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Dave Stewart (baseball)

David Keith Stewart (born February 19, 1957), nicknamed "Smoke", is an American professional baseball executive, pitching coach, sports agent, and former starting pitcher. The Los Angeles Dodgers' 16th-round selection in the 1975 MLB draft, Stewart's MLB playing career spanned from 1978 through 1995, winning three World Series championships all with different clubs while compiling a career 3.95 earned run average (ERA) and a 168–129 won–lost record, including winning 20 games in four consecutive seasons. He pitched for the Dodgers, Texas Rangers, Philadelphia Phillies, Oakland Athletics, and Toronto Blue Jays.

Stewart was an MLB All-Star and was known for his intimidating pitching style and his postseason performance, winning one World Series Most Valuable Player Award and two League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Awards. After his playing career, he served as a pitching coach for the San Diego Padres, Milwaukee Brewers, and Blue Jays and as an assistant GM. General managers he has worked under include Sandy Alderson, Kevin Towers, Gord Ash, and Dean Taylor. He later became a sports agent based in San Diego until the Arizona Diamondbacks hired him as general manager at the end of the 2014 season. He was fired as the Diamondbacks' GM in 2016.

Early life
Stewart was born in Oakland, California. His father, David, was a longshoreman, and his mother, Nathalie, worked at a cannery. His father didn't want Stewart to play sports, because he felt nobody could make a living hitting a ball, so his older brother taught him how to play. As a kid, Stewart spent many days at the East Oakland Branch of the Oakland Boys Club.

Stewart attended St. Elizabeth High School in Oakland, where he earned All-American honors in both baseball (where he played catcher) and in football (where he was a linebacker and tight end). He also averaged 16 points per game as a small forward on the basketball team. He was offered 30 college scholarships to play football, but turned them all down to sign with the Los Angeles Dodgers, who selected him in the 16th round of the 1975 Major League Baseball draft.

Los Angeles Dodgers
The Dodgers decided to turn Stewart into a pitcher because of his strong arm. He made his professional debut with the Bellingham Dodgers of the short-season single-A Northwest League. He had a 0–5 win–loss record with a 5.51 earned run average (ERA) in 22 games pitched, five of which were games started, for a Bellingham team that set a record by losing the first 24 games of the season. He was promoted to the Midwest League at the end of the 1976 season and with the Clinton Dodgers in 1977 he had a breakout season: 17–4 with a 2.15 ERA in 24 starts, including 15 complete games and 3 shutouts. Despite his impressive season, he lost out on the Midwest League MVP and Top prospect honors to future Hall of Famer Paul Molitor, then with the Burlington Bees. Stewart was promoted to the AA San Antonio Dodgers of the Texas League for the 1978 season. He was 14–12 with a 3.68 ERA in 28 starts for San Antonio.

Stewart made his major league debut on September 22, 1978, pitching two innings in relief against the San Diego Padres. He allowed only one hit and no runs while striking out one batter (Jim Beswick). That was his only appearance for the Dodgers that season. Stewart spent all of the 1979 and 1980 seasons in AAA with the Albuquerque Dukes. Despite an 11–12 record and 5.24 ERA in 28 games for the Dukes in 1979, Stewart felt he pitched well and was disappointed when he did not receive a September call-up. In 1980, he was 15–10 with a 3.70 ERA for a Dukes team that won the Pacific Coast League (PCL) Championship. He led the PCL in innings pitched (202) and starts (29) and tied for the league lead in wins (15).

Stewart went to spring training with the Dodgers in 1981. Because he was out of options, the Dodgers could not send him back down to the minors without risk of losing him to another team. They initially planned to release him, but eventually cut Don Stanhouse instead. He made the Dodgers opening day roster and pitched in relief that season, appearing in 32 games with a 2.49 ERA and six saves. He got his first Major League win in his first appearance of the season, on April 13 against the San Francisco Giants, when he worked two scoreless innings in relief of Bob Welch. His first save was recorded on August 16 against the Atlanta Braves. When MLB's players went on a two-month long strike on June 12, Stewart was hard pressed financially and went to work for a Dodger fan that owned a metal fastener business and worked out with a semi-pro team along with teammate Bobby Castillo. The Dodgers made the split-season playoffs and Stewart saw his first taste of post-season action, being credited as the losing pitcher in the first two games of the Division Series against the Houston Astros. He allowed a walk-off homer to Alan Ashby in game one and allowing the winning runs to reach base in the 11th inning of game two. He redeemed himself by not allowing a run in the two games he appeared in for the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series against the New York Yankees, which the Dodgers won in six games.

He spent time as both a starter and a reliever in 1982, appearing in 45 games (starting 14 of them) and was 9–8 with a 3.81 ERA. The Dodgers almost traded Stewart to the Texas Rangers after the 1982 season in a package for catcher Jim Sundberg, however, Sundberg wouldn't waive his no-trade clause and the deal fell apart. In 1983, he appeared in 46 games for the Dodgers, all but one as a relief pitcher, with a 5–2 record and a 2.96 ERA. On July 11, he was part of a play that Dodgers Manager Tommy Lasorda called one of the "craziest" moments he'd ever seen, when three runs scored on a wild pitch.

Texas Rangers
On August 19, 1983, the Dodgers traded Stewart with a player to be named later (Ricky Wright) to the Rangers for Rick Honeycutt. The trade was controversial at the time, with many feeling that Rangers GM Joe Klein had gotten too little in exchange for his team's best pitcher. The Rangers placed Stewart in the starting rotation. He made eight starts down the stretch, going 5–2 with a 2.14 ERA. In 1984, however, Stewart struggled, producing a 7–14 record and a 4.73 ERA in 27 starts before losing his rotation spot. Tom House joined the organization in January 1985 as the team's new pitching coach. He decided that Stewart needed a new pitch and started teaching him a split-fingered fastball.

In 1985, the Rangers used Stewart as a relief pitcher, but his performances out of the bullpen were poor. On May 22 he gave up a three-run homer to Jorge Orta of the Kansas City Royals, giving up the lead. The home fans booed him off the field; after the game, Stewart called the fans "idiots" and challenged them to come on to the field and do his job for him. The team's new general manager, Tom Grieve, fined Stewart $500 for his remarks, but that wasn't enough for Rangers owner Eddie Chiles, who demanded that Grieve trade Stewart. After finding a weak market for him, the Rangers finally managed to trade Stewart to the Philadelphia Phillies on September 13, 1985, for pitcher Rick Surhoff. In 42 games for the Rangers in 1985, Stewart was 0–6 with a 5.42 ERA.

Philadelphia Phillies
In the off-season, he negotiated with the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball, but they did not agree to terms on a contract so he re-signed with the Phillies.

Stewart appeared in 12 games for the team over parts of the 1985 and 1986 seasons, recording a 6.00 ERA. There were rumors that Stewart had been pitching injured, but the Phillies still released him on May 9, 1986. Stewart later said that the Phillies lied to him, and that they had said if he kept his nose clean he would get somewhere, but instead he was released.

Oakland Athletics
Stewart had a try-out with the Baltimore Orioles, but they told him they didn't even have a spot for him in Double-A. He wound up signing a free agent contract with the Oakland Athletics on May 23, 1986. After one game with The Triple-A Tacoma Tigers, Stewart joined the A's roster. In a game on July 1, he punched Pat Corrales, the manager of the Cleveland Indians, during a game, which initiated a bench-clearing brawl. He was suspended four games and fined for his actions. Also in 1986, Stewart developed a forkball to supplement his fastball and slider. He pitched in 29 games for the Athletics in 1986, with 17 starts. He was 9–5 with a 3.74 ERA.

Stewart signed a two-year $500,000 contract with the Athletics prior to the 1987 season. He won 20 games in 1987, while posting a 3.68 ERA and striking out 205 batters. He credited pitching coach Dave Duncan with helping improve his pitches. In 1988 he won his first eight games and claimed the Major League Baseball Pitcher of the Month Award. He went 21–12 with a 3.23 ERA, while leading the American League (AL) with 14 complete games and $275 2/3$innings pitched. Stewart started two games in the A's four-game sweep of the Boston Red Sox in the 1988 American League Championship Series. After the series, his manager Tony La Russa said he had "never met a player or person of higher quality." Stewart was the starting pitcher in game one of the 1988 World Series against the Dodgers. Prior to the game, he told Dodgers' second baseman Steve Sax that he was going to hit him in the neck during the game. He came close, drilling Sax in the left shoulder and glaring at him. He allowed three runs in eight innings and was in line for the win before Kirk Gibson's walk-off homer off closer Dennis Eckersley gave the game to the Dodgers. Working on three days rest, Stewart was not as good in game four, allowing four runs (only two earned) and leaving the game with one out in the sixth to pick up the loss. The Dodgers finished off their championship with a win in Game five.

In 1989, Stewart was 21–9 with a 3.32 ERA in 36 starts. His manager, La Russa, was also the manager of the American League team at the All-Star Game and picked Stewart to start for the AL team over fan favorite Nolan Ryan. He allowed two runs to score in his one inning of work in the game. He finished second in the voting for the American League Cy Young Award to Kansas City Royals pitcher Bret Saberhagen.

In the 1989 American League Championship Series, Stewart won both of the games he pitched with a 2.81 ERA. In the World Series, Stewart pitched a complete-game shutout in the first game against the San Francisco Giants. The series was interrupted when an earthquake struck the Bay Area just prior to the start of Game 3. When the series resumed, 10 days later, Stewart started game three for the A's, and picked up his second win of the series when he allowed three runs in seven innings. The A's swept the series in four games and Stewart was selected as the MVP of the series going 2–0 with a 1.69 ERA. Stewart signed a new two-year $7 million contract extension with the Athletics after the season. This was the largest contract in baseball at the time.

