text:
Georgia State Route 316

State Route 316 (SR 316), also known as University Parkway, or Georgia 316, is a 38.9 mi state highway that exists in the northern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It links the Atlanta metropolitan area with Athens, home of the University of Georgia.

The first 5 mi of the state highway is a freeway, but the rest of the route is at-grade with traffic signals with the exception of its junction with SR 81 east of Bethlehem.

Despite SR 316 being concurrent with US 29 for most of its route, the road is nearly always referred to by its state route designation, while US 29 is usually associated with its original route.

SR 316 could possibly be extended as a freeway from its Buford Drive exit to the Athens Perimeter on its current route, intersecting roads like Winder Highway (US 29 Business), Sugarloaf Parkway (current interchange), SR 81 (Loganville Highway), SR 53 (Hog Mountain Road), and US 78/SR 10 (current interchange).

Gwinnett County
SR 316 begins at an interchange with Interstate 85 (I-85) exit 106, west of Lawrenceville. The route heads east, and then northeast, to interchanges with SR 120, Riverside Parkway, Sugarloaf Parkway, and Collins Hills Road/SR 20/SR 124, all in Lawrenceville. Then the route becomes an at-grade highway. Northeast of the city is a major intersection: US 29/SR 8 come in from the west and intersect SR 316. At the intersection, SR 8 continues to the northeast, concurrent with US 29 BUS, while SR 316 has a concurrency with US 29. From then on, the speed limit is raised from 55 to 65 miles per hour. GA 316 continues to head east into rural Gwinnett County. Next, there is an interchange with the Sugarloaf Parkway freeway extension. The last major intersection is at Harbins Road. Finally, the road heads over the Appalachee River into rural Barrow County.

Barrow County
South of Winder, the two routes meet SR 81 at an interchange. To the east, at Bethlehem, is an intersection with SR 11. Then they encounter SR 53 southeast of Winder and at Statham they intersect SR 211.

Oconee County
Southeast of Bogart, the two routes intersect US 78/SR 10, which come in from the southwest. At the intersection, SR 10 continues to the northeast, concurrent with US 78 BUS, while the US 78 mainline joins the US 29/SR 316 concurrency. US 29/US 78/SR 316 intersect SR 10 Loop/SR 422 (Paul Broun Parkway/Athens Perimeter Highway) southwest of Athens. Here, SR 316 has its eastern terminus, while US 29/US 78 join SR 10 Loop/SR 422 in a concurrency to the east.

History
The first portion of the highway was completed as a freeway to Lawrenceville in 1960, after the city was bypassed by I-85. With the subsequent expansion of Atlanta into its eastern suburbs, travel between the capital and Athens became increasingly difficult as highways US 29 and US 78 were both routed through multiple business districts. Over the next decades, the state completed SR 316 in sections, weaving along the original route of US 29 in order to bypass communities and business districts, including Winder and the congested Atlanta Highway in Athens. On October 22, 2020, the highway's junction with SR 81 was upgraded to an interchange. The project to upgrade the junction cost 26.4 million dollars.

Gwinnett junction with I-85
In 2006, the Georgia Department of Transportation upgraded the interchange of I-85 and SR 316 with new bridges and collector/distributor (C/D) lanes involving Pleasant Hill Road, Boggs Road, and State Route 120. By utilizing one of these flyover bridges, drivers travelling westbound on SR 316 can access Pleasant Hill Road independently from I-85 southbound traffic. Another flyover built carried two new lanes of traffic going towards Atlanta on I-85 from SR 316. An HOV-only lane was converted to an express lane in 2011.

Future
SR 316 is scheduled to receive a number of improvements resulting in the entire route becoming a limited-access highway. This includes projects at SR 53 and SR 11. A new interchange at Harbins Road opened in 2022.

title: Georgia State Route 316


text:
Talk:Light-dependent reaction

Untitled
destiny
 * Yes. :) Bryan 04:56, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

photophosphorylation = Light-dependent reaction?
For some reason, the photophosphorylation article is re-directed into Light-dependent reaction article. The two, in my opinion are not the same and therefore shouldn't be linked. The former is more tightly related to plants, while the later can in fact be applied even to photovoltaic cells (solar cells)

 * It would be a good idea to expand the Light-dependent reaction article to include non-biological examples of this, but keep the redirect (as otherwise it would just be duplication of content). Or perhaps it would be better to turn the light-dependent reaction page into a disambiguation page. Thoughts? Talrias 10:35, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Photovoltaic cells do not phosphorylate anything. There's more to the light reactions than photophosphorylation, but the redirect seems appropriate to me.  dsws 02:27, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Is NADPH considered as stored energy?
Just wondering, because all the sources I found so far states that it is just a reducing agent (but it did not say it's not an energy store). But isn't it also chemical energy then?

---NADPH is also an energy storing molecule, yes.

Step 7
curious as to why it says "SENS RULE!!" after number 7 in the steps section... it could be vandalism considering i've never heard of any such thing and i doubt it has anything to do with the calvin-benson cycle.Annie 02:23, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

--- it was vandalism, so i removed it.

Cyclic photophosphorylation
I think this discription contains a mistake stating: "passes from the primary acceptor to ferredoxin, then to a complex of two cytochromes (similar to those found in mitochondria), and then to plastoquinone before returning to chlorophyll". It is supposed to be plastocyanin that carries the electrons back to the PS1, isn't it?

 * jeah, you are totally right. Ferredoxin can't gives electons to cytochrome b6f. I fixed it. (Kasper90 (talk) 01:03, 4 January 2009 (UTC))

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:00, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Light-dependent reaction


text:
Solana

Solana is the Spanish word for the "sunny side" of a mount or valley. It may refer to:

Places

 * La Solana, a municipality in Castile-La Mancha, Spain
 * Solana, Cagayan, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Solana de Ávila, a municipality in Castile and León, Spain
 * Solana de los Barros, a municipality in Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
 * Solana de Rioalmar, a municipality in Castile and León, Spain
 * Solana del Pino, a village in Ciudad Real, Spain
 * Solana, Florida, United States
 * Solana State Forest, Minnesota United States; see List of Minnesota state forests
 * Solana Beach, California, United States
 * Solana Beach Transit Center, an Amtrak station in Solana Beach, California
 * Solana, the main galaxy in the Ratchet & Clank series that Ratchet and Clank are from.
 * Solana Valley, a valley in Aragon, Spain

Other uses

 * Solana (surname)
 * Solana (automobile), a Mexican cottage manufacturer of sporting cars
 * Solana (blockchain platform)
 * Solana, the female protagonist of the Pokémon Ranger video game
 * Solána Imani Rowe (born 1989), American singer known professionally as SZA
 * The Groovy Girls doll line, by Manhattan Toy, features a doll named Solana

title: Solana


text:
Razorlight

Razorlight are an English indie rock band, formed in 2002 in London by lead singer and guitarist Johnny Borrell. Along with Borrell, the current line-up of the band is composed of founding members Björn Ågren on guitar and bassist Carl Delemo, as well as drummer Andy Burrows. This lineup is a reunion of the lineup from the band's second and third albums.

The band have gone through several line-up changes, with Borrell remaining the sole permanent member. They released three studio albums before splitting up in 2014. The band reformed in 2017 and released the album Olympus Sleeping in 2018.

They are best known for the singles "Golden Touch", "Somewhere Else", "In The Morning" and "America", the latter of which was a number-one single on the UK Singles Chart in 2006.

Formation and early years (2002–2003)
The band was formed in 2002 by Johnny Borrell, after having performed across London with the likes of The Libertines as a solo acoustic singer-songwriter. It is often reported that Borrell was a member of the Libertines, but Carl Barat has since revealed that he was just taught the bass lines for four songs to play for a showcase for Rough Trade Records and failed to turn up for it and never played with the band live. Borrell first enlisted Swedish-born guitarist Björn Ågren via an advert in the NME, who then introduced fellow-Swede bassist Carl Dalemo to Borrell. They rehearsed in east London for six months before playing their first gig on 17 September 2002 at Dingwalls in Camden, London supporting the Von Bondies. Former NME journalist Roger Morton, who had been managing the band from the beginning, began looking to get the band into a recording studio and a session was booked at Liam Watson's Toe Rag Studios to record early versions of the tracks Rip It Up, Rock 'n' Roll Lies and In the City. The results of these sessions gained radio play on the John Kennedy Show on XFM who described the band as being "the best unsigned band in Britain", and led to A&R attention. Following a bidding war to sign the band, they signed to Mercury Records.

