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Talk:Super League (Australia)

I think this move is justified, I will fix all links relating to the now defunct ASL to here, a create a new page about SLE for the current comp, with info on that.

made major changes
Okay, I've done my best to fix up the page and introduce NPOV. The SLE bit was copied word-for-word from the Super League (Europe) page, and I don't know enough about SLE to write it properly, so I've just linked to the SLE page. The Pacific Islands and International sections were irreperably POV, and I don't think they're relevant enough to justify rewriting so I've just removed them.

The page still isn't perfect, but that's the best I can do for now. It took way too long just to do what little I've done (I wasted too much time trying to research SLE)!--MarkGallagher 05:06, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

All done
Okay. I think I've finally covered it! Anyone got any suggestions? --dan, dan and dan 12:25, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well done. Not worth putting in the article, but the real reason people don't like the night GF is they want to start drinking too early, by the time 8:00 rolls around, they're too pissed to care. Dinky-di League fans. --Paul 06:45, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

"enormous damage"
I can see why you have taken the "enormous damage" line out of the "Legacy" section, however line specifically says that the damage was done to the finances and public perception of the sport. I don't think that this is taken a POV, and I think there are few people in the community who would disagree. It is also backed up by some of the references (specifically the SMH article linked from here). Perhaps I could reword it.

 * Although Super League damaged the public perceptions and financial standing of rugby league in Australia, a number of concepts that it introduced lived on into the new millenium.

If there aren't any objections I will put this up. --dan, dan and dan 20:30, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Super League War
What do people think of moving this to Super League War or The Superleague War. As the article covers more controversey/legacy than the actual competition itself and it is always referred to as The Superleague War. I just think it would be better if it was moved. Cvene64 05:04, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd agree, perhaps Superleague (Australia) page can just refer to the 1997 Competition.Mattlore 08:49, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I also agree. At the moment the actual competition is buried under all of this info about legal issues. Bongomanrae 18:44, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I also agree, the main headings of this article: 'Super League War' and 'Super League (Australia) Competitions' should be separate pages. The Competitions page may have to be merged with the Super League (Australia) season 1997 page.--Jeff79 01:49, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Someone has removed swathes of information from this page, probably in response to the message at the top that suggests it be broken down into smaller articles as it is quite large. This is a shame because when I read this article in it's previous, longer form I found it a riveting read. To prevent the deletion of more content, I'm going to be bold and do it. I'm splitting this page into the headings outlined above as no one has protested or suggested otherwise.--Jeff79 06:29, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * removed information can still be found in the pages history. --Dan027 09:03, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Super League (Australia)


text:
Buarcos

Buarcos is a freguesia (civil parish) in Figueira da Foz Municipality, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 18,454, in an area of 15.53 km².

During the 1600s, the people of Buarcos were harassed by pirates and built the long fortification that stands to this day. It is a traditional fishing town that has grown also as a noted beach resort due to its natural landscape namely the beach which is sheltered from the strong northern winds by the Boa Viagem small mountain range (Serra da Boa Viagem). Many of its inhabitants still work in the fishing industry but tourism is also an important activity. It has hotels, seafood restaurants and bars with view over the bay and the extensive beach.

In the 20th century Buarcos was a popular beach for Portuguese people from the entire Centro Region from Coimbra and beyond. In the 21st century Buarcos, like the entire region’s coastal beach locations, became a popular destination for a larger number of European travellers as well.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Buarcos


text:
SATCOM

SATCOM or Satcom may refer to:

 * Satcom (satellite), a fleet of early geostationary communications satellites
 * Communications satellite

title: SATCOM


text:
Global Express

Global Express may refer to:

 * Bombardier Global Express, a business jet
 * Global Xpress, a satellite internet service by Inmarsat
 * Team Global Express, formerly Toll Global Express

title: Global Express


text:
Talk:History of Greenland

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Allencr10.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:32, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Old talk
'the only territory to leave the European Union'? - not so. Algeria won independence from Europe along with its independence from France.--XmarkX 14:51, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I'm missing something, but Algeria's independence came in 1962 while the EU as we know it today was not formally recognized until 1993. True, there were similar organizations before the EU, but they aren't really seen as one in the same, are they? I think the statement you removed is actually correct and should be reinstated. -- Hadal 15:22, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Update: It looks like Rmhermen thinks so too, and has reverted your changes. That settles that, eh? -- Hadal 14:15, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see how a revert "settles" anything. I believe both views are correct in their own way. As the statement could be interpreted as both true and false, and seeing that it's not a very important statement anyway, I'm in favour of leaving it out. -- Jao 10:23, Sep 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course a revert doesn't settle anything; nothing on a wiki really does. I was using a figure of speech, for heaven's sake; because I was the only one responding to Mgekelly's removal of the statement and wasn't getting any reply, Rmhermen's (if I'm not mistaken one of this article's primary authors, another being yourself) revert could be interpreted as an agreement. As for the statement itself, I don't see how it could be both right and wrong (and if it were so ambiguous, why it was included in the first place). How could Algeria leave a union that did not yet exist? Neither you nor Mgekelly have explained (and please forgive my ignorance). It may be trivia, but it's interesting trivia. I've heard/read the factoid elsewhere from a reputable source (scotsman.com I think), so I'm genuinely curious. A quick Googling found this quote from Marius Vahl of the Centre for European Policy Studies:

 * "There is nothing in the treaties in force today that stipulates how a country may leave the European Union.... No country has left the European Union. The only one that left the European Union is actually Greenland. But that was not a country in itself. It was a part of Denmark"

 * Again, I'm not trying to irritate anyone here. I simply want to know. :) -- Hadal 20:43, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, how about: "The only territory to have left the EU in its current form (or incarnation or whatever) "? Either way, I agree with JNE, a great article --Dyss 13:43, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Just to clarify what I meant, my logic wow was as follows: Greenland did not leave the EU 'as presently constituted', but an earlier version, the EC. Algeria left an even earlier version, the EEC. So either way, Greenland is not unique in this. Indeed it is commonly said that Algeria is the only territory to have left the EU, which apparently is false too. In any case, I agree with Jao that this is in fact a really pointless piece of trivia anyway, which is a reason I felt no compunction in removing it. --XmarkX 05:07, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ignoring the EU discussion...
A lovely article. I'm very impressed. -JNE, 00:36, 03 October 2004 (Visiting without my user ID)

Questions
You mention a written marriage record from 1405. I understand this record had been conserved in Denmark, not in Greenland ?

I understand from the article that Denmark stopped navigation to Greenland early in the 15th century, and we have no information about what became of the settlements. What should be available, however, is information about what the Danish knew and thought about Greenland in the following 200 years, before they decided in 1721 to look after them.

Claim of "Largest Island"
My dictionary describes and island as "a tract of land entirely surrounded by water". Under this definition, surely Australia is the largest island. Down here we are taught that we inhabit the largest island and the smallest continent...

Not trying to be picky. Just pointing out a different view. Cheers John Henriksen

 * I think if the island is big enough, it is considered a "continent" and not an "island." Therefore, Australia is a continent, Greenland an island. Of course, since the division between continent and island is probably arbitrary, it's probably just a matter of personal opinion... Brutannica 22:47, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I think it has to be either an island or a continent. If Australia is both, then Eurasia is a much bigger island, since that is also completely surrounded by water. My understanding is that Australia is commonly seen as a continent, while Greenland is an island. I think this doesn't only have to do with the amount of land area, but also with the fact that Australia has its own unique biota, while Greenland isn't very different from Northern Canada. It might also have to do with tectonic plates, since Greenland is part of the North American plate, while Australia has its own.--MaxMad 09:32, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The wikipedia entry on continents is excellent on this issue. It's not to do with tectonic plates, since they were only discovered relatively recently. Eurasia is not an island, since it is physically joined to Africa. The main reason that Eurafrica (Europe, Asia and Africa) is not an island is that it includes numerous smaller islands: Madacasgar, Japan, Britain. Australia the continent would include Tasmania, an island - Australia the island would not. Anyway, Australia is normally considered these days to be a part of a continet 'Oceania' which includes New Guinea and New Zealand etc. Australia the political entity includes numerous small islands. I'm not sure that there is an Australia which is just an island actually - you'd call that the Australian mainland, since no-one's going to want to say that Tassie, Fraser Island etc. are not part of Australia in any sense at all. --XmarkX 05:16, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Detached from Denmark
Copied from psb777's user talk page:

 * Could you explain your objection to "effectively detached"? "Less influenced" seems far to slight since the island was occupied by the U.S. throughout the war which attacked any Germans found in the area. The U.S. even printed the postage stamps for the island. Rmhermen 03:40, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

Greenland has always been geographically "detached" from Denmark. As the primary meaning of "detached" is to do with physical location it is awkward to use it in the way it is being used. It immediately calls to my possibly too literal mind a rapid continental drift and not the metaphorical meaning meant. Already we suffer in the paragraph in question from the pathetic fallacy - let's not make the para worse than it already is. "Effectively" really means "actually" but (I guess) it is being used with the opposite intention. I suggest the replacement of "effectively" with "politically" or "socially" or "militarily" or "culturally" or ? Or a combination thereof. You choose. Paul Beardsell 04:21, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I fail to agree that detach is primarily to do with physical location. It is primarily to do with lack of attachment, whether physical, mental, political, etc. Effectively means "in actuality or reality or fact" which is exactly what we mean hear. Legally Denmark was still owner of Greenland but in reality, in fact, in actuality Greenland was occupied, supplied, patrolled, controlled by the United States. Rmhermen 13:05, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

