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William S. Harney

William Selby Harney (August 22, 1800 – May 9, 1889), otherwise known among the Lakota as "Woman Killer" and "Mad Bear," was an American cavalry officer in the US Army, who became known during the Indian Wars and the Mexican–American War for his brutality and ruthlessness. One of five general officers (including Winfield Scott, David Twiggs, John Wool, and Joseph E. Johnston) in the US Army at the beginning of the American Civil War, he was removed from overseeing the Department of the West because of his Southern sympathies early in the war, although he kept Missouri from joining the Confederacy. Under President Andrew Johnson, he served on the Indian Peace Commission, negotiating in several treaties before spending his retirement partly in Missouri and partly trading reminiscences with Jefferson Davis and Ulysses S. Grant in Mississippi, eventually moving to Florida afterwards, where he spent the last few years of his life.

Early life
Born on August 27, 1800, in Haysborough (Haysboro), a community on the Cumberland River (then a few miles above Nashville, Tennessee, now incorporated in the city), Harney attended a local private academy. His father Thomas Harney had been an army officer.

Early military career
In 1817, Harney's brother, Dr. Benjamin F. Harney, an Army surgeon in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, asked Andrew Jackson, a hero of the War of 1812 and the current commander of the Army of the South, to write a letter to the Secretary of the Navy to ask for Harney's acceptance into the Navy, which occurred July 23, 1817. Harney visited his brother and met high-ranking military officers. He so impressed them that they arranged a commission for him as a U.S. Navy second lieutenant, which President James Monroe signed. However, Harney chose to serve under Jackson in the army. His first military assignment under Jackson was in 1818, as a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Infantry. He helped to force the pirate Jean Lafitte to move his operations from the Louisiana Territory to the Spanish Main.

Harney began his many years of interactions with Native Americans on the Great Plains in 1825, when he accompanied Colonel Henry Atkinson and Benjamin O'Fallon on an expedition to sign treaties with the Upper Missouri tribes. In 1832, Harney fought in the Black Hawk War against the Sauk and Fox tribes, serving as General Zachary Taylor's assistant inspector. There he met, fought, and befriended Jefferson Davis, Taylor's son-in-law and a fellow army officer.

Murder of Hannah
In June 1834, while he was a major in the Paymaster Corps, Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Missouri, Harney was charged with beating an enslaved woman, Hannah, to death. In a fit of anger he hit her with a piece of rawhide, and then fled to avoid arrest, while seeking a transfer to another state. The coroner ruled Hannah died as a result of Harney's violent actions, and he was indicted for murder by a grand jury in July. The trial was moved to Union, Missouri, and scheduled for the spring of 1835. Overseen by a judge with "a reputation in which Harney could take comfort" (according to biographer George Rollie Adams), fifteen witnesses spoke in court, their testimony going unrecorded, and Harney, "although clearly responsible for Hannah's death," was acquitted.

Second Seminole War
During the Second Seminole War (1835–1842), Harney gained a reputation as an Indian fighter for daring and ruthless raids. Harney and troops under his command often fought the Seminole War leader and mystic Sam Jones, also known as Ar-pi-uck-i. During one skirmish, one of Harney's men accidentally shot Itee, the wife of Sam Jones. When that was brought to Harney's attention, he turned down the opportunity to use her as a bargaining chip during treaty negotiations. Instead, Harney ordered Itee comfortably set outside the US Army camp so that her husband and his men could retrieve her that evening.

Mexican–American War
During the Mexican–American War, Harney was appointed colonel and commanded the 2nd Dragoons. They were attached to John E. Wool's command during the Chihuahua Expedition and the Battle of Buena Vista. Harney joined Winfield Scott's army as senior cavalry officer at the siege of Veracruz. However, Harney's headstrong and insubordinate temperament caused losses and embarrassment. So when Harney refused to leave Monterrey, despite orders to do so, he was replaced by Major Edwin V. Sumner, and Brevet Major General William J. Worth placed Harney under court-martial, and Harney was ultimately convicted. However, President James K. Polk overrode Scott's judgment to remove Harney from command and concluded that Harney's only fault was being in the Democratic Party. The incident damaged the relationship between the general and Commander-in-Chief.

Placed in temporary command of the 1st Brigade in David Twiggs's division, Harney fought with distinction at the Battle of Cerro Gordo and received a promotion to brevet brigadier general. He returned to cavalry command during the Battle of Contreras, the Battle of Churubusco, and the Battles for Mexico City. However, he was accused of mistreatment of captured prisoners from the St. Patrick's Battalion, which included US Army deserters and escaped slaves. Harney became an original member of the Aztec Club of 1847, which was composed of American officers who had served in Mexico.

First Sioux War
On May 14, 1849, on the death of Brevet Major General William J. Worth, Harney assumed command of Military Department Number Five, which comprised almost all of the settled portion of Texas. He was assigned to control Indian raids, which led to the First Sioux War (discussed in part below), although Harney actually commanded Military Department No. 5 for only three short periods, having been replaced by Colonel George N. Brooke on July 7, 1849; after Brooke's death from March 9 until September 15, 1851, when he was replaced by Colonel Persifor N. Smith, and then from December 3, 1852, until he was again relieved by Smith on May 11, 1853.

Recalled from leave after he had attempted to visit his family in Paris in 1854, Harney led a punitive expedition against the Sioux after they killed a small US Army detachment in Nebraska Territory, an event called the Grattan massacre. He led attacks against the Brulé Lakota, who were involved in conflicts with immigrant travelers on the Oregon Trail. In the Battle of Ash Hollow, on September 2 and 3, 1855, Harney's troops routed Little Thunder's village at Blue Water Creek (now known as Ash Hollow), in western Nebraska, killing about half of the 250 band members. Among the victims were women and children who had hidden in a cave, into which cannons were fired under the pretense that they were warriors. Harney earned a Lakota name translated as "Mad Bear" because after the attack, he marched across the Badlands to Fort Pierre, the largest trading post in Dakota Territory, and challenged the Lakotas to a winter fight. The success of the campaign encouraged Harney to suggest that mobile units might replace permanent army posts.

Harney briefly commanded troops during the Utah War and was again recalled and placed in command of troops sent to deal with the guerrilla warfare of Bleeding Kansas.

Next, he was assigned command of the Department of Oregon. Harney sent Captain George E. Pickett and troops to San Juan Island, precipitating the Pig War with British forces. The Army recalled Harney to St. Louis after the altercations with the British.

Promoted to brigadier general on June 14, 1858, Harney was, at 61, the youngest of the four general officers in the regular army at the time, (alongside the War of 1812 veterans Winfield Scott, John Wool, and David Twiggs, the next-youngest, at 70, because of the lack of a fixed retirement age).

American Civil War
As the American Civil War began, Harney was still in command of the Army's Department of the West based at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, Missouri, and his wife's family was prominent in the area. General Twiggs accepted a Confederate commission to head the Department of Louisiana and was accordingly dismissed from the US Army and replaced by Edwin V. Sumner. Missouri Governor Claiborne Jackson was pro-secession, but the majority of Missourians favored the Union. After the bombardment of Fort Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln called for troops to suppress the rebellion. Jackson refused and began plotting with Confederate authorities to bring about Missouri's secession by a military coup.

On May 10, 1861, Captain Nathaniel Lyon, commander of the St. Louis Arsenal, led a force of unofficial Unionist "Home Guards" to capture a force of state militia that were poised to seize the Arsenal by acting without any authorization from Harney, his superior. The Camp Jackson Affair resulted in a bloody riot in St. Louis, which horrified Harney.

The state legislature responded by reorganizing the militia as the Missouri State Guard and authorizing it to resist an invasion by federal troops. Harney tried to calm the situation and agreed to the Price–Harney Truce with Guard Commander Sterling Price, who was married to Harney's wife's niece. They agreed that the State Guard would control most of Missouri while federal troops stayed near St. Louis. The deal also involved Missouri Governor Claiborne Jackson, who favored secession but swore allegiance to the Union.

That was not acceptable to Unionist leaders in Missouri, including the Republican leader Francis Preston Blair, Jr., since Price did nothing to prevent the organization of pro-Confederate forces or to protect Unionists in his territory. Worsening matters was Harney's Tennessee heritage, which made his loyalty to the Union suspect. Blair reported all to the Lincoln administration in Washington, DC, and was authorized to replace Harney with Lyon, which Blair did on 30 May.

Recalled to Washington to discuss the situation, Harney was captured by Confederates at Harper's Ferry on April 25, 1861. He was offered a command by Confederate General Robert E. Lee but turned down the offer. However, because he was a Tennessean, his captors released him and allowed him to continue on to Washington.

Harney remained in Washington and served in various administrative positions. When it became clear that he would not receive another field command, he retired in 1863 and lived in St. Louis. In recognition of his long and distinguished career, he was awarded and breveted to major general in 1865.

