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Camillo Castiglioni

Camillo Castiglioni (22 October 1879 – 18 December 1957) was an Italian-Austrian Jewish financier and banker, and was the wealthiest man in Central Europe during World War I. Nicknamed "Austrian Stinnes", he was active in aviation's pioneering days and invested in the arts. Castiglioni was credited as being instrumental to the founding of what would eventually become BMW AG.

Early life
Castiglioni was born in Trieste, then part of Austria-Hungary, to the chief rabbi. His older brother was Arturo Castiglioni. It is not known when Camillo developed his interest in aviation, but it is known that he was passionate about flying. Camillo's education was primarily law, gaining employment as an attorney and legal officer of a bank in Padua, quickly learning international finance and how to manage capital.

He was the son of a rubber maker, so naturally Camillo found work with the Austro-American Gummiwarenfabrik AG (rubber products) in Vienna as an agent for the Kaufmann automobile tire division in Constantinople. Camillo found great success in this position, demonstrating his abilities to negotiate and structure financial deals. In fact, Camillo was so successful, he was promoted to director of the export department of the parent company in Vienna.

Around 1901, along with Viktor Silberer and Franz Hinterstoissera Camillo helped to create the Viennese aero club (later Austrian aero club). He eventually was made deputy director, then in 1904 he was appointed to general director of the company. Through his experience in the rubber and tire production field, Camillo saw the birth of aviation as an industry, going from a ballooning hobby, to makeshift glider craft requiring tires, to fully operational aircraft operated by engines. He met many influential men in his business, and came to realize that aviation sparked not only his passion for flight, but also recognized the tremendous financial opportunity of aviation's potential as an industry.

In order to draw from the arising enthusiasm for airplanes and ballooning, as well as to take advantage of the lucrative business the hobby generated, Camillo established one of his first companies, Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft, in 1907. Being a pure commercial firm – it acquired the Etrich balloon patents and sold balloon fliers in Austria Hungary. There were many contests that these inspired balloon drivers entered, and Camillo was no different- he bought his own balloon and successfully took his balloon driver examination on 24 August 1909.

Aviation financing
During the First World War, he became one of the richest and most influential financiers in Central Europe.

The first major investor in the series production of aircraft. In 1914, he purchased the German aircraft company Hansa- und Brandenburgische Flugzeugwerke, which employed Ernst Heinkel as its chief designer. Acquired a majority holding in Austro-Daimler with its chief designers Puch and Porsche. Press "czar" and sponsor of the arts (financed Max Reinhardt and helped him to organize the Salzburg Festival). After a series of setbacks, his financial empire broke up in 1926. He retired to Switzerland, then to Milan where he set up a private bank and once again amassed a considerable fortune. After the Second World War, negotiated a large US loan for his friend Josip Broz Tito in Yugoslavia. When Tito refused to pay his commission, Castiglioni succeeded in getting Yugoslavian assets in Italy worth millions sequestered. In 1916, he was awarded the Franz Joseph Order with ribbon on the Military Service Cross for his services to aviation and in 1918 with the St-Georges Order for his achievements in the war material production.

Castiglioni became rich in ventures during the period of inflation, acquiring a majority interest in Alpine Montan AG. The Austrian aviation company Österreichische Luftfahrtsgesellschaft was founded by him.

BMW influence
Castiglioni significantly influenced the development of BMW AG in its early years. The granting of a license agreement by Austro-Daimler to the Rapp-Werke in 1917 was partly attributable to Castiglioni. 1918 At Castiglioni's insistence the Wiener Bankverein acquired the majority of BMW's share capital. 1922 Castiglioni purchased all the equipment relating to engine construction, the associated know-how and the rights to the name "Bayerische Motoren Werke AG" from the BMW AG, which was renamed Süddeutsche Bremse AG. Castiglioni in turn renamed the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke to BMW AG and allowed the renamed company to continue production at the BFW plant. From the establishment of BMW AG until November 9, 1922 and then from 1924 to 1929, he was a member of the Supervisory Board and President of BMW AG. 1928 Deputy Chairman of the Supervisory Board.

His was one of the voices that urged BMW in 1928 to purchase the Eisenach Automobilwerke. Due to financial difficulties in 1929 he was obliged to surrender his holding of BMW shares to a consortium of banks (Deutsche Bank, Disconto, Bankhaus Hagen etc.).

A consortium led by the Deutsche Bank and the Diskonto-Gesellschaft purchased the BMW shares previously held by Camillo Castiglioni, who was facing problems of liquidity.

Failed speculation and bankruptcy
In February 1924, Castiglioni partnered with Fritz Mannheimer, and later other influential bankers to speculate on the devaluation of the French franc. They shorted hundreds of millions of franc, eventually causing the franc to drop almost 40% in less than a month. By the beginning of March 1924, one United States dollar was worth 28 francs. Then, however, investment bank Lazard, on the behalf of Banque de France and powered by J.P. Morgan & Co., bought immense amounts of francs, causing the franc to rise again, to 15 franc per dollar. Castiglioni, Mannheimer and their partners lost millions.

In September 1924, the Austrian Depositenbank, of which Castiglioni had been president, collapsed. A warrant for his arrest on a charge of fraud was issued, but Castiglioni had taken care to be in Italy when the crash came. The Austrian State said that if he deposited $4,200,000 ($ in present-day value), he could return unmolested.

Philanthropy
Castiglioni built up a large art collection and a theatre in Vienna. He was the richest man in Central Europe and much beloved by the Viennese whom he assisted financially on Sundays and odd occasions. He was also a patron of the arts and for some time supported the famed producer Max Reinhardt, for whom he built a theater. So fond was he of appearing in the public limelight that he lived with all the pomp and ceremony of royalty, even traveling in the Kaiser Karl's private parlor car, which he bought.

Because of his famous banking activities, his life was documented in a 1988 movie on television titled Camillo Castiglioni oder die Moral der Haifische (in English: Camillo Castiglioni, or the morality of sharks), directed by Peter Patzak.

title: Camillo Castiglioni


text:
Price (surname)

Price is a patronymic name derived from the Welsh "ap Rhys" meaning "son of Rhys". The given name Rhys means "enthusiasm" in Welsh. It is a common surname among those of Welsh ancestry. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its frequency was highest in Radnorshire (38.2 times the British average), followed by Brecknockshire, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, Flintshire, Shropshire, Denbighshire, Glamorgan, Carmarthenshire and Worcestershire. The surname has many other spellings including Priess, Priesz, and many others.

The name is thought to have originally been spelled "Pryce" and pronounced "Preese". Name experts believe that the change of the "y" to "i" and the subsequent change in pronunciation was originally an affectation meant to make the name seem more English and therefore more prestigious.

