text:
Talk:BASE jumping

Backronym
Is BASE a Backronym or was it initially intended to be an acronym? The fact that bridges are abbreviated as "spans" suggests to me that the initials were thought of after the term "base jumping" was already in existance. Some google searches on this subject don't lead me to any definitive answers on the question. Even if someone can answer this question, tt's not essential to include in the article, but since BASE is asserted to "stand for" building, antenna, span, and earth, it may warrant inclusion. --ABQCat 22:26, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It's an acronym. Either "building" or "bridge" needed a replacement, and "bridge" had a more suitable one for a nice acronym.

This is semi-related, but an earlier idea was BEST jumping - building, earth, span, tower.

THE ACRONYM Around the kitchen table at Phil Smith‟s house in Houston, Texas, Carl and Jean Boenish, along with Phil and a few others were planning something special. Something none of them had done before, something they had never even considered before. They are going to jump from the top of a building under construction, the Texas Commerce Tower. The year was 1981. At this point in fixed object jumping‟s young life, Bridges, Towers, and Cliffs have already been jumped and they, especially Phil Smith, thought tall buildings are the next logical step. Phil Smith should be credited for opening the world to low objects after a return from his first El Capitan jump. El Capitan is considered do-able by most skydivers because there is time for a reserve deployment if needed. Phil Smith is 24 about to change all that. He says, “After returning from California I was driving to work and I saw something. It was something I drove past daily, but never took much notice. Now it‟s like I‟m seeing it for the very first time”. It was an eleven hundred foot radio tower and Phil jumped it the very next morning. He is the first to realize that if jumpers are willing to forgo the reserve option it would open up a whole class of new jumpable objects. While Phil is excitingly talking about the downtown building jump, Carl Boenish gets an idea and begins scribbling on a notepad. Jean then mentions a building jump wouldn‟t be a first and talks about Owen Quinn who jumped from New York‟s world Trade Center in 1975. That jump is remembered as more of a stunt and Owen is somewhat unfairly branded a nut job. “The world” Jean said, “Wasn‟t ready for this sort of thing in 1975” Carl Boenish is only half listening to the rest until he says, “Hey, look at this” He passed the notepad around the table and there is a large word all in caps and circled. The word is BEST. “well” they all said? “Don‟t you see it? It‟s an Acronym for the objects that are 25 being jumped. B is for buildings. E is for earth or cliffs. S is for span or bridges, and the T stands for towers”. “BEST JUMPING?” Phil said. “I like it” Jean said Carl, had by that time, realized what they and others were doing wasn‟t skydiving anymore. It was a new sport and it deserved a new name. When the word BEST wasn‟t really accepted by the group, Carl picked up a small dictionary knowing now what he was looking for, an Acronym, and it wasn‟t long before he found it. How about this one, “BASE?” Phil Smith is the very first one to say it out aloud, “BASE JUMPING.” They all just looked at each other for a little while. “I don‟t like it,” Jean says. “Not all towers are antennas and the second definition of BASE,” She says picking up the dictionary, “Is evil and vile.” But it‟s too late. 26 It was too cool and Phil later says he felt chills just saying the word. The boys are repeating it over and over. “A BASE JUMP”, “BASE JUMPING, a person doing this would be…A BASE JUMPER!” A few weeks later Carl Boenish announces the new name along with the sequential BASE number award program in skydiving magazine. Phil Smith, who did indeed jump the building in Texas, becomes BASE number 1. BASE number 2 went to Phil Mayfield, Jean and Carl became BASE 3 and 4 respectively. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 175.39.22.104 (talk) 01:12, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

BASE ethics
As pointed out, this part of the article has a tone not up to par with encyclopeic entries. The tone is similar to that of someone who has a friend or relative involved with BASE jumping rather than speaking from personal experience. The ethics issues brought up seem to be repeated several times throughout and dont heavily impact the flow of the article in a positive way. Statements such as: "The guiding principle of BASE ethics is respect. BASE jumpers should respect the sport, the sites, and other people whether jumpers or non-jumpers." dont help to give a better understanding into BASE jumping core values, as these principals tend to be observed by many enthusiasts within a small faction.

Acronym BASE
Fortunately, the issue can be put to bed quite easily. The acronym BASE emerged from the group centred on Carl and Jean Boenish, Jim Handbury, Kent Lane, Tom Start, Phil Smith, Phil Mayfield, and their friends in the late 1970s. Having launched the sport on a wave of new popularity, they are looking for a name for it. This is a first hand account:

"I liked BEST jumping," says Carl's wife Jean Boenish. "it stood for Building, Earth, Span and Tower," but Carl keeps searching the dictionary until he comes upon the word BASE. At first nobody liked the fact that when using the word BASE a tower would need to be called an antenna, nor does Jean like the second definition of BASE which is, "Evil and vile." However the first definition is, "A platform on which something stands," but it really becomes a done deal the first time Carl looked up at the group and uttered the phase, "BASE jumping," for the very first time. Later, one of the jumpers present said, "It was a moment that sent chills down everyone's spine."

Pics
Can somebody please add some pics to this article--May the Force be with you! Shreshth91 ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  06:52, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree. I'm thinking that at least some of the editors of this page are BASE jumpers or at least know some. We should be able to round up some pictures of legal jumps. But to start the ball rolling, I'm going to search for some pictures of the things that BASE jumpers will jump from and put them in the appropriate places in the article. They can serve as placeholders until someone gets some pictures of some BASE jumping. Val42 22:18, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

I've added a link to a site where BASE videos can be viewed. This link was removed and I put it back. I am not affiliated with that site, and am not "Link Farming." The best way to see jumps is to watch some of the videos from that site. Regarding still pictures, definitely read the "ethics" and "site naming" sections I have added, to help better understand why many jumpers may not want photos of jumps and/or jumping sites on the Wikipedia. Tom Aiello 04:18, November 9, 2005

Tone
This article reads like an old BASE jumper giving advice to newbies, rather than a descriptive article about BASE jumping. I'm referring mostly to sentences like, "The bottom line is that BASE can be a fun game--but it can also turn deadly serious in a heartbeat. Remembering this is one of the keys to a long, healthy life, and also to a long, healthy jumping career." Superm401 | Talk 00:59, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This is particularly worrying in light of the fact that the sport's founder died whilst BASE jumping. Neither this page nor the article on the man himself explains what he should have done differently, to avoid the fate that befell him. It is likely that the majority of people writing this article will be BASE jumpers themselves, and I can envisage them having a certain viewpoint that I have seen elsewhere. Lupine Proletariat 09:28, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes this would be a good idea in order to express neutrality in this topic.--Hellolindsaylohan1 (talk) 19:39, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Article Referenced By Associated Press
The Associated Press referenced this article here in a recent news story. 7:09, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Gyroscopic effects?
"Usually BASE jumpers jump to cause a tumble by back flipping and then using the gyroscopic effects to at least have some form of control." How can gyroscopic effects be used to control the jump? I have a feeling this sentence is based on a missunderstanding. My guess is that the author refers to conservation of angular momentum as a means to control rotational speed. I may be wrong. If anyone agress with my interpretation, I suggest editing the sentence in question to reflect that. If someone can explain how gyroscopic effects can be used to control the jump, feel free to chime in. --81.233.90.182 18:51, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Jumps from Parachute towers
Are jumps from parachute towers also BASE jumps?
 * I would san no, because they are used for training and are and are not actually an antenna, building, bridge or cliff. Trigahapykila (talk) 05:41, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Record for "highest" BASE jump
There doesn't seem to be a clear distinction made here between two possible meanings of "highest BASE jump." This could mean either "highest starting (jumping) elevation" or "greatest difference between starting and landing elevations." Clearly the Guinness mention of the Troll Wall jump can't be the former, since the summit there is much lower than El Cap. The new record claimed for the jump from Meru Peak seems to be OK using the first meaning, as the summit is higher than the point jumped from on Trango; but is it also a record in terms of start-to-landing difference? (Based on what I know of the topography in each case, either could be the winner, but I would lean toward Trango.) Anyone have more data on this to clear this up? If so, a clarification could also be put on the Trango Towers page. -- Spireguy 19:04, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Record for highest jump
According to the Sydney Morning Herald, http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/leap-from-the-top-of-the-world/2006/06/08/1149359863372.html, the Meru peak jump was from 6,604 metres to 4,850 metres = 1,754 metres. The Great Trango jump was from 5,955 metres to 4,200 metres = 1,755 metres, according to the Trango Towers page. It seems that the landing altitudes are approximate. I hope someone can clear this up with better data and edit this and the trango towers articles appropriately. In any case I think the jump beginning at the highest altitude is a record that should be mentioned in this article, if only to acknowledge those who define the 'highest BASE jump' in this way. --Fatsug 01:55, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

site naming
the line "in fact, most deaths occur at legal sites" should be removed. earlier in the entry it says how the covert nature of the sport does not allow for accurate facts, how can we know how many people have died at unknown illegal sites?

Answer: There is a complete listing of all BASE fatalities at www.BASEFatalities.info. Analyzing these fatalites as to site legality makes it very easy to determine what percentage of fatalities have occured at which sorts of sites.