Up All Night (2004–2005)
The band released their debut album Up All Night on 28 June 2004, reaching number 3 in the UK album charts. The critical reception was generally positive, receiving good reviews from NME, Q magazine and Billboard. Drummer Shïan Smith-Pancorvo left the band in April and was replaced by Andy Burrows the following month. Up All Night was re-issued in April 2005, including the stand-alone single Somewhere Else as a bonus track, and peaked at Number 2. In July 2005, the band performed at Hyde Park, London as part of the Live 8 series of concerts. However, the band came under fire for being the only band to not donate their extra revenue to charity. The band subsequently claimed that due to their "fledgling status", they were unable to make such a commitment.

Razorlight contributed the song "Kirby's House" to the War Child charity album Help!: A Day in the Life. A shorter alternative version of the song was included on the band's second album, Razorlight.

In the midst of their first American headlining tour in support of Up All Night, Razorlight created a stir in Denver, Colorado, when they stormed off stage five songs into their set during a show at the Larimer Lounge. After stumbling around stage, frontman Borrell shouted into the microphone "I'm going to kill myself now," and ran off the stage. The band's official statement stated that he was suffering from stagefright.

A later laryngitis infection led to the cancellation of the Los Angeles date of the tour.

Razorlight (2006–2007)
Razorlight debuted several new songs from their forthcoming second album live on 30 March 2006 at the Albert Hall in London, as part of Teenage Cancer Trust concerts, organised by Roger Daltrey. On 2 July, they played to a sold-out Hyde Park Calling, where they performed before The Who. The band went on to play on the beach opposite Brighton's West Pier on 12 July in a free concert as part of a Vodafone TBA event broadcast on Channel 4.

Razorlight released their second album Razorlight on 17 July 2006, in the United Kingdom and it debuted at No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart a week later. It received mixed reviews, Q magazine giving it a rare 5/5 rating, whilst Pitchfork Media gave it 2.8/10. The lead single from the album, In the Morning was released as a single on 3 July 2006, which peaked at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart. To date, it is their third biggest single after Somewhere Else, which peaked at No. 2, and America, which peaked at No. 1. It also reached No. 2 on iTunes. In 2007, Razorlight were nominated for two BRIT Awards – one for Best British Band and the other for Best Song, America. They were also nominated for two NME Brit Awards for Best Band and Best Album.

Razorlight supported Queen + Paul Rodgers on 15 July, in front of 60,000 people. This gig had been rescheduled following the July 2005 London bombings. In December of the same year, they supported Oasis, at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium. They also supported The Rolling Stones in Cologne and Paris. The band played their biggest tour to date in October–November 2006 and also supported Richard Ashcroft at the Lancashire County Cricket Club on 17 June. They headlined Reading on 24 August, and Leeds on 25 August 2007. They also played the Main Stage on 19 May in Preston for Radio 1's Big Weekend alongside bands such as Kasabian and Kaiser Chiefs. On 7 July 2007, Razorlight performed at both the UK leg of Live Earth at Wembley Stadium, London and T in the Park. In November 2006 the band were hospitalised after traces of radioactive poisoning were detected on their plane. Their British Airways return flight from Moscow was a scheduled route used by Russian ex-spy Alexander Litvinenko. The same month they supported the Mando Diao "Ode to Ochrasy Tour" in Germany.

Slipway Fires and Burrows' departure (2008–2009)
Razorlight were due to perform for BBC Children in Need 2008, but were forced to cancel due to Borrell suffering with vocal problems. The band made a donation to the charity. After months of working on new material, some of which was written by Borrell on the island of Tiree in the Inner Hebrides, Razorlight released their third studio album, Slipway Fires, on 3 November 2008 with the lead single, Wire to Wire, released on 20 October 2008. The second single from the album, Hostage of Love, however, received little commercial attention and failed to enter the charts. As a result, a planned third single Burberry Blue Eyes was cancelled. Borrell later stated that the album was their weakest, and that the "album was just about greed – that's the only way I see that record". He added that after writing songs in the Inner Hebrides "I came back to London and the label had already booked studio time even though I wasn't really confident in the songs. The songs I wrote came from this place of total mental breakdown and they were shoe-horned into a pop album, which just didn't work. I was very conscious that I didn't tell anyone in the band what I thought about their part of a song, because I couldn't face the consequences of saying that and the tantrums that would ensue".

On 5 March 2009, it was announced that Andy Burrows had quit the band to "pursue other musical ventures". Johnny Borrell stated that although "over the last two albums and five years Andy has been an integral part of Razorlight and we will miss him", the band would continue. Burrows initially claimed that his time with the band had been "an amazing experience", but later went on to state that he "hated being in the band. Johnny and I didn't get on. Now I've got my freedom. He never wanted people to know that we both wrote songs". A well publicised fight between Borrell and Burrows occurred in 2006 at the Hawley Arms in Camden, London over songwriting credits for the song America with it being reported that Burrows was the main songwriter of the song. In 2019, Burrows revealed that he had bumped into Borrell in central London three years prior and was "brushed off". He stated that Borrell "acted like I was a stranger, it was the weirdest thing. I think I went off and got extremely drunk, but felt very weird for a couple of days… it was almost like seeing a ghost". In 2016, Borrell admitted that the band were collaborative and that Burrows had helped shape the sound of the second album, stating that "I rate the drummer Andy Burrows. He was a great drummer with a melodic ear – but if you want to figure out who was taking Razorlight in which direction, then maybe have a listen to what we're each doing now. I'm playing psychedelic blues-tango, and his stuff is so middle of the road it's got more white lines than Liam Gallagher in 1997".

Following Burrows' departure, the band enlisted David 'Skully' Sullivan Kaplan as a temporary replacement to fulfil live commitments, and soon became an official member. He had previously worked for the band's booking agent. With a top 5 album and single in Germany, the band toured America, Australia and Europe before returning to the UK for shows in May at The O2 and Manchester Evening News Arena followed by UK festivals. Towards the end of the album tour cycle, the band previewed the new song Dr. Boushitan at several German gigs.

Aborted fourth album, Dalemo and Ågren's departure and hiatus (2009–2019)
In December 2009, Borrell revealed that the band were working with Steve Lillywhite and Dave McCracken on a new album and that they were eager to get the new songs out "soon". However, a UK and Europe tour of December 2010 featured an unannounced new band line-up. The band previewed several new tracks on tour, including Vertical Women and If It Bleeds.

On 26 January 2011 it was officially announced that Dalemo and Ågren had left the band, having "agreed on an amicable parting following unproductive early recording sessions for a new album late last year". The duo were replaced by guitarist Gus Robertson and bassist Freddie Stitz The new line-up was officially revealed on 26 January 2011 via a new press photo. The photo was widely mocked on social media. Borrell responded that "if people were laughing, then good! You shouldn't change what people ridicule you for, because in reality it's your strength".

The new line-up of the band, with Borrell as the only original member, toured the UK and Europe in September and October 2011. The band played several festivals including Get Loaded in the Park on Clapham Common on Sunday 12 June, Guilfest on 16 July 2011 and Shakedown Festival in Brighton on 17 September 2011. The band also headlined OsFest in Shropshire on 3 June 2012, Splendour Festival in Nottingham on 21 July 2012, Bingley Music Live on 1 September 2012 and The Big Feastival the next day on 2 September 2012.

In May 2011, Borrell revealed that the new band line-up were continuing work on the fourth album, and that they were "really gelling as a band and a group of people and we're really enjoying working together. There's a really good atmosphere, it feels great, really, really good. There are some songs coming together. But it'll be ready when it's ready". The band were set to work with either former Suede guitarist Bernard Butler or Steve Lillywhite producing. In October 2012, Kaplan confirmed that they had completed the album and were waiting to mix it. He revealed further song titles, Good To Be Dead, Boys and Reveal Yourself.