Notable people named Price

 * Adam Price (born 1968), Welsh politician
 * Alan Price (born 1942), English musician, songwriter and actor
 * Alan R. Price (born 1942), American health academic
 * Alfred Douglas Price (1860–1921), African American businessperson and community leader
 * Allen Price (born 1968), Welsh footballer
 * Alex Price (born 1985), British actor
 * Anthony Price (1928–2019), English author of espionage thrillers
 * Austin Price (born 1995), American basketball player in the Israeli Premier Basketball League
 * Ben Price (born 1972), British actor, director and writer
 * Berwyn Price (1951), former Welsh athlete
 * Betty Price (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Betsy Price (born 1949), American politician
 * Billy Price (actor) (born 2000), English actor
 * Billy Price (American football) (born 1995), American football player
 * Birgitte Price (1934–1997), Danish actress
 * Bobby Price (born 1998), American football player
 * Brendan Price, English actor
 * Bruce Price (1845–1903), architect of many of the Canadian Pacific Railway's Château-type stations and hotels
 * Bryan Price (born 1962), American baseball coach
 * Clayton Sumner Price (1874–1950), western artist
 * Carey Price (born 1987), Canadian hockey goaltender playing for the Montreal Canadiens
 * Cecil Price (1938–2001), deputy sheriff and conspirator in the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner
 * Cedric Price (1934–2003), English architect and teacher and writer on architecture
 * Charles H. Price II (1931–2012), American businessman and former Ambassador of the United States
 * Charles Melvin Price (1905–1988), United States Congressman
 * Charlotte Price White (1873–1932), Welsh suffragist and politician
 * Christopher Price (disambiguation), various people
 * Cicero Price (1805–1888), United States Navy commodore
 * Claire Price (born 1972), English actress
 * Clinton G. Price (1864–1937), American politician and lawyer
 * Craig Price:
 * Craig Chandler Price (born 1973), American serial killer
 * Craig Price (born 1989), Welsh rugby union player
 * Dale Price (1924–1997), Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court
 * Daniel Price (disambiguation) (or Danny Price), multiple people
 * David Price (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Denham Price (1940–2013), South African cricketer
 * Dennis Price (1915–1973), English actor
 * Derek J. de Solla Price (1922–1983), science historian and information scientist
 * Devon Price, American social psychologist and writer
 * Dick Price (1930–1985), co-founder of Esalen Institute
 * Dilys Price (1932–2020), Welsh educator, parachutist, and model
 * Dionne Price, African-American statistician
 * Dolours Price (1951–2013), Irish Republican
 * Dorothy Price (1890–1954), Irish physician
 * Dorothy Price (1899–1980), American physiologist and endocrinologist
 * Dorothy Cilla Price (born 1969), British art historian and academic
 * D'Vonte Price (born 1999), American football player
 * Eddie Price Sr. (1925–1979), Tulane University Green Wave and NFL running back
 * Eddie Price III (born 1953), Louisiana elected official
 * Ed Price (Louisiana politician) (born 1953), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives
 * E. Hoffmann Price (1898–1988), writer of popular fiction
 * Ejuan Price (born 1993), American football player
 * Eli Kirk Price (1797–1884), first commissioner of Fairmount Park
 * Eli Kirk Price II (1860–1933), noted Philadelphian
 * Elizabeth Price (gymnast) (born 1996), American gymnast and London 2012 Reserve
 * Ernest B. Price (1890–1973), American diplomat in China
 * Ethel Clay Price (1874–1943), American nurse and socialite
 * Eugenia Price (1916–1996), American historical novelist
 * Evadne Price (1888–1985), Australian-British freelance journalist, columnist, author, playwright, actor, television presenter, screenwriter, and astrologer
 * Florence Price (1887–1953), African-American classical composer
 * Four Price, or Walter Thomas Price IV (born 1967), member of the Texas House of Representatives
 * Dr. Frederick K.C. Price (1932–2021), American pastor of Crenshaw Christian Center
 * Gary Price (disambiguation), multiple people
 * George Cadle Price (1919–2011), the first Prime Minister of Belize and the architect of that country's independence
 * George Lawrence Price (1892–1918), Canadian soldier who is traditionally recognized as being the last soldier killed during the First World War
 * George McCready Price (1870–1963), Canadian creationist
 * George Price (New Yorker cartoonist) (1901–1995), American cartoonist
 * George R. Price (1922–1975), American population geneticist
 * Gerwyn Price (born 1985), Welsh professional darts player and former professional rugby union and rugby league footballer
 * Glenn D. Price (born 1955), Canadian conductor of music
 * Grenfell Price (1892–1977), Australian historian and geographer
 * Griffith Baley Price (1905–2006), American mathematician
 * Guy William Price (1895–1918), Irish naval aviator
 * Gwilym A. Price (1895–1985), American lawyer, banker, and industrialist
 * Harry Price (1881–1948), British researcher of psychical phenomena
 * Harry Price (Royal Navy) (1877–1965), British sailor and author
 * Haydn Price (1883–1964), Welsh international footballer
 * Henry Bertram Price (1869–1941), Governor of Guam
 * Henry Habberley Price (1899–1984), British philosopher
 * Ivan "Hopey" Price (born 2000), British boxer
 * Huw Price (born 1953), Australian philosopher
 * James Price (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Jean Price (1943–2019), American politician
 * Jennifer Price, British archaeologist
 * Jesse Price (1863–1939), American politician
 * Jesse Price (1909–1974), American jazz drummer
 * Jessica Price, American writer, editor, designer and producer of video and tabletop games
 * Jim Price (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Jo Price (born 1985), Welsh rugby union player and former footballer
 * Joe Hannah (born 1958), West coast ice cream salesmen
 * John Lloyd Price (1882–1941) Australian politician and son of South Australian Premier
 * Joseph Price (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Julian Price, American business executive
 * Julie Price (bassoonist), English bassoonist
 * Katie Price (born 1978), British model and media personality
 * Keith Price (born 1991), American football player
 * Kelly Price (born 1973), American singer
 * Kenneth Price (1935–2012), American artist
 * Kenny Price (1931–1987), American country music singer-songwriter
 * Larme Price (born 1972), American serial killer
 * Leontyne Price (born 1927), American opera singer
 * Lindsay Price (born 1976), American actress
 * Lionel Price (1927–2019), British basketball player
 * Llewellyn Ivor Price (1905–1980), Brazilian paleontologist
 * Lloyd Price (1933–2021), American R&B and rock and roll musician
 * Makayla Gilliam-Price, American social activist
 * Margaret Price (1941–2011), Welsh soprano
 * Margo Price (born 1983), American country singer
 * Marian Price (born 1954), Irish Republican
 * Maribeth Price (born 1963), American geologist and planetary scientist
 * Mark Price, former NBA basketball player
 * Martin Price (numismatist) (1939–1995), British numismatist
 * Mary Price (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Matthew Price, British journalist
 * Mick Price (snooker player) (born 1966), professional snooker player
 * Mike Price (born 1946), American football coach
 * Nick Price (born 1957), professional golfer
 * Niko Price, UFC fighter
 * Peerless Price (born 1976), American football wide receiver
 * Peter Price (politician) (born 1946), Honorary MEP and member of the European Strategy Council
 * Rachael Price (born 1985), American jazz and blues singer
 * Rayford Price (1937–2023), American politician
 * Raymond Price (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Rebecca Lane Pennypacker Price (1837–1919), American nurse
 * Reynolds Price (1933–2011), American man of letters
 * Richard H. Price, leading American physicist
 * Richard Price (1723–1791), Welsh philosopher
 * Richard Price (writer) (born 1949), American novelist and screenwriter
 * Rick Price, Australian singer
 * Rick Price (bassist), English bassist
 * Rick Price (golfer), American professional golfer
 * Ritch Price, American college baseball coach
 * Robert M. Price (born 1954), American New Testament scholar
 * Robert Price (attorney), American attorney, investment banker and corporate executive
 * Rodman M. Price (1816–1894), American Democratic Party politician
 * Roger Price (Australian politician) (born 1945), Australian politician
 * Roger Price (comedy) (1918–1990), American comedy writer best known for his collaborations with Leonard Stern on Mad Libs
 * Roger Price (television producer) (born 1941), British television producer
 * Ronnie Price, professional basketball player
 * Sarah Price (swimmer) (born 1979), former backstroke swimmer from the United Kingdom
 * Sarah Price (filmmaker) (born 1970), Welsh director, producer, musician, author, playwright, actor, comedian and screenwriter
 * Scott Price, Nebraska state senator
 * Sean Price (1972–2015), American rapper, one half of the duo Heltah Skeltah
 * Sherwood Price (1928–2020), American film and television actor
 * Sol Price (1916–2009), American businessman
 * Sophie Price (born 1989), British model
 * Sterling Price, Confederate major general during the American Civil War
 * Steve Price, Australian rugby league footballer
 * T. Douglas Price (born 1945), American archaeologist
 * Terry Price (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Thomas Price (1852–1909), mason and lay preacher who became the first Labour premier of South Australia
 * Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc) (1787–1848), historian and a major Welsh literary figure of the early 19th century
 * Thomas Rowe Price, Jr. (1898–1983), American investment banker and proponent of growth investment
 * Tom Price (actor), one of the stars of the Five comedy sketch show Swinging
 * Tom Price (ice hockey) (born 1954), former ice hockey player
 * Tom Price (American politician) (born 1954), American politician
 * Tom Pryce (1949–1977), 1970's Formula One Driver
 * Vincent Price (1911–1993), American actor
 * Walter Thomas Price IV (born 1967), Texas politician
 * William A. Price, American journalist who worked as the police reporter for the New York Daily News from 1940 to 1955
 * William Evan Price (1827–1880), Quebec businessman and political figure
 * William H. Price, Co-Founder of Chandler & Price
 * William Herbert Price, Attorney General of Ontario from 1926 to 1934 and Treasurer from 1923 to 1926
 * William Price (doctor) (1800–1893), physician and eccentric
 * William Price (industrialist) (1860–1938), farmer and industrialist
 * William Price (Rugby MP) (1934–1999), British Labour politician
 * William Price (Royalist colonel) (1619–1691), Royalist colonel in the English Civil War
 * William Ray Price Jr., judge on the Supreme Court of Missouri

In fiction

 * Fanny Price, protagonist of Mansfield Park by Jane Austen
 * Homer Price, a children's book character
 * Eglantine Price, a witch in search of the Amulet of Astoroth in the film Bedknobs and Broomsticks
 * Captain John Price, fictional leader of the 22nd Special Air Service Regiment in the 2007 video game Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
 * Chloe Price, a character in the 2015 video game, Life Is Strange, and the protagonist of its 2017 prequel, Life Is Strange: Before the Storm.
 * Derek, Dilys and Norman Price from Fireman Sam
 * Tim and Caroline Price, parents of Alex Drake (née Price), a main character of a UK TV-show Life on Mars's sequel Ashes to Ashes.
 * Dolores Price, protagonist of She's Come Undone by Wally Lamb

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Price (surname)


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Serge Vohor

Rialuth Serge Vohor (born 23 April 1955) is a Vanuatuan politician. He hails from the largest island of Vanuatu, Espiritu Santo, from Port Olry.

He was a member of the Union of Moderate Parties, a centrist political party, until 2022. When his party came to power in 1991, Vohor became foreign minister of Vanuatu for the first of three times, until 1993. Vohor has been Prime Minister four times, from December 1995 to February 1996; from September 1996 to March 1998; from 28 July 2004, to 11 December 2004; and from 24 April 2011 to 13 May 2011. The latter, brief term was however voided by the Court of Appeal, deeming his election unconstitutional as he had been elected only by a majority of Members of Parliament (26 out of 52), not by an absolute majority.

In October 2015, Vohor was one of 15 MPs to be convicted of bribery by the Vanuatu Supreme Court and was jailed for 3 years. Vohor was Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Kilman government at the time of his conviction.

Second term as prime minister and aftermath
In October 1996, during his second term as prime minister, he was abducted along with President Jean-Marie Léyé by members of the paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force, "disgruntled over a pay dispute". Both men were soon released unharmed. In 1997, while still serving as prime minister, he was implicated in a scheme to sell Vanuatuan passports to foreigners, and the Office of the Vanuatu Ombudsman recommended that he resign from his post.

After the 1998 parliamentary elections the Union of Moderate Parties could not form a coalition government, but Vohor still served as a prominent member of coalition governments led by other parties much of the time, serving as foreign minister again from 1999 until 2001. His party did not regain power in the 2002 parliamentary elections, but Vohor served as foreign minister for a third time from 2002 until 2003.

Third term as prime minister
In the parliamentary elections of 2004, the Union of Moderate Parties lost several seats. However, Vohor managed to form a coalition including independents and members of other parties to be elected Prime Minister. Vohor was elected Prime Minister by the Parliament with 28 votes, with his opponent, Ham Lini receiving 24. The following month, Vohor formed a national unity government with Lini as deputy prime minister.

While out of the country, Vohor was charged with contempt for comments he had made in parliament about Chief Justice Vincent Lunabek, but in September 2004 the Supreme Court threw out the charges on the grounds that Vohor had not been given the proper chance to defend himself in court, and that, furthermore, his comments were protected by parliamentary privilege.

Vohor gained international attention when, on 3 November 2004, while on a secret visit to Taipei, he established diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) without approval from the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers voted to void the move and asserted Vanuatu's continued recognition of the People's Republic of China under its terms of the One-China policy. For weeks, both the ROC and PRC had diplomatic missions in Vanuatu with disagreement in the government over which government to recognize. On 1 December, Vohor punched (or pushed) the shoulder of the new ambassador from Beijing, Bao Shusheng, after being approached to explain why the flag of the Republic of China was still flying over a hotel in Port Vila. After 16 members of parliament who had supported Vohor joined the opposition, depriving him of a majority and leaving him with 15 out of 52 seats, the opposition tried to hold a no-confidence vote against Vohor. Vohor attempted to prevent the vote in court, claiming that a new constitutional amendment barred no-confidence votes against a prime minister during his first year in office, but the Supreme Court ruled against him on 7 December, saying that the vote could go ahead because the new amendment had not yet been approved by referendum. Vohor then took the matter to the Court of Appeal, but it also ruled against him; he was defeated in the no-confidence vote and replaced by Ham Lini.

Later career
Since then Vohor has been the effective leader of the opposition. In March 2006 Vohor led an attempt to depose Lini through a no confidence vote, focusing on accusing Lini of weakness. However, the vote was defeated as not enough Parliament members who had supported the government defected.

