text:
Trailer (promotion)

A trailer (also known as a preview, coming attraction or attraction video) is a commercial advertisement, originally for a feature film that is going to be exhibited in the future at a movie theater or cinema. It is a product of creative and technical work.

Movie trailers have now become popular on DVDs and Blu-ray discs, as well as on the Internet, livestreaming and mobile devices. Of some 10 billion videos watched online annually, film trailers rank third, after news and user-created video.

The trailer format has been adopted as a promotional tool for television shows, video games, books, and theatrical events/concerts.

History

The first trailer shown in an American film theater was in November 1913, when Nils Granlund, the advertising manager for the Marcus Loew theater chain, produced a short promotional film for the musical The Pleasure Seekers, opening at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway. As reported in a wire service story carried by the Lincoln, Nebraska Daily Star, the practice which Loew adopted was described as "an entirely new and unique stunt", and that "moving pictures of the rehearsals and other incidents connected with the production will be sent out in advance of the show, to be presented to the Loew's picture houses and will take the place of much of the bill board advertising". Granlund was also first to introduce trailer material for an upcoming motion picture, using a slide technique to promote an upcoming film featuring Charlie Chaplin at Loew's Seventh Avenue Theatre in Harlem in 1914.

Due to trailers initially being shown after, or "trailing", the feature film, the term "trailer" was used to describe the promotion; despite it coming before, or "previewing", the film it was promoting. This practice was found to be somewhat ineffective, often ignored by audiences who left immediately after the film. Later, exhibitors changed their practice so that trailers were only one part of the film program, which included cartoon shorts, newsreels, and serial adventure episodes. Today, more elaborate trailers and commercial advertisements have largely replaced other forms of pre-feature entertainment, and in major multiplex chains, about the first 20 minutes after the posted showtime is devoted to trailers.

Until the late 1950s, trailers were mostly created by National Screen Service and consisted of various key scenes from the film being advertised, often augmented with large, descriptive text describing the story, and an underscore generally pulled from studio music libraries. Most trailers had some form of narration, and those that did featured stentorian voices, a practice that would wane in the 2000s.

In the early 1960s, the face of motion picture trailers changed. Textless, montage trailers and quick-editing became popular, largely due to the arrival of the New Hollywood and techniques that were becoming increasingly popular in television. Among the trend setters were Stanley Kubrick with his montage trailers for Lolita (1962), Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964), and 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). Kubrick's main inspiration for the Dr. Strangelove trailer was the short film Very Nice, Very Nice (1961) by Canadian film visionary Arthur Lipsett. Pablo Ferro, who pioneered the techniques Kubrick required as necessary elements for the success of his campaign, created the Dr. Strangelove trailer, as well as the award-winning trailer for A Clockwork Orange (1971).

Many home videos contain trailers for other movies produced by the same company scheduled to be available shortly after the legal release of the video, so as not to spend money advertising the videos on TV. Most VHS tapes would play them at the beginning of the tape, but some VHS tapes contained previews at the end of the film or at both ends of the tape. VHS tapes that contained trailers at the end usually reminded the viewer to "Stay tuned after the feature for more previews." With DVDs and Blu-rays, and live streaming and mobile devices, trailers can operate as a bonus feature instead of having to watch through the trailers before the film.

In summer 1993, the major movie studios started to make trailers available online with the Walt Disney Company providing promotions for Guilty as Sin, Life With Mikey and Super Mario Bros. available to Macintosh users via CompuServe and Columbia Pictures posting a trailer for In the Line of Fire available for download to AOL subscribers.

Beginning in the mid-to-late 2010s, many trailers have begun to incorporate a short 5- to 10-second preview of the trailer, sometimes called a "micro-teaser", at the very beginning of the video for the trailer itself. This has been explained as being a way to grab the viewer's attention quickly, so that they do not choose to skip the full trailer on streaming sites.

Definition
Trailers consist of a series of selected shots from the film being advertised. Since the purpose of the trailer is to attract an audience to the film, these excerpts are usually drawn from the most exciting, funny, or otherwise noteworthy parts of the film but in abbreviated form and usually without producing spoilers. For this purpose the scenes are not necessarily in the order in which they appear in the film. A trailer has to achieve that in less than 2 minutes and 30 seconds, the maximum length allowed by the MPA. Each studio or distributor is allowed to exceed this time limit once a year, if they feel it is necessary for a particular film.

In January 2014, the movie theater trade group National Association of Theatre Owners issued an industry guideline asking that film distributors supply trailers that run no longer than two minutes, which is 30 seconds shorter than the prior norm. The guideline is not mandatory, and also allows for limited exceptions of a select few movies having longer trailers. Film distributors reacted coolly to the announcement. There had been no visible disputes on trailer running time prior to the guideline, which surprised many.

Some trailers use "special shoot" footage, which is material that has been created specifically for advertising purposes and does not appear in the actual film. The most notable film to use this technique was Terminator 2: Judgment Day, whose trailer featured an elaborate special effect scene of a T-800 Terminator being assembled in a factory that was never intended to be in the film itself. Dimension Films also shot extra scenes for their 2006 horror remake, Black Christmas - these scenes were used in promotional footage for the film, but are similarly absent from the theatrical release. A trailer for the 2002 blockbuster Spider-Man had an entire action sequence especially constructed that involved escaping bank robbers in a helicopter getting caught in a giant web between the World Trade Center's two towers. However, after the September 11 attacks the studio pulled it from theaters.

One of the most famous "special shoot" trailers is that used for the 1960s thriller Psycho, which featured director Alfred Hitchcock giving viewers a guided tour of the Bates Motel, eventually arriving at the infamous shower. At this point, the soft-spoken Hitchcock suddenly throws the shower curtain back to reveal Vera Miles with a blood-curdling scream. As the trailer, in fact, was made after completion of the film when Janet Leigh was no longer available for filming, Hitchcock had Miles don a blonde wig for the fleeting sequence. Since the title, "Psycho", instantly covers most of the screen, the switch went unnoticed by audiences for years until freeze-frame analysis clearly revealed that it was Vera Miles and not Janet Leigh in the shower during the trailer.

In the United States there are dozens of companies, many of which are in Los Angeles and New York City, that specialize in the creation of film trailers. The trailer may be created at agencies (such as The Cimarron Group, MOJO, The Ant Farm, Ben Cain, Aspect Ratio, Flyer Entertainment, Trailer Park, Buddha Jones) while the film itself is being cut together at the studio. Since the edited film does not exist at this point, the trailer editors work from rushes or dailies. Thus, the trailer may contain footage that is not in the final movie, or the trailer editor and the film editor may use different takes of a particular shot. Another common technique is including music on the trailer which does not appear on the movie's soundtrack. This is nearly always a requirement, as trailers and teasers are created long before the composer has even been hired for the film score—sometimes as much as a year ahead of the movie's release date—while composers are usually the last creative people to work on the film.

Some trailers that incorporate material not in the film are particularly coveted by collectors, especially trailers for classic films. For example, in a trailer for Casablanca the character Rick Blaine says, "OK, you asked for it!" before shooting Major Strasser; this line of dialogue is not spoken in the final film.

Accusations of misdirection
Over the years, there have been many instances where trailers have been purported to give misleading representations of their films. They may give the impression that a celebrity who only has a minor part in the film is one of the main cast members, or advertising a film as being more action-packed than it is. These tricks are usually done to draw in a larger audience. Sometimes the trailers include footage not from the film itself. This could be an artistic choice, or because many times, trailer editors are given dailies, basically individual clips, instead of a cut of the whole film. Often, the film is still in production while the trailer is in the works. While the intention is not to be misleading, due to the nature of dailies being easily replaced, sometimes certain shots that are present in the trailer are nowhere to be seen in the final film. Furthermore, trailers could be misleading in a 'for the audience's own good' kind of way, in that a general audience would not usually see such a film due to preconceptions, and by bait and switching, they can allow the audience to have a great viewing experience that they would not ordinarily have. However, the opposite is true too, with the promise of great trailers being let down by mediocre films. An American woman sued the makers of Drive because their film "failed to live up to its promo's promise",  although her lawsuit was dismissed. In August 2016, an American lawyer attempted to sue Suicide Squad for false advertising over lack of scenes including Joker.

Composition
Trailers tell the story of a film in a highly condensed fashion to have maximum appeal. In the decades since film marketing has become a large industry, trailers have become highly polished pieces of advertising, able to present even poor movies in an attractive light. Some of the elements common to many trailers are listed below. Trailers are typically made up of scenes from the film they are promoting, but sometimes contain deleted scenes from the film.

The key ambition in trailer-making is to impart an intriguing story that gets film audiences emotionally involved.

Most trailers have a three-act structure similar to a feature-length film. They start with a beginning (act 1) that lays out the premise of the story. The middle (act 2) drives the story further and usually ends with a dramatic climax. Act 3 usually features a strong piece of "signature music" (either a recognizable song or a powerful, sweeping orchestral piece). This last act often consists of a visual montage of powerful and emotional moments of the film and may also contain a cast run if there are noteworthy stars that could help sell the movie.

Voice-over narration is sometimes used to briefly set up the premise of the film and provide explanation when necessary, although this practice has declined in the years after the passing of voice-over artist Don LaFontaine. Since the trailer is a highly condensed format, voice-over is a useful tool to enhance the audience's understanding of the plot. Hollywood trailers of the classic film era were renowned for clichés such as "Colossal!", "Stupendous!", etc. Some trailers have used voice over clichés for satirical effect. This can be seen in trailers for films such as Jerry Seinfeld's Comedian and Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny.