I do not deny that "detach" has other common meanings. However those meanings have arisen from metaphorical uses of the original meaning and original derivation of the word. I am not saying you are wrong but that there must be a better phrasing to use. I contend the use of "detach" in a Greenland became more detached from Denmark context is like saying that financial damage will arise from the explosion of Mt St Helens. Yes, correct, and we all know what is meant, but the usage is potentially misleading, albeit it most likely only to a seven year old. Both are puns: Greenland moving away from Denmark and damage rising from the mountain. Paul Beardsell 12:30, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well? Paul Beardsell 23:40, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * "Less influenced" is wrong. I have explain this. Continuing to return it is to propagate errors intentionally. Compare this to the supposed possibly misinterpretation by a hypothetical seven-year old. Language is used this way all over and all over Wikipedia. Perhaps you would like to right for Simple English wikipedia where this is a constant concern. However if you have a better and correct phrasing, please go ahead. I also don't agree that these are puns. Rmhermen 01:30, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

The issue resolves to this: Has the sentence been improved? Yes. Paul Beardsell 15:51, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Request for references
Hi, I am working to encourage implementation of the goals of the Verifiability policy. Part of that is to make sure articles cite their sources. This is particularly important for featured articles, since they are a prominent part of Wikipedia. Further reading is not the same thing as proper references. Further reading could list works about the topic that were not ever consulted by the page authors. If some of the works listed in the further reading section were used to add or check material in the article, please list them in a references section instead. The Fact and Reference Check Project has more information. Thank you, and please leave me a message when you have added a few references to the article. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 17:45, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Best ask Jao as it was him that added basically all the content. Pcb21| Pete 19:27, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Return to the EU Question
This is one for those who spend to much time considering the ideas of sovreignity and such like: when East Timor 'left' Portugal in 1975, this was never recognised officialy; according to the East Timor article, it was a "non-self governing territory under Portuguese administration". Does this not mean that when it was recognised independent from Portugal in 2002, it also left teh EU?
 * oops, forgot to sign my comment Robdurbar 08:40, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

What does this mean?
I'm baffled by: "Greenland was unknown to Europeans until the 10th century, when it was discovered by Icelandic Vikings. Before this discovery, it had been inhabited for a long time by Arctic peoples, although it was unpopulated when the Vikings arrived; the direct ancestors of the modern Inuit did not arrive until around 1200." Does this mean there had been inhabitants of Greenland before the Vikings, but they left before the Vikings arrived, and then the Inuit came later? If so, who were the pre-Viking settlers and where did they go? And what's the evidence for them? --Angr/undefined 11:15, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes that is exactly what it means. We have a paragraph on "Early Palaeo-Eskimo cultures". Rmhermen 14:38, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Jared Diamond
In the links at least, some reference should be made to Jared Diamond's book "Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed" which has an extensive section on the Viking settlements, which is probably the most approachable and available book on the subject for non-specialists. Snori 21:08, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, easily among the most biased and least accurate. A shout-out here on the talk page works just fine, and I for one strongly discourage any use of that work on this general page. The Norse-specific pages could probably do with some mention and fact-checking of his claims, though, given its unwarranted popularity. — LlywelynII  08:43, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Edge
''The prehistory of Greenland is a story of repeated waves of Palaeo-Eskimo immigration from the islands north of the North American mainland. As one of the furthest outposts of these cultures, life was constantly on the edge and cultures have come and then died out during the centuries. Of the period before the Scandinavian exploration of Greenland, archaeology can give only approximate times''

The statement "on the edge" is meaningless in this context. On the edge of what? I suggest either survival or society ...or both.Guernseykid 04:08, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I would have said that the phrase "life was constantly on the edge and cultures have come and then died out" is fairly obvious. Certainly on the edge culturally is just worng. There are no Dorsets wearing tie-dye sealskins and open-toed mukluks. Rmhermen 04:57, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Not sure what you're responding to. I didn't say on "the edge culturally". If "on the edge" without reference is so obvious, please explain it to a numbskull like me. "On the edge" is a modern expressions with modern implications; it is imprecise and tries to pass on the strength of its currency today. I "think" I know what you mean but I don't "know" I know. It seems like an important paragraph, why not expand and clarify it beyond this issue.

What is the problem with my "centuries" comment in my other edit? Why don't you take a minute and explain your thoughts?

edit: Saw your comment. Nevertheless, the name has persisted until today. Wouldn't those practical Scandinavians have changed the name when the truth became obvious?Guernseykid 05:20, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Well obviously they didn't change the name so that is an odd question. Why would they? And why would they have changed the name if it was a deceit but not if it was a climate change? You said on the edge socially - do you think there is a difference between the society of a culture and the culture of a culture? Rmhermen 05:46, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * If the sentence bothers you that much how about: "As one of the furthest outposts of these cultures, life was constantly precarious and cultures have come and then died out during the centuries." Rmhermen 06:06, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, simply go ahead and change the wording. Try terms like "precarious", "fragile", "vulnerable", "remote", "pioneer", "outpost", &c, and see how that works for yourself and others. Here are some links to pages that focus on the likely climatological causes to the extinction of the Greenlanders:     .   // Big Adamsky •  BA's talk page 09:09, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

I can see, by the light of day, how "on the edge of society" is too ambiguous. I meant on the outskirts/fringes/edge of the Palaeo-Eskimo demographic group. I don't necessarily want to craft a new paragraph and I do find it an interesting concept, but simply "on the edge" has too many overtones of modern grunge/punk/drug/goth/etc. groups. I was trying to avoid this pitfall and ended up putting my foot deeper into it.

I would think that, after the first wave of Scandinavian immigrants, word would have gotten back to family and friends in the homeland that this was not by any means a "green land", and whatever you do don't come here or it will mean misery and death. However, if it was indeed "green", at least along the southern shore, people would have been reluctant to change an established name, one their ancestors had been using for centuries, when the climate shifted. I'll have to study your links more thoroughly, Adamsky, but link #6 seems to support the idea of climate change after several hundred years' occupation. Basically I'm concerned with the potential interpretation that Scandinavians were stupid enough to fall for any gambit, even one perpetrated by a fellow Norseman.

Side note: Iceland is further south than Greenland. I've heard that Iceland was once covered by trees. Odd disparity between Iceland/Greenland names. Guernseykid 15:26, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The theory is that is was called Greenland to get people to move there - once it was named it didn't change. Why would it? Any number of places still bear names unique to their discovery or early promotion - Nova Scotia, Easter Island, etc. It certainly did not mean "misery and death" to move there and the Viking settlements lasted for hundreds of years. Please remember that far from the noble truth-loving Scandanavians you want to imagine, the founder of Greenland was the exiled murderer and thief, son of a exiled murderer, and desperate to get some people to move to a new land with him.

The other line under discussion is "As one of the furthest outposts of these cultures, life was constantly on the edge and cultures have come and then died out during the centuries." It establishes at the beginning that the settlements were at the extreme range of geographical settlement, in the middle that life was therefore precarious and at the end that multiple settlements over time failed - not once from climate change at one time. It says nothing about cultural traits being different. I have no idea what "overtones of modern grunge/punk/drug/goth/etc. groups" the words on edge have, certainly I am not aware of any such meaning for that phrase. I suggest you consider choices like "precarious", "fragile", "vulnerable" if you think it is a problem. Rmhermen 17:52, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Naming/Erik the Red
Continuing from the "Edge" discussion above, after glancing through some histories today, one from Iceland, I can see your points. My point is that he couldn't very well have named it Greenland if there were nothing but ice there. Other Vikings had ships and could get there on their own, and other people had been there before. So I guess "marketing" fits, it just sounds gimmicky. But it also has little to do with the question of whether or not the land was actually covered in ice. It supported some minimal agrarian economy, so there must have been greenery.

I suggest: "he named it Greenland to make it more attractive to settlers."

As to the "noble" Scandinavians, I'm glad to have found someone to agree with me ;-), though they were a bit more the "noble savage" at that time. Erik was probably guilty of "manslaughter" and he wasn't sentenced to death, it was just that anybody on Iceland could kill him without penalty, so he left. There was no deceit in his action, everyone knew he did it. The Njal's Saga is one long story of murder and retribution, but no one is ever morally condemned (to the best of my memory) in the first half of the book, at least, before the Christian conversion. There was one slight moral judgment I remember, of a man who had too much emotional attachment to his wife. (!) Guernseykid 00:37, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

The link provided to the word "murder" leads to an article that calls it "manslaughter". Guernseykid 13:16, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

The Frozen Echo (regarding the Norse period)
The Frozen Echo by Kirsten Seaver contests some of the more generally-accepted claims about the demise of the Greenland colony and I suggest that it deserves mention in this article. For example, Seaver surmises that the Greenland colony was healthier than commonly thought and that the Greenlanders didn't simply starve to death but rather were probably wiped out by Indian or unrecorded European attack, or abandoned the colony to either return to Iceland or to seek out Vinland. Would be happy to fold this information in if there is agreement that it would be worthwhile.--Caliga10 15:20, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

The Norse
"Obviously, the Norse knew that Greenland could not be a permanent place to settle because of the above factors". I'd suggest this needs to be rephrased as a) the Norse were only somewhat aware of most of the factors relating to the fragility of their existance and b) they settled there for 450 years so I suspect they intended to live there permanently.