On 27 July 2007, Vohor, who was serving as Minister of Public Utilities, allegedly assaulted an official from the Finance Ministry due to his pay being delayed. Despite this allegation, there was no evidence to substantiate the assault ever taking place. In a cabinet reshuffle a few days later, he was one of several ministers dismissed from the government. Vohor said that one reason the UMP was being excluded from the government was because of its strength, and said that the party would try to return to the government.

After the 2 September 2008 general elections Vohor and his Union of Moderate Parties initially aligned itself with the opposition block which gave its support to Vanuatu Republican Party's Maxime Carlot Korman for the post of Prime Minister.

When a motion of No Confidence was tabled against new Prime Minister Edward Natapei, Serge Vohor and his MPs initially supported the no confidence motion; however, he eventually withdrew his signature to be in Natapei's government as its new Minister of Infrastructure and Public Utilities.

Fourth term as prime minister

 * See also: Vohor Cabinet (2011–)

On 24 April 2011 (Easter Sunday), Prime Minister Sato Kilman was narrowly ousted by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, by twenty-six votes to twenty-five. Usually, the opposition, led by Edward Natapei, had not fielded a candidate to succeed him. Parliament thus elected Serge Vohor to the post.

His election was declared invalid on 13 May 2011, as he had been elected only bt a relative majority in Parliament, not an absolute one.

Subsequent career
On 23 March 2013, new Prime Minister Moana Carcasses Kalosil appointed him Minister for Health. He lost office when the Carcasses government was brought down by a motion of no confidence on 15 May 2014.

In June 2015, following a further change of government, Vohor became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Sato Kilman.

In October 2015, Serge Vohor, together with several other MPs, was convicted of bribery by the Vanuatu Supreme Court. Vohor was found to have accepted 1,000,000 vatu from Moana Carcasses MP, in return for support in a motion of no-confidence against the government of Joe Natuman. At one point during the trial, Vohor attacked a photographer outside the court house. Vohor was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment for his involvement in the bribery scandal. He was also convicted for conspiring to pervert the course of justice. He served 18 months in jail. He was pardoned by the President of Vanuatu, Tallis Obed Moses, in September 2021, which restores his eligibility to run for public office again.

In August 2022, he launched a leadership bid once again for the UMP, this time losing to Ishmael Kalsakau by a vote of 45 delegates to 22. After his defeat, Vohor left the party after more than 30 years and formed a new party called the Pikinini blong Graon (Children of the Land) Movement in September.

title: Serge Vohor


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Share

Share may refer to:
 * Share, to make joint use of a resource (such as food, money, or space); see Sharing
 * Share (finance), a stock or other financial security (such as a mutual fund)
 * Share, Kwara, a town and LGA in Kwara State, Nigeria

Share may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Share (2015 film), a short drama film
 * Share (2019 film), a feature drama film
 * Share (newspaper), a newspaper in Toronto, Canada
 * Ratings share, percentage of television sets in use tuned to a program, according to the Nielsen Ratings

Computing

 * share (command), a shell command
 * SHARE (computing), a user group for IBM mainframe computers
 * Share (P2P), a Japanese P2P computer program, the successor to Winny
 * Share, a software service of Acrobat.com used for sending files
 * File sharing
 * Network share, a file storage area that is available over a computer network
 * Share icon, a user interface icon intended to convey performing a share action
 * SHARE Operating System, the first operating system, by the SHARE user group

Organizations

 * SHARE cancer support, a New York City organization supporting women with cancer
 * share (company), a German consumer goods brand
 * SHARE Foundation (El Salvador), an El Salvador justice organization
 * Share Foundation, a medical charity in Newfoundland
 * SHARE in Africa, an American charity organization
 * Share International, a religious movement founded by British painter Benjamin Creme
 * Skeptics and Humanist Aid and Relief Effort, or SHARE, a charity arm of the Center for Inquiry
 * Students Harness Aid for the Relief of the Elderly, or SHARE, a charity in Cork, Ireland

Other uses

 * Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment, or SHARE, tracking space weather from Antarctica
 * Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, or SHARE, a health and social study in Europe

title: Share


text:
User:Jwrosenzweig/AC candidacy

Replies to UninvitedCompany's points
I liked UC's comments on the talk page very much, and want to respond to the points here -- I don't know if my replies will prove how fitting or unfitting I am for this responsibility, but either way, I think people have a right to know.

 * I am afraid I have no experience as a moderator in sites besides Wikipedia online -- I participate semi-frequently on a few bulletin boards online, but I generally try to keep a lower profile, as I devote my limited Internet time almost entirely to Wikipedia. Communities I have been a part of include www.tolkien-movies.com www.theonering.net and www.narniaweb.com -- if anyone wants more details, they are free to ask me on my talk page.

 * I do better in real-world group decision-making. In my university work, I have served as Vice-President of the University of Washington chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, a honor society for history majors, as Chair of the History Graduate Caucus at Simon Fraser University, and as Treasurer for the Students for Philosophy of Education at Western Washington University.  In addition, I served as my department's representative to the Graduate Issues Council at SFU, a council that focused on bringing departments together for dialogue about how to better serve graduate students.  I sat as voting student representative on a hiring committee for a tenure-track position at SFU, and was invited as a participating member to a summit on public education sponsored by the Dean of the Woodring College of Education at WWU.  I also have extensive experience serving on board and committees with such varied organizations as the Puget Sound Beekeepers Association, the Washington State YMCA Youth and Government program, and the Washington Homeschool Organization.  In virtually all of the above cases, I was working with a group of decision-makers in a generally non-hierarchical format -- in general, I have been praised for my ability to communicate clearly, to listen carefully, and to build consensus.

 * Dealing with behavior problems has been the hallmark of my experience working with high-school students, both as a volunteer for the YMCA and as a high school teacher. In both scenarios, I have often been called to deal with students who are causing trouble or generally unproductive -- of course, expulsion is always an option, but I've found numerous creative ways to deal with the recalcitrant, and have seen some amazing successes with young people who turned themselves around.  I hope that my experience in this regard will be of some use to the AC.

 * Wikipedia is one of the few commitments that has not suffered in the last year from the demands of university work, job hunts, and planning a wedding. I hope that's indication of the strength of my commitment.  I intend to participate long-term (especially as I plan on integrating Wikipedia somehow into numerous of my lesson plans), as in a number of years, which I hope is commitment enough for the AC, and I promise to be communicative about Wikiholidays.  I have taken one for stress and one for my honeymoon, and I hope not to have to take too many more for stress. :-)  I anticipate perhaps two absences per year of roughly 7-10 days apiece, let's say, generally planned for in advance?  If this causes anyone concern, please inform me on my talk page, and I'll consider what you have to say carefully.

Jwrosenzweig 22:32, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Jwrosenzweig/AC candidacy


text:
Scopophilia

In psychology and psychiatry, scopophilia or scoptophilia (σκοπέω skopeō, "look to", "to examine" + φῐλῐ́ᾱ philíā, "the tendency towards") is an aesthetic pleasure drawn from looking at an object or a person. In human sexuality, the term scoptophilia describes the sexual pleasure that a person derives from looking at prurient objects of eroticism, such as pornography, the nude body, and fetishes, as a substitute for actual participation in a sexual relationship.

Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud used the term scopophilia to describe, analyze, and explain the concept of Schaulust, the pleasure in looking, a curiosity which he considered a partial-instinct innate to the childhood process of forming a personality; and that such a pleasure-instinct might be sublimated, either into Aesthetics, looking at objets d'art or sublimated into an obsessional neurosis "a burning and tormenting curiosity to see the female body", which afflicted the Rat Man patient of the psychoanalyst Freud. From that initial interpretation of Schaulust arose the psycho-medical belief that the inhibition of the scopic drive might lead to actual, physical illness, such as physiologic disturbances of vision and eyesight. In contrast to Freud's interpretation of the scopic drive, other psychoanalytic theories proposed that the practices of scopophilia might lead to madness — either insanity or a mental disorder — which is the scopophilic person's retreat from the concrete world of reality into an abstract world of fantasy.

The theoretic bases of scopophilia were developed by the psychoanalyst Otto Fenichel, in special reference to the process and stages of psychological identification. That in developing a personal identity, "a child, who is looking for libidinous purposes ... wants to look at an object in order [for it] to 'feel along with him'." That the impersonal interaction of scopophilia (between the looker and the looked-at) sometimes replaced personal interactions in the psychological life of a person who is socially anxious, and seeks to avoid feelings of guilt.

Lacan's conceptual development of the gaze linked the pleasure of scopophilia to the person's apprehension of the Other (person) who is not the Self; that is: "The gaze is this object lost, and suddenly re-found, in the conflagration of shame, by the introduction of the Other." The practice of scopophilia is how a person's desire is captured by the imaginary representation of the Other. Theories alternative to Lacan's interpretations of scopophilia and the gaze proposed that a child's discovery of genital difference, and the accompanying anxiety about not knowing the difference of the Other sex, is the experience that subsequently impels the child's scopic drive to fulfil the desire to look and to look at.

Literary examples

 * The Satyricon (The Book of Satyr-like Adventures, AD 1st c.), by Gaius Petronius Arbiter, presents the scopophilic description of a priestess of Priapus as the woman who was "the first to put an inquisitive eye to a crack she had naughtily opened, and spy on their play with prurient eagerness."
 * Secret Sexualities: A Sourcebook of 17th and 18th Century Writing (2003), by Ian McCormick, shows that transgressive sexuality is composed of the inter-relationships between the public and the private spheres and between the open and the secret aspects of a person's life. The example is Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1749), in which the protagonist Fanny Hill gives her scoptophilic observations of two sodomites, which include descriptions of the furnishings and the décor of the room in which they are copulating: " .. . at length I observed a paper patch of the same colour as the wainscot, which I took to conceal some flaw; but then it was so high that I was obliged to stand upon a chair to reach it, which I did, as soft as possible, and, with a point of a bodkin, soon pierced it, and opened myself espial room sufficient. And now, applying my eye close, I commanded the room perfectly, and could see my two young sparks romping and pulling one another about, entirely, to my imagination, in frolic and innocent play.”

Race
Critical race theorists, such as bell hooks, Shannon Winnubst, and David Marriott present and describe scopophilia and the scopic drive as the psychological and social mechanisms that realize the practices of Other-ing a person to exclude them from society (see also scopophobia). The social practice of scopophilia is supposed to fix the appearance and identity of the Other (person), who is not the Self, by way of the gaze that objectifies and dehumanizes them as "not I" and thus "not one of us". In that vein, the practices of cultural scopophilia restrict the number and type of visible representations of "outsiders" in a society.

