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Talk:A Perfect Day for Bananafish

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Untitled
added the word in between appeared and Nine Stories. replaced the word written with a comma (for clarity) after the words Glass Family

(The above was added by 167.6.245.98 at 11:56, 30 July 2004)

THE GUILTY UNDERTAKER: okay i added the interpretation section, it's not particularly good but it can be improved upon.

(The above was added by The Guilty Undertaker at 21:15, 13 April 2006)

Whose interpretation is this?! It's terrible; I mean, god-awful. Turly-burly 04:06, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Since we have no knowledge of Lisa Willoughby's credentials I hardly think its prudent to advance a theory by her. I have my own interpretations of the story, but I certainly would not quote myself or have anyone cite me if they were writing a wikipedia page on the matter. --Jordan

Furthermore, I just deleted the other interpretation. If that section is going to be written, it has to have substantiated opinions. There are plenty of different literary criticisms of Salinger's stories, so instead of us trying to supply interpretations, we get interpretations who have made this kind of thing their life's work. While every interpretation is valid, trying to project our personal opinions here is in pretty bad taste for any reader who comes to this page looking for information on the story. --Jordan

Link to Unlicensed Online Publishing of Copyrighted Work?
I'm removing the link to the online version of "A Perfect Day for Bananafish". I *think* that website's content consitutes piracy in the U.S. If I'm completely off-base feel free to revert. Turly-burly 01:21, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

That website is unlawful, this is true. It is strange though, because from what I can tell, it has been around for a long time. It seems like Salinger is pretty good at stopping things like that. Who knows... jordan 15:44, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Well, I have tried to nix it again. And I suggest someone start paying attention to this fact.

Jim Steele (talk) 04:11, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Allusions to other works of art
Salinger makes an allusion to German Poet Rainer Maria Rilke. I think this information would make a good addition - any other allusions or references might be helpful as well.

The quote "mixing memory and desire" is an allusion to the first part of T.S. Eliot's poem 'The Waste Land' which is about the loss of spiritual values in a materialistic 20th century. - Oh fairweather

Good point, I added the bit about the "book" he sent Muriel, in German. You're right--it was likely Rilke. And the memory and desire piece is important in the story as well, kind of a last bit of scholarship from him before his swan song.

Jim Steele (talk) 04:09, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

glass family
isnt for else with love and squalor about buddy i think so im adding it to the list unless someone says its not 203.194.42.209 (talk) 06:59, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

How dose salinger,s use of narration affect the meaning of "A perfect Day For Bananafish"
Can you explain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.27.137.185 (talk) 18:10, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

What does it all mean?
I'm largely unsatisfied with explanations of "the mystery" of this story, which unravel from the point of Seymour's war experience. My explanation for Seymour's suicide is that he had pedophilic tendencies, known to himself and possibly other family members, and in the water Seymour was exhibiting himself to the little girl named Sybil. He showed her his penis, the bananafish. Seymour hated himself for this weakness, the inability to discontinue morally inappropriate behavior. His pedophilia victimized subjects that on another level he liked and respected. Like one who is dangling over the precipice while holding on to two sides of a canyon as it ever widens, the internal conflict between social expectation and primitive response to his perversion was too great and Seymour eventually had to let go.

''"Well. In the first place, he said it was a perfect crime the Army released him from the hospital--my word of honor. He very definitely told your father there's a chance--a very great chance, he said--that Seymour may completely lose control of himself. My word of honor."

"There's a psychiatrist here at the hotel," said the girl. ''

So, we should ask at what point did the story's subject "lose control of himself"? Certainly not where any adult might have intervened, but instead at a place and time that was invisible to the more comprehending adults. The loss of control was not at the hotel room with a pistol, but in the ocean, in the presence of someone unable to interpret the correct meaning of the appearance of a "bananafish". Zoologically, there is no such thing as a bananafish, as most readers might conclude. Young children can easily embellish an otherwise incongruous event with their imagination. When I was young, I imagined seeing an ocean of fish, every bit real to me at the time, when I looked through the holes of an iron manhole cover. As an adult, I am amazed by my ability to transform shifting water patterns into stingrays, sharks and the like. Therefore, what exactly could a banafish be? And so close to shore, making its appearance coincidental with the clandestine tryst of adult man and juvenile girl?

''"Well, they swim into a hole where there's a lot of bananas. They're very ordinary-looking fish when they swim in. But once they get in, they behave like pigs. Why, I've known some bananafish to swim into a banana hole and eat as many as seventy-eight bananas." He edged the float and its passenger a foot closer to the horizon. "Naturally, after that they're so fat they can't get out of the hole again. Can't fit through the door."''

Seymour could objectify his sickness. Unlike controlling a sneeze, Seymour was self-reflective enough to choose the opportunity to release his peaks of sociopathy.

In short, a story about a man who exposed himself to a little girl at the beach, just out of eye shot from the party, his final "hurrah"and then killed himself.

1. "A Perfect Day For Bananafish" by J.D. Salinger, The New Yorker, January 31, 1948, pages 21-25 § 51-52 2. Ibid. (comment added by Gregory.george.lewis )     DGG ( talk ) 04:54, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

I re-read your comments and still am curious as to how you think the "mystery" of Seymour could be added into this article. I think the analysis section I created gives one explantion, Seymour is married to a shallow woman who though is beautiful, is quite ugly on the inside. We see that during her conversation with her mother. Her conversation about the ugly people she sees and the petty criticisms about the other vacationers is a stark contrast to the man who made Zoeey shine his shoes for the Fat Lady. She is a mean person, based on the dialogue (although Seymour's diary entries in RHRBC give us a different view) and not at the least Tao in her way of life. So Seymour ends his life (as he prected) tempted by the flesh and choosing lust over enlightenment (similar to Teddy).In terms of the pedophilia, I don't see this. As I said before, Sybil is facing outwards, towards the ocean, and Seymour is behind her. So your scenerio doesn't work. I like your comments on his self-reflection and think that could eventually be added in the analysis section. Jim Steele (talk) 23:17, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

it isn't just ptsd
The article shouldn't mention PTSD as the sole reason for Seymour's opting to discontinue living. It's misleading to simplify it. He mentions scars on his wrist, throws a rock at Charlotte's face, has violent thoughts, and even forsees the death in Hapworth. It's highly unlikely WWII caused him to do it. Jim Steele (talk) 03:17, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, it's fine that you feel that way, but you cannot add your opinions to the article. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive' 03:43, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

It has nothing to do with how I "feel", it pertains to what is in the text, and what is not. Where in PDFB is PTSD mentioned? Nowhere. Yet the article presents that as fact. Moreover, "shell-shock" pertains to soldiers during and after WWI, but that's another issue. What's important is that the article rely on the text, not as you say "opinions". Though as it reads now, that is the bulk of the article's summary of the story.

Jim Steele (talk) 19:25, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

opinion
It seems as though what we have here is failure to communicate. I do agree that opinion, or "feelings" on a story don't belong in the summary Yet, a person is reverting edits I have made to summarize--who would have thought--the story of the bananafish in A Perfect Day for Bananafish. The rationale, according to this person who, and I cringe as I write this, considers himself a fan of Salinger, is that "the story of the fish isn't important." Um. Have you read the title? Jim Steele (talk) 18:48, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

 * (you asked me for some advice here): one of the sources you have surely discusses the role of the story--use it as a reference when you add back the discussion. As for your latest revert, the material you say is supported by Gwynn and Blotner, add the citation, even if it duplicates.  I'll take a general look for cleanup later--the way to deal with duplicate references is named references, but it's easier to show it than describe it. If the relevance of a citation is questioned, you can add a sentence or two from it into the reference, in quotes, or work it into a sentence in the actual text of the article.    DGG ( talk ) 04:50, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Will do. One thing is for certain--I still can't understand why someone would delete a summary of the story of the bananafish in A Perfect Day for Bananafish by saying "the story of the fish isn't important". I had to laugh!

Jim Steele (talk) 04:57, 27 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Your last edit simply reverted back to your last version, with uncited opinions, needless repetition, incorrect formatting on titles and refs, etc. I fail to see how you think that is helpful.  If the story of the fish is so bloody damn important, find a reputable source that says so!  You claim to be an expert, so cite your damn edits. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  15:10, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

It would help if you could give me examples of this repetition. It's evident you spend a lot time on this site, and have years under your belt, so I'd expect some discussion on the talk page instead of comments like "blah,blah,blah" embedded in yuor edit summaries. And yes, "the story of the fish" is important in the short story A Perfect Day for Bananafish. That being said, you've answered the question I asked that "got the ball rolling." Where have I claimed to be an expert? If anything, I've admitted I'm learning as I go along. You, however, haven't contributed one piece of information regarding this article, or any of Salinger's. Just deleting and reverting. All I have read from is postings full of anger and profanity, which give me pause and hope your f-a-c-u-l-t-i-e-s are in tact.

Jim Steele (talk) 21:06, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

 * "the story of the fish" is important in the short story A Perfect Day for Bananafish. Do you have a reliable source to back up this claim? If not, you can't include it. Any analysis you did yourself is not allowed.  Sluggo  |  Talk  01:09, 29 November 2009 (UTC)
 * My personal feeling is that it probably is important, 'cause I do not believe Salinger would add it, and name the entire story for it, but my opinion, or anyone's opinion, doesn't mean a thing. It has to be sourced, as SluggoOne has said. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  01:20, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