Music helps set the tone and mood of the trailer. Usually the music used in the trailer is not from the film itself (the film score may not have been composed yet). The music used in the trailer may be:

 * Music from the score of other movies.
 * Popular or well-known music, often chosen for its tone, appropriateness of a lyric or lack thereof, or recognizability. The most often used of these is O Fortuna from Carmina Burana by Carl Orff, as well as the works of E.S. Posthumus and Beethoven. Popular music may be selected for its tone (i.e. hard rock for an action film, lighter pop for a romantic comedy), or to establish context (e.g. the trailer for a film set in the 1940s might use big band swing).
 * "Library" music previously composed specifically to be used in advertising by an independent composer. There are many trailer music library companies which produce trailer music, some of the best known are audiomachine, Two Steps From Hell, Immediate Music and X-Ray Dog or SFX and Music libraries like the ones from Moss Landing, Gerrit Kinkel Productions or RedCola Music.
 * Specially composed music. One of the most famous Hollywood trailer music composers, credited with creating the musical voice of contemporary trailers, is John Beal, who began scoring trailers in the 1970s and, in the course of a thirty-year career, created original music for over 2,000 film trailer projects, including 40 of the top-grossing films of all time, such as Star Wars, Forrest Gump, Titanic, Aladdin, Braveheart, Ghost, The Last Samurai and The Matrix. He is considered by the New York Times as the pioneer of original scores for film trailer music,

A cast run is a list of the stars that appear in the movie. If the director or producer is well-known or has made other popular movies, they often warrant a mention as well. Most trailers conclude with a billing block, which is a list of the principal cast and crew. It is the same list that appears on posters and print publicity materials, and also usually appears on-screen at the beginning (or end) of the movie. Studio production logos are usually featured near the beginning of the trailer. Until the late 1970s, they were put only at the end of the trailer or not used at all; however, Paramount Pictures was the first studio to use its actual studio logo at the beginning of its trailers in the 1940s. Often there will be logos for both the production company and distributor of the film.

Many trailers are mixed in Dolby Digital or any other multichannel sound mix. Scenes including sound effects and music that are enhanced by stereophonic sound are therefore the focus point of many modern trailers.

Trailers preceding feature films are generally presented in the same format as the feature, being either 35 mm film or a digital format. High bandwidth internet connections allow for trailers to be distributed online at any resolution. Since the advent of Digital 3D, it has become common for a 3‑D feature film to be preceded by one or more trailers that are also presented in 3‑D.

One relatively recent trend among trailers is the incorporation of "bumpers", which are very short fast paced edits placed at the beginning of the trailer that give a small tease of what will be shown. Due to the spike of short videos across social media, bumpers are intended to grab the viewer’s attention quickly so they keep watching the whole trailer.

Collections
National Screen Service contracts required that trailers be returned (at the cinema's expense) or destroyed; however, it required no proof of destruction, and depositing them in a waste bin counted. A market for trailers evolved as it became clear that some had a commercial value to collectors. Many of the trailers for films like the Star Wars series reported as 'destroyed' were taken back out of the bin and sold by cinema staff. As they cost about $60 each to make (1981 estimate) and were hired to the cinema for $10, such losses led to NSS increasing its rental charges, which led to a decrease in the number of trailers rented and shown to audiences.

Some cinemas also began to show "trailer trash" programs of trailers without a main feature. Similarly, several DVDs containing nothing but trailers for films, typically from exploitation film genres, have been produced for sale.

Other types of trailers
Beginning in the late 1990s to early 2000s, and along with the development of the Internet and sites such as YouTube as well as animation techniques, more types of trailers began to be created due to easier and cheaper costs to produce and show trailers.

Video game trailers
In the late 1990s to early 2000s, more video game trailers have been produced as they become more mainstream to entice viewers to purchase the game. There are two main types of video game trailers: cinematic and gameplay. Cinematic trailers are usually made entirely separate from the game engine and rely more on CGI. Even though cinematic trailers do not represent actual gameplay and are a divisive promotional tool in the gaming community, they are commonly accepted as part of the advertising necessary to get a game to sell. Gameplay trailers, sometimes referred to as "in-engine" trailers, are made using the game engine and take place inside the game's actual environment. In theory, this implies that actual game footage is recorded and acts as a "what you see is what you get" demonstration, though it is not always the case. For example, Cyberpunk 2077 failed to deliver multiple features it had included in trailers, and the trailer for Aliens: Colonial Marines featured graphics that were of a higher standard than the game that was eventually sold.

TV spots
TV spots are trailers for movies shown on television that are often shortened to 30–60 seconds. These trailers are similar to green band trailers and have content "appropriate" for the channel.

TV show trailers
While not initially prevalent in television, TV show trailers started as a common form of advertisement in the late 2000s. They are often trailers advertising a new TV series, episode, event or marathon premiering on television. Trailers for the next episode of a TV series are often shown during or following the closing credits of the show.

Book trailer
A book trailer is a video advertisement for a book which employs techniques similar to those of movie trailers to promote books and encourage readers. These trailers can also be referred to as "video-podcasts", with higher quality trailers being called "cinematic book trailers". They are circulated on television and online in most common digital video formats. Common formats of book trailers include actors performing scenes from the book akin to a movie trailer, full production trailers, flash videos, animation or simple still photos set to music with text conveying the story. This differs from author readings and interviews, which consist of video footage of the author narrating a portion of their writing or being interviewed. Early book trailers consisted mostly of still images of the book, with some videos incorporating actors, with John Farris's book trailer for his 1986 novel Wildwood incorporating images from the book cover along with actors such as John Zacherle.

In September 2007, the School Library Journal established the Trailie Award for the best book trailers. There are three categories: author/publisher created, student created and librarian/adult created. The award was announced at the School Library Journal Leadership Summit on the Future of Reading on October 22, 2010, in Chicago.

In 2014, Dan Rosen and CV Herst established BookReels, a website dedicated to allowing publishers and authors to post book trailers and other multimedia, culminating in the annual BookReels Awards. BookReels lets readers browse and rate trailers, post comments and reviews, join discussion groups, and share BookReel discoveries.

Cinematic book trailers have become standard marketing tools used by publishers to promote more commercial titles or novels with film potential.

Fan-made trailers
For popular movies, fans often make trailers on their own. These are unofficial videos by fans utilizing audio or video of a movie, studio trailer, animation techniques, or fan-acted scenes replacing the video of the official trailer.

Awards
Every year there are two main events that give awards to outstanding film trailers: The Key Art Awards, presented by The Hollywood Reporter, and the Golden Trailer Awards. The Golden Trailer Awards and the Key Art Awards pick winners in all creative parts of film advertising, from trailers and TV spots to posters and print ads. The Golden Trailer Awards are currently expanding to add a sister event, The World Trailer Awards, to be a kickoff to the Cannes Film Festival in France, 2013. The yearly Key Art Awards ceremony is often held at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood. The Film Informant also recognizes movie marketing media and held the first annual TFI Awards in early January 2012. The site is the first to officially start recognizing and rating movie marketing media on a daily basis.

title: Trailer (promotion)


text:
Good Conduct Medal (United States)

The Good Conduct Medal is one of the oldest military awards of the United States Armed Forces. The U.S. Navy's variant of the Good Conduct Medal was established in 1869, the Marine Corps version in 1896, the Coast Guard version in 1923, the Army version in 1941, and the Air Force version in 1963; the Air Force Good Conduct Medal was temporarily discontinued from February 2006 to February 2009, followed by its subsequent reinstatement.

Criteria
The criteria for a Good Conduct Medal are defined by Executive Orders 8809, 9323, and 10444. The Good Conduct Medal, each one specific to one of the six branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, is currently awarded to any active duty enlisted member of the United States military who completes three consecutive years of "honorable and faithful service". Such service implies that a standard enlistment was completed without any non-judicial punishment, disciplinary infractions, or court martial offenses. If a service member commits an offense, the three-year mark "resets" and a service member must perform an additional three years of service without having to be disciplined, before the Good Conduct may be authorized.

During times of war, the Good Conduct Medal may be awarded for one year of faithful service. The Good Conduct Medal may also be awarded posthumously, to any enlisted service member who dies in the line of duty.

Reserve components
Service for the Good Conduct Medal must be performed on active duty; with two exceptions, it is not awarded to enlisted members of the military reserve components, including the Army National Guard and Air National Guard, for inactive part-time (e.g., "drilling") reserve duty or full-time Army Reserve Technician or Air Reserve Technician (ART) status, although enlisted reservists and national guardsmen are eligible if they complete sufficient active service via mobilization to active duty. This restriction does not apply to full-time active duty enlisted members in the Reserve Component, such as Army and Air Force personnel in an Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) status, Navy personnel in a Full Time Support (FTS), previously known as Training & Administration of the Reserve (TAR), and Marine Corps Active Reserve (AR) programs.

On 1 January 2014, the Navy discontinued the Naval Reserve Meritorious Service Medal, a de facto Good Conduct Medal for Navy Reserve (formerly Naval Reserve) enlisted personnel. Since that date, all Navy enlisted personnel have received the Navy Good Conduct Medal, whether in a full-time active duty or a part-time drilling reserve status.

The various services have established separate Reserve Good Conduct Medals, albeit under various names, as a comparable award available to enlisted Reserve and National Guard members who satisfactorily perform annual training, drill duty and any additional active duty of less than 3 consecutive years duration. The exception, as previously stated, is the United States Navy, which discontinued that service's separate award for Reserve Component enlisted personnel as of 1 January 2014. Enlisted Navy Reservists now earn time towards the Navy Good Conduct Medal, the same as the Active Component (e.g., Regular Navy) and any time previously earned towards an unawarded Naval Reserve Meritorious Service Medal is automatically carried over to the Navy Good Conduct Medal.

Navy Good Conduct Medal

The Navy Good Conduct Medal is the oldest Good Conduct Medal, dating back to 26 April 1869. There have been a total of four versions of the Navy Good Conduct Medal, the first version of which was issued from 1870 to 1884. The original Navy Good Conduct Medal was also not worn on a uniform, but issued with discharge papers as a badge to present during reenlistment. A sailor in the Navy received a new Good Conduct Medal for each honorable enlistment completed.

The second version of the Navy Good Conduct Medal was issued between 1880 and 1884. The medal was considered a "transitional decoration" and was the first of the Good Conduct Medals to be worn on a uniform. The medal was phased out by 1885 and a new medal issued between 1885 and 1961. The new medal was a Good Conduct medallion suspended from an all-red ribbon. Enlistment bars, denoting each honorable enlistment completed, were pinned on the ribbon as attachments.

There was slight oddity during the Spanish–American War when the Navy created the Specially Meritorious Service Medal which also had an all-red suspension and service ribbon. There were recorded cases of Navy enlisted personnel who were awarded both the Good Conduct Medal and the Specially Meritorious Service Medal who wore two red service ribbons on their Navy service uniforms. This is one of the rare times in the history of U.S. military awards that two awards had identical ribbons.