In 1990, Stewart was 22–11 (his fourth straight 20-win season and tied for 2nd in the majors) with a 2.56 ERA in 36 starts. He led the league in innings pitched (267), complete games (11) and shutouts (4) while being third in ERA and finishing third in the Cy Young voting. On June 29, he no-hit the Toronto Blue Jays, at SkyDome, the first no-hitter by an African American since Jim Bibby in 1973. That same day, Fernando Valenzuela of the Dodgers no-hit the St. Louis Cardinals at Dodger Stadium – the first time in Major League history that no-hitters had been thrown in both leagues on the same day. The A's won their third straight pennant, beating the Boston Red Sox in the American League Championship Series, and Stewart was named the ALCS MVP going 2–0 with a 1.13 ERA. Stewart got the start in Game one of the 1990 World Series for the heavily favored A's against the Cincinnati Reds. However, Eric Davis hit a two-run home run off him in the first inning and he only lasted four innings as the Reds pulled off the upset. He pitched better in game four, allowing only one earned run while pitching a complete game, but the Reds won the game and finished off a sweep of the series. Despite being the losing pitcher in games 1 and 4, Stewart had a 2.77 ERA in the 1990 World Series.

After the 1990 season, Stewart was part of a Major League All-Star team that played an eight-game series in Japan against a Japanese all-star team. He went on the disabled list for the first time in his career in 1991 because of a strained rib muscle, which caused him to miss three weeks of the season. When he returned he was not as dominant as he had been before. His troubles were partly because of an inability to throw his forkball for strikes and as a result he was pitching with less confidence. In 35 starts, Stewart finished 11–11 with a league-high 5.18 ERA in 1991 as the Athletics missed the playoffs for the first time since 1987.

Stewart was bothered by elbow tendinitis for much of the 1992 season but still made 31 starts (his fewest since 1986) and had a 12–10 record and 3.66 ERA. The A's returned to the playoffs, but this time were seen as underdogs to the Toronto Blue Jays in the American League Championship Series. Stewart started the opener of the series and pitched 7.2 innings while allowing only three runs in a game the A's won. The A's lost the next three games and were on the verge of elimination, so he called a team meeting in order to give his teammates a pep talk. He responded by pitching a complete game victory in game five, allowing only two runs. It was the first complete game victory in an ALCS game since Bruce Hurst of the Boston Red Sox pitched one in 1986 against the California Angels. However, the Blue Jays won the next game to take the series and eliminate the A's from the post-season.

Toronto Blue Jays
Stewart signed a two-year, $8.5 million contract with the Blue Jays on December 8, 1992. He said that he was sad to leave the A's, whom he had envisioned spending the rest of his career with, but he felt the Blue Jays treated him with more respect with their offer. He said that the A's general manager, Sandy Alderson, was disrespectful of him and all he had done for Oakland, and was insulted that he was accused of disloyalty when he signed with the Blue Jays.

As a member of the Blue Jays rotation in 1993, Stewart made 26 starts and was 12–8 with a 4.44 ERA. He suffered from a number of injuries during the season but the Blue Jays stuck with him because of his heart and competitiveness, as well as the support he offered to other pitchers on the staff. The Blue Jays made it to the ALCS where Stewart got the call in game two. He allowed only one run in six innings of work to pick up the win. The day before his next start, while the rest of his team was already in Chicago, he was in Toronto helping the Salvation Army deliver food to the homeless on Thanksgiving Day in Canada. He made it to the game on time, and pitched 7.1 innings for his second win of the series, in the clinching game six that sent the Blue Jays back to the World Series. He was selected as ALCS MVP for the second time in his career. In the 1993 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies, Stewart got the start in game two and struggled, allowing five runs in six innings to take a rare post-season loss. Nevertheless, he was confident heading into his next start, in game six, saying he was pitching for respect as much as for another championship. He allowed four runs in six innings but that was enough as the Blue Jays, thanks to a three-run walk-off homer by Joe Carter, won the game 8–6 and with it took the series, 4 games to 2.

Stewart remained with the Blue Jays for the 1994 season, making 22 starts for them with a 7–8 record and 5.87 ERA before the 1994–95 MLB strike wiped out the rest of the season in August (and delayed the start of the next season). He had planned to retire at the end of the season but was bothered by the lack of empathy on the part of the fans toward the players. He would later say that he never felt the same passion for baseball after the strike.

Return to the Oakland Athletics and retirement
When the strike finally ended, he re-signed with the Athletics on April 8, 1995, and was their opening day starter on April 26, 1995. However, he could not recapture his prior form. Stewart was rocked for nine runs and was removed from the game with only one out in the second inning. In 16 starts, he was 3–7 with a 6.89 ERA, prompting the manager to announce publicly that Stewart would move to the bullpen for the first time since 1986 and be replaced in the rotation by Todd van Poppel. Stewart chose to retire rather than make the move to the pen. He made the public announcement on July 24, 1995, saying it was a low point in his life and he just couldn't perform like he wanted to anymore.

Over his career, he started 18 games in the postseason, compiling a stellar 2.84 ERA and 10–6 (10–4 as a starter) record. In the LCS, he was especially dominant, going 8–0.

Post-playing career
Stewart served as the assistant to Sandy Alderson, the general manager of the Athletics, in 1996. In 1997, he left that position to serve in a similar capacity under Kevin Towers of the San Diego Padres. In 1998, he agreed to become the Padres' pitching coach, despite some worry that it would detract from his goal of becoming a GM and some personal conflict between him and team president Larry Lucchino. He turned around a pitching staff that had been awful the year before and helped get the team into the World Series. Several of the Padres pitchers (including Andy Ashby, Sterling Hitchcock and Joey Hamilton) credited Stewart directly with the improvement of the staff. He maintained some of his front office duties, including running the Latin America scouting department, during the season and often remarked that he would leave for the right front office position.

Stewart left San Diego after the season and interviewed for assistant GM positions with Oakland and the Florida Marlins. He was a finalist to replace Frank Wren in Florida, but his concern about the high crime rate in South Florida led him to turn down the position. His familiarity with the Blue Jays organization was the main reason he accepted the job there under Gord Ash. When the Blue Jays fired pitching coach Rick Langford in the middle of the 2000 season, Stewart moved into the position on July 24, 2000. After the 2001 season, when the Blue Jays had an opening at general manager, they passed on Stewart, hiring J. P. Ricciardi instead. Stewart chose to resign from his dual role as pitching coach and assistant general manager. He was outspoken about the fact that he felt minorities were being discriminated against in the front office and that the decision by team president Paul Godfrey was racist. Frustrated, he said, "I think the whole process is a waste of time."

He joined the Milwaukee Brewers as their pitching coach for the 2002 season under manager Davey Lopes. After the team started 3–12, Lopes was fired and Stewart was a candidate to replace him, but it instead went to bench coach Jerry Royster. He resigned on July 29, 2002, in order to care for his mother and spend more time with family. After leaving that position, he was the pitching coach for the United States national baseball team at the Olympic Qualifying tournament. Stewart started a sports agency called Sports Management Partners. His first big deal was negotiating a six-year, $66 million contract extension between the A's and third baseman Eric Chavez. He also negotiated contracts for Matt Kemp and Chad Billingsley.

On September 25, 2014, the Arizona Diamondbacks hired Stewart to become their general manager, replacing Towers; he was the fourth GM hired by the team since 2010. He reported to La Russa, his former manager when he played for Oakland, who served as the Diamondbacks' chief baseball officer. He transferred his management company to former A's teammate Dave Henderson and his wife, Lonnie Murray, when he took the Diamondbacks job. On December 4, 2015, the Diamondbacks agreed to a six-year contract with free agent pitcher Zack Greinke worth a total of $206.5 million. At that time, it held the highest annual average value in MLB, exceeding $34.4 million per year, and was also the largest contract by total value in team history. Stewart later said of the contract, "It could be franchise-changing for us, if everything goes well." Five days later, they traded for Shelby Miller and Gabe Speier, doing so by trading Dansby Swanson, Ender Inciarte, and Aaron Blair to the Atlanta Braves.

The Diamondbacks went 79–83 in 2015 and 69–93 in 2016 with Stewart as general manager. On October 3, 2016, Stewart and manager Chip Hale (hired around the same time as Stewart) were fired by the Diamondbacks.

Stewart was about to have his #34 jersey retired by the Oakland Athletics in 2020, but the ceremony was postponed until further notice, due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the lack of plans in 2021 prompted questions from fans and even Stewart himself in April 2022 before it was announced that Stewart will have his jersey retired by the Athletics on September 11, 2022. Stewart would break the A's tradition in that his number would be a re-retirement, as well as his not being in the Hall of Fame.

In 2021, following the Dodgers victory in the 2020 World Series, Stewart said he would not be attending the 40th anniversary celebration of the Dodgers’ 1981 World Series championship because of how he believed the team mishandled the Trevor Bauer sexual assault allegations by waiting an entire week to put him on administrative leave.

Personal life
Stewart and his ex-wife, Vanessa, have two children, Adrian and Alyse. Stewart is romantically linked to sports agent Lonnie Murray.

In 1985, Stewart was arrested on suspicion of lewd conduct with a prostitute later revealed to be a transsexual. After pleading no contest to a lesser charge of soliciting a prostitute, Stewart's judgment was a fine, probation, and a suspended sentence. Two days after the arrest, Stewart was honored with the Good Guys award from Dallas-Fort Worth sportswriters. Accepting the award, he admitted both his guilt and that he was ashamed.

In 1994, Stewart and teammate Todd Stottlemyre stood trial for seven days in Hillsborough County, Florida on charges of battery on a law enforcement officer and resisting arrest with violence. Stewart also faced charges of disorderly conduct. Stewart was accused of punching a police officer in the face at a club. The jury deliberated for 36 minutes before finding the pitchers not guilty.

title: Dave Stewart (baseball)


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Asalha Puja

Āsāḷha Pūjā (อาสาฬหบูชา) is a Theravada Buddhist festival which typically takes place in July, on the full moon of the Āsādha month. It is celebrated in Indonesia, Cambodia (ពិធីបុណ្យអាសាឡ្ហបូជា), Thailand, Sri Lanka, Laos, Myanmar and in other countries with Theravada Buddhist populations. In Indonesia, the festival is centered at Mendut Temple and Borobudur Temple, Central Java.