 * RepublicanJacobite, it seems to me that you're making the classic WP:FAC mistake of assuming that a ref can't apply to more than a single sentence unless it's repeated after each and every sentence in a paragraph. Nothing in Wikipedia's policies requires that the refs be named once per grammatical unit.  If you're uncertain whether a ref supports more than a single sentence, I have had pretty good success with simply asking the editor (e.g., "Does ref [25] support the sentence you added?) instead of assuming bad faith (e.g., "I removed that because I magically know that it's only your unsourced personal opinion").
 * I think that all parties would benefit from reading WP:MOSFICT and associated pages about the approach Wikipedia takes to summarizing plots. WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:38, 29 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I could certainly be wrong, but I'm reading a lot of this as analysis on Jim's part. Any firsthand interpretations of what this means or why this happens do not belong. (And based on both #Plot_summaries and on reading the story, no, the bananafish story does not merit anything but the briefest mention here.)  Sluggo  |  Talk  02:59, 29 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The bananafish story wasn't even mentioned here beforeI started working on this page. I've asked for input and the only reasoning was "the story of the fish doesn't belong here" Because... that my opionion. Yet, removed because of his. Actually it's not opinion ( it's the consensus of literary critics and just about anyone else who has read the story carefully and closely).So it needs a source, that's fine, I'll add another one. As a matter of fact the analysis section I created could use considerations of that story within a story,Seymour's reverence for the Fat Lady and other patterns in his thought that help explain it. And yeah, I've got a source for that!
 * I'm glad we;ve got a discussion here, because, honestly it does take more effort to write something thoughtfully then to delete it haphazardly. And it's worth it. Jim Steele (talk) 03:20, 29 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Nothing was deleted haphazardly; I gave a reason for every deletion I made. Furthermore, the only reason there was not further discussion here is because of your penchant for making presumptive comments about other editors and their motivations.  All I have asked is that you provide full references, including quotes from the sources, that back up the claims you have added. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  14:50, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Again with the anger! All I want is some discussion here, and I was the one who started this off admitting we needed to talk here. Some of your reasons for deletions about lack of sources made sense, others, which you don't highlight, include the like of (blah,blah,blah) and (bad link to Seymour which you'd know if...) Hardly helpful in the efforts here to improve this article. I'm glad that the external link to the illegal source of the story is gone (Phyllis and the crew at HOA: I did it all by myself mommy!). Sadly, the link was there for quite some time, a glaring no-no that wasn't removed until I did (although someone made the suggestion awhile back on this talk page and it's sad no editor heeded his advice). Let's hope it stays that way. As for the analyssis now, I've included Bloom because his criticism, though at times heavy-handed, will allow readers of this article to get some explanation of the intent of Seymour's suicide. The small quotes I've added give the article some grounding to the criticism, and all three are from a reputable source. Jim Steele (talk) 18:12, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * There was no anger in my message. I'll thank you to stop attempting to psychoanalyze my messages, especially given what a poor job you do of it.  And please properly format your talk page responses, it's only common courtesy.
 * Now, to the matter. The comment about the bad link to Seymour was correct, and I reiterate that if you'd checked the link (which is part of editing carefully) you would have seen that it redirects to the Glass Family article, which means it is not a helpful link. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  04:02, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

T.S, Eliot and Salinger's reference to myth of Cumaean Sibyl
Dear Jacobite - Slawenski considers the link to be self-evident; can you cite an authority that disputes his analysis? And who - other than yourself - considers it a "stretch"? 36hourblock (talk) 17:44, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

 * It is up to you to prove that Slawenski's interpretation is notable. Is he a scholar on Eliot?  Or, on Greek mythology?  In the end, this is simply an opinion by Salinger's biographer.  As such, it is deserving of, maybe, one sentence, not an entire section, which is made up mostly of quotes from Eliot's poem.  I contend that this source is not enough to source such a bold and unique interpretation. --- The Old Jacobite The '45  18:25, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

 * If you wish to supply analysis on the subject from an Eliot scholar, please do so. Same goes for Greek mythology. I don't have to prove anything, and your views are simply an opinion of a wiki editor, as are mine. Kindly refrain from removing the section until other editors have a chance to view it in situ 36hourblock (talk) 17:40, 8 October 2012 (UTC)
 * You obviously do not understand how this site works. I do not have to provide sources disputing that analysis.  You have to provide adequate sources showing it is more than one writer's opinion.  My opinion is irrelevant; the point is that this biography is not adequate to back-up that claim.  It stays out 'til adequately sourced. --- The Old Jacobite The '45  18:18, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

That the section is "adequately referenced" appears self-evident from the source provided. Invoking "undue weight" in a Start-class article is itself, well, "shocking". A Medieval ordeal is being prepared, in which the editor is expected to obtain another, then another source, to satisfy the Jacobite pretender. 36hourblock (talk) 17:56, 13 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Outside opinion: it is a Start-class article and, as expected, has undue weight given to certain parts. So an overly descriptive point shouldn't be a shock. What 36hourblock wrote could probably be stated more succinctly (in one paragraph) and certainly doesn't need a separate sub-section but the general point is valid and adequately referenced. The inclusion of the phrase Slawenski argues that ... makes it clear this is an opinion of one author. maclean (talk) 04:44, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Maclean's advice above was that it be reduced to one sentence and not have its own subsection, so why did you not follow said advice? That would have ended the matter last October. --- The Old Jacobite The '45  13:16, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Not so fast, Ol' J. Your most recent edit summary from the article invoked lack of sources as the reason you removed the entire section. You also misquoted Maclean: he says nothing about a "one sentence" rewrite. You've misrepresented both your position and Maclean's. Would you care to adopt a forthright and unambigous position on this matter? (Suggestion: use the impressive "authoritarian" approach for best results). 36hourblock (talk) 19:41, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I never claimed that it was unsourced; I said that such a claim needed a better source. Then, yes, I did mistype "sentence" rather than "paragraph," but that was not part of some elaborate attempt at subterfuge and misrepresentation, it was simply an error.  You need to assume good faith and stop making groundless accusations.  But, quite frankly, I have tired of this entire matter.  Do what you like. --- The Old Jacobite The '45  02:25, 16 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Very well. I shall, when I'm finished with my current rewrite project, return and, as per Maclean's and your suggestion, edit the material under the "Analysis" in a paragraph, without the stanza from the Eliot poem.
 * I would make this observation regarding Slawenski: The New Yorker readership of the late 1940s were quite familiar with the verse Mixing memory and desire from Eliot's The Waste Land. Salinger would not have included this striking fragment unless it had a key function in the short story. Slawenski offers a simple and elegant explanaation. To insist that "such a claim need[s] a better source" impeaches Slawenski's interpretation, and echoes reviewer Blake Bailey's pan of the biography. http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2011/01/for_salinger_with_love.html

36hourblock (talk) 23:16, 16 May 2013 (UTC)
 * 36hourblock, I think you are missing Jacobite's point here. You seem to be giving Slawenski's interpretation of the "Waste Land" quote in the story undue weight based on one reference. IN reality, the quote may in fact serve to symbolize all sorts of myths and symbols inherent in the Glass saga. But it may also just serve to show that Seymour Glass is well-read. In poetry. Nothing more, nothing less. Either way, these are opinions. And I'd warn against reading too much into inter-texual references in Salinger's works. And what about that pamphlet Muriel is reading? That article (Sex is Fun--Or Hell) What about that? There's plenty Slawenski leaves out, as any biographer does. In terms of Blake Bailey, it seems he is bitter someone beat him to the punch writing a Salinger biography, so he'll have to do what he does best--write about other people.Jimsteele9999 (talk) 00:00, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

I beg your pardon? I have "read" exactly nothing into this article - Slawenski has, however. Your view is an "opinion", not his.

Consider this from the article's lede: "Salinger embarked upon a major reworking of the piece, adding the opening section with Muriel’s character, and crafting the material to provide insights into Seymour’s tragic demise.[5] Salinger, in frequent consultation with editor Gus Lobrano, revised the story numerous times throughout 1947..."

If you discuss the matter with a T.S. Eliot scholar, you will discover that every word of the famous poem had been vetted for meaning. Salinger did not just pull a verse fragment from The Waste Land gradtuitously. Pause for a moment. Would not the publisher likely ask: "Why this verse, rather than one of the tens of thousands of verses, in the thousands of poems you are familiar with, Jerome?" Go figure.

Salinger's prose is highly compressed, much like lyric poetry. Intuitively, do you really think that mixing memory and desire, familiar to so many literate readers, is merely included to flatter them? If so, locate a source that makes such a claim; I'm dying to see it.

36hourblock (talk) 21:37, 6 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Interestingly, nothing in your response serves to back up your original claim. Sure, Slawenski notes Salinger re-worked the piece. Nothing surprising there. He had input from an editor at the New Yorker. Okay. The opening section of the story, as you say, has more to do with Muriel's character. That's right. The dialogue and detail I mentioned previously. Nothing about Elliot. Rilke, maybe, but nothing that an "Elliot scholar" would find much use of. And no, I think a publisher would have thought twice before asking "Jerome" about something with such little significance in a short story. You're still not following Jacobite's sound advice, not to rely on just one biographer's interpretation on this story.Jimsteele9999 (talk) 01:06, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