In the 1950s bronze and silver 3/16-inch stars, with one silver star worn in lieu of five bronze stars (e.g., six awards), replaced the enlistment bars. Although the medal itself had not changed since 1884, in 1961 a ring suspension for the ribbon and medal combination was adopted, differentiating the suspension from its Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal counterpart and standardizing it with the majority of other service medals. It is this 1961 version of the Navy Good Conduct Medal that is still in use today. The current Navy Good Conduct Medal is issued to every active-duty enlisted sailor who completes three years of honorable and faithful service since 1 January 1996. For prior awards to personnel between 1 November 1963 and 1 January 1996, four years of service were required. The four-year requirement also applies for award of the Navy Good Conduct Medal from its original establishment until 1 November 1963.

Additional awards of the Navy Good Conduct Medal are denoted by bronze and silver 3/16-inch stars; silver stars are worn in place of five bronze ones. The reverse side of the medal has three words, "FIDELITY ZEAL OBEDIENCE" superimposed in a semicircle. Upon 12 years of service, sailors are also allowed to wear gold-colored version of their petty officer insignia, something usually seen with those with the rate of chief petty officer or petty officer first class and above, but occasionally petty officer second class. Prior to June 2019, those 12 years had to be infraction-free. It is extremely rare in the contemporary U.S. Navy, but provisions do allow for sailors rated petty officer third class to wear gold rate insignia, provided they meet the same requirements.

Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal
The Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal was established on 20 July 1896. The medal was originally a ribbon and medal suspended from a clasp bearing the words "U.S. Marine Corps". The clasp was eliminated after 1935 and the medal has remained unchanged in appearance since that time. Since its inception in 1896, the name of the recipient was engraved by hand on the reverse side of the medal until stamping the name on the medal began during World War II (numbered on the rim) and was done completely by 1951.

Prior to 10 December 1945, four years of honorable creditable enlisted service was required in the Marine Corps for award of the Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal. After 10 December 1945, the required period of service was reduced to three years. Since that latter date, members of the Marine Corps must have three consecutive years of honorable and faithful service in order to be eligible for the medal.

In 1953, the Marine Corps adopted bronze and silver 3/16-inch service stars to denote additional awards of the Good Conduct Medal, replacing enlistment bars showing each honorable period of service.

Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal
The Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal (CGGCM) was authorized by the Commandant of the Coast Guard on 18 May 1921, but not designed until 1923 and originally used enlistment bars as attachments, in the same manner as the Marine Corps and Navy Good Conduct Medals. In 1966, the Coast Guard began using bronze and silver 3/16-inch service stars to denote additional awards of the Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal. Originally, the service requirement for the CGGCM was four continuous years of service. Starting on 1 July 1983, the service requirement was reduced to three years.

Army Good Conduct Medal
The Army Good Conduct Medal was established by Executive Order 8809, dated 28 June 1941, and authorized the award for soldiers completing three years active service after that date.

The criteria were amended by Executive Order 9323, dated 31 March 1943, to authorize the award for enlisted soldiers having three years of service after 27 August 1940 or one year of service after 7 December 1941 while the United States is at war.

Executive Order 10444, dated 10 April 1953, revised the criteria to authorize the award for soldiers having three years of service after 27 August 1940; one year of service after 7 December 1941 while the United States is at war; and for soldiers having the first award for service after 27 June 1950 upon termination of service, for periods less than three years, but more than one year. An initial award of the Good Conduct Medal can also be awarded to soldiers with less than one year of service if the soldier was discharged due to an injury sustained in the line of duty or if died in service.

 * The medal was designed by Mr. Joseph Kiselewski and approved by the Secretary of War on 30 October 1942.

 * The eagle, with wings spread, denotes vigilance and superiority.
 * The horizontal sword denotes loyalty,
 * The book represents knowledge acquired and ability gained.
 * On the reverse, the lone star denotes merit.
 * The wreath of laurel and oak leaves denotes reward and strength.

 * The second and subsequent awards are indicated by the wear of the clasp with loops on the ribbon.

 * Bronze clasps indicate the second (two loops) through fifth award (five loops);
 * Silver clasps indicate sixth (one loop) through tenth award (five loops); and
 * Gold clasps indicate eleventh (one loop) through the fifteenth award (five loops).

Officially, the Good Conduct Medal is awarded for exemplary behavior, efficiency, and fidelity in active Federal Military service. It is awarded on a selective basis to each soldier who distinguishes himself/herself from among his/her fellow soldiers by their exemplary conduct, efficiency, and fidelity throughout a specified period of continuous enlisted active Federal military service. Qualifying periods of service include each three years completed after 27 August 1940 or, for first award only, upon completion of at least one year upon termination of service if separated prior to three years. Also for the first award only, for those individuals who died before completing one year of active Federal military service if the death occurred in the line of duty. The immediate commander must approve the award and the award must be announced in permanent orders.

The "loops" indicating subsequent awards were called "hitches", a "hitch" being three years of service. During the Vietnam War it was known as the "Dentyne wrapper" (chewing gum brand) owing to it being red and white like the medal's suspension ribbon.

Air Force Good Conduct Medal
The medal was authorized by Congress on 6 July 1960, but not created until 1 June 1963. Air Force personnel were issued the Army Good Conduct Medal between 1947 and 1963 and for those serving both before and after 1963, the Army and Air Force Good Conduct Medals could be worn simultaneously on an Air Force uniform.

The Air Force version is the same as the Army version, except that the suspension and service ribbons for the medals are different for each medal. The Air Force Good Conduct Medal has remained unchanged in appearance since its original design over fifty years ago. Additional awards of the Air Force Good Conduct Medal are denoted by bronze or silver oak leaf clusters.

The criteria for award of the Air Force Good Conduct medal are as follows: It is awarded to Air Force enlisted personnel during a three-year period of active military service or for a one-year period of service during a time of war. Those airmen who were awarded this medal must have had character and efficiency ratings of excellent or higher throughout the qualifying period including time spent in attendance at service schools, and there must have been no convictions of court martial or non-judicial punishment during this period.

In October 2005, the 97th Air Force Uniform Board met and considered discontinuing the Good Conduct Medal with the rationale that good conduct of airmen is the expected standard, not an exceptional occurrence worthy of recognition. The decision was finalized on 8 February 2006 and the medal was no longer issued. Those airmen who had previously earned the Good Conduct Medal were still authorized to wear it. By May 2008, however, Air Force officials began reconsidering the policy. On 11 February 2009, the medal was reinstated and made retroactive to 8 February 2006, with all eligible recipients being awarded the medal automatically.

Space Force Good Conduct Medal
The Space Force has a Good Conduct Medal that was approved for wear as of September 25, 2023. Prior to this date, enlisted Space Force members were awarded the Air Force Good Conduct Medal.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)


text:
Lisa Miller (singer-songwriter)

Lisa Anne Miller is an Australian country pop singer-songwriter and guitarist. She has issued seven albums, Quiet Girl with a Credit Card (1996), As Far as a Life Goes (1999), Car Tape (2002), Version Originale (2003), Morning in the Bowl of Night (2007), Car Tape 2 (2010) and Meet the Misses (2012). She has a clear, bitter-sweet voice and provides poignant semi-biographical lyrics. At the ARIA Music Awards she has been nominated nine times.

Biography
Lisa Miller is the daughter of social realist painter, Peter Miller, and grew up in the Melbourne suburb of Chadstone with her elder brother Lewis Miller (born 1959), who is also a painter, and a younger brother Paul Miller. Lewis won the 1998 Archibald Prize. Miller started writing songs at fourteen and has memories of being in a folk music duo with a friend, Tracey, "I played flute, she played guitar and sang, and we wore matching paisley dresses that went to the floor, and played at coffee houses where people drank hot chocolates with marshmallows." Tracey later married Miller's brother Paul to become Tracey Miller, and, as from 2005, was also a country music singer-songwriter.

While working as a secondary school teacher, Miller's first rock group were the Hepeleptics, in 1986. She became vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the Whole Shebang in the following year. Miller wrote their track, "Another Sunday Morning", which appeared on a various artists' compilation album, The Preston Story, Vol. 1, in 1995 via Canetoad Records. She also sang in the Everlovin' O'Sheas, with Andy Baylor, Rick O'Shea and Warren Rough in 1988. In 1989 she travelled to the United States to hear music in Memphis, Nashville, Austin, New Orleans and San Francisco.

Miller returned to Melbourne in 1990 and re-joined Baylor in the Prestones, alongside Steve Mander, Victor O'Neill, Graeme Thomas and Gary Young. She formed her own roots rock band, the Trailblazers (1990–91), on lead vocals with Mark Ferrie (ex-Models, Sacred Cowboys) on bass guitar, Nick Grant on guitar, Martin Lubran on pedal steel guitar and Tony Thornton on drums. Miller and Ferrie renamed the group as Truckasaurus in 1993 with additional members, Ed Bates on guitar and Graham Lee on pedal steel guitar. They favoured original material by Miller or Ferrie and issued a self-titled album in 1993 before Miller left to be replaced by Kaarin Fairfax on lead vocals in 1994.

In 1994 Miller went solo and released two extended plays on the In-Law label: Do That for You (May 1995) and All Worked Out (November). The first EP had four tracks with co-production by Miller with Steve Hoy and Gordon Blake, and recorded at the Gershwin Room, Esplanade Hotel, Melbourne. The second EP had five tracks and was co-produced with Shane O'Mara and recorded at O'Mara's home studio, Yikesville, "[with] an ADAT recorder and a couple of cheap delay units in the spare bedroom, rather than the sophisticated backyard operation it is today. Lisa is adamant that she came up with the name 'Yikesville' during this session, but Shane doesn't believe her". O'Mara mixed it, "one night when the ARIA awards were on (the year Silverchair and Tim Rogers did 'New Race'). Lisa and Rebecca spent the evening glued to the telly, while Shane and Ben [Lempriere] got progressively drunker over the 8-track Mackie desk."

Her debut album, Quiet Girl with a Credit Card, followed in June 1996 on the W.Minc label and distributed by Shock Records. It had been recorded in April 1995 with former bandmate, Graham Lee, producing at Fortissimo Studios, South Melbourne. Dave Dawson of Impress Magazine observed that Miller's US trip, "with country radio as a sporadic soundtrack, was the fertile fuel which prompted her to quit teaching when she arrived home, manage stores selling Americana gear and sing for her supper in Suburban bars." He felt that, "The long gestation period for this album has been a blessing – songs that began life in one guise have, by osmosis, developed new cloaks... country and western... is a far cry from Ms Miller's eclectic mix of country, funk, folk and pop." It was also issued in the United Kingdom on Demon Records, to date her only release outside of Australia.