Without some kind of citation, it does not seem there is evidence the Norse knew anything of the kind. Striking these sentence, as I don't see how it's based on historical data (no citation) and doesn't seem based on fact. JerryRitcey 20:04, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

81° N
I recently removed what I thought must be a typo regarding the latitude. Greenland is to this day still uninhabited north of 81° N, if it is even permanently inhabited at all. Siorapaluk is the northernmost settlement in Greenland and is only at 77°47' N. Kaffeklubben_Island is the northernmost point of land and is barely north of 81° N (at 83°40' N). Did the original editor mean 61° N? (Nanortalik near the southern tip is only 60° N.) Or 71° N? Ufwuct 15:44, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I wrote the original - which wasn't quite what was currently in the article but was also not entirely correct. The source is this page: . It should say something along the lines of: "Although scattered hunting camps existed as far north as 81° N, permanent settlement was concentrated farther south. 18th century immigrants from Canada populated Avanersuaq in northwestern Greenland." Rmhermen 05:05, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * So are you okay with the way I have reworded it? I've also included your source. Ufwuct 15:34, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it is ok. Rmhermen 15:55, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Merge
Shouldn't this article be merged with Greenland ?
 * By no means! First, it is too big. Second, such article exists in many wikipedias. I myself translated it into Ukrainian :). Verdi1 16:25, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Plus, this was/is a featured article. I've never heard of a featured article needing to be merged into a larger article.  Has this ever happened before? Ufwuct 22:36, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Year of Discovery
In Daniel Woodley Prowse's book A History of Newfoundland on page 1 footnote it states; in the year 834 the Norwegians were acquainted with the country in the north called Grønland, commonly called Old Greenland to distinguish it from Spitzbergen. The article goes on further to state: In the charter of the Emperor Ludovicus Pius to St. Ansgharius, first Archbishop of Hamburg, dated 834, published by Lindenbrogius in 1706 (p. 125) it reads We make known to the present and future sons of God's Holy Church that, in our days, by divine grace, a door is opened for preaching the Gospel in the northern regions, viz., Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Greenland, Halingalandon, Iceland and Scredevindon. Can this claim be substantiated? HJKeats 23:46, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Inuit
When did the Inuit arrive in Greenland? The article leave a blank between the decline of the Dorset culture and the arrival of the Norse. Didn't the Inuit arrive between them?--Cúchullain t/ c 22:26, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * No, the Inuit arrived afterwards as the article at least used to state. Rmhermen 00:11, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

If they arrived after the Scandinavians, then it wouldn't be right to call them "native". Zaurus 23:03, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Inuit is both singular and plural
I've edited the word "Inuits" to "Inuit".
 * That's great, but it's not the singular and the plural. It's the collective. The singular is . — LlywelynII  08:45, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Vegetation
"The only vegetation present were sedges and, on rare occasions, dwarf shrubs. Palynologists' tests on pollen counts and fossilized plants prove that the Greenlanders struggled with both soil erosion and deforestation.[3] Since the land was agriculturally inept, the Greenlanders resorted to pastoralism and hunting for food.[4]"

The only vegetation? No. There were willow and birch, plus grasses and introduced plants, as well. The next sentence even talks about "Greenlanders struggled with both soil erosion and deforestation". How can you have deforestation if there were no trees? Of course there were.

Norseman food habits
"What seems clear is that the Greenlanders never made a transition to pisciculture. " - Well, that part is terribly wrong. We have evidence from isotope proportions from Norse Greenlanders remains, that towards their demise as a population, their menu composition shifted from 80% land food/20% sea food to 20/80 in favor of sea food. Claims like the one I quoted are...well...outdated. 83.21.135.146 18:52, 18 February 2007 (UTC)Ramond

Absolutely wrong. Checkout "Change of diet of the Greenland Vikings determined from stable carbon isotope analysis and [14]C dating of their bones", Radiocarbon (Radiocarbon)  ISSN 0033-8222, 1999, vol. 41, no2, pp. 157-168 (1 p.1/4)University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. Very clearly the Norse Greenlanders ate lots more fish as the climate became colder. —Preceding unsigned comment added by UEGRAD (talk • contribs) 01:38, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Whaling stations on the east coast
I've deleted the sentence stating that European whalers established temporary stations on the east coast of Greenland in the 17th century, because I have never heard of such a claim. It is possible that a station MAY have been established in the second half of the 17th century (the only time it could have been established during this period), but given I have never read of one, it is very doubtful there ever was one. The only whaling I know of off the east coast of Greenland was in the pack ice, although they did at times come within sight of the coast. Jenkins (1921; 157), most likely citing Zorgdrager's 1720 work, says that "in the eighties of the seventeenth century there was a prosperous fishery in Gael-Hamkes Bay [modern Scoresby Sound, unless map makers have misplaced it] in Greenland." They only would have gone ashore (if they did at all) to store the blubber in barrels to bring back to port, where the blubber would have been processed into oil. The only stations I know of in the Arctic the 17th century were established on Spitsbergen (1611), Edge Island (1610s), Jan Mayen (1614), and Northern Norway (1610s).

So, please, unless you have a primary source that proves stations were established on the east coast of Greeland in the 17th century, don't revert this section. Jonas Poole 23:46, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Merger proposal
A user by the name of Pendant17 proposed to merge a section of Erik the Red to this article. But they did so by adding a hidden the message into the section. This was back in November 2006. So no one ever noticed. Eventually the whole section was hidden. So, I'm re-proposing the merger in a more familiar fashion. -- ÐeadΣyeДrrow (Talk | Contribs) 23:35, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

The last Norse Greenlander?
this website has the following section:

''Not everyone would have left; some must have stayed on their homesteads, unable to give up old attachments and resolved to wait out their fate. One such stoic was found lying face down on the beach of a fjord in the 1540s by a party of Icelandic seafarers, who like so many sailors before them had been blown off course on their passage to Iceland and wound up in Greenland. The only Norseman they would come across during their stay, he died where he had fallen, dressed in a hood, homespun woolens and seal skins. Nearby lay his knife, "bent and much worn and eaten away." Moved by their find, the men took it as a memento and carried it with them to show when at last they reached home.''

Does anyone know any more about this? Perhaps it should be added to the article. Although the 1540s seems like a very late date... Esn (talk) 01:27, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

"When Germany Extended Its Military Operations to Greenland"?!
Although the revisionist history of World War I was already well underway in the 1930s, pushing the old wartime propaganda of the victors into the background, with respect to the historiography of World War II it seems we are still mired in the era of Allied propaganda. The way this section is phrased in the Greenland article it sounds as though the Allies had no choice but to invade Greenland to protect it from or displace the German aggressors, which is simply untrue. The only "military operations" that Germany had near Greenland of any dimension prior to the Allied invasion were a very few submarines passing by in the waters around Greenland, which hardly excused, justified, or explained the Allied occupation of Greenland, as your article makes it sound. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.198.12.3 (talk) 20:47, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

New report on Vikings and climate change
Interesting summary on sciencedaily.com of a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: -- A. B. (talk • contribs) 19:50, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Brown University (2011, May 30). Climate played big role in Vikings' disappearance from Greenland. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 31, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110530152331.htm

Article balance
There is none.

There are eighteen (18) looong paragraphs on the abortive Norse colony and five (5) moderate ones on the actual centuries of Danish rule (with numerous errors). Frankly, it'd be nice to get FA status again but the Norse stuff – particularly the Collapse versus actual scholarship debate where the editor went down every one of Diamond's "five factor" Powerpoint bullets – has just got to be taken off the wp:coatrack and shunted to more appropriate articles in the name of readability and wp:relevance. This is the general history article: the theories can be noted and linked but, in the end, need to be dealt with as the theories they still are, with the focus of this article on the historical facts.

Some notable omissions: Davis (?!) and the other early explorers; whaling (?!!!); the Danish companies responsible for colonization, their operation and profitability; Paarss; the Moravian missions; the Instruction of 1782; the KGH's (esp. Rink's) paternalism regarding the natives; the explorers, terra nullius, and the risk to Danish sovereignty; the discovery of meteoric iron; the Peary Channel controversy; the Peary-Cook controversy; the Ivigtut cryolite mine; Operation: Iceworm; cod; attempts at localization and privatization of Denmark's monopolies; and the recent international campaigns against whaling and sealing.

[Edit: To preëmpt the Bebold crowd – Yeah, am. But also working on other pages atm (Although some like Hans Egede, the Bergen Company, the Royal Greenland Trading Department, and Economy of Greenland could be used profitably here).] — LlywelynII  09:05, 2 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The "abortive" Norse colony lasted longer than the modern Danish rule (by over 150 years). Not unreasonable that it should be treated at some length. Rmhermen (talk) 13:45, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Update required: 2012 study
Archaeologists Uncover Clues to Why Vikings Abandoned Greenland - SPIEGEL ONLINE refers to an interesting study with detail including dates which would be useful here. The study itself seems to be  It proposes that the cooling of the climate led to changes in their diet but their settlements continued for a couple of hundred years before being abandoned for social reasons, with no indication of the starvation or disease suggested by some commentators. See also the paper (pdf) and. As far as I can see this study isn't cited. . . dave souza, talk 06:45, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

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Commented out paragraph
I have commented out this paragraph: (edit here)

''*The Norse established their settlements along fjords (such as the Tunuliarfik and Aniaaq fjords in the central area of the Eastern settlement). Because this was during the so-called Medieval Warm Period, the vegetation there was very different from what it is today. Excavations have shown that the fjords at that time were surrounded by forests of 4-to 6-metre-tall birch trees and by hills covered with grass and willow brush. The Norse probably cleared the landscape by felling trees to use as building material and fuel, and by allowing their sheep and goats to graze there in both summer and winter. The climate also became increasingly colder in the 14th and 15th centuries, during the period of colder weather known as the Little Ice Age.''