Comment: - 36hourblock reached out to me for my opinion on the matter a few weeks ago noticing that I've worked and commented on many of the Eliot-related articles. I hadn't had the time to attend to it until today--and it's first time I've read the Bananafish story since my teens. Eliot is one of the most-quoted poets and often by too many authors who aren't using a quote properly in context or just looking to appear or sound profound. Salinger, sadly was both (not only my assessment, Bob Giroux--his old editor--said it in a ton of interviews). Yes, it is from lines 2 and 3 of the Waste Land, but the entire connection seems to end there. IMO, I think the assessment of Slawenski is ambitiously fatuous. Kenneth Slawenski biography, while it qualifies here as a reliable source, isn't well-regarded by academics or critics, and it was panned in reviews (Slate, which tears apart amateur-hour errors and points to specific failings in his research (like not contacting certain people to close to J.D.S.), called it "hagiography"--essentially whitewashing hero-worship). Further, while it meets WP:RS, we should be cautioned that Slawenski isn't an academic and lacks suitable academic credentials to be taken as an expert. He's a self-described fan who runs a fan website and has had limited work as a journalist. As to the core of the question, I find that his assessment of comparing Salinger's Sybil to the Sybil at Cumae, from what I see, quite an exaggerated overreaching. Looking through the available literature, I could find no scholarly articles that make the Sybil connection. Further, it is apparent that Slawenski in his incomplete research seemed to pass over Salinger's obsession with Oscar Wilde who employed two characters named Sybil, one of which is more like the Bananafish character than Eliot's reference to classical antiquity. --ColonelHenry (talk) 23:41, 17 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The only book that does mention it is: Christine Kerr, Bloom's how to Write about J.D. Salinger (New York: Bloom's Literary Criticism/InfoBase Publishing, 2008), 108-109. Which offers a point to discuss in class while reading Salinger. It does not establish the claim any further than to ask for comparative discussion on why Sibyl/Sybil wants to die. Given the writing of Kerr's book in 2008, and that Slawenski posits the question on his fan page before then, Kerr likely got the idea from reading his website (effectively a "feedback loop" if Slawenski was bolstered to include it in his biography after JDS's death) Between Kerr, Slawenski, and Wikipedia, that claim has taken on a life of its own. Most of the discussion on Bananafish in scholarly articles (see JSTOR), states that the reference to Eliot's Waste Land's "mixing memory and desire" (in which Eliot is channeling and mocking Chaucer, by the way...something that most critics don't pick up on) is a reference to Seymour, not Sybil, and sets a frame for Seymour's sexual frustration which mimicked the impotence of the Fisher King in Eliot's poem...and a lot of the scholars in the 50s/60s pointed out the similarities between Seymour and Joyce's Leopold Bloom from Ulysses.--ColonelHenry (talk) 03:23, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Where does it ever mention Bob Giroux was Salinger's editor? He's often referenced for notoriously passing on the manuscript of The Catcher in the Rye, but was never Salinger's editor. Moreover, even if true, I'd doubt second-hand sourcing of Salinger's "obsession" with Elliot (a claim I find dubious considering Salinger's work is replete with references to other author's works, yet Elliot shows up once.)Jimsteele9999 (talk) 14:46, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Jim, I was just asked to give my opinion only because of the Eliot matter. I probably should have better phrased that--yes, I know Giroux passed on Catcher...after Salinger became difficult and because Giroux spotted holes in the Catcher plot that apparently Salinger didn't want to fix. But before that Giroux was attempting to develop Salinger (something he talks about often in interviews. (fyi: Giroux's other big wrong turn was telling Kerouac he had to edit the scroll of On the Road and Kerouac wouldn't have any of it. It was "holy writ" and inviolable.) I have no dog in this fight, but for dollars or donuts, independent of the debate regarding Slawenski's reliability arguing that Salinger based Sybil off of the Cumaean Sibyl because of Eliot it's seemingly farfetched claim. Considering the lack of credentials and harsh words people have said about Slawenski's work, I'd advise against relying on it too heavily for the purposes of this article (read: substantiate anything he says with more credible, expert sources before presenting it as gospel truth). The articles on JSTOR provide more Eliot analysis for the building of Seymour's character, none for Sybil. I added the matter regarding Oscar Wilde from my own observation, but I haven't ever seen anyone put that in a peer reviewed journal. But Sybil-Eliot-Sibyl...that's all I was asked for an opinion on, and that's all I have to add to this discussion. So, opinion posited, take it for what it's worth. Good luck with the rest of the article.--ColonelHenry (talk) 20:30, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Sir, it goes without saying, if you will look at the history of this thread, I'm one of the voices advising against using Slawenski as RS. That being said, you are wrong about any "holes" in The Catcher in the Rye, either as manuscript or book. In terms of Giroux's alleged involvement--not that it matters much for the purposes of this article--they are less to do with any "fixing" of Salinger's work by Bob, and more about his lack of vision and proficiency in mishandling future classics. Not sure where you're getting your information, but you might want to start with this Jimsteele9999 (talk) 01:24, 19 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I noticed your opposition to Slawenski, we have no quarrel. 36hourblock asked my opinion and should be surprised that you and I agree on the issue. As the article gets revised to reflect the outcome of this discussion, Slawenski will likely be marginalized, and I hope you and your fellow contributors use some of the articles on JSTOR from the 50s and 60s about the story (there are about ten that are exceptionally useful for the development of this analysis section). Sadly, I am familiar the TPR interview, it's one of four different versions of the story that Giroux gives. I will agree with you on his lack of vision. He is considered one of the better editors, but he's no Maxwell Perkins. --ColonelHenry (talk) 02:14, 19 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Sir, if you have access to any of the versions Bob gives, I'd be happy to read them. Interestingly, this is the only one that's been told, published and quoted. Like I said, besides Giroux botching the publishing deal of the century by putting a masterpiece of fiction in the hands of a textbook department, I don't see any other version, especially one where a guy like that would be able to spot any inconsistencies in a master's work.Jimsteele9999 (talk) 00:39, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

Response: I invited ColonelHenry to comment on the matter of the legitimacy of biographer Slawenski ‘s assertion that an “unmistakable” connection existed between T.S. Eliot’s depiction of the Cumaean Sibyl of Greek myth in The Waste Land and Salinger’s story of the Bananafish. He was gracious enough to provide commentary on the subject. This much is certain: ColonelHenry was no ringer I engaged to bolster the Sybil/Sibyl link – that should be clear by reading his analysis. I am bound by good faith to defer to his opinion on this matter.

I especially appreciated this observation: “Looking through the available literature, I could find no scholarly articles that make the Sybil connection.” Excellent. And this, too, was very constructive: “As the article gets revised to reflect the outcome of this discussion […] and I hope you and your fellow contributors use some of the articles on JSTOR from the 50s and 60s about the story (there are about ten that are exceptionally useful for the development of this analysis section).” (my ellipsis)

I shall not, therefore, object if editors remove the existing material in the Analysis section; its revival would be contingent upon the discovery of an additional source to support the Slawenski’s claims.

I extend my thanks again to the Colonel, and trust we may, in future “[drink] coffee and talk for an hour” on literary matters. 36hourblock (talk) 19:55, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

To Jim and Jacobite - on the matter of sources, etc.
To Jimsteele9999 and The Old Jacobite (the latter no doubt following this exchange): Besides the good advice offered by ColonelHenry on The Waste Land, the rest is dross. It is unfortunate that he proceeded to pass judgments on Slawenski that border on character assassination - and worthy only of a graduate of Roger B. Taney’s “Academy of Obiter Dicta”. I would caution you both to recognize this specious critique of Slawenski for what is: an attempt to impeach Slawenski’s "credentials".

ColonelHenry cites one article from Salon – precisely the one I provided by Blake Bailey – to work up his claim that Slawenski is “ambitiously fatuous” and guilty of a “whitewashing hero-worship”. Rubbish. Just as offensive, and risible, is his unsubstantiated “feedback loop” theory regarding Christine Kerr. And what could be more “fatuous” than his assessment that “…Slawenski will likely be marginalized…” Ad hominem attacks against our sources are quite useless, and do little to improve these articles.

Enough said. Let us proceed to other topics.

Back up for a moment. In the last year or so, I’ve made a small project of rewriting the existing summaries for most of the works from Nine Stories. They had languished for years as little more that slightly improved stubs, and needed revision badly. Of course, I reread the stories for comprehension, and I used Slawenski’s sympathetic and “engaging” biography to write some analysis. No complaints arose, with the exception of Bananafish. As the editor "mcclean" pointed out, this is a “start-class article and, as expected, has undue weight given to certain parts.” More to the point, these recent rewrites have elicited some insightful edits and corrections. There will no doubt be increased interest in Salinger's early writing as the date for several posthumous publications approaches in 2015. (See the article by Sandy English at the WSWS,below).

I repeat: the Analysis section dealing with The Waste Land can be removed without objection from me. But generally speaking, let’s give these articles some latitude on the matter of contributions, as long as mainstream sources are provided.

http://www.deadcaulfields.com/ entirely inoffensive online source for Salinger admirers – so what? http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2011/01/for_salinger_with_love.html http://thelongestchapter.com/tag/kenneth-slawenski/ “...an engaging biography...” http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/02/salinger-201102?currentPage=all# Vanity Fair article by Slawenski http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/10/17/sali-o17.html Sandy English reviews the Shane Salerno documentary.

36hourblock (talk) 20:43, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Sir, what I mean is that Slawenski is not someone to turn to when looking for a reliable source for all things Salinger. This goes for the matter pertaining to Elliot and Seymour Glass, as well as the type of chair Salinger sat in when he typed his work and his penchant for rainy days. A close, careful reading of the book will find many of his claims unsourced. Apparently he interviewed Salinger's ex-wife. Well, I am sure she gave an unbiased account of who he was. He did his homework relative to Salinger's war service, but what seems to concern you is this Elliot connection. And I think the Col. mentions Salinger was "obsessed" with the poet, too. Yet, there's no evidence of this. Anywhere. One could find Rilke mentioned, referenced, even lauded in his stories. But Elliot? And so what if both are mentioned? So what? It's your interpretation. Or Slawenski's.

Speaking of, these "sources" you list below consist of weak ones at best. (They were not posted as "sources", only related material apropos of our discussion) 36hourblock (talk) 20:50, 27 October 2013 (UTC)

Lastly, thanks for your work on the Nine Stories, but no need to announce a certain date for posthumous publication of work. We don't have a crystal ball, do we? This is merely a claim in the new biography--one they say's based on "two independent sources." Well, that's not enough for me. Is it for you? If so, fine. But if I were you, when it comes to Salinger, I wouldn't believe everything you read. Jimsteele9999 (talk) 01:08, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Excellent advice. I'll certainly keep that in mind when I scan your literary gems.
 * On the matter of the posthumous works, Sandy English of the World Socialist Web Site reports: "...a number of posthumous works by J. D. Salinger will be published after 2015, including A Counterintelligence Agent’s Diary, presumably based on his experiences in de-Nazification; A World War II Love Story, apparently dealing with his marriage to Sylvia Welter; A Religious Manual, about his discovery of Hinduism; and The Complete Chronicle of the Glass Family, new short stories about his recurring character Seymour Glass."

 * "Good-bye, Mr. Bond." 36hourblock (talk) 20:50, 27 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Sadly, it appears you have missed the entire point of our threads. The difference between a reliable source and one that is not. Regardless, the conjecture about Elliot in the article is now gone, and the article is now better off.Jimsteele9999 (talk) 15:26, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

Salinger and Eliot, continued
Literary editor Joel Salzburg reports that John M. Howell, in his essay “Salinger in the Waste Land” purposefully “derived the controlling metaphors of The Catcher in the Rye  from T. S. Eliot’s [poem] The Waste Land. And further, Howell “to establish his argument…appended three epigraphs to his essay from Salinger’s fiction, two of which, “The Inverted Forest” and “A Perfect Day for Bananafish” do in fact make allusions to Eliot’s poems.” The epigraph of interest here, provided by Howell is this: “Ah, Sharon Lipschutz…How that name comes up. Mixing memory and desire…Sybil, I’ll tell you what we’ll do. We’ll see if we can catch a bananafish.”

Warren French, a Salinger scholar includes, in his book on Salinger, a chapter entitled “You, T. S. Eliot” linking The Inverted Forest, as does Howell, to The Waste Land.

Ian Hamilton acknowledges the connection between Salinger’s Sybil, and the Cumaean Sybil when he writes that the character “...deserves her name...”

One editor (see preceding exchange) made this complaint: “And what about that pamphlet Muriel is reading? That article (Sex is Fun--Or Hell). What about that?”