Later years
President Andrew Johnson appointed Harney to the Indian Peace Commission and so he returned to the Great Plains in 1865 and 1867 to negotiate treaties. In part because Harney urged the US Congress to honor past treaties. He helped secure the Little Arkansas Treaty with the Comanche and Kiowa in 1865, the Medicine Lodge Treaty in 1867 and the Fort Laramie Treaty with the Brule Sioux in 1868. In 1868, Harney established three Sioux agencies on the Missouri River, which he did at Whetstone Creek, Cheyenne River, and Grand River.

Harney then retired to Pass Christian, Mississippi, on the Gulf Coast and often reminisced with his old friend Jefferson Davis about their old service at Fort Crawford, including their near duel; they forgot their opposite service during the American Civil War. After Davis's death, Harney moved to the Orlando, Florida area, where he died.

Personal life
In 1833, in St. Louis, he married Mary Mullanphy, daughter of John Mullanphy, an Irish immigrant who became a wealthy merchant in Baltimore and St. Louis' first millionaire. Harney converted to Catholicism, and they had three children including John Mullanphy Harney (1847–1905). However, Harney only saw his wife twice after 1850, and she would relocate to France with their children in 1853, where she died in 1860. Her children would return to St. Louis, and their granddaughter Marie Antoinette Harney Beauregard (1868–1940) would marry the son of Confederate general Pierre Beauregard. In 1884, Harney married Mary St. Cyr (1826–1907).

Death
Harney died at his home near Orlando, Florida, in 1889, just months after Harney County, Oregon was named for him. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery, as would be his widow in 1907. His will, witnessed by Ulysses S. Grant and filed in St. Louis, gave his son "John Hearney" and daughter "Eliza Hearney" $5 each, and the rest of his property, wherever located, to his widow. Harney is an intriguing figure representing perhaps an individualist standing apart, in an age of rough dichotomies. The one-time renowned "Indian Fighter" had also served on an Indian Peace Commission due to his familiarity with native people. However, the appointment was made not due to his advocacy of Indians, but rather because he had been one of the few men to successfully wage war against them and was someone who could gain their attention.

Harney was known among the Sioux as "Woman Killer" due to his actions (known as the "Harney Massacre") at an Indian village in 1855 at Blue Water Creek, south of the Black Hills: "While engaged in a delaying parley with Chief Little Thunder" Harney's troops "circled undetected" toward the village, "where the infantry opened fire and forced the Indians toward mounted soldiers, who inflicted terrible casualties. Initial reports stated 86 Indians were killed and 70 women and children were captured; however, the totals were later determined to be higher as additional casualties were found in the following days. The Indians tipis were looted and burned by Harney’s troops.

Historic site
The Maj. Gen. William S. Harney Summer Home in Sullivan, Crawford County, Missouri, is privately owned by the Harney Mansion Foundation. The Sullivan Chamber of Commerce cooperates with the foundation and can arrange visits to the home, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Places named for Harney

 * Harney Park, Portland, Oregon
 * Harney Channel, waterway between Orcas and Shaw Islands in the San Juan archipelago (renamed Cayou Channel in July 2022)
 * Harney, Nevada
 * Harney County, Oregon
 * Harney Lake in Oregon
 * Harney Street in Omaha, NE
 * Harney Peak in South Dakota (Later renamed Black Elk Peak in August 2016)
 * Harney Point in Cape Coral, Florida
 * Lake Harney in central Florida
 * Harney Sports Complex at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
 * Harney River located in Everglades National Park

title: William S. Harney


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Superselection

In quantum mechanics, superselection extends the concept of selection rules.

Superselection rules are postulated rules forbidding the preparation of quantum states that exhibit coherence between eigenstates of certain observables. It was originally introduced by Gian Carlo Wick, Arthur Wightman, and Eugene Wigner to impose additional restrictions to quantum theory beyond those of selection rules.

Mathematically speaking, two quantum states $$\psi_1$$ and $$\psi_2$$ are separated by a selection rule if $$ \langle \psi_1 | H | \psi_2 \rangle = 0$$ for the given Hamiltonian $$ H $$, while they are separated by a superselection rule if $$ \langle \psi_1 | A | \psi_2 \rangle = 0$$ for all physical observables $$ A $$. Because no observable connects $$ \langle \psi_1 | $$ and $$ | \psi_2 \rangle $$ they cannot be put into a quantum superposition $$ \alpha | \psi_1 \rangle + \beta | \psi_2 \rangle $$, and/or a quantum superposition cannot be distinguished from a classical mixture of the two states. It also implies that there is a classically conserved quantity that differs between the two states.

A superselection sector is a concept used in quantum mechanics when a representation of a *-algebra is decomposed into irreducible components. It formalizes the idea that not all self-adjoint operators are observables because the relative phase of a superposition of nonzero states from different irreducible components is not observable (the expectation values of the observables can't distinguish between them).

Formulation
Suppose A is a unital *-algebra and O is a unital *-subalgebra whose self-adjoint elements correspond to observables. A unitary representation of O may be decomposed as the direct sum of irreducible unitary representations of O. Each isotypic component in this decomposition is called a superselection sector. Observables preserve the superselection sectors.

Relationship to symmetry
Symmetries often give rise to superselection sectors (although this is not the only way they occur). Suppose a group G acts upon A, and that H is a unitary representation of both A and G which is equivariant in the sense that for all g in G, a in A and ψ in H,
 * $$ g (a\cdot\psi) = (ga)\cdot (g\psi)$$

Suppose that O is an invariant subalgebra of A under G (all observables are invariant under G, but not every self-adjoint operator invariant under G is necessarily an observable). H decomposes into superselection sectors, each of which is the tensor product of an irreducible representation of G with a representation of O.

This can be generalized by assuming that H is only a representation of an extension or cover K of G. (For instance G could be the Lorentz group, and K the corresponding spin double cover.) Alternatively, one can replace G by a Lie algebra, Lie superalgebra or a Hopf algebra.

Examples
Consider a quantum mechanical particle confined to a closed loop (i.e., a periodic line of period L). The superselection sectors are labeled by an angle θ between 0 and 2π. All the wave functions within a single superselection sector satisfy
 * $$\psi(x+L)=e^{i \theta}\psi(x).$$

Superselection sectors
A large physical system with infinitely many degrees of freedom does not always visit every possible state, even if it has enough energy. If a magnet is magnetized in a certain direction, each spin will fluctuate at any temperature, but the net magnetization will never change. The reason is that it is infinitely improbable that all the infinitely many spins at each different position will all fluctuate together in the same way.

A big system often has superselection sectors. In a solid, different rotations and translations which are not lattice symmetries define superselection sectors. In general, a superselection rule is a quantity that can never change through local fluctuations. Aside from order parameters like the magnetization of a magnet, there are also topological quantities, like the winding number. If a string is wound around a circular wire, the total number of times it winds around never changes under local fluctuations. This is an ordinary conservation law. If the wire is an infinite line, under conditions that the vacuum does not have winding number fluctuations which are coherent throughout the system, the conservation law is a superselection rule --- the probability that the winding will unwind is zero.

There are quantum fluctuations, superpositions arising from different configurations of a phase-type path integral, and statistical fluctuations from a Boltzmann type path integral. Both of these path integrals have the property that large changes in an effectively infinite system require an improbable conspiracy between the fluctuations. So there are both statistical mechanical and quantum mechanical superselection rules.

In a theory where the vacuum is invariant under a symmetry, the conserved charge leads to superselection sectors in the case that the charge is conserved. Electric charge is conserved in our universe, so it seems at first like a trivial example. But when a superconductor fills space, or equivalently in a Higgs phase, electric charge is still globally conserved but no longer defines the superselection sectors. The sloshing of the superconductor can bring charges into any volume at very little cost. In this case, the superselection sectors of the vacuum are labeled by the direction of the Higgs field. Since different Higgs directions are related by an exact symmetry, they are all exactly equivalent. This suggests a deep relationship between symmetry breaking directions and conserved charges.

Discrete symmetry
In the 2D Ising model, at low temperatures, there are two distinct pure states, one with the average spin pointing up and the other with the average spin pointing down. This is the ordered phase. At high temperatures, there is only one pure state with an average spin of zero. This is the disordered phase. At the phase transition between the two, the symmetry between spin up and spin down is broken.

Below the phase transition temperature, an infinite ising model can be in either the mostly-plus or the mostly-minus configuration. If it starts in the mostly-plus phase, it will never reach the mostly-minus, even though flipping all the spins will give the same energy. By changing the temperature, the system acquired a new superselection rule--- the average spin. There are two superselection sectors--- mostly minus and mostly plus.

There are also other superselection sectors; for instance, states where the left half of the plane is mostly plus and the right half of the plane is mostly minus.

When a new superselection rule appears, the system has spontaneously ordered. Above the critical temperature, the ising model is disordered. It could visit every state in principle. Below the transition, the system chooses one of two possibilities at random and never changes its mind.

For any finite system, the superselection is imperfect. An Ising model on a finite lattice will eventually fluctuate from the mostly plus to the mostly minus at any nonzero temperature, but it takes a very long time. The amount of time is exponentially small in the size of the system measured in correlation lengths, so for all practical purposes the flip never happens even in systems only a few times larger than the correlation length.