Three years later her second album, As Far as a Life Goes (June 1999), appeared on the W.Minc label, albeit via the now-defunct, Festival Mushroom Records. It was produced by Barry Palmer (Deadstar, Mark Seymour, Christopher Marshall) at Sing Sing Studios, Richmond in September 1998. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1999 she was nominated for Best Female Artist for As Far as a Life Goes.

After sorting out troubles with her record companies, Miller released an album, Car Tape, of cover versions in May 2002 for the fledgling Melbourne label, Raoul Records, which is run by her husband, Ben Lempriere. It found her in a country-soul vein and was a critical success. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, felt it was, "a delightful and idiosyncratic collection of songs." Her material was mostly by US singer-songwriters including, Arthur Alexander, Karen Dalton, Charlie Rich and Townes Van Zandt. She also provided her rendition of Tim Rogers' "Word for Sadness", which appeared on You Am I's fifth album, Deliverance in September. According to Miller it was named for, "grimy cassettes which get stuck, and you have to stick a pen into the reel to wind them up. And they're funny songs that someone puts on a tape because they're special to them, and they're often a bit odd."

Car Tape was produced, recorded and mixed by O'Mara at his studio, at various times during 2000 and 2001. It peaked at No. 8 on the ARIA Hitseekers Albums and No. 24 on the ARIA Alternative Albums chart. O'Mara later recalled, "It was sort of when everything clicked and I found my feet or something. It was through that album that I met Tim Rogers who told me he loved what I did on Lisa's album." She received three more ARIA Music Award nominations in 2002: for Best Female Artist, Best Independent Release and Best Adult Contemporary Album for Car Tape. It was one of the best-selling Australian independent releases of 2002.

In 2003 she released her fourth album, Version Originale, a CD of original compositions, that was also warmly received by critics. With her band, featuring guitarist and producer, O'Mara, Miller has been a sporadic live performer in and around Melbourne, with forays up the east coast of Australia, including the Byron Bay Blues Festival. She has played with Billy Bragg and toured Australia with Neil Young and Nick Cave. She has also appeared on recordings by Australian musicians David McComb, Tim Rogers, Tex Perkins, Andy Baylor, Barb Waters, Doug Mansfield, Amanda Brown (of The Go-Betweens) and David Chesworth. At one time she was managed by the late Mick Geyer (close associate of Nick Cave), but is now self-managed.

In 2004 Miller released the EP, Pushover, which features five songs recorded live on the 2003 Neil Young tour. She was again nominated in the Best Female Artist category at the 2004 ARIA Awards, at which – once again – she was beaten by Kasey Chambers. Miller collaborated with composer Amanda Brown on a number of songs for the feature film, Look Both Ways, but only one track, "Eleven", made the final selection.

In 2005 she recorded a version of the Split Enz song "I Hope I Never" for She Will Have Her Way, a tribute album of female Australian and New Zealand artists performing the works of Tim and Neil Finn. This album was nominated for a 2006 ARIA award under "Best Adult Contemporary Artist".

Her fifth album, Morning in the Bowl of Night, was released in March 2007, many of the songs focussing around the death of Miller's mother. In early 2008, Morning in the Bowl of Night, was shortlisted for the Australian Music Prize.

Personnel
In 2006 Miller's band consisted of:
 * Lisa Miller – vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Shane O'Mara – lead guitar
 * Peter Jones – drums
 * Bill McDonald – bass guitar

Other appearances

 * The Whole Shebang
 * The Preston Story, Vol. 1 – "Funnel of Love", "Another Sunday Morning" – recorded 1987, released 1995 Canetoad Records (CD-006)

 * solo
 * Recovery: Hits from the Back Door – "Hang Your Head" (live) (1997)
 * RRRewind in the Chapel – "Are You the One that I've Been Waiting For" (live), "It's a Long Way to the Top" (live) – 1998
 * Highlights from the ABC TV Series Studio 22 – "Trade" (live) (2002)
 * You Can't Hide Your Love Forever – A Tribute to Gene Clark – "Why Not Your Baby" (live) – 2002
 * The DIG Australian Blues Project – "Red Cross Store Blues" (live) – 2005
 * She Will Have Her Way – "I Hope I Never" – 2005

 * duet with Tex Perkins
 * To Hal and Bacharach – "The Look of Love" – 1998

Film soundtracks

 * Mullet (by Various Artists) (2000)
 * Dirty Deeds (by Various Artists) (2002)
 * Look Both Ways (Various Artists) – "Eleven" (2005)

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.Lisa Miller at the ARIA Music Awards:
 * 'Lisa Miller':
 * 1999 winners and nominees:
 * 2002 winners and nominees:
 * 2004 winners and nominees:
 * 2007 winners and nominees:
 * 2010 winners and nominees:

 * 1999
 * As Far as a Life Goes
 * Best Female Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 2002
 * rowspan="3"| Car Tape
 * Best Female Artist
 * Nominated
 * Best Independent Release
 * Nominated
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2004
 * rowspan="2"| Version Originale
 * Best Female Artist
 * Nominated
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated
 * 2007
 * Morning in the Bowl of Night
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2010
 * Car Tape 2
 * Best Female Artist
 * Nominated
 * Lisa Miller and Shane O'Mara for Car Tape 2
 * Producer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2010
 * Car Tape 2
 * Best Female Artist
 * Nominated
 * Lisa Miller and Shane O'Mara for Car Tape 2
 * Producer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Producer of the Year
 * Nominated

title: Lisa Miller (singer-songwriter)


text:
Talk:Mon Chérie

From VfD:

This seems to be an Italian advertisement for a particular brand of chocolate covered cherries. (Though my Italian is execrable these days, I don't think I'm all that far off...). Advertisement, not encyclopedic. - Kenwarren 04:31, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * My Italian is non-existent, but a Babelfish translation leads me to a similar conclusion. Delete ad - do not translate, do not send to Italian Wikipedia (unless I'm horribly wrong about the advertising content). -- Cyrius|✎ 04:54, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I checked Babelfish, as well. Agree with Cyrius.  Do not translate.  Simply Delete.  SWAdair | Talk  04:57, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * this is a widely marketed brand in Europe and is probably notable in the same way say Pringles is. Delete as per usual procedure for non-English if no-one can make anything out of it though. Ianb 08:02, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * delete: I have translated (see page). Its a very obvious ad, and a very cringe making one at that. Giano 14:07, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC) comment moved from main vfd page. Rossami
 * Keep (and move back to Cleanup). Delete. Correct spelling is "Mon Chéri". Famous brand name of one of Ferrero's confectioneries. Did a stub under that name. --Palapala 17:14, 2004 Jul 24 (UTC)
 * This is just an ad. Delete it.  If someone wants to write a serious article on this chocolate one day, they may; but this just needs deleting.    — Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 11:35, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see any article on one specific brand of one specific type of confection ever being encyclopedic, unless the entire type of confection were usually referred to by the name of the brand (think Kleenex brand facial tissues). I've also listed Mon Chéri for deletion for that reason. - Kenwarren 18:57, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mon Chéri. If that article is deleted (but I'll be voting keep) then this becomes a redirect for deletion. Andrewa 19:20, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * They are extremely popular, and do occasinally turn up with pop-cultural references... delete & redirect to Mon Chéri. -FZ 13:52, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I have taken the liberty of redirecting to the correct spelling - Mon Chéri. Keep harmless redirect.  Rossami 22:51, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Still say delete. It is a sweet, not even marketed world-wide.  Are we going to have pages appearing and disappearing every time a company commercially  launches or removes a product from the market?Giano 08:00, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Why would removing a product from the market result in its disappearance? Instead would the page not just say "This product ceased to be sold in 2005" or similar? I think brands should stay if people can provide relevant information about them that amounts to more than a simple ad.nach0king 22:57, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Mon Chérie


text:
Trailer (vehicle)

A trailer is an unpowered vehicle towed by a powered vehicle. It is commonly used for the transport of goods and materials.

Sometimes recreational vehicles, travel trailers, or mobile homes with limited living facilities where people can camp or stay have been referred to as trailers. In earlier days, many such vehicles were towable trailers.

Alexander Winston is widely credited for inventing the trailer in Cleveland, Ohio.

United States
In the United States, the term is sometimes used interchangeably with travel trailer and mobile home, varieties of trailers, and manufactured housing designed for human habitation. Their origins lay in utility trailers built in a similar fashion to horse-drawn wagons. A trailer park is an area where mobile homes are placed for habitation.

In the United States trailers ranging in size from single-axle dollies to 6-axle, 13 ft high, 53 ft long semi-trailers are commonplace. The latter, when towed as part of a tractor-trailer or "18-wheeler", carries a large percentage of the freight that travels over land in North America.

Types
Some trailers are made for personal (or small business) use with practically any powered vehicle having an appropriate hitch, but some trailers are part of large trucks called semi-trailer trucks for transportation of cargo.

Enclosed toy trailers and motorcycle trailers can be towed by commonly accessible pickup truck or van, which generally require no special permit beyond a regular driver's license. Specialized trailers like open-air motorcycle trailers, bicycle trailers are much smaller, accessible to small automobiles, as are some simple trailers, have a drawbar and ride on a single axle. Other trailers, such as utility trailers and travel trailers or campers come in single and multiple axle varieties, to allow for varying sizes of tow vehicles.

There also exist highly specialized trailers, such as genset trailers, pusher trailers and other types that are also used to power the towing vehicle. Others are custom-built to hold entire kitchens and other specialized equipment used by carnival vendors. There are also trailers for hauling boats.

Utility
A utility trailer is a general purpose trailer designed to by towed by a light vehicle and to carry light, compact loads of up to a few metric tonnes. It typically has short metal sides (either rigid or folding) to constrain the load, and may have cage sides, and a rear folding gate or ramps. Utility trailers do not have a roof. Utility trailers have one axle set comprising one, two or three axles. If it does not have sides then it is usually called a flatbed or flat-deck trailer. If it has rails rather than sides, with ramps at the rear, it is usually called an open car transporter, auto-transporter, or a plant trailer, as they are designed to transport vehicles and mobile plant. If it has fully rigid sides and a roof with a rear door, creating a weatherproof compartment, this is usually called a furniture trailer, cargo trailer, box van trailer or box trailer.

Fixed Plant
A Fixed Plant Trailer is a special purpose trailer built to carry units which usually are immobile such as large generators & pumps

Bicycle
A bicycle trailer is a motor less wheeled frame with a hitch system for transporting cargo by bicycle.