Literary critics Bernice and Sanford Goldstein answer it this way: “In the bananafish story Seymour’s dreadful dilemma is revealed. But the earlier drifting allusion to Eliot’s The Waste Land, ‘Mixing memory and desire’, returns the reader to the opening scene of Muriel’s conversation with her mother. That the world outside of Seymour is ruled by dichotomies is suggested in the paragraph reference to the article Muriel has just finished reading, ‘Sex is Fun – or Hell’”…”

Goldstein has explained her connection to the T.S. Eliot poem as a significant one; Slawenski has done the same with regard to T.S. Eliot. Neither position is merely “opinion”. It’s part of the analysis by reputable scholars on the topic.

Unfortunately, some editors have hardened their positions on the matter, as if their Wiki reputations are on the line. Worse, this attitude is presented as “intellectual integrity”. Nonsense.

If the section is deemed objectionable, kindly report it to Dispute Resolution for a ruling. 36hourblock (talk) 19:15, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

Plan for Revision

 * We are going to contribute to this article by creating a background section as well as a criticism and reception section.
 * Bibliography:
 * Fassano, Anthony. "Salinger's A PERFECT DAY FOR BANANAFISH." The Explicator 66.3 (2008): 149-50. ProQuest. Web. 20 Apr. 2018.
 * Cotter, James Finn. "A Source for Seymour's Suicide: Rilke's Voices and Salinger's Nine Stories." Papers on Language & Literature, vol. 25, no. 1, Winter 89, p. 83. EBSCOhost.
 * Alsen, Eberhard. A Reader's Guide to J.d. Salinger. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002. Print.
 * Rosenbaum, Ron. "The Flight from Fortress Salinger." New York Times Book ReviewOct 08 2000: 16,7.16. ProQuest. Web. 20 Apr. 2018.
 * “JD Salinger.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 19 Aug. 2015, www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/jd-salinger-salinger-timeline/2838/.
 * Morrice, Polly. “Descended From Salinger - Books - Review.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 23 Mar. 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/books/review/Morrice-t.html.
 * Salerno, Shane, and David Shields. Salinger. Simon & Schuster, 2014.
 * Malcolm, Janet. “Justice to J.D. Salinger.” The New York Review of Books, www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/06/21/justice-jd-salinger/.
 * Judis, John B. “The Salinger Generation.” The New Republic, 30 Jan. 2010, newrepublic.com/article/72876/the-salinger-generation.
 * Salinger, J. D. “A Perfect Day For Bananafish.” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 19 June 2017, www.newyorker.com/magazine/1948/01/31/a-perfect-day-for-bananafish. --Mmeyer7 (talk) 15:52, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

Future Revisions
There remains to be some work done here and this article could benefit from a characters section seeing that the members of the Glass family carry over to more Salinger short stories; someone could even link to the page about the Glass family already created. The reception and criticism section could use more information from a breadth of sources. Most criticism and analysis of the short story focus on Seymour, but it would be nice to see scholarly criticism about other events or characters referenced. The plot summary section should be cleaned up; for a short story, this section is too long and wordy. The introduction section states some background knowledge that might be more useful in the new background section. Lkobus (talk) 14:08, 7 May 2018 (UTC)

Cited in footnotes

 * Bloom, Harold. 1997. J.D. Salinger: Modern critical views. Chelsea House Publishers, New York. ISBN 0-87754-716-5
 * Bloom, Harold. 2007. J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye in Bloom’s Guides. Chelsea House Publishers, New York. ISBN 978-0-7910-9296-5
 * French, Warren. 1963. J.D. Salinger. Twayne Publishers. Boston, Massachusetts.
 * Hamilton, Ian. 1967. J.D. Salinger: A Critical Essay. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan.
 * Salzburg, Joel. 1990. Critical Essays on Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. G.K. Hall & Co. Boston, Massachusetts

title: Talk:A Perfect Day for Bananafish


text:
Toyota Vitz

The Toyota Vitz (トヨタ・ヴィッツ) is a subcompact car produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota from 1999 to 2019 in a three- or five-door hatchback body styles. The "Vitz" nameplate was used consistently in Japan, while most international markets received the same vehicle as the Toyota Yaris, or as the Toyota Echo in some markets for the first generation. The Vitz was available in Japan from Toyota's Netz Store dealerships. Toyota began production in Japan and later assembled the vehicle in other Asian countries and in France.

By 2010, the first two generations had achieved in excess of 3.5 million sales in over 70 countries, including more than 1.4 million in Japan.

In 2019, the "Vitz" nameplate was no longer used in Japan due to faltering sales and the unification of Toyota sales network in Japan, and the vehicle was replaced by the XP210 series Yaris. Since 2023, the nameplate is reused for a rebadged third-generation Suzuki Celerio for African markets.

First generation (XP10/XP20; 1999)
The first generation XP10 series Vitz was designed by Sotiris Kovos at Toyota's ED2 studio in Europe. It was first unveiled at the 1998 Paris Motor Show. Production began in late 1998, with a Japanese on-sale date of January 1999; European sales commenced two months later as the "Toyota Yaris". When introduced to Australasia in October 1999, the "Toyota Echo" name was used, as was the case in Canada when released there in 2003 for the 2004 model year. The "Echo" and "Yaris" names were also given to the export version of the related Japanese market Toyota Platz sedan, also available as a coupé in North America. Often sold alongside the hatchback and marketed as a single line of vehicles, exterior panels common between the Vitz and Platz were restricted to the front doors. However, as Vitz and Platz were designed using the same platform, the mechanicals are largely identical and both share a common dashboard module. There was also a "Yaris Verso" or "Echo Verso" variant sold in some export markets from late 1999, based on the Japanese "Toyota Fun Cargo". The Verso MPV utilizes the same running gear as the Vitz, but features a more spacious interior.

At its introduction in 1999, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award.

What became the XP10 series was shown earlier in concept form at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show. This concept, titled "Funtime" was developed under the leadership of Shuhei Toyoda, who also commissioned two additional models based on the same platform: the "Funcoupe" and the "Funcargo", the predecessor to the forthcoming production model Fun Cargo. Styled in Brussels by Toyota's European Office of Creation (EPOC), the "Fun project" as it was known, was envisaged to underline the versatility of shared platform engineering. These concept vehicles morphed into the New Basic Car (NBC) program, with each separate NBC model designated a number, NBC1 in the case of the Vitz three-door. The name Vitz is the phonetic Anglicized spelling of the German word Witz which means "wit" (however, its principal meaning in contemporary German is "joke"). Toyota claims the contrived name Yaris is "intended to convey a European impression", while Echo "is intended to Echo nothing."

Instead of conventional analogue instruments, the Vitz utilized digital instruments which were mounted in a "pod" in the center of the dashboard. When sales commenced in the Canadian market this was not the case, with Toyota opting to fit a conventional speedometer, still mounted in the center of the dashboard.

In 2003, the facelifted 'Phase 2' Vitz was released with different bumpers and 'teardrop' front lights.

Safety
Euro NCAP crash tested the dual-airbag equipped XP10 series in 2000, rating the car 29 out of 37 for adult occupant protection, or four out of five stars. The pedestrian rating (pre-2002) is 13 points or two of out of four stars. In July 2004, ANCAP tested the XP10 with only a driver's airbag fitted, resulting in a 23.64 out of 37 grading, or three out of five stars. The 2010 edition of Monash University's Used Car Safety Ratings (UCSR), found that the XP10 provides a "poor" (two out of five stars) level of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident.

Asia
The Japanese launch of the Vitz occurred on 13 January 1999, and along with the related Platz, was retailed through the Netz Stores.

The Vitz "RS" was introduced in October 2000. The "RS" featured revised front and rear bumpers, a mesh grille, black-tinted headlamps, front fog lamps, side skirts and alloy wheels. Interior upgrades include, sports-oriented front seats, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, a leather and chrome gear shifter, and metallic door sill scuff plates. Two engines were available in the "RS", the 1.3-litre 84 hp 2NZ-FE and the 1.5-litre 110 hp 1NZ-FE. More powerful brakes and a firmer suspension calibration were also fitted to the "RS".

The Phase 2 Vitz RS was also available in a turbocharged version modified by Toyota Racing Development (TRD) mainly for the domestic Japanese market, and outfitted with an IHI Rhf4 turbocharger with 0.5 bar boost. Produced in limited numbers, the TRD-tuned "RS" sported the 1.5-litre engine, and produced 148 hp and offered a 0 - 100 km/h time of 7.9 seconds.

The Yaris was also sold in China as the Xiali Vizi from December 2002 to 2012, equipped with a 1.0 and 1.3-litre engine.

Australia
The XP10 series was introduced to Australia on 8 October 1999 as the "Echo", replacing the Starlet. Both the three- and five-door hatchback variants were available, which sold alongside the four-door Toyota Platz-derived Echo sedan. Sourced from Japan, Australian-market Echo hatchbacks received the 1.3-litre 2NZ-FE engine with a standard five-speed manual transmission and optional four-speed automatic. The base model was fitted with a driver's airbag and cassette player, although the optional safety pack added a passenger airbag and anti-lock brakes (ABS). Power steering was made standard equipment in October 2002. The Echo "Sportivo" was introduced in March 2001, fitted with the 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE engine with manual transmission only. Compared to the models equivalent to the Echo "Sportivo" in other markets (the Vitz "RS" in Japan, and Yaris "T-Sport" in Europe), the Australian variant is distinguishable with its locally developed T-CAM (Toyota Conversions, Accessories and Motorsport) body kit and downgraded 14-inch alloy wheels.

Sales of the facelifted hatchback range commenced in March 2003. At the same time, the price dropped and standard equipment was increased, with air conditioning, a CD player, and remote keyless entry included, although the safety pack was deleted as an option all together. Consequently, ANCAP tested the Echo in July 2004 and demoted it from a four- to a three-star safety rating. ANCAP had previously based its four-star rating on the test conducted by Euro NCAP, which was performed with the passenger airbag fitted. Following the reassessment, Toyota reintroduced the safety pack from 1 December 2004 for the 2005 model year. In June 2005, Toyota Australia launched the Echo "Rush" three- and five-doors. Additional equipment fitted over the base model included 14-inch alloy wheels, front power windows, and front fog lamps.