Asalha Puja, also known as Dharma Day, is one of Theravada Buddhism's most important festivals, celebrating as it does the Buddha's first sermon, the Sermon in the Deer Park at Sarnath, in which he set out to his five former associates the doctrine that had come to him following his enlightenment. This first pivotal sermon, often referred to as “setting into motion the wheel of dhamma,” is the teaching which is encapsulated for Buddhists in the Four Noble Truths: there is suffering (dukkha); suffering is caused by craving (tanha); there is a state (nibbana) beyond suffering and craving; and finally, the way to nirvana is via the Noble Eightfold Path. All the various schools and traditions of Buddhism revolve around this central doctrine.

This first sermon is not only the first structured discourse given by the Buddha after his enlightenment, it also contains the essence of all his subsequent teaching. At the end of the talk, one of the five participants recounted his understanding of what had been said and asked to be received as a disciple, a request the Buddha granted, thus establishing the first order of monks.

The day is observed by donating offerings to temples and listening to sermons. The following day is known in Thailand as Wan Khao Phansa; it is the first day of Vassa, the Theravada rains retreat.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Asalha Puja


text: User talk:68.62.226.53

title: User talk:68.62.226.53


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Mesa Community College

Mesa Community College (MCC) is a public community college in Mesa, Arizona. It is the largest of the 10 community colleges in the Maricopa County Community College District, the largest community college district in the United States in terms of enrollment.

History
MCC was launched by Mart Godinez in 1963 as an extension branch of Phoenix College and was located at 809 W. Main Street in Mesa. There were 330 students registered for classes the first semester at Mesa Extension on September 11, 1963. John Riggs was appointed as the first president. Mesa students voted Hokams as the nickname for their athletic teams in 1964. Capital funds from the bond election in 1964 enabled Mesa Community College to purchase 120 acres, with an option to purchase an adjoining 40 acres, for the new campus at Dobson and Southern Roads in Mesa. The three building campus included a science building, student center and maintenance building. The buildings were designed by Mesa architects Horlbeck, Hickman & Associates and Tempe architect Kemper Goodwin, and built by Tibschraney Bros. Construction Company. In addition to the three permeate buildings portable buildings were used for the first several years, until the campus was able to expand.

On April 12, 1965, the Maricopa Junior College District Board named Mesa Community College and Glendale Community College as separate institutions from Phoenix College. Mesa Community College graduated its first class on its new campus in ceremonies May 29, 1968. The library and classroom building was completed in 1968. In 1969 Tibschraney Bros. completed construction of the campus with completion of the gymnasium, athletic fields, technology building, social science building, faculty office building and business education building. The music building was completed in 1970 followed by the nursing building in 1974. That same year, MCC's mascot changed from Hokam to Thunderbird, also at this time Helena Howe was appointed president. A liberal arts building was added in 1976. The Outback Theater was built in 1978 That same year Theo J. Heap became president of the college. In 1982 a health improvement center was built near the gymnasium. The technology building opened in 1984 and was designed by architects Hickman, Schafer & Truley, that same year Wallace A. Simpson became president. The east gymnasium was added in 1986. Bar code technology came to the library in 1987 as part of a new automation system. Bar codes were assigned to every item in the library's collection, and appeared on student ID cards for the first time. From 1986 to 1987 the Business/Psychology building, Social/Cultural Science building and testing center were built. In 1988 Larry K. Christianson became president. The Kirk Student Center was expanded in 1988 and a clock tower was added at the entrance in 1990. In 1999 the Paul A. Elsner Library a new larger library opened adjacent to the old, the old library building was subsequently remodeled and is now the academic support building. A new life science building was also added at this time.

Phase I construction began for Red Mountain Campus in 2000, which included four buildings: the Desert Willow Building (library & commons), Mesquite Building (student & administrative services), Palo Verde Building (classrooms & laboratories), and the Ironwood Building. (central plant). A groundbreaking ceremony was held in April, 2000.

In 2004 MCC was visited by then President George W. Bush who discussed his proposal for $250 Million federal grant for job training across the United States.

In 2008 Dr. Shouan Pan became the sixth president of MCC. A new physical science building was added to the main campus in 2008. This was followed by the enrollment center in 2015 and the art museum in 2016.

Campus
The college has two comprehensive campuses and additional locations to serve students.
 * Southern and Dobson, in southwest Mesa, Arizona (full-service)
 * Red Mountain, in northeast Mesa (full-service)
 * Mesa Downtown Center, near University Dr. and Center St.

The Arizona Gakuen School (アリゾナ学園 Arizona Gakuen), a weekend supplementary Japanese school, holds its classes at the Mesa Community College Southern and Dobson campus. The school office is in Tempe.

Organization and administration
August 2016, Sasan Poureetezadi was named interim president of Mesa Community College. On April 2, 2018, Richard Haney was named president. He assumed office on July 1, 2018. As of January 2020, Lori Berquam was named interim president. Lori Berquam was succeeded by Tammy Robinson July 1, 2022

Academics
MCC offers more than 200 degrees, transfer, career and certificate programs. Areas of study include Agribusiness, Business, Bio Technology, Computer Science, Dental Hygiene, Electronics, Engineering, Fire Science, Mortuary Science, Nursing, Urban Horticulture and more. MCC is one of the largest transfer providers to ASU, while many programs prepare students for immediate entry to the job market. Traditional, online and hybrid courses provide flexibility for students. Additionally, MCC Community Education offers hundreds of non-credit classes providing opportunities for lifelong learning in the arts, technology, fitness and personal development for all age groups.

MCC is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

Athletics
The college athletics teams are nicknamed the Thunderbirds.

Notable people

 * Randy Bennett, college basketball coach
 * Larvell Blanks, professional baseball player
 * Hubie Brooks, professional baseball player
 * Mike Brown, professional basketball coach
 * Bryan Caldwell, professional football player
 * Dave Collins, professional baseball player
 * Ralph Dickenson, professional baseball player
 * Dave Farnsworth, American politician and Republican member of the Arizona Senate
 * Rod Gilbreath, professional baseball player
 * Rick Grapenthin, professional baseball player
 * Shea Hillenbrand, professional baseball player
 * Kyle Kingsbury, wrestler and football player; current mixed martial artist
 * Albie Lopez, professional baseball player
 * Marko Mitchell, professional football player
 * Jim Otten, professional baseball player
 * Bob Pate, professional baseball player
 * Ken Phelps, professional baseball player
 * Matt Salmon, former congressman
 * Danny Sanchez, college soccer coach
 * Greg Sparks, professional baseball player
 * Clifford Starks, professional mixed martial artist
 * Vance Wilson, professional baseball player

title: Mesa Community College


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Barwon River (Victoria)

The Barwon River is a perennial river of the Corangamite catchment, located in The Otways and the Bellarine Peninsula regions of the Australian state of Victoria.

Location and features
Fed by the confluence of the East and West Branches of the river, the Barwon River rises in the Otway Ranges and flows generally north by east and then east, joined by thirteen tributaries including the Leigh and Moorabool rivers and flowing through Lake Connewarre, before reaching its mouth and emptying into Bass Strait at Barwon Heads. The river flows adjacent to the settlement of Winchelsea and Greater Geelong. The estuarine section of the river forms part of the Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site as a wetland of international importance, as well as of the Bellarine Wetlands Important Bird Area. From its highest point including its source confluence, the river descends 295 m over its 160 km course.

The river is crossed by a number of bridges in Geelong. Of particular note is the unusual one-lane truss bridge in Newtown, Geelong. The "Breakwater" in East Geelong was constructed by Foster Fyans to supply drinking water.

Water from the river feeds agriculture and industry. The river is a popular recreation spot for Geelong, with parklands such as Balyang Sanctuary along the banks, and sees use by water skiers and rowing regattas such as Head of the River.

Etymology
The river's name is derived from the Aboriginal word Parwan, meaning "magpie" or "great wide".

In the Aboriginal Wathawurrung language the names for the river are Worragong, with no clearly defined meaning; Nellemengobeet, meaning "lagoon at mouth"; and also Barrwang, meaning "magpie".

Towns
Towns the river flows through include:
 * Forrest
 * Barwon Downs
 * Birregurra
 * Winchelsea
 * Inverleigh
 * Geelong
 * Ocean Grove
 * Barwon Heads

Dams and weirs
Ordered upstream to downstream:

West Barwon Dam
The West Barwon Dam was constructed near Forrest in 1965 by what is now Barwon Water. The dam is now the major water supply for Geelong.

Buckley Falls
Buckley Falls is located between Highton and Fyansford. A weir and water race was built above the falls in 1876 to provide power for the Fyansford Paper Mill. The falls were named by John Helder Wedge after escaped convict William Buckley, who lived in the area with Aborigines for 32 years from 1803.

The "Breakwater"
The "Breakwater" is located in the current Geelong suburb of the same name. Originally built to prevent salt water moving upstream, it now keeps the river level through Geelong constant and is an important crossing point. Construction on the weir started in late 1838 under Captain Foster Fyans and was completed by May 1840. Built by convicts, the weir failed in flood in 1844, not being fully rebuilt until 1849. Little changed to the breakwater until it was rebuilt by the Country Roads Board for modern traffic in the mid 1960s.

Barrage
A second weir was built over the Barwon River further downstream. Located near where the river enters Lake Connewarre, the barrage again keeps water levels constant upstream for waterskiers, and prevents saltwater moving upstream into Reedy Lake.

Bridges
Ordered upstream to downstream:

Barwon River Bridge
The Barwon River Bridge at Winchelsea was erected in 1867 for the Council of the Shire of Winchelsea, replacing an earlier timber structure of 1849. The three span arch structure was built of bluestone by James Sinclair at a cost of £4,602 and officially opened by Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, on 3 December 1867. The Barwon River Bridge is the third structure erected at this historic crossing place and has since 1867 provided an important link with Geelong and the Western District. This finely proportioned masonry arch bridge, one of the most impressive stone structures in Victoria, has a notable association with Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the three times royal visitor to nearby 'Barwon Park' mansion. The Barwon River Bridge, which is still in regular use, has recently been rehabilitated. A new reinforced concrete structure, located beside the bluestone bridge, partly relieves the heavy traffic loads.