Cinema
In Psycho (1960), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, the protagonist Norman Bates is a voyeur whose motel rooms feature peepholes. In the course of the story, the motel manager Norman spies upon the anti-heroine as she undresses in her ostensibly private room. In Peeping Tom (1960), directed by Michael Powell, scopophilia is mentioned as a psychological affliction of the protagonist, Mark Lewis. As narrative cinema, Peeping Tom is a deliberate exercise in voyeurism for the protagonist and for the spectator, which demonstrates how readily the protagonist and the spectator are mentally willing and morally capable of watching atrocities (torture, mutilation, death) that should not be gazed upon as narrative movies. The mentally ill protagonist acted as he acted consequent to severe mental mistreatment in boyhood, by his film-maker father; the paternal abuse mentally malformed Mark into a reclusive, introverted man comfortable with torturing and killing people.

In the 1970s, parting from Lacan's propositions, psychoanalysts of the cinema used the term scopophilia to identify and to describe the aesthetic and emotional pleasures (often pathological), and other unconscious mental processes that occur in the minds of spectators gazing at a film. Yet voyeurism and the male gaze are psychological practices basic to the spectators' emotional experience of viewing mainstream, commercial cinema; notably, the male gaze is fully presented, described, and explained, and contrasted with the female gaze, in the essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (1975), by Laura Mulvey. Subsequent scholars have challenged Mulvey's influential reading of scopophilia as a "gross reduction of the erotic and the aesthetic to the politics of representation."

title: Scopophilia


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Gumball 3000

Gumball 3000 is a brand known for the annual Gumball 3000 Rally, an international celebrity motor rally that takes place on public roads. The brand was founded in 1999 by British entrepreneur Maximillion Cooper, with his vision to combine cars, music, fashion and popular culture.

Rally format
The Gumball 3000 Rally takes approximately 120 vehicles across multiple countries on a 3,000 mile journey that takes place across 6 days – occasionally including continental travel via cargo planes to transport vehicles by air. Entrants travel on public roads and use a mixture of vehicles ranging from custom classic cars to hypercars, and attend a VIP party, dinner or event each night. The rally features a number of exclusive experiences along the route that includes lunchtime checkpoints and overnight stops in major cities, where major public roads are often closed down to traffic for access of participating vehicles. The rally was founded in 1999 by Maximillion Cooper, initially as a road trip with his friends. Organisers emphasise that the event is a road trip and in no way a race or competition, with their rally slogan reading "It's a rally, not a race".

Rally participants pay for their entry. The entry fee is cited as around $75,000 in Toronto Life, while a new participant quoted in The Globe and Mail said $85,000 and a repeat participant said their rate was around $50,000.

Rally participants are split evenly each year between new and previous participants (referred to as 'alumni'). Rally participants are referred to as 'Gumballers'.

1999–2004
The Gumball 3000 was first launched in 1999. Maximillion Cooper started the event after he and a group of friends aimed to drive their supercars across Europe on a 3,000 mile journey that they referred to as a rally. The rally was aimed at friends of Cooper, with an initial entry fee of $8,700. Participants had to use their own vehicles. The first event took inspiration from a number of racing events throughout the world. In 1933, motorcycle racer, Erwin Baker, had crossed the United States coast-to-coast in 54 hours. He earned the nickname "Cannonball" which spawned a number of race events in both the United States and Europe over the next few decades in his honor. The Cannonball events were held in the 1970s, with the first prize being a gumball machine. It has been suggested that this is the origin of the Gumball 3000 brand name.

The first event took place in 1999, with the journey starting in London and heading to Rimini, Italy before returning to London. Cooper planned different events on each night of the rally, ranging from parties to dinner events. The rally received extensive coverage in the British media due to the attendance of a number of high-profile figures including Kate Moss, Guy Ritchie and Kylie & Dannii Minogue.

Following the success of the first Gumball 3000 rally, the second event in 2000 began at the Marble Arch in London, before heading to Stansted airport to fly over to Spain. The rally then continued through Bilbao, Cannes, Milan, Hotel Bühlerhöhe Castle, Nürburgring GP circuit and Hamburg, before heading back to the starting city, London.

The cars that participated in the rally were filmed by MTV for a Jackass Special, with the episode earning MTV their highest ratings for the year. Entrants who featured in the 2001 rally included Formula One World Champion Damon Hill in a Lamborghini and comedian Vic Reeves who drove a Mercedes-AMG. In 2002, the Gumball 3000 made the first coast-to-coast journey across the contiguous United States, from New York City to Los Angeles. Checkpoints along the route included a stop at the White House in Washington, D.C.; Graceland in Memphis, Tennessee; Texas; Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico; the Grand Canyon; Las Vegas; and, finally, the Playboy Mansion in Los Angeles. Among the participants were fashion designer Donna Karan, models Jodie Kidd and Amy Wesson, and actor Matthew McConaughey.

In 2003, Gumball 3000: The Movie was released. It was a 98-minute 2003 film feature directed by Steven Green and narrated by the late Burt Reynolds.

The fifth Annual Gumball 3000 rally began in San Francisco on the west coast of America and finished Miami, Florida. The rally passed through Reno, Nevada; Las Vegas; Tucson, Arizona; White Sands, New Mexico; San Antonio, Texas; and New Orleans. Featured participants included Travis Pastrana, professional skateboarder Tony Hawk, who drove in a Dodge Viper the late Jackass ' Ryan Dunn. 2004 saw the Gumball rally commence at the Eiffel Tower in Paris proceed through Biarritz, Madrid, Marbella, across the Mediterranean Sea to Marrakesh, Morocco, before returning to Barcelona for the Grand Prix and finishing in Cannes for the Cannes Film Festival.

Event growth (2005–2009)
Jenson Button waved the start flag of the 2005 Gumball 3000, that travelled from London to Monte Carlo. Entrants drove through Brussels, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Dubrovnik, Sicily, Rome and Florence, before crossing the finishing line in Monte Carlo. Models Caprice Bourret and Jodie Kidd joined singer Jay Kay from Jamiroquai, British rock band The Darkness and Ken Block in the list of celebrities taking part.

The 2006 starting flag was dropped in London where participants then travelled onto Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade, before jumping on a plane in Serbia to Thailand. The route then continued through Phuket and Bangkok, before flying to Salt Lake City and finishing with a party at the Playboy Mansion in Los Angeles. Travis Barker was present on the 2006 rally, as well as Martine McCutcheon, who drove a pink Range Rover in an all-female team. Gumball 3000 Films also produced a movie, 3000 Miles, following five other entrants: skateboarders Tony Hawk, Bam Margera and Mike Vallely, BMX rider Mike Escamilla and Margera's Jackass co-star, Ryan Dunn. The 2007 route was scheduled to travel from London to Istanbul, via Amsterdam, Munich, Tirana, Dubrovnik, and Athens. Over 100 contestants including actors Tamer Hassan and Danny Dyer and model and entrepreneur Caprice Bourret were scheduled to drive through 16 countries in eight days. The entrance fee for the 2007 rally was £28,000 for first-time drivers. In the 2007 event, two people in North Macedonia died in a traffic incident involving a participating rally vehicle. The incident occurred on 2 May 2007, when a TechArt Porsche 997 Turbo driven by Nicholas Morley collided with a Volkswagen Golf, whose occupants were both killed. The organisers of the Gumball 3000 initially continued with the rally until the facts about the incident became clear, at which point rally organisers canceled the remainder of event as a mark of respect. The subsequent court hearing found Morley guilty and convicted him of "endangering traffic, leading to death"; he was released from custody after receiving a two-year suspended sentence. After the verdict, Morley's family released a statement detailing its own expert's findings, which contradict those of the prosecution's expert.

In 2008, the rally travelled from San Francisco to China, finishing at the Beijing Olympics. The rally passed through Los Angeles, San Diego and Las Vegas before flying to Nanjing in China and spending a night in North Korea for the Mass Games.

2010–2019
More than 100 cars took part in the rally in 2010. The rally began in London and ended in New York, passing through Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Boston, Quebec City and Toronto. Michael Madsen joined the rally, but was forced to leave the rally in Belgium after his driver was stopped by police for speeding. A number of other celebrities took part in the event, including Idris Elba and Cypress Hill. It was on this rally that Cooper met Grammy-winning US rapper Eve, who he later married in 2014 at the end of that year's rally. Starting in London's Covent Garden, the 2011 Gumball 3000 rally saw the entrants drive through Paris, Barcelona, Monaco, Venice, and Croatia, before finishing in Istanbul. Attendees of the launch party at the Playboy Club in London included Jo Wood, The Saturdays Vanessa White and former Pussycat Doll Melody Thornton. Participants in the rally included David Hasselhoff, Eve, Xzibit and Tony Hawk.

The 2012 rally was a 'Sea to Shining Sea' route in the US from New York to Los Angeles, stopping in Toronto, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Santa Fe and Las Vegas.

In 2013 Chernin Entertainment and Warner Bros acquired the rights to produce and develop a film based around the Gumball 3000 rally.

In 2014, and with a cost for participants rising to a rumoured £40,000, the rally started in the United States in Miami, before passing through Atlanta and New York City before flying to Western Europe to conclude the rally, travelling from Edinburgh and continuing through London, Paris and Barcelona, before finally culminating on the island of Ibiza.

During the 2014 event, deadmau5 and his co-driver Tory Belleci drove a Nyan Cat inspired Ferrari 458 Spider named 'Purrari' that received a cease-and-desist order from Ferrari. The car was listed on Craigslist following the rally and was sold for $380,000.

In 2015 participants followed a transatlantic route from Stockholm to Las Vegas. Stops included Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Reno, San Francisco and Los Angeles, with a drive through Death Valley before reaching Las Vegas. Lewis Hamilton joined the final stage of the rally from Los Angeles to Las Vegas driving a Koenigsegg Agera HH.

The 2016 rally was from Dublin to Bucharest. David Hasselhoff waved the start flag in Dublin to mark the beginning of the rally. The route took participants from Dublin to Edinburgh, London, Rust, Prague and Budapest before ending in Bucharest. Other famous faces that took part were F1 drivers David Coulthard and Jean Alesi, Grammy-winning rapper Eve, Dutch DJ Afrojack, Major Lazer, rapper Bun B, pop star Marlon Roudette, music producer Dallas Austin, Sullivan Stapleton, reality star Calum Best and YouTuber Calfreezy. The 2016 Gumball rally featured a one-off 'Batmobile' based on a Lamborghini Gallardo, driven by Team Galag. It is estimated that over one million fans attended the 2016 rally across all locations.