History question
I recall seeing a newspaper article in 1973 or 1974, when the construction of the Sears Tower was nearing its end, one of the workers took a parachute with him and jumped off. My memory is fuzzy, but I think he got fired, not for the deed itself, but for "walking off the job." This was well before the internet so I'm having trouble finding any reference to this event — and for all I know I could have read about it in the National Enquirer. I'm definitely not referring to the worker who jumped from the World Trade Center in 1975 (there are plenty of references to that, and I have added it to the history section). Does anyone else remember an early 1970s jump off the Sears Tower? -Amatulic 21:04, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Legal Issues is US-Centric
Surely the US isn't the only country that has a legal stance on BASE jumping. For example, I believe (although I'm not sure enough to add it to the article) that it's illegal in Australia.
 * Such information isn't present because no one has added it yet. Please feel free to add such information. Val42 03:14, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Stabilizing
"The altitude of the body at the moment of jumping determines the stability of flight in the first few seconds, before sufficient airspeed has built up to enable aerodynamic stability." I'm having trouble making sense out of this. I wonder if it should be attitude. 140.147.160.78 15:39, 6 June 2007 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

Fatalities section
I don't have a source to cite, but I heard that hang gliding normally has somewhere from zero to two or three fatalities a year, and that most of the fatalities are from BASE jumps. Does anyone have a citation to back that with? The fatalities section is awful small, and every sentence counts. --Thinboy00's sockpuppet  alternate account 19:42, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

In terms of absolute numbers, paragliding has accumulated the highest numbers of fatalities, followed by skydiving, BASE jumping, then hang gliding. This is due to the fact that hang gliders don't lose their shape in turbulence and any form of parachuting is proven more dangerous than flying an aircraft. If you want citations on Wikipedia, forget it. They will be removed by editors sympathetic to whatever sport. Look at the Talk:safety discussions under paragliding for examples. Experienced2 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:39, 19 September 2013 (UTC)

After reading this article, and also reading another, I get some weird numbers: There were 44,757 car-accident fatalities in the USA in 2003. The population at the time was 290,850,005. If every one of those people took two trips a day, then the odds of any one of them having a car-accident is 44,757 / 581,700,010 which is about 1 in 12,997. When I compare this to the 1 in 2,317 death rate in the article, that seems a little odd. It makes it seem that riding a car or being a pedestrian is only 6 times safer than jumping off an antenna or a bridge. Which would mean it's safer to live in a tower and jump off it once a week, than it is to work there and drive home every day. I'm sure I'm not taking something into account. --Scraimer (talk) 08:43, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

 * OK, silly mistake. I forgot to multiply by the number of days in the year. So it's 44,757 / (365 * 2 * 290,850,005) which is 1 in 4,743,850. So that means BASE jumping is almost 2048 times more likely to be fatal. That makes sense. --Scraimer (talk) 08:50, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Tandem BASE jumping
i have become curious within the last few days. i was asked the question "can you tandem BASE jump." i have researched it as best i can and i have found nothing that says you cant but nothing that says you can. i would believe that you can do to the fact that the harness are very similar if not identical to parachute harness. feed would be great. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.112.23.222 (talk) 08:21, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Lead Paragraph
The current lead paragraph of the article could be expanded slightly to give a better definition of BASE jumping to quick/skim readers who are unfamiliar with the subject. 68.189.135.37 (talk) 14:20, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Deadly BASE Jump ended Kylie Tanty's life in Malaysia
Australian Skydiver Kylie “Buffy” Tanti Mundy was 42 years old, people who knew her describe her as outgoing, a free spirit and hilarious woman, Kylie Tanti described herself as slightly damaged, still smiling and to take her as she was. For the quotes she wrote on her Facebook profile it seemed that she had been through a lot, but was a fighter that if life kicked her hard she was willing to kick harder.

BASE stands for Buildings. Antennae, Spans and Earth in this case referring to cliffs, all these four are fixed objects. It is believed to be the most dangerous sport recreationally speaking. Since its beginning in 1978 there are about 148 fatalities in BASE Jumping, the first was William Harmon on April, 1981 from an antennae tower in Virginia (strike, canopy) and Frank Donellan was the first to die on impact when he jumped off a building in London in June 1982. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mivall (talk • contribs) 04:00, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Fatalities section question
In the opening sentence of tis section, it reads "BASE jumping as of 2002...". Should this read 2006, instead? The article cited (note date range) is:

Westman, A; Rosen, M, Berggren, P, Bjornstig, U (7 April 2008). "Parachuting from fixed objects: descriptive study of 106 fatal events in BASE jumping 1981-2006". British Journal of Sports Medicine 42 (6): 431–436. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046565. [ Prof D ] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.175.245.235 (talk) 12:45, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

BASE jumping not international?
I wonder why the time table for base jumps in the german wikipedia totally differs from the one in this article here. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-Jumping 95.91.234.141 (talk) 21:03, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved.  Calidum Talk To Me 16:06, 30 August 2014 (UTC)

BASE jumping → Base jumping – Although an acronym, it looks as if this term has been around long enough to have "gained common usage as ordinary, lowercase words" per MOS:CAPSACRS. McGeddon (talk) 16:04, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Support – Like laser and radar, it is most commonly treated as not an acronym. Dicklyon (talk) 00:31, 23 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose: I don't see any proof of Dicklyon's assertion. Gaining  usage as if it used the word "base" doesn't mean it's gained  usage in that form, so that's a WP:COMMONNAME failure.  Also, and importantly, this case is not at all comparable to RADAR or SCUBA, because there were no pre-existing words "radar" and "scuba" for them to be confused with. But there is in this case, and the distinction is important both on and off-WP.  BASE jumping is not jumping off of bases, or onto bases, or anything to do with bases in any sense.  This rename proposal also fails the sniff test for the same reason as moving NASA to Nasa; while some people do actually want to do that (if you read much about the US space program, you'll fairly often encounter "Nasa"), the argument for it is essentially expedience a.k.a. laziness a.k.a. sloppiness, like not capitalizing at all, not using punctuation, not spelling out "through" instead of "thru", etc., etc.  It's fine on your blog or in your text messages, but it's not encyclopedic. : See failed attempt at top of page to demonstrate that BASE is some made-up backronym.  And note also that no one else on this entire talk page fails to use the capitalized form. If the common name really were "base jumping" and no one thought it was an acronym, this page would already reflect that, since semi-popular activities like this attract newbie editors directly from the off-Wikipedia "wild".  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  06:37, 24 August 2014 (UTC)
 * You're right, I hadn't checked the evidence. Based on books n-grams, all caps is about twice as common on the word "base" in recent years: .  Still, this may be enough to show that it is being accepted as a word; or a new meaning of the old word base.  Dicklyon (talk) 05:24, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Strong Oppose: per the argument and reasoning of SMcCandlish. This is many years, if ever, from being turned into 'Base'. In common use in magazines and print, it is at least referred to as BASE. Some continue to punctuate with B.A.S.E. I do not believe, style wise, that since this refers to four entirely separate physical entities, it will ever be correct style to call it 'base'. Besides, base has so many other common uses, such as first base or military base. It is not as if one is leaping from a low platform.  Fylbecatulous talk 13:47, 25 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose because it's initials, and people who know about it know it as initials. People aren't jumping from a "base" when they do this.   - WPGA2345 -     ☛   02:34, 30 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Eiger entries unclear
Two people are cited as being the first to jump from the Swiss mountain, the Eiger. One is more clearly cited as having jumped over the North Face (by far the steepest face, overall). The other entry simply refers to "the Eiger". There are a number of very different possible jump sites on the Eiger, and such unclarity is unclear. Was the first jump from the top of the Rote Fluhe (part of the North wall, but the top is on the "tourist route" to the summit, not on the North Wall itself. Or was it from the summit, which would be a much more challenging jump?

Aidan Karley (talk) 18:36, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

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hi i am from australia. :)

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Talk page maintenance (2019)
While (relatively) rigorously avoiding disparaging (let alone invidious) remarks about either the sport or its enthusiasts, I confess that my ... curiosity ... stems primarily from my belonging to these other ... uh ... outlying categories: I do, however, find a marked lack of compositional and identificational discipline among some the colleagues contributing, on at least this talk page, which concerns a sibling sport ... dubious tho i find it, that they will remain survivors of said sport(s) ....   Of course, "that's neither here nor there": My excuse for noticing is that they've been neglectful, at least ... not always to say reckless ... in respecting the local norms for clear and orderly consultation. ... Well, of course we are on the Internet; we have to remain realistic abt that! Still, I'm abt to consult, in support of remediation, the edit history, for info (and thus for the basis for clear formatting) that would have been (for e.g. those of us still committed to staying alive) so much easier to provide in the course of not merely writing something, but consciously composing -- perhaps hoping such habits might contribute to the aforementioned Prime Directive (and not just to effective communication).... (If someone just mumbled "Ouch!", lemme hear an a-men!) --JerzyA (talk) 07:18, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * climbers of real or simulated rock ... or more to the point (as still reasonably often in my case), of outdoor rock, where we avoid supporting ourselves (while climbing, as opposed to falling) on any metal or woody items attatched to said rock, and
 * enthusiasts of what Krakauer called the Death-sport Capital of the World

Swear words
So, ˡɗɥɻ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.20.77.87 (talk) 12:21, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Record for lowest jump
What counts as the lowest BASE jump? The footage of Baumgartner's jump from Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio can be found on youtube. He jumps from the height of 29 meters above the ground, but the statue stands atop of a mountain and the descent on the parachute continues along the mountain side well below the base of the statue. Is there any agreed upon way to calculate the height of the jump in such situations? Or does the record have any official status? Ngfio (talk) 12:37, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:BASE jumping


text:
Oliver Belmont

Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont (November 12, 1858 – June 10, 1908) was an American banker, socialite, and politician who served one term as a United States Representative from New York from 1901 to 1903.

Belmont was a member of the banking firm of August Belmont and Co., New York City. He became publisher of the Verdict, a weekly paper.

Early life
Belmont was born on November 12, 1858, in New York City, New York. Oliver's father was August Belmont, a Hessian Jew who came to the United States in 1837 as an agent for the Rothschilds, and accumulated enormous personal wealth. The oldest race in the Triple Crown, the Belmont Stakes, is named for August. His mother, Caroline Slidell, née Perry, was the daughter of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, who was renowned for commanding the naval expedition that opened Japan in 1853–54. His maternal great-uncle and namesake was Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, the victor of the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813.

Belmont attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He entered the United States Naval Academy at the age of 14 in 1874. He graduated one year late, near the bottom of his class, in June 1880. He was commissioned as a midshipman and served for one year, resigning as a Cadet-Midshipman in June 1881 while serving on the USS Trenton.

Career
Belmont was a member of the banking firm of August Belmont and Co., New York City. He became publisher of the Verdict, a weekly paper.