Pollocksford Bridge
The single-lane bridge, located in Gnarwarre, carries Pollocksford Road over the river.

The original bridge was constructed in the 1850s. The bridge consisted of four bluestone piers that supported a timber superstructure. Reconstruction of the bridge began in the 1910s. The timber superstructure was replaced with a new structure made of iron and steel, but the original bluestone piers were retained. The reconstructed bridge was opened on 14 February 1921 by Victorian Premier Harry Lawson.

Geelong Ring Road
The Geelong Ring Road bridge carries four lanes of freeway over the river. It is made up of twin 110 m long bridges, and was completed in 2009.

Queens Bridge

The single-lane Queens Bridge carries Queens Park Road, which links Highton and Newtown. The location was originally the site of a punt, with a wooden cattle crossing being provided in 1861. Those crossing the bridge were charged a toll. The bridge collapsed in the 1870 flood, and a new wooden bridge opened in 1872. The toll ended 1877. The bridge was wrecked by the 1909 flood, but was rebuilt. The current one-lane steel bridge was opened in 1930. A water main and footpath were added on one side in 1963, and the height and deck have been modified in later years.

Princes Bridge

The two-lane Princes Bridge carries Shannon Avenue between Belmont and Newtown. It is the third bridge on the site, all of which have been named after Prince Albert, the consort of Queen Victoria. A bridge was first proposed for the site in the 1850s as a second Barwon crossing in Geelong. At the time many wanted the bridge to be located at end of Pakington Street, but they were defeated. The wooden Prince Albert Bridge was constructed by the City of Newtown in 1861, named after Prince Albert, who had died that year.

The bridge was originally not tolled, and provided competition for the Barwon Bridge on Moorabool Street, which was tolled by the South Barwon Shire. As a result, the shire erected a fence across new bridge to prevent people from using it, but the fence was removed several times by an unknown party, which led to a guard being stationed there. At the same time, the Newtown and Chilwell Council decided to erect its own toll gate at the new bridge, so the South Barwon council retaliated by erecting a 'check toll' gate on its side of the river. The Newtown and Chilwell councillors refused to pay the toll, which remained for another year.

With the bridge becoming dilapidated, a tender accepted in June 1888 for the construction of a replacement. Provided with separated lanes, the new wooden bridge was opened on 31 May 1889. In 1959, extensive repairs were carried out to handle much heavier traffic from the expansion of Highton. That proved to be a short-term measure, and in June 1965 the wooden bridge was replaced by current steel girder bridge, which is upstream of older bridges. To avoid flooding, the new bridge was connected to Shannon Avenue by a high level embankment, which skirts what became Balyang Sanctuary in 1973.

McIntyre Bridge

The 192 m long McIntyre Bridge is located upstream of the James Harrison Bridge, and is a post-tensioned, pre-stressed stayed girder bridge, carrying a sewer pipe with a concrete pedestrian walkway above. Constructed in 1967 to carry sewage from Geelong to the ocean outfall at Black Rock, the bridge provided relief for the 1916 sewer aqueduct further downstream. It was designed by Jan van der Molen, and was one of the first in Australia to use computer engineering in the design process.

James Harrison Bridge
The four-lane, 82 metre James Harrison Bridge carries the Princes Highway though Geelong. Construction started in 1988 and was completed in September 1990, removing heavy through traffic from the main Belmont shopping centre. Consisting of twin parallel two lane bridges, The main river span is of concrete cantilever design, with a number of smaller concrete box girder spans completing the viaduct to the south. The bridge was named after Geelong engineer and refrigeration pioneer James Harrison.

Temporary Barwon Bridge
While the Barwon Bridge at Moorabool Street was being rebuilt in the mid 1920s, to allow for the extension of the tram system to Belmont, a temporary wooden bridge was provided as an alternative. It linked the end of Latrobe Terrace on the northern bank with Barrabool Road on the southern bank.

Barwon Bridge
The four-lane Barwon Bridge carries Moorabool Street over the river, and is located on the site of the first Barwon crossing. The first wooden bridge opened early in 1848. Tolled by the South Barwon council, it was swept away in a flood four years later, on 23 May 1852. From December that year a government punt operated at the site. By late 1853, two government punts were used to form a pontoon bridge. It was not until 1859 that a proper iron bridge was opened as a replacement. That bridge was only two lanes wide and was considered too narrow to permit the extension of trams into Belmont, so it was closed and dismantled in 1924.

The new bridge was designed by Country Roads Board engineer Donald Darwin and was opened on 18 August 1926 by Governor of Victoria, Lord Somers. Of concrete and steel girder construction, it was built by Armstrong Whitworth and cost A£73,900 (A$147,800). In 1966, the bridge was widened to four lanes by extending each side of the deck.

Breakwater road and rail bridges

The original Breakwater Bridge was a ford running on top of the breakwater. A timber trestle railway bridge was built over the top in 1876 when the Geelong railway line was extended to Winchelsea. That bridge was replaced by a concrete and steel girder bridge in the 1960s, although the remains of the wooden supports of the former bridge are still visible.

The current low-level road causeway was built by the Country Roads Board in the mid 1960s. The causeway has a restricted 3.7 m clearance underneath the railway bridge, and is only about a metre (3 ft) above the water level. As a consequence, a number of trucks became stuck under the railway bridge, and the causeway also required frequent closure due to river flooding. To overcome those problems, VicRoads received planning permission in 2009 to replace the low-level crossing with a new high-level bridge further upstream, at a cost of $63 million, with completion due by mid-2012.

Sewer Aqueduct
An aqueduct was constructed between 1913 and 1916 to carry sewage across the Barwon River from Geelong to an ocean outfall at Black Rock. Of reinforced concrete construction, it was an unusual design, and is listed on the Victorian National Estate Register. The designer was engineer Edward Giles Stone, who erected many daring structures using reinforced concrete. It has 14 cantilever spans, and has an overall length of more than 760 m. The viaduct was decommissioned in 1993. Because of falling debris, caused by the loss of calcium from the concrete used in the construction, the land and river underneath the aqueduct has been fenced to prevent public access. The aqueduct was replaced by a pump-boosted gravity system, including twin siphon pipes under the river.

Barwon Heads Bridge

The twin lane wooden bridge between Barwon Heads and Ocean Grove was built in 1927. Before this time a ferry ran by Tom Abernathy operated across the mount of the Barwon. The bridge was used in filming the ABC TV series SeaChange. In July 2006, the Government of Victoria shelved plans to replace the heritage-listed bridge with a new one, with plans put forward for an upgraded to be carried out instead. The new Barwon Heads Bridge was constructed in 2010.

title: Barwon River (Victoria)


title: User:Ryan524~enwiki/Menu


text:
Talk:Ars antiqua

A question of dates
I'm removing the precise dates left by an anon editor (1135 - 1201 for Leonin, and 1160 - 1205 for Perotin). The only sources on these two composers are the later writings by Anonymous IV and Johannes de Garlandia, and neither gives biographical details on either man; even their actual names are not known. There have been numerous conjectures on the dating of their works but evidence is scanty. Please present your sources if you believe I am wrong; perhaps there is something very recent I haven't seen. Antandrus 01:44, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Italics?
See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Classical music. Please discuss there, not here. --Francis Schonken (talk) 06:40, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ars antiqua


text: User talk:67.115.70.42

title: User talk:67.115.70.42


text:
William M. Gwin

William McKendree Gwin (October 9, 1805 – September 3, 1885) was an American medical doctor and politician who served in elected office in Mississippi and California. In California he shared the distinction, along with John C. Frémont, of being the state's first U.S. senators. Before, during, and after the Civil War, Gwin was well known in California, Washington, D.C., and the Southern United States as a determined Confederate sympathizer.

Early life
Gwin was born near Gallatin, Tennessee. His father was Reverend James Gwin, a pioneer Methodist minister, who served under the prominent Reverend William McKendree, America's first native-born Methodist bishop and namesake of the younger Gwin. James Gwin served as a soldier on the frontier under General Andrew Jackson. William Gwin pursued classical studies and graduated from the medical department of Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1828.

Political career
As the son of a chaplain who was at the Battle of New Orleans, the young Gwin served as a personal secretary to President Andrew Jackson during the latter's second term. Gwin then practiced medicine in Clinton, Mississippi, until 1833, when he became the United States Marshal for Mississippi, serving for one year. He was elected as a Democrat from Mississippi to the 27th Congress of 1841 to 1843. Declining a renomination for Congress on account of financial embarrassment, he was appointed, on the accession of James K. Polk to the Presidency, to superintend the building of the new custom-house at New Orleans, Louisiana. He moved to California in 1849 and participated in the 1849 California Constitutional Convention. He also purchased property in Paloma, California, where a gold mine was established. The Gwin Mine would eventually yield millions of dollars, providing him with a fortune. He also organized the Chivalry wing of the Democratic Party.

Before the admission of California as a U.S. state, Gwin was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate. He served from September 10, 1850, to March 3, 1855. He was a strong advocate of Pacific expansion and in 1852 advocated a survey of the Bering Strait. Gwin presented a bill that was approved by the Senate and the House and became the Act of March 3, 1851, which established a three-member Board of Land Commissioners to be appointed by the President for three-year terms (the period was twice extended by Congress, resulting in a five-year term). The function of the Public Land Commission was to determine the validity of Spanish and Mexican land grants in California.

California Governor John Bigler turned to Gwin's rival, David Broderick, when Gwin failed to help Bigler obtain the ambassadorship to Chile. Broderick was appointed Chairman of the California Democratic Party, which split as a result. Gwin had a duel with Representative Joseph McCorkle with rifles at thirty yards following an argument over his alleged mismanagement of federal patronage. Shots were fired by both men, but only a donkey died. The split added turmoil to California's political scene, including bribery, physical intimidation, and nonstop political maneuvering. Although weaker than Gwin's faction, the Broderick faction was able to block Gwin from being re-elected senator in 1855.

