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Tsubata, Ishikawa

Tsubata (津幡町) is a town located in Kahoku District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 37,694 in 13873 households, and a population density of 430 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 110.59 sqkm.

Geography
Tsubata is located near the middle of Ishikawa Prefecture. It plays an important role as a crossroads between the Kaga region, the Noto region, and Toyama Prefecture. To the east, valleys and dales branch out through the low hills, while a flat plain 2-3 km in width spreads out to the west. Natural features of Tsubata are Mount Sangoku, Kohokugata Lake and the Tsubata and Omi rivers. The town has a humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Tsubata is 14.2 C. The average annual rainfall is 2512 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.9 C and lowest in January, at around 3.0 C.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Ishikawa Prefecture
 * Kanazawa
 * Kahoku
 * Uchinada
 * Hōdatsushimizu
 * Toyama Prefecture
 * Oyabe
 * Takaoka

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tsubata has recently plateaued after a long period of growth. Tsubata's total population increase and population growth rate were the highest in the prefecture as of the 2000 census, but growth has slowed since then.

History
The area around Tsubata was mostly part of ancient Kaga Province, with a small region in its northeastern side as part of Noto Province. The area became part of Kaga Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organised into Kahoku District, Ishikawa. The town of Tsubata founded on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. The town merged with neighbouring villages of Nakajo, Kasatani, Inoue and Agata on March 31, 1954, and the village of Kaaidani on May 16, 1954, followed by the village of Kurikara on February 1, 1957.

Economy
Commerce and light manufacturing are important to the local economy.

Education
Tsubata has nine public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town has two public high schools operated by the Ishikawa Prefectural Board of Education.
 * High Schools
 * National Institute of Technology, Ishikawa college (NIT, Ishikawa College)
 * Ishikawa Prefectural Tsubata High School
 * Junior High Schools
 * Tsubata Junior High School
 * Tsubata Minami Junior High School
 * Elementary school
 * Jonan Elementary School
 * Inoue Elementary School
 * Chujo Elementary School
 * Tsubata Elementary School
 * Kariyasu Elementary School
 * Haginodai Elementary School
 * Kasano Elementary School
 * Agata Elementary School
 * Oshirodai Elementary School

Railway
West Japan Railway Company - Nanao Line IR Ishikawa Railway Line
 * Tsubata - Naka-Tsubata - Hon-Tsubata
 * Nose and Kurikara

Ainokaze Toyama Railway Line

 * Kurikara

Local attractions

 * Site of Tsubata Castle
 * Kamo Site, a National Historic Site

Local events

 * Makomo-nage（マコモ投げ), an annual event, where people throw bunches of long makomo leaves like javelins, trying to be the one who achieves the greatest distance. The makomo is a relative of wild rice, though it's cultivated not for the grains, but for the base of the stalk, which has a mild flavor and a texture similar to bamboo shoots. Makomo is in season in October.

Town Symbols
Tsubata has four town mascots: Yoshinaka-kun (よしなかくん), Tomoe-chan (ともえちゃん), Ka-kun (カーくん) and Mo-chan (モーちゃん). They are modeled after a possibly fictional battle that took place in the hills that lie between what are now Tsubata and Oyabe in Toyama. During the Genpei War between the Genji and Heike clans in 12th century), Genji general Kiso Yoshinaka is said to have defeated a large Heike army by driving bulls with flaming torches attached to their horns (カーくん and モーちゃん) into the enemy camp in the dead of night, causing the Heike to panic and flee. The battle is called the Battle of Kurikara. Tomoe Gozen was one of Yoshinaka's wives and a female samurai.

The town crest is a stylized rendition of the characters for “Tsuba” (written in katakana as ツバ). The shape of a flying bird signifies Tsubata's soaring industrial and cultural development, while the figure in the center, its feet firmly planted on the earth, represents stability. The circle represents harmony and peace.

The town logo is warm and soft, expressing Tsubata's familiarity and friendliness. Overlaying the brightly shining sun, “1-2-3” (the English word “sun” sounds like the Japanese word for the number three, “san”) signifies Tsubata's progress. Beneath the words are three lines. The green like symbolizes the richness of the greenery that grows throughout Tsubata. The dark blue line represents Tsubata's bright blue sky, while the light blue line stands for the pure water that Tsubata's rich natural environment provides.

Notable People

 * Risako Kawai, a female wrestler, gold medalist at the 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Masao Katsuzaki, former president of Katsuzakikan
 * Koji Nada, president of Nada Service
 * Ōnosato Daiki, a Sumo wrestler

title: Tsubata, Ishikawa


text:
Berlin-Müggelberge TV Tower

The Berlin-Müggelberge TV tower is the 31 metre tall base of a tower, never completed, in the Müggel hills of southeast Berlin, Germany. The tower base is currently used as radio relay link station.

The tower was originally planned as the TV tower for Berlin. It was to have a total height of 425 ft with an observation platform at 230 ft.

After construction was started in 1954, a survey indicated that the tower would endanger aircraft on approach to the Berlin-Schoenefeld airport. For this reason, on 13 December 1955 construction was stopped.

The tower base was later used by the East German Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit or Stasi) as a listening post.

Today it serves the Deutsche Telekom AG as radio relay link station and has a radar dome on its top.

Close to the tower, there is a 64 metre tall lattice tower with aerials for non-public mobile radio services and directional antennas.

The Berlin-Müggelberge TV tower is not accessible to the public and is not to be confused with the Berlin-Müggelberge look-out, known as the Müggelturm (Müggel tower), which is publicly accessible.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Berlin-Müggelberge TV Tower


text:
Uchinada, Ishikawa

Uchinada (内灘町) is a town located in Kahoku District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 26,811 in 10783 households, and a population density of 1300 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 20.33 sqkm.

Geography
Uchinada is located near the middle of Ishikawa Prefecture, bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west, the city of Kanazawa to the south and the city of Kahoku to the north. Uchinada sits in a typical seaside sand-dune environment, lacking any major mountains or rivers, with an average elevation of 20 meters. The highest point of elevation reaches 58.51 meters, with a dynamic landscape formed by the constant forming and reforming of sand dunes, both new and old. It is a suburb of Kanazawa, the capital of Ishikawa Prefecture. The town has a humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Uchinada is 14.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2534 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.2 °C.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Ishikawa Prefecture
 * Kanazawa
 * Kahoku
 * Tsubata

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Uchinada nearly doubled in the 1970s and has remained relatively stable in recent decades.

History
Remains of earthenware pots found in the sand dunes of Uchinada reveal the existence of humans living in the area since the Jōmon period. The area around Uchinada was mostly part of ancient Kaga Province. The area became part of Kaga Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organised into Kahoku District, Ishikawa. The village of Uchinada was founded on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was rated to town status on January 1, 1952.

Uchinada became the center of the first large-scale protest movement against one of the US military bases that remained in Japan even after the end of the US Military Occupation of Japan. The movement arose in protest against the construction of an artillery range to train United States Army units during the Korean War. Nationwide sympathy was aroused by the perceived danger to the natural ecosystem of the Uchinada sand dunes. Activists from around Japan joined the protests, and the "Uchinada Incident" helped launch a nationwide anti-base movement. Ultimately, the protest movement, which lasted from 1952 to 1953, failed to stop the opening of the range. The artillery range opened in March 1953, and was turned over to the Japanese government in 1957.

Economy
Commercial fishing was formerly a mainstay of the local economy, followed by the industrial fiber industry, and agriculture. The town is increasingly a bedroom community for Kanazawa.

Education
Uchinada has six public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government as of April 2018. The town has one public high school operated by the Ishikawa Prefectural Board of Education. Kanazawa Medical University is also located in Uchinada.

Railway
Hokuriku Railroad - Ishikawa Line
 * Awagasaki - Uchinada

Sister city relations

 * 🇯🇵 Haboro, Hokkaido
 * 🇨🇳 Wujiang District, Suzhou, China

Local attractions

 * Uchinada Multipurpose Park

Events

 * World Kite Festival: Uchinada is internationally known for its World Kite Festival which occurs annually on May 3 and 4. People from around Japan and the world gather on the shores of Uchinada's beaches every year to fly kites during this festival.
 * Acacia Romantic Festival: This festival occurs every year in mid-May when the blossoms from the false acacia trees shielding the town from sand and wind are in full bloom. It consists of a flea market on the 2.1 km Forest Promenade in the morning and a series of performances by various associations in the town at the nearby Hamanasu Dinosaur Park starting at noon.

title: Uchinada, Ishikawa


text:
Kahoku District, Ishikawa

Kahoku (河北郡) is a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 62,374 with a density of 476.79 persons per km2. The total area is 130.82 km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of two towns:

 * Tsubata
 * Uchinada

History
Ishikawa Kahoku-gun.png:

]]
 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period

Recent mergers

 * On March 1, 2004 - The towns of Takamatsu, Nanatsuka and Unoke were merged to form the city of Kahoku.

title: Kahoku District, Ishikawa


text:
Togi, Ishikawa

Togi (富来町) was a town located in Hakui District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,985 and a density of 72.77 persons per km2. The total area was 123.48 km2.

On September 1, 2005, Togi was merged into the expanded town of Shika.

title: Togi, Ishikawa


text:
Shio, Ishikawa

Shio (志雄町) was a town located in Hakui District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,112 and a density of 122.07 persons per km2. The total area was 58.26 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Shio, along with the town of Oshimizu (also from Hakui District), was merged to create the town of Hōdatsushimizu and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Shio, Ishikawa


text:
Shika, Ishikawa

Shika (志賀町) is a town located in Hakui District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 20,845 in 8090 households, and a population density of 84 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 246.76 sqkm.

Geography
Shika occupies the southwestern coastline of Noto Peninsula, facing the Sea of Japan on the west. It is one and a half hours from Kanazawa by car. Shika has a humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Shika is 13.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2405 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.5 °C.

Part of the town is within the limits of the Noto Hantō Quasi-National Park.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Ishikawa Prefecture
 * Nanao
 * Wajima
 * Hakui
 * Anamizu
 * Nakanoto

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shika has declined over the past 50 years.

