnosed with several bulging discs in her lower back that had gone unnoticed. She announced her intention to take time off from the sport to rehabilitate her back, but she officially retired in 2006 without ever participating in another major competition. She recalled the decision in a 2009 interview, saying, "I started having some back issues, and honestly, my doctor was like, 'Carly, you really need to stop if you want to be able to walk when you get older.' ... So I retired and moved on to singing."

She continues to stay occupied with event appearances, gymnastics-related and otherwise. She also has a number of high-profile corporate sponsorships; she appeared in a Mobile ESPN commercial aired during Super Bowl XL in 2006. She also finished her authorized biography, which was released in April 2006.

In December 2011, she was featured on the TV show Hollywood at Home.

Eponymous skill
Patterson has one eponymous skill listed in the Code of Points.

Music
Patterson first expressed interest in becoming a professional singer in a March 2005 interview. On August 21, 2005, she gave an interview on Fox Sports Net's Sports Sunday in which she gave more details on her future career. She sang a small segment of "Damaged" and said that she went to New York City to record the demo. On December 18, 2005, she announced that she signed a demo contract for four songs with Papa Joe's Records, owned by Joe Simpson, father of Jessica and Ashlee Simpson. She worked with singer and writer Chris Megert. They wrote and produced songs titled "Time to Wake Up" and "Lost in Me".

Celebrity Duets
On August 29, 2006, she started her appearance on the show Celebrity Duets. The program was a reality competition show executive produced by Simon Cowell. Celebrities not known for singing were teamed up with professional singers; one of the eight celebrities was voted off each week. The show aired every Thursday on Fox with a results show each Friday, from September 7, 2006, to October 13, 2006.

On September 15, 2006, during the results show, Patterson was eliminated from the competition (singing with Jesse McCartney). Patterson said that she would continue to sing. She also encouraged the audience to continue voting for the remaining celebrities because each vote raised money for charity.

Recording
On February 4, 2008, Patterson signed a recording contract with MusicMind Records, a Chicago-based label. Her single "Temporary Life (Ordinary Girl)" was released on iTunes on March 25, 2008. Her debut album Back to the Beginning was scheduled for release August 5, 2008. However, the CD was not released until more than a year later, on August 25, 2009, and in the interim, Patterson released another single, "Time to Wake Up", on iTunes on February 19, 2009.

On September 10, 2008, a remixed version of Patterson's "Temporary Life (Ordinary Girl)" was played on the Bobby Bones Show. The mixed version featured the new artist Captain Caucasian, a pseudonym for Bobby Bones.

Patterson's song "Here I Am" was featured on the second season of the ABC Family series Make It or Break It, which focused on the lives of teen gymnasts striving to make it to the Olympic Games.

Personal life
On January 21, 2012, Patterson became engaged to strategy consultant Mark Caldwell. They married on November 3, 2012, in Dallas, Texas. They have three children.

Honors and awards
Patterson was chosen for the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2009. She was inducted to the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame as a member of the Class of 2024.

title: Carly Patterson


text: Category:Marion County, Arkansas

title: Category:Marion County, Arkansas