text:
Talk:South Bay (Los Angeles County)

Inglewood IS part of the South Bay
STOP deleting Inglewood as a South Bay community, if you want PROOF it is part of the south bay check the link on the Inglewood wikipedia article that comes directly from LA COUNTY here is more PROOF: http://southbaycities.org/files/source/home-map.gif http://www.southbayaor.com/images/southbaymap.large.jpg http://www.chooselacounty.com/laregions/southbay.html

'''I disagree and question your sources; Real Estate agents will promote Inglewood as "South Bay" to increase property values and commissions, and L.A. County wants to increase property taxes. Perhaps with the new term of "Westside" Inglewood could be "Southwest Side".'''

Inglewood is more the "South Bay" than Rancho Palos Verdes or San Pedro. Whoever is gatekeeping this ignorance is pretty clueless.

Well if there is any doubt left that Inglewood is part of the south bay let's reference three sources being: an official L.A. County Website that shows a map and lists the different regions of L.A. County and shows both on the map and list that Inglewood is in the South Bay:

http://laedc.org/wtc/chooselacounty/regions-of-la-county/south-bay/

'''Also see the official South Bay Cities Council of Governments Website that is literally the official South Bay website that also lists it: '''

http://southbaycities.org/about-us

'''and lastly the Los Angeles times "Mapping L.A." section that also breaks down every region of Los Angeles county, including the South Bay: ''' http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/region/south-bay/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:CD06:C3A0:8C66:F689:D4F2:3307 (talk) 09:15, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 21 May 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. There is a mild consensus for this requested move. Per WP:BRACKETDIS and WP:PRECISE, this is a valid move and per the nominator and supporters, the current name implies a relation to the city of Los Angeles (WP:COMMONNAME) and is thus, not disambiguated enough. (closed by non-admin page mover) qedk (t 桜 c) 12:25, 5 June 2019 (UTC)

South Bay, Los Angeles → South Bay (Los Angeles County) – Current name falsely implies that South Bay is wholly contained within the city limits of Los Angeles, so Los Angeles County is a more appropriate disambiguator. For U.S. placenames, commas are generally used only for official administrative divisions or city neighborhoods, so parentheses are better here. King of ♥   ♦   ♣  ♠ 02:40, 21 May 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. qedk (t 桜 c) 19:20, 28 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support To be clear, according to the article, this is an area and not a city. --Comment by  Selfie City  ( talk about my  contributions ) 14:23, 21 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose, move to South Bay; move South Bay → South Bay (disambiguation). Just like the recent move at Talk:East Bay, the |South_Bay,_San_Diego|South_Bay,_Florida|South_Bay_(Taiwan)|South_Bay_(Livingston_Island)|South_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)|South_Bay_(Nunavut)|South_Bay,_Boston|South_Bay_(Texas)|South_Bay_(Doumer_Island) overwhelming majority (67%) of pageviews for "South Bay" topics are for the L.A. County area, and no other topic has more than 10%. The L.A. area also has the most long-term significance of those topics. No need to shuffle disambiguators when none is required. Dohn joe (talk) 15:35, 21 May 2019 (UTC)
 * That's not a reason to oppose to the current move.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 20:18, 28 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose, support move to South Bay; move South Bay → South Bay (disambiguation). - parentheses imply a geography article but the emphasis is on community here. Agree that this should not imply that it is part of the City of Los Angeles. This community does not match political boundaries. Fettlemap (talk) 15:44, 21 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. It's in L.A. County and not within L.A. City. BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 15:30, 27 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom indeed per the article its also in unincorporated places to. I actually think that the comma rather than brackets make sense but it seems that in the US (unlike Scotland like Eilean Mòr, MacCormaig Isles) only commas are used for settlements.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 20:18, 28 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support I agree that it's part of greater L.A. County. Barca (talk) 07:12, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

City of Avalon & unincorporated Catalina Island
Please include us as part of the South Bay - thank you. 66.225.124.96 (talk) 02:25, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

Catalina is San Pedro Bay, South Bay refers to Santa Monica Bay. It is not included. Fettlemap (talk) 19:14, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Bay (Los Angeles County)


text:
Matthews Aurora Funeral Solutions

Matthews Aurora Funeral Solutions (formerly the Aurora Casket Company) is one of the largest manufacturers of caskets and funerary urns in the United States, selling over 38% of the country's caskets. The Aurora, Indiana–based company is a subsidiary of Pittsburgh-based Matthews International. The company makes both wooden and metal caskets and urns for holding cremated remains. It also provides supplies and consulting services for funeral homes.

History
The company traces its roots back to 1890, when John Backman began making wooden caskets by hand. At the time, the Aurora Casket Company employed 20 people. In the 1920s, John's son William Backman and his son-in-law William Barrott joined the company. For decades, the company was controlled by the Backman and Barrott families.

In 2012, the Aurora Casket Company was acquired by private equity firm Kohlberg & Co. By 2014, the company had about 850 employees and was one of the Cincinnati metropolitan area's largest private companies. In June 2015, it was acquired by Matthews International and renamed Matthews Aurora Funeral Solutions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matthews Aurora Funeral Solutions


text:
Talk:Tebibyte

Untitled
Discussion about centralization took place at Talk:Binary prefix.

Merge
The scant information here ought to be merged with Terabyte and redirected. --Ardonik 22:48, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)

I think the ammount of data provided on this page is perfect for its task. The other page does not describe in sufficiant and immediate detail what a Tebibyte is, thus we should keep it as it is now.

--JFM 16:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

?
Isn't the common parlance for this measurement 'terabyte'? I'd never heard of 'tebibyte' until I encountered it on the AMD64 entry. There, it was confusing. I understand a desire to be correct about things (though I question this 'push' by the IEC and Wikpedia editors to wholesale switch the terminology), but 'tebibyte' and 'gibibyte' simply aren't exactly prominent in the lexicon the way 'terabyte' and 'gigabyte' are. Perhaps I'm advocating scrubbing 'tebibyte' and its ilk from pages like the AMD64 entry and replacing it with the common usage. If/when the IEC is able to effect the change to the new terms in product marketing and common usage, then it could be switched back. -- 31 May 2006

I have to agree; outside of wikipedia, I have never heard of any of this "binary metric" stuff before. Are these terms commonly used outside the US? Because I am a professional computer programmer, and it's new to me. Goph42 15:36, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
 * To answer: no. I just came across with it. It is a good indication that there is a 12 years distance between your entry and my 'discovery'. But if the Americans w-want t-to st-tater well ...

I agree as well; this binary metric stuff should not be forced into articles. This article even claims terabyte is deprecated, which, as far as I'm concerned, is nonsense. FWIW, I am also a computing professional. 129.215.63.115 13:11, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * No, it's not used, doesn't spread. I'm not in the US and just came across with it. Some 12 years after your entry.

 * "Terabyte" isn't deprecated. It means 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. — Omegatron 00:32, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

If you have a Sales degree (especially in the Hard Drive businees) a "Terabyte" means 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. If you have any other type of degree or are generally educated, a "Terabyte" means 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. Personally I think the whole KiB, MiB, TiB is pretty ridiculus, and it's harder to speak. Oh and yes I'm a computer professional and no i don't speak L33t or lolcat either :) Goochi32 (talk) 05:53, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

For what it's worth I second or third or whatever the depreciation of this term and the equally frustrating siblings. The IEC has pushed ZiB, KiB, GiB, etc. and just befuddled my brain when I'm actually trying to understand articles like "exFAT". — Caldwelljt @ 06:39, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

I'm in favor of the terabyte/tebibyte distinction. It seems to me that it facilitates understanding (particularly for learners) - it encourages further clarification. It prevents confusion. The IEC recommends (see "Kilobyte") that "kilo-", etc., refer to powers of 10. Why call 1024 bytes a kilobyte when a kilometer is 1000 meters? lifeform (talk) 23:31, 24 May 2015 (UTC)

I've been programming computers for 25 years and the only people who I have heard refer to a kilobyte as 1000 bytes are HDD/SSD sales departments. Everyone else in computer world refers to a kilobyte as 1024 bytes or 210 bytes. This article needs to clearly explain that for most of the computing world, KB still means 1024 bytes, but due to the confusion created by HDD/SSD vendors, these new terms were created to avoid confusion, but most computing professions continue to use the terms kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte and terabyte to mean 210, 220, 230 and 240, respectively. Amosbatto (talk) 17:25, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

Sources?