However, on 27 March 2013, Borrell announced that Razorlight was to be put on hold whilst he prepared to release solo material. Borrell later revealed that Mercury refused to release the album, stating that the band "really felt we had a record that we wanted to put out, but my label was very fractured and it was very hard to communicate with them. The label was focused on having a super-mega hit".

In July 2013, he released his debut solo album Borrell 1 via Stiff Records. The album sold poorly, with the record label releasing a statement poking fun at the fact that it sold only 594 copies in its first week of release. When questioned about the statement, Borrell responded that he "had almost no knowledge of that statement and I'm not sure who put it out or even what it said. My manager told me that it was really weird and, yeah, it was really weird" and that "labels are scum".

Following the commercial failure of the solo album and despite the hiatus announced the previous year, Razorlight began playing numerous festival through 2014 and 2015, such as Y Not Festival, Tartan Heart Festival, Festival Internacional de Benicàssim and Volksfest in Plymouth. On 4 June 2014 at the Electric Ballroom in Camden, Razorlight played on the tenth anniversary of their debut album. João Mello, an 18-year-old Brazilian who played saxophone on Borrell's solo project, played bass.

Olympus Sleeping and return of Ågren, Burrows and Dalemo (2018–present)
While announcing his new solo single My World, Your Life on 3 May 2018, Borrell also announced that a new Razorlight album would be released that year. The album was released on 25 October, titled Olympus Sleeping. Four songs were immediately released with promo videos, along with the announcement of a UK tour. Borrell stated that the album "was about embracing English indie guitar pop". The song Good Night was previously played live in 2013 prior to the hiatus with Kaplan receiving a songwriting credit.

The new line-up featured guitarist David Ellis (who co-wrote several of the songs on the album and also appeared on Borrell's solo single My World, Your Life), bassist Harry Deacon (formerly of Kid Wave) and drummer David Kaplan.

Although drummer David Kaplan appeared in press shots for the album and toured in support of it, the album was recorded with drummer Martin Chambers. Borrell met Chambers at a David A. Stewart birthday gig and asked him if he'd like to play on the new album. Ellis and Borrell shared bass duties on the album. Kaplan left the band sometime in mid-2019. In July 2019, the band released the stand-alone single Cops & Robbers, which featured Borrell on drums.

In November 2019, it was announced that original guitarist Björn Ågren had rejoined the band and would be taking part in the December 2019 tour. The duo were joined by keyboardist Reni Lane, bassist Ben Ellis and drummer Mat Hector. Ellis and Deacon left the band sometime prior to the tour. In 2020, the band released the single "Burn, Camden, Burn", which was recorded in 2009. It features on the Apple TV series Trying.

In April 2021, the band announced the return of the original lineup, featuring Borrell and Ågren, as well as Andy Burrows and Carl Dalemo with a livestreamed concert to be held on 2 June 2021.This marked the first appearance of the classic lineup in over a decade.

In an August 2021 interview, Carl Dalemo told local Swedish newspaper Nya Lidköpings-Tidningen that the band had been working on new music since April. Dalemo added that with him living in Sweden, and COVID-19 complicating travel, he was not able to make it to some of the gigs during early summer. With the reformed lineup, Razorlight released a greatest hits album with two newly-recorded tracks in 2022 and underwent a UK tour in spring 2023, culminating with a show at Hammersmith Odeon in London. The show was relocated from Brixton Academy after the venue was closed due to the fatal concert crush in December.

Awards and nominations
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" | Award ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Category ! scope="col" | Nominee(s) ! scope="col" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref. ! scope="row" rowspan=2|Brit Awards !scope="row"|Eska Music Awards ! scope="row" rowspan=2|Muso Awards ! scope="row" rowspan=6|NME Awards ! scope="row" | Silver Clef Awards
 * rowspan=2|2007
 * British Group
 * Themselves
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * British Single of the Year
 * "America"
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * 2007
 * Best Rock Band
 * rowspan=1|Themselves
 * Won
 * rowspan=2|2005
 * Best Album
 * Up All Night
 * Won
 * rowspan=2|
 * Best Drummer
 * Andy Burrows
 * Won
 * Won
 * rowspan=3|2005
 * Best New Band
 * rowspan=2|Themselves
 * Won
 * rowspan=3|
 * Best Live Band
 * Nominated
 * Best Track
 * "Golden Touch"
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|2007
 * Worst Band
 * Themselves
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|Worst Album
 * Razorlight
 * Nominated
 * 2009
 * Slipway Fires
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * 2009
 * Slipway Fires
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * 2005
 * Best Newcomer
 * Themselves
 * Won

Band members
Current
 * Johnny Borrell – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, piano (2002–present)
 * Björn Ågren – guitars, keyboards, piano, percussion (2002–2010, 2019–present)
 * Carl Dalemo – bass, keyboards, piano (2002–2010, 2021–present)
 * Andy Burrows – drums, backing vocals (2004–2009, 2021–present)
 * Reni Lane – keyboards (2019–present)

Former
 * Shïan Smith-Pancorvo - drums (2002–2004)
 * Freddie Stitz – bass (2010–2014)
 * Gus Robertson – guitar (2010–2017)
 * João Mello – bass (2014–2018)
 * David Sullivan Kaplan – drums (2009–2018)
 * David Ellis – guitars (2017–2019)
 * Harry Deacon – bass (2018–2019)
 * Ben Ellis – bass (2019–2021)
 * Mat Hector – drums (2019–2021)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Up All Night (2004)
 * Razorlight (2006)
 * Slipway Fires (2008)
 * Olympus Sleeping (2018)

title: Razorlight


text:
Mayport (Jacksonville)

Mayport is a small community located between Naval Station Mayport and the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. It is part of the Jacksonville Beaches communities. The only public road to Mayport is State Road A1A, which crosses the St. Johns River Ferry to Fort George Island. On June 3, 1909, through action of the state legislature, Mayport was incorporated as a city.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Mayport has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Mayport was 103 F on July 19–20, 1986, June 20, 1990, July 31, 1990, and June 23, 2022, while the coldest temperature recorded was 8 F on January 21, 1985.

title: Mayport (Jacksonville)


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Talk:Tetraodontiformes

True or false: this term comes from Greek tetra- meaning 4. 66.245.94.89 01:03, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, but the entire word would mean "four toothed shapes", the odous being Greek for "tooth" and forma being Latin for "shape". This is an allusion to the structure of the puffers' beak-like jaws, which are actually modified jawbones and not teeth. There are visible sutures which divide the beaks into "teeth", and counting these is a way of distinguishing the families. For example the porcupinefish (Diodontidae, "two-toothed") and three-toothed puffers (Triodontidae). I think I'll add that to the article. -- Hadal 02:39, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I did a major rewriting and expansion of the article the other day. I hope it's more illuminating, now. -- Hadal 04:26, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tetraodontiformes


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Anak Tomb No. 3

Anak Tomb No. 3 is a chamber tomb of Goguryeo located in Anak, South Hwanghae, North Korea. It is known for mural paintings and an epitaph. It is part of the Complex of Koguryo Tombs.

It was discovered in 1949 with valuable treasures stolen, but murals in good condition.

Epitaph and its interpretation
The Anak Tomb No.3 is one of few Goguryeo tombs that have epitaphs so that their dates can be determined. Its seven-lined epitaph contains the date 357, the personal name Dong Shou (冬壽), his title, his birthplace and his age at death. Accordingly, some scholars generally regard this site as the tomb of Dong Shou. The inscription of Dong Shou relates that he was a general from the Xianbei state of Former Yan in Liaodong (modern Liaoning, China), who fled to Goguryeo in 336 and was given a position in the former territory of the Lelang commandery. Chinese scholar Yeh Pai who deciphered the inscription in 1951 and published his findings in North Korea's Institute of Archeology report and argued that the man was the same Dong Shou, a refugee from Liaodong who fled the Xianbei invasions in 337, as the one who appeared in two Chinese histories, the Chin shu and Tzu-chih t'ung-chien. Yeh Pai's conclusions were accepted in the 1958 formal Korean report; however some Korean scholars still maintained that the tomb belongs to King Mi-chon. While K. H. J. Gardiner and Wonyong Kim believe this to be a Chinese tomb of excellent quality, North and other South Korean scholars believe that Dong Shou was an emigre official. Moreover, the quality of these paintings and the size of the tomb indicate that it is a royal tomb of Koguryo—a theory advocated recently by Hwi-joon Ahn and Youngsook Pak. North Korean scholars claim that it is the mausoleum of King Micheon or King Gogugwon.