Construction
Toilets are usually provided separately. Construction trailers are mobile structures (trailers) used to accommodate temporary offices, dining facilities and storage of building materials during construction projects. The trailers are equipped with radios for communication.

Travel
Popular campers use lightweight trailers, aerodynamic trailers that can be towed by a small car, such as the BMW Air Camper. They are built to be lower than the tow vehicle, minimizing drag.

Others range from two-axle campers that can be pulled by most mid-sized pickups to trailers that are as long as the host country's law allows for drivers without special permits. Larger campers tend to be fully integrated recreational vehicles, which often are used to tow single-axle dolly trailers to allow the users to bring small cars on their travels.

Semi
A semi-trailer is a trailer without a front axle. A large proportion of its weight is supported either by a road tractor or by a detachable front axle assembly known as a dolly. A semi-trailer is normally equipped with legs, called "landing gear", which can be lowered to support it when it is uncoupled. In the United States, a single trailer cannot exceed a length of 57 ft on interstate highways (unless a special permit is granted), although it is possible to link two smaller trailers together to a maximum length of 63 ft.

Semi-trailers vary considerably in design, ranging from open-topped grain haulers through Tautliners to normal-looking but refrigerated 13 ft x 53 ft enclosures ("reefers"). Many semi-trailers are part of semi-trailer trucks. Other types of semi-trailers include dry vans, flatbeds and chassis.

Many commercial organizations choose to rent or lease semi-trailer equipment rather than own their own semi-trailers, to free up capital and to keep trailer debt from appearing on their balance sheet.

Full
A full trailer is a term used in the United States and New Zealand for a freight trailer supported by front and rear axles and pulled by a drawbar. In Europe this is known as an A-frame drawbar trailer, and in Australia it is known as a dog trailer. Commercial freight trailers are produced to length and width specifications defined by the country of operation. In America this is 96 or wide and 35 or long. In New Zealand, the maximum width is 2.55 m while the maximum length is 11.5 m, giving a 22-pallet capacity.

As per AIS 053, full trailer is a towed vehicle having at least two axles, and equipped with a towing device which can move vertically in relation to the trailer and controls the direction of the front axle(s), but which transmits no significant static load to the towing vehicle. Common types of full trailers are flat deck, hardside/box, curtainside or bathtub tipper style with axle configurations up to two at the drawbar end and three at the rear of the trailer.

This style of trailer is also popular for use with farm tractors.

Close-coupled
A close-coupled trailer is fitted with a rigid towbar which projects from its front and hooks onto a hook on the tractor. It does not pivot as a drawbar does.

Motorcycle
A motorcycle trailer may be a trailer designed to haul motorcycles behind an automobile or truck. Such trailers may be open or enclosed, ranging in size from trailers capable of carrying several motorcycles or only one. They may be designed specifically to carry motorcycles, with ramps and tie-downs, or may be a utility trailer adapted permanently or occasionally to haul one or more motorcycles.

Another type of motorcycle trailer is a wheeled frame with a hitch system designed for transporting cargo by motorcycle. Motorcycle trailers are often narrow and styled to match the appearance of the motorcycle they are intended to be towed behind. There are two-wheeled versions and single-wheeled versions. Single-wheeled trailers, such as the Unigo or Pav 40/41, are designed to allow the bike to have all the normal flexibility of a motorcycle, usually using a universal joint to enable the trailer to lean and turn with the motorcycle. No motorcycle manufacturer recommends that its motorcycles be used to tow a trailer because it results in additional safety hazards for motorcyclists.

Livestock
There are a number of different styles of trailers used to haul livestock such as cattle, horses, sheep and pigs. The most common is the stock trailer, a trailer that is enclosed on the bottom, but has openings at approximately the eye level of the animals to allow ventilation. The horse trailer is a more elaborate form of stock trailer. Because horses are usually hauled for the purpose of competition or work, where they must be in peak physical condition, horse trailers are designed for the comfort and safety of the animals. They usually have adjustable vents and windows as well as suspension designed to provide a smooth ride and less stress on the animals. In addition, horse trailers have internal partitions that assist the animal in staying upright during travel and protect horses from injuring each other in transit. Larger horse trailers may incorporate additional storage areas for horse tack and may even include elaborate living quarters with sleeping areas, bathroom and cooking facilities, and other comforts. Both stock trailers and horse trailers range in size from small units capable of holding one to three animals, able to be pulled by a pickup truck, SUV or even a quad bike; to large semi-trailers that can haul a significant number of animals.

Baggage trailer
Baggage trailers are used for the transportation of loose baggage, oversized bags, mail bags, loose cargo carton boxes, etc. between the aircraft and the terminal or sorting facility. Dollies for loose baggage are fitted with a brake system which blocks the wheels from moving when the connecting rod is not attached to a tug. Most dollies for loose baggage are completely enclosed except for the sides which use plastic curtains to protect items from weather. In the US, these dollies are called baggage carts, but in Europe baggage cart means passenger baggage trolleys.

Hydraulic modular trailer
A hydraulic modular trailer (HMT) is a special platform trailer unit which feature swing axles, hydraulic suspension, independently steerable axles, two or more axle rows, compatible to join two or more units longitudinally and laterally and uses power pack unit (PPU) to steer and adjust height. These trailer units are used to transport oversized load, which are difficult to disassemble and are overweight. These trailers are manufactured using high tensile steel, which makes it  possible to bear the weight of the load with the help of one or more ballast tractors which push and pull these units via drawbar or gooseneck together making a heavy hauler unit.

Typical loads include oil rig modules, bridge sections, buildings, ship sections, and industrial machinery such as generators and turbines. There is a limited number of manufacturers who produce these heavy-duty trailers because the market share of oversized loads is very thin when we talk about transportation industry. There are self powered units of hydraulic modular trailer which are called SPMT which are used when the ballast tractors can not be applied.

Bus trailer
A bus trailer is for transporting passengers hauled by a tractor unit similar like that of a truck. These trailers have become obsolete due to the issue of the communication between the driver and the conductor and traffic jams.

Hitching
A trailer hitch, fifth-wheel coupling or other type of tow hitch is needed to draw a trailer with a car, truck or other traction engine.

Ball and socket
A trailer coupler is used to secure the trailer to the towing vehicle. The trailer coupler attaches to the trailer ball. This forms a ball and socket connection to allow for relative movement between the towing vehicle and trailer while towing over uneven road surfaces. The trailer ball is mounted to the rear bumper or to a draw bar, which may be removable. The draw bar is secured to the trailer hitch by inserting it into the hitch receiver and pinning it. The three most common types of couplers are straight couplers, A-frame couplers, and adjustable couplers. Bumper-pull hitches and draw bars can exert tremendous leverage on the tow vehicle making it harder to recover from a swerving situation.

Fifth wheel and gooseneck
These are available for loads between 10000 and(-). Both the hitches are better than a receiver hitch and allow a more efficient and central attachment of a large trailer to the tow vehicle. They can haul large loads without disrupting the stability of the vehicle. Traditional hitches are connected to the rear of the vehicle at the frame or bumper, while fifth wheel and gooseneck trailers are attached to the truck bed above the rear axle. This coupling location allows the truck to make sharper turns and haul heavier trailers. They can be mounted in the bed of a pickup truck or any type of flatbed. A fifth-wheel coupling is also referred to as a kingpin hitch and is a smaller version of the semi-trailer "fifth wheel". Though a fifth wheel and a gooseneck trailer look much the same, their method for coupling is different. A fifth wheel uses a large horseshoe-shaped coupling device mounted 1 ft or more above the bed of the tow vehicle. A gooseneck couples to a standard 2+5/16 in ball mounted on the bed of the tow vehicle. The operational difference between the two is the range of movement in the hitch. The gooseneck is very maneuverable and can tilt in all directions, while the fifth wheel is intended for level roads and limited tilt side to side. Gooseneck mounts are often used for agricultural and industrial trailers. Fifth-wheel mounts are often used for recreational trailers. Standard bumper-hitch trailers typically allow a 10% or 15% hitch load while a fifth wheel and gooseneck can handle 20% or 25% weight transfer.

Jacks
The basic function of a trailer jack is to lift the trailer to a height that allows the trailer to be hitched or unhitched to and from the towing vehicle. Trailer jacks are also used for leveling the trailer during storage. The most common types of trailer jacks are A-frame jacks, swivel jacks, and drop-leg jacks. Some trailers, such as horse trailers, have a built-in jack at the tongue for this purpose.

Electrical components
Many older cars took the feeds for the trailer's lights directly from the towing vehicle's rear light circuits. As bulb-check systems were introduced in the 1990s "by-pass relays" were introduced. These took a small signal from the rear lights to switch a relay which in turn powered the trailer's lights with its own power feed. Many towing electrical installations, including vehicle-specific kits incorporate some form of bypass relays.

In the US, trailer lights usually have a shared light for brake and turn indicators. If such a trailer is to be connected to a car with separate lamps for turn indicator and brake a trailer light converter is needed, which allows for attaching the trailer's lights to the wiring of the vehicle.

Nowadays some vehicles are being fitted with CANbus networks, and some of these use the CANbus to connect the tow bar electrics to various safety systems and controls. For vehicles that use the CANbus to activate towing-related safety systems, a wiring kit that can interact appropriately must be used. Without such a towbar wiring kit the vehicle cannot detect the presence of a trailer and can therefore not activate safety features such as trailer stability program which can electronically control a snaking trailer or caravan.

By-pass systems are cheap, but may not be appropriate on cars with interactive safety features.

Brakes
Larger trailers are usually fitted with brakes. These can be either electrically operated, air operated, or overrun brakes.

Stability
Trailer stability can be defined as the tendency of a trailer to dissipate side-to-side motion. The initial motion may be caused by aerodynamic forces, such as from a cross wind or a passing vehicle. One common criterion for stability is the center of mass location with respect to the wheels, which can usually be detected by tongue weight. If the center of mass of the trailer is behind its wheels, therefore having a negative tongue weight, the trailer will likely be unstable. Another parameter which is less commonly a factor is the trailer moment of inertia. Even if the center of mass is forward of the wheels, a trailer with a long load, and thus large moment of inertia, may be unstable.

Some vehicles are equipped with a Trailer Stability Program that may be able to compensate for improper loading.