Continuous symmetries
If a statistical or quantum field has three real valued scalar fields $$\phi_1,\phi_2,\phi_3 $$, and the energy or action only depends on combinations which are symmetric under rotations of these components into each other, the contributions with the lowest dimension are (summation convention):

\,$$
 * \nabla \phi_i|^2 + t \phi_i^2 + \lambda (\phi_i^2)^2

and define the action in a quantum field context or free energy in the statistical context. There are two phases. When t is large, the potential tends to move the average $$\phi$$ to zero. For t large and negative, the quadratic potential pushes $$\phi$$ out, but the quartic potential prevents it from becoming infinite. If this is done in a quantum path integral, this is a quantum phase transition, in a classical partition function, a classical phase transition.

So as t moves toward more negative values in either context, the field has to choose some direction to point. Once it does this, it cannot change its mind. The system has ordered. In the ordered phase, there is still a little bit of symmetry--- rotations around the axis of the breaking. The field can point in any direction labelled by all the points on a unit sphere in $$\phi$$ space, which is the coset space of the unbroken SO(2) subgroup in the full symmetry group SO(3).

In the disordered phase, the superselection sectors are described by the representation of SO(3) under which a given configuration transforms globally. Because the SO(3) is unbroken, different representations will not mix with each other. No local fluctuation will ever bring in nontrivial SO(3) configurations from infinity. A local configuration is entirely defined by its representation.

There is a mass gap, or a correlation length, which separates configurations with a nontrivial SO(3) transformations from the rotationally invariant vacuum. This is true until the critical point in t where the mass gap disappears and the correlation length is infinite. The vanishing gap is a sign that the fluctuations in the SO(3) field are about to condense.

In the ordered region, there are field configurations which can carry topological charge. These are labeled by elements of the second homotopy group $$\pi_2(SO(3)/SO(2))=\mathbb{Z}$$. Each of these describe a different field configuration which at large distances from the origin is a winding configuration. Although each such isolated configuration has infinite energy, it labels superselection sectors where the difference in energy between two states is finite. In addition, pairs of winding configurations with opposite topological charge can be produced copiously as the transition is approached from below.

When the winding number is zero, so that the field everywhere points in the same direction, there is an additional infinity of superselection sectors, each labelled by a different value of the unbroken SO(2) charge.

In the ordered state, there is a mass gap for the superselection sectors labeled by a nonzero integer, because the topological solitons are massive, even infinitely massive. But there is no mass gap for all the superselection sectors labeled by zero because there are massless Goldstone bosons describing fluctuations in the direction of the condensate.

If the field values are identified under a Z2 reflection (corresponding to flipping the sign of all the $$\phi$$ fields), the superselection sectors are labelled by a nonnegative integer (the absolute value of the topological charge).

O(3) charges only make sense in the disordered phase and not at all in the ordered phase. This is because when the symmetry is broken there is a condensate which is charged, which is not invariant under the symmetry group. Conversely, the topological charge only makes sense in the ordered phase and not at all in the disordered phase, because in some hand-waving way there is a "topological condensate" in the disordered phase which randomizes the field from point to point. The randomizing can be thought of as crossing many condensed topological winding boundaries.

The very question of what charges are meaningful depends very much on the phase. Approaching the phase transition from the disordered side, the mass of the charges particles approaches zero. Approaching it from the ordered side, the mass gap associated with fluctuations of the topological solitons approaches zero.

Examples in particle physics

 * Higgs mechanism

In the standard model of particle physics, in the electroweak sector, the low energy model is SU(2) and U(1) broken to U(1) by a Higgs doublet. The only superselection rule determining the configuration is the total electric charge. If there are monopoles, then the monopole charge must be included.

If the Higgs t parameter is varied so that it does not acquire a vacuum expectation value, the universe is now symmetric under an unbroken SU(2) and U(1) gauge group. If the SU(2) has infinitesimally weak couplings, so that it only confines at enormous distances, then the representation of the SU(2) group and the U(1) charge both are superselection rules. But if the SU(2) has a nonzero coupling then the superselection sectors are separated by infinite mass because the mass of any state in a nontrivial representation is infinite.

By changing the temperature, the Higgs fluctuations can zero out the expectation value at a finite temperature. Above this temperature, the SU(2) and U(1) quantum numbers describe the superselection sectors. Below the phase transition, only electric charge defines the superselection sector.

 * Chiral quark condensate

Consider the global flavour symmetry of QCD in the chiral limit where the masses of the quarks are zero. This is not exactly the universe in which we live, where the up and down quarks have a tiny but nonzero mass, but it is a very good approximation, to the extent that isospin is conserved.

Below a certain temperature which is the symmetry restoration temperature, the phase is ordered. The chiral condensate forms, and pions of small mass are produced. The SU(Nf) charges, Isospin and Hypercharge and SU(3), make sense. Above the QCD temperature lies a disordered phase where SU(Nf)×SU(Nf) and color SU(3) charges make sense.

It is an open question whether the deconfinement temperature of QCD is also the temperature at which the chiral condensate melts.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Superselection


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Talk:Directed-energy weapon

Protests
Dear could you please explain the relevance of mentioning a specific protest in the present article's lead. fgnievinski (talk) 00:36, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

 * The cropping is justified for focusing on the actual weapon, which was barely visible in the original image. Secondly, it avoids a racially charged subject, which is not cogent for the topic at hand. fgnievinski (talk) 00:31, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

 * The cropping removes important contextual detail which demonstrates current deployment which is of especial value given it highlights the use of directed-energy weapons in the civilian context. Wikipedia is not a user manual or catalogue. It needs to develop the subject matter in an encyclopedic manner and hence represent different aspects of the subject, such as how something is used, and when it has been used. The lives of people may also be represented in Wikipedia due to their relationship to the subject matter. This is true whatever the racial identity or ethnicity of the people represented. On Wikipedia, removing people from photos on the basis of their race, or because a perception that their race is considered in socio-political terms in regard to the subject matter, is regarded as unfair discrimination. Why should they not be represented? I suggest that a failure to do so amounts to a form of systemic bias (please see Wiki project page on it). In addition, the photo is clearly now out of focus. So while the LRAD shown may be bigger in the picture, it is far less clearly defined. But overall the biggest problem is the unfair discrimination.RickyBennison (talk) 12:11, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Directed-energy weapon


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Quantum electrochemistry

The scientific school of Quantum electrochemistry began to form in the 1960s under Revaz Dogonadze. Generally speaking, the field comprises the notions arising in electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, and electrochemistry; and so is studied by a very large array of different professional researchers. The fields they reside in include, chemical, electrical and mechanical engineering, chemistry and physics.

More specifically, quantum electrochemistry is the application of quantum mechanical tools such as density functional theory to the study of electrochemical processes, including electron transfer at electrodes. It also includes Marcus theory and quantum rate theory, the latter being a method of describing electrochemistry using first principle quantum mechanics and concepts of conductance quantum and quantum capacitance.

History and contributors
The first development of "quantum electrochemistry" is somewhat difficult to pin down. This is not very surprising, since the development of quantum mechanics to chemistry can be summarized as the application of quantum wave theory models to atoms and molecules. This being the case, electrochemistry, which is particularly concerned with the electronic states of some particular system, is already, by its nature, tied into the quantum mechanical model of the electron in quantum chemistry. There were proponents of quantum electrochemistry, who applied quantum mechanics to electrochemistry with unusual zeal, clarity, and precision. Among them were Revaz Dogonadze and his co-workers. They developed one of the early quantum mechanical models for proton transfer reactions in chemical systems. Dogonadze is a particularly celebrated promoter of quantum electrochemistry and is also credited with forming an international summer school of quantum electrochemistry centered in Yugoslavia. He was the main author of the Quantum-Mechanical Theory of Kinetics of the Elementary Act of Chemical, Electrochemical and Biochemical Processes in Polar Liquids. Another important contributor is Rudolph A. Marcus, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1992 for his Theory of Electron Transfer Reactions in Chemical Systems. Recently, Marcus theory has been shown to be part of a more general concept associated with the quantum rate theory, a theory that predicts the rate of electron transfer (electrochemistry being a particular case) based on the uses of conductance quantum and quantum capacitance concepts.

title: Quantum electrochemistry


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General Motors Sigma platform

The General Motors Sigma platform is a mid-size automobile platform used by General Motors from the 2003 to 2015 model years. Exclusive to the Cadillac division, Sigma was the successor to the Opel-designed V platform. Initially developed for executive cars, the architecture was expanded for larger model lines, sports sedans, and multiple body styles.

Two generations of the Sigma platform were developed by GM for worldwide markets. The architecture was discontinued for the 2016 in favor of the GM Alpha platform, itself utilized nearly exclusively by Cadillac.

Sigma I
The first Cadillac-exclusive platform since the D-body chassis, Sigma debuted in early 2002 for the 2003 model year underpinning the Cadillac CTS, replacing the Cadillac Catera. Slightly larger than its V-body predecessor, the rear-wheel drive Sigma architecture was developed to accommodate all-wheel drive and extended-wheelbase variants. For 2004, the Cadillac STS was introduced on the Sigma platform, replacing the Cadillac Seville. Sharing its wheelbase with the STS, the Cadillac SRX was introduced for 2005 as the second Cadillac SUV, slotted below the Escalade in size.