 * What's the source for this TiB stuff? --Marc Kupper|talk 00:13, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * It's all in the Binary prefix article. Personally I don't know why we have an article for every single unit. 00:38, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks. To summarize, it's an IEC standard from 1998. See
 * SI prefixes
 * Prefixes for binary multiples
 * Here's a handy wallet sized humanspeak to newspeak conversion table:
 * {| border=1

! Factor!!prefix!!Sym!!Examples!! Value!!Derived from
 * 10^3||kilo||align=center|K||kilobit, kilobyte|| align=right|1,000||
 * 10^6||mega||align=center|M||megabit, megabyte|| align=right|1,000,000||
 * 10^9||giga||align=center|G||gigabit, gigabyte|| align=right|1,000,000,000||
 * 10^12||tera||align=center|T||terabit, terabyte|| align=right|1,000,000,000,000||
 * 10^15||peta||align=center|P||petabit, petabyte|| align=right|1,000,000,000,000,000||
 * 10^18||exa||align=center|E||exabit, exabyte|| align=right|1,000,000,000,000,000,000||
 * colspan=6|
 * 2^10||kibi||align=center|Ki||kibibit, kibibyte|| align=right|1,024||kilobinary
 * 2^20||mebi||align=center|Mi||mebibit, mebibyte|| align=right|1,048,576||megabinary
 * 2^30||gibi||align=center|Gi||gibibit, gibibyte|| align=right|1,073,741,824||gigabinary
 * 2^40||tebi||align=center|Ti||tebibit, tebibyte|| align=right|1,099,511,627,776||terabinary
 * 2^50||pebi||align=center|Pe||pebibit, pebibyte|| align=right|1,125,899,906,842,620||petabinary
 * 2^60||exbi||align=center|Ei||exbibit, exbibyte|| align=right|1,152,921,504,606,850,000||exabinary
 * }
 * Once you can pronounce (the middle "bi" is pronounced as "bee") these with a NPOV face then you too can impress your IT colleagues! --Marc Kupper|talk 01:21, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 2^10||kibi||align=center|Ki||kibibit, kibibyte|| align=right|1,024||kilobinary
 * 2^20||mebi||align=center|Mi||mebibit, mebibyte|| align=right|1,048,576||megabinary
 * 2^30||gibi||align=center|Gi||gibibit, gibibyte|| align=right|1,073,741,824||gigabinary
 * 2^40||tebi||align=center|Ti||tebibit, tebibyte|| align=right|1,099,511,627,776||terabinary
 * 2^50||pebi||align=center|Pe||pebibit, pebibyte|| align=right|1,125,899,906,842,620||petabinary
 * 2^60||exbi||align=center|Ei||exbibit, exbibyte|| align=right|1,152,921,504,606,850,000||exabinary
 * }
 * Once you can pronounce (the middle "bi" is pronounced as "bee") these with a NPOV face then you too can impress your IT colleagues! --Marc Kupper|talk 01:21, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 2^50||pebi||align=center|Pe||pebibit, pebibyte|| align=right|1,125,899,906,842,620||petabinary
 * 2^60||exbi||align=center|Ei||exbibit, exbibyte|| align=right|1,152,921,504,606,850,000||exabinary
 * }
 * Once you can pronounce (the middle "bi" is pronounced as "bee") these with a NPOV face then you too can impress your IT colleagues! --Marc Kupper|talk 01:21, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * }
 * Once you can pronounce (the middle "bi" is pronounced as "bee") these with a NPOV face then you too can impress your IT colleagues! --Marc Kupper|talk 01:21, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tebibyte


text:
Cameron University

Cameron University is a public university in Lawton, Oklahoma. It offers more than 50 degrees through both undergraduate and graduate programs. The degree programs emphasize the liberal arts, science and technology, and graduate and professional studies. It was founded in 1908, soon after Oklahoma was admitted as a state, as one of six agricultural high schools in the largely rural region.

History
The Oklahoma Legislature created six agricultural high schools in each judicial district in 1908, a year after statehood. Lawton was chosen over Anadarko in April 1909 to receive a high school; the town had already set aside a portion of land to develop a higher educational institution. The University Improvement Association, under the auspices of the Lawton Chamber of Commerce, organized the effort to acquire 220 acre of land two miles (three kilometers) west of the town. Its original goal was to secure a private Baptist college. Arrangements with the Baptists fell through in the summer of 1908. The Catholic Church approached the Association with an offer to found an all-male institution on the site. This plan was rejected by the town leaders, who were predominantly Protestant.

What was known as the Cameron State School of Agriculture was named for Rev. Evan Dhu Cameron, a Baptist minister and Oklahoma's first State Superintendent of Schools. The first classes were held on Statehood Day, November 16, 1909, in the basement of a bank building, while a new campus building was being constructed.

In 1927 Cameron added junior college-level classes to the school's offerings, when local higher education needs exceeded what was available in southwest Oklahoma. With this expansion, the institution was renamed as Cameron State Agricultural College. By 1941, the high school preparatory classes were dropped. Cameron was classified solely as a junior college that year, when the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education was formed and joined the group of institutions governed by the Board of Regents of Oklahoma A&M Colleges.

Based on additional development of programs and curriculum, in 1966 the Legislature passed a bill authorizing the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education to allow the college to award Baccalaureate degrees. The institution's name was shortened to Cameron College in 1971 and, with more program expansion, changed to Cameron University in 1974. As the 1970s continued, Cameron demonstrated its dedication to expanded academic offerings through the construction of a fine arts facility designed to serve students in theatre, music, broadcasting, and speech communication.

Dr. Donald J. Owen served as Cameron's president from 1969 to 1980. A Cameron graduate, Owen worked to build academic programs and develop relationships with the Lawton community, as well as the Oklahoma State University system, under which CU fell during his tenure. Cameron's sports teams, particularly football and basketball, excelled during that time. A new President's residence was constructed on Gore Boulevard, west of the campus.

In 1988, State Regents expanded Cameron's functions to include graduate offerings at the master's degree level. This was the first change granted to an Oklahoma institution since Cameron was given the authority to offer bachelor's degrees more than 20 years earlier. In the 1990s, Cameron University came under the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma.

Don Davis was President of Cameron University from 1980 to 2002. His father, Clarence L. Davis, was President of Cameron from 1957 to 1960. As a child, Davis lived in the President's house on campus with his parents and sister. As a former legislator from Lawton, Davis was able to secure funding for Cameron that supported it in developing as the premier institute for higher education in southwestern Oklahoma. Also during Davis' tenure, a classical radio station, KCCU 89.3, was founded. Numerous renowned scholars, including Richard Leakey and Cornel West, have spoken at Cameron's annual Academic Festival.

In May 2004, Cameron took over the Duncan Higher Education Center in Duncan, Oklahoma. It was renamed as Cameron University - Duncan.

Presidents
Since its founding in 1908, Cameron University has had 17 presidents.
 * J. A. Liner, 1908–1912
 * Ralph K. Robertson, 1912–1913
 * E. M. Frost, 1913
 * Robert P. Short, 1913–1914
 * A. C. Farley, 1914–1920
 * A. E. Wickizer, 1920–1923
 * John G. March, 1923–1927
 * John Coffey, 1927–1931
 * Charles M. Conwill, 1931–1946
 * Clarence H. Breedlove, 1946–1947
 * C. Vernon Howell, 1947–1957
 * Clarence L. Davis, 1957–1960
 * Richard B. Burch, 1960–1969
 * Don J. Owen, 1969–1980
 * Don C. Davis, 1980–2002
 * Cindy Ross, 2002–2013
 * John M. McArthur, 2013–present

Accreditation
Cameron University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The Bachelor of Accounting, Bachelor of Business Administration, and Master of Business Administration degrees offered by the School of Graduate and Professional Studies are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs.

Campus life
Most courses are offered during weekdays and evenings. Cameron uses television, the internet, and a statewide fiber-optics network to deliver classes around the world. Students may participate in independent study, cooperative education, pre-professional studies, teacher certification, and the Army ROTC program. In addition, Cameron offers an honors program, early admission, advanced standing, and college-level examination programs. Some 58% of entering students require remedial work, as their median ACT scores are at the ninth percentile.

A wide range of organizations and interest groups are located on campus, including departmental, minority, professional, political, and religious organizations, and various honorary and recognition societies. Students can also become involved in student government, choral groups, a jazz ensemble, theater, or Greek life.

Athletics
Cameron's athletic teams, known as the Aggies, are a member of Division II of the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Lone Star Conference. Sports offered are men's and women's basketball, baseball, volleyball, softball, spirit team, men's and women's golf, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's track and field.