In 2017, the rally began on 1 July from Riga, passing through Warsaw, Kraków, Budapest, Dubrovnik, Porto Montenegro, Tirana, Volos, then Athens, and finally to Mykonos for two days.

2018 saw the return of intercontinental travel as part of a rally route. The rally began on 5 August starting in London, passing through Domaine De Chantilly in France, Sforza Castle in Milan, Italy and heading to Bologna to fly on "Gumball Air" (A Malaysian Airlines airplane hired by organisers, which stopped in Kazakhstan to refuel) to head to Osaka, Japan. All participating vehicles were flown to Japan via two cargo planes. From Osaka the rally headed to Kyoto, Nanao before crossing the finish line in Tokyo.

The 2019 Gumball 3000 Rally took place in June, starting in Mykonos, Greece, before finishing on the Spanish island of Ibiza. The rally passed through Thessaloniki, Greece, Porto Montenegro, Montenegro, Venice, Italy, Monaco and Barcelona, Spain. Dutch DJ Afrojack participated in a Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse and a Bugatti Chiron in matching blue camo livery.

2020–present
In 2020, the Gumball 3000 Rally was due to head from Toronto, Canada to Havana, Cuba, however the rally was cancelled due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This was the first time a full rally had been cancelled in Gumball 3000's history. The rally was eventually further postponed to May 2022 due to continued concerns surrounding the pandemic in 2021.

In May 2022 the postponed 22nd Annual Rally took place from Toronto, Canada to Miami, United States. The rally was originally intended to finish in Havana, Cuba, however organisers changed finish line locations due to concerns caused by Cuba's relationship with Russia following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in March 2022. The May 2022 rally began on 27 May with a free public concert in Toronto's Yonge-Dundas Square featuring performances from local artists and headline performances from rapper Bun B and deadmau5. The flag drop event took place in the same location the following day, with David Hasselhoff returning to drop the flag. The rally then travelled via Indianapolis (the Gumball participants watched the Indy 500 race with VIP hospitality), Nashville and Atlanta before crossing the finish line at the Inter Miami's DRV PNK Stadium, where the inaugural Gumball Goodwill Cup Charity Football Match took place, featuring the Gumball All-Stars XI facing a Laureus Sport for Good World XI.

For the first time in Gumball 3000 history, and in reaction to the cancelled 2020 & 2021 rallies, Gumball 3000 hosted two rallies in one year, with the 'Middle East' rally taking place in November 2022. The rally route began in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and travelled a circular route through Oman via Jebel Akhdar, Salalah and Muscat before heading back into the UAE via Ras Al Khaimah, where Gumball 3000 joined the Global Citizen Forum Charity Gala. The rally crossed the finish line on 18 November in Abu Dhabi at the W Hotel, where Gumball participants enjoyed VIP Hospitality at the finale of the 2022 Formula One Season, the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. A number of new celebrity participants joined for this rally, including influencers Yung Filly and Michael Dapaah, and rapper French Montana, who performed at the opening concert in Dubai.

In June 2023, Gumball 3000 returned to Europe with a European Tour – the first time the rally had come to Europe for four years. The rally began on 10 June in Edinburgh, Scotland, before heading to London, England, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Verbier, Switzerland, Venice, Italy and Budapest, Hungary, before crossing the finish line in the coastal resort of Porto Montenegro.

Apparel, brand partnerships & popular culture
Since the establishment of Gumball 3000, the brand's popularity led to the launch of Gumball Apparel. Apparel is designed in-house, with designs influenced by previous Gumball 3000 events and motorsport.

Since the launch of the apparel brand, there have been a number of capsule collections released in collaboration with major fashion houses. These collaborations have included Puma, Adidas and Nixon. Since 2019, Gumball 3000 has partnered with eyewear brand Carrera for a number of limited-edition eyewear releases. Adidas subsequently withdrew its multi-million dollar sponsorship following a fatal accident in 2007 fatal accident during which resulted in the death of a person in a car not part of the event.

Gumball 3000 has released a number of products in various entertainment categories, including movies, video games and toys.

In 2000, Top Trumps, a popular card game in the United Kingdom, released a version of the card game using the Gumball 3000 brand name. In 2002, Gumball 3000 the game was released for the PlayStation 2 console, developed by Climax Studios and published by SCi.

Gumball 3000 announced a partnership with MTV in 2001 to cover the rally for five years. MTV also covered the 2007 rally.

Gumball 3000 has released a number of limited-edition toy cars with American scale model brand Hot Wheels. Gumball 3000 Edition Hot Wheels cars are premium models within the Hot Wheels brand.

In 2015, Guess announced a collaboration with Gumball 3000 for the 2015 rally. The brand designed exclusive drivers jackets for Gumball 3000 participants and participated in the Stockholm to Las Vegas rally in 3 Dodge Vipers, driven by three Guess models. Armin Strom announced in they would also launch an official watch for the Gumball 3000.

Gumball 3000 has partnered with a number of automotive brands for a number of purposes, included support vehicles for crew & staff travelling on the rally, celebrity and sponsor vehicles and for events along the rally. Automotive brands that have partnered with Gumball 3000 include Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Nissan, Aston Martin and Koenigsegg.

title: Gumball 3000


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Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven

Lift Your Skinny Fists like Antennas to Heaven is the second studio album by Canadian post-rock band Godspeed You! Black Emperor, released as a double album October 9, 2000 on vinyl by Constellation, and November 8, 2000 on CD by Kranky. It was listed on multiple decade-end lists as one of the greatest albums of the 2000s.

Background
Godspeed You! Black Emperor is a Montreal band formed in 1994. The band hails from the Canadian post-rock scene, with the band's label Constellation being a central part of the scene, though both Constellation founder Ian Ilavsky and Godspeed You! Black Emperor guitarist Efrim Menuck have stated that they see their music as more punk rock than post-rock. Godspeed You! Black Emperor's politically motivated music output is primarily instrumental, being framed with field recordings and tape manipulation. Their early work leading up to Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven "[came] across like an attempt to blend divinity and human folly atop the same sonic canvas," according to The A.V. Club's Andrew Paul, with the music conveying humanity's hopelessness and self-destruction.

Godspeed You! Black Emperor released three records in the 1990s: the self-released cassette All Lights Fucked on the Hairy Amp Drooling (1994), the studio album F♯ A♯ ∞ (1997), and the EP Slow Riot for New Zero Kanada (1999). The band also regularly staged three-hour long live performances, including in major cities such as London, San Francisco, and New York City. During this time, they started receiving attention beyond the underground scene, particularly from the British press, with much critical analysis of their work. The band itself has typically avoided interviews and promotional material, citing concerns of misrepresentation of their work in the media and bafflement at their increased popularity. Two notable exceptions include their interviews for The Wire and NME, with the latter's being a cover interview despite the cover not featuring a picture of the band.

Production and composition
Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven consists of four 20-minute tracks divided into movements: "Storm", "Static", "Sleep", and "Antennas to Heaven". Godspeed You! Black Emperor recorded the album in Chemical Sound Studios, Toronto, in nine days with producer Daryl Smith, with the material drawn from the band's recent live performances. The instrumentation involved string instruments, guitars, pianos, static, and occasional field recordings. According to Menuck, the composition of the tracks drew upon his filmmaking studies, with him comparing the combining of musical pieces and field recordings to film editing. Compared to previous projects by Godspeed You! Black Emperor, Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven is more progressive and hopeful. Drummer Aidan Girt cited this tonal shift to the recent growth in Montreal's economy. In a 2012 Guardian interview, the band collectively stated that, contrary to popular belief, their intent from the beginning was to create "heavy music, joyously" that acknowledged yet dismissed the bleakness of contemporary times. Jeanette Leech argued in Fearless: the Making of Post-Rock that Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven represented this ideal.

Structure and details
The four tracks on Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven are composed of individually named internal movements. The album is primarily instrumental, except for sampled voice inserts and the one-minute opening to track 4, entitled "Moya Sings 'Baby-O'...". The samples on the album are often used to send some satirical, political, or poetic message. The inner panels of the vinyl edition released by Constellation contain a diagram used to illustrate the relative lengths of movements within the four tracks; each movement is drawn by Efrim Menuck, as a rectangular block with its length determined by the proportion of the track it comprises. Some of the blocks are shifted slightly upwards to show an increase in intensity. The movement title and the numerical length are denoted either above or below the square. The same diagram is provided as a paper insert in the CD edition from Kranky.

The inside cover drawings were taken from William Schaff's "Notes to a Friend; Silently Listening No. 2", illustrations taken "from a series of small little books [Schaff] self released in the late 90s, and early into the 21st century". The cover is a redrawn version, by John Arthur Tinholt, of one of Schaff's pieces from that series. The flip side of the vinyl contains various photographs taken by the band.

Reception
On Metacritic, the album has a score of 84 based on 13 reviews, indicating "Universal acclaim". Pitchfork called it a "massive and achingly beautiful work", describing the first disc as "a refinement of the sound that crystallized on the Slow Riot EP" whilst the second disc "flirts with moments of vertiginous shoegazing, looser rock drumming and reckless crescendos of unalloyed noise". Alternative Press called it "a massive instrumental effort" that is "as skilled and musical as it is on-the-fly improvised and messy". The A.V. Club called the album "as beautiful and disarming as its predecessors". Tiny Mix Tapes called the album "alternately hypnotic and captivating, sleepy and startling" comparing its sounds to "a far subtler Pink Floyd". The Austin Chronicle called it "cinematic" and "breathtaking in its grandiose beauty".

The album went on to be included in numerous year-end and decade-end music lists. Magnet included it in its "20 Best Albums of 2000" list. NME ranked it number 16 in its "Top 50 Albums of the Year". Sputnikmusic named it the 6th best album of the 2000s. Pitchfork named it the 5th best album of the year and the 65th best album of the decade. They also ranked the first movement of the track 'Storm' at #283 on their list of "Top 500 tracks of the 2000s". Tiny Mix Tapes ranked it 7th on their "Favorite 100 Albums of 2000–2009" list. LAS Magazine ranked it the 14th greatest album of the decade. Gigwise included the album on its list of the 50 best albums of the 2000s. In their 20th anniversary review of pop culture from 2000, The A.V. Club published a piece on this album as one of their "Permanent Records", with reviewer Andrew Paul writing that it feels "prophetic" to listen to in the 21st century, with the content "somehow even more terrifying, beautiful, and awesome". A 2020 BBC overview of double albums lists this as an "honorable mention" for releases that the audience needs to hear. Paste magazine placed this album on 6 in their list of 50 post-rock albums of all time.