The Sigma platform uses four-wheel independent suspension with front control arms and a rear multi-link configuration. Initially powered by variants of the General Motors 54° V6 engine family, the platform introduced additional engines, including the High Feature V6 and Northstar V8. Exclusive to the high-performance CTS-V, the Sigma platform was developed to accommodate the 5.7L LS6 and 6.0L LS2 V8 engines of the Chevrolet Corvette. Outside of the CTS (which offered a standard 5-speed manual and a 6-speed manual for the CTS-V), all Sigma vehicles utilized GM 5-speed 5L40/5L50 automatic transmissions.

The Sigma architecture marked several firsts, as the CTS was the first Cadillac since the 1986 Cadillac Cimarron to be offered with a manual transmission. The 2004 STS became the first rear-wheel drive Cadillac sedan to offer the Northstar engine (originally developed for front-wheel drive applications). The China-market Cadillac SLS became the first non-limousine Cadillac sedan line introduced as a extended-wheelbase variant.

Vehicles based on this platform:
 * 2003–2007 Cadillac CTS
 * 2004–2009 Cadillac SRX
 * 2005–2011 Cadillac STS
 * 2007–2013 Cadillac SLS (China)

Sigma II
GM debuted Sigma II with the 2008 Cadillac CTS. While sharing the previous 113.4-inch wheelbase, the platform was longer and wider than the previous generation. Remaining exclusive to the Cadillac division, the design adopted a greater degree of parts sharing with the Australian-designed Zeta platform. The High Feature engines were carried over to Sigma II, with the CTS-V receiving a supercharged LSA V8 (a variant of the Corvette ZR1 engine).

Sigma II became exclusive to the CTS, as the SRX was downsized for 2010, adopting the Theta Premium architecture and the STS was retired after 2011 (the SLS, 2013) with no direct successor.

For 2011, coupé and station wagon variants were introduced on the Sigma II platform (marking the first Cadillac coupe with a rear seat since the 2002 Eldorado)

Applications:
 * 2008–2013 Cadillac CTS
 * 2009–2015 Cadillac CTS-V

title: General Motors Sigma platform


text:
Talk:Mitral stenosis

When
When we get to mentioning the echo scoring technique to determine who should go for percutaneous mitral valvotomy for mitral stenosis, mention the following references and text:

 * 1. Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal VM, Block PC, Palacios IF. Percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. Br Heart J. 1988 Oct;60(4):299-308. (Medline abstract)

 * 2. Abascal VM, Wilkins GT, O'Shea JP, Choong CY, Palacios IF, Thomas JD, Rosas E, Newell JB, Block PC, Weyman AE. Prediction of successful outcome in 130 patients undergoing percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy. Circulation. 1990 Aug;82(2):448-56. (Medline abstract)

Scoring based on 4 criteria: leaflet mobility, leaflet thickening, subvalvar thickening, and calcification.1 Individuals with a score of ≥ 8 tended to have suboptimal results.2 Superb results with valvotomy are seen in individuals with a crisp opening snap, score < 8, and no calcium in  the commisures.

Contraindications to percutaneous mitral valvotomy include more than 2+ mitral regurgitation and left atrial thrombus.

Moved into the article.Ksheka 11:38, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

Pressures
I disagree with the article's statement: ""Under normal conditions, a normal mitral valve will not impede the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle during (ventricular) diastole, and the pressures in the left atrium and the left ventricle during diastole will be equal.""

Sure, there may be an instant (so small) when the pressure between the left atrium and the left ventricle are the same. But for the overwhelimng majority of the time, when blood flows towards the left ventricle, even before the left atrium's contraction, the pressure is lower in the left ventricle then in the left atrium (see graph). --Bobjgalindo 21:23, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Nonsensical
The following line is unclear: "The M1 component of the M1, T1 the two components of the first heart sound is accentuated." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.31.233.135 (talk) 13:23, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Degenerative MS
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020185 JFW | T@lk  16:07, 25 April 2016 (UTC)

Citation needed
Why did someone go through the trouble of adding all the "citation needed" marks in the pathophysiology section, but not even look for citations? Any decent pathophysiology book would do as a reference for all of these. UltraSunshine (talk) 07:04, 26 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Notable sufferers
In case it may be useful to add a list or category: – Fayenatic  L ondon 03:52, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Born with
 * Constant Tonegaru
 * Died of
 * Albert von Bezold
 * Frederick Hyland

title: Talk:Mitral stenosis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stavros Arnavisca

This article decided to come back today. Delete as nonsense. -- Bobdoe 19:19, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Previous discussion on this article:
 * Not notable. Joyous 03:16, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonsense. —Stormie 04:04, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a Hallmark card.  -- WOT 04:38, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Only when you care enough to delete the very best. - Lucky 6.9 04:45, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * it is vital that Wikipedia helps maintain this man's mysterious aura by deleting all references to him. --Ianb 07:17, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: a new superhero is found. That he resembles others is just a coincidence.  How can we delete the page when the page tells us that he's worthy of it?  Because we're obviously people who have not yet been instructed by Stavros the Great. Geogre 13:37, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Let's see if this article can be 'saved' from deletion by the Great One. - Eisnel 22:24, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * There is not much mystery surrounding the inevitable deletion of this article. Gwimpey 05:34, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Written in the first person! Delete. --Sesel 03:52, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

If it previously failed VfD, it should be tagged for speedy deletion and speedy deleted. So shall it be. Interestingly enough, it seems different now from then. Geogre 19:48, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed. He has been (presumably) reincarnated as mayor of SimCity. A speedy delete candidate if there ever was one.--Ianb 20:26, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Let the SimWikipedia celebrate his writeup, then. Meanwhile, over here, delete. Spatch 20:50, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * speedy as patent nonsense Dunc_Harris|☺ 20:51, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
General Motors Zeta platform

Zeta was the original name for General Motors' full-size rear-wheel drive automobile platform developed by GM's Australian subsidiary company Holden and was at one stage referred to as the "GM Global RWD Architecture". The GM Zeta platform replaced the V-body, and debuted with 2006 Holden Commodore (VE) sedan and Holden (VE) Ute. This platform was considered as the replacement for the North American W, H, and K platforms until plans were cancelled due to fuel-economy considerations and GM's financial situation. Although the future of the Zeta program was in doubt at that time, in May 2009, Holden began the development of an improved second version of the platform that went on to form the basis of the 2013 Commodore (VF) and Chevrolet SS.

The 2010-15 fifth generation Chevrolet Camaro was the only Zeta platform model produced in North America. All other Zeta platform vehicles have been manufactured in Australia by Holden. In 2016, the Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation) debuted on the GM Alpha platform.

Australian manufactured models include the long-wheelbase Holden WM Statesman/Caprice sedan and the high performance range produced by Holden Special Vehicles. On export markets, Holden-based models included the:
 * short-wheelbase Commodore (VE)-based Pontiac G8 and the Commodore (VF)-based Chevrolet SS (for North America)
 * full HSV range (for New Zealand and Singapore), the HSV-based Vauxhall VXR8 (for the United Kingdom) and Chevrolet Specialised Vehicles (CSV) E-series (for the Middle East)
 * the long-wheelbase Chevrolet Caprice PPV and the Buick Park Avenue (the latter exported to China as a Complete knock down (CKD) kit).

In December 2013, Holden announced that it would cease its local production by 2017 and, with it, the production of the GM Zeta platform. Production ended in October 2017.

Development
Development was started in late 1999 by Holden to replace the aging V-body platform underpinning the third generation Commodore that debuted in 1997, after Opel announced that its Omega (on which the Commodore was based) would be discontinued. Principal development on the VE Commodore was completed by July 2004 at a cost approaching A$1 billion and the first testing mules underwent trials later that year. Unlike previous Holden platforms, the platform was designed around the LWB Caprice and Statesman initially and then shortened to create the Commodore. General Motors global corporate headquarters was impressed by the VE design and began studies on using the underlying architecture (internally christened Zeta by GM engineers) for a range of future products on a global scale. After the cancellation of the plan due to the fuel-economy considerations and GM's financial situation, the idea of Zeta as a global rear drive platform was revived with plans for the fifth generation Chevrolet Camaro of 2010.

Features
The Zeta architecture was designed for great flexibility and could accommodate a wide variety of automotive features such as wheelbase length, ride height, windshield rake and roof line. Zeta's suspension system was all wheel independent and utilizes a MacPherson strut coupled with a dual ball joint lower A-arm for the front and a four link independent setup for the rear wheels. The engine was mounted slightly behind the front axle giving improved weight distribution.

Further development
In May 2009, Holden began the re-engineering of the Zeta platform to create a lighter, stronger, better handling and more fuel efficient version. The improved second version of the platform formed the basis of the 2013 Commodore (VF), which also spawned the 2013 Chevrolet SS that GM announced in May 2012 for the US market. This Chevrolet made its debut at the 2013 Daytona Shootout. The Holden VF Commodore, on which the Chevrolet SS is based, went on sale the same day in Australia.