History
The area around Shika was part of ancient Noto Province. During the Sengoku Period (1467–1568), the area was contested between the Hatakeyama clan, Uesugi clan and Maeda clan, with the area becoming part of Kaga Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organised into Hakui District, Ishikawa, and the village of Shika was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Shika was raised to town status on February 1, 1936. On September 1, 2005, the former town of Togi was annexed by Shika.

On January 9, 2015, a resident reported a wooden boat to the local police, which was washed up on the shore. Due to Hangul characters on the boat it was suspected to be from North Korea. The police arrested one man on the boat, who claimed he had left North Korea unintended in mid-December 2014 when conducting an inspection of the boat. On January 1, 2024, the region experienced intense shaking due to the 2024 Noto earthquake. The town experienced the highest possible intensity on the Shindo scale - 7, and a person was killed. It was also among the first to receive a major tsunami warning since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.

Economy
Once a centre for the garment manufacturing industry, the local economy is now dominated by the presence of the Shika Nuclear Power Plant operated by Hokuriku Electric Power Company. Commercial fishing and agriculture are also important to the local economy.

Education
Shika has two public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Ishikawa Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway

 * The town has no passenger railway service since the closure of the Hokuriku Railway's Noto Line on June 25, 1972.

Sister city relations

 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia - Karawang, West Java, Indonesia, friendship city since January 25, 1999
 * 🇨🇦 Canada - Colwood, British Columbia, Canada, friendship city since May 11, 1999

Local attractions

 * Fukura Lighthouse, built in 1867, the oldest wooden lighthouse in Japan
 * Mount Takatsume
 * Noto Kongo coastline

title: Shika, Ishikawa


text:
Oshimizu, Ishikawa

Oshimizu (押水町) was a town located in Hakui District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,429 and a density of 157.79 persons per km2. The total area was 53.42 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Oshimizu, along with the town of Shio (also from Hakui District), was merged to create the town of Hōdatsushimizu and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Oshimizu, Ishikawa


text:
Hakui District, Ishikawa

Hakui (羽咋郡) is a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 39,888 with a density of 111.35 persons per km2. The total area is 358.23 km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of two towns:

 * Hōdatsushimizu
 * Shika

 * Notes:

History
Ishikawa Hakui-gun.png:

]]
 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period

Recent mergers

 * On March 1, 2005 - The towns of Oshimizu and Shio were merged to form the town of Hōdatsushimizu.
 * On September 1, 2005 - The town of Togi was merged into the expanded town of Shika.

title: Hakui District, Ishikawa


text:
Tatsuruhama, Ishikawa

Tatsuruhama (田鶴浜町) was a town located in Kashima District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,812 and a density of 204.65 persons per km2. The total area was 28.40 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Tatsuruhama, along with the towns of Nakajima and Notojima (all from Kashima District), was merged into the expanded city of Nanao and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Since 1992, Tatsuruhama's sister city was Morgantown, Kentucky, United States of America.

Tatsuruhama Bird Park
The bird park opened in 1997 and was introduced as a natural habitat for birds in the area to improve conservation. Around 2000 trees were planted in an area of approximately 1.8 hectares.

Tatsuruhama High School
Tatsuruhama High School has specialised Nursing and Welfare courses. Students who complete 3rd year high school (12th year of schooling) can go on to either further study in Welfare training colleges, or continue through the school's own speciality training course (専攻) at Noto General Hospital (能登総合病院) for a further two years to become a fully qualified nurse. There is an onsite dormitory for 50 students, and the school used to be a girls-only school, but has recently opened its doors to male students also (the school's population of male students remains fairly low).

title: Tatsuruhama, Ishikawa


text:
Toriya, Ishikawa

Toriya (鳥屋町) was a town located in Kashima District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,576 and a population density of 206.52 per km2. The total area was 27.00 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Toriya, along with the towns of Kashima and Rokusei (all from Kashima District), was merged to create the town of Nakanoto.

title: Toriya, Ishikawa


text:
Nakajima, Ishikawa

Nakajima (中島町) was a town located in Kashima District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,952 and a density of 70.40 persons per km2. The total area was 98.75 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Nakajima, along with the towns of Notojima and Tatsuruhama (all from Kashima District), was merged into the expanded city of Nanao and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Nakajima, Ishikawa


text:
Kashima, Ishikawa

Kashima (鹿島町) was a town located in Kashima District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. On March 1, 2005, Kashima was merged with the towns of Rokusei and Toriya (all from Kashima District) to create the town of Nakanoto. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,515, a density of 178.96 persons per km2, and a total area 47.58 km2.

title: Kashima, Ishikawa


text:
Notojima, Ishikawa

Notojima (能登島町) was a town coincident with Notojima island in Kashima District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. It was formed February 1, 1955 by merger of the three villages on Notojima island.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,187 and a density of 68.13 persons per km2. The total area was 46.78 km2.

The Hirokami, Niigata was the sister city of Notojima.

On October 1, 2004, Notojima, along with the towns of Nakajima and Tatsuruhama (all from Kashima District), was merged into the expanded city of Nanao and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Sights

 * At the Notojima Aquarium visitors can watch dolphin and seal shows, animal feeding and meet many species in the 'touch and feel' tank. The aquarium also has a collection of jellyfish. In addition, whale sharks also live in the facility newly established in 2010.
 * The Notojima Glass Museum is the only public specialized glass art museum in Japan. The open space outside the Museum also has 14 glass sculptures.

title: Notojima, Ishikawa


text:
Talk:Crinoid

Untitled
This web page http://www.jeffssite.net/Fart%20facks.htm states: "The crinoid is a marine creature with a U-shaped gut, and its anus is located next to its mouth." It doesn't look like the article on Crinoids mentions this interesting piece of information. Should it?

Just added further information to this article. The new text needs links added to other articles.

Dlloyd 10:06, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Some of the text added to the article was originally published by me on the Web back in 1998.

Portions of this text are :

"Copyright © 1995-1997 The Fossil Company Ltd. © 1997-1999 The British Fossil Company Inc. and licensed by the owner under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright." Please contact me if you need further clarification on this.

Dlloyd 00:41, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The fossil history is fascinating but I was looking for information on the biology and ecology of feather-stars. Will there be an article on this elsewhere? I was particularly interested to discover if featherstars are considered an indicator species. I noticed a very significant decline in the number of these creatures around one of the resort islands in Fiji between 1987 and 2005. --Mylesclough 07:35, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You might try echinoderm and see if there is anything there. This article does need a bit of updating/improving. --DanielCD 15:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

I updated this page with just some simple nicknames for the small fossilized segments. I believe it to be a mostly regional thing, but if someone is familiar with their monikers in another part of the country, that'd be great.

Sorry, last comment was me. Terminall 16:05, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

I don't know how to comment, But I see that there si no part in the article mentioning their reproductive cycle, seems like they would have one, but I cannot find it here -lee 2:25 3 April 2007 (CT)

Cladida, Flexibilia, Camerata and Disparida have links to pages that don't exist. Does somebody know how to fix those links?

Note: last comment (more like question) was made by TheInprovementMan.

Aaglacrinus
I just made a genus page Aaglacrinus but I am concerned that it might be similar to the more common (according to google hits only) Aglaocrinus. I noted the species in the genus page down as Aaglaocrinus (as my sources provided) but I thought an expert was needed to check up on whether they are the same or different. In the big list of crinoids, Aaglacrinus and Aglaocrinus are listed separately, while Aaglaocrinus is not listed at all. My guess is Aaglacrinus and Aaglaocrinus are the same while Aglaocrinus is different but as I said; any expert to look at this would be appreciated. Kind regardsCalaka (talk) 09:49, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah I figured it out, all good! Unless anyone wants to create it first, I will make the genus from the other extinct crinoid sometime tomorrow. Cheers!Calaka (talk) 10:08, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

"typical" crinoid fossil
It is funny to me that someone would label File:Fossile-seelilie.jpg as "typical," when "exquisitely preserved" would be nearer the mark. Most of the time all you see are columnal fragments - that is "typical" in a crinoid fossil.Jstuby (talk) 21:29, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I've changed the wording so that "typical" modifies "crinoid" rather than "fossil", probably what the original author meant anyway. --Danger (talk) 05:49, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Crinoidea
Why isn't this article put under the scientific term Crinoidea rather than under the more common term "crinoid". To be sure, any member of the Crinoidea is a crinoid; so what.

I tried moving to Crinoidea, but was unable, apparently due to the term having been (properly) used before J.H.McDonnell (talk) 13:02, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The fact that it is the more common term is probably the reason it's here. I'm not against a move, though, I don't feel qualified to meddle in invertebrate affairs. Abyssal (talk) 18:07, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

Syzygy
Syzygy (disambiguation) links here, but this article fails to explain why. 86.26.14.250 (talk) 23:26, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

Sars
Michael Sars's article claims that his discovery of living stalked crinoids launched the Challenger expedition that launched modern oceanography. If so, should be sourced and mentioned here. — Llywelyn II   15:49, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

contradictn(intro
Those crinoids which, in their adult form, are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk are commonly called sea lilies.[5] The unstalked forms are called feather stars[6] or comatulids.[7]... Crinoids usually have a stem used to attach themselves to a substrate, but many live attached only as juveniles and become free-swimming as adults.81.11.219.200 (talk) 14:54, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Size inaccuracy?
I am worried that the largest crinoid ever found size (40m) is false information. That would be longer than a blue whale, while in your “largest animals” page you cite that the biggest animal ever is the blue whale. “Biggest” is such a subjective term I know, but I am still worried that this is false info. However, I am not sure enough to make an edit, perhaps someone with more knowledge could help? 165.106.120.238 (talk) 09:43, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

The french page
the french version of Crinoidae has a LOT more data about Crinoidae, could/should we had some to the English version? It would require a Crinoid "expert" to verify the relevance of it all. I'm new to contributing, just wanted to know how we translated "feather star" in french, and.. we don't seemingly! But seeing the difference in size between the 2 I thought maybe I could contribute with translating? Thanks for whoever will read Kinonak (talk) 23:51, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crinoid


text:
Talk:Bivalvia

Extra information
Added further information. The new text needs links to other articles added. Dlloyd 10:09, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Fossil company text

 * Added text from article I originally wrote in 1998 and published it on the Web....