Notable alumni

 * Billy Paultz – Played 15 seasons of professional basketball in the ABA and the NBA. Made 3 ABA All-Star teams, leading the league in blocked shots in 1975–76. Won an ABA championship with the New York Nets in 1973-74
 * Hillbilly Jim - Professional wrestler known as "Hillbilly" Jim Morris
 * William C. Bilo – United States Army Brigadier General who served as deputy director of the Army National Guard
 * John Brandes – National Football League special teams player
 * Doug Brown – US Army General and former Commanding General, US Special Operations Command
 * Mark Cotney – Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive back
 * Jason Christiansen – Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Avery Johnson – Basketball player in NBA and former head coach of the University of Alabama men's basketball team. He formerly coached the Brooklyn Nets and Dallas Mavericks teams of the NBA
 * Gary Jones – politician, appointed as Oklahoma State Auditor and Inspector
 * Nate Miller – American football player
 * Gary M. Rose - Medal of Honor recipient for gallantry during the Vietnam War
 * T.W. Shannon – politician and first African-American Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
 * Ray Gene Smith – NFL player
 * Charles Washington – NFL and CFL player
 * Adrian Wiggins – Former Fresno State women's basketball coach, and former women's basketball program head coach at the University of Mississippi
 * Thomas Toth – Canadian runner

title: Cameron University


text:
Minsk (motorcycle)

Minsk (Минск), also known as M1NSK, is a Belarusian brand of motorcycles, scooters, ATVs and snowmobiles, produced by the Minsk Motorcycle and Bicycle Plant (MMVZ). The first M1A motorcycle was released in 1951. Since 2007, the company is a private enterprise. More than 6.5 million Minsk motorcycles have been sold worldwide.

M1NSK built bicycles are branded as Aist.

The beginning
After World War II the documentation and equipment of the German DKW factory in Zschopau were taken to the Soviet Union as war reparations. Production of the RT 125 model began in Moscow under the M1A brand. By the Order No.494 of the Ministry of automotive industry of the Soviet Union dated 12 July 1951 the production of M1A was transferred from Moscow to the Minsk Motorcycle and Bicycle Plant (MMVZ, then Motovelo). This model was imported into the United Kingdom by Neval Motorcycles, marketed as Neval.

MMVZ
The new models code name system was introduced in 1973 with the new Minsk MMVZ-3.111.

Reliability and simplicity made Minsk motorcycles a cult brand in Vietnam, which was the most extensive export market. Minsk motorcycles were among the Soviet motorcycles that were distributed by SATRA, UK, under the Minsk Saturn 125 and Cossack brand names from 1973 to 1979.

M1NSK
In 2007 Motovelo became a private company. Motorcycles sold under M1NSK brand are rebadged Chinese products. For example, M1nsk TRX 300i is a Zongshen RX3.

Key models

 * 1951: Minsk М1А
 * 1956: Minsk М1М
 * 1973: Minsk MMVZ-3.111
 * 1994: Minsk MMVZ-3.113
 * 2010: M1NSK R
 * 2013: M1NSK TRX

Mopeds

 * MMVZ-1.101 (1995-1998).
 * MMVZ-1.102 (2003-2004).
 * MMVZ-2.154 (2006-2010).
 * M1NSK D 49

Scooters

 * M1NSK TC 49
 * M1NSK TM 49
 * M1NSK TX 49

Electric scooters

 * M1NSK Upa-Upa 500E

Road bikes

 * Minsk M1A "Moscow" (1951)
 * Minsk M1M (1956-1961).
 * Minsk M-103 (1962-1964 biennium).
 * Minsk M-104 (1964-1967 biennium).
 * Minsk M-105 (1967-1971 biennium).
 * Minsk M-106 (1971-1973 biennium).
 * MMVZ-3.111 (1973-1976).
 * MMVZ-3.115 (1976-1980).
 * MMVZ-3.112 (1982-1995).
 * MMVZ-3.113 (C 125)
 * MMVZ-3.114 (C4 125)
 * MMVZ-3.119 (M 125, F 125H)
 * M1NSK C4 200
 * M1NSK C4 250
 * M1NSK R 250
 * M1NSK CX 200
 * M1NSK D4 125

Enduro

 * M1NSK X 200
 * M1NSK ERX 250
 * M1NSK TRX 300i
 * KTNS RS3 (Malaysia Market)

Quads

 * M1NSK KD 500
 * M1NSK KD 625
 * M1NSK KD 625B
 * M1NSK KD 500U

Snowmobiles
M1NSK NIX 390

Racing motorcycles

 * Minsk M-201K (1956)
 * Minsk M-201M (1956) - a multi-day event.
 * Minsk SHK-125 (1961) - The road-racing circuit.
 * Minsk M-205 - highway-ring races.
 * Minsk M-213 (1969) - The multi-day event.
 * Minsk M-211 (1971 YG)
 * MMVZ-3.221 "Cross" - motocross.
 * MMVZ-3.216 (1977)
 * MMVZ-3.225 (1980) - motocross.
 * MMVZ-3.227 (1987-1991.) - Highway-ring races.
 * MMVZ-3.229
 * MMVZ-3.232 (5.232) (1993) - trial.
 * RX 250 - motocross.
 * M1NSK RX 450 - motocross.

title: Minsk (motorcycle)


text:
Santa Maria da Feira

Santa Maria da Feira is a city and a municipality in Aveiro District in Portugal, 23 km from central Porto. The population in 2011 was 139,309, in an area of 215.88 km².

History
Santa Maria is located in area that allowed it to be a crossroads of various peoples. Ancient Roman roadways connected Porto, Viseu, Lisbon and Braga and intersected the region, and was used until the 19th century. In addition, pre-Roman castros dotted the territory.

Eventually, nomadic tribes began to settle in the vicinity of the castle. This settlement soon became known as the Terra de Santa Maria. This name first appeared in 1117, in a donation by D. Teresa, who began to reside in the castle around 1120. The lands of Santa Maria included a vast territory that included not only the municipality of Feira, but also Ovar, Vila Nova de Gaia, Vale de Cambra and São João da Madeira, among others.

The castle of Santa Maria da Feira, the ex-libris of Feira, is a testament to the military architecture of the Middle Ages. It is the fulcrum of the history of the region, and an important point in the Reconquista.

In the time of king Denis of Portugal, Feira already was the see of a julgado (old administrative division). This is testified by an ancient document called Foral Velho. It was awarded a new foral in 1514, when Manuel I of Portugal was the King of Portugal.

Art
Danonaselo is a sculpture created by San Damon at the very beginning of the creation of Oniroscopism in 2004 and even before. It is part of the S.O.G. series (Geometric Oniroscopic Sculpture). Danonaselo is a very specific proper name given by San Damon to this sculpture. All the difficulty comes from the fact that Damon had to move from 2D drawing to 3D sculpture with the particular twists and angles that emerge from the strange character. Indeed, the night lighting surrounding the Danonaselo and the daylight that illuminates it, and in particular the presence of the sun that revolves around it, makes us see a totally different character. Shadows are thrown to the ground and angles are projected on the facades. The Danonaselo is placed for life in a public square in Portugal, in Fiães in the entity of Santa Maria da Feira and is part of the Portuguese heritage. The work is three metres high and looks out, as San Damon wanted, towards the ocean through the lands of Mozelos, Lourosa, São Paio de Oleiros, etc. The roundabout on which the Danonaselo is placed is decorated with certain flowers in harmony with the work. A plaque on the base explains the meaning of the work and a poem written by San Damon encloses it.

Geography
The municipality includes several towns (vilas) and 3 cities (cidades): Santa Maria da Feira, Fiães and Lourosa. It is the most populous município in Entre Douro e Vouga and it is part of the Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto.

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 21 civil parishes (freguesias):

 * Argoncilhe
 * Arrifana
 * Caldas de São Jorge e Pigeiros
 * Canedo, Vale e Vila Maior
 * Escapães
 * Fiães
 * Fornos
 * Lobão, Gião, Louredo e Guisande
 * Lourosa
 * Milheirós de Poiares
 * Mozelos
 * Nogueira da Regedoura
 * Paços de Brandão
 * Rio Meão
 * Romariz
 * Sanguedo
 * Santa Maria da Feira, Travanca, Sanfins e Espargo
 * Santa Maria de Lamas
 * São João de Ver
 * São Paio de Oleiros
 * São Miguel do Souto e Mosteirô

International relations
Santa Maria da Feira Municipality is twinned with:
 * 🇬🇼 Catió, Guinea-Bissau
 * 🇫🇷 Joué-lès-Tours, France, since 1989
 * 🇲🇦 Kenitra, Morocco
 * 🇧🇬 Targovishte, Bulgaria

Economy
Santa Maria da Feira is a heavily industrialized municipality and is famous for its several cork transforming and shoe factories. The town is the headquarters of Amorim corporation. The seat of the municipality is Feira, famous for its medieval castle which was the residence of Portugal's first king, Afonso Henriques, for a short period of time. The castle, located at the top of a hill, was of considerable strategic importance during its time.