End of production
In December 2013, Holden announced the planned termination of its manufacturing operations at the Elizabeth plant in South Australia by the end of 2017 and, with it, that of the Zeta platform. Sigma-based vehicles that shared design engineering with Zeta transitioned to the Alpha platform, which had used Zeta as its design inspiration. The Chevrolet Camaro, the only GM Zeta based car manufactured outside of Australia, transitioned from the Zeta platform to the Alpha platform in November 2015, with the launch of the 2016 sixth generation model.

Vehicles
The vehicles that have used the Zeta platform include:
 * 2006-2013 Holden VE Commodore / 2007-2012 Bitter Vero Sport / 2006-2013 HSV E Series / 2007-2013 Vauxhall VXR8 and CSV equivalents / 2007-2011 Chevrolet Lumina / 2008-2009 Pontiac G8 / 2006 (2010) Chevrolet Omega
 * 2006-2013 Holden WM Statesman/Caprice 2014–2017 Holden WN Caprice/2007-2012 Bitter Vero/ 2007-2017 Chevrolet Caprice / 2008-2010 Daewoo Veritas / 2007-2012 Buick Park Avenue / 2006-2013 HSV E-Series Grange/ 2014–2017 HSV F-Series Grange
 * 2007–2017 Holden Ute
 * 2008 Holden Coupe 60 concept car
 * 2010–2015 Chevrolet Camaro
 * 2011–2017 Chevrolet Caprice PPV police vehicle
 * 2013–2017 Holden VF Commodore / Chevrolet SS / HSV F Series.

title: General Motors Zeta platform


text:
Sobriety

Sobriety is the condition of not having any effects from alcohol or drugs. Sobriety is also considered to be the natural state of a human being at birth. A person in a state of sobriety is considered sober. Organizations of the temperance movement have encouraged sobriety as being normative in society.

In a treatment setting, sobriety is the achieved goal of independence from consuming alcohol and/or drugs. As such, sustained abstinence is a prerequisite for sobriety. Early in abstinence, residual effects of alcohol consumption can preclude sobriety. These effects are labeled "PAWS", or "post-acute-withdrawal syndrome". Someone who abstains, but has a latent desire to resume use, may be termed a "dry drunk" and not considered truly sober. An abstainer may be subconsciously motivated to resume alcohol consumption, but for a variety of reasons, abstains (e.g. a medical or legal concern precluding use).

Sobriety has more specific meanings within specific contexts, such as the culture of many substance use recovery programs, law enforcement, and some schools of psychology. In some cases, sobriety implies the achievement of "life balance", or reflects a broader aspiration to a simpler and less material lifestyle.

Recovery support programs
Sobriety may refer to being clear of immediate or residual effects of any mind-altering substances. Colloquially, it may refer to a specific substance that is the concern of a particular recovery support program (e.g. alcohol, marijuana, opiates, or tobacco). "Clean and sober" is a commonly used phrase, which refers to someone having an extended period without alcohol or other drugs in their body.

Recovery can start in many different ways for all people. One may go to rehab, a detox center or engage a sober companion to start. The next recovery support program may be slightly more difficult to find. Sober living can be confusing using any generic search engine. Recovery resources exist for many different companies, mainly across the United States.

Alcoholics can also use books, podcasts and online resources to help their own recovery.

Temperance organizations
Organizations of the temperance movement have encouraged sobriety as being normative in society. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union disseminates literature on the living a sober lifestyle, while fraternal organisations such as the Independent Order of Rechabites and International Organisation of Good Templars provide a space for teetotalers to socialize.

Law enforcement
Field sobriety tests and breathalyzer testing are two ways law enforcement officers often test for sobriety in a suspected high or drunk driver. In the US, these "standardized field sobriety tests" are at the officer's discretion. They can also administer other tests including blood and urine tests. In other countries (for example The Netherlands), only breathalizer and blood testing is used. Standardized tests that can be performed in the US include: Non-standardized tests include: Since these tests rely on cooperation of the subject, the final result often depends on the presiding officer's interpretation. There are many factors that can lead to inaccuracies in sobriety testing including orthopedic or neurologic conditions, and fatigue.
 * One-leg stand test
 * Walk and turn test
 * HGN (eye) test (horizontal gaze nystagmus test)
 * Romberg's test
 * Finger-to-nose test
 * Finger-count test
 * Hand pat test
 * Alphabet recitation test
 * Counting numbers backwards

The sober curious movement
Sober curious is a cultural movement and lifestyle of practicing none or limited alcohol consumption which started spreading in the late 2010s, in particular among people from the millennial generation. Sober curiosity is often defined as having the option to question or change one's drinking habits, for mental or physical health reasons. It may be practised in many ways, ranging from complete abstinence to thinking more about when and how much one actually wants to drink.

title: Sobriety


text:
General Motors Delta platform

Delta was a General Motors compact front-wheel drive automobile and crossover SUV platform, originally developed by Opel Group. Delta was a successor to the Opel T platform; it also replaced J platform and the Z platform used by the Saturn S-Series. The platform debuted in the 2003 Saturn Ion. Vehicles of this platform generally carry the letter "A" in the fourth character of their VINs.

Delta uses an independent suspension in front and Twist beam type in the rear. The Ecotec engine is widely used, as are a 4-speed automatic and 5-speed manual transmission.

Applications
Former vehicles based on this platform:
 * 2003–2007 Saturn Ion
 * 2005–2010 Chevrolet Cobalt
 * 2005–2009 Pontiac G5/G4/Pursuit
 * 2006–2011 Chevrolet HHR

Delta II
Delta II was General Motors' global compact car platform, developed by Opel in Germany. It was the successor to the GM Delta platform. Internally it is simply known as a new Global Compact Vehicle Architecture or GCV.

The platform features a torsion beam (marketed as compound crank) rear suspension with optional Watt's link which improves vehicle handling; such configuration is used with the Opel Astra, Buick Verano, Cadillac ELR, Opel Cascada and higher trim-levels of the American-market Chevrolet Cruze.

This suspension is usually described as semi-independent, meaning that the two wheels can move relative to each other, but their motion is still somewhat inter-linked, to a greater extent than in a true independent rear suspension (IRS). This can mildly compromise the handling and ride quality of the vehicle. For this reason, some manufacturers have changed to different linkage designs. As an example, Volkswagen dropped the torsion beam in favour of a true IRS for the Volkswagen Golf Mk5, possibly in response to the Ford Focus' Control Blade rear suspension.

As noted, certain GM brands and models have continued to use the suspension setup, known variously as twist beam, torsion beam or compound crank suspension. This is at a cost saving of €100 per car compared to multi-link rear suspension. The version used on the 2009-on Opel Astra and the 2011-2016 Buick Verano uses a Watts linkage at a cost of €20 to address the drawbacks and provide a competitive and cost effective rear suspension. The Renault Mégane and Citroen C4 also have stayed with the twist beam. The twist beam has been shown to suffer less from bush wear, than fully independent multi-link suspension, thus resulting in a virtually maintenance free rear suspension.

GM chose this compact vehicle architecture for its first Voltec application, the Chevrolet Volt. Production began in November 2010 with the first Chevrolet Volts delivered to retails customers in December 2010.

Applications
Production vehicles based on Delta II platform:
 * 2008–2016 Chevrolet Cruze, Daewoo Lacetti Premiere, Holden Cruze
 * 2009–2015 Opel Astra J, Buick Excelle XT
 * 2010–2015 Chevrolet Volt
 * 2010–2018 Chevrolet Orlando
 * 2011–2016 Buick Verano
 * 2011–2015 Opel Ampera
 * 2011–2019 Opel Zafira Tourer C
 * 2013–2016 Cadillac ELR
 * 2013–2019 Opel Cascada (also marketed as Vauxhall Cascada, Holden Cascada, Buick Cascada and Opel Cabrio)
 * 2017–2021 Chevrolet Cavalier

D2XX/D2UX
General Motors introduced its new global platform named D2XX flexible platform in August 2012. The new platform was mainly engineered by GM's former German subsidiary Opel in Rüsselsheim. According to GM the company invested US$220 million for the all new D2XX platform.

The platform was developed for compact vehicle architecture, replacing both Delta II and the midsize crossover GM Theta platform.

Vehicles that use the new platform included:

 * 2015–2023 Chevrolet Cruze
 * 2015–2022 Opel Astra K
 * 2016–2019 Chevrolet Volt
 * 2018–present Chevrolet Equinox
 * 2018–present GMC Terrain
 * 2019–2023 Chevrolet Orlando
 * 2014–2020 Buick Envision

GM-PATAC K
In 2015 Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center (PATAC), GM's joint development center with SAIC, revealed their own simplified variant of D2XX, known as the "GM-PATAC K" platform (rather than "K" so as to distinguish it from the former GM K platforms). The following vehicles use this variant of the platform, none of which are sold in the United States:

 * 2015–2023 Buick Excelle GT
 * 2016–present Chevrolet Cavalier
 * 2017–2023 Buick GL6
 * 2019–present Chevrolet Monza
 * 2017-present Roewe i5/ Ei5

title: General Motors Delta platform


text:
George Curry (politician)

George Curry (April 3, 1861 – November 27, 1947) was a U.S. military officer and politician. He was governor of New Mexico Territory from 1907 to 1910, and once it became a state he represented it in the 62nd United States Congress. Curry County, New Mexico, is named in his honor.