The epitaph reflects a complex situation in which Dong Shou, and Goguryeo, were put. He claimed various titles including "Minister of Lelang" and "Governor of Changli, Xuantu and Daifang." It is not clear whether these titles were given by the Eastern Jin or just self-designation. Scholars associate one of his title "Minister of Lelang" with the title "Duke of Lelang", which was bestowed on King Gogugwon by Murong Jun of the Former Yan in 354.

Murals
The Anak Tomb No. 3 is the host to multiple famous mural paintings, each giving a greater insight to the life and hierarchy of the Goguryeo people. It contains two portraits, one on the front wall of the west side chamber and one on the southern wall, portraying a man and a woman, respectively. Scholars have disputed the owner of this tomb and thus the identity of people portrayed in these murals; because of the epitaph, many believe that the images depict Dong Shou, a refugee from Former Yan, and his wife, while others believe that the person depicted was the Goguryeo king, King Gogukwon. The man in the mural is shown to be sitting upright and is flanked by other men who are smaller than him. He is dressed in red silk clothes with a white kwan over a black inner kwan and is staring straight out with an impersonal expression. The painting of the woman resides on the southern wall of the tomb, next to that of the man, and her sitting position is slightly turned in to face him. The woman also wears an impersonal expression, but with a notable face shape; her face, as well as the faces of the women who flank her, is round and full, different from the typical facial structure of the Goguryeo people, who had long and oval faces. The woman is however wearing Chinese set of attire called guiyi, which is a multi-lap swallow-tail clothing; this reflects Chinese influences in the tomb and may indicate the clothing style worn in the Chinese six dynasties. The woman's hairstyle is identical to the hairstyle in Northern Wei.

The next mural in this tomb is a procession scene and resides in the corridor. It contains 250 people, including the owner of the tomb who is sitting in a cow-pulled wagon. Other Goguryeo people displayed in this mural include members of a marching band, flag bearers, maids and civil officials. The large number of people suggests the high social status of the owner. It is also important to note the seemingly identical, impersonal facial structure of the people included in this scene. This can be attributed to the fact that at the time when this mural was developed, the expression of individuality was not yet a developed technique in Goguryeo paintings.

The inside of the eastern chamber contains a colorful mural illustrating the typical life of the Goguryeo people. The scene includes a kitchen, a meat storage room, a barn, a carriage shed, and household staff, along with other commonplace features. This mural allows scholars to analyze the daily rituals of the Goguryeo culture, and gain insight on what the house of the tomb's owner may have looked like.

title: Anak Tomb No. 3


text:
Kirkham Priory

The ruins of Kirkham Priory are situated on the banks of the River Derwent, at Kirkham, North Yorkshire, England. The Augustinian priory was founded in the 1120s by Walter l'Espec, lord of nearby Helmsley, who also built Rievaulx Abbey. The priory was surrendered in 8 December 1539 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Legend has it that Kirkham was founded in remembrance of l'Espec's only son who had died nearby as a consequence of his horse being startled by a boar. The area was later used to test the D-Day landing vehicles, and was visited by Winston Churchill. The ruins are now Grade I listed and a scheduled monument in the care of English Heritage.

Gatehouse ruins
The Gatehouse of Kirkham Priory, built c. 1290–95, is a specimen of English Gothic medieval architecture. It is a rare survival of such a gatehouse, comparable to that of Butley Priory in Suffolk. It has a wide arch of continuous mouldings with a crocketed gable running up to the windows, with sculptures of St George and the Dragon on the left, and David and Goliath to the right. Above the arch is Christ in a pointed oval recess, plus two figures below of St Bartholomew and St Philip, in niches. There are also many escutcheons with the armorials of the various benefactors of the Priory, including the arms of de Ros, Scrope, de Forz, Vaux, FitzRalph & Espec (3 cart-wheels, each with 6 spokes).

 * Azure, a bend Or.svg Arms of Scrope: Azure, a bend or
 * Seal 1 WilliamDeForz 4thEarlOfAlbemarle Died1260.jpg Arms of de Forz
 * CoA Gilbert de Clare.svg Arms of de Clare
 * Blason fam uk Ros (selon Gelre).svg Arms of de Ros

Burials

 * Sir William de Ros (b. before 1200 – d. ca. 1264/1265), father of Robert de Ros, 1st Baron de Ros.
 * Robert de Ros (died 1285)
 * William de Ros, 1st Baron de Ros
 * William de Ros, 2nd Baron de Ros
 * Ralph Greystoke, 5th Baron Greystoke

Preparation for D-Day landings in the Second World War
During the Second World War, the priory was used by the military in training for what became the largest seaborne invasion in history, the D-Day landings which took place on 6 June 1944. Amongst units moved to Kirkham were the British 11th armoured division, the aim being to give drivers experience of manoeuvring and to test various waterproofing compounds and to gain experience with equipment to be used in the landings. Tanks, jeeps and other military vehicles destined for the landings were put through their paces at the priory and on the banks of the River Derwent. Troops made use of the high wall of the Western Cloister in training with scrambling nets, which they would subsequently use to make their way from the main transport ships into the smaller landing craft during the invasion. Prime Minister Winston Churchill and King George VI visited the priory in secret to monitor preparations, an indication of Kirkham's significance as a training ground.

title: Kirkham Priory


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User:C. Pascoe

Articles I wrote:
 * Modernism and postmodernism
 * Computers in postmodernity

title: User:C. Pascoe


text:
User:Mike Storm/sandbox

Sphacteria
Sphacteria is the island on which the Battle of Sphacteria took place. It helps to form Navarino Bay, Greece.

New section link
(add new)

title: User:Mike Storm/sandbox


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rung Sat Special Zone

Rung Sat Special Zone was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Blatant copyvio, and after the copyrighted material was deleted it's not even really worth an article. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 01:14, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: The history shows the former content, and it was out of context, with little to establish any notability for it at all.  Geogre 02:03, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. I don't see how this could be expanded to warrant its own article. My vote: Delete Skyler
 * Delete. Nothing of any use at all on the article site. ScottyBoy900Q 20:59, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Orange City

Orange City may refer to:

 * Orange City, Florida, United States
 * Orange City, Iowa, United States
 * City of Orange, New Jersey, United States
 * Orange, Vaucluse, France
 * Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, nicknamed "Orange City"
 * Bhawani Mandi, Rajasthan, India, nicknamed "Orange City"
 * Hiwarkhed (Orange City), Amravati District, Maharashtra, India
 * Warud, Maharashtra, India, nicknamed "Orange City"

title: Orange City


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Orange Grove

Orange Grove may refer to:

General

 * An orchard of cultivated orange trees, in the United States often called an orange grove

Australia

 * Orange Grove, New South Wales
 * Orange Grove, Western Australia

South Africa

 * Orange Grove, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg

By state

 * Orange Grove Boulevard (Pasadena), a major thoroughfare in southern California
 * Orange Grove Court, a bungalow court listed on the NRHP in Pasadena, California
 * Orange Grove Plantation (Daytona Beach, Florida), significant in history of Daytona Beach, Florida
 * Orange Grove Plantation House (Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana), former Gothic Revival mansion in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
 * Orange Grove Plantation House (Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana), listed on the NRHP in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana
 * Orange Grove, Mississippi, an area within the city of Gulfport, Mississippi
 * Orange Grove Plantation (Saint Helena Island, South Carolina), listed on the NRHP in Beaufort County, South Carolina
 * Orange Grove (Dalzell, South Carolina), historic house on the NRHP in Sumter County, South Carolina
 * Orange Grove, Texas, a town in Jim Wells County, Texas
 * Orangegrove, United States Virgin Islands, on Saint Croix
 * Orange Grove, United States Virgin Islands, on Saint Croix

title: Orange Grove


text: Category:Lamas

title: Category:Lamas


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Orange Lake

Orange Lake may refer to:

 * Orange Lake, Florida, an unincorporated community
 * Orange Lake (Florida), the body of water for which the above community is named
 * Orange Lake, New York, a hamlet and census-designated place
 * Orange Lake (New York), the body of water for which the above community is named

title: Orange Lake


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Juve the Great

Juve the Great is the sixth studio album by American rapper Juvenile. The album was released on December 23, 2003, by Cash Money Records, Universal Music Group and UTP Records. It was Juvenile's last album on the Cash Money label. The album was certified platinum July 20, 2004, becoming his third album to do so, after 400 Degreez and Tha G-Code.