When the Know Nothings exploited the weakness, Broderick accepted Gwin's candidacy, and Gwin was re-elected to the United States Senate and served from January 13, 1857, to March 3, 1861. He took Joseph Heco with him to Washington, D.C., to meet President James Buchanan. In 1858, Gwin challenged Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson to a duel, but they resolved their differences through a senatorial arbitration committee.

During the 32nd and 33rd Congresses he was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Naval Affairs. During his second term he was also a member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. While in the Senate, he secured the establishment of a mint in California, a survey of the Pacific coast, a navy yard, and station and carried through the senate a bill providing for a line of steamers between San Francisco, China, and Japan by way of the Sandwich Islands. By 1860, he was advocating the purchase of Alaska from the Russian Tsar.

Although the new Republican Party won several important urban contests in California, Gwin's wing of the Democratic Party did very well in the California elections of 1859. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Gwin helped to organize abortive secret discussions between Lincoln's new Secretary of State, William H. Seward, and some southern leaders to find a compromise that would avoid dissolution of the Union. Before hostilities broke out between the states, Gwin toured the South but returned to California. Here Gwin's Chivalry faction spoke on the South's behalf. Gwin even considered that it might be possible for a Republic of the Pacific, centered on California, to secede from the Union, but when his party suffered badly in the elections of 1861, he saw that there was little more that he could do in California to promote that cause.

Later life
Gwin returned east to New York on the same ship as Edwin Vose Sumner, commander of the Union Army's Department of the Pacific. Sumner organized Gwin's arrest along with two other secessionists, John Slidell (soon after involved in the Trent Affair) and J.L. Brent. However, President Abraham Lincoln intervened for their release, wishing to avoid an international incident, as Gwin had friends in Panama. Gwin sent his wife and one of his daughters to Europe, while he returned to his plantation in Mississippi. The plantation was destroyed in the war and Gwin, a daughter, and son fled to Paris.

In 1864, he attempted to interest Napoleon III in a project to settle American slave owners in Sonora, Mexico. Despite a positive response from Napoleon, the idea was rejected by his protégé, Maximilian I, who feared that Gwin and his southerners would take Sonora for themselves. After the war, he returned to the United States and gave himself up to Major General Philip Sheridan in New Orleans. Sheridan granted his original request for release to rejoin his family, which had also returned, but was countermanded by President Andrew Johnson.

Gwin retired to California and engaged in agricultural pursuits until his death in New York City in 1885. He was interred at Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California.

title: William M. Gwin


text:
William Gwin

William Gwin may refer to:

 * William M. Gwin (1805–1885), American medical doctor and politician
 * William Gwin (naval officer) (1832–1863), officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War

title: William Gwin


text:
Talk:Cephaleonomancy

The definition of this word in the Oxford English Dictionary is "improper form of cephalomancy". It's just a misspelling, not a difference between forms of divination. - Nunh-huh 01:55, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cephaleonomancy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anasteemaphilia/2004-08-04

From VfD:

seems like a dictionary definition to me. Aljandy 02:03, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Google says it's real, so list it at paraphilia (where it is missing), or wherever fetishes and the like ought to be listed, and delete this page. TPK 05:20, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - This article is still a stub. It ought to get the chance to expand. 217.120.230.237 08:23, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Doubtful delete - I don't think it will ever expand, since a google search reveals just the same def over and over, but if this should be deleted, so should some other articles listed on and linked from paraphilia such as: mysophilia and pictophilia.--leandros 08:42, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Dictdef. No opinion of whether people feel this way, but this is a dictionary entry. Geogre 12:25, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Sean Curtin
 * Current content would be better in Wiktionary. However, I note that this was nominated for deletion 9 minutes after it was created.  Keep stub.  If it's still a mere dicdef in two months, renominate it. Rossami 22:54, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm with Rossami. It has potential as a topic, and for now it's a valid stub. Jmabel 03:20, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC) Jmabel 03:20, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

end moved dicussion


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2-10-2

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-10-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels, ten powered and coupled driving wheels, and two trailing wheels. In the United States and elsewhere the 2-10-2 is known as the Santa Fe type, after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway that first used the type in 1903.

Overview
The 2-10-2 wheel arrangement evolved in the United States from the 2-10-0 Decapod of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF). Their existing 2-10-0 tandem compound locomotives, used as pushers up Raton Pass, encountered problems reversing back down the grade for their next assignments since they were unable to track around curves at speed in reverse and had to run very slowly to avoid derailing. Consequently, the ATSF added a trailing truck to the locomotives which allowed them to operate successfully in both directions. These first 2-10-2 locomotives became the forerunners to the entire 2-10-2 family.

The trailing truck allows a larger, deeper firebox than that of a 2-10-0. Like all ten-coupled designs, the long rigid wheelbase of the coupled wheels presented a problem on curves, requiring flangeless drivers, lateral motion devices and much sideplay on the outer axles. To limit this problem, the coupled wheels were generally small, up to 64 in in diameter, which in turn generated the problem of insufficient counterweights to balance the weight of the driving rods.

The 2-10-2's inherent problem was the low speed restriction on the type, which was about 35 mph. Further, the 2-10-2 had other inherent restrictions. The massive cylinders that were required on locomotives in the United States for high tractive effort had the result that no reasonably sized valves could admit and exhaust steam at a sufficient rate to permit fast running. In addition the 2-10-2, like the 2-6-2, had its main rod connected to the middle coupled axle, very near to the centre of gravity, which created a violent nosing (waddling) action when operating at speed. The peak of the 2-10-2 design limitations was reached in the United States in 1926 and was overcome with the advent of the superior 2-10-4 design.

Usage
Locomotives with a 2-10-2 wheel arrangement were used in a number of countries around the world, including those in North America, Western Europe, China, the Soviet Union and Africa. Continental Europe saw a fair number of 2-10-2s, although the type was always less popular than 2-8-2 Mikados and 2-10-0 Decapods. A large number of European 2-10-2s were tank locomotives, taking advantage of the symmetrical nature of the wheel arrangement.

Argentina
The metre gauge General Manuel Belgrano Railway in Argentina operated the E2 series of 2-10-2 locomotives. In 1956, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan constructed a batch of ten 2-10-2s based on this design for the isolated Ramal Ferro Industrial Río Turbio (RFIRP) 750 mm gauge railway in the southern Patagonian Desert, to haul coal from Río Turbio for shipping from Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz. These required modification by Livio Dante Porta to achieve their full potential. Ten more powerful examples were introduced into service in 1964.

Belgian Congo
Two classes of 2-10-2 locomotives were used in the Belgian Congo.
 * Two locomotives were built by Forges, Usines et Fonderies de Haine-Saint-Pierre for the CF du Congo Superieur aux Grands Lacs Africains in 1937, numbered 60 and 61. They had 510 by cylinders and 1060 mm coupled wheels, with a working order mass of 64.7 t.
 * One locomotive was built for the CF du Bas-Congo au Katanga by Société Anonyme John Cockerill in 1947, numbered 901 and later renumbered 802. It had 540 by cylinders and 1100 mm coupled wheels, with a working order mass of 94.1 t, a grate area of 4 m2 and a tractive effort at 65% boiler pressure of 14215 kgf.

Canada
In 1916, Canadian National Railways (CNR) took delivery of ten Class T-1-a 2-10-2s from an order made by the short-lived Canadian Government Railways and built by ALCO. Ten more were delivered from the Montreal Locomotive Works in 1918, and another 25 slightly modified T-1-cs in 1920 that were 1,100 lb lighter. Canadian Locomotive Company produced five T-2-as in 1924. Ten ALCO's named "T-3-a" were acquired from the Boston and Albany Railroad in 1928. Canadian Locomotive Company produced the last series of 2-10-2s for CNR, a batch of 15 T-4-as in 1929, and 18 T-4-bs in 1930.

The 2-10-2s began to be scrapped in the mid-1950s, with the last models being used until 1961. There are two surviving CNR 2-10-2 locomotives. One is No. 4008, on display at the CNR Station in Rainy River, Ontario, and the other is No. 4100, on display at the Canadian Railway Museum in Delson, Quebec.

China
The mainstay of Chinese steam was their 2-10-2 locomotives. This was the wheel arrangement of the Chinese QJ class locomotives that were based on the Soviet locomotive class LV and built by Datong Locomotive Works from 1959. They were produced until 1988 and were still in widespread service until the final steam runs in 2005.

After retirement, some of these QJ class locomotives found their way to the United States, where they are used in revenue freight and excursion service. In Train Festival 2011, Multipower International restored two Chinese locomotives to Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Part 230 specifications and delivered them to the Railroad Development Corporation.

Germany
Examples on the German railway systems included classes BR84 and BR85, both standard tank locomotive designs built in 1935 and 1937 respectively, and class BR95, a tank locomotive built in 1922 by the Prussian State Railways as the Prussian T 20.

From 1936, the German railways built 28 three-cylinder 2-10-2 tender freight locomotives of class BR45, which were the most powerful steam locomotives on the system.

Further examples, still in regular service, are the metre-gauge DR Class 99.23-24 on the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways and the 750 mm-gauge DR Class 99.77-79 on the Rügen narrow-gauge railway.

Mozambique
While the 2-10-2 wheel arrangement was not very common in Africa, the Lourenco Marques system in Mozambique (Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique or CFM) had altogether 37 locomotives of this type, in three classes.
 * Nine locomotives of the Series 200, numbered 201 to 209, were built by Baldwin Locomotive Works between 1915 and 1919.
 * Six more Santa Fe type locomotives of the Series 214, numbered 214 to 219, were built by Henschel and Son in 1951.
 * Twenty-two locomotives of the Series 250, numbered 251 to 272, were built by Henschel in 1955.

Philippines
The Manila Railroad Company (now the Philippine National Railways) acquired ten 200-class locomotives in 1922 from the American Locomotive Company (Alco) and was purchased alongside the 4-8-2 170-class. Based on Henry Kirke Porter's acclaimed design of the 45 class, these were intended to replace the original Scottish-built tank locomotives as well as a small group of 4-4-2 tender locomotives that were acquired from the company's predecessors.