Early life
He was born in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, on April 3, 1861, to George Alexander and Clara Madden Curry. He was the eldest of four sons. Curry's mother was a graduate of Dublin University and his father was a mechanic who managed Greenwood Plantation. His father served as a captain in the Confederate Army and after the Civil War purchased Sevastopol Plantation. Curry's father was a parish leader of the local Ku Klux Klan, and in 1870 he was ambushed and killed. Three years later Curry's mother moved the family to Dodge City, Kansas, where Curry got his first job at age 12 working as a messenger boy for a mercantile company. Following his mother's death in 1879, Curry moved to Lincoln County, New Mexico, where he worked on a cattle ranch until 1881. Over the next few years Curry held several jobs managing stores and hotels. He acted as post trader at Fort Stanton, and engaged in the mercantile and stock business until 1886.

Career
Curry began his political career at age 23 when he became a member of Colfax County's delegation at the Democratic Territorial Convention in Albuquerque. He was deputy treasurer of Lincoln County, New Mexico, in 1886 and 1887, elected county clerk in 1888, county assessor in 1890, and sheriff in 1892. He served as a member of the Territorial senate in 1894 and 1896, serving as president in his final year in the body.

During the Spanish–American War he served in Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders. He did not see action in Cuba, but did participate in the fighting in the Philippines.

After returning from the war, he became sheriff of Otero County, New Mexico in 1899. He then resigned to join the Eleventh Volunteer Cavalry where he served from December 16, 1899 to March 20, 1901 in the Philippines. Following the organization of provincial governments there, he was appointed as the inaugural governor of Ambos Camarines in 1901, the chief of police of Manila for the remainder of 1901, the governor of Isabela from 1903 to 1905, and the governor of Samar from 1905 to 1907.

He served as the 18th Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1907 to 1910, and upon the admission of New Mexico as a State into the Union was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-second Congress and served from January 8, 1912, to March 3, 1913.

Curry declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1912. He then engaged in the hotel business in Socorro, New Mexico, was private secretary to US Senator Holm O. Bursum in 1921 and 1922, and was a member of the International Boundary Commission from 1922 to 1927. After retiring, he moved to a ranch near Cutter, and served as State Historian from 1945 until his death in Albuquerque on November 27, 1947, with interment in the Santa Fe National Cemetery. Curry County, New Mexico, was named in his honor.

Magtaon Attack
On March 24, 1906, During the Pulahan Campaign as Governor of Samar, Curry negotiated with Cipriano "Teducduc" Amango and Isidro "Otoy" Pompac the Pulahan leaders of South-Eastern Samar. Assured that the Pulahan forces were falling from attrition, Curry negotiated to meet at a neutral small barrio not shown on most maps, Magtaon in Mapanas, Northern Samar. For the negotiations the army garrison was replaced by a constabulary unit. Present for the negotiations were Curry, a constabulary honour guard and visitors. As the Pulahan began filing in they suddenly attacked, killing 22 constables, capturing several rifles and fleeing into the jungle. Curry barely escaped and in retaliation ordered "'in your operations outside the towns and barrios you may kill anyone you have reason to [believe] a pulahan'; those who were members of the 'Magtaon band' were to be 'exterminated''"

title: George Curry (politician)


text:
Alexander Stirling Calder

Alexander Stirling Calder (January 11, 1870 – January 7, 1945) was an American sculptor and teacher. He was the son of sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and the father of sculptor Alexander (Sandy) Calder. His best-known works are George Washington as President on the Washington Square Arch in New York City, the Swann Memorial Fountain in Philadelphia, and the Leif Eriksson Memorial in Reykjavík, Iceland.

Education
A. Stirling Calder was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and Margaret Stirling. He attended city public schools, and enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Fall 1885, at age 15. He studied under Thomas Eakins for several months, until the teacher's forced resignation in February 1886. Calder remained at PAFA, studying under Thomas Anshutz and James P. Kelly. Two of his sculptures were accepted for PAFA's 1887 annual exhibition, a rare honor for a student.

His father designed and was then in the midst of executing, the extensive sculpture program for Philadelphia City Hall. Calder worked as an apprentice on the project during the summers, and is reported to have modeled an arm for one of the figures. He made his first trip to Europe in Summer 1889, and returned there to study the following year.

Calder moved to Paris in Fall 1890, where he studied at the Académie Julian under Henri Michel Chapu. The following year, he was accepted at the École des Beaux-Arts, where he entered the atelier of Alexandre Falguière.

Career
In 1892, he returned to Philadelphia and began his career as a sculptor in earnest. His first major commission, won in a national competition, was for a larger-than-life-size statue of Dr. Samuel Gross (1895–97) for the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Calder replicated the pose of Dr. Gross from Eakins's 1875 painting The Gross Clinic. Another early commission was for a set of twelve larger-than-life-size statues of Presbyterian clergymen for the facade of the Witherspoon Building (1898–99) in Philadelphia.

In 1906, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full member in 1913.

In Pasadena, he modeled architectural sculpture for the Throop Polytechnic Institute (now the California Institute of Technology). He returned to the east coast in 1910.

In 1912, he was named acting-chief (under Karl Bitter) of the sculpture program for the Panama-Pacific Exposition, a World's Fair to open in San Francisco, California, in February 1915. He obtained a studio in NYC and there employed the services of model Audrey Munson who posed for him – Star Maiden (1913–1915) – and a host of other artists. For the exposition, Calder completed three massive sculpture groups, The Nations of the East and The Nations of the West, which crowned triumphal arches, and a fountain group, The Fountain of Energy. Following Bitter's sudden death in April 1915, Calder completed the Depew Memorial Fountain (1915–1919) in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Hermon Atkins MacNeil and Calder were commissioned to create larger-than-life-size sculptures for the Washington Square Arch in New York City. George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, Accompanied by Fame and Valor (1914–1916) was sculpted by MacNeil; and George Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice (1917–18) by Calder. These are sometimes referred to as Washington at War and Washington at Peace.

He sculpted a number of ornamental works for "Vizcaya", the James Deering estate outside Miami, Florida. These included the famous Italian Barge (1917–1919), a stone folly in the shape of a boat, projecting into Biscayne Bay.

Two of his major commissions of the 1920s were the Swann Memorial Fountain (1920–1924) in Logan Circle, and the architectural sculpture program for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (completed 1931), both in Philadelphia.

He was one of a dozen sculptors invited to compete in Oklahoma's Pioneer Woman statue competition in 1926–27, which was won by Bryant Baker. In 1927, he was also commissioned by the Berkshire Museum to sculpt the woodwork and fountain of the Museum's Ellen Crane Memorial Room in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

In 1929, he won the national competition for a monumental statue of Leif Eriksson, to be the gift of the United States to Iceland in commemoration of the 1000th anniversary of the Icelandic Parliament. Standing before the Hallgrímskirkja, the Lutheran cathedral in Reykjavík, and facing west toward the Atlantic Ocean and Greenland, the Leif Eriksson Memorial (1929–1932) has become as iconic for Icelanders as the Statue of Liberty is for Americans.

Teacher
Throughout his career, Calder frequently worked as a teacher. He was instructor in modeling at the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art from 1899 to 1904. He taught at the National Academy of Design's evening school, 1910–11, and alongside Hermon Atkins MacNeil at NAD, 1911–12. He taught modeling at the Art Students League of New York, 1918–22. He was never on PAFA's faculty, but may have occasionally lectured there, where his friend Charles Grafly was instructor in sculpture.

Personal
Calder married portrait painter Nanette Lederer on February 22, 1895, and they lived in Philadelphia for the first decade of their marriage. They had two children: Margaret Calder Hayes (1896–1988) and Alexander "Sandy" Calder III (1899–1976). Calder contracted tuberculosis in 1905, and he and his wife moved to Arizona for a year, leaving the children with friends (to protect them from the disease). Once he recovered his health, the family was reunited in 1906, and settled in Pasadena, California. They moved back east in 1910, and settled in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.

Calder died in 1945. He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. His memoir, Thoughts of A. Stirling Calder on Art and Life (1947), was published posthumously.

Architectural sculpture

 * Twelve cast stone figures of Presbyterian clergymen, Witherspoon Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1898–99, Joseph Miller Huston, architect.
 * Six of the figures were removed in 1961, and relocated to the garden of the Presbyterian Historical Society.