 * Portions of this text are :

 * "Copyright © 1995-1997 The Fossil Company Ltd. © 1997-1999 The British Fossil Company Inc. and licensed by the owner under the terms of the Wikipedia copyright." Please contact me if you need further clarification on this. Dlloyd 00:42, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Anatomy
I think this article needs to include more bivalve anatomy. It's hard to think of these things without any head or body parts as relatives of snails and octopodes. What body parts make them up besides a mantle and a foot?

Oops
big ass? (see 1st sentence, 3rd paragraph) "Bivalves lack a radula and feed by siphoning and filtering big ass particles from water."

title: Talk:Bivalvia


text:
Stella McCartney

Stella Nina McCartney (born 13 September 1971) is an English fashion designer. She is a daughter of British singer-songwriter Paul McCartney and the American photographer and animals rights activist Linda McCartney. Like her parents, McCartney is a supporter of animal rights and environmentalism, and uses vegetarian and animal-free alternatives in her work. Since 2005, she has designed an activewear collection for Adidas.

Early life
McCartney was born on 13 September 1971 at King's College Hospital in Camberwell, London. She is named after her maternal great-grandmothers (both of Linda's grandmothers were named Stella). Her mother, Linda Eastman McCartney, was of Jewish ancestry. As a girl, McCartney travelled the globe with her parents and their group Wings, along with her siblings: older half-sister Heather (who was legally adopted by Paul), older sister Mary, and younger brother James. According to her father, the name Wings was inspired by Stella's difficult delivery. As his daughter was being born by emergency caesarean section, Paul sat outside the operating room and prayed that she would be born 'on the wings of an angel'.

Despite their fame, the McCartneys wanted their children to live as normal a life as possible, so Stella and her siblings attended local state schools in East Sussex, one of them being Bexhill College. McCartney has said that while attending state school, she was a victim of bullying yet she had been a bully herself.

Beginning
McCartney became interested in designing clothes as a youth. At the age of 13, she designed her first jacket. Three years later, she interned for Christian Lacroix, working on her first haute couture collection, honing her skills while working for Edward Sexton (her father's Savile Row tailor) for a number of years.

McCartney studied her foundation at Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication now Ravensbourne University London, followed by fashion design at Central Saint Martins in the early 1990s, graduating in 1995. Her graduation collection was modelled for free by friends and supermodels Naomi Campbell, Yasmin Le Bon and Kate Moss, at the graduation runway show, presented to a song especially written by her father, "Stella May Day".

A lifelong vegetarian, McCartney uses no leather or fur in her designs. The Guardian described her in 2015 as a 'consistent and vocal' supporter of animal rights. Some of McCartney's designs have text that elaborates on her 'no animal' policy; one of her Adidas jackets carries a sleeve that says 'suitable for sporty vegetarians'. A pair of her vinyl and ultrasuede boots were marketed specifically as vegan-friendly, though her use of oil-based synthetics still raised ecological concerns.

Rise to prominence and continued success
In 1997, McCartney was named the creative director of Chloé, a position she held until 2001.

In 2001, McCartney launched a fashion house under her name, in a joint venture with Gucci Group (now Kering), and presented her first collection in Paris. She now operates 51 freestanding stores in Manhattan's Soho, London's Mayfair, LA's West Hollywood, Paris's Palais Royal, Barcelona's Passeig de Gracia, Milan, Rome, Miami and Houston, among other locations.

In 2003, McCartney launched her first perfume, Stella. In January 2007, she launched a 100% organic skincare line, CARE, which includes seven products, from a cleansing milk made with lemon balm and apricot, to green tea and linden blossom floral water.

In 2008, McCartney launched a new lingerie line with Bendon Group. In November 2010, the Stella McCartney Kids collection was launched for newborns and children up to age 12.

In June 2012, McCartney invited the Soul Rebels Brass Band to perform at her 2013 spring fashion presentation at the New York Marble Cemetery in New York City. Other guests invited to the party included Anne Hathaway, Jim Carrey, Anna Wintour, Annie Leibovitz, Lauren Hutton, Amy Poehler, Solange Knowles, P'Trique, Greta Gerwig and André Leon Talley. Also in 2012, McCartney was part of The Sustainable Fashion Handbook.

In November 2016, McCartney launched her first menswear collection, made up of many athleisure, pyjama-like casual outfits. She said her father, as well as comedian Jethro, inspired the collection.

In April 2018, after 17 years of partnership with Kering, McCartney purchased its stake in her company and took full control of her global fashion empire. The following year, she signed a strategic partnership with LVMH. She designed the wedding reception dress worn by Meghan Markle, and later created 46 replicas of it (23 in lily white and 23 in onyx black) for her "Made With Love" capsule collection, each priced at £3,500.

On 15 October 2018, McCartney launched the Stella McCartney Cares Foundation, a charity dedicated to breast cancer. (McCartney's mother Linda died of breast cancer in 1998.) The charity aimed to donate 1,000 of the brand's Louis Listening post-operative mastectomy compression bras to women undergoing breast cancer treatment.

On 21 November 2021, McCartney launched "The Beatles: Get Back" a collection inspired by the Beatles.

In 2023, McCartney performed a spoken word piece at the Coronation Concert, to mark the coronation of Charles III and Camilla.

Collaborations
McCartney launched a joint-venture line with Adidas, establishing a long-term partnership with the corporation in September 2004. This was a sports performance collection for women.

In January 2010, McCartney announced she would be collaborating with Disney to create a jewellery collection inspired by Alice in Wonderland. In July of the same year, together with People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and eco-designer Atom cianfarani, McCartney worked to petition the British Ministry of Defence to cease the use of Canadian Black Bears as the fur for their guards' hats; the military is yet to make the change.

In July 2011, McCartney participated at the catwalk of The Brandery fashion show in Barcelona.

In December 2018, McCartney announced the launch of a new fashion industry charter for climate action, in collaboration with the United Nations, to help fashion companies welcome sustainable business practices.

In August 2019, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift teamed up with McCartney to release a fashion line inspired by Swift's seventh studio album Lover, the project carrying the title "Stella X Taylor Swift".

Team GB
In September 2010, McCartney was appointed Team GB's Creative Director for the 2012 Olympics by Adidas – the first time in the games' history that a leading fashion designer designed the apparel for a country's team across all competitions for both the Olympic and the Paralympic Games. In March 2012, the Team GB kit was publicly displayed. McCartney continued in this role for the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Honours, awards and media
McCartney received the VH1/Vogue Designer of the Year award in 2000 in New York. Her father Paul presented the award to her; she thanked him in her acceptance speech and dedicated the award to her late mother Linda. This was followed by the Woman of Courage Award for work against cancer at the prestigious Unforgettable Evening event (2003, Los Angeles), the Glamour Award for Best Designer of the Year (2004, London), the Star Honoree at the Fashion Group International Night of the Stars (2004, New York), the Organic Style Woman of the Year Award (2005, New York), the Elle Style Award for Best Designer of the Year Award (2007, London), Best Designer of the Year at the British Style Awards (2007, London), Best Designer of The Year at the Spanish Elle Awards (2008, Barcelona), and the Green Designer of the Year at the ACE Awards (2008, New York).

In 2009, she was honoured by the NRDC, featured in the Time 100 and recognised as Glamour Woman of the Year. In November 2011, she was presented with the Red Carpet Award by the British Fashion Council; and in the 2013 New Year Honours, she was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to fashion.

In 2012, McCartney was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his artwork – the album cover for The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires. The same year, McCartney won the 'Designer of the Year' and the 'Designer Brand' awards at the Fashion Awards.

In February 2013 she was assessed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4.

In June 2017, McCartney appeared on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs, selecting "Road to Nowhere" by Talking Heads and "Blackbird" by the Beatles, and her favourite "God Only Knows" by the Beach Boys. She would later receive the Special Recognition Award for Innovation at the 2017 Fashion Awards

She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours in recognition of her services to fashion and sustainability.

Personal life
McCartney married British publisher Alasdhair Willis on 30 August 2003 at Mount Stuart House on the Isle of Bute. Her wedding dress was an updated version of her mother's wedding dress from 1969. Willis works as creative director of shoewear brand Adidas.

McCartney and Willis have four children: sons Miller Alasdhair James Willis (born 2005) and Beckett Robert Lee Willis (born 2008) and daughters Bailey Linda Olwyn Willis (born 2006) and Reiley Dilys Stella Willis (born 2010). Her children appeared with her on the cover of Vogue.

McCartney has a younger half-sister, Beatrice Milly McCartney, born on 28 October 2003 to her father and his second wife, Heather Mills.

In 2018, McCartney said: "When my mum died, Dad, my brother and I went to see the Maharishi... I had quite a reaction that I didn't feel in control of. I possibly suppressed my emotions and I started having panic attacks, physical reactions to that loss." She said that transcendental meditation made an almost instantaneous difference in her ability to cope, stating: "It really did help me at a time when I really needed some help."

In 2023, McCartney's plan to build a house in a remote place in Scotland, for which she also planned to cut down trees received more than 50 objections to the local council, many on environmental grounds.

title: Stella McCartney


text:
International Four Days Marches Nijmegen

The International Four Day Marches Nijmegen (Internationale Vierdaagse Afstandsmarsen Nijmegen, ) is the largest multiple day marching event in the world. It is organised every year in Nijmegen, Netherlands in mid-July as a means of promoting sport and exercise. Participants walk 30 km, 40 km or 50 km daily, depending on their age and gender and, on completion, receive a royally approved medal (Vierdaagsekruis). The participants are mostly civilians, with a few thousand military participants as well. Military participants' distance is 40 km, in uniform, carrying at least 10 kg marching weight for men aged 18–49; for women, the weight is optional.