They were serviced to haul heavy freight trains on the South Main Line between Manila and Lucena. This class also had one of the largest cylinders of any unarticulated Cape-gauge locomotive according to Alco, but it comparatively had small boilers and grills. Their arrival also called for larger 80 ft turntables in both ends of the line, making them some of the largest and most powerful locomotives that entered Philippine service.

Out of ten locomotives, four managed to survive World War II, all of which were still in active service in 1952. However, these locomotives were retired after the MRR turned to upgrading its fleet to diesel locomotives in 1956. Not a single unit was preserved.

Poland
Twenty-five OKz32 2-10-2 tank locomotives were built by H. Cegielski – Poznań and delivered to PKP between 1934 and 1936. They were used mainly to work passenger trains between Kraków and Zakopane, a difficult railway line, steep in places, with many sharp curves, and requiring three direction changes. One has been preserved in working condition.

Romania
Romania designed its 151.000 Class as freight locomotives to serve on the Căile Ferate Române (CFR). These locomotives used a straightforward two-cylinder 650 x engine with 1500 mm coupled wheels and a total weight in working order of 123 t. The heating surface of the boiler was 254.8 m2, of which 98.5 m2 were superheated, while the grate area was 4.72 m2. At a tractive effort of 21294 kgf, they were the most powerful steam locomotives built in Romania.

Two of these locomotives were built by the Malaxa Works in 1939 and 1941, numbered 151.001 and 151.002. Number 151.002 was preserved.

South Africa
On, this wheel arrangement was first used by the South African Railways (SAR) in 1927. Two Class 18 steam locomotives, the most powerful non-articulated locomotives to see service on the SAR, were introduced on the line between Witbank and Germiston in an attempt to ease problems that were being experienced with increasingly heavy coal trains. It was designed by Colonel F.R. Collins DSO, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR from 1922 to 1929, and built by Henschel and Son in Germany. They were three-cylinder locomotives, with the two outer cylinders using Walschaerts valve gear and the inner cylinder using Gresley conjugated valve gear, actuated by the motions of the outer cylinders.

One more 2-10-2 locomotive, the Class 20, was designed for branch line work on light rail by A.G. Watson, Chief Mechanical Engineer from 1929 to 1936. Only one locomotive was built by the SAR at its Pretoria Mechanical Shops at Salvokop in 1935.

In 1950, this sole Class 20 locomotive was modified to an experimental condensing locomotive, equipped with a condensing tender that was ordered from Henschel in Germany in 1948. Beginning in 1951, tests with the condensing Class 20 were conducted in the Eastern Transvaal and the Karoo. The positive results of the condensing trials proved the viability of condensing locomotives in South Africa and led to the introduction of the Class 25 4-8-4 condensing locomotive fleet in 1953.

Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, 2-10-2 locomotives were used to haul heavy freight trains. Two series were relatively common, the FD (for Felix Dzerzhinsky) with more than three thousand built through the 1930s, and the LV (Lebedyansky, modified by the Voroshilovgrad plant).

The FD class was developed from ALCO and Baldwin heavy freight locomotives that were imported to the Soviet Union, where they were designated as the Ta and Tb classes respectively. The first FD class locomotive was built at the Voroshilovgrad Locomotive Plant in 1931.

In 1932, the Voroshilovgrad plant began with the mass production of FD20 locomotives. In the process of production, their construction was improved constantly. Production was interrupted at the outbreak of the Great Patriotic war in 1941 and was only resumed in 1942, when four locomotives were built in Ulan Ude. The total production was 2,927 locomotives of FD20, and 286 locomotives of FD21. The two subclasses only differed in respect of their types of superheater.

In 1958, 1,054 FD class locomotives were sold to China, where they worked until the 1980s. A much lesser number were sold to North Korea at around the same time.

The Soviet locomotive class LV was developed from the previous L class 2-10-0 locomotive by the Voroshilovgrad plant. It used a feedwater heater to increase thermal efficiency and was the most efficient freight steam locomotive in the Soviet Union, with thermal efficiency of 9.3%. The first prototype was named OR18-01 (October Revolution plant, 18 ton axle load). A total of 522 LV class locomotives were built. Several were preserved, including the first, OR18-01, and the last, LV-0522.

Spain
In Spain, the 2-10-2 wheel arrangement was represented by one series of 22 locomotives. They were initially ordered for the Compañía del Norte, but RENFE kept the entire series in reserve. Built between 1941 and 1944 in the La Maquinista Terrestre y Maritima SA factory in Barcelona for hauling heavy coal trains, they were amongst the most powerful steam locomotives in Europe. They had three cylinders, but used simple expansion and were known as Santa Fe locomotives.

Greece
SEK (Sidirodromoi Ellinikou Kratous, Hellenic State Railways) class Μα (or class Ma; Mu-alpha) was a class of 2-10-2 steam locomotives built by Ansaldo and Breda in 1953. They were numbered Μα 1001-1020.

The Μα locomotives were the last steam locomotives acquired by SEK before conversion to diesel traction. They were designed and built in Italy by Breda (10 units) and Ansaldo (10 units) in 1953–1954, while some parts (including whole tender underframes) were made by Nuove Reggiane. The length of the locomotive with the tender was 24.93 m, the maximum height 4.51 m and service weight 136 t. The boiler operated at 18 bar, and their rated power was 2950 hp. Maximum speed was 90 km/h.

Due to various technical problems, only two years after introduction they were modified by Henschel (1957–1958). The boilers were converted to burn heavy fuel oil.

These locomotives were based at Aghios Ioannis Rentis and Thessaloniki depots and were used mainly for freight trains and for some express passenger trains on Piraeus–Thessaloniki and Thessaloniki–Idomeni mainlines until the early 1970s, when they were withdrawn by the Hellenic Railways Organisation (successor of SEK) due to complete conversion to diesel traction.

Only two examples survived the 1984-1985 steam locomotives scrappings. One of them, 1002 was set on display as part of the theatre, at Rouf station in Athens. The other one is at Thessaloniki old railway station, not preserved.

United States
In the United States, the 2-10-2 type was produced between 1903 and 1930. The first were the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) engines of the 900 and 1600 series, which were an early type with few advantages over the 2-10-0 Decapod, save their ability to operate in reverse without derailing. By 1919, the AT&SF was building the definitive type, with the trailing truck supporting a large firebox. These were of the AT&SF 3800 class. One of them, AT&SF engine no. 3829, was equipped with an experimental two-axle trailing truck to become the first 2-10-4 Texas type.

About 2,200 Santa Fe types were built, including about 500 of the two United States Railroad Administration (USRA) First World War standard designs. There were two USRA standard 2-10-2s, the heavy version with an engine weight of 380000 lb and the light version with an engine weight of 352000 lb. The Santa Fe had the most with 352 engines.

Of the 2-10-2’s built for the Santa Fe, only one has been preserved. AT&SF No. 940 is on static display outside the Santa Fe depot, now a Visitor Center, in Bartlesville, Oklahoma.

The heaviest 2-10-2s were ten locomotives built by Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Reading Railway c. 1931, weighing 451000 lb, engine only.

At 104000 lbf, the Illinois Central Railroad's 2800 class rebuilds probably had the highest calculated tractive effort of any two-cylinder steam locomotive, although the adhesive weight was only 333000 lb.

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ordered its first 2-10-2 from Baldwin in 1914. From 1914 to 1956, their 2-10-2s bore numbers commencing with 6, hence the nickname "Big Sixes". Designated the S class, there were several sub-classes. The first of the Big Sixes was retired in 1951 and were all scrapped by 1960.

The Southern Railway (SOU) ordered its first batches of fifty-five 2-10-2 Ss class steam locomotives (Nos. 5000-5054) from Baldwin in 1917. The second batches of twenty-five 2-10-2s (Nos. 6350-6374) were built by the American Locomotive Company's (ALCO) Richmond Works in 1918 originally for SOU's Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific (CNO&TP) division. The latter batches were later moved to the SOU's main division and renumbered to 5055-5079 when they were proved to be too bulky for the CNO&TP tunnels' tight clearances. After receiving the last batches of Ss types, the SOU received fifty more 2-10-2s (Nos. 5200-5249) from ALCO's Brook Works in a USRA Light Santa Fe design which were classified as Ss-1. Both classes were assigned to SOU's Asheville division, banking and hauling heavy freight trains up the steep Saluda Grade and Old Fort Loops in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Between the late 1930s and the early 1950s, all of the Ss and Ss-1 steam locomotives were retired and scrapped with none surviving into preservation.

The Union Pacific Railroad rostered 144 2-10-2 locomotives, under the designation of TTT (Two-Ten-Two). They were divided into classes TTT-1 through TTT-7, but all had the same cylinder dimensions, driving wheel diameter and boiler pressure. Of these, only one locomotive survives; Union Pacific 5511 was donated to the Railroading Heritage of Midwest America, who plans to restore the locomotive to operating condition.

The Denver and Rio Grande Western rostered ten 2-10-2 locomotives, under the class designation of F-81, rostered as No 1400-1409, and purchased from Alco in 1916. None survived into preservation, all of them being scrapped between 1952 and 1955.

title: 2-10-2


text:
When Worlds Collide

When Worlds Collide is a 1933 science fiction novel co-written by Edwin Balmer and Philip Wylie; they also co-authored the sequel After Worlds Collide (1934). It was first published as a six-part monthly serial (September 1932 through February 1933) in Blue Book magazine, illustrated by Joseph Franké.

Synopsis
Sven Bronson, a Swedish astronomer working at an observatory in South Africa, discovers a pair of rogue planets, Bronson Alpha and Bronson Beta, which will soon enter the Solar System. In eight months, they will pass close enough for gravitational forces to cause catastrophic damage to the Earth. Sixteen months later, after swinging around the Sun, Bronson Alpha (a gas giant) will return to pulverize the Earth and depart. Bronson Beta (discovered to be Earth-like and potentially habitable) may remain and assume a stable orbit.

Scientists led by American Cole Hendron work desperately to build an atomic rocket to transport enough people, animals and equipment to Bronson Beta to save humanity from extinction. Various other countries do the same. The United States evacuates coastal regions in preparation for the first encounter. As the planets approach, observers see through their telescopes cities on Bronson Beta. Tidal waves sweep inland at a height of 750 ft, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes add to the deadly toll, and the weather runs wild for more than two days. Bronson Alpha grazes and destroys the Moon.