Track listing
The compact disc contains two tracks per disc; the double LP, one track per side. Time lengths of individual movements are taken from the official discography; times for each movement appear in the album's cover art, but those times are very inaccurate. While the movements of the tracks are listed, the names of the four tracks that make up the album are unlisted on the CD.

Personnel
Adapted from liner notes and AllMusic. Names are in order based on liner notes.

'''Godspeed You! Black Emperor'''
 * Sophie Trudeau – violin
 * Norsola Johnson – cello
 * David Bryant – electric guitar
 * Thierry Amar – bass guitar
 * Aidan Girt – drums
 * Mauro Pezzente – bass guitar
 * Bruce Cawdron – drums
 * Roger Tellier-Craig – guitar
 * Efrim Menuck – guitar

Other personnel
 * Daryl Smith – recording
 * Brian Cram – horn (tracks 1a and 3c)
 * Alfons – horn (tracks 1a and 3c)


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Josias Moli

Josias Moli (born 19 August 1954) is a Vanuatuan politician who served as speaker of the Parliament of Vanuatu and acting president of Vanuatu.

Biography
He succeeded Roger Abiut in both positions. He is a member of the Union of Moderate Parties and was elected speaker of parliament after Abiut was defeated in parliamentary elections earlier in July 2004. In Vanuatu the speaker of parliament serves as the acting president when Parliament has not elected a new president, which was necessary after the impeachment of Alfred Maseng. Moli lost the position of acting president when Parliament and regional presidents were able to elect a new president on August 16, 2004. Moli was the fourth person to serve as President of Vanuatu in four months.?

He was succeeded by Kalkot Mataskelekele, who was elected president by the electoral college. Moli also lost the position of speaker in December 2004, when the government of Serge Vohor, a member of his party, was replaced by a government under the leadership of Ham Lini. Moli is still a member of the Vanuatu parliament.

title: Josias Moli


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User illusion

In the philosophy of mind, the user illusion is a metaphor for a proposed description of consciousness that argues that conscious experience does not directly expose objective reality, but instead provides a simplified version of reality that allows humans to make decisions and act in their environment, akin to a computer desktop. According to this picture, our experience of the world is not immediate, as all sensation requires processing time. It follows that our conscious experience is less a perfect reflection of what is occurring, and more a simulation produced subconsciously by the brain. Therefore, there may be phenomena that exist beyond our peripheries, beyond what consciousness could create to isolate or reduce them.

The term "user illusion" was first introduced by Alan Kay, a computer scientist working on graphical user interfaces at Xerox PARC, to describe the illusion created by the user interface of a desktop computer. Tor Nørretranders explored as a metaphor for conscious experience in his book The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size, and the concept has been developed further by Daniel Dennett, who has also embraced the view that human consciousness is a "user-illusion".

Etymology
The term "user illusion" was first used by Alan Kay, a computer scientist working on graphical user interfaces at Xerox PARC, to describe the illusion created by the user interface of a desktop computer. Kay noted that the visual metaphor of a desktop is merely a tool to create the simplified representation of the underlying complexity of the computer. This "user illusion" represents the computer as much simpler than it truly is, and, from the user's perspective, is not just a human–computer interface that allows the user to not only act and make decisions when using the computer, but, in all purposes, is the computer itself. For example, computer designers create windows and folders, objects that only exist in the interface but allow the user to interact with the underlying complex programming.

Information processing
The notion that consciousness is a form of user illusion is explored by Tor Nørretranders in his 1991 book The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size. Norretranders approaches the problem of consciousness through the perspective of information processing, where he treats the human brain as a computer. He suggests that most of the work is taken care of at a subconscious level: we perceive around 12 million bits of information per second, among which 10 million capacity is reserved for vision, 1 million is for touch, and the rest is distributed for other senses. Despite this vast amount of information that is processed subconsciously, conscious information processing can only work at about 60 bits/sec. Thereby, consciousness acts as a filter to prune the information that is received by the senses into something a conscious experience can handle. This would also explain why we can only perceive and thus focus on a limited amount of objects at any time and why it takes great efforts to deal with something we encounter for the first time - that is because our brain has to work hard to learn how to filter new inputs. For example, it’s difficult to learn new skills in sports. Practice is necessary for your subconscious to learn the precise movement for each limb in order to coordinate. Thus, Norretranders postulates that when athletes report that they had too much time to think about their skills and mess up, it could be due to the fact that the thought process became slow enough that the conscious mind interfered and started to take over the control.

Benjamin Libet conducted an experiment that supports the idea of consciousness as a user illusion. This study investigated the relation between our conscious and unconscious mind. Subjects wired with measuring electrodes were asked to move a finger. A half-second before the decision is made to flex the muscle, an electrical signal is detected in the brain. Astonishingly, the decision seems to be made by unconscious neurons before the self becomes aware of its desire to act. This study suggests that consciousness is the initiator. However, our subconscious minds process information and make decisions on what to distribute to our conscious mind before we are aware.

Models of others and oneself
Daniel Dennett suggests that although a human may not be able to understand everything that's going on in the cell phone system, we can still use our phones smoothly by simple touches and nudges. Therefore, the user illusion simplifies life such that we are able to interact with the interface with only a few simplified steps, without knowing the underlying working principles. Thus, he claims that humans experience reality as a "user-illusion", in which our conscious experience is a simplification of reality and allows us to seamlessly act in our world. Dennett claims that we benefit from this phenomenon, since "It's the brain's 'user illusion' of itself ... The brain doesn't have to understand how the brain works". In addition, in our minds, we have developed models of others as "conscious agents". When person A talks to person B, B does not have the access to A's inner thoughts; however, B is able to gain a good sense of what's going on in A's mind and at the same time, A is able to convey such good ideas as well. Dennett says, "Your consciousness is my user illusion of you and my consciousness is your user illusion of me." Meanwhile, humans have the model of oneself as well. Just as how A would approach B, by asking himself or herself questions and waiting for his or her own responses, A can get access to himself or herself as well such that we are probing our minds and getting ourselves to think and not think things as we wanted. By user illusion, we are manipulating our own brains.

Evolutionary fitness
Donald D. Hoffman explains how the user illusion may have originated from the selective pressures of Darwinism. Hoffman argues that although the classic argument is that evolutionary fitness was correlated with perceiving the truth about our environment, the fitness function need not be correlated with objective truth at all. According to Hoffman and colleague Chetan Prakash, “According to evolution by natural selection, an organism that sees reality as it is will never be more fit than an organism of equal complexity that sees none of reality but is just tuned to fitness. Never.” Hoffman explains that evolution has molded us to have perceptions and conscious experiences that allow us to survive and reproduce. Much like the computer desktop, our perception of reality is merely a tuned simplification that guides adaptive behavior, a user illusion.

Introspection
Critics of user illusion argue that humans are able to access the content of their brain’s representations by introspection and analysis of inner speech. These critics point out that more often humans know what is meant, although they may be wrong about what they said or how they delivered what they said. Furthermore, critics argue that inner speech episodes permit access to the content of some of our brain states, which thereby allows us to know what our brain states represent by introspection. This argument disputes the claim that consciousness is merely a simplified representation of the world in which we cannot access the full information of reality since what you introspect is what there is.

Social behavior
The user illusion proposes that consciousness is an evolutionary tool utilized to enhance social behavior and cooperation. Social insects provide an argument against this conclusion as these insects experience social cooperation and complex groupthink. Critics argue that the existence of social insects with extremely small brains falsifies the notion that social behavior requires consciousness, citing that insects have too small brains to be conscious and yet there are observed behaviors among them that for all functional intents and purposes match those of complex social cooperation and manipulation (including hierarchies where each individual has its place among paper wasps and Jack Jumper ants and honey bees sneaking when they lay eggs). These critics also argue that since social behavior in insects and other extremely small-brained animals have evolved multiple times independently, there is no evolutionary difficulty in simple reaction sociality to impose selection pressure for the more nutrient-consuming path of consciousness for sociality. These critics do point out that other evolutionary paths to consciousness are possible, such as critical evaluation that enhances plasticity by criticizing fallible notions, while pointing out that such a critical consciousness would be quite different from the justificatory type proposed by Nørretranders, differences including that a critical consciousness would make individuals more capable of changing their minds instead of justifying and persuading.

Free will
Free will can be defined philosophically as the ability of an individual to determine the course of their actions uninhibited by any other force. If consciousness does not exist then it can be proposed that humans have little action over their decisions and biology is the driving force behind human decision making. Daniel Dennett proposes that human experiences with conscious free will are human biological mechanisms creating a user representation. Many philosophers believe however that, while free will and consciousness are separate entities, free will may build upon the idea of consciousness. If consciousness is just the data in the human mind creating a user illusion, then this supports the theory that free will may not exist.

title: User illusion


text: User:Azhyd/taxobox/template/bacteria/binomial/simple


text:
John C. Brown

John Calvin Brown (January 6, 1827 – August 17, 1889) was a Confederate Army officer and an American politician and businessman. Although he originally opposed secession, Brown fought for the Confederacy during the American Civil War, eventually rising to the rank of major general. He later served as the 19th Governor of Tennessee from 1871 to 1875, and was president of the state's 1870 constitutional convention, which wrote the current Tennessee State Constitution.

A leader of the state's Bourbon Democrats, Brown dedicated much of his time as governor to solving the state's mounting debt issues. Following his gubernatorial tenure, he advocated railroad construction, briefly serving as president of the Texas & Pacific Railroad in 1888, and as president of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company in 1889.

Early life and education
John Calvin Brown was born in Giles County, Tennessee, the son of Duncan and Margaret Smith Brown. He was the younger brother of Neill S. Brown, who served as governor of Tennessee in the late 1840s. John graduated from Jackson College in Columbia, Tennessee, in 1846. He studied law with his uncle, Hugh Brown, in Spring Hill, and was admitted to the bar in 1848. He began practicing law in Pulaski that same year.

Like his brother, Brown was a Whig prior to the American Civil War, and following the Whig Party's collapse in the mid-1850s, he continued to support former Whig candidates. During the presidential election of 1860, he served as an elector for the Constitution Union Party candidate John Bell, who opposed secession, and took a neutral stance on the issue of slavery. In the weeks following the Battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861, however, secessionist sentiment swept across Middle Tennessee, and Brown, along with his brother and, eventually, John Bell, switched sides and supported the burgeoning Confederacy.

American Civil War
In May 1861, Brown enlisted as a private in the Confederate infantry, and was elected colonel of the 3rd Tennessee Infantry shortly afterward. He was later placed in charge of a brigade consisting of three Tennessee regiments.