List of types of trailers

 * Bicycle trailer
 * Boat trailer
 * Bus trailer
 * Compressed hydrogen tube trailer
 * Construction trailer
 * Dolly
 * Dump trailer
 * Enclosed cargo trailer
 * Flat deck trailer
 * Frac Tank
 * Forestry trailer
 * Genset trailer
 * Horse trailer
 * Hydraulic modular trailer
 * Jeep trailer
 * Liquid hydrogen trailer
 * Lowboy (trailer)
 * Mafi roll trailer
 * Mobile home
 * Motorcycle trailer
 * Popup camper
 * Pusher trailer
 * Roll trailer
 * Semi-trailer
 * Solar trailer (for solar vehicles)
 * Tautliner
 * Tank trailer
 * Travel trailer

title: Trailer (vehicle)


text: Category:Nubia

title: Category:Nubia


text:
Guadalcanal, Seville

Guadalcanal is a village in the province of Seville, in the autonomous community  of Andalusia, Spain.

The name was given to the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands in 1568. The name was chosen by Pedro de Ortega Valencia who had been born in the village. He was a subordinate of Spanish explorer and navigator Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira.

Location and population
In 2006 there were 2,970 inhabitants. It has an area of 275 square kilometres and a population density of 10,6 people per square-km. It is at an altitude of 662 metres, in a valley between the Sierra del Agua and the Sierra del Viento, in the region of the Sierra Norte of Seville. Guadalcanal is 80 kilometres north of Seville, it depends to the judicial party of Cazalla de la Sierra.

Etymology
The name, etymologically, comes from the Arabic phrase وَادِي الْقَنَالْ wādī al-qanāl, meaning 'river of the stalls' or 'valley of stalls', referring to the refreshment stalls set up there during the Muslim rule in Andalusia. Other names were Tereses or Tereja, or Canani with the Iberians.

History

It was reconquered by the Order of Santiago in 1241 from the Moors, then Guadalcanal belonged to the Kingdom of León as well as other parts of Extremadura. In ecclesiastical terms, it belonged to the Santa María de Tendudia vicary.

Guadalcanal was fortified by means of a now-ruined wall which was demolished because the village took part in the Guerra de las Comunidades de Castilla.

In the mid-16th century, the area had some silver mines financed by the Fugger family.

The village suffered a crisis in the 19th century, which caused the four nunneries in the village to close. As other rural communities in Spain, it faced a massive exodus of its inhabitants to the cities in the 20th century.

title: Guadalcanal, Seville


text:
Live at the Continental and the Esplanade

Live at the Continental and the Esplanade is a live album by Australian rock musician, Paul Kelly, which was originally available, from late 1995, by mail order only from Mushroom Records' White Records Label in Australia. It had been recorded from two performances at the (now defunct) Continental Hotel in Prahran and one performance at the Esplanade Hotel in St Kilda, both in Melbourne. By June 1996 the album was available in Australian stores on Mushroom Records and, on 23 July, it was issued by Vanguard Records in the United States.

Background
In July 1994, Australian musician, Paul Kelly, released his third solo album, Wanted Man. On 19 and 20 September, Kelly and his band performed at the Continental Hotel in Prahran, the sessions were recorded live. From March to May 1995, Kelly undertook a seven-week tour of North America, appearing on several dates with Liz Phair and Joe Jackson. On 29 May 1995, Kelly had returned to Melbourne and recorded more live tracks at the Esplanade Hotel's Gershwin Room. Kelly released his next album, Deeper Water in September. In late 1995, he issued Live at the Continental and the Esplanade on White Records Label via Mushroom Records – it was originally only available by mail order. The live recordings at the two hotels were not remixed nor overdubbed. By June 1996 the album was available in Australian stores on Mushroom Records and, on 23 July, it was issued by Vanguard Records in the United States.

Reception
Allmusic's William Ruhlmann felt "it provides a good sampler of his work, accompanied by a full band rather than [his recent] acoustic sets" and that its style was "melodic folk-rock with electric guitar for bite and often caustic lyrics".

Track listing
All tracks are written by Paul Kelly except as shown.
 * 1) "When I First Met Your Ma" – 4:35
 * 2) "Maralinga" – 4:06
 * 3) "God's Hotel" (Paul Kelly, Nick Cave) – 4:52
 * 4) "Everybody Wants to Touch Me" – 3:47
 * 5) "Somebody's Forgetting Somebody (Somebody's Letting Somebody Down)" – 4:43
 * 6) "Just Like Animals" – 4:41
 * 7) "To Her Door" – 3:41
 * 8) "Pouring Petrol on a Burning Man" – 3:39
 * 9) "Dumb Things" – 6:19
 * 10) "Cities of Texas" – 5:06
 * 11) "She's Rare" – 5:47
 * 12) "Darling It Hurts" – 3:39
 * 13) "Careless" – 3:56
 * 14) "Summer Rain" – 3:03

Personnel
Musicians
 * Paul Kelly – guitars (acoustic, rhythm, electric), harmonica, lead vocals
 * Steve Hadley - bass, backing vocals
 * Bruce Haymes – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Randy Jacobs – guitar (electric), backing vocals (all tracks except 6, 11)
 * Graham Lee – pedal steel, backing vocals, slide guitar
 * Peter Luscombe – drums
 * Shane O'Mara - guitar (electric) (tracks 6, 11)
 * Ray Pereira – djembe (tracks 6, 11)

Production details
 * Don Bartley – mastering
 * Jacqueline Mitelman – photography
 * Simon Polinski – engineer
 * Michael Wickow – assistant engineer
 * Venues – The Continental Hotel, Prahran (tracks 1–5, 7–10, 12–14); Gershwin Room, The Esplanade Hotel, St Kilda (tracks 6, 11)


text: User talk:65.54.97.142

title: User talk:65.54.97.142


text:
World Wide Web Wanderer

The World Wide Web Wanderer, also simply called The Wanderer, was a Perl-based web crawler that was first deployed in June 1993 to measure the size of the World Wide Web. The Wanderer was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Matthew Gray, who also created back in 1993 one of the 100 first web servers in history, www.mit.edu. The crawler was used to generate an index called the Wandex later in 1993. The Wanderer charted the growth of the web until late 1995.

The Wanderer was probably the first web robot, and, with its index, clearly had the potential to become a general-purpose WWW search engine. The author, Matthew Gray, does not make this claim. Elsewhere, it is stated that the purpose of the Wanderer was not to be a web search engine.

title: World Wide Web Wanderer


text:
Talk:Hide and Seek (Stargate Atlantis)

Is it necessary to give each and every detail? This is an encyclopedia, not transcript database...

 * I intend to edit it down after I write it all in. I want it to evenully look like Midnight_on_the_Firing_Line. BTW - you should sign talk messages by typing ~ after your comment. - UtherSRG 05:14, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, then, just do it :-) If you want to do it in such a detail, I give up -- it saves me from thinking how to phrase the events short, as I never was a friend of long texts. Ylai 05:57, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

---

Do we know Jinto's father's name? - UtherSRG 05:14, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It sounded like "Howling" (Episode 1) Ylai 05:53, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I must correct myself, it is "Halling" (see below)

Thanks. Teyla says it when he wants to use the comm system. How about the tech guy i keep calling (unknown tech guy)? Oh wait! They just said his name... "Groden"? - UtherSRG 06:02, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * A complete list of all guest characters that I know and are not well-known (note that Episode 3 did not introduce any new characters):
 * Episode 1/2/3: Craig Veroni (Grodin), Christopher Heyerdahl (Halling), Reece Thompson (Jinto), Casey Dubois (Wex), Garwin Sanford (Simon), Dan Shea (Siler), Ona Grauer (Ayiana (the female Ancient))
 * I think I am going to add a new part in the main page, since this episode discussion is not quite the right place for such an important information...

MALP/ZPM
I think we need to explain MALP (Mobile Analytic Laboratory Probe) and ZPM. Maybe external page, or possibly a section. Ylai 10:23, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ancient device
"Dr. McKay foolishly tests an unknown Ancient device that creates an impenetrable shield around him – too late to notice that it is even impenetrable by his hand, and even worse, by any food and drink."

Though not, fortunately, by breathable air. :-) --wwoods 05:49, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The magic of television. Hmm.. wonder how that thing works. Must rewatch this episode. KorbenDirewolf

Fair use rationale for Image:Hide and seek (Stargate Atlantis).jpg
Image:Hide and seek (Stargate Atlantis).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:14, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hide and Seek (Stargate Atlantis)


text:
Dispersion relation

In the physical sciences and electrical engineering, dispersion relations describe the effect of dispersion on the properties of waves in a medium. A dispersion relation relates the wavelength or wavenumber of a wave to its frequency. Given the dispersion relation, one can calculate the frequency-dependent phase velocity and group velocity of each sinusoidal component of a wave in the medium, as a function of frequency. In addition to the geometry-dependent and material-dependent dispersion relations, the overarching Kramers–Kronig relations describe the frequency-dependence of wave propagation and attenuation.

Dispersion may be caused either by geometric boundary conditions (waveguides, shallow water) or by interaction of the waves with the transmitting medium. Elementary particles, considered as matter waves, have a nontrivial dispersion relation, even in the absence of geometric constraints and other media.

In the presence of dispersion, a wave does not propagate with an unchanging waveform, giving rise to the distinct frequency-dependent phase velocity and group velocity.

Dispersion
Dispersion occurs when sinusoidal waves of different wavelengths have different propagation velocities, so that a wave packet of mixed wavelengths tends to spread out in space. The speed of a plane wave, $$v$$, is a function of the wave's wavelength $$\lambda$$:

 * $$v = v(\lambda).$$

The wave's speed, wavelength, and frequency, f, are related by the identity

 * $$v(\lambda) = \lambda\ f(\lambda).$$

The function $$ f(\lambda)$$ expresses the dispersion relation of the given medium. Dispersion relations are more commonly expressed in terms of the angular frequency $$\omega=2\pi f$$ and wavenumber $$k=2 \pi /\lambda$$. Rewriting the relation above in these variables gives

 * $$\omega(k)= v(k) \cdot k.$$

where we now view f as a function of k. The use of ω(k) to describe the dispersion relation has become standard because both the phase velocity ω/k and the group velocity dω/dk have convenient representations via this function.

The plane waves being considered can be described by

 * $$A(x, t) = A_0e^{2 \pi i \frac{x - v t}{\lambda}}= A_0e^{i (k x - \omega t)},$$

where
 * A is the amplitude of the wave,
 * A0 = A(0, 0),
 * x is a position along the wave's direction of travel, and
 * t is the time at which the wave is described.