Juve the Great includes the hit single "Slow Motion" featuring Soulja Slim, who was shot dead almost a month before the album's release, which topped the Billboard Hot 100. It became the most successful single for both artists and made Soulja Slim one of the only artists to top the charts posthumously.

Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

Sample credits
 * "Bounce Back" contains elements of "Why Have I Lost You", written by Larry Blackmon, and performed by Cameo.

title: Juve the Great


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Talk:JP Aerospace

Interesting article snippet:

"I didn't have the skills to actually compete at the time," says Carmack, "but I funded the last year of work for two of the teams (JP Aerospace and SORAC) while I was building my knowledge base. When I was ready to start pursuing my own projects, I contacted the local high-power rocketry society to see if there were any local people interested in working at the high end of experimental rocketry."

"I would like to know whether this is THE company which has the PongSat Program? And is there a Wiki about PongSat?"

External/Remote power source for upper stages ?
Rather than carry power supply on board, why not enhance it without added weight using a ground based power source & beaming the energy to the upper stages via laser &/or microwaves.

(This sort of approach has also been suggested for transmission of space based solar power to earth, but in this Current context, power on the ground is probably orders of magnitude cheaper than power generated on the high altitude balloon stages.

Example : heating gas inside balloon with ground based (& powered) lasers or microwave station - forcing expanded gas through a one way valve
Presumably this would allow one to Dynamically change the mass of gas inside the balloon as it rose to prevent over expansion and maintain lift (until the ultra low density of gas at higher altitudes does not allow for offsetting of the mass of the balloon envelope even at very large volumes (square cube law).)

JP's notes on the article:
A group of senior JPA staff left(removed)not at the end of the Air Force contract, but half way through it. The philosophical differences that emerged were in regards to the direction the organization would take. Several members wish to halt the space development and eliminate the volunteers. Their intent was to make JP Aerospace a more conventional aerospace contractor. Over nearly thirty years JP Aerospace has ranged in size from 20 to 80 members. As sad as the loss of those who did not continue with us was, they were only four people, the rest of the team continued on. The Air Force did offer, (in fact insisted on), JP Aerospace doing the follow-on work on the Ascender airship. JP Aerospace turned down the contract for a varity of reasons.

The rocket work continues on strong. Launches are not as frequent as the balloon launches, but that is just the nature of our development.

We remain dedicated to the notion of a space program that reqular folks can be a part of. I have seen volunteers run a more professional operations than many organizations with paid staff. It's the training, dedication and drive of the individual rather that the paycheck that counts.

Last note, high winds are no longer and issue. We have spend a great deal of effort on that challenge and we can now launch in all weather conditions.

JP www.jpaerospace.com jpowell@jpaerospace.com

Note on edit. David Brock was listed as a founder on the front page. This was in error and was removed. David joined JP Aerospace approximately four years after it's founding. He participated for two years prior to joining the US Air Force. He was then not involved for the next six years due to his Air Force obligations. He then was a participant from 1995 to 2003. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Johnmpowell (talk • contribs) 19:17, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

 * That change is not supported by the existing reference and therefore not allowed by Wikipedia standards per WP:REF. Reverted.  Ikluft (talk) 07:45, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

Original research on temperatures
This sentence is not cited to any source that discusses JP Aerospace:

""Besides its size, an orbital ascender faces additional issues. Hypersonic gas dynamics will create high temperature flow across the envelope and heat transfer must be controlled. The vehicle also faces harsh environmental conditions such as elemental oxygen, radiation and space debris.""

The only cite is to a handbook on space materials. So I've marked it as original research. It does not match what John Powell says about the airship design in his "Floating to Space". On page 109 he says ""By losing velocity before it reaches the lower thicker atmosphere, the reentry temperatures are radically lower.... This makes reentry as safe as the climb to orbit""

He also says that the skin would be made of nylon rip-stop polyethelene (page 111). It reaches supersonic speeds at 200,000 feet and slows down at a very high altitude on re-entry. He doesn't actually give figures for the skin temperature but with such a design it is clear that they are not expecting high skin temperatures.

Of course if there are WP:RS that say the skin temperatures are far higher than they estimate, then that should be mentioned. But I don't know of any. They have done the modeling and wind tunnel tests etc and they say the skin will not get hot. I have seen many critical forum posts that say the skin temperature would be high. But they don't give any citations or refer to any experiments or detailed models. It is all just back of the envelope calculations or just saying they don't think it is possible without explanation. So, I expect this remark is just based on forum discussions. Whether, you think they are right or not is beside the point really. A "forumy" remark like this without any citations doesn't count as a WP:RS.

So, I suggest that if nobody can find an WP:RS for this sentence then it should be removed. The book does discuss space debris, so can be cited on that. It's on page 112.

""One of the most common questions asked about ATO is about meteorites. "What happens if a meteor popped the airship?" The answer is very little would happen. A balloon pops because the inside is at a higher pressure than the air on the outside. The inner cells of the airship are "zero pressure balloons". ... There is no difference in pressure to create a bursting force. All a meteorite would do is to make a hole. The gas would leak out staggeringyly slowly... ""

I don't know if it mentions elemental oxygen, or radiation, but again, if no WP:RS raises those issues, I don't think we should here either. I don't see why they would be a problem. But to discuss that any further would be to take forum discussions into wikipedia and is not appropriate.

I suggest that the sentence is just replaced by a sentence that briefly describes the meteorite question and their response, as that is the only part of the sentence that can be sourced to a WP:RS unless anyone can come up with any other reliable sources on the matters mentioned. Robert Walker (talk) 04:13, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

 * As there was no reply, I've now just removed the WP:OR sentence and replaced it with a summary of some of the information in the book. If anyone has cited WP:RS sources that criticize the proposal, do let's add them. But please, not just statements that have no citable sources. There is a lot of forum discussion saying the plan is impossible but that is just not acceptable as a source for wikipedia. Does anyone know of published peer reviewed research that is critical of it? Robert Walker (talk) 21:05, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I've also added an estimate of the cost to orbit of $310 per ton. I know this has to be very speculative at this stage - but it is the only estimate I can find, in a book by Ezekiel Nygren, Hypothetical Spacecraft and Interstellar Travel, Page 181, and at least it gives the reader some idea. Robert Walker (talk) 21:08, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:JP Aerospace


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Category:Tibetan Buddhism

This category comprises articles related to Tibetan Buddhism, as practiced in Tibet and elsewhere.

title: Category:Tibetan Buddhism


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Kickball

Kickball (also known as soccer baseball in most of Canada and football rounders in the United Kingdom) is a team sport and league game, similar to baseball. Like baseball, it is a safe haven game in which one team tries to score by having its players return a ball from home base to the field and then circle the bases. Meanwhile, the other team tries to stop them by tagging them "out" with the ball before they can return to the home base. However, instead of hitting a small, hard ball with a bat, players kick an inflated rubber ball; this makes it more accessible to young children. As in baseball, teams alternate half-innings. The team with the most runs after a predefined number of innings wins.

Kickball is typically played among young, school-age children, both as a playground game and as part of physical education (PE). The lack of both specialized equipment and highly skill-based positions (like the pitcher) makes the game an accessible introduction to related sports such as baseball and softball. In recent decades, it has gained popularity among adults, and today many cities are home to one or more organized kickball leagues for adults.

Kickball was likely invented around 1910 in the United States and began to spread from about the 1920s onward, mainly via PE classes in public schools. It became an especially popular recess sport on playgrounds across the country in the 1970s, and is now played in various forms in countries around the world, such as Canada, England, Japan, South Korea, and South America.