This section has existed for many years and had no sourcing at all for a long time. Then someone inserted a link to a completely unreliable source (edwatch.org) and a dead link. As this material was disputed for many years and has no supporting sources I have commented it out and may delete it fully in future, unless someone can provide proper sources for the claims in the paragraph (that shouldn't be too difficult to find if the information is correct). --Hibernian (talk) 18:00, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Good move. There's some factual information there -- the Norse did settle along fjords, cleared land by burning, and grazed sheep and goats. This is all well established archaeologically. But the stuff about forests of 6-meter trees is nonsense, and temperatures during the MCA were almost certainly no warmer than today. Short Brigade Harvester Boris (talk) 18:29, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Yeah, at least parts of it seem plausible (I'm no expert in the subject), but with ridiculous citations like that and no real evidence the claims can't just sit there. We need someone to get the correct information about this and post it with proper sources. --Hibernian (talk) 22:53, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Paleo-Eskimo
Is there another term that isn't a racial slur that we can use to describe this group?Allencr10 (talk) 17:25, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

Changes I plan to make
Hello fellow editors,

I plan to make a few edits to the Late Dorset and Thule Cultures section. The edits I plan to make are:

Removing most information that doesn't have citations, Replacing with up to date information with citations, Changing the tone of the section to place emphasis off the Norse and onto the Dorset and Thule cultures

Ultimately the section that I will put back in will look smaller than what I took out, but I was shocked by the lack of citations in that section. If there are any questions please let me know, I won't be putting these up for a few days, so it should give adequate time for discussion.

Thank you all! Allencr10 (talk) 16:40, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

Edits I did make
Hello Fellow Editors,

I am following up on my previous post to let you know the edits I did make for the Late Dorset and Thule Cultures section.

I rewrote it, deleting information that didn't have citations or weren't relevant. Then I added information using up to date, peer-reviewed sources. I understand that the section is much smaller, but now it is more credible and informative. I was shocked by how much was written without sources.

If there are any questions or issues, please let me know first, before changes are made. I am happy to discuss this with anyone.

Allencr10 (talk) 16:50, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

Vikings as farmers and settlers
I have been asked to discuss these current phrases before editing: 1) "[...] when Icelandic Vikings settled on its southwestern coast, [...]" 2) "Excavations of middens from the Viking farms in both Greenland and Iceland show the [...]"

There are a lot of definitions for the word viking, and whether it even should be capitalized. But the most consistently included definition   and to me most convincing arguments seem to be that they were Norse/Scandinavian pirates/raiders - i.e. an occupation, not a demographic group.

The Norse settlers on Greenland seemed to be living the settled life as farmers, fishermen and traders, but I am unable to find any reference to them going on raids. Therefore I suggest changing the more specific term "Viking(s)" to the generic term "Norse(men)" in the above phrases. The paper that's cited by the second phrase above even specifically talks about the Norse colonies in Iceland and Greenland. Skoskav~enwiki (talk) 14:30, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree with the change from the Viking farms to the Norse farms. The highly respected Norse archaeologist Birgitta Wallace, who was a member of the team that excavated L'Anse aux Meadows in the 1960s, and who in 2015 the Canadian Archaeological Association called "the world's expert" on the Norse in North America, prefers the use of the word Norse and not Viking when referring to the Viking Age settlers of North America. In a 2003 paper [] she wrote why she referred to the settlers of Newfoundland as being Norse and not Viking. She does not refer to the Newfoundland settlers as Vikings, or Greenlanders, or Norse Greenlanders, she refers to them simply as Norse. Jerry Stockton (talk) 16:18, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

Norse or Viking
There is no evidence that all of those who settled on Erik the Red's Land in Greenland were Vikings (pirates/raiders/traders/barbarian warriors) or that they thought of themselves as Vikings. This settlement probably included farmers, women and children. Although some might have been Vikings, they all appear to have been Norse.

Birgitta Wallace, Senior Archaeologist Emerita, Atlantic Service Centre of Parks Canada, Halifax, was a member of the team that excavated L'Anse aux Meadows in the 1960s and was also at the 2016 excavation of Point Rosee. She has had a long and distinguished career as a Norse archaeologist and appears to be the preeminent authority on the Norse exploration in Newfoundland. In a paper published in 2003 she states her preference for using Norse over the more popular Viking. []

The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland by Birgitta Wallace, Senior Archaeologist Emerita, Atlantic Service Centre of Parks Canada, Halifax "Note that the term “Norse” refers to all inhabitants of Viking age and medieval Scandinavia, not just those of Norway (Webster 1988). Danes and Swedes were part of the migrations of this period, aptly named the Viking Age (c. 750-1050). Although they drastically affected the map of Europe, their role in the Norse ventures to North America was minor, and is therefore not discussed here. The term “Norse” is preferred here to the more popular “Viking”, which really refers to pirates or raiders. Although many men of the Viking Period would have been vikings at some time in their lives, women and children were not."

Here is a little more information about Birgitta Wallace and her qualifications as a Norse expert: Canadian Archaeological Association, 2015: [] “Birgitta’s name is synonymous with Norse archaeology and Viking-age evidence in the west. Her CV [Curriculum Vitae] contains an outstanding 95 published submissions, including top-ranked national and international journal articles and book chapters, as well as the beautiful illustrated volume, Westward Vikings: The L’Anse aux Meadows Saga. Her research has expanded far beyond the academic milieu. As the world’s expert in a field fraught with controversy, mythology, misunderstanding and enormous international interest, she has included in her writing a wealth of public outreach in attempt to educate the interested in the realities of Norse North America.” Jerry Stockton (talk) 19:07, 4 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Don't think anyone has said or implied Vikings are not farmers as well. The problem is the definition you have used. ....as of course Vikings were farmers.The term Viking is for a specific period in Norse history. What you would need to talk about is merging the two articles under one name.... as of right now one is history of the Vikings. .. ..... where the Norse page is more about a people and the language. Moxy (talk) 21:41, 4 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Agree we should use Norsemen. Johnbod (talk) 00:38, 5 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Need a merger talk again or something... not changing all the links all over to an inferior article... that doesn't even cover the history.... is disrupted to say the least and it has been reverted on multiple occasions. Got to take this talk to the main page.... as most wikipedians won't think linking to a lesser article with 1/8 the references is going to be better idea.--Moxy (talk) 03:19, 5 September 2018 (UTC)

Webster's Third International Dictionary, 2002: Viking "... one belonging to the pirate crews from among the Northmen plundering the coasts of Europe in the 8th to 10th centuries … SEA ROVER ..." Sea Rover "... one that roves the sea; specifically : PIRATE" The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989: Viking "... the practice of marauding or piracy ... One of those Scandinavian adventurers who practiced piracy at sea, and committed depredations on land, in northern and western Europe from the eighth to the eleventh century; sometimes in general use, a warlike pirate or sea-rover …" Jerry Stockton (talk) 03:35, 5 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Your posting all this in the wrong place.....you need to post at Vikings to merger with Norsemen. NO one will want to change one link here to an article with vastly less information and sources because of a term preference here at this one article. Bring it up....I agree with you as well that a merger to Norsemen from Vikings would be best . ..but will never agree to linking only the inferior article simply because of a preferred term here.   --Moxy (talk) 03:52, 5 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Started a talk at Talk:Vikings.--Moxy (talk) 04:21, 5 September 2018 (UTC)

Norse settlement - origin of the name
I put a failed verification tag there because the source used is, at best, twisted. The source, in the section "Greenland at the Edge in the Icelandic Tradition", reports that an Icelander, Ari Thorgilsson, in the 12th century recounts that Erik the Red in the 10th century used the name Greenland "to encourage people to go there". The thesis of the paper is that in post-classical saga tradition Greenland is viewed as "a peripheral space in Norse tradition", "a place of exile in which Icelandic heroes were tested by extreme adversity in the settlements andwilderness". Their historicty however is scarce, as assessed by the author: "Embodying the preoccupations of Icelandic writers and audiences, these writings tell us little about historical realities in Norse Greenland; but they do show how details of geographical and historical lore were subsumed and trans-formed in the Icelandic narrative tradition."