Summary
The Vierdaagse (, lit. 'four days event') is an annual walk that has taken place since 1909. Based at Nijmegen since 1925, it now takes place in the third week of July. In 2016 it celebrated the 100th edition (reflecting that the marches were curtailed during the two world wars). Originally a military event with a few civilians, it now is a mainly civilian event. Numbers have risen in recent years, with over 40,000 taking part annually, including about 5,000 military, and is the world's largest walking event. Due to possible congestion on the route, since 2004 the organisers have limited the number of participants. Many take part every year, including several who have taken part in over 60 annual marches. The record is held by Bert van der Lans, who completed his seventy-first march in 2018, at the age of 86.

Each day of the marches is named for the biggest town on the daily route. Tuesday is the day of Elst, Wednesday the day of Wijchen, Thursday the day of Groesbeek and Friday the day of Cuijk. The routes always remain the same unless there is a specific need to change. This happened in 2007 when the walkers went along the Waalkade, beside the River Waal, on Wednesday for the first time due to congestion on the original route. The 2006 march was the first to be cancelled since World War II, after extreme heat caused thousands of drop-outs and two deaths during the first day's march. Following the 2006 cancellation, it was decided that the organising committee would adjust the start time/distance/finish time to manage the event, instead of outright cancellation. The 2016 centenary event responded to unusually hot conditions by adjusting starting times and/or increasing the valid finishing time to reflect the difficulty of the course. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, both the 2020 and 2021 Vierdaagse events were cancelled.

On Fridays of the event, as participants near the finish, the public presents walkers with gladioli, a symbol of victory since Roman times, when gladiators were likewise showered with these flowers. The entry into the city and towards the finish, along the St. Annastraat, is for that reason called Via Gladiola during the event. As far as a week ahead of that Friday, people will reserve spaces alongside the Via Gladiola by placing chairs and even couches. The finish is broadcast on Dutch television.

Awards
The marching event has three different types of awards:
 * Cross for the Four Day Marches (Dutch: Vierdaagsekruis): awarded to participants who successfully complete all four days. The medal is an official Dutch decoration that can be worn on a Dutch military uniform. Its full name is "Cross for demonstrated marching skill", defined by Royal Decree on 6 October 1909. Each year a walker receives a specific medal in bronze, silver or gold, with or without a crown, as well as ribbon numbers of varying design, to denote the number of times the event has been completed.
 * Group Medal of the Four Day Marches
 * Orderly Medal of the Four Day Marches (not an official award since 2017)

Early years
In April 1908 the Dutch League for Physical Education, (Nederlandsche Bond Voor Lichamelijke Opvoeding, or NBVLO) was established to promote participation in physical activities across the Netherlands, including organising sports events. In September 1909 the NBVLO organised the first Vierdaagse. Planned primarily as a military training event, fifteen separate four-day routes were prepared across the country, each route totalling 140 –. Four of the routes were however cancelled at short notice, three due to an outbreak of cholera in Rotterdam and one due to poor road conditions. In total, 306 soldiers and ten civilians took part. Military participants who completed all four days received the newly instituted Vierdaagse Cross.

From 1910 the Vierdaagse became an annual event, based in a different town each year, although mobilisation during World War I meant that no marches took place in 1914 or 1915. In 1919 the first woman completed the route. In 1925 the event was held in Nijmegen, and from then this became the permanent centre for the event.

With Amsterdam hosting the Olympic Games, in 1928 the Four Days Marches became international, with teams taking part from Germany, Great Britain and Norway. Non-Dutch participation continued, with the first Swiss group taking part in 1933. From the 1920s the numbers of walkers increased significantly. In 1920 under 500 had taken part, compared with 1,155 in 1928. In 1931 numbers exceeded 2,000 for the first time, with over 3,000 in 1935 and over 4,000 in 1937. The increase was mainly due to greater civilian participation, civilians outnumbering servicemen in all marches from 1932.

After a successful trial event in 1935, four–day marches were held annually at various locations across the Dutch East Indies between 1936 and 1939. Organised by the Dutch Indies Athletic Union under the auspices of the NBVLO, these events adhered to the same regulations as the Nijmegen event, with successful participants receiving the same awards, including the Vierdaagse Cross, and the Group Medal.

The 1940 Vierdaagse was cancelled after the German invasion, with a local Nijmegen walking club organising an emergency (nood in Dutch) Four–Days March in August 1940. About 1,000 walkers took part each day, rising to over 2,000 on the final day, with many participants attending from across the country. In 1941 the NBVLO planned a vierdaagse based in Nijmegen. Preparation for the July event included publication of the official rules, which forbade any political display, including uniforms and flags. In spite of this, the march was banned by the German authorities. A number of small scale four–days walking events did however take place in 1941, including a number of less formal evening walks. With unauthorised gatherings increasingly restricted, no further events were organised before the end of the war.

Since 1945
Despite Nijmegen suffering considerable war damage, the Vierdaagse recommenced in Nijmegen in 1946 with over 4,000 participants.

The popularity of the Four Days Marches continued to increase, breaking the 10,000 barrier in 1954. The participation in 1967 of Prince Claus, husband of Queen Beatrix, helped to boost the event's popularity yet further, with over 20,000 taking part in 1982 and 30,000 by 1988. The number of participants now regularly exceeds 40,000. Due to this growth, since 2004 there has been an upper limit on the number taking part, with a record 48,986 registering for the 100th March in 2016. This increase has been boosted by a rising number attending from across the world. In 2019 6,347 non-Dutch walkers from 73 countries took part.

In 1972 hot weather led to a shortening of the distances by 10 km each day. In 2006, the event was again affected by extreme heat, when it was cancelled after the first day after two participants died and many others required medical attention. Given the hot weather forecast for the following days, the organisers decided to cancel the final three days of the walk, with a special badge awarded to participants instead of the cross.

On 17 July 2014, flight MH17 was shot down, with 192 people from the Netherlands onboard. In memory of the crash, no music was played on the last day of the marches, and the festivities were subdued. The 100th Four Days Marches took place in July 2016, celebrated by numerous side events, including an optional daily 55 km route—the maximum official distance until 1967.

Both the 2020 and the 2021 events were cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic. In both years, an Alternatieve Vierdaagse was organised, with walkers completing the four days in their local area, thereby avoiding large groups. Even though the full Nijmegen March was organised in 2022, the Alternatieve Vierdaagse continued for those who did not take part in the main march. These walks did not count towards the Vierdaagse Cross, although participants could buy a souvenir medal.

In 2022, due to extreme heat with predicted peaks of 39 degrees Celsius, the first day of the March was cancelled, with the 2022 march becoming a three-day event.

Military participation
Originally primarily a military training event for the Dutch infantry, since 1928 the Vierdaagse has attracted armed forces personnel from other countries, when Germany and Norway sent army teams. Military teams increased greatly after 1945. The U.S. Army first took part in 1947, the United Kingdom in 1950 and Canada in 1952, with service contingents now also regularly travelling from Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland and others. In recent years military participants, including Dutch personnel, have numbered approximately five thousand, most marching in teams of between eleven and thirty members. They are required to carry at least 10 kilogrammes of dead weight (if they are over 18 years of age), although this requirement can be waived when temperatures get too high, as happened in 2006 and the last day of the 2014 march. Military teams have their own route, (40 km), starting in the military camp Heumensoord, just south of Nijmegen, which is built for the event every year.

Vierdaagsefeesten
During the week of the Vierdaagse the accompanying festivities (known as the Vierdaagsefeesten) always draw a large crowd. It is known as one of the biggest festivities in the Netherlands, drawing a crowd of nearly 1 million visitors. It starts on the Saturday before the marches, and ends on the Friday. There is free music during the week, and special events on each day, such as a firework display on Sunday night. Amongst the festivities is the annual rock festival, Valkhof Festival, that takes place every day during the Vierdaagsefeesten.

Recent marches
* Due to predicted extreme heat on Tuesday 19 July, the first march day was cancelled, with the 2022 march becoming a three-day event.

The 106th march is due to take place on 16–19 July 2024.


text:
Rokusei, Ishikawa

Rokusei (鹿西町) was a town located in Kashima District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,868 and a density of 329.36 persons per km2. The total area was 14.78 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Rokusei, along with towns of Kashima and Toriya (all from Kashima District), was merged to create the town of Nakanoto.

title: Rokusei, Ishikawa


text:
Etzenricht

Etzenricht is a municipality in the Upper Palatinate, ca. 6 km southeast of Weiden in the district of Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria in Germany.

Etzenricht has 1,532 inhabitants (Dec. 2020) and various small industries. East of Etzenricht toward Rothenstadt is a transformer station of the E.ON AG with the GKK Etzenricht (described below) and a large compressor station for natural gas. Near Etzenricht are numerous fish-rich small waters, which can be used by anglers after obtaining a fishing license from the local fishery association.

History
Etzenricht was mentioned for the first time in a written document in 1270. In 1283 it was mentioned in the Salbuch of Louis II ("Ludwig der Strenge" as "Aechswinreuth". The inhabitants of Etzenricht lived at that time on honey production and agriculture. The Reformer Jan Huss visited Etzenricht in 1414, on his way to the council of Konstanz. During the war from 1618 to 1648 Etzenricht was destroyed in 1631. In 1875, a railway was built and the town got its own railway station in 1877. Until the completion of the Catholic Church in 1932, Evangelical and Catholic services in Etzenricht took place in the same church.

A transformer station of the Bayernwerk AG (now E.ON AG) was built near Etzenricht and was expanded several times in subsequent years. A HVDC back-to-back facility called GKK Etzenricht was installed there from 1991 to 1993, which made the name of the municipality Etzenricht supraregionally popular.

title: Etzenricht


text:
Talk:1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom

Untitled
Is that table showing the Green Party of England and Wales and the Scottish Green Party votes totalised? 80.229.39.194 10:14, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

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text:
Kashima District, Ishikawa

Kashima (鹿島郡) is a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of April 1, 2005 population data, the district has an estimated population of 18,952 with a density of 212 persons per km2. The total area is 89.36& km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of one town:

 * Nakanoto

History
Ishikawa Kashima-gun.png:

]]
 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period

Recent mergers

 * On October 1, 2004 - The towns of Nakajima, Tatsuruhama and Notojima were merged into the expanded city of Nanao.
 * On March 1, 2005 - The towns of Kashima, Toriya and Rokusei were merged to form the town of Nakanoto.

title: Kashima District, Ishikawa


text:
Anamizu, Ishikawa

Anamizu (穴水町) is a town located in Hōsu District (formerly Fugeshi District), Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 7,782 in 3,653 households, and a population density of 42 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 183.21 sqkm.