History
Kickball, originally called "Kicking Baseball" was claimed to have been invented as early as 1910 by Dr. Emmett Dunn Angell in his noted book Play: Comprising Games for the Kindergarten, Playground, Schoolroom and College : How to Coach and Play Girls' Basket-ball, Etc (1910). His description and field illustration in this book is both the closest and earliest known precursor to the modern game of kickball. He also notes that "The game seems to afford equal enjoyment to the children and it gives a better understanding of the national game (Baseball), and at the same time affords them an exercise that is not too violent and is full of fun.".

A later documented inventor claim, as early as 1917, was by Nicholas C Seuss, Supervisor of Cincinnati Park Playgrounds in Cincinnati, Ohio. Seuss submitted his first documented overview of the game in The Playground Book, published in 1917. This description includes 12 rules and a field diagram, and refers to kickball as "Kick Base Ball" and "Kick Baseball". In 1920–1921, "Kick Ball" was used by physical education teachers in US public schools to teach young boys and girls the basics of baseball. Around this time, the ball that was used was a soccer ball or volleyball. It was played by ten to 30 players and the field included a "Neutral Zone": an area not to be entered until the ball has actually been kicked. There was no pitcher, because the ball would be kicked from the home area, which was a 3 foot circle. The ball had to pass beyond the 5 foot line, and base-runners could only advance one base on infield balls. Teams would switch sides only after all team members had kicked. During this time, kickball was played on the same field as baseball except that there was only one base corresponding to a baseball diamond's 2nd base. Multiple players could be on base at a time, but all needed to get home before the last kicker kicked and the kicking order had retired.

There were also two shortstop player positions: one between 1st and 2nd base and the other between 2nd and 3rd. Home plate was marked by a 3 foot by 4 foot rectangle on the ground.

In April 1922, Daniel Chase, Supervisor of Physical Education for the New York State Department of Education, describes the earliest known account of adults playing kickball. This match took place at a conference of rural teachers in Mooers Forks, NY, where Chase was teaching games that the teachers could in turn teach to their pupils. They did not have a ball, so they made one out of an old stocking and some rags; it was about 7 to 8 inches long and tied off with an old shoelace. The construction of this makeshift ball was demonstrated to the rural teachers by Mr. Braddock Wells. The teachers were assigned numbers to create teams; odd numbers on one team and even numbers on the other. The team captains chose college names to represent each team name: the odds chose Yale and the evens chose Princeton. The game of "Kick Baseball" was the last game they played at the conference to decide the championship for the day. Ten players were chosen for each team and the remaining were organized into a cheering section. Yale kicked first. On the field there was no pitcher, but an extra shortstop between 1st and 2nd base. Chase recounts that only three innings were completed in the heat that day, with Yale ending up as the victor winning 3 to 2. Furthermore, the cheering sections showed great sportsmanship, applauding all good plays impartially.

In the 1940s, American World War II correspondent Ernie Pyle reported kickball being played by U.S. soldiers during the Tunisia Campaign of 1942–1943. In addition, "Kick Ball" was promoted as an informal game for soldiers by the United States Department of the Army from as early as 1943. In this more difficult variant of the game, all kicks had to be home runs, by beating the kicked ball back to home after consecutive passes to all basemen before throwing them out at home.

Kickball gained prominence as a very popular recess sport and after-school game on playgrounds across the US in the 1970s.

Field
Kickball is typically played on a softball diamond with an 8.5 inch to 16 inch diameter inflated rubber ball, such as a utility ball. As in baseball/softball, the game uses three bases, a pitcher's mound, and a home plate. Sometimes in less formal games, the field is not bounded by a fence (which traditionally surrounds a softball or baseball diamond), but is instead open. This may result in informal rule changes to accommodate the field, such as home runs being counted by number of bounces instead of by distance.

Kickball can also be played on a rectangular blacktop area with chalk or paint outlines, such as an open outdoor basketball court.

Popularity among adults
While kickball was long mostly considered a child's game in the United States and Canada, over time it has gained popularity among adults as a recreational sport. In 1998, the World Adult Kickball Association was founded, and since the late 1990s and early 2000s, many US and Canadian cities have created kickball leagues for adults, while additional governing bodies have also been formed. Some US cities even have multiple such organized adult leagues. Kickball is also offered as an intramural sport on many college campuses.

Popularity outside the United States
Kickball is popular among youth in South Korea. Known as balyagu [발야구 (foot-baseball)], it is a staple in physical education (PE) classes within elementary schools.

In Japan, kickball is played by elementary-school students and is known as キックベース(Kickbase).

Kickball is a popular game played by elementary-school children in Canada, where it is usually referred to as either "soccer baseball" or "kickball." In some areas it may also be referred to as "Chinese baseball" or "California kickball."

In England, the variation often played in PE lessons in schools is referred to as "Football-Rounders," a mix of association football and rounders.

A related sport, "kickingball," is popular in South America, for example among Venezuelan refugees in Argentina.

title: Kickball


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Glomerulation

Glomerulation refers to bladder hemorrhages which are thought to be associated with some types of interstitial cystitis (IC).

The presence of glomerulations, also known as petechial hemorrhages, in the bladder suggests that the bladder wall has been damaged, irritated, and/or inflamed. Petechial hemorrhages originate from punctuate hemorrhages. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Diagnostic Criteria for IC, developed in 1987, required the presence of glomerulations or Hunner's Ulcers for diagnosis of IC and is still used today, to determine eligibility for some clinical trials. However other research has theorized that the hydrodistention procedure used for the diagnosis of IC itself may have created these tiny broken blood vessels. Studies have found glomerulations in asymptomatic populations, suggesting that they are not applicable as a marker for IC. Thus, a diagnosis of IC is now based upon other, less invasive methods, such as the PUF Scale (Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency Patient Symptom Scale). Glomerulation has been observed to be one of the feature for prostate cancer. However, efforts to determine whether this is association or causation have concluded that while glomerulations may be a common finding in individuals with prostate cancer, they are not a significant predictor.

Presentation
Glomerulations appear as checkerboard/lattice patterns, splotches, or pinpoint-sized red marks on the bladder. Glomerulations are classified into five grades that take into consideration the type and location of injury: Grade 0 (normal mucosa), Grade I (petechiae in at least two quadrants), Grade II (large submucosal bleeding), Grade III (diffuse global submucosal bleeding), and Grade IV (mucosal disruption, with or without bleeding).

According to NIDDK criteria for inclusion in IC studies, examination for glomerulations is performed following hydrodistention of the bladder. In this procedure, water is instilled into the bladder to a pressure of 80–100 cm for 1–2 minutes. When water is drained from the bladder, glomerulations may appear. To be considered as IC, these submucosal hemorrhages must be present in at least 3 quadrants of the bladder with over 10 glomerulations per quadrant. Glomerulations should not be along the path of cystoscope which may suggest trauma instead.

Pathophysiology
The pathophysiologic mechanism of glomerulations is unknown and debated. Some researchers suggest it may be the bladder's response to prolonged periods of underfilling. Another possible mechanism of glomerulation is over expression of angiogenic growth factors in the bladder.

It has been shown that glomerulations are also presented under hydrodistension procedures. During the filling portion of hydrodistension, one can see white fibrous bundles as the bladder is stretched. When stretched, blood flow is interrupted in these fibrous bundles. After this stretching phase, the emptying phase allows blood flow to resume. This is where one can see bleeding from capillaries.

In relation to interstitial cystitis, when noxious stimuli are present, it causes injury to the bladder mucosa resulting in recruitment of inflammatory cells. Disruption of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer along with the increased presence of mast cells, T cells, and B cells causes the bladder epithelium to become more permeable. Injury to the GAG layer may lead to increased release of adhesion factors that bind to angiogenic molecules, which generally have little presence under normal conditions, to promote wound healing. Ultimately, increased adhesion factors and overproduction of angiogenic factors from mast cells and disruption of the GAG layer results in tissue fibrosis. As mentioned above, the technique of hydrodistention is one method used to diagnose interstitial cystitis, in which the atrophic bladder is filled and emptied and thus, the stretch of the bladder wall is one possible mechanism of glomerulations.