Three men take a floatplane to check out conditions across the United States and meet with the President in Hutchinson, Kansas, the temporary capital of the United States. All three are wounded fighting off a mob at their last stop, but manage to return with a precious sample of an extremely heat-resistant metal one of them had noticed. This solves the last remaining engineering obstacle: no material had been found before to make rocket tubes capable of withstanding the heat of the atomic exhaust.

Five months before the end, desperate mobs attack the camp, killing over half of Hendron's people before they are defeated. With the rocket tube breakthrough, the survivors are able to build a second, larger ship that can carry everyone left alive (instead of only 100 of the roughly thousand people Hendron had recruited). The two American ships take off, but lose contact with each other. Other ships are seen launching from Europe; the French ship's tubes melt, causing it to crash. The original American ship makes a successful landing, but it is unknown if anyone else made it. The survivors find that Bronson Beta is habitable. They also find a road.

The sequel, After Worlds Collide, details the fate of the survivors on Bronson Beta.

Adaptations and influences
When Worlds Collide had far-reaching influences on the science fiction genre. The themes of an approaching planet threatening the Earth, and an athletic hero, his girlfriend, and a scientist traveling to the new planet by rocket, were used by writer Alex Raymond in his 1934 comic strip Flash Gordon. Jack Williamson's 1934 short story "Born of the Sun" also used the concept of a scientist and his fiancée escaping the destruction of the Earth in a hurriedly constructed "ark of space". The 1940–1941 newspaper comic strip Speed Spaulding, an adaptation credited to the novel's authors, was more directly based on the novel. The themes of escape from a doomed planet to a habitable one also can be seen in Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster's 1938 comic Superman.

The novel was adapted as the 1951 film When Worlds Collide, produced by George Pal and directed by Rudolph Maté, which in turn was adapted into a comic book by George Evans in Motion Picture Comics #110 (Fawcett Comics, May 1952).

In 2012, the British composer Nigel Clarke wrote a large-scale work for brass band inspired by the film and likewise titled When Worlds Collide.

title: When Worlds Collide


text:
Tanglewood

Tanglewood is a music venue and festival in the towns of Lenox and Stockbridge in the Berkshire Hills of western Massachusetts. It has been the summer home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra since 1937. Tanglewood is also home to three music schools: the Tanglewood Music Center, Tanglewood Learning Center, and the Boston University Tanglewood Institute. Besides classical music, Tanglewood hosts the Festival of Contemporary Music, jazz and popular artists, concerts, and frequent appearances by James Taylor, John Williams, and the Boston Pops.

Early beginnings

The history of Tanglewood begins with a series of concerts held on August 23, 25 and 26, 1934, at the Interlaken estate of Daniel Hanna, about a mile from today’s festival site. A few months earlier, composer and conductor Henry Kimball Hadley had scouted the Berkshires for a site and support for his dream of establishing a seasonal classical music festival. He found an enthusiastic and capable patron in Gertrude Robinson Smith. Within a few months they had organized a series of concerts featuring the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, where Hadley once had been the associate conductor. Staged in an amphitheater built on the estate's show horse ring, the first concert was attended by Sara Delano Roosevelt, the President's mother. Heartened by the success of this effort, Robinson and Hadley organized another well received series of concerts in Interlaken the following summer.

Boston Symphony Orchestra era begins, 1936
After two seasons featuring the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO), under the direction of Conductor Serge Koussevitzky, was invited to perform at the 1936 festival held at Holmwood, the home of Margaret Vanderbilt in nearby Lenox. The BSO gave its first concert in the Berkshires on August 13, 1936. For nearly eighty years the BSO has remained the crown jewel of the music festival.

Festival moves to Tanglewood, 1937
In 1937 the festival site was moved to "Tanglewood", an estate donated by Mrs. Gorham Brooks and Miss Mary Aspinwall Tappan, daughter of William Tappan and Caroline Sturgis. "Tanglewood" took its name from Tanglewood Tales, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, while he lived in a cottage located on the estate.

The season consisted of six concerts over two weeks given inside a temporary tent erected around a plywood shell. Event press noted how the concerts had already become high society events.

On August 12, 1937, a thunderstorm interrupted a performance of Richard Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries. The Boston Globe reported that "Gertrude Robinson Smith strode purposefully to the stage when the concert stopped and addressed the record crowd of 5,000, haranguing: 'Now do you see why we must have a permanent building for these concerts?' In minutes, more than $30,000 was raised."

Music Shed opens, 1938
The following year, the Eliel Saarinen-designed, fan-shaped Shed (now known as the Koussevitzky Music Shed, or simply "The Shed") was constructed, with some 5,100 seats, giving the BSO a permanent open-air structure in which to perform. Broad lawns extend beyond the Shed, providing outdoor space for concert goers and sweeping views of Stockbridge Bowl and Monument Mountain in the distance. At the opening ceremony for the Shed on August 4, 1938, Gertrude Robinson Smith's dedication comments were recorded and can be heard today.

Later history
The Boston Symphony Orchestra has performed in the Koussevitzky Music Shed every summer since 1938, except for the interval 1942–45 when the Trustees canceled the concerts and summer school due to World War II, and during summer 2020, when performances were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Shed was renovated in 1959 with acoustic designs by BBN Technologies. In 1986 the BSO acquired the adjacent Highwood estate, increasing the property area by about 40%. Seiji Ozawa Hall (1994) was built on this newly expanded property. Leonard Bernstein conducted the Boston Symphony at Tanglewood. In 1986, a then 14-year-old Midori would debut with the BSO and snap two E-strings, one on the concertmaster's Stradivarius, playing Bernstein's Serenade after Plato's "Symposium". In August 1990, Bernstein would conduct what proved to be his final concert, which Deutsche Grammophon would later release as a live recording on CD.

Aaron Copland
Following his death in 1990, composer Aaron Copland's ashes were scattered over the Tanglewood Music Center. There is a memorial garden with a bust of Copland on the Tanglewood grounds.

Young musicians
In addition to hosting world-renowned programs of classical, jazz, and popular music, Tanglewood provides musical training. In 1940 conductor Serge Koussevitzky initiated a summer school for approximately 300 young musicians, now known as the Tanglewood Music Center. Also nearby is the Boston University Tanglewood Institute (BUTI), a program that collaborates with young musicians. Days in the Arts (DARTs) is for middle school students and is another organization that collaborates with Tanglewood. Other youth-symphony organizations have performed at either the Music Shed or Ozawa Hall, including the Norwalk Youth Symphony, from Norwalk, Connecticut, the Empire State Youth Orchestra, from Albany, New York, and the Greater Boston Youth Symphony (currently known as the Boston Youth Symphony Orchestras).

BSO and Tanglewood music directors

 * Serge Koussevitzky (1936–1949)
 * Charles Munch (1949–1962)
 * Erich Leinsdorf (1962–1969)
 * William Steinberg (1969–1972)
 * Seiji Ozawa (1973–2002)
 * James Levine (2004–2011)
 * Andris Nelsons (2014–present)

Facilities

 * The Koussevitzky Music Shed was inaugurated in 1938, with major acoustic refurbishment made in 1959. Originally unnamed, the Shed was re-dedicated to TMC's founder in 1988. Most BSO, all Pops and some TMC orchestra concerts are held there.
 * Seiji Ozawa Hall opened in 1994 and is the place where most Tanglewood chamber concerts, as well as TMC orchestra concerts, now take place. Designed by William Rawn Associates, Architects, Inc. of Boston, Massachusetts, Seiji Ozawa Hall has been ranked one of the two Best Concert Halls in the U.S. built in the past 50 years, one of the four Best Concert Halls ever built in the U.S., and the 13th Best Concert Hall in the world (from Leo Beranek's Concert Halls and Opera Houses). Seiji Ozawa Hall has received numerous awards for its architecture, including a National American Institute of Architects Honor Award for Interior Architecture (2000) and a National American Institute of Architects Honor Award for Architecture (1995). The acoustics of the hall were designed in conjunction with the architect by R. Lawrence Kirkegaard, of Kirkegaard Associates.
 * The Aaron Copland Library, Theatre, Chamber Music Hall and additional administrative, performance and practice buildings are spread throughout the Tanglewood grounds.

title: Tanglewood


text:
Talk:Corrugated fiberboard

Merged
I merged from Corrugated board. I'm a little suspicious that may have been a copyvio. Google turned up nothing but it seemed like it might be out of a book. Here's the original version. Rhobite 02:06, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Corrugated board is not refered to as cardboard in the industry. The kraft paper employed is FIBREBOARD.  CARDBOARD IS A MISNOMER.  The first I ever heard of is a hand driven press that formed the single corrugated paper to protect glass products.

 * @Rhobite to whoever wrote the above reply, that may the technical definition, but the common one is cardboard. Language changes, no?

Jondvdsn1 (talk) 08:36, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Sweaty hats
I changed the bit about sweaty hats, which I think was a confused extract from some external web pages. These pages generally say that the cardboard box came in 1817, and corrugated paper was invented in 1856 for cushioning hat linings - not for soaking up sweat. This doesn't rule out the possibility that flat cardboard was used before 1856 for stiffening hats. --Heron 12:53, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Rhobite 14:46, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

Corrugated paper
It is called corrugated paper in the industry. I added this to the title paragraph but, perhaps, the article should be moved Rsduhamel 07:45, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe that "corrugated cardboard" is the most common term in general usage, though, and according to Naming conventions (common names) the most common name of something is the preferred name to use as an article title. Bryan 09:10, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, that's not exactly correct. I worked in the corrugated box and display business for 7 years, and 9 times out of 10 it is simply referred to as "corrugated". Thanks. -GC, 10-4-05

Good enough. That's why I commented here before moving the page. Rsduhamel 22:28, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Come now. Everybody who will be looking for it will surely be searching for 'corrugated cardboard'? Can't cardboard be not corrugated? Like card backing board? And why is there no mention of its insulating properties?