- Jonathan Grove

We must also note that in 10th century Greenland was surely warmer than in 12th century, when Thorgilsson writes his chronicles. -- 188.15.91.91 (talk) 07:40, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

 * I had to reinstate the tag, because the problem, that is the a-historicity of the citation, is not resolved nor stressed. Sagas are not historical documents and do not depict, as stressed by the very author of the cited paper, historical veracity. We can be fairly sure that Erik never said that "it would encourage people to go there that the land had a good name", that is just what the author of the saga wants Erik to say, that is Greenland has a better name than Iceland thanks to a scam. To present this as some historical fact is simply disingenuous. -- 194.36.72.102 (talk) 11:02, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

 * The section is a mess. The primary source here is Íslendingabók which is the oldest and most reliable Icelandic historical source. For his information on Erik the Red, the author cites his uncle Þorkell who had himself got it from talking to a man who was with Erik when he went west. So we have a hadith-style chain here. That doesn't mean this is necessarily true information but it's also almost certainly not something Ari Þorgilsson made up in the 1120s. Haukur (talk) 13:55, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

Buying Greenland
Trump daydreaming about buying Greenland is of no consequence to the history of Greenland and should not be in this article. Nothing will come of this. To the extent that we should be covering it at all, Denmark–United States relations is a good place for it. Haukur (talk) 08:57, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree - it's WP:RECENTISM. But I particularly object to this because:
 * The section is clearly about a specific period in history from the 1940s to the 1980s, so adding events from 2019 makes no sense.
 * The 1946 proposal is already covered in the section and does not need to be covered a second time.
 * There is no evidence that the 2019 interest is motivated by Greenland's strategic importance, as claimed by the text.
 * As such I will remove it. Kahastok talk 09:32, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Good analysis, thank you. Haukur (talk) 09:47, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

North and South Greenland
According to some sources on Wikipedia the colony of Greenland was split into two colonies, North Greenland and South Greenland untill 1950. But there seems to be very little information on this subject anywhere on the internet really. Should it be added or is this info too unreliable? M.c de Jong, 16:44, 30 August 2019 (CET) — Preceding unsigned comment added by M.c de Jong (talk • contribs)

Photographs from the Danish National Museum
I just became aware that the Danish National Museum has released a whole lot of interesting images under a free license, including photographs and sketches of historical artifacts found in Greenland. Note for example the Inuit-carved figures showing people with a Norse style of clothing. Could come in use. Haukur (talk) 12:51, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

please review
"that the colony, towards the end, was healthier than Diamond and others have thought" - but "Diamond" is not mentioned before, this sudden appearance of this surname needs to be explained!

Why was Greenland's population bigger in 1500 than when it was in 1400?
Please help 2A00:23C8:5B83:CC00:DCC4:2FD9:4AAF:87A5 (talk) 23:31, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Greenland


text:
Association of University Teachers

The Association of University Teachers (AUT) was the trade union and professional association that represented academic (teaching and research) and academic-related (librarians, IT professionals and senior administrators) staff at pre-1992 universities in the United Kingdom. The final general secretary of AUT was Sally Hunt.

AUT also had branches in a number of post-1992 universities (the ex-polytechnics and other institutes that have become universities since 1992) and in university colleges, although the main union representing academic staff in these institutes was the National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education (NATFHE).

On 2 December 2005, the results of a membership ballot on a merger of AUT and NATFHE was announced. The merger was supported by 79.2% of AUT and 95.7% of NATFHE members who voted. The two unions amalgamated on 1 June 2006, and after a transitional year, full operational unity was achieved in June 2007. The new union is called the University and College Union (UCU).

The formation of AUT (1909-1919)
In 1909, Douglas Laurie, a young zoology lecturer at Liverpool University called a meeting "To consider a proposal to form an Association for bringing together the members of the Junior Staff more into touch with one another and with the life of the University"

At this time an increasing number of non-professorial staff were being employed. These Junior Staff or Assistant Lecturers were poorly paid, did essentially the same duties as professors and had few promotion prospects. In addition they had no representation on the bodies governing the Universities. Although the society formed at Liverpool was formally a "dining and discussion society" from an early stage it was clearly a new pressure group.

At first its aims were local and in 1910 it won a campaign over representation on the faculties but on learning that similar groups had been formed or were in the process of formation they invited representatives of the junior staff from Bristol, Sheffield, Birmingham, Cardiff and Manchester for a dinner.

In 1913 the junior staff at the Victoria University of Manchester (now the University of Manchester) presented a request for improvements in pay and grading to their University Council. This included a suggestion that the starting pay should be substantially increased. The Council replied that while it agreed that eventually there should be an increase, at the current time there was insufficient money to pay for this.

By 1917 inflation had rapidly eroded the value of salaries and Douglas Laurie called a meeting on 15 December 1917 to draw up a memorandum to present to the Board of Education. Almost as an after thought he invited representatives of Assistant Lecturers from all Universities. The meeting was attended by delegates from 15 institutions. The issues raised by the memorandum drafted at the meeting included: pay; tenure; status; grading; opportunities for research and superannuation. Finally a motion was passed to a new association with the name "The Association of University Lecturers". The name (which implicitly excluded professors from membership) caused some dissent but a split was prevented. However the Scottish Lecturers went their own way and formed a separate Association in 1922 which later merged with AUT in 1949 but retained some of its autonomy.

The issue of pensions brought the idea of professional unity to the fore. The pension scheme for lecturers was to be left out of the new Teachers pension fund formed by the Teachers' (Superannuation) Act 1918. As pension funds affect staff at levels of their career this created pressure the Association to be one which included professors as well.

At a conference in Bristol 27–28 June 1919 professorial delegates were present. The name of the new Association was left until all other matters were decided. The draft rules circulated at the conference read "The name of the society shall be... (to be decided at a later date)". This was to be repeated nearly a century later when delegates to the 2005 AUT council were presented with a draft rulebook for the merger with NATFHE which stated: "The name of the union shall be [insert name]". Speaking from the chair Laurie pointed out that "the idea which brought the Association into being was of a trade union character, but expressed the hope that, when material conditions had been satisfactorily improved, educational matters generally would form the essential points on which discussion would take place".

In the end it was agreed that the new association's objectives would be"the advancement of University Education and Research and the promotion of common action among University teachers in connection therewith" with membership open to professors. Finally the name Association of University Teachers was voted for nem con (no votes against but some abstentions) and Douglas Laurie was elected as the first President.

It is interesting to speculate how the Association would have developed if professors had been excluded from membership and it was set up on a basis of representing solely the junior staff..

The Association's structure was a federation of Local Associations (branches) which elected delegates to a Central Council. The Council delegates then elected an Executive Committee. The Council itself met twice a year.

Industrial action against new pay structures 2004
In March 2004, AUT members took industrial action over the proposed new pay structures (the Framework Agreement) offered by the Universities and Colleges Employers Association (UCEA). The original proposals from UCEA would have meant large reductions in income due to smaller annual increments. The action involved a one-day national strike and one-day strikes in each of the four countries of the UK, followed by an assessment boycott that threatened to derail examinations that summer. The industrial action lasted 25 days before UCEA gave in and agreed to many of the union's demands. The agreement included the so-called Memorandum of Understanding which provided certain safeguards on the way the new pay structures were to be implemented in pre 1992 universities. However the agreement did not cover post 1992 universities.

Boycott of Israeli universities 2005
On 22 April 2005, the AUT Council voted to boycott two Israeli universities: the University of Haifa and Bar-Ilan University. The motions to AUT Council were prompted by the call for a boycott from Palestinian academics and others. The AUT Council voted to boycott Bar-Ilan because it runs courses at colleges in the occupied West Bank (referring to Ariel College) and "is thus directly involved with the occupation of Palestinian territories contrary to United Nations resolutions". It boycotted Haifa because it was alleged that the university had wrongly disciplined a lecturer. The action against the lecturer was supposedly for supporting a student who wrote about attacks on Palestinians during the founding of the state of Israel. The boycott, which was not compulsory, was set to last until Haifa "ceases its victimisation of academic staff and students who seek to research and discuss the history of the founding of the state of Israel".

The AUT's decision was immediately condemned by Jewish groups and members of the AUT. Critics of the boycott within and outside the AUT noted that, at the council at which the boycott motion was passed, the leadership had cut short debate citing a lack of time. The Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Union of Jewish Students accused the AUT of purposely holding the vote during Passover, when many Jewish members could not be present. Israel's embassy in London issued a statement criticizing the AUT's vote as a "distorted decision that ignores the British public's opinion", and condemning the resolutions for being "as perverse in their content as in the way they were debated and adopted." Zvi Ravner, Israel’s deputy ambassador in London, also noted that "[t]he last time that Jews were boycotted in universities was in 1930s Germany." Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League issued a statement condemning the "misguided and ill-timed decision to boycott academics from the only country in the Middle East where universities enjoy political independence".

The AUT said that members had voted for the boycott in response to a plea for action by a group of Palestinian academics. It was condemned by the Israeli Embassy, the British Ambassador in Israel, by Jewish Human Rights groups, by al-Quds University in Jerusalem, by the National Postgraduate Committee of the UK, and by Universities UK.

Some members of the AUT, headed by Open University lecturer Jon Pike - subsequently gathered enough signatures to call a special meeting on the subject. The meeting was held on 26 May 2005, at Friends Meeting House in London. At the meeting, the AUT decided to cancel the boycott of both Israeli universities. Reasons cited for the decision were: the damage to academic freedom, the hampering of dialogue and peace effort between Israelis and Palestinian, and that boycotting Israel alone could not be justified.

Merger with NATFHE 2004-2007

Attempts had been ongoing for some time to develop a plan for merger. Prior to 2004, these however, came to nothing. In 2004 both AUT's and NATFHE's conferences voted to "explore ways of achieving maximum unity between the two unions". Initially it was not clear what form this would take - closer collaboration, full merger or something in between. However proposals for a new union which would include all AUT and NATFHE members quickly emerged and proposals to ballot the members were endorsed at the conferences in April and May 2005. On 2 December 2005 the results of the ballot was announced. The merger was supported by 79.2% of AUT and 95.7% of NATFHE members who voted. The two unions amalgamated on 1 June 2006, and then entered a transitional year until full operational unity is achieved in June 2007. The new union is called the University and College Union (UCU).