Europe
The Vitz, marketed as the "Yaris" in Europe, was initially available with gasoline-powered inline-four engines in displacements of 1.0 and 1.3-litres, both featuring Toyota's VVT-i technology. The use of sophisticated engine management systems was said to give the equivalent of 1.4-litre performance from the 70 hp 1.0-litre engine, while maintaining low fuel consumption and emissions. In 2001, the range was expanded via the addition of the hot hatch "T Sport" (equivalent to the Vitz "RS" in Japan), fitted with the 1.5-litre engine. After March 2002, a 1.4-litre D4-D diesel engine offering 75 hp was also included in the lineup.

In most European markets, the Yaris was a stronger seller than the Starlet that it replaced. The XP10 was voted European Car of the Year in 2000, and also the 2000 Semperit Irish Car of the Year.

From 31 January 2001, the Yaris was produced in the Toyota Motor Manufacturing France (TMMF), in Onnaing, to supplement Japanese-made units.

European-market Yaris was also exported to Israel as well as in Morocco.

During the arrival of its successor, the first-generation Yaris had sold over 1.2 million units in Europe.

North America
The Vitz hatchback was not sold in North America until 2003, when it launched only in Canada under the "Echo" name for the 2004 model year. Prior to this, only the Platz-based Echo sedan and coupé were available in Canada. The hatchback (three and five doors) was introduced in Canada only due to the higher sales achieved by the sedan and coupé compared to the United States, where they have failed due to low demand. Minor changes were made to meet Canadian safety requirements such as larger bumpers. The Echo hatchback was offered in four different trims in Canada, the LE being the standard version available in three or five door variants. The CE was an economy version only available with three doors and did not feature power steering, a rear wiper or a four-way speaker system, while the RS was only available with five doors and featured an aero package, aluminium alloy wheels, leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob along with sport seats.

Although an RS version was offered, it consisted of cosmetic changes only. All Canadian-bound Echo hatches were sold with the 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE engine and rated at 108 hp.

In 2004, for the 2005 model year, a tachometer was added.

Yaris Cabrio Concept (2000)
The Yaris Cabrio concept car was presented at the March 2000 Geneva Motor Show. The Yaris Cabrio featured a fabric roof. It never reached the production stage. Another similar concept based on the XP150 series Yaris was showcased at the 23rd Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show in August 2015, being called Yaris Legian.

Second generation (XP90; 2005)
Toyota redesigned the Vitz in early 2005, going on sale in Japan that February. The Yaris family (Vitz and including the Belta) was developed under the lead of chief engineer Kousuke Shibahara. While the previous generation Vitz hatchback and Platz sedan look and feel virtually alike, the redesigned XP90 Vitz and Belta are more subtly related in terms of appearance. The two cars share underpinnings, notably the frame and the drivetrain components, however the sheet metal and interior is different. While the Vitz was designed at Toyota's European ED2 design studios, the Belta was designed at their Japanese design studios.

The Vitz platform was larger in all metrics, to create a larger interior space on par with vehicles in the segment above. It had a short overhangs and cab-forward design. The Vitz has nine airbags for some models.

The European, Australian, Canadian, Mexican, Venezuelan and Puerto Rican markets received the second-generation Vitz near the end of 2005. In the Australia and North America, the car was sold under the Yaris nameplate for the first time; the Belta is also sold there but with the nameplate Yaris sedan. The production Yaris for the US market was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 2006. The XP90 series Yaris was built in Japan, France, Thailand, China and Taiwan.

The previous 4-cylinder 1.0 VVT-i engine was replaced by the 3-cylinder engine also found in the Toyota Aygo. The 1.3-litre engine was revised to offer slightly more power, and the 1.4 D-4D got a 15 PS boost to 90 PS, the former engine allowing it to achieve exceptional fuel economy. For the European market in early 2009 the Yaris added a 1.33-litre engine with Stop & Start technology. The Yaris became the first car in its class to offer nine airbags.

The Vitz also received a minor facelift in 2009 with slight subtle revisions to its bumper with in-built cornering protectors, air dams and revised tail lights.

Second facelifts
The XP90 series Yaris continued to be built in China and Thailand until it was replaced by the XP150 model in November 2013.

In China, the Yaris received a second facelift in 2011, which has an extended front body which brings the car to measure 3915 mm in length and a new chrome grille.

For Thailand-made models (also exported to Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines), in February 2012 the Yaris received front and rear bumpers, rear LED tail lights from the facelifted Vitz RS/Yaris TS, and updated steering wheel.

Daihatsu Charade
From 2011 to 2013, Daihatsu sold the five-door XP90 Yaris in Europe as the Daihatsu Charade. Imported from Thailand, powertrains comprised a 1.3-litre engine and six-speed manual or optional automatic. The Charade was sold alongside the XP130 series Yaris.

Vitz RS
The Vitz RS was launched in 2005. It is powered 1.5 L 4-cylinder VVT-i engine rated 107 bhp (80 kW) and 140 Nm. The RS features 16-inch alloy wheels, an RS badged mesh grille, a redesigned front and rear bumper, redesigned tail lamps, deep side skirts and a tail spoiler. It also features sports tuned steering and suspension as well as disc rear brakes.

The Vitz RS was sold in North American market equipped with the base 1.5-litre engine, and in European markets as the Yaris TS. It was first seen at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show. As with the previous T-Sport, there are extra rear reflectors on the bumper. Essentially, it is a Japanese market Vitz RS fitted with a 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE engine rated 130 hp and 173 Nm, which can reach 100 km/h in under 10 seconds.

For model year 2007 on Japanese models only, G-BOOK, a subscription telematics service, was offered as an option.

The Vitz RS was also a basis for the 2012 Thai-built Yaris facelift.

Japan
In Japan, the second generation model is sold as the Vitz. It is available in B, F, I and RS model grades. Engine available ranges from 1 to 1.5-litres starting with the basic B variant to the sporty RS variant featuring a sports package and minor cosmetic bits on its interior and minor tweaks to its suspension. The models which have automatic transmission adopt a 4WD layout while the manual version use a standard front 2WD layout.

In September 2008, Toyota Modellista International launched three special editions of the Vitz RS with a number of cosmetic and TRD performance parts for the Japanese market. These models were known as "Vitz TRD Racing", "Vitz TRD Sport M" and turbocharged "Vitz TRD Turbo M". Available for sale through Toyota Netz Store dealerships, same as the regular Vitz.

China
The Yaris has been built and marketed in China by GAC Toyota since July 2008. Two engine options have been provided: the 1.3-litre 2NZ-FE and 1.6-litre dual VVT-i 4ZR-FE. To boost sales, GAC-Toyota developed a 2011 model specifically for the Chinese market. The XP90 continued to be built in China until it was replaced by the newer model in November 2013. However, extended production continued from 2015 to 2016 under Chinese electric car sub brand Leahead which was owned by GAC Toyota. The Leahead i1 has received criticism for faulty airbags.

Indonesia
The Yaris was launched in Indonesia on 10 February 2006. It is powered by the 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE engine matched to 4-speed Super ECT automatic or 5-speed manual transmission. Initially, the Yaris was offered in E, S and S Limited trim levels. The automatic only S and S Limited came with front, side and rear spoilers. Engine Start/Stop button is for the S Limited only. The new base model J was added into the lineup in 2008. Limited edition TRD Sportivo model were added, based from J trim with body kit and lowered springs, only 10 units were made. The Yaris received its facelift on 16 March 2009 with new bumpers, grille, tail lights and revised interior. The mid-level E got aero-style mudguards and roof spoiler, while full body kits are remained on the S and S Limited. The second TRD Sportivo model based from S Limited trim with extreme body kit and lowered springs was offered in small numbers in 2010. The Yaris received a facelift again on 14 March 2012 with the Vitz RS look but with fog lamp covers, body kit and spoiler, updated steering wheel on E, S and TRD Sportivo type, and new interior with red stitching on S and TRD Sportivo types. The S Limited type was renamed to S A/T and the TRD Sportivo variant added manual transmission (previously available in automatic transmission only), a body kit, and no longer used TRD suspension to reduce cost. Sales terminated in October 2013 when production in Thailand was replaced by the XP150 model. In other uses, Toyota Team Indonesia built a slightly modified Yaris based on the TRD Sportivo model and is used for races in the Indonesian Touring Car Championship.

Malaysia
The Yaris was also available in Malaysia, powered by the 1NZ-FE engine with 4-cylinder DOHC with VVT-i. It comes in 2 trim levels: 1.5 G and 1.5 S, both with 4-speed automatic transmission with Super ECT and Gate Shifter, featuring an output of 80 kW at 6000 rpm, and a torque of 141 Nm at 4200 rpm. The 1.5 S trim comes with 15" solid disc brakes for the front wheels, front and rear bumper spoilers, side skirt and rear roof mounted spoiler, amber Optitron meter, a black center cluster, leather wrapped gearshift.

Singapore
The Yaris was first launched in Singapore in 2006 by the local dealer Borneo Motors with 3 variants, namely the E (Manual and Automatic) and G (Automatic). It is powered by a 1NZ-FE 4-cylinder DOHC engine with VVT-i. The G model has a 60:40 split rear seat, an additional tray under the driver's seat and side door mouldings which the E model does not. It features an Optitron speedometer across the lineup. Optional body kits are also available featuring a front and rear lip, side skirts and a rear roof mounted spoiler. After its facelift in 2010, the 1.5 E automatic was the only variant available.

Thailand
In Thailand, which manufactured the Yaris for the Asian market, was available in 4 trim levels namely the J, E, G and RS. The Yaris is powered by a 1.5 L 1NZ-FE powerplant in Thailand. The RS model features a RS emblem sport grill, red stitching on the steering wheel, 16-inch alloy wheels, sport suspension and blackened headlamp tint. It also features Smart Entry and Push Start ignition. Both the G and RS trim has multifunction controls on the steering wheel.

Australia
In Australia, the Yaris is available in hatchback and sedan forms. It comes with either a 1.3-litre (2NZ-FE) or 1.5-litre (1NZ-FE) powered petrol engine. Models sold are the basic 1.3 YR with 14" steel wheels; the mid-range 1.5 YRS with 15" steel wheels and a leather bound steering wheel and gearshift knob; and the sportier 1.5 YRX which features front fog lights, a bodykit consisting of front lip, side skirts and a rear spoiler, and 15" alloy wheels. The "Rush" model was a base 1.3 YR with front fog lights and alloy wheels from the YRX. All Australian delivered models have ventilated front discs and rear drums. Across the model lineup, a seven airbag package is available as part of the Enhanced Safety Pack option.