Every year, in summer, a medieval festival takes place in Santa Maria da Feira - the Viagem Medieval - during which the city goes back to the Middle Ages.

Architecture
The municipality's sights include the Convento do Espírito Santo (convent), the Igreja da Misericórdia (church; 18th century), and the Rua Direita (street; 18th and 19th century architecture). However, its greatest landmark is the castelo Santa Maria da Feira Castle, from the 11th century.

Culture
The municipal holiday is January 20. It's the day when the whole municipality celebrates the Fogaceiras. The Fogaceiras is a special local holiday. During the Middle Ages, the lands of Santa Maria (as it was known back then) were infested by the dark plague. To get rid of this calamity, the locals offered a sweet roll, called fogaça, to the patron saint Saint Sebastien. The Fogaceiras have been celebrated for five hundred years, since the eradication of the dark plague.

The municipality has a science museum, the Visionarium.

Notable people

 * Américo Amorim (1934 in Mozelos – 2017) a Portuguese billionaire businessman and a 50% owner of Corticeira Amorim
 * Berta Nunes (born 1955) a Portuguese doctor and politician; was Mayor of the city of Alfândega da Fé

Sport

 * Dinis Resende (born 1967 in Paços de Brandão), known as Dinis, a Portuguese former footballer with 403 club caps
 * Pedro Martins (born 1970) a Portuguese football manager and former player with 358 club caps
 * António Leonel Vilar Nogueira Sousa (born 1980), known as Tonel, is a Portuguese former footballer with 432 club caps
 * Hélder Castro (born 1986 in Fiães) a Portuguese footballer with over 400 club caps
 * Sérgio Oliveira (born 1992 in Paços de Brandão) a Portuguese footballer with over 200 club caps and 13 for Portugal
 * Rúben Neves (born 1997) a Portuguese footballer, plays for Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. and has 32 caps with Portugal
 * Fábio Vieira (born 2000) a Portuguese footballer, plays for Arsenal F.C.

Sport
C.D. Feirense is based in the municipality.

title: Santa Maria da Feira


text:
Olympic Hymn

The Olympic Hymn (Ολυμπιακός Ύμνος, ), also known as the Olympic Anthem, is a choral cantata by opera composer Spyridon Samaras (1861–1917), with Demotic Greek lyrics by Greek poet Kostis Palamas. Both poet and composer were the choice of the Greek Demetrius Vikelas, who was the first President of the International Olympic Committee.

History
The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the first edition at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. In the following years, every hosting nation commissioned to various musicians the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the games.

The anthem by Samaras and Palamas was declared the official Olympic Anthem by the International Olympic Committee in 1958 at the 54th Session of the IOC in Tokyo, Japan. The anthem was performed in English at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley and since then it has been played at each Olympic Games: during the opening ceremony when the Olympic flag is hoisted, and during the closing ceremony when the Olympic flag is lowered.

List of performances at the Olympics
The anthem has been recorded and performed in many different languages, usually as a result of the hosting of either form of the Games in various countries. The IOC doesn't require that the anthem be performed in either English or Greek, but in the 2008 & 2022 Olympic opening and closing ceremonies, in Beijing, China, Greek was sung instead of the host country's official language, Mandarin. Also in the 2016 Olympic opening and closing ceremonies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, English was sung instead of host country's official language, Brazilian Portuguese and in the 2020 Olympic opening and closing ceremonies in Tokyo, Japan, English was also sung instead of Japanese.

title: Olympic Hymn


text:
Frans Suell

Frans Suell (9 June 1744 – 15 November 1817) was a Swedish businessman.

Life
His grandfather Franz Suell immigrated to Malmö from Holstein in the mid 18th century. Frans grew up working in his father Niclas' shop selling mostly provisions; after studying two years at Lund University, he entered the tobacco importing trade, in which he was successful.

Suell's career coincided with the American Revolution, a period of political disorder in the chief tobacco-growing regions of North America. These events broke the power of the tobacco lairds based in Glasgow and other British port cities, and made it possible for Suell to import tobacco directly from North America. He prospered, and beginning in 1775 led a consortium of local shippers in the successful public works project of dredging and embanking the Malmö harbour. It is for this work that he is remembered in Malmö today.

Suell also acquired interests in many other industries connected with the spread of the Industrial Revolution to Sweden, such as textiles, the smelting of iron, and the refining of beet sugar.

Legacy
Two ships have been named in his honour: MT Frans Suell (1958) and MS Frans Suell (1992)

title: Frans Suell


text:
Fleet Marine Force Combat Operation Insignia

The Fleet Marine Force Combat Operation Insignia is a miniature $5/16$ inch bronze United States Marine Corps emblem that may be authorized by the Secretary of the Navy for wear on specific campaign, expeditionary, and service medal ribbons issued to United States Navy sailors attached to and on duty with Fleet Marine Force (FMF) units during combat operations and sailors on duty with Navy units attached to and operating with Fleet Marine Force units while under Marine Corps operational control during combat operations. The device was instituted in 1953 with the Navy and Marine Corps Award Manual (NAVPERS 15,790, Revised 1953) dated 1953.

Criteria and wear
The Fleet Marine Force Combat Operation Insignia (FMFCOI) must be authorized by the Marine Corps unit commander in order to be worn by U.S. Navy sailors such as hospital corpsmen, Religious program specialist, and chaplains assigned to Marine Corps units and Seabees assigned to naval units operating with Marine Corps units. The Marine Corps unit and sailor must have engaged in active combat action with an armed enemy during the sailor's service with the Marine Corps unit, or the sailor and the Navy unit must have engaged in active combat action with an armed enemy during the Navy unit's operating service with the Marine Corps unit. No more than one Marine Corps emblem may be worn on the ribbons.

The FMFCOI is positioned in the center of both the suspension ribbon and service ribbon of the medal. Any other authorized ribbon device such as the $3/16$ inch service star or campaign star, are placed on either side of the FMF combat operation insignia, with the first star on the wearer's right of the insignia, the second star on the wearer's left of the insignia, and so on.

The FMFCOI is or was authorized to be worn on the following medals -

Currently awarded:
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 * Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
 * Inherent Resolve Campaign Medal

Previously awarded:
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
 * European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
 * Korean Service Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal
 * Southwest Asia Service Medal
 * Kosovo Campaign Medal
 * Afghanistan Campaign Medal
 * Iraq Campaign Medal

Navy chaplains
Vietnam War:
 * Vincent R. Capodanno

Navy hospital corpsmen

 * World War II
 * Robert Eugene Bush
 * William D. Halyburton, Jr.
 * Fred F. Lester
 * Francis J. Pierce
 * George E. Wahlen
 * Jack Williams
 * John H. Willis

 * Korean War
 * Edward C. Benfold
 * William R. Charette
 * Richard D. Dewert
 * Francis C. Hammond
 * John E. Kilmer

 * Vietnam War
 * Donald E. Ballard
 * Wayne M. Caron
 * Robert R. Ingram
 * David R. Ray
 * Stanley A. Packauski


text:
IEEE 1284

IEEE 1284, also known as the Centronics port, is a standard that defines bi-directional parallel communications between computers and other devices. It was originally developed in the 1970s by Centronics before its IEEE standardization.

History

In the 1970s, Centronics developed the now-familiar printer parallel port that soon became a de facto standard. Centronics had introduced the first successful low-cost seven-wire print head, which used a series of solenoids to pull the individual metal pins to strike a ribbon and the paper.

A dot matrix print head consists of a series of metal pins arranged in a vertical row. Each pin is attached to some sort of actuator, a solenoid in the case of Centronics, which can pull the pin forward to strike a ribbon and the paper. The entire print head is moved horizontally in order to print a line of text, striking the paper several times to produce a matrix for each character. Character sets on early printers normally used 7 by 5 "pixels" to produce 80-column text.

The complexity of printing a character as a sequence of columns of dots is managed by the printer electronics, which receives character encodings from the computer one at a time, with the bits transferred serially or in parallel. As printers grew in sophistication, and the cost of memory dropped, printers began adding increasing amounts of buffer memory, initially a line or two, but then whole pages and then documents.