Risk factors
Diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain or discomfort, accompanied with urinary symptoms, seems to be the most likely risk factor for glomerulation. Research has shown that up to 7.5% of the adult female population is associated with chronic pelvic pain (CPP), in which irritative voiding is commonly seen. Bladder tissue damage is a component that could lead to CPP. These symptoms are also seen in IC which may have led to the pathogenesis of glomerulation through hydrodistention.

It is speculated that chronic underfilling of the bladder contributes to glomerulations. For example, glomerulations can be seen after radiation therapy, in individuals undergoing dialysis, and after urinary diversion.

Relation to interstitial cystitis
The identification of glomerulations as diagnostic criteria for interstitial cystitis/ bladder pain syndrome is unclear. Interstitial cystitis (IC)/ bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is associated with chronic pelvic pain, pressure and discomfort within the urinary system. In 1987, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) developed diagnostic criteria for IC which included the presence of glomerulations or petechial hemorrhages. The purpose of the NIDDK diagnostic criteria was to facilitate comparable groups for research. It was not intended to set strict criteria for the diagnosis of IC.

Interstitial cystitis may also induce angiogenic factors including VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and PD-ECGF (platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor) resulting in neovascularization. Angiogenic Factors are crucial in vessel development as high values may lead to vessels without enough pericyte coverage. Formation of these newer and weaker vessels in the submucosa associated specifically with IC or BPS, may rupture during hydrodistention causing glomerulation.

In addition to hydrodistension related glomerulations, a study by Rosamilia et al. has shown that biopsied bladders from women with interstitial cystitis have decreased vessel density in the subepithelium. With this, data collected by Irwin et al. also showed that blood perfusion in interstitial cystitis bladders is reduced. Thus, decreased blood perfusion may further increase the expression of angiogenic factors VEGF and PD-ECGF. Alongside with VEGF there is an increase in Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), for HIF-1 binds to VEGF when oxygen is limited in availability.

Many guidelines do not use glomerulations as a diagnostic criteria for BPS/IC. In a 2014 review of systematic literature searches on PubMed, there were no consistent correlation between the grade or severity of glomerulation and BPS/IC. In the ESSIC guideline, glomerulations are only used to further differentiate bladder pain syndrome (BPS) without Hunner's ulcers into different categories: BPS Type 1 (without glomerulations) and BPS Type 2 (with glomerulations). The American Urological Association guideline mentions that glomerulations may be detected on cystoscopy, but that it is not specific for BPS/IC. High rates of glomerulations have been observed in other urological conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, upper urinary tract stones, prostatitis, etc. which challenges its use as a diagnostic marker.

In fact, signs of interstitial cystitis can expand from glomerulations to Hunner's ulcers and fibrosis. Though one should note that many times, the diagnosis of IC in an individual may not be accurate to the time in which the individual already has IC. Therefore, whether glomerulations are observed during the time of a hydrodistension procedure cannot conclude that it is associated with interstitial cystitis.

Prognosis
Glomerulation can be life-threatening when the rate of blood loss is faster than rate of blood transfusion. Severe bleeding can arise due to IC and bladder carcinoma. In severe bladder hemorrhages, prolonged hospitalization may occur. However, glomerulations can occur in both symptomatic Bladder Pain Syndrome and non-symptomatic Bladder Pain Syndrome.

There is no consistent evidence that glomerulations are correlated to severity of urinary symptoms, quality of life, bladder inflammation, or bladder capacity. One study suggests that the severity of glomerulations may change over time as seen in a few individuals who have either worsened or diminished glomerulations in their subsequent evaluations.

Treatment
Though there is limited research on the treatment of glomerulation, some researchers found that it is safe to implement transcatheter arterial embolization of the prostatic or vesical arteries to sustainably control bladder hemorrhage. It is a minimally invasive procedure with a 90% success rate and is well-tolerated in most cases. It is proven to improve quality of life.

Since there are not many established treatment available, the best treatment for glomerulation is prevention, ex. ensure adequate hydration to flush out infection, beware of drug-induced bleeding and continuous bladder irrigation. In regards to surgery, it has been mentioned that surgery is often the last resort.

In people with interstitial cystitis, guidelines such as the American Urological Association (AUC) and Canada Urological Association (CUA) do not differentiate treatment strategies between those with and without glomerulations. While fulguration is listed as a third-line treatment option for interstitial cystitis with Hunner's Lesions, guidelines do not recommend it to treat glomerulations. Instead, guidelines have set symptom control and quality of life as some of the main goals of treatment for IC. However, there is a lack of consistent evidence that the presence of glomerulations affects treatment outcomes.

In addition to traditional IC therapies, diet modification remains a core self care strategy as foods that are irritating to the bladder dramatically worsen the symptoms that people may experience. Foods high in acid and/or caffeine (such as all coffees, regular teas, green teas, sodas, diet sodas, artificial sweeteners and most fruit juices) should be avoided. The daily goal should be to soothe rather than irritate the bladder wall.

title: Glomerulation


text:
Vincenzo Gemito

Vincenzo Gemito (July 16, 1852 – March 1, 1929) was an Italian sculptor and artist.

Although he worked in various studios of well-known artists in his native Naples, Rome and Paris, he is considered to have largely been self-taught, the reason he produced such distinctive works for that time, replacing sentiment with outstanding realism. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Gemito was born in Naples to a poor woodcutter's family. The day after his birth, his mother left him on the steps of the dell'Annunziata orphanage and he was taken in to live with the other foundlings. He was given the surname Genito - for generato (“born” in Italian), as was common for orphans, but this somehow became Gemito in orphanage records.

On July 30, 1852, he was adopted by a young family that had recently lost a child. The father was an artisan, and as a young child Gemito was probably encouraged to use his hands. He was working as an apprentice in painter and sculptor Emanuele Caggiano's studio before he was 10 years old, demonstrating a dexterity and inventiveness which he eventually became famous for. He also worked in Stanislao Lista's studio. As a 12-year-old he was enrolled at the Naples Academy of Fine Arts (where he became a lifelong friend of artist Antonio Mancini), and also attended the Domenico Maggiore Academy for night classes.

He moulded the terracotta piece, The Player, (Il Giocatore), one of his most famous works, when only 16 years old. It created excitement when exhibited at the Promotrice in Naples, so much so that King Victor Emmanuel II purchased it and presented it to the Museo di Capodimonte for permanent display.

Gemito moved to Paris in 1877 where he found a great friend in noted French artist Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier. As he was creating new works in various media in Paris, he also exhibited his works in noted salons and galleries, and at the Universal Exposition of 1878. It was at the Paris Salon the previous year where he experienced a triumph, with the showing of his Neapolitan Fisherboy, which he had worked on for some years to perfect. The acclaim surrounding that work brought him widespread fame, and lucrative commissions for portraits. He remained in Paris three years before returning to Naples (1880) after his partner died. He went to Capri for a short time, where he married Anna Cutolo.

In 1883 he once again demonstrated his determination to work outside the norm when he constructed his own foundry on the via Mergellina in Naples. He did so to revive the lost-wax process for bronze casting, which had been used during the Renaissance.

In 1887, Gemito was commissioned to create a marble statue of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, to be erected outside the Royal Palace of Naples. Marble was the least liked medium for Gemito, and he fretted that this work was below his capabilities. He suffered a mental breakdown and withdrew to a one-room apartment, and spent periods in a mental hospital. For the next 21 years he worked on drawing but remained a recluse, and it wasn't until 1909 that he resumed sculpting to once again produce masterful works.

In his later years, Gemito turned to gold- and silver-smithing, and his intricate and delicate works are much admired today.

In 1952, a postage stamp was issued in Italy to celebrate the 100 years since Gemito's birth.

title: Vincenzo Gemito


text:
James Langstaff Bowman

James Langstaff Bowman, (October 6, 1879 – September 14, 1951) was the first Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba.

Bowman had been a teacher and lawyer in Dauphin, Manitoba. In 1917, he became the town's mayor. He ran unsuccessfully in the 1925 and 1926 general elections for the Conservative Party. He finally winning a seat in the 1930 election that brought R.B. Bennett to power.

He became Speaker after his predecessor, George Black, suffered a nervous breakdown in the summer of 1934, and was unfit to preside when the House of Commons of Canada reconvened in January 1935.