North America
The second generation US Yaris is the successor to the previous North American Toyota Echo. In the US, the 3-door Vitz shares the Yaris name with the Toyota Belta sedan. The 3-door model is called the 'Yaris Liftback', while the 5-door model would be sold starting with the 2009 model year and competes with the similarly equipped Scion xD. The 2008 model year US Yaris comes standard with the 1.5-litre VVT-i engine producing 106 hp and 103 lbft and five-speed manual transmission C54, the four-speed automatic U340E being optional. Fuel economy is rated at 29 mpgus in the city and 36 mpgus on the highway with the manual transmission. While front airbags are standard, as mandated by the law, ABS and side airbags are available only as an option. In some southern states, a special Yaris Onyx was released in January 2009 that added 17-inch wheels and a number of cosmetic items.

The Canadian Yaris hatchback was available in 3 and 5-door models and is similar to the US variant, running on the Toyota NZ engine, a 1.5 L 4-cylinder VVT-i engine rated 106 bhp and 103 lbft. The 2006 Yaris with the 1.5-litre engine can achieve fuel economy ratings of 40 mpgus during highway driving and 34 mpgus during city driving. 3-door CE and 5-door LE versions come with 14-inch wheels, while RS models are equipped with 15-inch alloys with standard anti-lock braking system (ABS) and electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD). In addition, 2008 RS models include new front and rear skirts. The CE, LE, and RS packages were replaced by the more modular convenience, power, and all-weather guard packages.

For the 2009 year, the Yaris 5-door liftbacks join the lineup of the existing 4-door sedans and 3-door liftbacks because of the increased demand for fuel efficient subcompact cars. In addition to the new 5-door liftback, all 2009 Yaris models come standard with anti-lock brakes (ABS), front seat-mounted side airbags and front and rear curtain side airbags. For 2009, Toyota also added cruise control as an option on liftback models, and has added a few more colour choices.

The Yaris has been praised by the automotive press for its extremely high fuel economy, but criticized for its excessive body roll (due to a soft suspension and high ride height) and the initial lack of a manual transmission on 5-door models.

The 2010 model has a 5-speed manual option for the 5-door. It also has the Star Safety System – Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) + Traction Control (TRAC), Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) with Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD) and Brake Assist.

Recall
In January 2009, Toyota recalled 1.28 million vehicles worldwide based on the Yaris platform, such as the Vitz, Belta and the Ractis. The recall is based on a seat belt defect that, in severe front-end collisions, could cause a foam pad in the vehicle to ignite.

Third generation (XP130; 2010)
The third generation Vitz was introduced in December 2010 featuring a sportier stance, a redesigned front and a roomier interior. The new model uses a single windshield wiper instead of a pair of wipers and has its meter cluster positioned back in front of the driver and behind the wheel compared to its previous models. In European countries, the Yaris was also offered in 6-speed manual transmission for the 1.33L engine, or a CVT transmission often marketed as "7-speed MultiDrive" or "MultiDrive S". The 7-speed refers to the possibility to select a predefined gear ratio among 7 available, emulating a 7-speed sequential gearbox, with steering wheel levers.

Recall
On 10 October 2012, Toyota recalled 7.4 million vehicles worldwide, including certain Vitz, Yaris and Corolla models, due to malfunctioning power windows. They include: 2.47 million in the United States, 1.4 million in China and 1.39 million in Europe.

Facelift (2014)
In 2014, a facelift version was introduced. This version was marketed in North America, Europe and Australia. This version was also sold in Japan as the Vitz RS. North America and Australia variations include a 1.5-litre, 103 hp engine with a five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic. In Europe, the largest displacement version available was offered with a 1.33-litre engine, coupled with a six-speed manual or a CVT automatic. The facelift has been led by Toyota Europe, as opposed to all previous generations that had been designed so far in Japan. Toyota claims to have improved ride comfort, quietness at high speed, and the feeling of the interior, among other changes.

Facelift (2017)
On 12 January 2017, a second facelift version of the Vitz was launched in Japan. It was also offered with a hybrid drivetrain. The second facelift version of the Yaris has been available in Europe and Australia since March 2017 and in South Africa and North America since June 2017. The North American version was revealed at the April 2017 New York International Auto Show. The South African models were later replaced by the facelifted XP150 series Yaris hatchback.

Hybrid
The Yaris HSD Concept was introduced at the March 2011 Geneva Motor Show featuring a hybrid powertrain. The production version was presented at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show, and went on sale in June 2012.

The Yaris Hybrid shares the same powertrain as the Toyota Prius c sold in North America and as the Toyota Aqua in Japan. The Prius c is not available in Europe. It has a 1.5 L gasoline engine with a maximum output of 55 kW and a 45 kW electric motor which combine for a total output of 74 kW. Its NiMH battery has a capacity of 0.9 kWh.

The Yaris Hybrid sold 23,692 units during 2012. Cumulative sales reached 35,151 units through March 2013.

 * Pre-facelift

Japan
The third generation Vitz was launched on 22 December 2010 in Yokohama, Japan. Aerodynamic drag has been reduced with a coefficient drag value of 0.285.

This generation introduces a new 1.3-litre 4-cylinder engine which is as economical as the 1.0-litre engine, according to Toyota Japan. New features include a single windscreen wiper and an engine start-stop system with a claimed 26.5 km/L for the Japanese streets. The Vitz came with "Toyota Safety Sense C" package including features Lane Departure Alert, Automatic High Beam and Pre-crash safety system. Pre-crash safety system alarm will work when vehicle is between 15km/h to 140km/h, whereas automatic brakes will apply when vehicle is between 10km/h to 80km/h. The XP130 model comes with up to nine airbags: driver and front passenger airbags, front-seat mounted side airbags, a knee airbag for the driver, first and second row side-curtain airbags and two front seat cushion airbags.

The Vitz was offered in F, U, Jewela and RS model grades. The engines available range from 1.0- to 1.5-litres. The 1.5-litre RS model has a CVT transmission for the automatic, sporty front fascia and taillamps. Just like the previous generation, 2WD and 4WD drivetrains are available in Japan. The different engine size choices give Japanese drivers an option as to which annual road tax obligation they wish to pay, and larger engines are installed in vehicles with higher levels of optional equipment. On 6 September 2011, new RS G's sport trim based from the regular RS was launched. This model has new aero bodykit, tuned suspensions, lightweight 17-inch aluminium wheels and high performance tires. The Vitz received its facelift on 21 April 2014. The F, U and Jewela models received the updated front fascia that was only marketed in Japan, while the RS model shares the front fascia with the facelifted Yaris in export markets, but with different headlamps and tail lamps (also marketed as the Yaris ZR in Australia). The RS model was discontinued and replaced by the Sporty package variant of the U model with the second facelift in January 2017. The GR Sport and GR variant of the Vitz was introduced on 19 September 2017, as part of the Gazoo Racing series lineup, replacing both RS and RS G's trims.

In Japan, a sharp drop in sales from a height of 160,000 a year to 87,000 prompted Toyota to rebrand the Vitz as Yaris in order to expand its middle-aged customer base.

Europe
The third generation Yaris/Vitz entered production in Toyota Motor Manufacturing France plant in June 2011 and was launched in September of the same year. The Yaris Hybrid assembly started in April 2012.

Toyota Motor Manufacturing France started to build the Yaris for export to the US, Canadian and Puerto Rican markets from May 2013 until 2019.

A facelift version was introduced in 2014. Both the original and facelift share the drivetrain and transmission choices, however, the facelift claims to have improved ride comfort and interior quality among other features.

The production of the third generation Yaris in TMMF was stopped in June 2020.

Asia
In 2013, a different XP150 series Yaris which is based on the XP150 series Vios sedan was launched in some Asian markets, including many Southeast Asian regions. This version is not related to the XP130 series Vitz-based Yaris, instead, the XP150 series Yaris is based on the EFC platform.

In Singapore, the local dealer launched the XP130 series Yaris in 1.33-litre variant in the first quarter of 2013 to mid-2014. It was the only Asian country outside Japan and Hong Kong to source the Vitz-based Yaris.

Australia
The XP130 series Yaris for the Australian market was revealed at the July 2011 Australian International Motor Show held in Melbourne. The new Yaris has a sportier, more rounded grille and redesigned front bumper. The Australian Yaris comes in either a 1.3-litre or 1.5-litre powered petrol engine. Models sold are the basic YR, the mid-range YRS, YRX and the sportier ZR which features a sporty bumper with body kit. The basic YR model features 7 SRS airbags and Multi-Information Display as standard. Since the facelift in 2014, the range is 5-door only and has had a name change. They are now: Ascent for the base model, SX for the mid-range and ZR is the top level. In January 2017, there was another facelift and tech change, this bought a slightly different headlight/bumper/grill combination and Toyota Safety sense (auto high beam, lane departure alert and autonomous braking) became an option on Ascent and SX and standard on ZR.

United States and Canada
For the North American market, the XP130 series Yaris was released in the fourth quarter of 2011, for the 2012 model year, under the Yaris Liftback name. Offered in both three- and five-door hatchback styles, the Yaris Liftback offered only the previous generation's 1.5-litre engine with a five-speed manual or optional four-speed automatic transmission. The 2012 model year three- and five-door hatchbacks were available in the base L (CE in Canada), mid-range LE and sport-tuned SE trim levels. The SE was available only as a five-door and came with larger 16-inch alloy wheels, sport-tuned suspension and disk brakes on all four wheels. For the 2012 model year, the Yaris Liftback had nine standard airbags. For the 2015 model year, it was given a facelift.

The Yaris Liftback was discontinued in the United States for the 2019 model year but remained available in Canada. In early 2019, the Mazda2-based Yaris hatchback debuted at the 2019 New York International Auto Show and replaced the Yaris Liftback in both countries.

In the US, the previous XP90 Yaris sedan was replaced by the Scion iA, a rebadged Mazda2 sedan, from the 2016 model year until the Scion marque was dropped. The iA was later renamed to the Yaris iA, and then back to the Yaris sedan. However, the Scion iA was marketed as the Yaris sedan in Canada since its introduction.