The original port design was send-only, allowing data to be sent from the host computer to the printer. Separate pins in the port allow status information to be sent back to the computer. This was a serious limitation as printers became "smarter" and a richer set of status codes were desired. This led to an early expansion of the system introduced by HP, the "Bitronics" implementation released in 1992. This used the status pins of the original port to form a 4-bit parallel port for sending arbitrary data back to the host.

A further modification, "Bi-Directional", used the status pins to indicate the direction of data flow on the 8-bit main data bus; by indicating there was data to send to the host on one of the pins, all eight data pins became available for use. This proved adaptable, and led to the "Enhanced Parallel Port" standard, which worked like Bi-Directional mode but greatly increased the signalling speeds to 2 MB/s, and later the "Extended Capability Port" version increased this to 2.5 MB/s.

In 1991 the Network Printing Alliance was formed to develop a new standard. In March 1994, the IEEE 1284 specification was released. 1284 included all of these modes, and allowed operation in any of them.

Characteristics

The IEEE 1284 standard allows for faster throughput and bidirectional data flow with a theoretical maximum throughput of 4 MB/s; actual throughput is around 2 MB/s depending on hardware. In the printer venue, this allows for faster printing and back-channel status and management. Since the new standard allowed the peripheral to send large amounts of data back to the host, devices that had previously used SCSI interfaces could be produced at a much lower cost. This included scanners, tape drives, hard disks, computer networks connected directly via parallel interface, network adapters and other devices. No longer was the consumer required to purchase an expensive SCSI card—they could simply use their built-in parallel interface.

The parallel interface has since been mostly displaced by local area network interfaces and USB 2.0.

Modes
IEEE 1284 can operate in five modes:

 * Compatibility Mode, also known as Centronics standard or SPP, is a uni-directional implementation with only a few differences from the original Centronics design. This mode is almost exclusively used for printers. The only signals that the printer can send back to the host are some fixed-meaning status lines that signal common error conditions, such as the printer running out of paper.
 * Nibble Mode is an interface that allows the device to transmit data four bits (a nibble) at a time, (re)using four of the status lines of Compatibility Mode for data. This is the Bi-tronics mode introduced by HP and is generally used for enhanced printer status. Although never officially supported with these, Nibble Mode works with most of the pre-IEEE-1284 Centronics interfaces as well.
 * Byte Mode, also known as "Bi-Directional" (although all modes except Compatibility Mode are in fact bi-directional), is a half-duplex mode that allows the device to transmit eight bits at a time using the same data lines that are used for the other direction. This mode is supported on a minority of pre-IEEE-1284 interfaces as well, such as those built into the IBM PS/2 computers; because of this, it is sometimes unofficially called the PS/2 mode.
 * Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP) is a half-duplex bi-directional interface designed to allow devices like printers, scanners, or storage devices to transmit large amounts of data while quickly being able to switch channel direction. EPP can provide up to 2 MB/s bandwidth, approximately 15 times the speed achieved with normal parallel-port communication with far less CPU overhead.
 * Extended Capability Port (ECP) is a half-duplex bi-directional interface similar to EPP, except that PC implementations use direct memory access (usually ISA DMA on channel 3) to provide even faster data transfer than EPP by having the ISA DMA hardware and the parallel port interface hardware handle the work of transferring the data instead of letting the CPU do this work. Many devices that interface using this mode support RLE compression. ECP can provide up to 2.5 MB/s of bandwidth, which is the natural limit of 8-bit ISA DMA. An ECP interface on a PC can improve transfers to pre-IEEE-1284 printers as well, by reducing the CPU load during the transfer; however, the transfer in that case is unidirectional.

Most recent computers that include a parallel port can operate the port in ECP or EPP mode, or both simultaneously.

IEEE-1284 requires that bi-directional device communication is always initiated in Nibble Mode. If the host receives no reply in this mode, it will assume that the device is a legacy printer, and enter Compatibility Mode. Otherwise, the best mode that is supported on both sides of the connection is negotiated between the host and client devices by exchanging standardized Nibble Mode messages.

Connectors and cables

An IEEE-compliant cable must meet several standards of wiring and quality. Three types of connectors are defined:

 * Type A: DB-25 25 pin, for the host connection.
 * Type B: Centronics (officially called "Micro Ribbon") 36-pin, for the printer or device connection.
 * Type C: Mini-Centronics (MDR36 or HPCN36) 36-pin, a half-pitch, smaller alternative for the device connection that has not proven popular.

There are two kinds of IEEE 1284 cables:

 * IEEE 1284-I: uses IEEE 1284-A and IEEE 1284-B connectors.
 * IEEE 1284-II: uses IEEE 1284-C connectors.

In IEEE 1284 Daisy Chain Specification, up to eight devices can be connected to a single parallel port.

All modes use TTL voltage logic levels, which limits the possible cable length to a few meters unless expensive special cables are used.

Standards

 * IEEE 1284-2000: Standard Signaling Method for a Bi-directional Parallel Peripheral Interface for Personal Computers
 * IEEE 1284.1-1997: Transport Independent Printer/System Interface- a protocol for returning printer configuration and status
 * IEEE 1284.2: Standard for Test, Measurement and Conformance to IEEE 1284 (not approved)
 * IEEE 1284.3-2000: Interface and Protocol Extensions to IEEE 1284-Compliant Peripherals and Host Adapters- a protocol to allow sharing of the parallel port by multiple peripherals (daisy chaining)
 * IEEE 1284.4-2000: Data Delivery and Logical Channels for IEEE 1284 Interfaces- allows a device to carry on multiple, concurrent exchanges of data

Typical color codes
The following are the typical colors found on 25-pin IEEE 1284 cable leads.

title: IEEE 1284


text:
HMP

HMP may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Haughton–Mars Project
 * Host media processing, a telephony processing technique
 * Human Microbiome Project
 * Harmonic mean p-value, a technique for combining statistical tests

Computing

 * Heterogeneous multi-processing, internal use model of the ARM big.LITTLE architecture
 * Host Monitoring Protocol, an obsolete TCP/IP protocol

Other uses

 * h.m.p. (Japan), a Japanese adult video company
 * Hampton railway station (London), London, National Rail station code
 * HM Prison, His/Her Majesty's Prison
 * Northern Mashan Miao language, ISO 639-3 code
 * Tommy Suharto (Hutomo Mandala Putra, abberivated HMP), Indonesian politician and businessman, youngest son of former Indonesian president Suharto

title: HMP


text:
São João da Madeira

São João da Madeira, is a city and a municipality in northwestern region of the Portuguese Norte region. It's part of the larger Porto Metropolitan Area, located 30 km from central Porto. The population in 2011 was 21,713. With an area of 7.94 km2, it is the smallest municipality in Portugal. In 2010, the city was distinguished in Portuguese quality of life studies as the "Best Municipality to Live In".

São João da Madeira stood out also recently by introducing in 2011 the Industrial Tourism in Portugal and, in 2012, becoming the first Portuguese municipality to offer almost integral wireless coverage in its municipal area.

History
The origins of São João da Madeira extend back to the consecutive settlements by Celt, Roman, Moors and Visigoths. Yet, historically the first mention of São João occurred in 1088: the first reference was the phrase Uilla de Sancto Ioanne de Mateira, that appeared in the sale of lands in the territory. The designation of "Madeira" that appeared was in reference to the abundance of trees and forest, that continued to exist in the region.

In the 19th century, São João da Madeira registered an intense growth, the fruit of commercial and industrial development linked to the manufacture of hats and dairy industry. J. Gomes de Pinho was the first empressario to establish a hat factory in 1802, but it was António José de Oliveira Júnior, an ex-functionary who would drive the local industry with his establishment in 1892 of the first fur hat factory. It would eventually become one of the major symbols of São João da Madeira's new economy, the Empresa Industrial de Chapelaria Lda. Totally mechanized by the early 19th century, it would become the largest factory in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the 19th century. Oliveira Júnior was recognized by the national government, who issued him a diploma of Industrial and Agricultural Merit, its citizens later honouring him with a bust and the naming of one of its roads. The prosperity that developed, also supported by the nacscent growth of the footwear industry, allowed the growth of a dynamic centre that attracted more inhabitants with the possibility of work.

With progress and modernization there was a radical alteration in the architecture of the community. The primitive church was demolished in 1883, and the following year the new temple was blessed and inaugurated (11 July 1888).