2006 AUT and NATFHE industrial action
In 2006 AUT and NATFHE engaged in industrial dispute with Universities and Colleges Employers Association (UCEA) over pay. AUT and NATFHE claimed that UCEA promised that one third of the extra income from top up fees would be spent on pay and their 2006 pay claim was based on this. UCEA's initial response was "that it is very likely that a significant proportion of the HE sectors new income will be spent on improvements in staff pay and conditions, but that HEIs had never given a commitment". AUT and NATFHE both voted for strike action and carried out a one-day stoppage on 8 March. From 9 March to 6 June they boycotted the marking of exams and coursework, with the AUT (but not NATFHE) also boycotting the setting of exams and they rejected an offer of 12.6% over three years which was made on 8 May and a further offer of 13.12% over three years made on 30 May. Concerns grew that students might not be able to graduate in 2006 until the industrial action was suspended at midnight on 7 June while members were balloted on a new offer.

List of General Secretaries
Note that initially AUT in its early days was very much an amateur organisation and only appointed a full-time secretary in 1959, who gained the title of General Secretary in 1965.

 * Honorary General Secretary
 * 1919: Francis Raleigh Batt (secretary)
 * 1920: Robert Douglas Laurie
 * 1953: Lord Chorley

 * General Secretaries
 * 1965: Kenneth Urwin (executive secretary 1959-1965)
 * 1969: Laurie Sapper
 * 1983: Diana Warwick
 * 1993: David Triesman
 * 2001: Paul Cotterill (acting general secretary)
 * 2002: Sally Hunt

Boycott

 * AUT boycott of Israeli universities (2005) - News and other Articles
 * Haaretz
 * BBC
 * The Guardian
 * The Jerusalem Post
 * The Times Editorial: Blinkered and ill-timed: The AUT boycott of Israeli universities is inimical to academic freedom, 25 April 2005
 * The Guardian: Academics vote against Israeli boycott, Thursday 26 May 2005
 * BBC: Lecturers overturn Israel boycott, Thursday 26 May 2005
 * AUT and the Academic boycott of Israel from Sue Blackwell (one of the main supporters of the academic boycott campaign).
 * Gush Shalom letter to Bar Ilan University. You brought the boycott upon yourselves

title: Association of University Teachers


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Ninku

Ninku (忍空) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kōji Kiriyama. It was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from June 1993 to September 1995, with its chapters collected in nine tankōbon volumes. A 55-episode anime television series, produced by Fuji TV, Yomiko Advertising and Studio Pierrot, aired on Fuji TV between January 1995 and February 1996. A sequel manga, titled Ninku 2nd Stage: Story of Etonins, was serialized in Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Ultra Jump from September 2005 to September 2011, with its chapters collected in 12 tankōbon volumes. The Ninku manga has had over 9 million copies in circulation.

Manga
The story follows an odd-looking 12-year-old boy named Fūsuke, a powerful warrior from the Ninku school of martial arts, who command a style that mixes ninjutsu and kung fu. Before the present time in the story, the Ninku were targeted by an evil empire and the Ninku corps were formed to combat the menace. The names of the corps were taken from the twelve Chinese zodiac animals (Eto (干支)) and each captain of the corps was called the zodiac animal Ninku master (Etonin (干支忍)). Their powers are derived from nature and a specific dragon to their own element, with the Sky Dragon (天空龍) being the almighty master of all the elements. The Ninku were disbanded by their master before the end of the war and as such, the Empire was victorious and the Ninku became vilified by the Empire as the perpetrators of the war and made attempts to eliminate any surviving members. Three years later, Fūsuke, the young former captain of the 1st Ninku corps and controller of the wind and Hiroyuki, his flatulent penguin, start a journey, searching for the other Ninku captains. However, a new group of Ninku users has arisen and are trying to take over the world. Fūsuke and his penguin must defeat the new Ninku empire with the help of his old comrades.

Anime
Fūsuke, the former captain of the first division Ninku corps journeys across the land with his pet hiroyuki and the hot headed Rihoko to find his Mother who was taken from him at a very young age by the Imperial Army leader Kochin. On his travels, he reunites with fellow captains Toji and Aicho who begin to travel with him in hopes to not only stop the rise of the Imperial Army, but to restore respect to the Ninku students. Along the journey, Fūsuke and the others are tasked with finding and controlling the mystical sky dragons in order to become stronger.

Main characters

 * Fūsuke (風助)
 * Fūsuke the Wind (風の風助) is the former captain of the 1st Ninku corps, the rat (Ne-nin (子忍)) Ninku. With the ability to control wind, Fūsuke searches for other former Ninku after a war with an evil empire.
 * Fūsuke the Wind (風の風助) is the former captain of the 1st Ninku corps, the rat (Ne-nin (子忍)) Ninku. With the ability to control wind, Fūsuke searches for other former Ninku after a war with an evil empire.

 * Aichō (藍朓)
 * Aichō the Sky (空の藍朓) is the former captain of the 10th Ninku corps, the rooster (Tori-nin (酉忍)) Ninku, and has extremely strong legs with an attitude to match, enabling him to cover large distances in a single bound and cause big damage on enemy machinery through his techniques. He also hates women, as this can be seen in his attitude towards Tōji's sister, who has a crush on him. He also considers Tōji an idiot.
 * Aichō the Sky (空の藍朓) is the former captain of the 10th Ninku corps, the rooster (Tori-nin (酉忍)) Ninku, and has extremely strong legs with an attitude to match, enabling him to cover large distances in a single bound and cause big damage on enemy machinery through his techniques. He also hates women, as this can be seen in his attitude towards Tōji's sister, who has a crush on him. He also considers Tōji an idiot.

 * Tōji (橙次)
 * Tōji the Ground (大地の橙次) is the former captain of the 6th Ninku corps, the snake (Mi-nin (巳忍)) Ninku, specializing in land (ground) attacks and techniques. He owns his own personal plane which he initially dubbed the Hindenburg but he sometimes changes the name to other transport disasters. The Hindenburg usually crash-lands in the beginning of the show as a recurring gag. His technique is the FuShabakut or "Air Dessert", which turns the ground into a tsunami-like state, a high-level Ninku move.
 * Tōji the Ground (大地の橙次) is the former captain of the 6th Ninku corps, the snake (Mi-nin (巳忍)) Ninku, specializing in land (ground) attacks and techniques. He owns his own personal plane which he initially dubbed the Hindenburg but he sometimes changes the name to other transport disasters. The Hindenburg usually crash-lands in the beginning of the show as a recurring gag. His technique is the FuShabakut or "Air Dessert", which turns the ground into a tsunami-like state, a high-level Ninku move.

 * Hiroyuki (ヒロユキ)
 * Hiroyuki is Fūsuke's pet penguin. He possesses the ability to release explosive farts powerful enough to propel Fūsuke and itself. The stench is described as terrible and can knock others unconscious. Fūsuke considers him a friend and not a pet. He is supernaturally powerful.
 * Hiroyuki is Fūsuke's pet penguin. He possesses the ability to release explosive farts powerful enough to propel Fūsuke and itself. The stench is described as terrible and can knock others unconscious. Fūsuke considers him a friend and not a pet. He is supernaturally powerful.

 * Rihoko (里穂子)
 * Tōji's sister. She was unintentionally rescued by Fūsuke from fake Ninku and, at the time, he was unaware that she is Tōji's sister. She desperately wants to meet handsome men and immediately becomes infatuated with Aichō, but has little luck with him.
 * Tōji's sister. She was unintentionally rescued by Fūsuke from fake Ninku and, at the time, he was unaware that she is Tōji's sister. She desperately wants to meet handsome men and immediately becomes infatuated with Aichō, but has little luck with him.

Enemies

 * Kōchin (コウチン)
 * The high priest of the Empire and a master of feng shui. He is the spokesperson of the Emperor and it was he who defeated the Ninku master in a direct duel, forcing the Ninku to disband. His ultimate goal is to control the power of the Sky Dragon and for that purpose he has captured Fūsuke's mother in order to draw the dragon out.
 * The high priest of the Empire and a master of feng shui. He is the spokesperson of the Emperor and it was he who defeated the Ninku master in a direct duel, forcing the Ninku to disband. His ultimate goal is to control the power of the Sky Dragon and for that purpose he has captured Fūsuke's mother in order to draw the dragon out.

 * Kisumi (黄純)
 * A Former Ninku captain who could command ice. After his fiancé was killed during the war he headed out to attack the Empire singlehandedly but was captured and convinced to join the Empire to prevent another war. Later reforms and helps Fūsuke and the others in their final confrontation.
 * A Former Ninku captain who could command ice. After his fiancé was killed during the war he headed out to attack the Empire singlehandedly but was captured and convinced to join the Empire to prevent another war. Later reforms and helps Fūsuke and the others in their final confrontation.

 * Mekira (メキラ)
 * A genjutsu expert. She was taken by Kōchin at a very young age and her family was slaughtered by him. Only later does she learn this and turn against him.
 * A genjutsu expert. She was taken by Kōchin at a very young age and her family was slaughtered by him. Only later does she learn this and turn against him.

 * Ajirada (アジラダ)
 * The sole heir of a martial arts that uses electricity channeled from arm guards into his fists and feet. Later defects after being beaten by Fūsuke.
 * The sole heir of a martial arts that uses electricity channeled from arm guards into his fists and feet. Later defects after being beaten by Fūsuke.