 * Sculpture program for University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, completed 1931, Wilson Eyre, Frank Miles Day, and Cope & Stewardson, architects:
 * Lion's Head Fountain (1920s).
 * Peacock doorway (1920s).
 * Youth doorway (1920s).
 * Gateposts (1920s): Asia, Africa, Europe, America

Medallions

 * Life as a Dance (c. 1938), Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City

title: Alexander Stirling Calder


text:
General Motors Kappa platform

Kappa was General Motors' subcompact rear-wheel drive automobile platform for roadster applications. The architecture debuted in the 2006 Pontiac Solstice and 2007 Saturn Sky, and ended production in 2009. These vehicles generally have a "M" in the fourth digit of their VIN.

Kappa uses an independent suspension, short-long arm type, in front and rear. The Ecotec engine is widely used, as is a 5-speed manual transmission. A 5-speed automatic was available from January 2006.

In 2002, the Pontiac Solstice Concept was shown in two forms: a drivable roadster convertible, and a design study of a fastback coupe.

The Pontiac Solstice was received very well at the 2002 NAIAS. The drivable roadster concept car shown had been cobbled together from many different components, using a heavily modified portion of the Delta and Epsilon. The thinking was that this architecture might be heavily modified and used to produce the Solstice in the near future.

It is speculated that when General Motors decided to try to produce the Solstice as a highly styled, low-cost, low-volume niche vehicle for enthusiasts, it became apparent that there were no existing platforms that could be used to achieve the needs of a modern compact rear wheel drive roadster.

Therefore, the Kappa platform was developed to provide the necessary structure for a two-seat, rear-wheel-drive convertible. It features hydro-formed rails and a tunnel structure derived from the Corvette architecture and Sigma, and is designed for a short-long-arm suspension for the front and rear. It features rear wheel drive, longitudinal-mounted transmission and front-mid engine.

It has been stated by GM that the platform has only been designed to accommodate a single engine: the Ecotec. It has also been stated by GM representatives that this platform was only designed to be left-hand drive. However, there are aftermarket tuners that have already accomplished non-trivial engine transplants in Solstices.

Since the Solstice, GM has designed another roadster that looks substantially different, but shares the same underlying Kappa platform: the Saturn Sky. The Saturn Sky was styled after the pattern of the Vauxhall VX Lightning design. There is a European version built on the same platform, essentially a turbo-engined Sky with Opel badging, under the name Opel GT. A GM Korea version of that variant was also produced under the name Daewoo G2x.

Three other concept vehicles were built on the initial Kappa platform, and shown at the 2004 NAIAS: The Vauxhall VX Lightning, The Saturn Curve and Chevrolet Nomad. All three cars were received reasonably well, but were not nearly as embraced as the original Solstice Concept.

The original 2003 Vauxhall VX Lightning Concept is the same size as the original Solstice Concept, and pieced together in the same manner as the 2002 Solstice Concept, and had been shown in Europe several months earlier, before the Kappa platform had been finalized and named (debuting approximately mid-May 2003, for Vauxhall's centenary celebration). The Vauxhall VX Lightning is the styling pattern after which the appearance of the Saturn Sky is based. When the Vauxhall VX was shown at the 2004 NAIAS, the Lightning part of the name was dropped and the vehicle referred to in the literature at the show as merely the "Vauxhall VX".

The Saturn Curve and the Chevrolet Nomad concept cars were built on "modified" versions of the Kappa platform, and exhibited 12 inches longer wheelbases, and 2+2 seating.

Another concept car, built by Holden and called the Torana TT36, was rumored to have started as a Kappa-based car with a twin-turbocharged V6, but the modifications necessary to accommodate the engine, transmission, and general vehicle size made it necessary to refer to the platform as "based on architecture similar to the Kappa and the Corvette."

A hardtop coupe version of the Pontiac Solstice was produced for the 2009–2010 model years. Kappa production ended with General Motors' bankruptcy in July 2009.

Spanish car maker Tauro used Solstices to market their version called Tauro V8. There is a misconception that people tend to believe that this company purchased the Kappa platform, but in reality they were conversions of existing cars.

Shared components
The Kappa architecture uses major components from nearly every GM division and modern platform:
 * The rear axle and differential are from the Sigma-based Cadillac CTS
 * The Solstice's interior storage bin is from the Y-body Cadillac XLR
 * The passenger-side airbag, steering column, and exterior and interior door handles are from the Delta-based Chevrolet Cobalt, Pontiac G5
 * The Solstice's backup lights are from the GMT360 GMC Envoy
 * The heating, ventilating, and air conditioning modules are from the Hummer H3
 * The Solstice's front fog lamp assembly is from the W-body Pontiac Grand Prix
 * The Solstice's steering wheel is from the Delta-based Pontiac G5
 * The 2.4 L Ecotec engine is shared with the Delta-based Saturn Ion, Pontiac G6, Chevrolet Cobalt, Pontiac G5, and Chevrolet HHR
 * The five-speed manual transmission is from the Hummer H3, GMC Canyon, and Chevrolet Colorado
 * The five-speed automatic is from the Cadillac CTS, STS, and SRX
 * The Sky's backup light is shared with the first generation Chevrolet Volt

Vehicles
Vehicles based on this platform:
 * Pontiac Solstice
 * Saturn Sky / Opel GT / Daewoo G2X
 * Tauro Sport Auto V8 Spider

Concept vehicles based on this platform:
 * Breckland Beira
 * Chevrolet Nomad
 * Saturn Curve
 * Saab Sonnett
 * Vauxhall VX Lightning

title: General Motors Kappa platform


text:
Alexander Milne Calder

Alexander Milne Calder (August 23, 1846 – June 4, 1923) (MILL-nee) was a Scottish American sculptor best known for the architectural sculpture of Philadelphia City Hall. Both his son, Alexander Stirling Calder, and grandson, Alexander Calder, became significant sculptors in the 20th century.

Early life and education
Calder was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, the son of a tombstone carver. He attended the Royal Academy in Edinburgh during which he worked for sculptor John Rhind, the father of sculptor J. Massey Rhind. Calder then moved to London, where he worked on the Albert Memorial. In 1868, he emigrated to the United States and settled in Philadelphia, where he studied with Joseph A. Bailly and attended the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.

Career
In 1873, he was hired by architect John McArthur Jr., to produce models for the sculptures adorning Philadelphia City Hall. The commission required more than 250 marble and bronze pieces and took Calder twenty years to complete. That same year, Calder was commissioned by the forerunner of Philadelphia's current Association for Public Art, the Fairmount Park Art Association, to create an equestrian statue of Major General George Gordon Meade for Fairmount Park. Then in 1875, he won the competition for the colossal (37 foot tall) bronze statue of William Penn that was to crown the new City Hall's tower. That portrait sculpture remains to this day the largest atop any building in the world.

Calder is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, a Philadelphia suburb.

Notable works

 * Philadelphia City Hall architectural sculpture, John McArthur Jr. architect, Philadelphia, 1873 – 1893.
 * Major General George Gordon Meade, West Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, 1887
 * William Warner Tomb, Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, 1889
 * William Penn, 37-foot-tall statue atop Philadelphia City Hall, Philadelphia, placed in 1894

title: Alexander Milne Calder


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User talk:Ellsass

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 03:35, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Copyright tags
I have been helping with the Untagged Images project. You have uploaded the following images: You stated that these images are not copyrighted and can be freely distributed as long as you are credited. This doesn't fit neatly into any of copyright tags that I have to choose from. I have applied the tag to these images but I don't know if that is what you intended. Please apply the appropriate copyright tags to these images if I have guessed wrong. You can help this project by tagging all of your uploaded images so that we don't have to guess what you intended. Thank you,   — Edwin Stearns | Talk 18:38, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Image:Palais des Papes golden statue.jpg
 * Image:Palais des Papes main entrance.jpg

I wasn't aware of this. All of my images are now up to date. --Patik 21:45, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

A suggestion
The images in your user page may look better if you enclose them within a gallery. e.g.: User:Victor.P.Das/Images_I_have_uploaded Thanks.--Victor.P.Das 20:52, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I didn't know about that option --Patik 22:05, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 20:26, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ellsass


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Talk:Cryptanalysis of the Enigma

Remark
Hello

I am very surprised after reading this article about Enigma. The authors cite the article of Gaj and Orlowski and the book of W. Kozaczuk, but there in the article is not written that polish mathematicians as first people in the world broke Enigma cipher ( I haven't found such sentence). There is only described their work, however without clear ascertaintion, that they broke this cipher. Only concerning Bletchley Park, the authors write about breaking the cipher of Enigma. The reader, who is not an expert in this matter may be desoriented.

I think it is not good.