In 1908 King Manuel II of Portugal inaugurated the Caminho de Ferro do Vale do Vouga (Vouga Valley Railline) which, along with the construction of new streets and roads allowed the parallel growth of the region. With the construction of the local hospital, the introduction of electricity into the region was finally concluded, while at the same time the cultural arena was enhanced with the establishment of the Grupo Patriótico Sanjoanense a philharmonic band and cultural centre (led by the Jesuit priest and histographer ).

It was not until 11 October 1926 that the region achieved both economic and political autonomy as a full municipality, a fact that was seen by locals as enviable due to its inferior status administratively (until then it was a civil parish of the neighbouring municipality of Oliveira de Azeméis). Its independence was recorded in the local newspaper O Regional as born "of a group of young people with blood that boiled in their veins and anxious for the constant progress of São João da Madeira". At that time, the Portuguese government considered São João da Madeira one of the most important regional industrial centres with its progress suffocated by its inferior status. São João da Madeira became a city at 28 June 1984, by the law n.º 13/84.

By the second World War, the felt industry grew in Portugal, and during the 1940s the production of fur and felt production was centralized in the factories of the municipality, with the establishment of the Cortadoria Nacional do Pêlo, which was nationalized in 1945. In 1946, 1775 people worked in the hat-making industrial in Portugal, while 1212 were located in São João da Madeira. The activity of this industry was later immortalized by João da Silva Correia, in his romance "Unhas Negras", a pejorative reference to the works who worked the open cauldrons that darken and destroyed their fingernails (unhas negras literally means "darken/blacken fingernails"). The term was later generally used to identify the citizenry of the municipality. The use of the word "Labor", on the coat-of-arms of the municipality, was intended to signify the importance of these workers in the development of the region. Regardless, the hat-making industries slowly declined in the following decades, with the decline in the use of hats, and the shoe-making industry grew in importance, resulting in its reference as the "Capital of Footwear" in Portugal (Capital do Calçado).

Geography
The municipality of São João da Madeira is situated in the extreme north of the district of Aveiro, in the historical region of Beira Litoral, occupying a position central in the subregion of Entre Douro e Vouga. It is approximately 18 kilometres from the Portuguese Atlantic coast, 32 kilometres from the regional capital of Porto, 40 kilometres from Aveiro and 275 kilometres from the national capital. It straddles the a hilltop portion of the geomorphological massif that extends from 50 to 400 metres above sea level. It is crossed at its farthest limit by the River Ul, which runs north to south.

The climate in this region is maritime in character, with heavy winter rainfall countered by short dry summers.

It is limited in the north by the civil parish of Milheirós de Poiares and west by Arrifana (both in the municipality of Santa Maria da Feira), while its southern border aligns with the civil parishes of Cucujães and São Roque and eastern frontier with Nogueira do Cravo and Macieira de Sarnes (in the municipality of Oliveira de Azeméis).

São João da Madeira is a rare example of a municipality with only one civil parish (freguesia). Apart from its small dimensions, São João da Madeira is the second largest city in the district of Aveiro and the largest in the Entre Douro e Vouga subregion.

Economy
Its economy is based on services and industry, employing 62% in secondary and 38% in tertiary sectors. In 2007, there were 3660 registered companies dominated by micro and small businesses and employing 74% of the workers. São João da Madeira's motto, translated as "Labor, City of Work", appeals to its industrial history.

In 2007, there were 3660 companies in São João da Madeira: despite being the smallest municipality in size in Portugal, it is the twentieth in economic turnover. It is the head of shoe industry in Portugal, an important industrial activity in Portugal, having the seat of the Shoe Technological Centre. Beyond that, the city is developing a Science Park and main Centro Empresarial e Tecnológico (Business and Technology Centre), as well as important commercial, financial and service centre of the region, having its largest Shopping Mall and largest concentration of banks. Inaugurated in 2008 by President Aníbal Cavaco Silva the centre is a modern project by architect Filipe Oliveira Dias, that services as an incubator for high technology businesses in order to diversify the local market. It is actually the first of ten buildings in the zone, of a planned 80,000 square metre technological park, including the Núcleo de Investigação e Desenvolvimento (Investigation and Development Nucleus). In 2009, a series of protocols of understanding were signed to establish a regional network of "Innovation and Competitivity" between business and education, in order to foster technological innovation.

Shoe manufacturing has been one of the city's main economic industries, and regularly, the city has been referred to as "a Capital do Calçado" (the Capital of Footwear); many of Portugal's shoe manufacturers and ancillary businesses, including the Centro Tecnológico do Calçado (Footwear Technology Centre) and Centro de Formação Profissional da Indústria do Calçado (Footwear Industry Centre for Professional Learning) are based in São João da Madeira. Similarly, regional industries have been responsible for the production of 20% the world's felt hats and continues to be the major national producer. The quality of São João da Madeira's head apparel has, at one time, been recognized internationally, and incorporated in fashion house (such as Hermès). In addition, the movie industry was responsible for supporting this industry, with headwear produced for films such as Public Enemies,Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (Indiana Jones' hat, for example) and the Mad Hatter's famous hat in Alice in Wonderland. Other secondary industries in the economy include automobile components, industrial textiles, mattresses, glues and tubing manufacturing, which are concentrated in four industrial zones: Travessas, Orreiro, Devesa-Velha e Oliva.

Its central place within the urban hierarchy has slowly consolidated many of the main services of the Entre Douro e Vouga subregion; along with Santa Maria da Feira it has contributed to the policentralizism of Greater Porto basin. São João da Madeira is an important banking and financial centre; in 2007, there were 1288 employed in the banking sector, equivalent to the same number in Aveiro.

Tourism
Industrial tourism has increased, and S. João da Madeira was the first city in the country to introduce this tourism.

The routes include the only pencil factory in operation in Portugal, the shoe and headwear industry.

A Vocational Training Centre of the Footwear Industry and the Portuguese Technological Footwear Centre are part of this industrial tourism route, as well as the Hat Museum, one symbol of the city and unique in the Iberian Peninsula.

Civic

 * (Old) Municipal Hall (Antigo Paços do Concelho/Paços da Cultura)
 * Adães Bermudes Primary School (Escola Primária Adães Bermuda/Academia de Música de São João da Madeira)
 * Building of the (Old) Welfare Fund (Edifício da antiga Caixa de Providência/Escola Nacional de Estudos e Formação da Inspecção do Trabalho)
 * Building of the Correios, Telégrafos e Telefones, CTT (Edifício dos Correios, Telégrafos e Telefones, CTT)
 * Carqueijo Primary School and Kindergarten (Escola Primária e Jardim de Infância de Carqueijo)
 * Casaldelo Primary School (Escola Primária de Casaldelo)
 * Conde Dias Garcia Primary School (Escola Primária Conde Dias Garcia)
 * Dr. Renato Araújo Municipal Library (Biblioteca Municipal Dr. Renato Araújo)
 * Emperor Theatre (Cine-Teatro Imperador/Casa de Artes e de Criatividade)
 * Estate of São João da Madeira (Casa da Quinta do Morgado/Quinta dos Gafanhões/Quinta de São João da Madeira)
 * Fountain of the (Old) Praça das Vendas (Fontanário da Antiga Praça das Vendas/Chafariz da Praça)
 * Hat-making Museum (Empresa Industrial de Chapelaria/Museu de Chapelaria)
 * Oliva Factory (Fábrica Oliva)
 * Residence of Santo António (Casal de Santo António)
 * Santo Filomena Children's College (Colégio Conde Dias Garcia/Colégio Infantil Santa Filomena)
 * São João da Madeira Railway Station (Estação Ferroviária de São João da Madeira)

Religious

 * Chapel of Santa Maria de Casaldelo (Capela de Santa Maria de Casaldelo)
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora dos Milagres (Capela de Nossa Senhora dos Milagres/Capela do Parque)
 * Chapel of Santo António (Capela de Santo António)
 * Church of São João Baptista (Igreja Paroquial de São João da Madeira/Igreja de São João Baptista)
 * Mausoleum of the Laranjeira Family (Jazigo da Família Laranjeira)

Notable people

 * António Sousa (born 1957) a Portuguese football manager and former player with 598 club caps and 27 with Portugal
 * António Veloso (born 1957) a Portuguese former footballer with 502 club caps and 40 with Portugal
 * Carlos Manuel Oliveiros da Silva (born 1959), known as Vermelhinho, a Portuguese former footballer with 265 club caps and 2 for Portugal
 * Rui Correia (born 1967) a Portuguese former footballer goalkeeper with 403 club caps
 * Carlos Secretário (born 1970) a Portuguese former professional footballer with 407 club caps and 35 with Portugal
 * José Sousa (born 1977) a Portuguese football manager and former player with 234 club caps
 * Ricardo Sousa (born 1979) a Portuguese football manager and former player with 277 club caps

title: São João da Madeira


text:
Fusebox

Fusebox, or variants, may refer to:

 * Fuse box, or distribution board, in electric wiring
 * FuseBox, a brand of distribution boards and related products
 * Fuse box housing automotive fuses
 * Fusebox (band), an American band
 * Fuse Box (album), by AC/DC, 1995

title: Fusebox


text:
Scourge of the Underworld

The Scourge of the Underworld is the name of a series of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Writer/editor Mark Gruenwald originally created the Scourge in 1985 as a plot device intended to thin the criminal population of the Marvel Universe, in particular eliminating those supervillain characters he deemed to be too minor, redundant, or ill-conceived. Numerous other characters have used the name, often with differing motives and loyalties.