Plane waves in vacuum
Plane waves in vacuum are the simplest case of wave propagation: no geometric constraint, no interaction with a transmitting medium.

Electromagnetic waves in vacuum
For electromagnetic waves in vacuum, the angular frequency is proportional to the wavenumber:
 * $$\omega = c k.$$

This is a linear dispersion relation. In this case, the phase velocity and the group velocity are the same:
 * $$ v = \frac{\omega}{k} = \frac{d\omega}{d k} = c,$$

and thus both are equal to the speed of light in vacuum, which is frequency-independent.

De Broglie dispersion relations
For de Broglie matter waves the frequency dispersion relation is non-linear: $$\omega(k) \approx \frac{m_0 c^2}{\hbar} + \frac{\hbar k^2}{2m_{0} }\,.$$ The equation says the matter wave frequency $$\omega$$ in vacuum varies with wavenumber ($$k=2\pi/\lambda$$) in the non-relativistic approximation. The variation has two parts: a constant part due to the de Broglie frequency of the rest mass ($$\hbar \omega_0 = m_{0}c^2$$) and a quadratic part due to kinetic energy.

Derivation
While applications of matter waves occur at non-relativistic velocity, de Broglie applied special relativity to derive his waves. Starting from the relativistic energy–momentum relation: $$E^2 = (p \textrm c)^2 + \left(m_0 \textrm c^2\right)^2\,$$ use the de Broglie relations for energy and momentum for matter waves,
 * $$E = \hbar \omega \,, \quad \mathbf{p} = \hbar\mathbf{k}\,,$$

where $ω$ is the angular frequency and $k$ is the wavevector with magnitude $|k| = k$, equal to the wave number. Divide by $$\hbar$$ and take the square root. This gives the relativistic frequency dispersion relation:

$$ \omega(k) = \sqrt{k^2c^2 + \left(\frac{m_0c^2}{\hbar}\right)^2} \,.$$

Practical work with matter waves occurs at non-relativistic velocity. To approximate, we pull out the rest-mass dependent frequency: $$\omega = \frac{m_0 c^2}{\hbar}\sqrt{1+ \left( \frac{k\hbar}{m_{0} c} \right)^2 } \,.$$

Then we see that the $$\hbar/c$$ factor is very small so for $$k$$ not too large, we expand $$\sqrt{1+x^2}\approx 1+x^2/2,$$ and multiply:

$$\omega(k) \approx \frac{m_0 c^2}{\hbar} + \frac{\hbar k^2}{2m_{0} }\,.$$ This gives the non-relativistic approximation discussed above. If we start with the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation we will end up without the first, rest mass, term.

 * {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="60%" style="text-align:left"

! Animation: phase and group velocity of electrons This animation portrays the de Broglie phase and group velocities (in slow motion) of three free electrons traveling over a field 0.4 ångströms in width. The momentum per unit mass (proper velocity) of the middle electron is lightspeed, so that its group velocity is 0.707 c. The top electron has twice the momentum, while the bottom electron has half. Note that as the momentum increases, the phase velocity decreases down to c, whereas the group velocity increases up to c, until the wave packet and its phase maxima move together near the speed of light, whereas the wavelength continues to decrease without bound. Both transverse and longitudinal coherence widths (packet sizes) of such high energy electrons in the lab may be orders of magnitude larger than the ones shown here.
 * [[Image:deBroglie3.gif|frame|center]]
 * [[Image:deBroglie3.gif|frame|center]]
 * }

Frequency versus wavenumber
As mentioned above, when the focus in a medium is on refraction rather than absorption—that is, on the real part of the refractive index—it is common to refer to the functional dependence of angular frequency on wavenumber as the dispersion relation. For particles, this translates to a knowledge of energy as a function of momentum.

Waves and optics
The name "dispersion relation" originally comes from optics. It is possible to make the effective speed of light dependent on wavelength by making light pass through a material which has a non-constant index of refraction, or by using light in a non-uniform medium such as a waveguide. In this case, the waveform will spread over time, such that a narrow pulse will become an extended pulse, i.e., be dispersed. In these materials, $$\frac{\partial \omega}{\partial k}$$ is known as the group velocity and corresponds to the speed at which the peak of the pulse propagates, a value different from the phase velocity.

Deep water waves

The dispersion relation for deep water waves is often written as

 * $$\omega = \sqrt{gk},$$

where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Deep water, in this respect, is commonly denoted as the case where the water depth is larger than half the wavelength. In this case the phase velocity is

 * $$v_p = \frac{\omega}{k} = \sqrt{\frac{g}{k}},$$

and the group velocity is

 * $$v_g = \frac{d\omega}{dk} = \frac{1}{2} v_p.$$

Waves on a string

For an ideal string, the dispersion relation can be written as

 * $$\omega = k \sqrt{\frac{T}{\mu}},$$

where T is the tension force in the string, and μ is the string's mass per unit length. As for the case of electromagnetic waves in vacuum, ideal strings are thus a non-dispersive medium, i.e. the phase and group velocities are equal and independent (to first order) of vibration frequency.

For a nonideal string, where stiffness is taken into account, the dispersion relation is written as

 * $$\omega^2 = \frac{T}{\mu} k^2 + \alpha k^4,$$

where $$\alpha$$ is a constant that depends on the string.

Electron band structure
In the study of solids, the study of the dispersion relation of electrons is of paramount importance. The periodicity of crystals means that many levels of energy are possible for a given momentum and that some energies might not be available at any momentum. The collection of all possible energies and momenta is known as the band structure of a material. Properties of the band structure define whether the material is an insulator, semiconductor or conductor.

Phonons
Phonons are to sound waves in a solid what photons are to light: they are the quanta that carry it. The dispersion relation of phonons is also non-trivial and important, being directly related to the acoustic and thermal properties of a material. For most systems, the phonons can be categorized into two main types: those whose bands become zero at the center of the Brillouin zone are called acoustic phonons, since they correspond to classical sound in the limit of long wavelengths. The others are optical phonons, since they can be excited by electromagnetic radiation.

Electron optics
With high-energy (e.g., 200 keV) electrons in a transmission electron microscope, the energy dependence of higher-order Laue zone (HOLZ) lines in convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns allows one, in effect, to directly image cross-sections of a crystal's three-dimensional dispersion surface. This dynamical effect has found application in the precise measurement of lattice parameters, beam energy, and more recently for the electronics industry: lattice strain.

History
Isaac Newton studied refraction in prisms but failed to recognize the material dependence of the dispersion relation, dismissing the work of another researcher whose measurement of a prism's dispersion did not match Newton's own.

Dispersion of waves on water was studied by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1776.

The universality of the Kramers–Kronig relations (1926–27) became apparent with subsequent papers on the dispersion relation's connection to causality in the scattering theory of all types of waves and particles.

title: Dispersion relation


text:
Live, May 1992

Live, May 1992 is a solo live double album by Paul Kelly and was originally released in 1992.

It was released on Mushroom Records in Australia and marked Kelly's solo departure from his band The Messengers. It was recorded at performances in Melbourne and Perth in May 1992. The album peaked at 72 on The Australian charts.

Track listing
All songs written by Paul Kelly, except where noted

 * 1) "Foggy Highway" – 3:40
 * 2) "To Her Door" – 3:19
 * 3) "Wintercoat" – 4:20
 * 4) "Taught by Experts" – 2:22
 * 5) "From Little Things Big Things Grow" (Kev Carmody, Paul Kelly) – 5:59
 * 6) "I Can't Believe We Were Married" – 3:01
 * 7) "Until Death Do Them Part" – 2:48
 * 8) "Same Old Walk" – 4:13
 * 9) "Don't Explain" – 3:08
 * 10) "Stupid Song" – 3:37
 * 11) "Brand New Ways" – 4:50
 * 12) "Stories of Me" – 3:02
 * 13) "Everything's Turning to White" – 4:57
 * 14) "Dumb Things" – 2:54
 * 15) "Just Like Animals" – 4:46
 * 16) "Keep It to Yourself" – 3:20
 * 17) "Won't Be Your Dog Anymore" – 5:46
 * 18) "I Was Hoping You'd Say That" – 2:00
 * 19) "Careless" – 3:07
 * 20) "Invisible Me" – 3:44
 * 21) "When I First Met Your Ma" – 4:34
 * 22) "Most Wanted Man" – 4:10

Personnel

 * Andrzej Liguz – cover photography

title: Live, May 1992


text:
Unfoldable cardinal

In mathematics, an unfoldable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number.

Formally, a cardinal number κ is λ-unfoldable if and only if for every transitive model M of cardinality κ of ZFC-minus-power set such that κ is in M and M contains all its sequences of length less than κ, there is a non-trivial elementary embedding j of M into a transitive model with the critical point of j being κ and j(κ) ≥ λ.

A cardinal is unfoldable if and only if it is an λ-unfoldable for all ordinals λ.

A cardinal number κ is strongly λ-unfoldable if and only if for every transitive model M of cardinality κ of ZFC-minus-power set such that κ is in M and M contains all its sequences of length less than κ, there is a non-trivial elementary embedding j of M into a transitive model "N" with the critical point of j being κ, j(κ) ≥ λ, and V(λ) is a subset of N. Without loss of generality, we can demand also that N contains all its sequences of length λ.

Likewise, a cardinal is strongly unfoldable if and only if it is strongly λ-unfoldable for all λ.

These properties are essentially weaker versions of strong and supercompact cardinals, consistent with V = L. Many theorems related to these cardinals have generalizations to their unfoldable or strongly unfoldable counterparts. For example, the existence of a strongly unfoldable implies the consistency of a slightly weaker version of the proper forcing axiom.

Relations between large cardinal properties
Assuming V = L, the least unfoldable cardinal is greater than the least indescribable cardinal. p.14 Assuming a Ramsey cardinal exists, it is less than the least Ramsey cardinal. p.3

A Ramsey cardinal is unfoldable and will be strongly unfoldable in L. It may fail to be strongly unfoldable in V, however.

In L, any unfoldable cardinal is strongly unfoldable; thus unfoldable and strongly unfoldable have the same consistency strength.