Geography
Anamizu occupies the southeastern coastline of Noto Peninsula, facing the Sea of Japan on the east and south. Anamizu has a humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Anamizu is 13.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2,352 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.9 °C.

Parts of the town are within the limits of the Noto Hantō Quasi-National Park.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Ishikawa Prefecture
 * Nanao
 * Wajima
 * Noto
 * Shika

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Anamizu has declined over the past 50 years.

History
The area around Anamizu was part of ancient Noto Province. During the Sengoku Period (1467–1568), the area was contested between the Hatakeyama clan, Uesugi clan and Maeda clan, with the area becoming part of Kaga Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organised into Fugeshi District, Ishikawa. The village of Anamizu was established on April 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was raised to town status on August 10, 1903. Anamizu annexed the neighbouring villages of Shimazaki and Tobo on April 1, 1908; the villages of Kabuto and Sumiyoshi on March 31, 1954; and the village of Morohashi on March 10, 1955.

Anamizu and its surrounding area experienced the 2007 Noto earthquake on March 25, 2007, and the 2024 Noto earthquake on 1 January 2024. After the disaster, the survivors were housed in the municipal stadium named after sumo wrestler Endō, a native of Anamizu. Considered a local hero in his hometown, his sanshō trophies are displayed there. On 6 February 2024, Endō was part of a delegation of wrestlers from the prefecture (along with Ōnosato, Kagayaki and former Tochinonada); charged with symbolically presenting Governor Hiroshi Hase with the sums raised during the January tournament and donations from the Sumo Association.

Economy
The economy of Anamizu is based on agriculture and commercial fishing.

Education
Anamizu has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Ishikawa Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
Noto Railway - Nanao Line
 * Anamizu - Noto-Kashima

Local attractions

 * Anamizu's symbol is the Boramachi Yagura (ボラ待ちやぐら), a distinctive wooden fishing structure of which there is one in the Noto Bay on both the southern and northern borders of Anamizu town.

Events

 * The last weekend in January is the Anamizu Oyster Festival (カキまつり). At this festival, guests can purchase oysters or other foods from stalls and cook them on grills near the center of the venue. The venue changes every year but was held at the Anamizu Harbour Asunaro (穴水港湾あすなろ広場) in 2010.
 * The third weekend in August is the celebration of Percival Lowell's contribution to astronomy and his time spent in the Noto peninsula. The main shopping street is lit with hundreds of candles and visitors can enjoy live music and food stalls.
 * In the last week in October, the Anamizu Harvest Festival is celebrated. A few small stalls line the main shopping street in the town and visitors can enjoy some speciality foods.
 * The Anamizu Town Festival (文化祭) is held the first weekend in November with events held all around the town, especially at the Noto Culture Centre.

title: Anamizu, Ishikawa


text:
Face Value (album)

Face Value is the debut solo studio album by English drummer and singer-songwriter Phil Collins, released on 13 February 1981 by Virgin Records. After his first wife filed for divorce in 1979, Collins began to write songs during a break in activity from Genesis with much of the material concerning his personal life. The album was recorded from mid-1980 to early 1981 with Collins and Hugh Padgham as producers. Additional musicians include the Phenix Horns, Alphonso Johnson, and Eric Clapton.

Face Value was an instant commercial success and reached No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart for three weeks and No. 7 on the US Billboard 200. It has since sold over 5 million copies in the US and over 1.5 million in the UK. The album received widespread praise from critics and launched Collins' solo career whose commercial success would ultimately outstrip that of Genesis. Its lead single "In the Air Tonight", released in January 1981, reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and became known for its drum arrangement and use of gated reverb. In January 2016, Face Value was reissued with bonus tracks and new photography in the style of the original but featuring a present-day Collins.

Background and writing
By 1978, Phil Collins had been a member of English progressive rock band Genesis for almost eight years. After spending the first five as their drummer, he reluctantly accepted the role of frontman of the group in 1975 following the departure of the band's original singer, Peter Gabriel. Three years later, after departure of guitarist Steve Hackett, Genesis' nine-month world tour to promote ...And Then There Were Three... (1978) became problematic for Collins's wife Andrea who complained that he was not at home enough and that should he commit to the full tour, she would not be there when he returned. Collins, however, maintained that the band were on the cusp of international breakthrough and the tour would pay dividends for the future. However, at the end of the tour, Andrea decided to take their two children to her parents in Vancouver, Canada. In an attempt to save his marriage, Collins moved to Vancouver, but the attempt failed. Collins returned to England in April 1979, with Andrea having agreed to return with the children.

With Genesis members Tony Banks and Mike Rutherford working on their solo albums through 1979, Collins used some of his spare time to write songs. He told Modern Drummer early that year:

"One ambition is to do my own album which will have a lot of variety. I write songy [sic] stuff, as well as some from the Brand X area. I'm also hip to what [Brian] Eno does - those kind of soundtracks which I've always been interested in - two or three minutes of just mood. The album, when it does come out, will have a lot of different styles on it."

In his home in Shalford, Surrey, named Old Croft, Collins set up a Sequential Prophet-5 synthesiser, piano, Roland CR-78 drum machine, and an 8-track tape machine in his bedroom, and recorded a collection of demos with backing tracks and early lyrics. He was not concerned with the quality of the recordings as what may have lacked in the recordings would have been salvaged with the emotion in the songs. There were numerous times where Collins stopped recording earlier than planned as the ideas were not working in the studio, leaving him to resume the following day. Collins based the majority of Face Value on the divorce he had endured, and used a solo album as an outlet for his feelings.

During the conception of the album, Collins had forged a close friendship with John Martyn and contributed towards Grace and Danger (1980), which contained a similar narrative relating to divorce and relationship breakdown. Some of Collins' material that he had written was performed by Genesis on Duke (1980), including "Misunderstanding", the arrangement of which remained unchanged. He had played "In the Air Tonight" and "If Leaving Me is Easy" to the group, but they were left out as Collins said they were "too simple for the band".

Early album titles included Interiors and Exposure. To release the album, Collins signed a solo contract with Virgin Records for UK distribution. He did so to "leave the nest" and to ensure he could maintain full creative control over the music. Collins also felt that releasing the album on Charisma Records, the same label as Genesis, would have harmed its success due to the preconceived notions people have about bands and labels. Collins thought a new label would benefit the casual listener and appeal to a wider audience. Virgin gave Collins a £65,000 advance on the album.

Recording
Recording sessions for Face Value took place at the Town House in London and the Village Recorder in Los Angeles between August and December 1980. The demos recorded onto 8-track were transferred onto 24-track. According to Classic Albums, in what was considered a controversial move at the time, Collins, who grew up listening to American R&B as a child in Chiswick, decided to incorporate an R&B horn section, hiring the Phenix Horns, who played backup for Earth, Wind & Fire. Collins had asked a contact who knew the group if they were interested in playing, and upon their agreement their leader Thomas "Tom Tom 84" Washington met with Collins who asked him to sing the sections where the horns were to be placed into a tape recorder. The group recorded their parts the following day.

Collins produced the album himself with assistance from Hugh Padgham, who would co-produce several of Collins and Genesis's subsequent albums in the 1980s. Initially he considered George Clinton, Maurice White, or Phil Ramone until he realised that he merely wanted someone to endorse his own ideas. Assistant recording engineer Nick Launay was hired after Collins was impressed with his work with Public Image Limited. Collins was dissatisfied with initial test cuts of the album, describing them like a Queen album, "big, British and upfront". He then listened to several albums by black musicians including ones by The Jacksons and a collection of soul artists in his own collection, and noticed a common link with technician Mike Reese who worked at a Los Angeles mastering lab. Reese prepared a cut which Collins was satisfied with.

Songs
The simple style of music on Face Value was reasoned by Collins as his fondness of Weather Report's simple melodies and for black music. Collins controversially included drum programming rather than just live drum instrumentation despite his reputation as a drummer. Collins said he wanted to experiment with different sounds and was inspired by the work of his former bandmate Peter Gabriel, who had used drum programming on his last album; Collins was part of these sessions. Many of the songs' arrangements were done by Collins and session arranger Thomas "Tom Tom 84" Washington. He incorporated Indian-styled violins, played by L. Shankar, for additional textures.

The last recording session for Face Value was in January 1981, prior to the release of the first single, "In the Air Tonight". Atlantic CEO Ahmet Ertegun advised Collins to perform drums during the verses and opening of the song, whereas the album version does not feature live drumming until the bridge.

The album features songs of different genres. While technically a rock and pop offering, the basis of many of the tracks lies in R&B with light funk influences, especially in "I'm Not Moving", for which Collins sang his backgrounds with a vocoder. "Droned" and "Hand in Hand" are progressive rock instrumentals, with the first featuring an Indian raga sound, while "Hand in Hand" features jazz elements, a black children's choir from Los Angeles humming the music, and improvisational instrumentation by Collins and the Phenix Horns. "The Roof Is Leaking" has Delta blues and country elements. "Behind the Lines" was originally recorded by Genesis on Duke album as a progressive rock number. Collins worked up a horn-driven R&B/funk-inspired arrangement after speeding up the tape on the Genesis version and thinking that the sped-up version sounded like a Michael Jackson song. The cover of The Beatles' "Tomorrow Never Knows" includes instruments and vocals playing in reverse while Collins provided multi-layered background vocals and sparse drumming. After the song ends, Collins can be heard quietly singing "Over the Rainbow" in reference to the recent murder of John Lennon; this final song is unlisted on most releases of the album (the original US cassette version being an exception), and marks the only time Collins used a hidden track on one of his own releases.