As the Deputy Speaker was ill, Bennett approached Bowman, a backbencher, hours before the House was to convene, about becoming Speaker for the rest of the Parliamentary term.

Bowman had little experience as Speaker and had to deal with a tense, pre-election session. Members of Parliament on all sides of the House felt that Bowman did well in the job. But when the 1935 general election was held in the fall, Bowman lost his seat by a large margin.

He returned to his law practice in Dauphin and failed in his attempt to regain his seat in the 1940 election.

James Bowman was named to the team that represented the Manitoba Curling Association at the 1932 Winter Olympics. That year, curling was a demonstration sport. Bowman was third for the team which took first place in the event. The Manitoba team was undefeated, winning all four of its games at the Olympics. In 2004, the team was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame.

title: James Langstaff Bowman


text:
Steens Mountain

Steens Mountain is in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Oregon, and is a large fault-block mountain. Located in Harney County, it stretches some 50 mi north to south, and rises from the west side the Alvord Desert at elevation of about 4200 ft to a summit elevation of 9738 ft. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains.

The Steens Mountain Wilderness encompasses 170166 acre of Steens Mountain. 98859 acre of the Wilderness are protected from grazing and free of cattle.

History
The mountain was called the "Snowy Mountains" by John Work, one of the fur traders who were the first Europeans in the area. It was renamed in 1860 for United States Army Major Enoch Steen, who fought and drove members of the Paiute tribe off the mountain. American Indians used the Steens Mountain, particularly Big Indian Gorge.

Geology

Steens Mountain is the remnant of a long shield volcano.

The east face of Steens Mountain is composed mainly of basalts stacked one upon another. Lava flows several hundreds of feet thick inundated the region between 17 and 14 million years ago. Chemical data from magma deposits from the area reveal three distinct stages of volcanism.

Layers of clay and volcanic dust show over forty lava flows on Steens Mountain. Most lava layers reach to 3000 ft thick or more in some areas. As the surface cracked, peaks and valleys were formed. Erosion and landfalls continue to modify the faces of the cliffs along the mountain. The sediment bedding is roughly horizontal, evidence to the absence of compressional forces. The white sediments consist primarily of stratified acidic tuffs. While rain hasn't been a main contributor to erosion, ice and snow melt are the main sources of erosion on Steens Mountain.

Flora and fauna
Vegetation in the Steens Mountain Wilderness varies greatly according to elevation. Common plants include sagebrush, juniper, various species of bunchgrass, mountain mahogany, aspen, mountain meadow knotweed, and false hellebore. Other vegetation endemic to Steens Mountain includes Steens paintbrush (Castilleja pilosa var. steenensis), moss gentian (Gentiana fremontii), Steens Mountain penstemon (Penstemon davidsonii var. praeteritus), Steens Mountain thistle (Cirsium peckii), a dwarf blue lupine, and Cusick's buckwheat (Eriogonum cusickii).

Steens Mountain is distinctive in its absence of conifers, especially Ponderosa Pine and Douglas Fir, at elevations in which they would normally be found – from 5,500-8,000 ft above sea level. Although other mountains of the Great Basin also lack conifers, Steens Mountain is the largest mountain area without conifers. One possible cause of the absence of conifers is the isolation of Steens Mountain, although lack of seed dispersal by bird species such as Clark's Nutcracker may also be a factor. It is also possible that prehistoric fires, including fires used by Native Americans, eradicated the conifer population. Home to a wide variety of animals, the area is primarily known for birding, hunting, and fishing. Birds here include Golden eagles, owls, and the protected sage grouse. Other animals found in the area include rattlesnakes, scorpions, elk, bighorn sheep, pronghorn antelope, and cougars. The area is home to wild horses. Drawing much controversy, the Bureau of Land Management engages in wild horse roundups every few years, employing helicopters to herd the horses. Historically, Steens Mountain Wilderness was once home to grizzly bears; a skull was unearthed in nearby Malheur Lake. In the 1970s, a wolverine was trapped and released on Steens Mountain.

Environmental protection
On October 24, 2000, President Bill Clinton approved the Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protective Act. The act was created by local landowners in cooperation with local and national government representatives in response to a proposed National Monument. This act created the Steens Mountain BLM Cooperative Management and Protection Area, a 425000 acre area. This law protects 1200000 acre from mining, and 100000 acre from cattle grazing.

Activities
The west slope of Steens Mountain is traversed by a 52 mi loop road, which is suitable for passenger vehicles. The road reaches an elevation of 9,700 ft, making it the highest road in Oregon. It is possible to drive almost to the summit of the mountain and to other viewpoints such as Kiger Gorge. Steens Mountain is also host to Steens Mountain High Altitude Running Camp.

Other recreational activities enjoyed on and around Steens Mountain are camping, picknicking, bicycling, hiking, hunting, sightseeing, soaring, and exploring. There are numerous hot springs along the base of Steens Mountain, including Alvord Hot Springs. Far from city lights, stargazing is also popular.

title: Steens Mountain


text:
Spy (disambiguation)

A spy is a person engaged in espionage, obtaining information that is considered secret or confidential.

Spy or The Spy may also refer to:

Film

 * An English translation of the title for Spione, the 1928 silent film by Fritz Lang
 * The Spy (1914 film), a 1914 American film directed by Otis Turner
 * The Spy (1917 American film), a 1917 film released shortly after the United States entered World War I
 * The Spy (1917 German film), directed by Karl Heiland and starring Conrad Veidt
 * The Spy (1931 film), a 1931 film directed by Berthold Viertel
 * The Spy (1964 film), a 1964 Egyptian film with Rufino Inglés
 * The Spy, a 1999 South Korean film directed by Jang Jin
 * The Spy (2012 South Korean film), a 2012 South Korean film directed by Woo Min-ho
 * The Spy (2012 Russian film), a 2012 Russian dieselpunk spy film
 * The Spy: Undercover Operation, a 2013 South Korean film directed by Lee Seung-joon
 * Spy (2015 film), a comedy starring Melissa McCarthy
 * S*P*Y*S, a 1974 comedy film
 * Spy (2023 film), a Telugu film starring Nikhil Siddhartha

Literature

 * The Spy (Cooper novel), an 1821 novel by James Fenimore Cooper
 * The Life of a Useless Man also known as The Spy: The Story of a Superfluous Man, a 1908 novel by Maxim Gorky
 * The Spy, a 1920 novel by Upton Sinclair
 * The Spy (Cussler novel), a 2010 novel by Clive Cussler and Justin Scott
 * The Spy, a 2016 novel by Paulo Coelho
 * The Spy (periodical), periodical by James Hogg, 1810-1811
 * Spy, a novel in the Alex Hawke series by Ted Bell
 * Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America
 * Spy (magazine), a satirical monthly

Music

 * Spys (band), a New York band
 * Spy (Carly Simon album), 1979
 * "The Spy", a song on Morrison Hotel, a 1970 album by the Doors
 * "Spy", a song by They Might Be Giants from the album John Henry
 * "Spy", a song by Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean from the 2009 album She Wolf
 * "Spy", the titular song on Carly Simon 1979 album Spy
 * "Spy" (Super Junior song), a 2012 song by South Korean boy band Super Junior
 * "iSpy" (Kyle song), a 2016 song by Kyle featuring Lil Yachty

People

 * S.P.Y (born 1976), a London-based Drum and Bass producer/DJ
 * Leslie Ward (1851–1922), a British cartoonist
 * J. Ralph (born 1975), an American musician

Ships

 * Spy (ship), several commercial ships
 * HMS Spy, two ships of the Royal Navy

Television

 * Spy (2004 TV series), a British reality series that premiered on BBC3 in 2004
 * Spy (2011 TV series), a British comedy series that premiered on Sky1 and Hulu in 2011
 * Spy (2015 TV series), a South Korean action series, also stylised as SPY
 * The Spy (TV miniseries), a 2019 web television miniseries based on the life of Israel's top Mossad spy Eli Cohen

Other uses

 * Spy (gridiron football), a defensive football role
 * Spy (Team Fortress 2), a playable class in the video game
 * Spy, Belgium, a village
 * Northern Spy, a variety of apple
 * SPDR S&P 500 Trust ETF (NYSE Arca: SPY)

title: Spy (disambiguation)