Belmont served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1900, and was elected as a Democrat from New York's 13th District to the Fifty-seventh Congress serving from March 4, 1901, until March 3, 1903. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1902.

Belcourt

Oliver received a huge inheritance when his father died in 1890. Oliver was a bachelor at the time of his father's death and decided to build a summer house in Newport. Richard Morris Hunt was the architect for Oliver's Newport mansion, Belcourt. Belmont designed Belcourt as he pleased. Hunt was hesitant with the design of Belcourt, but he concentrated on his guiding principle that it was his client's money he was spending. The first floor had stables and carriage areas incorporated into the main structure in order to accommodate Belmont's prized horses. The monumental Gothic rooms with their huge stained-glass windows were emblazoned with the Belmont coat of arms.

Memberships
Belmont was an early member of The Lambs, elected in 1887. He was a charter member of the Rhode Island Society of the Sons of the Revolution in 1896. He was eligible for membership in the Society by right of his descent from Captain Christopher Raymond Perry who served as a privateer in the American Revolution.

Personal life
In 1882, without his parents' consent, Oliver proposed marriage to debutante Sara Swan Whiting, a popular and beautiful socialite. His parents, August and Caroline Belmont, objected to the engagement, thinking Oliver was not mature enough for marriage because of his gambling and playboy lifestyle. As a result, he was sent to Bremen, Germany, to learn the banking trade from the Rothschild family, where his father had been trained. Oliver became dissipated and developed a penchant for absinthe. When Mrs. Belmont realized his decline, she agreed to the marriage. Oliver Belmont married Sara Swan Whiting in Newport, Rhode Island, on December 27, 1882, at her family home, "Swanhurst".

The newlyweds traveled to Paris for their honeymoon, where they were joined several weeks later by Sara's mother and two older sisters. Oliver, having originally agreed to the visit, now objected. He took to frequenting gambling houses and brothels, drinking absinthe to escape the situation. His personality was affected by the absinthe and he had a violent and abusive argument with his new wife, leaving her terrified. Oliver abandoned her in Paris and was later seen in Bordeaux, traveling with a French dancer. Shamed and heartbroken, Sara and the Whiting family returned to America. In April, Sara realized she was pregnant with Oliver's child, but the two divorced and he was prevented from seeing the child. Natica Caroline Belmont (1883–1908) was born on September 5, 1883. Oliver disowned her, claiming that she was not his daughter and not a Belmont heir. Sara remarried; Natica was adopted by her stepfather, former Assistant Secretary of State George Lockhart Rives and took his last name. Natica became a prominent New York socialite. In 1907, Natica married Williams Proudfoot Burden, brother of James Abercrombie Burden, Jr.

Belmont remarried on January 11, 1896, to Alva Vanderbilt, the ex-wife of his good friend William K. Vanderbilt. He had been a friend of the Vanderbilts since the late 1880s, having accompanied them on at least two long voyages aboard their yacht the Alva. According to scholars, it seemed obvious that he and Alva were attracted to one another upon their return from one such voyage in 1889. After his death, Alva took on the new cause of the women's suffrage movement.

Death
Oliver Belmont died on June 10, 1908, at his Brookholt estate in East Meadow, New York, from appendicitis. He was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx. His mausoleum, designed by Richard Morris Hunt, is an exact replica of the Chapel of St. Hubert at Château d'Amboise in France and features a set of Renaissance-inspired painted glass windows designed by artist Helen Maitland Armstrong. His second wife, Alva Belmont, was buried alongside him after her death in 1933.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oliver Belmont


text:
Ross County F.C.

Ross County Football Club is a professional football club based in Dingwall, Scotland. The club currently play in the Scottish Premiership, being promoted after winning the Scottish Championship in the 2018–19 season.

Prior to the 1994–95 season Ross County played in the Highland Football League, a competition they won three times. They have also won the Scottish First Division, Scottish Championship, Second Division, Third Division (once each) and the Challenge Cup on three occasions. In 2010, they reached the Scottish Cup Final, and in 2016 they won the Scottish League Cup. Nicknamed The Staggies, County's colours are dark blue, red and white.

History
The club was formed in 1929 in what was then Ross and Cromarty after the previous local club from the North of Scotland Junior League Dingwall Victoria United (the 'Dingwall Vics') successfully applied for Highland Football League membership. The club was subsequently renamed Ross County. Playing in the Highland League from 1929, they won the championship on three occasions, first in 1967, then in 1991 and 1992. They also gained a reputation for their good performances in the early rounds of the Scottish Cup, upsetting league teams on eight occasions. The most notable of these upsets came on 8 January 1994, when they won 4–0 at Forfar Athletic, and were elected to the Scottish Football League three days later.

At the beginning of season 1994–95 the Scottish Football League was restructured into four tiers, and, following a vote on 11 January 1994, County were allocated one of the two vacancies in the new 10-club Division Three. County gathered 57 votes. They were joined by a new club created as a result of a merger of two teams to form Inverness Caledonian Thistle, who amassed 68 votes.

In 1998–99, Ross County were crowned Champions of the Third Division and thereby won promotion to the Second Division, where they finished in third place. This resulted in promotion to the First Division thanks to a reorganisation of the League, with the Premier League being expanded from ten clubs to twelve. After seven seasons in the First Division Ross County were relegated back to the Second Division in 2006–07. They won the Second Division in 2007–08, and were promoted back to the First Division. Ross County finished their first season back in the First Division in 8th place.

Their manager for a very short spell until October 2005, was former Inverness and Hearts manager John Robertson. He left the club on 24 October 2005, due to differences of opinion on a number of fundamental issues with the chairman. Gardner Spiers, a former Aberdeen coach, was appointed caretaker manager, but he too left in April 2006 after being told he would not be considered for appointment on a permanent basis. Director of Football George Adams took temporary charge before former Motherwell player Scott Leitch was appointed on 18 April 2006. Ross County won their first ever nationwide trophy when they won the Scottish Challenge Cup in November 2006 on penalties with Jason Crooks scoring the deciding spot kick on his competitive debut. Leitch, after winning the Challenge Cup but suffering relegation, stood down at the end of the 2006–07 season, almost exactly one year after his appointment. Former Partick Thistle manager Dick Campbell was announced as his replacement in May 2007. However, after a good run of results to start their Division 2 campaign, Campbell and the Ross County board decided to part company on 2 October 2007. Derek Adams (son of George Adams) took over as caretaker, and was confirmed as permanent manager a month later after the side's good form continued. County again reached the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup in 2008. They played Airdrie United at McDiarmid Park. Unlike two years previously, County lost in a penalty shootout where four penalties were missed. Ross County also reached the Challenge Cup final in April 2011 in which they beat Queen of the South 2–0.

In November 2010 Derek Adams left to become Colin Calderwood's assistant at Hibernian. Former Celtic player Willie McStay was appointed as his replacement in November 2010. McStay's tenure was short – lasting only 9 games. Jimmy Calderwood was then appointed until the end of the 2010–11 season. In May 2011, it was announced that Derek Adams was to return as manager.

On 23 March 2010, they defeated Scottish Premier League club Hibernian 2–1 in a Scottish Cup quarter-final replay at home at Victoria Park. In the semi-final, they played Celtic on Saturday 10 April 2010. In one of the biggest upsets in cup history, Ross County won 2–0 at Hampden Park and reached the final of the Scottish Cup for the first time in their history. More than 7,000 Ross County fans travelled to Glasgow to watch the game.

In the 2010 Scottish Cup Final on 15 May 2010, County lost 0–3 to Dundee United at Hampden Park. The match was watched by more than 17,000 Ross County fans.

Ross County secured promotion to the Scottish Premier League for the first time on 10 April 2012 when their nearest rival to the title Dundee failed to beat Queen of the South. During this push to promotion, Ross County embarked on a 40-game undefeated run in league football, which continued into the Scottish Premier League. The run was ended by St Johnstone on 22 September 2012. The Staggies parted company with George and Derek Adams on 28 August 2014 following a poor start to the 2014–15 campaign. Jim McIntyre was appointed manager on 9 September 2014, with Billy Dodds as his assistant.

On 13 March 2016, Ross County won their first ever major trophy when they beat Hibernian 2–1 in the final of the 2015–16 Scottish League Cup. The team's fortunes declined after this success, and they were relegated at the end of the 2017–18 season.

The club secured an immediate return to the Scottish Premiership after a 4–0 win at home to Queen of the South on 26 April 2019 saw them lift the 2018–19 Scottish Championship.

Rivalry

Their main rivals are fellow Highlanders, Inverness Caledonian Thistle, with whom they contest the Highland derby. This, unlike many rivalries, is generally friendly as both sets of fans live and work together given their close geographic locations. Due to the geographical proximity of the clubs and despite the rivalry, Inverness CT have signed many former Ross County players over the years, including Billy Mckay, Barry Wilson, Stuart Golabek, Roy McBain, Graham Bayne, Richard Hastings, Steven Hislop, John Rankin, Andrew Barrowman, Lionel Djebi-Zadi and Don Cowie. Many former Inverness CT players have also "crossed the bridge" in the opposite direction, most notably Grant Munro, Michael Fraser, Ross Tokely and Coll Donaldson in recent years. Both Stuart Golabek and Andy Barrowman had two spells at County each, with the former also having two spells at ICT. A notable player is Iain Vigurs, who is one of (if not the first) few player(s) to cross the bridge more than twice, having spent two spells with both County and Caley Thistle.

Nickname
The club's nickname is the Staggies, taken from their badge which is a Caberfeidh, or Stag's Head. This in turn was taken from the regimental badge of the Seaforth Highlanders, the regiment in which many locals had fought and died during the Great War.

Mascot
Ross County's mascot, due to their affiliation with the stag crest of the Seaforth Highlanders, is a stag named Rosco, a play on the club's name.