Organization
The Scourge is originally depicted as an individual vigilante dedicated to the assassination of criminals. This person, whose true name has never been revealed, is seen over the course of several months murdering known supervillains. The Scourge approaches a supervillain in disguise, shoots him or her with an explosive-tipped bullet, shouts his catchphrase "Justice is served!" and disappears. This first iteration's killing spree reaches its apex in Captain America #319, where he guns down eighteen such criminals at an underworld meeting which is, ironically, held to devise a way of countering the menace of the Scourge. The Scourge disguises himself as the bartender, whom nobody thinks to search. When Captain America captures the Scourge in the following issue, the character claimed to be the brother of the Enforcer, whom Scourge has killed because his sibling's criminal activities has shamed their father. He claims that this crime led to him creating the Scourge persona with help from a private investigator only identified as "Domino", who provides him detailed information on the supervillain community. Immediately after making this confession, the Scourge is himself shot and killed by an unseen assailant, who is heard to cry "Justice is served!" in the fashion of the Scourge's other killings.

In Captain America #326, Captain America is confronted by a hologram of the Scourge, operated by Doctor Faustus, to try to kill Captain America via having him confront "ghosts" of several villains who had recently died in battle against him. Later on, in Captain America #347, Albert Malik, the communist villain who assumed the Red Skull identity during the 1950s, is killed by a mercenary who breaks Malik out of prison only to murder him. After killing Malik, the mercenary shouts the Scourge's catchphrase. In Captain America #350, Scourge is shown to be part of an assembly of villains working for the Red Skull, many of which Captain America had fought following the Red Skull's "death" in Captain America #300. The Red Skull gloated of having created the Scourge organization, as part of a massive network of criminal organizations that carried out the Nazi's will. The Scourge presented is promptly killed by John Walker who had recently assumed the Captain America identity.

In Captain America #351, the Commission on Super-Hero Affairs had an agent impersonate the Scourge of the Underworld to "kill" Captain America due to Walker's identity having been made public and whose parents had been killed as a result of retaliation by the Watchdog organization. This story featured the first in-story appearance of the Scourge's official costume (see Appearances below).

A new Scourge appeared in Captain America #358-362, in a story where a new version attempts to kill the criminal super-scientist "The Power Broker". This version appears to be operating independently of the Red Skull, claiming to want the Power Broker dead due to the fact that his "treatment" to give people super-powers, had left his brother horribly deformed instead. USAgent (John Walker) and former Captain America ally Vagabond stopped the Scourge though much in the same way as the version that Captain America fought, the killer was shot by a hidden gunman who screamed "Justice Is Served". Rather than get this version to a doctor, Walker allows him to die from his wound in order to instead try to find the gunman.

Another version of the Scourge, working for Red Skull, shows up in Captain America #394; after a failed attempt by the German government to arrest and try Red Skull for crimes against humanity ended in Red Skull escaping, Skull went into hiding and had a Scourge of the Underworld under his employment murder three clones, of himself and his two associates (Crossbones and Mother Night) to fake their deaths. During a later meeting of his various terrorist groups, a man identified as the Scourge is executed via the Red Dust of Death after lying about several failed attempts on lives of super-villains Red Skull had marked for death. The exchange between the Skull and the Scourge, implies that Red Skull stole the identity of the Scourge for his own agenda when he accuses his henchman of "ruining the good name of the Scourge of the Underworld" with his failures. Mother Night later uses her illusion casting power to create an illusion of the Scourge, to allow additional henchmen of the Red Skull to avoid capture by Captain America.

In 1993, Mark Gruenwald, who had created the Scourge of the Underworld and written nearly all of the main appearances of the character in Captain America, wrote a four-part USAgent mini-series, in order to resolve the looming mysteries involving the character and his various forms and masters.

The mini-series revealed that the Scourge of the Underworld was created by Thomas Holloway, the former Golden Age superhero known as Angel, who ran the organization with help from Domino and two henchmen known as Caprice and Bloodstain. Holloway had initially gone into retirement after a battle with a villain resulted in the death of a civilian. When the second Age of Heroes came about decades later, Halloway vowed to eliminate the newer generation of supervillains through any means necessary to protect the people, and therefore established the Scourge organization. The mini-series also confirmed the existence of female Scourge of the Underworld agents, as one of the villain's previous kills (Titania by a Scourge impersonating fellow villain Gold Digger in a women's locker room) had left unanswered questions to whether or not the murder of Titania was done by a female Scourge, since the villain would not be able to pass as a woman in such an intimate setting as a women's locker room.

The series has Vagabond trying to join the group and is sent on her first mission. Unfortunately she finds her first victim, a former Daredevil villain known as the Matador, to now be a single father who has served his time and abandoned his criminal lifestyle, who begs Vagabond to spare him for his son's sake. Marked for death for failing to do her assignment, Vagabond recruits USAgent to help bring down the organization. During the ensuing fight, the Scourge sent to kill Vagabond and USAgent is captured but killed as USAgent is taken before Bloodstain, who attempts to brainwash USAgent into joining the Scourges. Bloodstain reveals himself to be USAgent's deceased brother Mike Walker, though it's never revealed if this is true or just a disguise designed to manipulate USAgent, with Walker himself denying the idea that his brother would be part of such an organisation. Walker is informed of Halloway's role in running the organization and in the ensuing final battle, Domino and Bloodstain are killed while a large angel-shaped gravestone falls on the invalid Halloway. Though the USAgent mini-series implies the statue killed him, Captain America #440 reveals that Halloway survived and managed to avoid arrest due to his army of lawyers and had gone back into seclusion.

Later entries for the Scourge in various Official Marvel Handbook specials, would clarify the Red Skull connection, which the USAgent mini-series never outright addressed. These entries ultimately state that the Red Skull learned of the existence of the Scourge of the Underworld organization and managed to convince several of Halloway's agents to switch sides and work for him.

Appearance
The Scourge mainly appeared in disguise, though for the final battle with Captain America in Captain America #320, he dressed in an all-black commando costume, which his hologram self later is seen wearing in Captain America #326. For his entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition, a new costume was designed for the character: white skull mask, opera hat, and a white buttoned-up trenchcoat and white gloves. This costume was used sporadically in later stories.

The Deadly Foes of Spider-Man
The Scourge plays a major role in several storylines involving the Shocker in the early 1990s. The mini-series The Deadly Foes of Spider-Man, Shocker showed that the Spider-Man villain had become obsessively paranoid and convinced the Scourge was out to get him. During the climax of the storyline, the Kingpin employs an unseen Scourge imposter to fake an attempt on the Shocker's life, which prevents him from killing Spider-Man and causes him to flee the scene, all in order to avoid attention being drawn near a location that the Kingpin wants to rob.

In Amazing Spider-Man #364, Shocker attempts to rob several research centers in order to gain technology to enhance his suit's weapons, so as to increase his chances in battle against the Scourge.

Later versions
In the pages of Thunderbolts, a new version appears; this iteration assassinates the Thunderbolts members Jolt, Helmut Zemo and Techno, as well as a pair of civilians (Gayle Rogers and Roberta Haggerty) who investigate Jolt's death. This Scourge is actually Jack Monroe who is being mentally controlled by the superhuman-hating government agent Henry Peter Gyrich who himself was being manipulated by Baron Strucker. Monroe is defeated and freed from Gyrich's control by the Thunderbolts and their allies, the Redeemers. He then, apparently, abandons the Scourge equipment and identity after the battle. As Scourge, Monroe had access to a wide array of technology based on equipment confiscated from super-villains. Some are installed in the costume, while several others are miniaturized using Pym particles and stored in one of the costume's gauntlets; all are accessible by a voice-coded system. Specific items used include versions of the Green Goblin's glider, the Unicorn's helmet-installed energy projector, and Stilt-Man's telescoping stilts, as well as various unspecified weaponry, including a metal quarterstaff. He could also access his gauntlet's Pym particles to alter the size of himself or others, though excessive use of this ability on Atlas forced him to abandon much of his weapon stores when his Pym particles supply was spent.