Following the surrender of Fort Donelson, he was held as a prisoner of war for six months in Fort Warren, Massachusetts, before being exchanged in August 1862. Soon afterwards, he was promoted to brigadier-general and assigned command of a new and larger brigade composed of troops from Florida and Mississippi. He took part in Braxton Bragg's campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee in late 1862 through 1863. Brown was wounded in the battles of Perryville and Chickamauga while leading his brigade. His men were a part of the defensive line on Missionary Ridge in 1863.

In 1864, Brown fought in the Atlanta Campaign, at various times temporarily commanding a division. In August, he was promoted to major-general and formally assigned command of a division in Cheatham's Corps. He was again wounded at Battle of Franklin in 1864, where six of his fellow generals were killed. He was incapacitated for several months and did not rejoin the army until the end of the Carolinas Campaign in April 1865. He surrendered with Joseph E. Johnston's forces at Bennett Place and was paroled a month later.

Governor of Tennessee
Brown returned to Pulaski and resumed his law practice following the war. He was elected to the Tennessee General Assembly in 1869. In the following year, he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention, and was elected its president by his peers. This convention overhauled the state's 1834 constitution, essentially updating it to meet post-Civil War demands. The document most notably guaranteed the right to vote to all males of at least 21 years of age, regardless of race, but also instituted a poll tax. Although it has been amended a number of times, it remains Tennessee's current state constitution.

Although he had been a Whig before the Civil War, Brown joined the Democratic Party after the war, and was nominated as the party's candidate for governor in 1870. Since the new constitution restored voting rights to ex-Confederates, Brown easily defeated his Republican opponent, William H. Wisener of Shelbyville, by a 78,979 to 41,500 vote. He was reelected by a narrower margin, 97,700 votes to 84,089, over Republican candidate Alfred A. Freeman in 1872.

Brown's most pressing issue was the state's skyrocketing debt. In previous decades, Tennessee had accumulated $43 million in bonded debt, mostly to pay for internal improvements, such as turnpike construction and loans to railroads. Governor William Brownlow exacerbated the problem by issuing more bonds to pay the interest on outstanding bonds in the late 1860s. By the time Brown took office, the state was struggling to pay the interest on this debt. Brown managed to reduce the state's bonded debt to $20 million, and eliminated all of the state's floating debt. His efforts proved futile, however, and the state eventually defaulted following the Panic of 1873.

Brown's administration enacted the state's first truly effective public school legislation, which called for the establishment of county and city school superintendents, and the creation of the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Brown also advocated a board of directors to govern local school districts, and the organization of separate schools for African-American and white children. To support these schools, Governor Brown called for the Legislature to institute a small state tax and give cities and counties the power to raise additional taxes.

In 1875, along with several other former Confederate generals, he competed for an open United States Senate seat, but lost on the 54th ballot in the state legislature to former President Andrew Johnson.

Later life
In 1876, Brown, who supported Thomas A. Scott's efforts to build a transcontinental railroad in the South, joined the Texas & Pacific Railroad as a vice president. He was appointed receiver of this railroad in 1885, and was elevated to president in 1888. The following year, he became president of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, which was one of the largest industrial firms in the South. Brown also served as president of the Bon Air Coal Company, a coal mining operation on the Cumberland Plateau near Crossville, in the 1880s.

Brown fell ill in the Summer of 1889, and traveled to Red Boiling Springs, a mineral springs resort in north-central Tennessee, in hopes of recovering. On August 17, 1889, however, he suffered a stomach hemorrhage and died. His body was returned to Pulaski and interred in the city's Maplewood Cemetery.

Personal life
Brown's first wife, Anne Pointer, died in 1858. They had no children. He married his second wife, Elizabeth Childress of Murfreesboro, in 1864. Her paternal aunt was First Lady Sarah Childress Polk, and her father resided at the Childress-Ray House. They had four children: Marie, Daisy, Elizabeth, and John C. Brown, Jr. Brown's wife, Elizabeth, was among the women featured in Annie Somers Gilchrist's 1902 book, Some Representative Women of Tennessee. The Browns' daughter, Marie, was married to Governor Benton McMillin.

Dates of rank

 * Private: May 1, 1861
 * Colonel: May 16, 1861
 * Brigadier-General: August 30, 1862
 * Major-General: August 4, 1864

title: John C. Brown


text:
Krill oil

Krill oil is an extract prepared from a species of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. Processed krill oil is commonly sold as a dietary supplement. Two components of krill oil are omega-3 fatty acids similar to those in fish oil, and phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA), mainly phosphatidylcholine (alternatively referred to as marine lecithin). Fishing for krill where previously the focus was on marine life of higher trophic level is an example of fishing down the food web.

Safety and regulation
Although there may be toxic residues present in Antarctic krill and fish, the United States Food and Drug Administration has accepted notices from krill oil manufacturers declaring that krill oil and supplement products derived from it meet the standards for Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status.

Krill oil is listed among authorized European novel foods by meeting specification limits.

Difference between krill oil and fish oil
Krill oil and oceanic fish oil are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). While both contain some EPA and DHA as free fatty acids, krill oil contains particularly rich amounts of choline-containing phospholipids and a phosphatidylcholine concentration of 34 grams per 100 grams of oil.

Krill oil also contains appreciable content of astaxanthin at 0.1 to 1.5 mg/ml, depending on processing methods, which is responsible for its red color. While fish oil is generally golden yellow in colour, krill oil tends to be reddish. It is generally more expensive to buy as compared to fish oil.

title: Krill oil


text:
Candidatus Pelagibacter communis

"Candidatus Pelagibacter", with the single species "Ca. P. communis", was isolated in 2002 and given a specific name, although it has not yet been described as required by the bacteriological code. It is an abundant member of the SAR11 clade in the phylum Alphaproteobacteria. SAR11 members are highly dominant organisms found in both salt and fresh water worldwide and were originally known only from their rRNA genes, first identified in the Sargasso Sea in 1990 by Stephen Giovannoni's laboratory at Oregon State University and later found in oceans worldwide. "Ca. P. communis" and its relatives may be the most abundant organisms in the ocean, and quite possibly the most abundant bacteria in the entire world. It can make up about 25% of all microbial plankton cells, and in the summer they may account for approximately half the cells present in temperate ocean surface water. The total abundance of "Ca. P. communis" and relatives is estimated to be about 2 × 1028 microbes.

It is rod or crescent-shaped and one of the smallest self-replicating cells known, with a length of 0.37–0.89 μm and a diameter of only 0.12–0.20 μm. The Pelagibacter genome takes up about 30% of the cell's volume. It is gram negative. It recycles dissolved organic carbon. It undergoes regular seasonal cycles in abundance—in summer reaching ~50% of the cells in the temperate ocean surface waters. Thus it plays a major role in the Earth's carbon cycle.

Its discovery was the subject of "Oceans of Microbes", Episode 5 of "Intimate Strangers: Unseen Life on Earth" by PBS.

Cultivation
Several strains of "Candidatus Pelagibacter communis" have been cultured thanks to improved isolation techniques. The most studied strain is HTCC1062 (high-throughput cultivation collection). The factors that regulate SAR11 populations are still largely unknown. They have sensors for nitrogen, phosphate, and iron limitation, and a very unusual requirement for reduced sulfur compounds. It is hypothesised that they have been molded by evolution in a low nutrient ecosystem, such as the Sargasso Sea where it was first discovered.

A population of "Ca. P. communis" cells can double every 29 hours, which is fairly slow, but they can replicate under low nutrient conditions.

"Ca. P. communis" can be grown on a defined, artificial medium with additions of reduced sulfur, glycine, pyruvate and vitamins.

Genome
The genome of "Ca. P. communis" strain HTCC1062 was completely sequenced in 2005 showing that "Ca. P. communis" has the smallest genome (1,308,759 bp) of any free-living organism encoding only 1,354 open reading frames (1,389 genes total). The only species with smaller genomes are symbionts and parasites, such as Mycoplasma genitalium or Nanoarchaeum equitans It has the smallest number of open reading frames of any free living organism, and the shortest intergenic spacers, but it still has metabolic pathways for all 20 amino acids and most co-factors. Its genome has been streamlined. This streamlining concept is important because it reduces the amount of energy required for cell replication. "Ca. P. communis" saves energy by using the base pairs A and T (≈70.3% of all base pairs) because they contain less nitrogen, a resource that is hard for organisms to acquire.

Non-coding RNAs have been identified in "Ca. P. communis" through a bioinformatics screen of the published genome and metagenomic data. Examples of ncRNA found in these organisms include the SAM-V riboswitch, and other cis-regulatory elements like the rpsB motif. Another example of an important ncRNA in "Ca. P. communis" and other SAR11 clade members is a conserved, glycine-activated riboswitch on malate synthase, putatively leading to "functional auxotrophy" for glycine or glycine precursors in order to achieve optimal growth.

It is found to have proteorhodopsin genes, which help power light-mediated proton pumps. Subtle differences arise in the expression of its codon sequences when it is subjected to either light or dark treatments. More genes for oxidative phosphorylation are expressed when it is subjected to darkness.

Name
The name of the genus (Pelagibacter) stems from the Latin neuter noun pelagus ("sea") combined with the suffix -bacter (rod, bacterium), to mean "bacterium of the sea". The connecting vowel is an "i" and not an "o", as the first term is the Latin "pelagus" and not the Greek original πέλαγος (pelagos) (the word pelagus is a Greek word used in Latin poetry, it is a 2nd declension noun with a Greek-like irregular nominative plural pelagē and not pelagi, the Greek word being a 3rd declension neuter in -ος (pl. -η) unrelated with 2nd declension latin words in -us ). The name of the specific epithet (ubique) is a Latin adverb meaning "everywhere"; species with the status Candidatus are not validly published so do not have to be grammatically correct, such as having specific epithets having to be adjectives or nouns in apposition in the nominative case or genitive nouns according to rule 12c of the IBCN.

The term "Candidatus" is used for proposed species for which the lack of information prevents it from being a validated species according to the bacteriological code, such as deposition in two public cell repositories or lack of FAME analysis, whereas "Candidatus Pelagibacter communis" is not in ATCC and DSMZ, nor has analysis of lipids and quinones been conducted.

HTTC1062 is the type strain of the species "Ca. P. communis", which in turn is the type species of the genus "Candidatus Pelagibacter", which in turn is the type genus of the SAR11 clade or family "Pelagibacteraceae".

Bacteriophage
It was reported in Nature in February 2013 that the bacteriophage HTVC010P, which attacks "Ca. P. communis", has been discovered and "it probably really is the commonest organism on the planet".

title: Candidatus Pelagibacter communis


text:
Slow Riot for New Zero Kanada

Slow Riot for New Zero Kanada is the only EP and second release by Godspeed You! Black Emperor. It was released on the Montreal-based record label Constellation Records in 1999, and was re-released by Kranky.