Club records

 * First league goal scored: William D Herd 1994 v Cowdenbeath
 * Record all-time attendance: 8,000 approx v Rangers (Scottish Cup 28 February 1966)
 * Record league attendance: 6,590 v Celtic (Scottish Premiership 18 November 2017)
 * Record win: 11–0 v St Cuthbert Wanderers (1993–94 Scottish Cup first round)
 * Record defeat: 0–7 v Kilmarnock (1961–62 Scottish Cup third round)
 * Club record signing: £100,000 – Ross Draper from Inverness Caledonian Thistle, 9 August 2017
 * Club record sale: Undisclosed (>£300,000) – Liam Boyce to Burton Albion, 20 June 2017

League

 * First Division/Championship (second tier)
 * Winners (2): 2011–12, 2018–19
 * Second Division (third tier)
 * Winners (1): 2007–08
 * Third Division (fourth tier)
 * Winners (1): 1998–99
 * Highland Football League
 * Winners (3): 1966–67, 1990–91, 1991–92
 * North Caledonian Football League
 * Winners (2): 1965–66, 1996–97 (Reserves)

Cup

 * Scottish League Cup:
 * Winners (1): 2015–16
 * Scottish Cup:
 * Runners-Up (1): 2009–10
 * Challenge Cup
 * Winners (3): 2006–07, 2010–11, 2018–19
 * Runners-up (2): 2004–05, 2008–09
 * Qualifying Cup (North)
 * Winners (2): 1973–74, 1993–94
 * Runners-up (4): 1933–34, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1972–73
 * North of Scotland Cup
 * Winners (6): 1929–30, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1991–92, 2006–07, 2018–19
 * Highland League Cup
 * Winners (4): 1949–50, 1968–69, 1978–79, 1991–92

Youth

 * SPFL Development League (Under-20)
 * Winners (1): 2016–17

title: Ross County F.C.


text:
User:IndigoGenius/Jus cerebri electronici

New legal concept conceived by Cesidio Tallini, although not widely accepted. Also known, according to Tallini, as the Law of the server. Jus cerebri electronici states that the jurisdiction under which a server or client falls is not determined by the territory on which the server lies, or even the territory on which it was built, but by the hypercitizenship or citizenship of the owner of the server or client. Jus cerebri electronici states that the owner of the server or client exercises higher title and jurisdiction because Roman law (jus sanguinis/jus soli) doesn't apply at all to the Internet, but rather Cesidian law (jus cerebri electronici). Any territorial nation's claim to the Internet based on the location of a server or client is in fact illegitimate.

The rationale of jus cerebri electronici is actually based on international law. According to the Montevideo Convention Article 1, a state is such only if it has a territory. Non-territorial or virtual states are not true states under this Convention. Since non-territorial states are not true states according to international law, it follows that they are not proper jurisdictions either, the area to which the executive or legislative powers or laws of a government extend. Therefore computers, servers, and computer networks like the Internet are not legal jurisdictions on which the powers of the state, including powers of regulation and taxation, can legally apply.

Roman law (jus sanguinis/jus soli) in essence, which is also the basis of international law, does not apply to the Internet. If the Internet works, therefore, it is because a Higher Law is in effect, not matter (jus soli) over mind (jus cerebri electronici), but rather mind (jus cerebri electronici) over matter (jus soli). Not only does the jurisdiction of a territorial state not extend to the Internet, but over the Internet higher title is in fact exercised by the owner/programmer of the server or client, and thus the jurisdiction is that of the human mind, and whatever jurisdiction the human mind can comprehend, recognise, or understand, free from duress of any kind.

Jus cerebri electronici or the Law of the server implies that servers or clients are sovereign entities in their own right by virtue of the human minds that program and control them, and territorial governments — governed by the Law of the soil or jus soli — have no right to exercise power over them anymore than non-territorial states (e.g. micronations or Fifth World nations) can exercise power over land.

Jus cerebri electronici shows what has been known for a long time by Western civilisation: the province of the territorial state is territory, and territory alone. States have no jurisdiction over the human mind, or over extensions of the human mind, such as computers and networks.


text:
William Henry Playfair

William Henry Playfair FRSE (15 July 1790 – 19 March 1857) was a prominent Scottish architect in the 19th century who designed the Eastern, or Third, New Town and many of Edinburgh's neoclassical landmarks.

Life
Playfair was born on 15 July 1790 in Russell Square, London to Jessie Graham and James Playfair. His father was also an architect, and his uncles were the mathematician John Playfair and William Playfair, an economist and pioneer of statistical graphics. After his father's death he was sent to Edinburgh to be educated by his uncle John Playfair. He went on to study at the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1809. He was first articled to the architect William Stark and when Stark died in 1813, he went to London.

In the 1830s Playfair is listed as living at 17 Great Stuart Street on the prestigious Moray Estate in Edinburgh's West End. This is not a building of his own design, but is by his rival James Gillespie Graham.

Playfair joined the Free Church following the Disruption of 1843, losing his right to burial in the parish churchyard.

Playfair took David Cousin under his wing and was responsible for the latter part of his training.

Freemasonry
Playfair was Initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in Lodge St David, No.36, (Edinburgh, Scotland) on 18 January 1815.

Death
Playfair died in Edinburgh on 19 March 1857, and is buried in the "Lord's Row" on the western wall of Edinburgh's Dean Cemetery, where he designed monuments for others, including Lord Jeffrey.

Major works
Two of his finest works are the neoclassical buildings of the National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy which are in the centre of Edinburgh. The Playfair Project, completed in 2004, joined the two historic buildings with an underground link. Many of his architectural drawings are held by the University of Edinburgh Heritage Collections.

Timeline of major projects

 * 1817 Appointed architect to complete design work on the Old College, University of Edinburgh, on the basis of his proposals to complete the plans originated by Robert Adam. The building was completed around 1831.
 * 1818 Commissioned to design Dollar Academy: the original building which he created is now known as the Playfair Building
 * 1818 City Observatory, Calton Hill
 * 1820 East New Town (Calton Hill), Edinburgh (including Regent, Carlton and Royal Terraces), built between 1821 and 1860
 * 1821–24 Royal Terrace, East New Town, Edinburgh only completed in 1860
 * 1822 Commissioned by the Institution for the Encouragement of Fine Arts in Scotland. The building was opened in 1826 and is now the Royal Scottish Academy Building, Edinburgh
 * 1823 Royal Circus, New Town, Edinburgh
 * 1824 in collaboration with Charles Robert Cockerell, designed an exact replica of the Parthenon which was to be built on top of Calton Hill as the National Monument, Edinburgh. Due to lack of investment it was never finished.
 * 1825 Regent and Carlton Terraces, East New Town, Edinburgh, completed in the 1830s
 * 1826 John Playfair Monument, (he was William Henry's uncle), Calton Hill, Edinburgh
 * 1827 – 1828 St Stephen's Church, St Stephen's Place, Silvermills, Edinburgh
 * 1829 Drumbanagher House, Armagh (demolished); London Road Gardens, Edinburgh
 * 1830 – 1832 For the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Surgeons' Hall, Nicolson Street, Edinburgh
 * 1831 Dugald Stewart Monument, Calton Hill, Edinburgh
 * 1835 Kirknewton House, West Lothian
 * circa 1837 renovations to Floors Castle, outskirts of Kelso, Scottish Borders
 * 1846 – 1850 New College, Edinburgh
 * 30 August 1850 Prince Albert laid the foundation stone of the National Gallery of Scotland, adjacent to The Royal Scottish Academy.
 * 1851 Donaldson's College, Edinburgh
 * 1859 National Gallery of Scotland opened to the public two years after Playfair's death.

title: William Henry Playfair


text:
Kenneth Mopeli

Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli (20 September 1930 – 1 October 2014) was the former Chief Minister of the South African bantustan of QwaQwa.

Born in Namahadi, Mopeli earned a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) at the University of South Africa in 1954 and worked as a teacher and radio announcer for the South African Broadcasting Corporation before being nominated for membership of the QwaQwa Territorial Authority.

Mopeli founded and led the Dikwankwetla Party to victory at the 19 May 1975 QwaQwa elections and subsequently become Chief Minister of QwaQwa. He spent much of his time as Chief Minister confronting the South African government over various issues, most significantly over demands for more territory to be annexed to QwaQwa, and could boast of South Africa acquiescing to his demands, with some adjoining land (albeit small) added to the bantustan.

During his period of Chief Minister, Mopeli oversaw the foundation of the University of Qwa Qwa which in 2003 was incorporated as a campus of the University of the Free State, the soccer stadium Charles Mopeli Stadium and the Mofumahadi Manapo Mopeli Hospital was built and opened during his time in office.

Described as "rotund, avuncular and unbending" by one observer, Mopeli ruled QwaQwa until 26 April 1994 when the bantustan was reintegrated into South Africa.

Dr. Mopeli died at the age of 84 on 1 October 2014, at Mofumahadi Manapo Mopeli Hospital after a long struggle with cancer.

title: Kenneth Mopeli


text:
User talk:Leperflesh

Feel free to leave me messages here. I don't log in all that often (once every few years).

--Leperflesh 18:55, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leperflesh


text:
Stirling Albion F.C.

Stirling Albion Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the city of Stirling. The club was founded in 1945 following the demise of King's Park after World War II. The club currently competes in Scottish League Two as a member of the Scottish Professional Football League. Its highest league position came in 1958–59 with a 12th-placed position in the top flight. Its only major success is in the league where it has won the second tier of Scottish football on four occasions, the last coming in 1964–65. The club has more recently competed in the third or fourth tier following league re-construction in 1975 and 1994.

Stirling's home ground is Forthbank Stadium, a 3,808 capacity stadium in the east of the city near the banks of the River Forth. Before the stadium was opened in 1993, the club was based at Annfield Stadium which had been the home of the club since it was founded in 1945.

Origins
Stirling Albion was founded in 1945 after the town's previous football team King's Park had failed to survive the Second World War. King's Park's ground (Forthbank) had been damaged during the war, having been hit by a German bomb on 20 July 1940. This was one of only two bombs to fall on the town during the Second World War.