Four songs Collins wrote during the Face Value sessions were ultimately omitted: "Misunderstanding" and "Please Don't Ask" which appeared in the Genesis album Duke, "How Can You Just Sit There" (which evolved into his 1984 single "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)"), and what would become "Don't Lose My Number", which would not appear until Collins' third album No Jacket Required in 1985. According to Collins "Don't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away" and "Why Can't It Wait 'Til Morning" (from his 1982 follow-up Hello, I Must Be Going!) were written during the Face Value sessions.

Packaging
Collins regarded Face Value as a highly personal project, which gave rise to the iconic cover art with Collins' face in extreme close-up, originally intended to symbolise the listener "getting into his head"; the reverse side of the sleeve shows the rear of his head, although the CD version of the album placed this image on the insert card instead. To emphasise the personal nature of the album, Collins also hand wrote all of the liner and sleeve notes, even down to the legal statements on the outer circumference of the centre label of the disc itself. Both of the main visual elements of Face Value — the facial close-up, and the handwritten notes — would become a motif of Collins' subsequent albums until 1996's Dance into the Light. When crediting the musicians in the liner notes, rather than write "Phil Collins", Collins simply wrote "Me", although in future albums he would write his initials "PC".

Commercial performance
Face Value became an immediate success, reaching No. 1 in the UK, Canada, and other European countries, while peaking in the top ten in the US. "In the Air Tonight" became the album's biggest hit, reaching No. 2 in the UK, No. 1 in three other countries, and becoming a top twenty hit in the US. Other songs such as "I Missed Again" found modest success reaching No. 14 in the UK and No. 19 in the US, while the third single, "If Leaving Me Is Easy", reached No. 17 in the UK but was not released in America. Sales of the album reached five million in the US and went five-times platinum in the UK and ten-times platinum in Canada. No solo tour was produced from this album - Collins immediately resumed working with Genesis for the album Abacab upon the album's completion.

Critical reception
Robin Smith of Record Mirror highlighted the album's emotional restraint, commenting that it plays less like a statement of "raw emotion" and more like a "diary" of Collins' "disappointments, hopes and fantasies". In Sounds, Hugh Fielder said that it effectively captured Collins' "multi-faceted" musicality with songs ranging "from funky beat to melancholic ballads with occasional pop and avant garde twinges." Melody Maker's Allan Jones considered Face Value a compelling stylistic divergence from Collins' work in Genesis, writing that the album "delights in confounding the familiar parameters" of the band's music. Rolling Stone critic Steve Pond was more reserved in his praise. He complimented Collins for forgoing Genesis' "high-blown conceits" for a simpler sound rooted in "basic pop and R&B", but found that "[his] broken heart is too clearly on his sleeve, and musical missteps abound". Pond nonetheless deemed it "unmistakably the most worthy Genesis product" since Peter Gabriel's 1977 debut album.

In 2000, Face Value was voted number 329 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums. In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Tim Sendra described Face Value as "Collins' most honest, most compelling work", which "stands as his masterpiece and one of the finest moments of the '80s musical landscape." Writing for Ultimate Classic Rock in 2013, Will Levith called it a "now-classic" album, highlighting in particular "In the Air Tonight", "which just about everybody has played air drums to one time or another", but added, "The project's most forgettable moment, however, is the closing track – an absolutely atrocious cover of 'Tomorrow Never Knows' [...] Why Collins thought it was necessary to lay such a giant turd on an otherwise awesome album is beyond us."

Reviewing the album's 2016 reissue, Uncuts Sharon O'Connell said that Face Value established Collins as a "premier-league" pop and soft rock performer, "nursing only a slight prog hangover", and Mojos Paul Elliott wrote that it remained Collins' best solo record, noting its deeply personal core themes. Dorset Echo writer Joanna Davis said, "Most of the tracks stand the test of time, but some, like 'If Leaving Me is Easy', belong in the forgotten land of 80s ballads preceded by a saxophone introduction." Dorian Lynskey of The Guardian characterised the album in 2016 as "an intriguing debut, wandering between art-rock and soulful MOR... Face Value's most potent quality was its emotional transparency. Like the pensive portrait on the cover, the songs addressed the listener with unflinching directness."

Original release
Notes
 * Several original vinyl copies have "Play Loud" etched into the album's inner groove where the matrix number is typically found. This may be because the record's baked-in volume is relatively low compared to others'.
 * The album was re-released using a flat transfer done by Steve Hoffman for the Audio Fidelity label in 2010.
 * A 2-disc remastered version of Face Value was released on 29 January 2016 and contains live songs and demos.

Demos
Some songs were written around this time but have not been fully recorded and included on the record:
 * "Please Don't Break My Heart" [demo released in mp3 through website in 2011; parts of the demo evolved into I'm Not Moving]
 * "How Can You Sit There? (Against All Odds)" [released on 'Face Value' Reissue Bonus CD in 2016]
 * "Misunderstanding" [released on Face Value Reissue Bonus CD in 2016 - Ended up on Genesis' Duke record]
 * "Please Don't Ask" [released on Face Value Reissue Bonus CD in 2016 - Ended up on Genesis' Duke record]

Personnel

 * Phil Collins – vocals, drums, Roland VP-330 vocoder (1, 6, 10), CR-78 drum machine (1, 6, 12), Prophet-5 synthesizer (1, 2, 5–7, 10–12), Fender Rhodes (1, 2, 9, 11), percussion (2, 10), acoustic piano (4–8, 10), handclaps (5, 9), congas (5), marimba (6), acoustic guitar (13)
 * Daryl Stuermer – guitars (1–3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12), banjo (4), 12-string guitar (5)
 * Eric Clapton – guitar (4, 11)
 * Joe Partridge – slide guitar (4)
 * John Giblin – bass (1, 9, 10, 12)
 * Alphonso Johnson – bass (2, 3, 6, 7, 11)
 * L. Shankar – violin (1, 5, 7, 12), tamboura (5), "voice drums" (5)
 * J. Peter Robinson – Prophet-5 (3)
 * Stephen Bishop – background vocals (2)
 * Arif Mardin – string arrangements (8, 11)
 * EWF Horns – horns
 * Don Myrick – tenor saxophone (3, 6, 7, 9, 12), alto sax solo (11)
 * Louis Satterfield – trombone (3, 6, 7, 9, 12)
 * Rahmlee Michael Davis and Michael Harris – trumpets (3, 6, 7, 9, 12), flugelhorns (11)
 * Ronnie Scott – tenor saxophone solo (7)
 * Music preparation – Maurice Spears
 * Other background vocals on tracks 6 and 12 by several children's choirs in Los Angeles
 * Strings on tracks 8 and 11 conducted by Martyn Ford
 * Violins – Gavyn Wright (leader), Bill Benhem, Bruce Dukov, David Woodcock, Liz Edwards, Irvine Arditti, Ken Sillitoe, Peter Oxen and Richard Studt
 * Viola – Roger Best, Brian Hawkins and Simon Whistler
 * Cello – Tony Pleeth, Clive Anstee and Nigel Warren-Green
 * Double bass – Chris Laurence

Production
 * Phil Collins – producer
 * Hugh Padgham – assistant producer. engineer
 * Nick Launay – assistant engineer (London)
 * Karen Siegel – assistant engineer (Los Angeles)
 * Trevor Key – photography

title: Face Value (album)


text:
Monzen, Ishikawa

Monzen (門前町) was a town located in Hōsu District (formerly from Fugeshi District), Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,512 and a density of 47.68 persons per km2. The total area was 157.56 km2.

On February 1, 2006, Monzen was merged into the expanded city of Wajima.

title: Monzen, Ishikawa


text:
Noto, Ishikawa (Fugeshi)

Noto (能都町) was a town located in Fugeshi District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 10,596 and a density of 91.76 persons per km2. The total area was 115.48 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Noto absorbed the village of Yanagida (also from Fugeshi District), and the town of Uchiura (from Suzu District), to create the new town of Noto (in the newly created Hōsu District, Ishikawa, which was created at the same day) and no longer exists as in independent municipality.

title: Noto, Ishikawa (Fugeshi)


text:
IEC 60309

IEC 60309 (formerly IEC 309 and CEE 17, also published by CENELEC as EN 60309) is a series of international standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for "plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes". They are also referred to as "pin & sleeve" connectors in North America or as "CeeForm" connectors in the entertainment industry. The maximum voltage allowed by the standard is $1,000 V$ DC or AC; the maximum current, $800 A$; and the maximum frequency, $500 Hz$. The ambient temperature range is −25 °C to 40 °C.

There is a range of plugs and sockets of different sizes with differing numbers of pins, depending on the current supplied and number of phases accommodated. Connectors generally are specified by the voltage and current ratings, general configuration (number of pins), and rotational alignment ("keying"). The fittings are popular in open-air conditions, as the connectors have a minimum IP44 weather-proofing rating. They are also sometimes used in situations where their special capabilities (such as high current rating or three-phase facilities) are not needed, to discourage potential users from connecting domestic appliances to the sockets, as 'normal' domestic plugs will not fit.

The cable connectors and sockets are keyed and colour-coded, according to the voltage range and frequency used; common colours for 50–60 Hz AC power are yellow for 100–130 volts, blue for 200–250 volts, and red for 380–480 volts. The blue fittings are often used for providing weather-proofed exterior sockets for outdoor apparatus. In camping situations, the large 32 A blue fittings provide power to static caravans, whilst the smaller blue 16 A version powers touring caravans and tents. The yellow fittings are used to provide transformer isolated 110 V supplies for UK construction sites to reduce the risk of electric shock, and this use spills over into uses of power tools outside of the construction site environment. The red three-phase versions are used for three-phase portable equipment.

Standardization

 * IEC 60309-1: "Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes" specifies general functional and safety requirements.
 * IEC 60309-2: "Dimensional interchangeability requirements for pin and contact-tube accessories" applies to plugs and socket-outlets, cable couplers and appliance couplers with pins and contact tubes of standardized configurations.
 * IEC 60309-3: "Particular requirements for plugs, socket-outlets, connectors and appliance inlets for use in explosive gas atmospheres". This standard was withdrawn in 1998.
 * IEC 60309-4: "Switched socket-outlets and connectors with or without interlock" applies to self-contained products that combine within a single enclosure, a socket-outlet or connector according to IEC 60309-1 or IEC 60309-2 and a switching device, with a rated operating voltage not exceeding 1000 VDC or VAC and 500 Hz, and a rated current not exceeding 800 A.
 * IEC 60309-5: "Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for plugs, socket-outlets, ship connectors and ship inlets for low-voltage shore connection systems (LVSC)" applies to a single type of plug, socket-outlet, ship connector and ship inlet, intended to connect ships to dedicated shore supply systems described in IEC/IEEE 80005–3.