Vitz/Yaris GRMN
The Vitz/Yaris GRMN (Gazoo Racing, tuned by the Meister of the Nürburgring) is a limited-production high-performance variant of the Vitz/Yaris. There are two variants of these limited-production Vitz/Yaris. The first variant was launched in August 2013, this model is powered by a turbocharged 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE Turbo engine (similar engine that powered the previous generations Vitz RS/Yaris T-Sport Turbo). This engine produces 112 kW at 6,000 rpm and 206 Nm of torque at 4,000 rpm. Only 200 examples of the Vitz GRMN Turbo were made and only available for the local Japanese market.

The second variant was launched in September 2017. This version is powered by a Lotus-tuned, supercharged 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE engine (shared with the Series 3 Elise) that produces 156 kW at 6,800 rpm and 250 Nm of torque at 5,000 rpm. It has a claimed 0 – acceleration in around 6.3 seconds and an electronically limited top speed of 230 km/h. 150 units were built for Japan and 400 units were built for Europe. It was later succeeded by the mass-produced, four-wheel drive variant of the GR Yaris.

Suzuki Celerio-based model
The "Vitz" nameplate is reused in 2023 for a rebadged third-generation Suzuki Celerio for African markets.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Toyota Vitz


text:
Regional language

A regional language is a language spoken in a region of a sovereign state, whether it be a small area, a federated state or province or some wider area.

Internationally, for the purposes of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, "regional or minority languages" means languages that are:
 * 1) traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population and
 * 2) different from the official language(s) of that State

Recognition of regional or minority languages must not be confused with recognition as an official language.

Relationship with official languages
In some cases, a regional language may be closely related to the state's main language or official language. For example:

 * The Frisian languages spoken in the Netherlands and Germany, which belong to the Germanic family.
 * The Gutnish language, a regional language spoken in Gotland and related to the Swedish language.
 * Kurdish in Kurdistan, which is an autonomous region in northern Iraq, Northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey.
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic in northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran.
 * The several hundred Sinitic languages are nearly always replaced by Standard Chinese (based on the Beijing dialect) in writing.
 * Wu, in Shanghai, southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang and eastern Jiangxi.
 * Yue Chinese, in Guangdong, parts of Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong and Macau, Cantonese is the regional standard variety for Yue-speaking areas
 * Hakka, in parts of Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan
 * Min, in Fujian, Taiwan, eastern Guangdong and Hainan.
 * Xiang, in Hunan.
 * Gan, in Jiangxi.
 * Kashubian, a regional language of Poland, has a bit under 90 thousand speakers, and is a language of the Lechitic branch, alongside Polish and Silesian.
 * Limburgish, a regional language in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, has around one million speakers and is closely related to Luxembourgish, Kleverlandish and Ripuarian.
 * Low German (also referred to as Low Saxon), an officially recognized regional language in Germany and the Netherlands, the direct descendant of Old Saxon. Sometimes (e.g. by nds and nds-nl Wikipedia) considered two languages divided by today’s Netherlands–German border on account of Dutch influences in the west and German influences in the east; closely related to Frisian, more distantly to German.
 * Scots, a regional language of Scotland and Northern Ireland (both part of the United Kingdom, and where it is known as Ulster Scots in the latter location), belongs to the same family of West Germanic languages as English.
 * Neapolitan, Sicilian and Venetian, regional languages spoken in Italy which also belong to the same family of standard Italian (Italo-Dalmatian).
 * Regional languages of Spain and Portugal:
 * Aranese, Catalan, and Galician are each, in the regions where they are the autochthonous language, co-official in status with Castilian (Spanish) which is official everywhere in the Kingdom of Spain.
 * Asturian and Leonese are recognized (but unofficial) in Asturias and Castile and León (Spain), while Mirandese is co-official with Portuguese in Miranda do Douro (Portugal). These Romance languages are classified under the term Astur-Leonese languages. Astur-Leonese is closely related to both Castilian and Galician, which itself is most closely related to Portuguese. Catalan is an Occitano-Romance language.
 * Occitan, most widely spoken across the Pyrenees in France and Catalonia, together with Catalan, forms a subgroup of Romance languages linguistically intermediate between French and the Ibero-Romance languages of Spain and Portugal. Aranese is a subdialect of Gascon
 * Tibetic languages
 * Amdo tibetan language have regional official status in amdo or Qinghai.
 * Standard Tibetan is currently based on Lhasa Tibetan.
 * Võro and Seto, regional languages of Estonia, are either dialects of Estonian or separate Finnic languages as Estonian.
 * Walloon, a regional language of France and Belgium, belongs to the same family of Oïl languages as French.
 * Hindi and English are the official languages of India's Central Government.
 * The officially declared regional languages of India are: Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Tulu, and Urdu.
 * Sylheti, a regional language of the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh and the Barak Valley of Assam, India, is often considered a dialect of Bengali but is also sometimes seen as a separate language.
 * Chittagonian, a regional language of parts of the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh, is often considered a dialect of Bengali but is also sometimes seen as a separate language.

In other cases, a regional language may be very different from the state's main language or official language. For example:

 * Basque, a regional language spoken in Spain and France (Basque Country).
 * Breton, a regional Celtic language spoken in France (Brittany).
 * Cherokee is an Iroquoian language, and one of the many Native American languages spoken in the U.S. State of Oklahoma.
 * Cornish, a regional Celtic language in the United Kingdom (Cornwall).
 * Corsican, a regional language in France (Corsica) closely related to Tuscan-derived Italian.
 * Gagauz, a regional Turkic language spoken in Moldova.
 * Livonian, a regional language of the Finnic family spoken in Latvia.
 * Resian, a dialect of Slovene spoken in Italy (Resia valley).
 * Sardinian, a regional Romance language spoken in Italy (Sardinia).
 * Scottish Gaelic, a regional Celtic language spoken in the United Kingdom (Scotland).
 * Sorbian, a regional Slavic language of Germany.
 * Welsh, a regional Celtic language spoken in the United Kingdom (Wales).

Official languages as regional languages
An official language of a country may also be spoken as a regional language in a region of a neighbouring country. For example:
 * Afrikaans, an official language of South Africa, is a regional language of Namibia.
 * Arabic, official in Zanzibar, a region of Tanzania.
 * Bengali is the official language of Bangladesh, and is the regional language of West Bengal in India.
 * Cantonese, one of the official standard varieties in Hong Kong and Macau (both special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China), is used as a regional language of the province of Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
 * Catalan, the official language of Andorra, is a regional language in Spain (Catalonia, Balearic Islands and Valencian Community), France (Pyrénées Orientales) and Italy (Alghero, Sardinia).
 * German, an official language of Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and Switzerland, is a regional language in Italy (South Tyrol), Poland (Silesia), France (Alsace and Lorraine), Denmark (Southern) and Namibia.
 * Hakka, one of the national languages of Taiwan, is spoken as a regional language in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian, People's Republic of China.
 * Hokkien, one of the national languages of Taiwan, is spoken as a regional language in the provinces of Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong, People’s Republic of China.
 * Hungarian, a Uralic language and official in Hungary, is a regional language of Romania (Northern Transylvania).
 * Irish, the first official language of the Republic of Ireland, is a regional language in Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom.
 * Japanese, one of the national language in Japan, is a regional language in Palau (Angaur Island).
 * Korean, the official language of Korea, is a regional language in People's Republic of China (Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture).
 * Malay, the official language of Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore, is a regional language in Indonesia (Riau Province).
 * Russian, the official language of the Russian Federation and Belarus, is a regional language of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and other entities.
 * Tamil, the official language of Singapore and Sri Lanka, is a regional language in India (Tamil Nadu)
 * Tigrinya, an official language of Eritrea, is a regional language in Ethiopia (Tigray Region).
 * Turkish, the official language of Turkey and Northern Cyprus, is a regional language of Kosovo.

title: Regional language


text:
Wormley, Surrey

Wormley is a village in Surrey, England in the parish of Witley, around Witley station, off the A283 Petworth Road about 5 km SSW of Godalming.

Expansion from archetypal hamlet
Wormley developed primarily as a result of the construction in the 19th century of Witley station, on the Portsmouth Direct line. King Edward's School, Witley once had its own station platform.

Former businesses
Cooper & Sons Ltd owned the Combelane walking stick factory; this was replaced by houses with small gardens and a light industrial estate. The Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Laboratory was here from 1952 to 1995, housed in the former Admiralty Signals Establishment building on Brook Road. The only public house, the Wood Pigeon, closed in 2007.

Architecture and gardens
King Edward's School is a Grade II listed building, the school war memorial is also Grade II listed. Gertrude Jekyll designed the gardens at Tigbourne Court and Wood End, houses both designed by Edward Lutyens.

Notable former residents

 * George Eliot (1819–1880) is a former resident.
 * Gertrude Mary Tuckwell (1861–1951) lived the last twenty years of her life in Little Woodlands, Combe Lane.
 * Louis de Bernières (b. 1954) who based his collection of short stories, Notwithstanding, on the local area. In the afterword of the book, De Bernières muses whether Wormley is, or is no longer, the rural idyll.

title: Wormley, Surrey


text:
Operational conversion unit

An operational conversion unit (OCU) is a unit within an air force whose role is to support preparation for the operational missions of a specific aircraft type by providing trained personnel. Operational conversion units teach pilots how to fly an aircraft and which tactics best exploit the performance of their aircraft and its weapons. The Royal Air Force and Royal Australian Air Force, among others, practise this method of training. The United States Navy calls its units in this role "fleet replacement squadrons".

An example of an OCU is No. 29 Squadron RAF, which was the second RAF squadron to receive the Eurofighter Typhoon.

The Royal Australian Air Force has a number of OCUs. These include No. 2 Operational Conversion Unit, No. 6 Squadron and No. 292 Squadron. These units are responsible for converting aircrews to the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, F/A-18F Super Hornet and Boeing P-8 Poseidon aircraft, respectively.

No. 42 Squadron RNZAF Is the only OCU in the Royal New Zealand Air Force. It flies the RNZAF's 4 Beechcraft Super King Air B200 in a Twin Engine conversion role. Until 2001 the RNZAF had No. 2 Squadron RNZAF. It flew the TA-4K Skyhawk in a Fighter Conversion Role but was mothballed along with the rest of the RNZAF's Air Combat Wing in 2001.

Royal Air Force OCUs have their origins in the post-war period. Before the Second World War, operational training was carried out in the squadron itself. With the coming of war, this method of training was no longer possible and some squadrons were reassigned to training duties. These were later renamed as "operational training units" (OTU) and in practice were larger than operational squadrons.

title: Operational conversion unit


text: Template:Politics of the Netherlands

title: Template:Politics of the Netherlands


text:
Talk:Saint Alban

Year
Why not Nero in c.66 CE? Bede says when the cruel emperors "first"... wasn't Nero the first emperor to overtly persecute Christians?