The new club was the brainchild of local businessman Thomas Fergusson, a local coal magnate, and he purchased the Annfield estate to build a new stadium. Annfield was situated within a quarter of a mile from the town centre and would be the home of The Binos until 1992.

The name 'Albion' supposedly came from the make of Fergusson's coal trucks. This however is an urban myth. Albion Coal lorries were used as grandstands but the club was named at a meeting of fans long before a ball was kicked. (Reference, Stirling Journal Newspaper, 1945.) The name Albion was chosen because it was an old word for Great Britain and held meaning for the founder.

The yo-yo years
Between 1946 and 1968, the club gained a reputation as a club that was too good for the lower league but never quite good enough to establish themselves in the top flight, being relegated and promoted several times, hence the club's nickname of The Yo-Yos. For a time it was a saying in Scotland that something or somebody was "going up and down like Stirling Albion". In 1966 the club became the first British team to play in Japan.

The 1970–1980s
Under the vastly experienced Bob Shankly, Stirling made progress, achieving consecutive 3rd-place finishes in 1971–72 and 1972–73, narrowly missing out on promotion to the top tier.

On retiring to the boardroom, Shankly was succeeded for one season by Frank Beattie but then handpicked his long-term protege, former Albion player Alex Smith, who had been cutting his managerial teeth at Stenhousemuir. Smith's first season in 1974–75 saw the club finish 8th, three points behind Alex Ferguson's St Mirren in 6th. That slim margin would prove crucial as league reconstruction meant it was the difference between staying in the 2nd division or starting afresh in the new 3rd tier.

Over the next two seasons, Smith began a major rebuild of the playing staff that would create one of Albion's finest squads. To a core of long-standing regulars including midfielder Robert Duffin, half-back James Clark and goalkeeper George Young, he added, among others, centre-half John Kennedy from Partick Thistle, Clyde full-back James Burns and Hibernian youngsters Allan Moffat and David Steedman. Midfielder Robin Thomson and teenage winger Graeme Armstrong also arrived from non-league football.

Albion opened the 1976–77 season with a League Cup campaign that saw them nearly topple Premier Division Aberdeen in the quarter-finals, losing the first leg 1–0 at Pittodrie but then winning the return by the same score at Annfield with a Robert Gray header. The Dons won the replay at the neutral ground of Dens Park, Dundee, 2–0, before beating both Rangers and Celtic on the way to lifting the trophy. Albion went on to win the Second Division crown that season, conceding only 29 goals in 39 matches and taking the title with several games to spare.

Back in the 2nd tier, Albion finished a creditable 5th in 1977–78 and enjoyed comfortable mid-table finishes in the subsequent two seasons. However, despite consolidation on the pitch, Annfield's infrastructure was in dire need of repair and the club's cash supplies began to run low.

The 1980–81 season started memorably with a stunning 1–0 win over Celtic in the first leg of their 2nd-round League Cup tie thanks to a Lloyd Irvine goal. They took an early lead in the 2nd leg at Parkhead too with a Matt McPhee free kick, but minutes away from a famous victory, a late Tommy Burns strike took the tie to extra time. Albion were eventually overwhelmed and lost 6–2 on aggregate, a teenage Charlie Nicholas coming off the bench to grab his first two goals for the Hoops.

Following a third match against Celtic – a 3–0 defeat in the Scottish Cup in February – goals and confidence dried up and 13 games without finding the net led to relegation back to the 3rd tier. Through necessity, Albion began to cash in on the squad's better players, and Smith was given the task of developing a conveyor belt of local talent to sell on and keep Albion afloat.

George Young had already signed for Rangers for £20,000 in 1979 but the exodus began to pick up pace. Defender George Nicol went to Dundee United in 1981 and John Kennedy to St Johnstone a year later.

Three of Smith's local discoveries left in quick succession in 1983 and 1984: striker John Colquhoun to Celtic, midfielder Brian Grant to Aberdeen and Scotland youth defender John Philliben to Doncaster Rovers. Meanwhile, stalwart goalkeeper Gordon Arthur departed for Dumbarton. Despite the calibre of the players leaving, Albion maintained consistent top-half finishes and, in 1984, racked up a record 20–0 Scottish Cup victory over Selkirk, which made headlines around the world.

Following a bright start to the 1986–87 campaign, Smith was prised away to take charge of St Mirren, and his assistant George Peebles took over at Annfield. Albion finished 3rd and missed out on promotion only on goal difference.

Three more local players were poached from the club between 1986 and 1987: Willie Irvine by Hibernian and Robert Dawson and Keith Walker by their old boss at St Mirren, bringing the total revenue raised from player sales linked to the Smith era to nearly £1 million.

However, off the field, the council had decided to make as much money as possible from Annfield, and the grass pitch was considered not to be cost effective. The main stand was also demolished after being declared an unsafe building. An extra large crowd turned up in September 1987, to see Stirling play Ayr United on the first-ever game on artificial turf in Scotland.

One consequence of the pitch change was that clubs could decide not to play on the surface in cup matches, and so for the next 5 years all of Stirling Albion's home cup games were played away. With the supposed advantage of the artificial pitch not working, St Johnstone defeated the Binos by six goals on the artificial surface, Peebles was relieved of his duties and Jim Fleeting was appointed.

Fleeting was manager for six months but shook the club up and served as a launch pad for the next 10 years. When Fleeting left to manage Kilmarnock days after declaring his "loyalty to Stirling Albion, a sincere loyalty I'm proud to say", Bino's star striker John Brogan was promoted to manager and would finally lead the Binos out of Division 2 in 1991. The club went unbeaten away from home for a whole calendar year, and easily saw off the challenge of Montrose to clinch the title at Links Park on 7 April 1991.

The 1990s: between Divisions 1 and 2
The next three years in Division 1 were eventful. The club stayed up, but Annfield was no more and a new ground was built outside Stirling town centre on the banks of the River Forth. After many years playing at Annfield in the centre of the town, the team now play at Forthbank Stadium which is owned by Stirling Council.

The club was relegated to Division 2 when the structure of Scottish Football was changed again to create a four division setup. Brogan was sacked and replaced by Kevin Drinkell. Drinkell had a terrible first season in charge: by February the club were third from bottom, and after a defeat at Brechin City the fans revolted against Drinkell. Sensing he was in the last chance saloon, he quickly brought in Paul Deas and Garry Paterson who shored up the team and took them on a 10-game unbeaten run. This run lifted the club into second on the last day of the season, when a point would have secured them an immediate return to Division 1. The Binos hosted Dumbarton at Forthbank but Dumbarton won, and the Binos were resigned to another season in the second division. However, in the 1995–96 season the club went on an amazing run and had the league sewn up by Christmas, and were regularly scoring six goals in their games.

During 1996 to 1998 the club returned to the First Division. The 1996–97 season saw a respectable mid-table finish. The 1997–98 season began with good early cup form, but the club were relegated after the introduction of foreign players failed to compensate for the loss of several key players. With one game remaining, Drinkell was replaced by his assistant, former West Ham United and Scotland star Ray Stewart.

Between 1998 and 2000 the club played in the 2nd Division under the management of John Philliben. Philliben was criticised as manager after the signings he made throughout his reign. He was sacked at the end of the 1999–00 season and replaced by Ray Stewart, who returned to manage the Binos for a second time.

Recent years
The 2000–01 season saw Stirling Albion go on a run of 17 games without a win, and finished at the bottom of the Second Division and were subsequently relegated to the Third Division. The following season was equally poor as The Binos finished second bottom of the Third Division, avoiding the bottom place by the narrowest of margins – a single missed penalty. Their Scottish Cup campaign was similarly weak, with the team being knocked out by East of Scotland League team Gala Fairydean. Ray Stewart was sacked at the end of the season.

Allan Moore was appointed manager at the beginning of the 2002–03 season, and the club saw immediate improvement in its fortunes. The Binos were promoted to the Second Division at the end of the 2003–04 season, and the following season saw a respectable fourth-place finish in the league. This improvement continued into season 2005–6. Major changes to the promotion/relegation issues had been put into place, with the advent of the play-off system, but Stirling just missed out in competing in the play-offs. The following seasons the Binos went on an 18-game unbeaten run. This successful run saw the club climb to 2nd place in the Second Division, where they would finish the season, guaranteeing them a play-off place for promotion to the Scottish First Division.

Stirling Albion went into the play-offs after a run of four defeats against Stranraer, Brechin City, Ayr United and Peterhead. The Binos played Raith Rovers in the playoffs semifinals. The first game was at Starks Park, where the game finished with a goal less draw. In the second game of the tie the Binos defeated Raith Rovers at Forthbank with Chris Aitken scoring two goals and Colin Cramb scoring a third, to secure a play-off final tie with Airdrie United. In the first game of the play-off final the Binos had to come from 2 goals behind at half time, to go into the second game all square at 2 each. On Saturday 12 May 2007 the Binos travelled to Airdrie to play the final game of the season and play for promotion to Scottish Division One. The game was played in front of a shared support of 3,465 people. Stirling Albion secured the win with Robert Snodgrass two goals and Stewart Devine scoring the third goal to gain the Binos promotion from the Scottish Second Division to the Scottish First Division.

It had taken the Binos nearly ten years to return to the Scottish First Division, after dropping down to ninth in the Scottish Third Division. Slowly over the past five seasons Binos boss Allan Moore took the side from the lowest ebb in the club's recent history to gaining promotion to the Scottish First Division. However the team entered the First Division as the sole part-time team in that league and failed to sustain their position, finishing in the automatic relegation spot.

In May 2009 various groups of Stirling Albion supporters, concerned about the future ownership and viability of the club, came together in a campaign to buy the club, inspiring car stickers and postering campaign to that end.

Due to the forced relegation of Livingston, the second division for 2009–10 contained three teams from the previous years Third Division. In addition, newly relegated Clyde were forced to build a squad from scratch and were thus seen as nigh on relegation certainties. This meant the division appeared to be as weak as it had been for many a season. Stirling Albion therefore began the season as one of, if not the, favourites for the title.