Manga
Ninku, written and illustrated by Kōji Kiriyama, started in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump on June 14, 1993. The series was suspended on July 11, 1994, with 53 chapters published. The manga resumed publication as Ninku 2nd Stage on December 5, 1994, and finished after 27 chapters on September 4, 1995. Shueisha collected the chapters in nine tankōbon volume, published from January 11, 1994, to November 2, 1995. Shueisha republished the manga in six bunkoban volumes from November 17, 2006, to February 16, 2007.

Ninku was published in France by Glénat between 1997 and 1998.

A sequel, titled Ninku 2nd Stage: Story of Etonins (忍空−SECOND STAGE 干支忍編−), was serialized in Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Ultra Jump from September 17, 2005, to September 17, 2011. Shueisha collected its chapters into twelve tankōbon volumes, published between March 3, 2006, and November 4, 2011.

Ninku

 * }

Films
Prior to the anime television series, a film titled Ninku: Tomb of Knives (NINKU ナイフの墓標) was screened at Jump Super Anime Tour in November 1994. A 26-minute film titled Ninku: The Movie (劇場版 NINKU -忍空-) was screened at the Toei Anime Fair on July 15, 1995.

Media Blasters's Anime Works brand released Ninku: The Movie with an English dub on VHS in 1998. It was later released on DVD, along with Yu Yu Hakusho: The Movie, on January 30, 2001, as a result of a poll conducted by Media Blasters.

Anime
Ninku was adapted into a 55-episode anime television series, produced by Fuji TV, Yomiko Advertising and Studio Pierrot, and directed by Noriyuki Abe. It was broadcast on Fuji TV from January 14, 1995, to February 24, 1996. Reruns of the series have been broadcast on Kids Station. The anime series includes an original story and characters not presented in the manga series. The opening and ending themes are performed by Yume Suzuki. The opening theme is "Kagayaki wa Kimi no Nakani" (輝きは君の中に). The first ending theme for episodes 1 to 28 is "Soredemo Ashita wa Yatte Kuru" (それでも明日はやってくる). The second ending theme for episodes 29 to 50 is "Sora no Namae" (空の名前). The third ending theme for episodes 51 to 55 is "Sorezoreno Ashita e" (それぞれの明日へ). Geneon Entertainment has released the series in two DVD boxsets in Japan. The first set containing the initial 28 episodes was released on February 25, 2005 and the second set containing the remaining 27 episodes was released on March 21, 2005. In 2015, Bandai Visual re-released the series on two Blu-ray box sets, the first one on May 21 and the second on July 15.

Ninku was also broadcast in other parts of Asia on Animax Asia.

Video games
A number of video games based on the series have been released. Two video games were launched for the Game Boy, three video games for the Game Gear,   a video game for the PlayStation, and a video game for the Sega Saturn. Fūsuke is also featured as a selectable character in the Weekly Shōnen Jump crossover fighting game Jump Ultimate Stars, launched for the Nintendo DS in November 2006. Characters from the series also appeared in another Weekly Shōnen Jump crossover smartphone game Jumputi Heroes, released for iOS and Android in 2018.

Reception and legacy
The Ninku manga has had over 9 million copies in circulation.

In a fan poll posted by BIGLOBE in 2012 about favorite Weekly Shōnen Jump anime adaptations, Ninku ranked 45th out of 50 anime adaptations, and 40th out of 60 series in a 2019 poll conducted by Goo Ranking of "’90s Anime That Deserve Remakes".

John Oppliger of AnimeNation attributed the low popularity of the Ninku anime series to its lack of compelling narrative development and the sequential lengthy story arc structure that make other shōnen action series like Naruto, One Piece and Bleach popular. He praised the characters and animation of the fight sequences, but considered them repetitive and he stated that the show does not encourage much viewer loyalty.

In a review for the Ninku/YuYu Hakusho Double Feature DVD release, Chris Beveridge from AnimeOnDVD praised Ninku: The Movie for its fight sequences and animation, but recommended this release only to fans of either series. Mike Toole of Anime Jump in his Ninku: The Movie review stated: "Aside from the engaging story and great fight scenes, there are a few other good points about Ninku." Ninku has inspired artists such as Masashi Kishimoto of Naruto fame, who used to copy Kiriyama's drawings in his studying to become a manga artist.

title: Ninku


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William Babcock Hazen

William Babcock Hazen (September 27, 1830 – January 16, 1887) was a career United States Army officer who served in the Indian Wars, as a Union general in the American Civil War, and as Chief Signal Officer of the U.S. Army. His most famous service was defending "Hell's Half Acre" at the Battle of Stones River in 1862, and seizing Fort McAllister, Georgia, in December 1864, which allowed William Sherman to capture Savannah at the end of his March to the Sea.

Early life and military career
Hazen was born in West Hartford, Vermont, but moved to Ohio at the age of three. He spent his boyhood in the town of Hiram and formed a close personal friendship with future President James A. Garfield. He graduated from the United States Military Academy, in 1855, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Infantry. Before the Civil War, he served primarily in the Pacific Northwest and Texas, where he was wounded severely on November 3, 1859, during a fight with the Comanches along the Llano River. He was absent on sick leave until 1861.

Civil War
Soon after the fall of Fort Sumter, he was promoted to captain of the 8th U.S. Infantry, and by October 29, 1861, he was Colonel of the 41st Ohio Infantry. Starting in January 1862, he commanded a brigade in the Army of the Ohio, under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell. His first major battle was Shiloh, where Buell's army arrived on the second day (April 7, 1862), in time to counterattack the Confederate army for a Union victory.

In the fall of 1862, Hazen fought under Buell at Perryville. His brigade was reorganized into the XIV Corps (later to be known as the Army of the Cumberland) under Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, and, in this organization, Hazen served in his most famous engagement, the Battle of Stones River, at Murfreesboro, Tennessee. On December 31, 1862, the Confederate forces under Gen. Braxton Bragg delivered a devastating assault that caught Rosecrans by surprise and drove his forces back three miles (5 km), leaving their backs to the Stones River. Hazen's brigade defended a small cedar forest known by the locals as "Round Forest". Hazen and Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft were at a salient in the Union line, whose loss would have given the Confederate a complete victory. Maj. Gens. George H. Thomas and Lovell H. Rousseau, Hazen's division commander, concentrated artillery to support them. Several Confederate attacks were beaten off. Their defense was so spirited against heavy odds that they arguably saved the Union line. The 4 acre Round Forest is now known informally as "Hell's Half Acre". Hazen was wounded in the shoulder during the fight and was promoted to brigadier general, effective November 29, for his gallantry. Months after the battle, a monument was erected by veterans of the fight in a small Union cemetery at the site. This is considered to be the oldest Civil War monument remaining in its original battlefield location.

Hazen continued with the Army of the Cumberland through the successful Tullahoma Campaign, the serious Union defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga in XXI Corps, and the victorious Battle of Chattanooga in IV Corps. Hazen's brigade played a major role in the crossing at Brown's Ferry near Chattanooga that, together with the arrival of troops under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, opened the line of supply or "Cracker Line" to the Army of the Cumberland, penned into its defenses by the Confederates.. Hazen was promoted to brevet major in the regular army for Chickamauga and brevet lieutenant colonel for Chattanooga. He served under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman in the Atlanta Campaign, the March to the Sea, and the Carolinas Campaign, in the Army of the Cumberland and then in the Army of the Tennessee. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Pickett's Mill while still leading a brigade in IV Corps. His brigade had to attack without adequate support and suffered badly. Later, asked where his brigade was, Hazen replied, "Brigade, Hell, I have none. But what is left of it is over there in the woods."

Hazen was elevated to division command in XV Corps late in the Atlanta Campaign. During Sherman's March to the Sea, Hazen's division distinguished itself in the capture of Fort McAllister, Georgia, on December 13, 1864. This action opened communications between Sherman's army group and the United States Navy. He was promoted to brevet colonel in the regular army in September 1864 and to major general of volunteers on December 13, 1864. Very late in the war, he commanded the XV Corps of the Army of the Tennessee and was eventually promoted to brevet major general in the regular army, March 13, 1865.

Postbellum career
As the U.S. Army was drawn down following the war, Hazen was redesignated as colonel of the 38th U.S. Infantry (a Buffalo Soldier regiment, one of four such infantry regiments) in July 1866 and transferred to the 6th U.S. Infantry in March 1869. He served primarily on the Western frontier, including being stationed at Fort Buford in the Dakota Territory from 1872 to 1880, but he also visited Europe as an observer during the Franco-Prussian War. One of Hazen's most important roles on the frontier was handling the negotiations that preceded the Battle of Washita River. Hazen offered testimony in one of the procurement corruption scandals that rocked the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant, which resulted in the resignation of Grant's Secretary of War, William W. Belknap. The Belknap scandal was tied to other disputes over promotions and squabbles over credit for victories in the Civil war. One of the squabbles pitted Hazen against Maj. Gen. David S. Stanley over the exact location of the monument at Stone's River. Stanley, who was fighting other generals over credit for the Union victory at the Second Battle of Franklin, argued that the monument was in the wrong place. Stanley was a friend of Belknap, which ties the controversies together.