" However, modern scholars now believe that the decree may have been given by Decius in circa 254 " Decius died in 251, so how modern is this? A source is always welcome. Perhaps the editor meant hagiography, not history. Wetman 12:10, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Feast Day
I'm not a regular editor on this article, so I may leave this for someone else to correct, but the article lists two (2) different Feast Days. The block, or insert, at the beginning states it is "March 20." Later in the article it states it is June 22. In all my research, the only date that I can find is June 22. It is June 22 in the various Catholic Saints calendars that I find on the internet, and it is June 22 in the Anglican Church calendar. Further, it is listed as June 22 in John J. Delaney's "Dictionary of Saints," of which I have a copy on my bookshelf. I am a Past Master and Secretary of a Masonic Lodge named "St. Alban's Lodge," and every other St. Alban's Lodge that I know of (there are about 2 dozen worldwide) considers June 22 as his Feast Day. Who came up with March 20??? PGNormand 19:15, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm getting confused. Some websites claim that Alban's feast day is June 22, while others, like this freezing persistent website, say it is June 20.  Which date is correct? --Angeldeb82 (talk) 14:45, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The original day is June 22, and that seems still to be followed by Anglicans, and it is the date for which his name is read as part of the Catholic Roman Martyrology. However, the Roman Catholics shift feast days to avoid conflicts.  The Roman Calendars for England and Wales have the feast day on June 20, presumably to leave June 22 for Thomas More and John Fisher, both executed by Henry VIII in 1535 for standing against his separation of the Church of England from Rome.  I'll try to correct the article with references to both in a few days when I have time.  Esobocinski (talk) 05:10, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Restoring to 2 Nov 2004 version
Slightly mystified as to why this was overwritten with the content of St Albans Cathedral by User:62.252.64.13 on 18th December. I've reverted it now, but can't think why this would have happened. There is some overlap between this article and the England's first Christian martyr section of St Albans Cathedral, but there were obviously more details here which were lost in the above overwriting, which I've just restored. Oh well. - MykReeve 01:04, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Image
I have doubts as to whether Image:StAlban.jpg is actually a portrait of this St. Alban. This seems to be a Polish icon, and the cult of St. Alban was always localized to England (and Normandy). The Saint portrayed here is not shown as a martyr or beheaded, which is the standard representation of St. Alban. Dsmdgold 15:40, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Veneration in the Cath. Church
The article states that he is no longer listed in the Roman Catholic calendar. My question: In which calender was he listed and is not listed anymore? I doubt that he ever was listed in the universal calendar. Doesn't the catholic church in England venerate him? --Benedikt 15:26, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Date of death
Is it correct to put him in the category of AD304 deaths, when 304 is only one of three possible dates given for his death? My own view is that this should be a non-cat. Legis 09:28, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Sounds like a joke
The section 'Cult of Saint Alban' sounds a little like a bad joke. executioner was so impressed with Alban's faith that he also converted... Another executioner was quickly found (whose eyes dropped out of his head when he did the deed) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.210.122.153 (talk) 06:43, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

First Christian Martyr
I think its important to point out that he was the first recorded Christian British Martyr, because it would be very hard to verify whether he were the first British martyr (people have been living there for hundreds of thousands of years, I seriously doubt that he was the first person EVER who was martyred for his religious beliefs). His martyrdom was also very sensational, but there is no way to verify that no-one else was ever killed for their Christian faith before him, especiallly since many of the sources make mention of the fact that all Christians were suffering persecution at the time. Also, as the previous edit pointed out, Alban was a Britishmartyr, not and English martyr (England didn't exist) and not a "United Kingdom" martyr (also didn't exist yet). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Florimell1919 (talk • contribs) 16:32, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

Sticking Closer to the Sources/adding citations
I'm combing through the article again just to update previous edits and make sure they reflect more carefully the terminology of the main sources of the story (mainly Bede here, because his account is the fullest and seems to have the most authority, but also adding in conflicting information from other sources where applicable. I didn't realize until I re-read it that some of the information from Bede had been misrepresented and was leading to misunderstanding). If Anyone can get hold of some of the more obscure sources (I just couldn't find them in English) that would be wonderful. I've also heard third hand that there is this theory floating about that Alban was some sort of upper-class military leader, and that is why his martyrdom is so significant, or at least remembered. Does anyone have more information regarding that? I didn't add it in because I couldn't find any original sources of scholarship. Lastly, I would like to add in citations from the John Morris article mentioned in "Dating Controversy" but am unable to find the article online. Any leads? Florimell1919 (talk) 03:32, 5 September 2014 (UTC)

Popular culture
St. Alban is the parish of which fictional Rev. Clare Fergusson is rector in Julia Spencer-Fleming's mystery series. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:3BCD:D200:BC55:6D7:A70D:4E75 (talk) 04:01, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

Disputed historicity
Since this is not the universal view of historians, putting it at the beginning of the article gives it undue weight. I have placed the section lower down, with the dating and location controversies. Pelarmian (talk) 08:59, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

 * By the way, this section is difficult to follow and needs some copy editing by someone familiar with the sources. Pelarmian (talk) 09:40, 20 June 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Saint Alban


text:
Conny Bauer

Konrad "Conny" Bauer (born 4 July 1943) is a German free jazz trombonist. He is the brother of the trombonist Johannes Bauer.

As a student at senior high school in Sonneberg between 1957 and 1961, he was enthusiastic about modern music and dance genres such as swing, boogie-woogie, blues and rock 'n' roll, and taught himself to play guitar and piano. After leaving school with A-levels, he tried to play his music in several bands and was nicknamed "Conny" by his friends.

After recognizing that he did not know enough about music to become a professional musician, Bauer studied modern dance music from 1964 to 1968 at the Carl Maria von Weber-Music school Conservatory in Dresden. Because too many students wanted to study guitar, he entered the trombone class, having had some experience of playing the instrument. In 1968 he left the conservatory for Berlin to improve his skills with private lessons. From 1969 until 1971 he started his career as guitarist and singer in the band of Ernst-Ludwig Petrowsky. He also began a career as a trombone soloist in 1970.

During the second half of the 1970s Bauer became a prominent jazz player in European free jazz. He helped found numerous groups which influenced the development of jazz in East Germany: these included FEZ and its successive quartet and trio formations, the Doppelmoppel quartet, and Synopsis/Zentralquartett with Ernst-Ludwig Petrowsky, Ulrich Gumpert and Günter "Baby" Sommer. He was featured in a profile on composer Graham Collier in the 1985 Channel 4 documentary 'Hoarded Dreams'. In 1986 he toured Japan for several weeks, encountering numerous Japanese musicians. From 1988 to 1989 he directed the National Jazz Orchestra of the former East Germany. Since 1983 he has worked with artists such as Tadashi Endo, Sheryl Banks, Tony Oxley, Derek Bailey, Maggie Nicols, Theo Jörgensmann, Peter Brötzmann, Barre Phillips, Peter Kowald, Han Bennink, Barry Altschul, Jay Oliver, Louis Moholo, Gerry Hemingway, and George E. Lewis.

In 2004 Bauer was awarded the German SWR jazz prize especially for his solo recordings Hummelsummen. As unaccompanied soloist Bauer uses multiphonics, with matchless "circular breathing techniques" he conjures his own loops.

Discography
With Graham Collier With Barry Guy and the London Jazz Composers' Orchestra with Irène Schweizer
 * Just for fun, FMP 0140 LP (1973)
 * Synopsis, Amiga 855395 LP (1974)
 * Auf der Elbe schwimmt ein rosa Krokodil, FMP 0240 LP (1974)
 * FEZ, Amiga 855585 LP (1977)
 * Was ist denn nun?, Konrad Bauer Trio, FMP 0780 LP (1979)
 * Secret Points, Conny Bauer & Gianluigi Trovesi, Dragon DRLP 21 LP (1979)
 * Konrad Bauer Solo, Amiga 855783 LP (1980)
 * Round about Mittweida, Konrad Bauer Quartet, FMP 0980 LP (1982)
 * Flüchtiges Glück, Konrad Bauer Solo, Riskant 4017 LP (1984) / EFA-CD 15713
 * Reflections, Doppelmoppel, FMP CD 74 (1986)
 * Jazzorchester der DDR, directed by Konrad Bauer, Amiga 856455 LP (1987)
 * Live im Völkerschlachtdenkmal, Konrad Bauer Solo, Amiga 856439 LP (1988)
 * Zentralquartett, ZOOM 2170 019 ADD (1990)
 * Toronto Töne, Konrad Bauer Solo, Victo CD 017 (1991)
 * Three Wheels – Four Directions, Konrad Bauer Trio, Victo CD 023 (1992)
 * Plié, Zentralquartett, Intakt CD 037 (1994)
 * Bauer – Bauer, Intakt CD 040 (1995)
 * Generations from (East) Germany, Conny Bauer with Joachim Kühn, Klangräume, LC 6035 (1995)
 * Careless Love, Zentralquartett, Intakt CD 050 (1998)
 * Aventure Québécoise, Doppelmoppel, Victo CD 065 (1999)
 * Alice im Wunderland, Walfriede Schmitt with Konrad Bauer, Eulenspiegel Verlag (2000)
 * News from Berlin, Aki Takase, Konrad Bauer, Victo CD 081 (2002)
 * Between Heaven and Earth, Conrad Bauer, Peter Kowald, Günter Sommer, Intakt CD 079 (2003)
 * Hummelsummen, Conrad Bauer (solo), Intakt CD 085 (2003)
 * Hoarded Dreams (Cuneiform, 1983 [2007])
 * Radio Rondo/Schaffhausen Concert (Intakt, 2009)

title: Conny Bauer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/How to make Biodiesel

How to make Biodiesel was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki to wikibooks. Rossami 22:13, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Article is at best a transfer to wikibooks. That or plain delete for being non-encyclopedic. Lyellin 12:16, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * transwiki --> Wikibooks and place link in biodiesel. Dunc_Harris|☺ 12:47, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I would agree with the above. I have a 1920's encyclopedia that essentially has the recipe for making nitrocellulose.  I think this article is a valuable source doc that should be kept in wikibooks. - Taxman 14:40, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur. Transwiki and delete. -FZ 17:15, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. Delete and put in wikibooks and link to it from the Biodiesel article.