A good start from Stirling saw them set the early pace and for a while they appeared to be on their way to pulling well clear of the pack. Unfortunately for the Binos a combination of poor home form and an inability to keep clean sheets saw them fall from the top of the table. The extended cold spell of weather through the early months of 2010 hit Stirling worse than any other team and soon they were as many as four games behind their promotion rivals. Defeat to Alloa in early April appeared to be a fatal blow. Soon Stirling were 15 points behind the league leading Wasps and the title looked gone. However, when all looked lost things suddenly began to turn. Eight games compressed into the final 21 days of the season saw the team come together and the gap to Alloa was reduced. As the long time leaders began to lose games the Binos consistent run of form saw them regain top spot on the penultimate weekend of the campaign. Stirling then had two chances to win the title. A dramatic 3–3 draw at Cowdenbeath knocked the Fife side out of title contention and meant only a draw was required four days later at Brechin.

An early Michael Mullen goal had Stirling in control but a Charlie King leveller and a red card for on-loan defender Brian Allison saw Stirling hearts skip a beat. However, the 10 men of Stirling held firm and earned the draw which won them their first divisional title for nearly 15-years.

In the aftermath of promotion, Stirling manager Allan Moore finally got his much sought after move into full-time football as he took charge of Greenock Morton. His replacement was John O'Neill, who stepped up from being assistant manager. Club coach Roddy Grant was appointed the new assistant manager.

On 2 July it was announced that chairman Peter McKenzie had agreed to sell his majority shareholding to the Stirling Albion Supporters Trust. Thus the BuyStirlingAlbion campaign which was launched in May 2009 had finally reached a conclusion. Stirling Albion became the first Scottish League club to be 100% owned by a fans trust.

A poor start to season 2010–11 saw John O'Neill and assistant Roddy Grant under pressure. After six straight league defeats, including three by five or more goals, the management team were let go in the wake of 6–1 drubbing at Partick Thistle on 15 January. Former Dundee and Aberdeen manager Jocky Scott replaced John O'Neill in the Stirling hot seat. Jocky was assisted by ex-Hibernian manager John Blackley. Only months after their appointment, the Binos were relegated back to the Second Division on 9 April 2011, with four games to spare. Jocky was able to finally secure his first win as Stirling Albion manager on the final day of the season in a 3–2 victory over Greenock Morton.

In the summer of 2011, the club requested a £200 payment from potential players attending 'So You Think You're Good Enough?' trials with the club, hoping to gain a contract for the 2011–12 season. Twelve of those who attended were invited back to attend pre-season training to aid their attempts to gain a contract. Despite criticism from Players' union representatives, the club announced that a further trial would take place for another 17 players hoping to secure a squad place. Two players who took place in these trials, goalkeeper Sam Filler and defender John Crawley were awarded professional contracts in July 2011.

After seven consecutive defeats between October and December 2011 Jocky Scott and assistant John Blackley left the club by mutual consent. During their period in charge the club won only 5 of 38 competitive fixtures. Defender Greig McDonald was placed in temporary charge, and after ending a losing streak was appointed full-time manager, making him the youngest in the UK at the age of just 29. Despite the appointment, Stirling Albion were relegated to the Third Division on 29 April 2012 following a 2–1 defeat to Dumbarton.

On 6 October 2012, Stirling Albion defeated Rangers while bottom of the Scottish league thanks to a Brian Allison goal. Albion then maintained their unbeaten home record against Rangers that season by earning a well deserved point in a 1–1 draw on 26 February 2013. On 9 March the club recorded a 9–1 home win against East Stirlingshire, with Jordan White scoring four goals.

In May 2014, Stirling Albion were promoted after winning the League One playoff final, beating East Fife 3–2 on aggregate. However, this spell in the higher division lasted a single season, and the club were relegated after finishing bottom in 2015. The club have remained in League Two from 2015 onwards, achieving mostly mid-table positions.

In December 2021, Stirling Albion parted ways with Kevin Rutkiewicz who had managed the club since October 2018.

In December 2021, Stirling Albion appointed Darren Young as the new first team manager.

Honours
League
 * Scottish second tier (currently Scottish Championship)
 * Champions (4): 1952–53, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1964–65
 * Runners-up (2): 1948–49, 1950–51
 * Scottish third tier (currently Scottish League One)
 * Champions (5): 1946–47, 1976–77, 1990–91, 1995–96, 2009–10
 * Runners-up (1): 2006–07
 * Play-off winners (1): 2006–07
 * Scottish fourth tier (currently Scottish League Two)
 * Champions (1): 2022–23
 * Runners-up (1): 2003–04

Club records

 * Record victory: 20–0 v Selkirk, Scottish Cup, 8 December 1984
 * Record defeat: 0–9 v Dundee United, Division One, 30 December 1967; and 0–9 v Ross County, Scottish Cup, 6 February 2010
 * Record attendance at Annfield Stadium: 26,400 v Celtic, Scottish Cup, 11 March 1959
 * Record attendance at Forthbank Stadium: 3,808 v Aberdeen, Scottish Cup, 15 February 1996
 * Most appearances: Matt McPhee – 556 (1967–1981)
 * Top goalscorer: Billy Steele – 129 (1971–1983)

Coaching staff

 * Manager: Alan Maybury
 * Assistant manager: Vacant
 * Goalkeeping coach: Calum Erskine
 * Football operations support: Andy Kennedy
 * Kitman: Ian McIntyre

Source:

title: Stirling Albion F.C.


text:
Talk:Kenneth Mopeli

Untitled
In case people are wondering, I did not make up "Dikwankwetla Party" as some juvenile joke. Aparrently, it means "strong men" (or similar) in the local language. --Roisterer 22:31, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC) Don't you mean Sesotho? It's more than just a "local" language... Zyxoas (talk to me - I'll listen) 16:00, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kenneth Mopeli


text:
Stranraer F.C.

Stranraer Football Club is a Scottish semi-professional football club based in the town of Stranraer in Dumfries and Galloway. The club was founded in 1870, making it the third-oldest football club in Scotland behind Queen's Park and Kilmarnock and one of the 20 oldest in the world. The club currently competes in Scottish League Two as a member of the Scottish Professional Football League.

They have won the Scottish Second Division on two occasions, most recently in 1997–98, as well as coming runners-up in 2004–05 and 2014–15. Their only national cup final came in 1996, when the club defeated First Division champions St Johnstone 1–0 in the Scottish Challenge Cup final.

Stranraer's home ground is Stair Park, which has the capacity to seat around 1,830 spectators and a total of including standing. The ground was opened in 1907 and is located in the east of Stranraer.

History
Stranraer were founded in 1870 and play their football at Stair Park. Most of Stranraer's football was played under Southern Counties auspices until, in 1949, the club was admitted to C Division where they came up against the reserve sides of the established league clubs. However they had taken part in the Scottish Cup since their debut in the national tournament in 1877–78. In 1955 C Division was abolished and the Blues found themselves in B Division and playing first team league football. They would remain in the bottom tier until their first-ever promotion eventually arrived under the club's legendary manager Alex McAnespie in 1993–94.

With the league reformation at the end of the 1993–94 season, champions Stranraer found themselves leapfrogging six relegated teams and playing in the new First Division in season 1994–95, finishing last, with only 17 points from 36 games. With Campbell Money at the helm Stranraer spent three seasons in the Second Division before winning promotion back to the First Division at the end of the 1997–98 season. Once again, they finished bottom of the league, with the same points total as before and 29 defeats. During that season a notable league win was secured at Easter Road against Hibernian. During Money's reign the club lifted the Scottish League Challenge Cup, defeating St Johnstone 1–0 at Broadwood on 3 November 1996. Saints' Danny Griffin was the unfortunate scorer of an own goal.

The club, now under the management of Billy McLaren, then spent a further four years in the Second Division, with the most notable event being a strong Scottish Cup run in season 2002–03, which saw them go to the quarter finals, where they were beaten 4–0 by SPL side Motherwell. However, the team's cup run did not reflect their league form, as they finished ninth in the Second Division, and thus were relegated to the Third Division for season 2003–04. The team's fortunes improved from there as, under Neil Watt, they won the Third Division at the first attempt, gaining promotion back to the Second Division. In season 2004–05, the team stayed in the top two for most of the campaign. A 1–1 draw with closest promotion rivals Morton on 30 April 2005 saw them gain promotion to the First Division for the third time, although they were relegated to the Second Division the following season after finishing ninth and losing out in the play-offs to Partick Thistle.

The team had a largely unsuccessful campaign in 2006–07, with heavy defeats by relegation rivals Peterhead and Forfar Athletic. They finished ninth, which resulted in a play-off with Third Division promotion contenders East Fife. A 4–2 aggregate defeat (despite winning the second leg 1–0) saw them relegated to the Third Division.

On 21 January 2009, club chairman Nigel Redhead stated that Stranraer owed £250,000, and had a 50–50 chance of survival to the end of the season. In response, on 22 January 2009, a small consortium launched the Friends of Stranraer F.C. to try to secure the club's future through donations from the football community at www.savestranraerfc.com. On 23 January 2009, as part of efforts to reduce costs to a manageable level, key player Gregory Tade transferred to Clyde. On 24 January 2009, Stirling Albion defeated Stranraer 8–2. Shortly after the game, Stranraer and team manager Derek Ferguson parted company by mutual consent and Keith Knox took over the reins. On 4 April 2009, after a 3–0 loss to Raith Rovers, Stranraer's relegation to Division Three was confirmed, meaning the club had played in a different division for each of their last eight seasons.

On 23 July 2011, they lost 8–0 to Morton in a Ramsdens Challenge Cup game. A year later, they lost 8–0 at home again, this time in the Scottish League Cup against Livingston.