Hazen also engaged in controversy by criticizing George Armstrong Custer's book Life on the Plains in one of his own books. (Custer had criticized Hazen's dealings with chief Black Kettle before Washita River.) Hazen's relationships with Custer and with his superiors in the post-war army were such that the writer Ambrose Bierce called him "The best hated man I ever knew". Hazen even managed to offend Lt. Gen. William T. Sherman, a former friend and an ally against Belknap. On December 15, 1880, President Rutherford B. Hayes promoted Hazen to brigadier general and appointed him Chief Signal Officer of the U.S. Army, a post he held until his death. His tenure was noted for focusing his department on basic research, rather than the practical matters that occupied his predecessor, Albert J. Myer. But he also continued to generate public controversy. One of the duties of the U.S. Army Signal Corps at the time was the management of the Weather Service and Hazen criticized the government's lack of response to the distress of the International Polar Year expedition to Fort Conger, Lady Franklin Bay (on Ellesmere Island, Canada). The expedition, led by Lieutenant Adolphus Greely, departed in the summer of 1881, and in 1882, a scheduled resupply effort failed, leaving the 25 men of the expedition without support to survive the winter about 500 mi from the North Pole. In 1883 a rescue party commanded by Lt. Ernest A. Garlington also failed to rescue the stranded party. By the time the rescue expedition of June 1884 reached Greely, only he and six of his command remained alive. Hazen publicly criticized Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln for his handling of the affair, citing his refusal to send further assistance after the failure of Garlington's rescue mission, until Greely's wife, Henrietta, forced Lincoln to act in response to outraged public opinion. Lincoln censured Hazen for his public criticisms and Hazen was court-martialed in 1885, resulting in a mild reprimand from President Chester A. Arthur. The newspapers, however, backed Hazen against Secretary Lincoln.

Hazen married Mildred McLean, daughter of Washington McLean, the owner of The Washington Post. After his death, she married Admiral George Dewey on November 9, 1899.

Hazen died in Washington, D.C., having been taken ill after attending a reception held by President Grover Cleveland, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. The New York Times, in its obituary, called Hazen "aggressive and disputatious", traits that served him well on the battlefield but made him powerful enemies in peace time. Hazen, Nevada, and Hazen Bay in Alaska are named in his honor.

title: William Babcock Hazen


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Maghrebi mint tea

Maghrebi mint tea (Maghrebi Arabic: أتاي, atay; الشاي بالنعناع ), also known as Moroccan mint tea and Algerian mint tea,   is a North African preparation of gunpowder green tea with spearmint leaves and sugar.

It is traditional to the Greater Maghreb region (the northwest African countries of Morocco, Algeria,  Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania). Its consumption has spread throughout North Africa, parts of the Sahel, France, Spain, the Arab world, and Middle East.

Mint tea is central to social life in the Maghreb. and is very popular among the Tuareg people of Algeria, Libya, Niger and Mali. The serving can take a ceremonial form, especially when prepared for a guest. The tea is traditionally made by the head male in the family and offered to guests as a sign of hospitality. Typically, at least three glasses of tea are served. The tea is consumed throughout the day as a social activity. The native spearmint naʿnāʿ (نعناع) possesses a clear, pungent, mild aroma, and is the mint that is traditionally used in Maghrebi mint tea. Other hybrids and cultivars of spearmint, including yerba buena, are occasionally used as substitutes for nana mint. In Morocco, mint tea is sometimes perfumed with herbs, flowers, or orange blossom water. In the cold season, they add many warming herbs like pennyroyal mint and wormwood. Mint has been used as an infusion, decoction, and herbal medicine throughout the Mediterranean since antiquity. This aromatic plant was widely used in Algeria to cure and prevent cholera when it plagued the country from 1835 until 1865.

Name
In Mauritania, Morocco and Algeria, the word for tea is tay, atay or lātāy; while in Tunisia it's et-tey. These diverge from the typical Arabic word for tea, shai (شاي). According to Van Driem, ʾit-tāī originates from the Dutch language thee.

History
Gunpowder tea was introduced into North Africa by the British in the 18th and 19th centuries via Morocco and Algeria.

According to food historian, Helen Saberi, the drinking of green tea infused with mint spread from Morocco to Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and to nomadic tribes of Berbers and Tuareg in the Sahara.

Sugar and tea would arrive from Europe to the port of Essaouira, where Jewish merchants who had started migrating to coastal cities in the 19th century managed their passing through the interior of Morocco. James Richardson recorded a description of a Moroccan tea ceremony in the 1840s, and said that during his travels tea was drunk widely and all day long.

Tea consumption became associated with power and prestige in Morocco, and, officer of Sultan Suleiman (r. 1792–1822), became the first mūl atay (مول أتاي "master of tea") in the Makhzen. In the twenty years after the Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856, and after the British East India Company diverted tea meant for the Baltic states to Morocco during the Crimean War, tea imports quadrupled but tea consumption remained an urban practice. Among urban populations, partaking in the tea ceremony became a symbol of status and savoir faire, while among rural farmers it was a way to emulate the urban class they both envied and resented. Tea consumption spread through wider segments of the population as a result of the famines of the 1880s, when it became an emergency calorie substitute, appetite suppressant, and mode of performing acculturation for rural populations flooding the cities in search of opportunities.

Another factor in the spread of atay consumption in Morocco was the comparative scarcity of coffee. Whereas Algerian cities had been introduced to coffee culture under the influence of the Ottomans, Moroccan cities would only be introduced to coffee later. Oral traditions in the Algerian city of Tlemcen distinguish between "Fassi tea drinkers and Tlemceni coffee drinkers".

In the late 19th century, Sufi orders led by figures such as Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani told their adherents not to drink tea, attempting to boycott sugar and tea imported by Europeans.

By the early 20th century, mint tea had become well established in Morocco.

Preparation

The basic ingredients of the tea are green tea, fresh mint leaves, sugar, and boiling water. The proportions of the ingredients and the brewing time can vary widely. Boiling water is used in the Maghreb, rather than the cooler water that is used in East Asia to avoid bitterness. The leaves are left in the pot while the tea is consumed, changing the flavor from one glass to the next. It is poured into glasses from high above to swirl loose tea leaves to the bottom of the glass, whilst gently aerating the tea to improve its flavor.

In the winter, if mint is rare, sometimes leaves of tree wormwood (الشيبة shība in Moroccan Arabic) are substituted for (or used to complement) the mint, giving the tea a distinctly bitter flavor. Lemon verbena (لويزة lwiza in Moroccan Arabic) is also used to give it a lemon flavor. Other herbs used to flavor the tea include oregano, sage, and thyme. The tea is sometimes sold as a ready-to-cook mixture of tea and dried mint, which is easier to store and to prepare but has diminished flavor.

Culture
Traditionally, the tea is served three times. The amount of time it has been steeping gives each of the glasses of tea a unique flavor, described in this famous Maghrebi proverb:

The first glass is as gentle as life, the second is as strong as love, the third is as bitter as death.

In one of Nass El Ghiwane's most popular songs, Es-Siniya (الصينية), the tea tray is used as a metaphor to discuss the hardships of migrating from the countryside to a big city such as Casablanca.

title: Maghrebi mint tea


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Tshe

Tshe (or The) (Ћ ћ; italics: Ћ ћ ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script, used only in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, where it represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate, somewhat like the pronunciation of $\langlech\rangle$ in "chew"; however, it must not be confused with the voiceless retroflex affricate Che (Ч ч), which represents  and which also exists in Serbian Cyrillic script. The sound of Tshe is produced from the voiceless alveolar plosive by iotation. Tshe is the 23rd letter in the Serbian alphabet. It was first used by Dositej Obradović as a revival of the old Cyrillic letter Djerv (Ꙉ), and was later adopted in the 1818 Serbian dictionary of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. The equivalent character to Tshe in Gaj's Latin alphabet is Ć.

Despite being a Cyrillic letter, Tshe was also used in Latin-based Slovincian phonetic transcriptions with the same value as in Serbian.

Being part of the most common Serbian last names, the transliteration of Tshe to the Latin alphabet is very important; however, there are many ways to transliterate it. It is typically transliterated as $\langleć\rangle$, as per the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet or, without the diacritic, as $\langlec\rangle$; less frequent transliterations are $\langletj\rangle$, $\langletsh\rangle$, $\langlety\rangle$, $\langlecj\rangle$, $\langlecy\rangle$, $\langlech\rangle$ (also used for Che), and $\langletch\rangle$, $\langlets\rangle$ (the last one in Hungarian only, but $\langlecs\rangle$ and $\langlety\rangle$ are more common). It looks similar to the Shha (Һ һ) but stroked.

As it is one of the letters unique to the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and also the first letter of the Serbian word for Cyrillic (ћирилица), Tshe is often used as the basis for logos for various groups involved with the Cyrillic alphabet.

Other uses
The capital Tshe has seen uses in the English language as a symbol for the definitive article The—similarly to the Ampersand & At sign—due to it appearing as a ligature of the Latin script letters uppercase T & lowercase H—which are the first 2 letters of the English word The. However, unlike common symbols such as the ampersand & at sign, the use of the capital Tshe as a symbol in English is not widely known or recognized, and uppercase thorn (Þ) is often used instead.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Т т : Т|Cyrillic letter Te
 * Ч ч : Ч|Cyrillic letter Che
 * Ђ ђ : Ђ|Cyrillic letter Dje
 * Һ һ : Һ|Cyrillic letter Shha
 * Ќ, ќ : Ќ|Cyrillic letter Kje
 * Ć ć : Ć|Latin letter C with acute
 * Ħ ħ : Ħ|Latin letter H with stroke

title: Tshe