A cardinal k is κ-strongly unfoldable, and κ-unfoldable, if and only if it is weakly compact. A κ+ω-unfoldable cardinal is indescribable and preceded by a stationary set of totally indescribable cardinals.

title: Unfoldable cardinal


text:
Gżira

Gżira (Il-Gżira) is a town in the Central Region of Malta. It is located between Msida and Sliema, also bordering on Ta' Xbiex. It has a population of 11,699 as of January 2019. The word Gżira means "island" in Maltese, and the town is named after Manoel Island which lies to the east of Gżira, between the Sliema peninsula and Valletta. The seafront of Gżira has views of the walled city of Valletta, which is illuminated at night, forming a backdrop to Manoel Island, the yacht marina and a seafront public garden. Kappara is located close to Gżira. The Orpheum Theatre is located in Gżira.

Town history
In the mid-19th century a villa was built in Gżira by Chevalier Jacob Tagliaferro. Slowly Gżira started developing into a working-class suburb of Sliema. Until the 1970s, Gżira had many bars, particularly the Snake Pit, Britannia and the Granada along and in proximity of the Strand, which economic activity ended when the British Service left Malta on 31 March 1979.

Tables have turned and the regenerated Gżira is now host to a business community of hoteliers, restaurants, financial institutions, legal firms, online betting companies, real estate and offices amidst a multi-ethnic and multicultural community of residents. Since the last decade, Gżira had a real estate boom, and new buildings, mainly apartments, replace the old buildings.

As a result, much of the character and charm of the seafront houses has changed, although in the heart of Gżira there are still examples of traditional Maltese façades, with timber balconies (Gallarija) and bow-fronted, wrought iron balconies. The proliferation of modern apartments in Gżira as well as the development of high rise buildings, namely Metropolis and 14 East, led to an inflation of housing prices, as the town became sought after by both Maltese and foreigners.

Gżira's population has been fairly stable over the past few years, hovering around 11,699 people as of January 2019. It is known as being quite a multicultural town, with well-established and fairly integrated immigrant groups.

The main reason behind the area's popularity is that it is fairly centrally located in Malta, being close to the University of Malta, Sliema, and the capital Valletta. Service industries, commercial outlets and educational services are the town's main activities.

The crime rate in Gżira is very low, and the town is generally as safe as the rest of Malta and Gozo.

Religion
The Roman Catholic parish church of Gżira is also known locally as tal-Ġebla. Its literal translation means "of the stone", a reference to an incident which took place in Gżira on 10 July 1902. Three British drunken sailors, William Walls, Charles Thurbull and John Packhun, wanted to enter a bar, which at that time of day was closed. When Karmnu Brincat, the owner of the bar, refused to open, the sailors started throwing stones at the place. One of these stones hit a small shrine depicting a picture of Our Lady of Mount Carmel hanging outside the bar. The stone broke the glass of the frame, but did not make contact with the portrait itself, which remained intact. Notwithstanding the wind, the stone remained fixed within the broken glass.

The stone was removed by Anton Manché and taken to the Stella Maris Parish Church in Sliema, whose parish priest at the time was Francis Vincent Manché, the brother of Anton Manché.

For three days, prayers and services for reparation were held. Anton Anton Manché managed to set up a small chapel in Gżira where the small shrine was taken.

On 7 July 1913 Bishop Pietro Pace declared the chapel as a vice-parish.

On 15 May 1921, Bishop Don Mauro Caruana declared the chapel as a parish. Anton Anton Manché was the first parish priest of Gżira. The existing parish church was built between 1921 and 1935.

The second parish priest in the history of the Gżira parish was Carlo Manché, a man revered by many locals as a saint. He became parish priest of Gżira on 12 March 1935 until his death on 18 November 1950.

The frame, the broken glass and the stone that was thrown at the portrait of The Madonna have been very well preserved, and today they can still be seen at the parish church of Gżira.

The parish church of Gżira is dedicated to Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and its annual festa (village feast) is celebrated on the second Sunday of July.

Twin cities
Gżira has been twinned with Glyfada (Greece) and Wałbrzych (Poland).

Zones in Gżira

 * Village Core – area surrounding the Gżira Parish Church
 * The Strand and Promenade
 * Council of Europe Gardens, Gżira – a public garden
 * Empire Stadium
 * Gżira Marina
 * Manoel Island

Manoel Island
Manoel Island in Gżira's Marsamxett Harbour, was originally known as l'Isola del Vescovo or il-Gżira tal-Isqof in Maltese (literally translated as "the Bishop's Island"). It was the property of the Mdina Cathedral. In 1643 Jean Paul Lascaris, Grandmaster of the Knights of Malta, constructed a quarantine hospital (Lazzaretto) on the island, in an attempt to control the periodic influx of plague and cholera. In 1675, another Grand Master, this time, Nicola' Cottoner, decided to construct another isolation hospital with an additional forty beds, a chapel and a cemetery.

The island was renamed after António Manoel de Vilhena, a Portuguese Grandmaster of the Knights of Malta under whose leadership Fort Manoel was built in 1726. Fort Manoel is considered a marvel of 18th-century military engineering. The original plans for the fort are attributed to Louis d'Augbigne Tigné, and are said to have been modified by his friend and colleague Charles François de Mondion, who is buried in a crypt beneath Fort Manoel. At one time, the Knights of Malta considered developing a walled city on Manoel Island, but instead they settled on a fort designed to house up to 500 soldiers. The fort has a magnificent quadrangle, parade ground and arcade, and once housed a baroque chapel dedicated to St. Anthony of Padua, under the direct command of the Order.

During World War II, Manoel Island and its fort were used as a naval base by the Royal Navy, at which time it was referred to variously as "HMS Talbot" or "HMS Phœnicia". The Chapel of St. Anthony was virtually destroyed following a direct hit by Luftwaffe bombers in March 1942.

For several years now, Manoel Island houses a quaint, informal sanctuary for ducks and other waterfowl, created and maintained by a local volunteer, and funded entirely by private donations near the bridge connecting the island with the main island.

As of November 2006, the historic fort was undergoing significant restoration and renovation works, and a new housing development was under construction on Manoel Island. The Manoel Island redevelopment project, however, has been heavily criticized due to its proximity to the island's important historical buildings. A guarded barrier some 300 yards after the bridge makes it clear that the public is not welcome on the largest part of the island.

Notable residents

 * Roberta Metsola - President of the European Parliament
 * Mario Azzopardi - poet
 * Ivan De Battista – actor
 * Simone De Battista – actress
 * Carlo Manché – parish priest
 * Vanni Riolo – radio, television and film actor. He played the part of Piali in Treasure in Malta
 * Albert Rizzo M.Q.R. – former mayor, auctioneer and holder of three Guinness World Records; deceased

title: Gżira


text:
Songs from the South

Songs from the South, subtitled Paul Kelly's Greatest Hits, is a greatest hits album by Australian singer-songwriter Paul Kelly. It was released on 13 May 1997 by Mushroom Records. The album peaked at No. 2 on the Australian Recording Industry Association Albums Chart. It was certified 7× platinum by 2017.

The songs are drawn from Kelly's previously released albums issued between 1985 and 1996. Two tracks on the album are exclusive to this release: a live recording of "Everything's Turning to White", and a newly-recorded acoustic version of "When I First Met Your Ma". Kelly later released similarly titled compilation albums, Songs from the South Volume 2 (Paul Kelly 98–08) (November 2008) and Songs from the South: 1985–2019 (November 2019).

title: Songs from the South


text:
Cornell International Law Journal

The Cornell International Law Journal is one of the oldest international law journals in the United States. It was founded in 1967 by members of the Cornell Society of International Law at Cornell Law School. The Journal is published four times a year and hosts a symposium every spring in Ithaca, New York. In addition to the print edition, the Journal also published an online-version in paginated PDF format.

Overview
The Journal has published articles and commentaries by scholars including:
 * E. Allan Farnsworth,
 * Geoffrey C. Hazard Jr.,
 * Rudolf B. Schlesinger,
 * Roger C. Cramton,
 * S. K. B. Asante,

as well as notable politicians such as:
 * Bill Clinton,
 * John F. Kerry,
 * George J. Mitchell,
 * Orrin G. Hatch,
 * Max Baucus;

and other well known people, such as:
 * former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor;
 * former U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker III;
 * Major General Barry Ashton, Deputy Commander of United Nations forces in Croatia 1993–94;
 * the Rt. Hon. Lord Gordon Slynn of the United Kingdom's High Court of Justice;
 * Judge Johann Kriegler of the Constitutional Court of South Africa.

title: Cornell International Law Journal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/I'd Hit It

dictionary definition. - Hephaestos|§ 04:57, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * dicdef, delete. Ianb 09:43, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: slang fad dictdef. Geogre 13:27, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Just terrible. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 22:29, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * This joke is ubiquitous on fark. It still doesn't need an article though.  Isomorphic 06:16, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, come on. Delete. -Sean Curtin 03:15, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed. I know people who use this joke, but it doesn't warrent an entry.  Sunfist 14:26, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Nena (supercontinent)

Nena, an acronym for Northern Europe–North America, was the Early Proterozoic amalgamation of Baltica and Laurentia into a single "cratonic landmass", a name first proposed in 1990. Since then several similar Proterozoic supercontinents have been proposed, including Nuna and Arctica, that include other Archaean cratons, such as Siberia and East Antarctica. In the original concept Nena formed c.  in the Penokean, Makkovikan, Ketilidian, and Svecofennian orogenies. However, because Nena excludes several known Archaean cratons, including those in India and Australia, it is strictly speaking not a supercontinent. Although Nena and Nuna share many similarities, Nena accounted for a larger landmass than Nuna. This extended landmass included the Angara, Antarctica, Baltica, Laurentia, and Siberia bodies. Nena, or Nuna, can, nevertheless be thought of as the core of Columbia, another supercontinent concept with several proposed configurations.

The first concept of the Nena supercontinent originated with the southern regions of proto-Laurentia and the western regions proto-Baltica merging throughout the Proterozoic eon. This concept would eventually be developed to the modern day conceptualization of the Nena supercontinent which includes additions of the Angara, Antarctica, and Siberia landmasses.

Throughout the amalgamation of the microcontinents which would form proto-Nena, several significant geologic processes occurred including orogenesis and continental magmatic accretion. The by-products of these processes can be found numerous regions such as southwest Ontario, northwest British Isles, and Greenland. These by-products include the Marquette Range supergroup and the Moran Lake and lower Aillik groups northwest of the Makkovik orogen. These geologic findings provided a basis for the concept of the Nena supercontinent.

Nena as a continent has been associated with the Sudbury Basin Impact.

title: Nena (supercontinent)