The 2012 financial problems of Scottish Premier League side, Rangers, and the subsequent decision by SPL clubs to expel Rangers from the SPL, led to Scottish Football League member clubs voting Rangers into the Third Division. This meant that an additional team from each tier of Scottish football was promoted for the 2012–13 season. As Stranraer were runners up in the previous season's third division promotion play-offs, they were promoted to the Second Division. They secured their place in the third tier of Scottish football after a 2–1 win at Stenhousemuir on the final day of the season, but only after Stephen Aitken had taken over from Knox in October.

The club then settled well in the third tier under manager Stephen Aitken, finishing third behind full-time Rangers and Dunfermline Athletic in 2013–14 and second behind full-time Morton the following season. Stranraer's Boxing Day draw at Ibrox in 2013 saw the club scoring their first goal against Rangers and taking their first point off the Glasgow club. In both of these seasons, however, they were knocked out of the promotion play-offs at the semi-final stage. During this spell the club also performed well in the cups – defeating Ross County in the League Cup, taking Inverness to a Scottish Cup replay, and only losing out on penalties to Livingston in the semi-final of the Petrofac Challenge Cup. Aitken impressed to the extent that he was recruited by Championship side Dumbarton in May 2015 and was quickly replaced by former Ayr United manager Brian Reid. Stranraer started the 2015–16 season horrendously and were bottom of the table at Christmas. A great run afterwards, however, saw them finish 4th and qualify for the promotion play-offs for a third successive season.

This was the seventh time Stranraer had taken part in a relegation/promotion play-off in only 11 years of the system's implementation. They failed to achieve their target in the first six times, although in 2008 and 2012 they eventually achieved promotion as losing finalists because of another club's misfortune. In the semi-finals they faced Livingston, who had finished 9th in the Scottish Championship. They were victorious 5–2 at Stair Park but two late goals for Livingston in the second leg made it 6–6 on aggregate (away goals not counting in the playoffs), forcing extra time. Stranraer scored twice to lose the match 4–3 and win 8–6 on aggregate. They faced Ayr United in the two-legged finals for a place in the second tier.

Stranraer drew 1–1 with Ayr in the first leg at Stair Park, with a late goal from Ayr's Ross Docherty to deny Stranraer a first-leg advantage. The second leg finished 0–0 with the game being decided on penalties, Ayr winning 3–1 and being promoted ahead of Stranraer.

2016–17 also started dreadfully for Stranraer and, following a 1–0 January defeat at Stenhousemuir which saw the hosts leapfrog the Blues at the foot of the table, Reid departed to be replaced by Stephen Farrell as manager.

Stranraer had a poor 2023–2024 season, finishing bottom of Scottish League Two and facing East Kilbride in a two-legged promotion/relegation play-off. A 2–2 draw away from home meant that Stranraer needed to win at Stair Park to avoid dropping into non-league football. A 3–1 extra-time win sparked a pitch invasion from 1,800 Stranraer supporters, their largest support in almost a decade.

Records

 * Most league points in a season:
 * 58 (Second Division – 1993–94) (two points for a win)
 * 79 (Third Division – 2003–04) (three points for a win)
 * Most league goals scored by a player in a season
 * Derek Frye 27, 1977–78
 * Record attendance
 * 6,500 vs Rangers, 24 January 1948
 * Record victory
 * 9–0 versus St Cuthbert Wanderers, 2010 (Scottish Cup) and vs Wigtown, 2011 (Scottish Cup)
 * Record defeat
 * 1–11 versus Queen of the South, 1932

In 1990, Stranraer became the first side to win a Scottish Cup tie on penalties, defeating Kilmarnock 4–3 after a 0–0 draw in the second round replay.

The club hold the record for a shirt sponsorship deal. Stena Line have been on the front of the shirts since the start of 1996–97 season (and Sealink from 1988 to 1989). As the Sealink brand was renamed Stena Line, as of the start of the 2023–24 season the club's sponsor has remained the same for over 35 seasons, making it one of the longest-standing sponsorships in world football, and the current longest unbroken sponsorship record in UK football.

League
° Reserve Team
 * Scottish Second Division: (third tier)
 * Winners (2): 1993–94, 1997–98
 * Runners-up (2): 2004–05, 2014–15
 * Scottish Third Division: (fourth tier)
 * Winners (1): 2003–04
 * Runners-up (1): 2007–08
 * South of Scotland Football League:
 * Winners (16): 1948–49, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1981–82, 1982–83 and 2018–19°

Cups

 * Scottish Challenge Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1996
 * Scottish Qualifying Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1937–38
 * Runners-up (1): 1946–47

Coaching staff

 * Manager: Scott Agnew
 * Assistant manager: Scott Robertson
 * Goalkeeping coach: Jim Low
 * Head of youth development: Allan Jenkins
 * Club doctor: Yusuf Rushdi
 * Groundsman: Colin Agnew

title: Stranraer F.C.


text:
Antenna analyzer

An antenna analyzer or in British aerial analyser (also known as a noise bridge, RX bridge, SWR analyzer, or RF analyzer) is a device used for measuring the input impedance of antenna systems in radio electronics applications.

In radio communications systems, including amateur radio, an antenna analyzer is a common tool used for fine tuning antenna and feedline performance, as well as troubleshooting them.

Antenna bridges have long been used in the broadcast industry to tune antennas. A bridge is available which measures complex impedance while the transmitter is operating, practically a necessity when tuning multi-tower antenna systems. In more recent times the direct-reading network analyzers have become more common.

Types of analysers
There are several different instruments of varying complexity and accuracy for testing antennas and their feed lines. All can also be used to measure other electrical circuits and components (at least, in principle).
 * The simplest is an SWR meter, which only indicates the degree of mismatch; the actual mismatched impedance must be inferred by measuring several nearby frequencies and performing a few simple calculations. The SWR meter requires a transmitter or signal generator to provide a few watts power test signal.
 * An antenna bridge is able to measure at low power, but also requires a supplied test signal; depending on the bridge circuit, it can be used to measure both reactance and resistance by reading values marked on knobs that have been adjusted for a match.
 * The noise bridge and network analyzers both supply their own very low-power test signals; both are able to measure both resistance and reactance, either by calculation or by reading knobs adjusted for a match. Modern analyzers directly display resistance and reactance, with the calculations done internally by a microprocessor.

Antenna bridge
A bridge circuit has two legs which are frequency-dependent complex-valued impedances. One leg is a circuit in the analyzer with calibrated components whose combined impedance can be read on a scale. The other leg is the unknown – either an antenna or a reactive component.

To measure impedance, the bridge is adjusted, so that the two legs have the same impedance. When the two impedances are the same, the bridge is balanced. Using this circuit it is possible to either measure the impedance of the antenna connected between ANT and GND, or it is possible to adjust an antenna, until it has the same impedance as the network on the left side of the diagram below. The bridge can be driven either with white noise or a simple carrier (connected to drive). In the case of white noise the amplitude of the exciting signal can be very low and a radio receiver used as the detector. In the case where a simple carrier is used then depending on the level either a diode detector or a receiver can be used. In both cases a null will indicate when the bridge is balanced.

Complex voltage and current meters
A second type of antenna analyzer measures the complex voltage across and current into the antenna. The operator then uses mathematical methods to calculate complex impedance, or reads it off a calibrated meter or a digital display. Professional instruments of this type are usually called network analyzers.

Modern analyzers do not require the operator to adjust any $C$ and $R$ knobs as with the bridge-type analyzers. Many of these instruments have the ability to automatically sweep the frequency over a wide range and then plot the antenna characteristics on a graphical display. Doing this with a manually-operated bridge would be time-consuming, requiring one to change the frequency and adjust the knobs at each frequency for a match.

High and low power methods
Many transmitters include an SWR meter in the output circuits which works by measuring the reflected wave from the antenna back to the transmitter, which is minimal when the antenna is matched. Reflected power from a badly tuned antenna can present an improper load at the transmitter which can damage it. The SWR meter requires about 5–10 watts of outgoing signal from the radio to register the reflected power (if any), and then only indicates the relative degree of mismatch, not the reactive and resistive impedance seen at the end of the antenna's feedline.

A complex-impedance antenna analyzer typically only requires a few milliwatts of power be applied to the antenna, and typically provides its own signal, not requiring any test signal from a transmitter. Using a low-power test signal avoids damaging the analyzer when testing a badly-matched antenna. In addition, because its signal power is very low, the analyzer can be used for frequencies outside of the transmit bands licensed to its operator, and thus measure antenna performance over an unrestricted range of frequencies.

title: Antenna analyzer


text:
Volkswagen 1-litre car

The Volkswagen XL1 (VW 1-litre) is a two-person limited production diesel-powered plug-in hybrid produced by Volkswagen. The XL1 car was designed to be able to travel 100 km on 1 litre of diesel (1 l/100 km), with a fully charged battery, while being both roadworthy and practical. Without using electric, the XL is able to travel 100 km on 2 litres of diesel. To achieve such economy, it was produced with lightweight materials, a streamlined body and an engine and transmission designed and tuned for economy. The concept car was modified first in 2009 as the L1 and again in 2011 as the XL1.

A limited production of 250 units began by mid 2013 and pricing started at €111,000 (~ GB£119,000). The Volkswagen XL1 plug-in diesel-electric hybrid was available only in Europe and its 5.5 kWh lithium-ion battery delivered an all-electric range of 50 km, had a fuel economy of 0.9 L/100 km under the NEDC cycle and produced emissions of 21 g/km of. The XL1 was released to retail customers in Germany in June 2014.

2002 VW 1-litre model
The prototype VW 1-litre concept car was shown to the public in April 2002 when Ferdinand Piëch, then chairman of the board of management, drove the concept between Wolfsburg and Hamburg as part of the Volkswagen annual meeting of stockholders.

For aerodynamics, the car seats two in tandem, rather than side-by-side. There are no rear view mirrors and it instead uses cameras and electronic displays. The rear wheels are close together to allow a streamlined body. The total aerodynamic drag is minimal because both the drag coefficient and frontal area are small (see drag equation). The drag coefficient (Cd) is 0.159, compared to 0.30 - 0.40 for typical cars.