The standardization was originally done by the CEE (Commission internationale de réglementation en vue de l'approbation de l'équipement électrique), which became IECEE in 1985 (International Commission on the Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment) and is now part of the IEC. (This is the same body that produced the "CEE 7" series of domestic AC plugs.) The industrial sockets were standardized in the 1960s in the CEE 17 series that was adopted in the UK as BS 4343, and which are now the IEC 60309 standard.

Preferred current ratings and wire gauges
The standard includes preferred current ratings and wire gauges for both International (deemed Series I) and North American (deemed Series II) applications.

Series I preferred current ratings (in amps) are: 16, 32, 63, 125, 250, 400, 630 and 800, with wire gauges specified as mm$2$.

Series II preferred current ratings (in amps) are: 20, 30, 60, 100, 200, 300, 350, 500 and 600, with wire gauges specified as AWG and circular mil.

Environmental protection
IEC 60309-2 connectors come in IP44 (splash-proof), IP67 (waterproof) and IP66/IP67 (jet-proof/waterproof) variants. In all cases, the rating applies when detached or mated, but not during the mating process.

The more common IP44 variant features a spring-loaded hinged cap over the socket. When a plug is inserted, the cap hooks over a lug on the plug and retains it in place. Fixed connectors are usually installed angled downward to prevent water entering.

The IP67 and IP66/IP67 variants include a gasket and a twist-lock ring which seals the two connectors together.

Dimensions
Plugs have cylindrical connector pins arranged in a circle, with the earth pin 2 mm larger in diameter than the other pins (used for line/neutral). This is surrounded by a circular shroud on the male connector, which fits into a matching recess on the female connector.

The standard defines connectors with 3, 4 and 5 pins, but a non-standard variant with 7 pins (6 in a circle plus one in the centre) is commercially available; this can be used for star-delta starting of three-phase motors.

Pilot contact
Connectors rated at 63 A and 125 A may optionally be equipped with a 6 mm pilot contact. This smaller pin in the centre of the connector is shorter than the others, designed to 'make' after all the other pins when connecting a plug and socket, and to 'break' first when disconnecting. It is used to switch off the load. This is useful as disconnecting under load will cause arcing which may cause damage to both the plug and socket, and risk injury to the user.

The pilot pin is located in the centre of main contact circle on 4- and 5-pin connectors. On 3-pin (2P+E) connectors, it is located on the contact circle opposite the ground pin. The other connectors are located 105° on either side of the earth pin, rather than 120° as in the smaller variants, to make room for the pilot pin.

Extra-low voltage variant
The standard specifies an additional, different design for extra-low voltages up to 50 VAC and currents of 16 or 32 A. This resembles, but is larger than, the IEC 60906 DC connector.

On the male plug, three 6 mm pins each 20.5 mm long are equally spaced around a 15.4 mm diameter circle, starting at the 12-o'clock position. They are surrounded by a 23 mm long shroud with an inner diameter of 36 mm and an outer diameter of 42 mm. The pin opposite the major key is optional and may be omitted to make a 2-pin variant. The inner surface of the male plug shroud is flattened at the 6-o'clock position. One or two grooves are cut in the male plug shroud to mate with corresponding keys in the female socket. There is a required major groove at the 6-o'clock position and an optional minor groove at the 12-o'clock position.

On the female socket, the major key is 4 mm deep at the 6-o'clock position. The width of the major key defines the current rating: 32 A plugs have a narrower 5 mm wide groove, while 16 A plugs have a wider 8 mm groove, and therefore 32 A plugs can be used with 16 A sockets but 16 A plugs cannot be used with 32 A sockets. The optional minor keyway is the same dimension for both current ratings: 4 mm wide at the 12-o'clock position, which mates with an additional 5 mm wide groove cut through the shroud.

Colour code
The colour of the housing indicates the type of power available. The primary distinction is by rated operating voltage, as follows:

Keying
In addition to the colour code, connectors are keyed in one of 12 positions to ensure that incompatible utilization voltages cannot be connected. Different voltage and frequency combinations are distinguished by the location of the earth pin (or a plastic projection called the minor keyway, for connectors with no earth pin), as shown in the following table. The earth pin can be in one of twelve locations, described by clock positions 1h through 12h, spaced at 30° intervals around the circle on which all the pins lie. The various positions are referenced from the view of the open side of a socket; the 6 o'clock (6h, 180°) position is at the same angle as the major keyway, and is oriented downwards. The major keyway is a projection on the plug shroud which aligns with a notch on the socket. The earth pin has a larger diameter than the other pins, preventing the wrong type of plug being inserted in a socket.

 * Notes

Red 3P+N+E, 6h
The red 3P+N+E, 6h (180°) plug allows connecting to the widespread 400 V three phase power network. The most common ratings are 16 A, 32 A and 63 A, with 125 A less common. Construction sites in central Europe have most of their higher power cabling setup with this three phase socket type as the single phase to neutral voltage of 230 V is available for other devices. So called power splitters with this connector as a 3 phase inlet and 3 groups of single phase outputs with individual circuit breakers are generally used to achieve this, and allow load balancing across the phases, important on generator supplies. Similar configurations are used for outdoor exhibitions, festivals and large events.

When looking at the mating face of the socket, the phase sequence should be L1, L2, L3, and then the neutral pin, proceeding clockwise from the earth pin. (Counter-clockwise on the corresponding plug.) Since some wiring may be reversed, which would make motors turn backward, many machines on construction sites feature a phase swap plug that allows the L2 and L3 phase pins to be swapped, thereby reversing the phase sequence.

Three-phase electric motors do not need the neutral wire to function, so that there is also a red four pin variant (3 phases and earth) of the IEC 60309 plugs for three phase power. The two styles are not intermatable, to prevent a potential floating neutral.

Blue P+N+E, 6h
The blue P+N+E, 6h (180°) plug is a single phase connector. In particular the smallest (16 A) weather-resistant variant has become especially common in camping vehicles and sockets found in RV parks and marinas throughout Europe. The so-called 'Caravan Mains Socket' has almost universally replaced a wide variety of other national 230 V domestic plugs, since it is pan-European and inherently safe to standard IP44. On larger temporary buildings, particularly with electric heating, the larger 32 A is more common.

The pins are specified to be in the order earth, phase, and neutral, clockwise when looking at the socket. Not all installations distinguish the line (phase) and neutral conductors, and reverse wired sockets are not uncommon, so double pole breaking RCDs and main switches are recommended. When sockets are mounted looking downwards then the connector system is rated for outdoor use in all weather. This is also the standard connector for lighting equipment (up to 16 A) used in the British film and television industry (often as outlets from a power splitter with a higher rated 3 phase input).

Yellow P+N+E, 4h
The yellow P+N+E, 4h (120°) plug is a single phase connector that is in widespread use on the British Isles for 110 V building site and fairground applications. A popular model of this socket type is marketed under the brand name MK Commando which leads some users to refer to all IEC 60309 sockets by the generic trademark Commando sockets.

Blue 3P+N+E, 9h
The blue 3P+N+E, 9h (270°) plug is a three phase connector available in areas with both 115 V and 230 V supply systems (mains). It is prevalent in the outdoor event lighting and audio power industry as an outdoor-safe replacement for NEMA connectors. In the United States it is not usually used for three phase power but for the high leg delta wiring of split-phase electric power (unknown in Europe). This allows one to choose single-phase AC power at either 110–120 volts between phase and neutral or 220–240 volts between phase and phase. Since these two modes do not need three phases there is also a dark yellow-orange four-pin connector available designed for a single-phase 110–120 or 220–240 volt load.

It is best to connect the high leg adjacent to the earth pin, so that it will not be misplaced by phase-swap plugs.

Switched-socket outlets with interlocks
Switched-socket outlets with interlocks are described in IEC 60309-4 standard and are commonly used to enhance electrical safety in industrial plants. The interlock cuts power to the socket when nothing's plugged in and locks any plug in the socket until the power is turned off.

title: IEC 60309


text:
Yanagida, Ishikawa

Yanagida (柳田村) was a village located in Fugeshi District, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,101 and a density of 39.38 persons per km2. The total area was 104.14 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Yanagida, along with the former town of Noto (also from Fugeshi District), and the town of Uchiura (from Suzu District), was merged to create the new town of Noto (in the newly created Hōsu District, Ishikawa, which was created at the same day) and no longer exists as in independent municipality.

title: Yanagida, Ishikawa


text:
Fugeshi District, Ishikawa

Fugeshi (鳳至郡) was a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 32,915 with a density of 58.73 persons per km2. The total area was 560.42 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, due to the Hōsu District merger, the district consisted of three towns and one village:

 * Anamizu
 * Monzen
 * Noto
 * Yanagida

 * Notes:

History
Ishikawa Fugeshi-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Recent mergers

 * On March 1, 2005 - The former town of Noto and the village of Yanagida were merged with the town of Uchiura (from Suzu District) to form the new town of Noto. Therefore, both districts were merged to form Hōsu District and were dissolved as a result.

title: Fugeshi District, Ishikawa


text:
Microcar (brand)

Microcar is a French microcar manufacturer. The company was founded in 1984 as a division of Bénéteau group, a major sailboat manufacturer. Production moved to a new custom-built factory in September 2000. In September 2008, Microcar was acquired by Ligier Automobiles in a deal backed by the Italian private equity firm 21 Investimenti Partners. The merger created Europe's second-biggest manufacturer of microcars, and largest maker of quadricycles, or "sans permis" (license-exempt) vehicles. The Microcar and Ligier brands are to retain their separate identities and production facilities. Phillipe Ligier, son of company founder Guy Ligier, is CEO of the expanded Ligier Automobiles.