You are correct, cardboard is NOT corrugated. Corrugated board is corrugated, and cardboard is cardboard. Ne'er the twain shall meet! -GC, 10/13/05

stasinovis - I can't find a reference to this anywhere on the internet except for this page. yer sure u can

Another supporting interjection that corrugated and cardboard are absolutely different products. It has always boggled me, however, how an adjective like 'corrugated' could be commonly used as a noun in the industry, but it is. And I've regularly heard non-industry people refer to cartons as 'corrugated boxes'. I definitely think the 'corrugated' should link directly to this page, and the title should be either 'corrugated' or 'corrugated paper'. Funny, I also notice that 'chipboard' also links here - which is just kooky-talk. Who can fix this? Detriment 04:10, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Anyone can fix the first, since corrugated doesn't exist as a page. #REDIRECT Cardboard is what is needed. (Sorry, I don't know if you're new to mediawiki markup or not.) As far as moving the page to a different, it's probably best to review policies first, which seem to be linked from WP:MOVE.  Sometimes, the "layperson" term should be used, IIRC.  --GargoyleMT 14:08, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Chipboard?
Chipboard redirects here, but there's no mention of it in the article. PolarisSLBM 20:15, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm changing the Chipboard redirect to point to Particle board. If anyone knows a sense of "chipboard" that should point here, make a disambiguation page. Butsuri 01:09, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Cardboard dyed brown?
I've been unable to verify the claim that recycled cardboard is dyed brown. I ran across the fact on a website of dubious factuality, gullible.info. It doesn't appear to be truthful so I've removed it. Cr0ssfire 08:06, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

No, it is not dyed brown. Also, most corrugated liner (the paper sheets that are used to actually make the board) contains some recycled content. —GC 3/12/07

Re: Empire Packaging
I removed the bit about Empire Packaging, as it seemed wholly promotional and not germaine to the article. Let's just say there are many corrugated box companies out there, and many of them are quite a bit older than Empire Packaging. —GC 3/12/07

Corrugating machinery details
The comment that Corrugating equipment runs in excess of 500m/min is just false. SOME new corrugating lines run at that speed, most lines out there still have a max speed of about 300m/min pjdjr in covingon ga. i`m an operator on a high speed corrugator running in excess of 1300 fpm its a bhs b/c flute module facer w/ fosber slitter and stacker slow speed around 575fpm. paper changes @750fpm. 8 hr. production goal 38,000 lineal feet per hour, 304,000 ft.per shift. 68.114.42.103 (talk) 07:39, 13 July 2008 (UTC)pjdjr70@charter.net68.114.42.103 (talk) 07:39, 13 July 2008 (UTC) § What is the widest corrugated fiberboard sheet produced? § — Preceding unsigned comment added by EZBoxJim (talk • contribs) 00:01, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

Flutes
It would be good if a section could be created for solely the different sizes of the flutes. It's important to note that these vary from country to country however, the fact that they're recorded imperially is a bit confusing for the majority of the Earth's population.

Added metric conversion for flute sizes. I may format as a table later on though BrendanNZ 06:44, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Cardboard
The term "cardboard" is incorrect. Some lay people call corrutated fiberboard cardboard. Some call paperboard cardboard. Some call the material used in playing cards cardboard. The correct term for this is corrugated fiberboard. I have reverted back the the correct terminoloty. Rlsheehan June 26, 2007
 * The most common lay term I know is "Corrugated cardboard", as opposed to normal Cardboard, which runs the spectrum from thick paper to ~1mm thick (or more?) fibreboard 128.232.228.174 (talk) 23:29, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Single-Face vs Single-Wall; Double-Wall
The terms "single-face", "single-wall", "double-wall", etc. should be illustrated with a graphic. Reason: Newbies like me should be able to see these common, standard terms so others will understand what we mean when we use them. I spotted a suitable graphic within the website http://www.acca-website.org/  However, I can't simply refer to the website because you have to follow links within it to get to the graphic (Corrugated, then Corrugated Sheet Type). I don't want to copy-and-paste because I don't know about permissions. Would someone please improve the article on this? Oaklandguy (talk) 19:27, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Corrugated Box
A new article on corrugated boxes has been started. Some of the material here has been moved there. This will allow more room for discussion and input from other editors. The article on cardboard boxes seems to be for lay people and households. Rlsheehan (talk) 23:47, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Box Design
The section on box design is poor and very short. This should be expanded. I think there could be enough material for a separate article on the process and design options. Comments? Pkgx (talk) 00:28, 16 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I have looked into the subject and believe it to be too long for this corrugated fiberboard article. I will start a new article on the process and considerations for design of corrugated boxes.  Input from other editors is welcome.  Pkgx (talk) 21:09, 6 January 2010 (UTC)
 * No negative comments were receieved on the 16 Dec proposal so I started the article on Corrugated box design. Additional editorial input is welcome to this.   Pkgx (talk) 16:23, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Oops
I intended to delete the 1st sentence of the "History" section because it referred to the invention of corrugated board as being "ingenious" (which I believe to be a violation of NPOV. Also, all of the info in that sentence could be found repeated further down in the same section.  However, the first time I submitted my edit, I had typed out my edit description but hadn't, actually, made the edit itself.  I followed it up with my actual edit (now in the edit history) and an edit comment that referred to the previous edit.  Unfortunately, unknown to me at the time, Wikipedia doesn't seem to record edits that don't actually change anything.  So, my edit now has an edit comment that doesn't make much sense.  Sorry for the mix-up.  Of course, if someone who knows more about such things than me believes that the sentence should stay then, by all means, feel free to revert the article. Colecoman1982 (talk) 18:49, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Recycling
I have a keen interest in this material, which I call corrugated kraftboard, by the way. For years, used boxes have been the raw material for many elaborate projects. But my concern here is with encyclopedic writing. "Film-backed pressure sensitive tape stays intact: the PSA adhesive and the backing are both removed together.[5]" The problem here is with the meaning or antecedent of PSA. I guessed pressure sensitive adhesive, which makes the next word redundant. I guessed again when I read the associated note [5], "...to recycle of not." The guess is that of should be or. Usually when I encounter an obvious and understandable error in Wikipedia, I just fix it, but I don't know what is right here. I appreciate the general scope and coverage of this subject here, but being that this is one of my favorite subjects, I request that you please make a few adjustments. Thanks Anewcharliega (talk) 05:26, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.pstc.org/technical_notes/to_recycle.php?subject=packaging
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071203163418/http://www.corrugated.org/Upload/Files/WaxAlternativesStandard.pdf to http://www.corrugated.org/Upload/Files/WaxAlternativesStandard.pdf

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title: Talk:Corrugated fiberboard


text:
Whitehall Mystery

The Whitehall Mystery is an unsolved murder that took place in London in 1888. The dismembered remains of a woman were discovered at three sites in the centre of the city, including the construction site of New Scotland Yard, the new police headquarters. The incident belongs to the so-called Thames Torso Murders.

Discoveries
On 11 September 1888, a right arm and shoulder were discovered on the muddy shore of the River Thames in Pimlico. The Times newspaper had initially suspected that the arm was placed in the water as a medical students' prank.

On 2 October 1888, during construction of the Metropolitan Police's new headquarters, to be known as New Scotland Yard, on the Victoria Embankment near Whitehall in Westminster, a worker found a parcel containing human remains. The female torso was discovered in a three-month-old vault that made up part of the cellar. It was placed there at some point after 29 September when Richard Lawrence, a workman, had last been inside the unlocked vault. The body had been wrapped in cloth, possibly a black petticoat, and tied with string. The torso was matched by police surgeon Thomas Bond to the previously found arm and shoulder.

On 17 October 1888, reporter Jasper Waring used a Spitsbergen dog, with the permission of the police and the help of a labourer, to find a left leg cut above the knee that was buried near the construction site.

The head and remaining limbs were never found, and the identity of the victim was never established.

Speculation
Newspapers suggested a connection between this murder and the Jack the Ripper murders in and around the Whitechapel district that were occurring simultaneously, but the Metropolitan Police ruled out any connection between the cases. An inquest was opened by Westminster's coroner, John Troutbeck, on 8 October. It determined that the woman had been "of large stature and well-nourished", and suggested that she had been approximately 24 years old and 5 feet 8 inches in height. The uterus had been removed from the body. The right arm had been severed by someone with knowledge of human anatomy, had been tourniqueted to stem blood flow, and due to the lack of muscle contraction, was removed post-mortem. It was also revealed that the victim had been wearing a broché satin dress at the time of death.

The dress had been manufactured in Bradford, England, from a pattern estimated as three years old. Pieces of newspaper found with the remains were from the Echo of 24 August and an issue of the Chronicle of unknown date. Although the cause of death was unknown, the victim had not suffocated or drowned. However, the coroner was unable to exclude haemorrhaging as the cause of death.

Besides the uterus being absent, the left lung had severe pleurisy; nothing was found to indicate that the victim had borne children; the heart was healthy and the right lung, liver, stomach, kidneys and spleen were normal. She had been dead for around six weeks to two months and had fair skin and dark hair. Furthermore, the condition of the hand recovered suggested the decedent was not an individual who was accustomed to manual labour.

Popular culture
The board game Whitehall Mystery (published in 2017 by Fantasy Flight Games) is based on the case. Players represent either the police (cooperating to hunt and arrest the murderer) or the culprit (who tries to evade the police and reach three locations on the board – a map of London).

It has become a point of trivia and irony that Scotland Yard, arguably the world's best-known police building, was originally built (it later moved to a new location) on a crime scene related to an unsolved murder.

title: Whitehall Mystery


text:
Elizabeth Jackson

Elizabeth Jackson may refer to:
 * Elizabeth Jackson (publisher), 18th century British publisher and printseller
 * Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson, mother of US President Andrew Jackson
 * Elizabeth Jackson (1865–1889), possible victim of Jack the Ripper
 * Elizabeth Jackson (radio journalist), Australian local radio presenter
 * Elizabeth Jackson (athlete), American track and field athlete

title: Elizabeth Jackson