The external dimensions of the car are 3.47 m long, 1.25 m wide and 1.10 m tall. There is 80 L of storage space. The car features an aircraft-style canopy, flat wheel covers and an underbelly cover to smooth the airflow. The engine cooling vents open only as needed.

For light weight, the car uses an unpainted carbon fibre skin over a magnesium-alloy subframe. Individual components have been designed to be low weight, including engine, transmission, suspension, wheels (carbon fibre), brakes (aluminium), hubs (titanium), bearings (ceramic), interior, and so on. Empty vehicle weight is 290 kg.

The body and frame are designed with crush/crumple zones and roll-over protection, and the tandem seating means large side crush zones. Volkswagen claims protection comparable to a GT racing car. The car has anti-lock brakes, airbags with pressure sensors, and stability control.

The engine is a one-cylinder 299 cm3 diesel producing just 6.3 kW. It drives through a six-speed transmission that combines stick-shift mechanics, weight, and drive efficiency with automatic convenience and efficiency controls. There is no clutch pedal. The gear selection (forwards, reverse or neutral) is made using a switch on the right-hand side of the cockpit. The engine is switched off automatically during deceleration and stops, and auto-restarted when the acceleration pedal is pressed.

According to Volkswagen, the vehicle consumes 0.99 L/100 km, giving it a 650 km driving range on one tank of fuel.

At the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show senior VW exec Ferdinand Piëch claimed the car would be available by the end of the decade.

Around June 2008 car magazines were reporting a powerplant change to a two-cylinder diesel-electric hybrid. Volkswagen only expected the car to be a limited production run, and prices were expected by one industry insider to be between €20,000 and €30,000.

2009 VW L1 model

The second Volkswagen 1-litre car, named L1, was first shown to the public at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. Limited production of the VW L1 was expected to start in 2013 but with the announcement of the XL1 in 2011 this was considered unlikely.

The L1 continues the two-seater tandem concept first shown in the 2002 1-litre concept. It has a curb weight of 381 kg, with a low coefficient of drag of 0.195. It is 3.813 m in length, 1.143 m tall and 1.2 m wide. Frontal area is 1.02 m2, giving a drag area (CdA) of 0.199 m2.

It uses one half of a 1.6-litre TDI engine in a hybrid installation. The 800 cm3, twin-cylinder, common-rail turbodiesel is joined by a 10 kW electric motor and has a emission 39 g/km. The engine operates in two modes: "eco" mode, giving 20 kW, and "sport" mode giving 29 kW. The electric motor provides extra acceleration and can power the L1 on its own for short distances. Volkswagen claimed the L1 can achieve a top speed of 158 km/h, with 0 – acceleration in 14.3 s.

2011 VW XL1 model
The XL1 is the third iteration of the Volkswagen 1-litre car, unveiled at the 2011 Qatar Motor Show. The diesel plug-in hybrid prototype is branded as a "Super Efficient Vehicle" (SEV).

According to Volkswagen, the XL1 can achieve a combined fuel consumption of 0.9 L/100 km and emissions of 24 g/km. Like the L1, the XL1 uses a two-cylinder turbo-diesel. Displacing 800 cm3, it is rated at 35 kW and 121 Nm of torque and transmits power to the rear wheels through a seven-speed DSG transmission. The electric motor pitches in with 20 kW and 100 Nm of torque, and can work in parallel with the diesel or drive the car independent of it. Fully charged, the XL1 can travel up to 35 km on electric power.

The XL1 has a curb weight of 795 kg, and a (a similar drag coefficient to the General Motors EV1 electric car). Frontal area is 1.5 m2 giving a m2. Just 23.2% of the car (184 kg) is made out of either steel or iron; the drivetrain weighs 227 kg. The XL1's length and width are similar to the Volkswagen Polo, with a length of 3970 mm and width of 1682 mm. However, the car is much lower with a height of only 1184 mm, and has a coupe-like roofline, reducing interior volume. The design incorporates butterfly doors, with the interior seating layout using a staggered side-by-side arrangement similar to a Smart Fortwo, rather than the previous versions' tandem seating.

Performance credentials include a governed top speed of 158 km/h, with acceleration to 100 km/h in 11.9 seconds.

Production version
In February 2012, Volkswagen confirmed that it would build a limited series of XL1s starting in 2013. The production version of the plug-in diesel-electric hybrid was unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show.

As with the 2011 concept XL1, it is powered by an 800 cm3 two-cylinder diesel engine with 35 kW and a 20 kW electric motor. The combined power output is 51 kW and torque is 140 Nm. Power is delivered to the rear wheels through a seven-speed dual-clutch gearbox. The wheels are fitted with low rolling resistance tyres sized 115/80 R15 (front) and 145/55 R16 (rear). The drag coefficient has increased slightly from 0.186 to 0.189. The production version delivers an all-electric range of 50 km, in addition to a 10-litre fuel tank which allows for over 400 km of real-life driving until the car needs to be refueled.

In February 2013, Volkswagen announced that it expected the XL1 to achieve a fuel consumption of 0.9 L/100 km and emissions of 21 g/km of. The test cycle allows for a re-charge of the battery every 75 km which results in a high mpg value.

Using diesel alone the car is capable of up to 2.0 L/100 km. One reviewer found that, in real-life traffic, with air conditioning on and without attempts at hypermiling, the car is able to reliably achieve 2.3 L/100 km.

Production and sales
Production began by mid 2013 and was limited to 250 units. A total of 50 units had been built by early September 2013, and the remaining 200 XL1s were scheduled to be built in the second quarter of 2014. Prices started at €111,000. The XL1 was available in Europe only. Retail deliveries began in Germany in June 2014.

Of the 250 units to be produced, 200 were to be sold to retail customers. Volkswagen opened a registration process for interested customers that closed on 18 October 2013. Because more than 200 potential buyers registered, a drawing was conducted to select the customers with a purchase option for the available cars. They were offered a purchase contract and after the payment of a €20,000 deposit, the purchase agreement for an XL1 was binding.

Reception
The Volkswagen XL1 was selected in February 2014 as one of the top five finalists for the 2014 World Car of the Year.

title: Volkswagen 1-litre car


text:
Conroe

Conroe may refer to:
 * Conroe, Texas
 * Conroe (microprocessor), the code name for the first desktop processor to be based on the Core microarchitecture, sold as Intel Core 2 Duo, Xeon, Pentium Dual-Core and Celeron.

title: Conroe


text:
Royal Scottish Academy Building

The Royal Scottish Academy building, the home of the Royal Scottish Academy, is an art museum in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is situated at the junction of The Mound and Princes Street in the centre of the city. It was built by William Henry Playfair in 1822-6. Along with the adjacent National Gallery of Scotland, their neo-classical design helped to transform Edinburgh into the cityscape known as "the Athens of the North". Today the structure is a Category A listed building.

History

The building was originally proposed by the Scottish Board of Manufactures and Fisheries in 1821 to provide shared accommodation for three separate cultural organisations: the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts and a museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. The building was known as the Royal Institution from 1826 to 1911.

The Royal Institution building was designed by the noted Scottish architect William Henry Playfair and built in 1822-6. According to the antiquary James Grant, 2000 piles were driven into the ground to stabilise the foundations on the site above the Nor Loch. The construction works are depicted in an 1825 painting by Alexander Nasmyth, in which Playfair can be seen supervising the erection of the fluted Doric columns.

In 1826, a group of artists broke away from the Royal Institution after disagreements over its policies, taking the name of the Scottish Academy. From 1835, the group leased gallery space in the Royal Institution building to mount exhibitions of its growing art collection, and in 1838 the group received a royal charter and became the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA). One of its key aims was to found a national art gallery for Scotland, and this was realised in 1859, when a new gallery building was built by Playfair, the National Gallery of Scotland, adjacent to the RI building. The building housed RI's collection of Old Master paintings along with the RSA collection.

In 1831–6, the Board of Manufactures and Fisheries extended the Royal Institution.

At the end of the 19th century, the Society of Antiquaries relocated its museum to new premises on Queen Street (the building that now houses the Scottish National Portrait Gallery), while the Royal Society moved to 22-24 George Street, and in 1907, the Royal Institution moved to the new Edinburgh College of Art. In 1911, the RSA, which had been sharing space in the National Gallery building since 1859, was granted permanent tenancy of the old RI building and the right to hold its annual exhibition there. The building became known as the Royal Scottish Academy, a name it retains to this day. The former RI building was remodelled in 1911-12 by William Thomas Oldrieve, with the addition of new galleries on the upper level.

Today, the Royal Scottish Academy Building is managed by National Galleries Scotland but a 1910 Order grants the RSA permanent administration offices in the building.

Architecture
The RSA building is designed in the neo-classical style, modelled on a Greek Doric temple. The rectangular structure is faced with sandstone ashlar stone from Culallo, Fife, and Craigleith. It is surrounded by a colonnade of fluted Doric columns on a stylobate. A Doric entablature runs above the columns, consisting of a sculpted acanthus frieze with triglyphs. The north and south elevations are fronted by prostyle octastyle porticoes surmounted by large pediments decorated with scrolled foliate carving. The east and west sides feature smaller pedimented projections.

The north portico on the Princes Street side is topped by a large statue of Queen Victoria styled as Britannia, sculpted by Sir John Steell (Playfair's original drawings indicate that a Britannia statue with a reclining lion was originally intended for the building). Each of the four corners of the building is topped by a pair of carved stone sphinxes, also by Steell.

In 2003 railings (lost in World War II) together with a series of traditional lamps, were restored around both the Academy and the National Gallery behind, isolating each building from the public space here.

In the 2010s, the RSA building was refurbished as part of the £32 million Playfair Project, and linked to the Scottish National Gallery by a subterranean public area to create a single, integrated arts complex with an additional entrance in Princes Street Gardens.

Exhibitions
Exhibition space is shared throughout the year by the RSA with the NGS and other exhibiting societies: the Society of Scottish Artists, Visual Arts Scotland and the Royal Society of Watercolourists.

title: Royal Scottish Academy Building