Current models
The current model range consists of the M.GO-3, introduced (in 2015?) to replace M.Go model introduced in 2009. There are six trim levels, all with petrol engines, in the UK. The M.Go was available in conventional, diesel-engined S, S PACK, MICA, SXI, and Sport trim levels, as well as full electric.

Prior to the M.Go, Microcar was known for their long-running MC Series models, sold as the MC1 and MC2. Both where available as a 2-seat, or 4-seat long wheel base version. The long wheel base being 40mm longer than the short Virgo models. The company also sold a small commercial vehicle called the Sherpa, which was a badge-engineered Ligier X-Pro. The Sherpa was discontinued after the Ligier merger, and the MC has been dropped in favor of the new M.Go. The M.Go was only produced with a petrol engine for the UK market.

Former models

 * Microcar Family Luxe
 * Microcar Lyra
 * Microcar ALCO
 * Microcar NewStreet, NewStreet Cabriolet
 * Microcar Pratic Luxe
 * Microcar Virgo
 * Microcar Virgo 2
 * Microcar Virgo 3
 * Microcar Virgo Luxe

Electric vehicles
From 1994 Alco electric was built. From 2006 to 2010, the long-wheelbase version of Microcar's MC Series was used as the basis for the ZENN EV assembled in Canada by ZENN Motor Company with an electric drivetrain. It was marketed in the U.S. and Canada under the ZENN brand as a "Neighborhood Electric Vehicle"(NEV), with its top speed governed to 25 mph. Microcar began distributing the ZENN in Europe during 2007 under its own brand, as the Microcar ZENN. ZENN Motor purchased engineless, rolling chassis from Microcar and installed their own electric motor and drivetrain. The ZENNs retailed for $16,900 while actual cost was $65,000. Microcar brought electric vehicle production fully in-house with the M.Go Electric in 2009, and ZENN ceased production of its MC-based vehicle in 2010.

title: Microcar (brand)


text:
Spray (duo)

Spray is a synth-pop duo from Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England, consisting of siblings Jenny McLaren and Ricardo Autobahn. Following the demise of their previous band, the Cuban Boys (famous for their Hampster Dance record and John Peel sessions), McLaren and Autobahn released the album Living In Neon on Ninthwave Records in the United States. This was followed in 2003 by the extended single "I Am Gothic". A new album, Children of a Laser God was released online in 2006, along with the single "Run With Us", a cover of the theme tune of the popular 1980's cartoon The Raccoons with the "Michael Trenfield" remix as the main single accompanied with the original version and remixes from JKZ, Absorb, FMU and Diskowarp.

After a hiatus, the duo returned in 2010 with the single "Everything's Better With Muppets", accompanied by a popular YouTube video containing excerpts from The Muppet Show lipsynching with the song.

Amongst other projects, Spray have been partially responsible for Glen Campbell's 2002 return to the top of the charts with the "Rhinestone Cowboy" remake, top 40 kids band the Barndance Boys, and the European hit "The Woah Song" by DJ Daz (Daz Sampson). McLaren has a successful sideline in vocalising club/dance records, and Autobahn in soundtracks and commercials. The band has also had one of their singles, "I Am Gothic", appear in the Xbox game Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 3.

Spray's 2016 release, Enforced Fun, released on the Banoffeesound label, featured narration on its opening track "The Prologue" by actress and singer Jane Badler and collaborations on other tracks with artists like Kid Kasio and Hyperbubble. A version available by electronic download through Bandcamp included instrumental versions of the tracks and a bumper sticker. Their fourth album Failure Is Inevitable was released in May 2019 on Analogue Trash.

Albums

 * Living in Neon (2002)
 * Children of a Laser God (2006)
 * The Difficult Third Album (2014), compilation, Banoffeesound
 * Enforced Fun (2016), Banoffeesound
 * Failure Is Inevitable (2019), Analogue Trash
 * Ambiguous Poems About Death (2021), Analogue Trash
 * Songs Already Sung (2022)

EPs

 * We're Nihilists, Not Stylists (EP) (2011)
 * We Are Gothic (EP) (2016)
 * Anthologised By Cherry Red (EP) (2018)
 * Offerings from the Algorithm (EP) (2020)

Singles

 * "I am Gothic" (Remix Project) (2003)
 * "Run with Us" (2006)
 * "He Came with the Sleigh" (2007)
 * "Singing for England 2010" (2010)
 * "Everything's Better with Muppets" (2010)
 * "Manga Eyes" (2014)
 * "It's Not Enough" (with Kid Kasio) (2016)
 * "The Big Idea" (2023)

title: Spray (duo)


text:
Uchiura, Ishikawa

Uchiura (内浦町) is a town located in Hosu District (formerly known as Suzu District), Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,332 and a density of 136.21 persons per km2. The total area was 53.83 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Uchiura, along with the former town of Noto, and the village of Yanagida (both from Fugeshi District), was merged to create the new town of Noto (in the newly created Hōsu District, Ishikawa, which was created at the same day) and no longer exists as in independent municipality.

The city is located on the Uchiura Bay, near Anamizu.

title: Uchiura, Ishikawa


text:
Suzu District, Ishikawa

Suzu (珠洲郡) was a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 7,332 with a density of 136.21 persons per km2. The total area was 53.83 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, due to the Hōsu District merger, the district consisted of one town:

 * Uchiura

 * Notes:

History
Ishikawa Suzu-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Recent mergers

 * On March 1, 2005 - The town of Uchiura was merged with the former town of Noto and the village of Yanagida (both from Fugeshi District) to form the new town of Noto. Therefore, both districts were merged to form Hōsu District and were dissolved as a result.

title: Suzu District, Ishikawa


text:
Ōsawano, Toyama

Ōsawano (大沢野町) was a town located in Kaminiikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 22,805 and a density of 305.45 persons per km2. The total area was 74.66 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Ōsawano, along with the town of Ōyama (also from Kaminiikawa District), the towns of Fuchū and Yatsuo, and the villages of Hosoiri and Yamada (all from Nei District), was merged into the expanded city of Toyama.

title: Ōsawano, Toyama


text:
Ōyama, Toyama

Ōyama (大山町) was a town located in Kaminiikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,686 and a density of 20.42 persons per km2. The total area was 572.32 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Ōyama, along with the towns of Ōsawano (also from Kaminiikawa District), the towns of Fuchū and Yatsuo, and the villages of Hosoiri and Yamada (all from Nei District), was merged into the expanded city of Toyama.

title: Ōyama, Toyama


text:
Kaminiikawa District, Toyama

Toyama KamiNiikawa-gun.png:

 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period]]

Kaminiikawa (上新川郡) was a district located in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 34,491 with a density of 53.31 persons per km2. The total area was 646.98 km2.

Municipalities
Prior to its dissolution, the district consisted of only two towns:

 * Ōsawano
 * Ōyama

District Timeline

 * 1889 (8 towns, 50 villages)
 * At the time of enforcing the city status, the town of Toyama gained city status.
 * At the time of enforcing the town and village status, the district formed into 8 towns and 49 villages.
 * April 1, 1896 - 5 towns and 28 villages split and created Nakaniikawa District. (3 towns, 21 villages)

Recent mergers

 * On April 1, 2005 - The towns of Ōsawano and Ōyama, along with the towns of Fuchū and Yatsuo, and the villages of Hosoiri and Yamada (all from Nei District), were merged into the expanded city of Toyama. Therefore, Kaminiikawa District and Nei District were dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Kaminiikawa District, Toyama


text:
Funahashi

Funahashi (舟橋村) is a village located in Nakaniikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 3,304 in 1195 households and a population density of 952 pd/sqkm. The total area of the town was 3.47 sqkm, making it the smallest municipality in Japan in terms of area.

Geography
Funahashi is located in central Toyama Prefecture.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Toyama Prefecture
 * Toyama
 * Kamiichi
 * Tateyama

Climate
The town has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by hot summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Funahashi is 13.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2306 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.6 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Funahashi has more than doubled over the past 30 years.

History
The area of present-day Funahashi was part of ancient Etchū Province. The modern village of Funahashi was created with the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Funahashi is the only village left in Toyama prefecture, after any other villages were merged with towns or cities.

Economy
Agriculture (rice, edamame, acorn squash) was traditionally the mainstay of the local economy; however, the village has increasingly become a bedroom community for nearby Toyama.

Education
Funahashi has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway

 * Toyama Chihō Railway Main Line
 * Etchū-Funahashi

Highway

 * The village is not on any national highway or expressway

title: Funahashi


text:
Kamiichi, Toyama

Kamiichi (上市町) is a town located in Nakaniikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 20,827 in 7958 households and a population density of 88 persons per km2. The total area of the town was 236.71 sqkm.

Geography
Kamiichi is located in east-central Toyama Prefecture, approximately 15 kilometers to the east of the capital of Toyama city. Most of the town is very mountainous, with peaks rising to almost 3000 meters in the southeast. The 2999 meter Mount Tsurugi is located in Kamiichi.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Toyama Prefecture
 * Toyama
 * Namerikawa
 * Uozu
 * Kurobe

Climate
The town has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by hot summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kamiichi is 13.8 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2243 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.4 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kamiichi has decreased slightly over the past 40 years.

History
The area of present-day Kamiichi was part of ancient Etchū Province. The town of Kamiichi was created with the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889.

Education
Kamiichi has six public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Toyama Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway

 * [[file:Toyama Chiho Railway logo.jpg|18px]] Toyama Chihō Railway Main Line
 * Ainoki - Shin-Ainoki - Kamiichi - Shin-Miyakawa

Local attractions

 * Ōiwa-san Nisseki-ji, Buddhist temple with Nara period bas-relief carvings; a National Historic Site
 * Kamiichi Kurokawa Sites, a number of archaeological sites with Heian to Kamakura period ruins registered as a National Historic Site.
 * A traditional Japanese house that was used as a model for the house in the film Wolf Children (directed by Kamiichi native Mamoru Hosoda).

In popular culture
Much of the 2012 film Wolf Children is set in Kamiichi.

Notable people from Kamiichi

 * Mamoru Hosoda, director

title: Kamiichi, Toyama