Observer

 * Thanks for taking the time to post your observations! It's certainly true that this article needs work, and that the nature and importance of the role of the Poles needs to be much more clearly stated — I'll try and get round to it soon, if noone else works on it (this being Wikipedia, you're very welcome to edit the page yourself, of course!).
 * One note, though — the Polish were the first to break Enigma in the sense that they were the first to read live encrypted German military Enigma traffic, which they did after 1932. However, other codebreakers had "broken" some versions of Enigma earlier, in the sense of finding cryptanalytic weaknesses — GC&CS's Hugh Foss had found weaknesses in the commerical Enigma C as early as 1927 (and I suspect he wouldn't have been the only one). The Polish work was orders of magnitude more significant, but we just have to be careful and precise in how we phrase it. — Matt 06:55, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

sorry for direct language but the pole with wooden mockup enigam model is bs, no question. it comes from the time of around 1974 when Winterbothams "the ultra secret" book came out, archives were still secret and polish sources were ignored in the western world. that stuff should be deleted !

overuse of the word "would"
very easy to overdose on this article.

makes it sound like Polish codebreakers would just do a lot of things in life. Not only does it become unbearable once you notice it, but it also misses on opportunities to improve the reading experience with "the right nuance at the right time". Nowakki (talk) 17:50, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

No wikilink to Cryptanalysis in the lead
The first paragraph naturally needs a link to Cryptanalysis concept. Dimawik (talk) 02:57, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cryptanalysis of the Enigma


text:
Talk:Cryptanalysis of the Enigma/to do

 * Provide proper inline referencing for every paragraph

title: Talk:Cryptanalysis of the Enigma/to do


text:
John Bobbitt

John Bobbitt may refer to:

 * John Wayne Bobbitt (born 1967), American penile amputee
 * John Franklin Bobbitt (1876–1956), American educationist

title: John Bobbitt


text:
Category:Lightships

This is the category of lightships.

title: Category:Lightships


text:
Ted Kotcheff

William Theodore Kotcheff (born April 7, 1931) is a Canadian director and producer of film and television. He is known for directing such films as the seminal Australian New Wave picture Wake in Fright (1971), the Mordechai Richler adaptations The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974) and Joshua Then and Now (1985), the original Rambo film First Blood (1982), and the comedies Fun with Dick and Jane (1977), North Dallas Forty (1979), and Weekend at Bernie's (1989).

Kotcheff has been nominated for a Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction, a Gemini Award for Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series, and twice for the Cannes Film Festival’s Palme d’Or. He won the Golden Bear at the 1974 Berlin International Film Festival for The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, and the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series for his work on Play for Today. He received the Directors Guild of Canada’s Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011, and the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television’s Board of Directors’ Tribute Award in 2014.

He has been described by the Toronto International Film Festival as a “talented, multi-faceted journeyman director in the tradition of Leo McCarey or Robert Wise.”

Early life
Kotcheff's name was registered in official documents as William Theodore Kotcheff in Toronto, where he was born into a family of Bulgarian immigrants,         who changed their last name from Tsochev (Цочев) to Kotcheff for convenience. His father was born in Plovdiv, and his mother was of Macedonian Bulgarian background, from Vambel, today in Greece, but grew up in Varna, Bulgaria. His birth name is Velichko Todorov Tsochev (Величко Тодоров Цочев, ).

Canadian television
After graduating in English Literature from University College, University of Toronto, Kotcheff began his television career at the age of twenty-four when he joined the staff of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, with television in its infancy. Kotcheff was the youngest director on the staff of the CBC, where he worked for two years on shows such as General Motors Theatre, Encounter, First Performance and On Camera.

British television
In 1958, he left Canada to live and work in the United Kingdom. He was soon followed by his compatriot Sydney Newman, who had been the Director of Drama at the CBC and then to the United Kingdom to take up a similar position at ABC Weekend TV, one of the franchise holders of the ITV network who also produced much of the nationally networked programming for the channel.

At ABC, Newman was producer of the popular Armchair Theatre anthology drama programme, on which Kotcheff worked as a director between 1957 and 1960. Kotcheff was responsible for directing some of the best-remembered instalments. During Underground, transmitted live on 30 November 1958, Kotcheff was required to cope when one of the actors, Gareth Jones, playing a character who was to die of a heart attack, suddenly died of one himself, off-camera, while between scenes, leaving Peter Bowles and others to improvise.

More successfully, Kotcheff directed the following year's No Trams to Lime Street by Welsh playwright Alun Owen. He also did Hour of Mystery, I'll Have You to Remember (1961) by Clive Exton, and episodes of BBC Sunday-Night Play, ITV Television Playhouse, Espionage, First Night, ABC Stage 67, Drama 61-67 and ITV Playhouse.

Theatre
Kotcheff also worked in the theatre. He directed the original 1964-65 West End production of the musical Maggie May at the Adelphi Theatre, which won the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Score of the Year and the Critics' Poll as Best New British Musical.

British feature films
Kotcheff made his first film with Tiara Tahiti (1962). He directed other features during the decade, including Life at the Top (1965) and Two Gentlemen Sharing (1969).

He also directed The Human Voice (1967) for British television, starring Ingrid Bergman from a story by Jean Cocteau and TV remakes of The Desperate Hours (1967) and Of Mice and Men (1968). He directed the concert At the Drop of Another Hat for TV.

Kotcheff directed the Australian film Wake in Fright (USA: Outback, 1971; re-released with its original title, 2012). It won much critical acclaim in Europe, and was Australia's entry at the Cannes Film Festival. (In 2009, Wake in Fright was re-released on DVD and Blu-ray disc in a fully restored version.)

Kotcheff returned to television, directing the Play for Today production Edna, the Inebriate Woman (1971) for the BBC, which won him a British Academy Television Award for Best Director. In 2000, the play was voted one of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century in a poll of industry professionals conducted by the British Film Institute.

Return to Canada
He returned home to Canada, where he directed an adaptation of his friend and one-time housemate Mordecai Richler's novel The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974) which won the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival making it the first English Canadian dramatic feature film to win an international award.

He wrote and directed The Trial of Sinyavsky and Daniel (1975) for Canadian television and was a production consultant on Why Shoot the Teacher? (1977).

Hollywood
In Hollywood, he directed Fun with Dick and Jane (1977) which was a big hit. He followed it with the comedy Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? (1978) then wrote and directed North Dallas Forty (1979) which was critically acclaimed.

Kotcheff directed the Canadian film Split Image (1982), then had his biggest success to date with the Sylvester Stallone movie First Blood (1982), the first in the Rambo series. He worked on another Vietnam-themed action movie Uncommon Valor (1983), then returned to Canada to make Joshua Then and Now (1985), from the novel by Mordecai Richler.

Kotcheff directed Switching Channels (1988) and Winter People (1989), then had a big hit with Weekend at Bernie's (1989).

Television
In the 1990s, Kotcheff returned to directing for TV, working on various American series such as Red Shoe Diaries, and Buddy Faro as well as Casualty in the UK.

He did the occasional feature film such as Folks! (1992) and The Shooter (1995). He did TV movies like What Are Families for? (1993), Love on the Run (1994), Family of Cops (1995), A Husband, a Wife and a Lover (1996), Borrowed Hearts (1997), Cry Rape (1999). He joined the staff of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, where he acts as executive producer and director.

Personal life
Kotcheff lives in Beverly Hills with his wife Laifun. They have two children: Alexandra, a filmmaker, and Thomas, a composer and pianist. He has three children from his previous marriage to actress Sylvia Kay: Aaron, Katrina and Joshua. Ted Kotcheff is also vegetarian.

In May and June 2013, he was invited to the Film Forum in New York City for a re-release of his film The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, restored by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television.

In February 2016, Kotcheff applied for Bulgarian citizenship via the Bulgarian consulate in Los Angeles, and was granted this during a visit to Bulgaria in March.

Given his Macedonian heritage, Kotcheff served on the board of directors of the Macedonian Arts Council. According to Kotcheff, there is not a difference between Macedonia and Bulgaria.

Director (Film)

 * Tiara Tahiti (1962)
 * Life at the Top (1965)
 * Two Gentlemen Sharing (1969)
 * Wake in Fright (1971)
 * The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974)
 * Billy Two Hats (1974)
 * Fun with Dick and Jane (1977)
 * Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? (1978)
 * North Dallas Forty (1979)
 * Split Image (1982)
 * First Blood (1982)
 * Uncommon Valor (1983)
 * Joshua Then and Now (1985)
 * Switching Channels (1988)
 * Weekend at Bernie's (1989)
 * Winter People (1989)
 * Folks! (1992)
 * The Shooter (1995)
 * Borrowed Hearts (1997)

Director (Television)

 * On Camera (1956)— as W.T. Kotcheff
 * Hour of Mystery (1957)
 * Underground (1958)
 * No Trams to Lime Street (1959)
 * After the Funeral (1960)
 * Lena, O My Lena (1960)
 * I'll Have You Remember (1961)
 * BBC Sunday-Night Play (1962-1963)
 * ITV Television Playhouse (1963)
 * Espionage (1963)
 * Land of My Dreams (1964)
 * First Night (1963-1964)
 * Drama 64 (1964)
 * Armchair Theatre (1958-1964)
 * The Human Voice (1967)
 * The Desperate Hours (1967)
 * Edna, the Inebriate Woman (1971)
 * What Are Families for? (1993)
 * Red Shoe Diaries 3: Another Woman's Lipstick (1993)
 * Love on the Run (1994)
 * A Family of Cops (1995)
 * Red Shoe Diaries 5: Weekend Pass (1995)
 * A Husband, a Wife and a Lover (1996)
 * Buddy Faro (1998)
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999)
 * Crime in Connecticut: The Story of Alex Kelly (1999)

title: Ted Kotcheff