Packaging
The EP's packaging makes only sparing reference to either the band or the EP's title: the outer packaging does not make any reference to Godspeed, but mentions them in the liner notes; the EP's title is only shown on the spine of the CD pressing. The song titles are not listed anywhere on the cover.

The cardboard album case is unusual in that it opens in the opposite direction of a conventional CD case; this is due to the Hebrew text being read from right to left.

The front of the EP contains Hebrew characters תֹ֙הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ, Tohu VaVohu ('formless and empty'). This phrase is used in both Genesis 1:2 and Jeremiah 4:23, the former to describe the Earth before God separated light from dark and the latter to describe the Earth after the Lord's Day. The dots and dashes above the letters are called trope. They dictate the tune and intonation and are found in the Torah as well as the rest of the Hebrew Bible. On the inside cover, this text is put into greater context, with Jer 4:23–27 provided in both Hebrew and English (seemingly the Jewish Publication Society version):

 * 23 I beheld the earth,
 * And, lo, it was waste and void;
 * And the heavens, and they had no light.
 * 24 I beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled,
 * And all the hills moved to and fro.
 * 25 I beheld, and, lo, there was no man,
 * And all the birds of the heavens were fled.
 * 26 I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful field was a wilderness,
 * And all the cities thereof were broken down
 * At the presence of the ,
 * And before His fierce anger.
 * 27 For thus saith the :
 * The whole land shall be desolate;
 * Yet will I not make a full end.

The back of the EP contains a diagram with instructions in Italian on how to make a molotov cocktail.

The EP is pressed on a 12" record with each side intended to be played at a different speed. Side A, "Moya", is played at 45 rpm, while side B, "BBF3", is played at 33 ⅓ rpm.

Moya
The song title is a reference to band member Mike Moya. Concert setlists refer to this song as "Gorecki" because it is a reworking of his third symphony.

BBF3
The song title "BBF3" refers to the vox pop interviewee going by the name of "Blaise Bailey Finnegan III", whose eccentric ramblings form the core of the song. Finnegan recites a poem which he claims to have written himself. The poem is, in fact, mostly composed of lyrics from the song "Virus" by Iron Maiden that were written by their then-vocalist Blaze Bayley. Blaise Bailey Finnegan III is also heard interviewed at the beginning of the track "Providence" on the group's previous release F♯ A♯ ∞, and indeed some concert performances of "BBF3" also incorporate that sample.

Godspeed You! Black Emperor

 * Thierry Amar – bass guitar, double bass
 * David Bryant – guitar, tapes
 * Bruce Cawdron – drums, percussion, glockenspiel
 * Aidan Girt – drums, percussion
 * Norsola Johnson – cello
 * Efrim Menuck – guitar, keyboards
 * Mike Moya – guitar
 * Mauro Pezzente – bass guitar
 * Sophie Trudeau – violin

Technical personnel

 * Dale Morningstar – recording and mixing

title: Slow Riot for New Zero Kanada


text:
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (, , ; 1 October 1507 – 7 July 1573), often simply called Vignola, was one of the great Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism. His two great masterpieces are the Villa Farnese at Caprarola and the Jesuits' Church of the Gesù in Rome. The three architects who spread the Italian Renaissance style throughout Western Europe are Vignola, Serlio and Palladio. He is often considered the most important architect in Rome in the Mannerist era.

Biography
Jacopo Barozzi was born at Vignola, near Modena (Emilia-Romagna).

He began his career as an architect in Bologna, supporting himself by painting and making perspective templates for inlay craftsmen. He made his first trip to Rome in 1536 to make measured drawings of Roman temples, with a thought to publish an illustrated Vitruvius. Then François I called him to Fontainebleau, where he spent the years 1541–1543. Here he probably met his fellow Bolognese, the architect Sebastiano Serlio and the painter Primaticcio.

After his return to Italy, he designed the Palazzo Bocchi in Bologna. Later he moved to Rome. Here he worked for Pope Julius III and, after the latter's death, he was taken up by the papal family of the Farnese and worked with Michelangelo, who deeply influenced his style (see Works section for details of his works in this period).

In 1558, he was in Piacenza to revise the designs of Palazzo Farnese, commissioned by Margaret of Austria, wife of the Duke Ottavio Farnese and daughter of Emperor Charles V.

From 1564 Vignola carried on Michelangelo's work at St Peter's Basilica, and constructed the two subordinate domes according to Michelangelo's plans.

Jacopo Barozzi died in Rome in 1573. In 1973 his remains were reburied in the Pantheon, Rome.

Major architectural works
Vignola's main works include:
 * Project for the facade of the Basilica of San Petronio (c. 1545), Bologna.
 * Villa Giulia for Pope Julius III, in Rome (1550–1553). Here Vignola was working with Ammanati, who designed the nymphaeum and other garden features under the general direction of Vasari, with guidance from the knowledgeable pope and Michelangelo. A medal of 1553 shows Vignola's main villa substantially as it was completed, save for a pair of cupolas.
 * Villa Farnese at Caprarola (1559–1573);
 * Villa Lante at Bagnaia (1566 onwards), including the gardens and their water features and casini;
 * Chiesa del Gesù, Rome, the mother church of the Jesuit order, which would become a source for Baroque church facades in the 17th century;
 * Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli, Assisi (with Galeazzo Alessi);
 * Church of Sant'Andrea in Via Flaminia, Rome, the first church to have an oval dome, which became a signature of the Baroque.
 * Palazzo dei Banchi, Bologna
 * Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza. This was a grandiose project of a vast palace on a scale paralleled only by the Vatican Palace in Italy; the rectangular plan is circa 111 metres by 88 metres. The actual construction, however, made up only less than half of Vignola's original project and lacked many of the planned architectural features; missing elements include part of the exterior surrounding walls, the main façade, modelled on the ancient triumphal arch and with a large tower, and a theatre in the large inner courtyard.
 * St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, assumed the role of chief architect after the death of Michelangelo Buonarroti.
 * Palazzo Contrari Boncompagni, Vignola.
 * Church of Santa Maria dell'Orto (1576–1578), Rome; only the facade is by Vignola.
 * Orti Farnesiani to Palatine, Rome.
 * Project of the Church of Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri in Vatican City (c. 1570), with the plan and oval dome inserted in a rectangle, made by Giacinto Barozzi. The scheme will be taken up by many architects baroque.

Other architectural works

 * Bomarzo: Temple in the Park of the Monsters.
 * Caprarola:
 * Church of San Marco.
 * Hospital of San Giovanni.
 * Capranica: Church of the Madonna del Piano.
 * Collevecchio: Palazzo Pistolini.
 * Fara Sabina: Tabernacle of Sant'Antonio Martire.
 * Farfa: Works at Abbey consisting of a fountain and a mill.
 * Grotte di Castro: Town hall (project of 1568), later altered.
 * Gallese: Palazzo Ducale
 * Isola Bisentina: Church of Saints Giacomo and Cristoforo (1562), built by the pupil Antonio Garzoni from Viggiù.
 * Isola Farnese: Castle.
 * Latera: Palazzo Farnese (1550).
 * Monte Porzio Catone: Villa mondragone
 * Nepi:
 * Aqueduct of Nepi.
 * Works at the Monastery of San Domenico; difficult to identify interventions, including hydraulic works.
 * Oriolo Romano:
 * Piazza Umberto I and the Fountain of the Spades
 * Palazzo Altieri.
 * Poli: Villa Catena, the parts attributable to Vignola are not certain.
 * Rieti:
 * Palazzo del Seminario, obtained from the transformation of pre-existing buildings.
 * Church of Sant'Antonio Abate.
 * Rome:
 * Church of Santa Caterina dei Funari, Ricci or Ruiz Chapel.
 * Church of Santa Maria Scala Coeli with Giacomo della Porta
 * Church of Santa Maria in Transpontina.
 * Works in San Lorenzo in Damaso and portal of the Chancellery.
 * Palazzo Borghese.
 * Palazzo Farnese (Rome).
 * Palazzo Firenze (courtyard).
 * Palazzo del Vignola to Piazza Navona.
 * Palazzetto Spada.
 * The main courtyard of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum, formerly the convent of the Church of Santi Domenico e Sisto.
 * Porta del Popolo.
 * Soriano nel Cimino: Palazzo Albani.
 * Sant'Oreste sul Soratte:
 * Church of San Lorenzo; the construction was not followed by Vignola and only partially reflects the original project.
 * Palazzo Caccia Canali.
 * Vallerano: Church of the Madonna del Ruscello
 * Vejano: Funerary shrine of Santacroce family; chapel located in the centre of the medieval village, of uncertain attribution.
 * Velletri: City Hall; with Giacomo della Porta.
 * Vetralla:
 * Porta Romana; of uncertain attribution.
 * Franciosoni Palace; of ancient attribution and Vignolesque school.
 * Vignanello: Castello Ruspoli; of uncertain attribution.
 * Viterbo:
 * Porta Faulle
 * Fountain of Piazza della Rocca; commissioned by the Farnese.
 * Palazzo Bocchi (1545), Bologna.
 * Palazzo Boncompagni, Bologna.
 * Staircase in the Palazzo Isolani, Bologna.
 * Palazzo Bufalini (1562), Città di Castello.
 * Palazzo Nobili-Tarugi, Montepulciano.
 * La Castellina (1554), Norcia.
 * Palazzo del Giardino, Parma.
 * Rocca di San Giorgio, San Giorgio Piacentino.
 * Temple of Santa Maria della Consolazione, Todi.

Unbuilt works
Like many other architects, Vignola submitted his plans for completing the facade of San Petronio, Bologna. Designs by Vignola, in company with Baldassare Peruzzi, Giulio Romano, Andrea Palladio and others furnished material for an exhibition in 2001

Written works
His two published books helped formulate the canon of classical architectural style. The earliest, Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura ["Canon of the five orders of architecture"] (first published in 1562, probably in Rome), presented Vignola's practical system for constructing columns in the five classical orders (Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite) utilising proportions which Vignola derived from his own measurements of classical Roman monuments. The clarity and ease of use of Vignola's treatise caused it to become in succeeding centuries the most published book in architectural history. Vignola's second treatise, Due regole della prospettiva pratica ["Two rules of practical perspective"], published posthumously with extensive commentary by the mathematician Ignazio Danti (Bologna 1583), favours one-point perspective rather than two-point methods such as the bifocal construction. Vignola presented— without theoretical obscurities— practical applications which could be understood by a prospective patron.

title: Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola


text:
User:Katechrist

Yeah, I'm a newbie, but we all have to start somewhere.

title: User:Katechrist