Five characters bearing the names of the Scourge's previous victims – Hellrazor, Caprice, Mindwave (minus the hyphen), Mirage and Bluestreak appear in the "Caged Angels" storyline in Thunderbolts #116-121. All five villains are telepaths, who allow themselves to be captured so they can be taken into custody at the Thunderbolts's headquarters. Once there, they use their combined powers to drive several members of the Thunderbolts into homicidal rages in order to force the team to destroy each other. They are only stopped in doing so, by Bullseye who had been recovering from injuries and not factored into their plan and murders them in their cells before they could use their powers on him.

The Punisher impersonates the Scourge again in an attempt to take down the Kingpin.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, Norman Osborn asks the Hood to hunt the Punisher in retaliation for a failed assassination attempt. The Hood is granted the Dark Dimension's powers by his master Dormammu to revive eighteen murdered criminals (Basilisk, Bird-Man, Black Abbott, Blue Streak, Cheetah, Cyclone, Death Adder, Firebrand, Hijacker, Human Fly, Letha, Megatak, Mind-Wave, Miracle Man, Mirage, Titania, Turner D. Century and Wraith) to help take down the Punisher. Scourge tells the villains that if they fail, they will be returned to their previous states of death and rot. The Hood tells these criminals that the Scourge of the Underworld is actually Frank Castle and by killing him they would be avenging their previous deaths and prolonging their new lives. When Microchip asks if he thinks any of them believed the story, the Hood replies "Sure they did". Several of these villains (including Firebrand, Wraith. Cheetah, Cyclone, and Mirage) are killed again while confronting the Punisher, but ultimately Basilisk and Death Adder subdue the vigilante, and the terms of the Hood's agreement are apparently fulfilled.

The original version of Scourge of the Underworld is among the various people in Erebus when Hercules travels to the Underworld. He is later seen in Pluto's jury (alongside Abomination, Armless Tiger Man, Artume, Heinrich Zemo, Commander Kraken, Iron Monger, Jack O'Lantern, Kyknos, Nessus, Orka and Veranke) at Zeus's trial.

Another person christened with identity is assigned to the Thunderbolts by Osborn. His first mission is to eliminate Songbird. This character is later revealed to be Frank Simpson with a new identity.

Another iteration joins up with Villains for Hire, the villain counterpart of Heroes for Hire. This character was in fact Paladin in disguise as part of a massive con to take down the Purple Man.

Another new version is shown to be using a list of the locations of supervillains who have been relocated via the witness protection program and killing them, most recently Viper, member of the Serpent Squad. In the battle, he severely injures the hero (and former villain) Diamondback who recognizes his voice. He is then shown to be working for Henry Gyrich, revealed to be under the influence of Hydra. Encountering the villain the Rattler, whom Scourge subdues and kills after a short but brutal fight, he pulls off his damaged mask, shattered from the fight, and reveals he is Dennis Dunphy.

Reception

 * In 2014, WhatCulture ranked Scourge of the Underworld 7th in their "7 Unused Spider-Man Villains Who'd Be Great In The Marvel Cinematic Universe" list.

title: Scourge of the Underworld


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Fred Dixon (politician)

Frederick John (Fred) Dixon (January 20, 1881 – March 18, 1931) was a Manitoba politician, and was for several years the dominant figure in the province's mainstream labour and Henry George Single Tax Georgist movements. A proponent of proportional representation, he also served as an MLA in the Manitoba Legislature from 1914 to 1923.

Biography
Born in 1881 at Englefield in the English county of Berkshire, Dixon was influenced by the reformist labour politics of his home country, and also favoured the single tax ideas of Henry George.

He apprenticed as a gardener in England.

Dixon arrived in Manitoba in 1903, settling in Winnipeg. He apprenticed as a draftsman and worked as an engraver.

He became a member of the Independent Labour Party. However, he opposed the efforts of some party members to declare the party as socialist and endorse widespread nationalization. The controversy led to the disintegration of the ILP in 1908. Dixon also wrote a weekly column in the Winnipeg labour weekly, The Voice.

Dixon and his friend, Seymour Farmer, who was later mayor of Winnipeg, became involved with the League for Taxation of Land Values (the Single Tax programme) and the League for Direct Legislation, under which people would have the right of referendum, initiative and recall.

Dixon first ran for the provincial legislature in the 1910 provincial election as a candidate of the Manitoba Labour Party in Winnipeg Centre. He was also supported by the provincial Liberal Party, whose platform he generally supported. Dixon's centrist labourism brought about opposition from the Socialist Party of Canada, which ran a spoiler candidate against him. Dixon lost to Conservative Thomas Taylor by 73 votes; the SPC polled 99.

After the defeat, he again devoted himself to the cause of Direct Legislation. A respected speaker for the Direct Legislation League, he moved to Moose Jaw and worked for the Saskatchewan Direct Legislation League.

In 1914, he married Winona Margaret Flett, a suffragist.

The SPC's actions provoked a backlash among Winnipeg trade unionists. That and his high profile among farmers due to his Direct Legislation League work increased his popularity. He ran as an independent in the provincial election of 1914, in one of the two separate elections held in Winnipeg Centre. He received support from both the Liberals and the Labour Representation Committee (a successor to the MLP). His platform included home rule for Winnipeg, women's suffrage, public ownership of utilities, removal of subsidies for private enterprise (including lowering the tariff walls to imported manufactured goods) and a referendum on temperance. Despite SPC and Conservative opposition, he took a majority of the votes and was elected for Winnipeg Centre "B".

In the Legislative Assembly, Dixon helped force an investigation into corruption associated with the construction of new Manitoba legislative buildings. This led to the downfall of the Robson government in 1915.

He was re-elected in the 1915 election, as an Independent Progressive.

During World War I, Dixon emerged as one of the leading anti-conscriptionists in Winnipeg, and he defended the rights of conscientious objectors to the war effort. These efforts placed him in conflict with the Manitoba Liberals, who generally supported the conscription policies of Robert Borden's Unionist government.

In March 1918, Dixon helped to found the first branch of the Dominion Labour Party in Winnipeg and served as its first president. It was never a strong or centralized party but did pioneer the way to more developed leftist parties such as the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. The DLP subsequently branched out to other cities in the Canadian prairies.

Dixon supported the strikers during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. He undoubtedly played an important role in legitimizing their efforts among the city's reformist labourites. After the editors of the Strike Bulletin were arrested, he published the Western Star and Enlightener. Dixon was subsequently arrested and charged with seditious libel for his statements in those publications. He ably defended himself at the trial, which became a cause célèbre, and was acquitted.

In the provincial election of 1920, Dixon headed a united labour list in the city of Winnipeg, which had been re-designed as a single constituency with ten members elected by single transferable voting. He easily topped the poll with 11,586 votes, almost 7,000 more than his nearest Liberal competitor. There can be little doubt that Dixon was the most popular politician in the city at the time. His vote total was more than the quota required to win a seat and he was the first to be declared elected, his surplus votes then being transferred to other candidates.

In Winnipeg, Dixon and another DLP candidate, Rev. William Ivens, were elected alongside four Liberals, two Conservatives, a Social Democratic Party candidate and a Socialist Party of Canada candidate.

Nine DLP MLAs, along with one member apiece from the SPC and SDPC, were elected to the Manitoba legislature in 1920. Dixon was the unquestioned leader of the labour parliamentary caucus. He cooperated with more left-wing figures, and kept the group reasonably united through to the election of 1922, although having to establish a new party to do so.

In late 1920, the DLP in Winnipeg was taken over by rightist labourites who had opposed the General Strike. Dixon led a walkout of DLP members, and was involved in founding the province's new Independent Labour Party. The ILP became the primary voice of the parliamentary left in Manitoba, and later become part of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation.

Dixon again topped the Winnipeg list in 1922, albeit by the reduced margin of almost 4,000 votes over the nearest Liberal. The total labour caucus was reduced to six members, although Ivens and Dixon were both re-elected.

In 1923, Dixon resigned as a Member of the Legislative Assembly following the death of his wife and two of his children; he was also diagnosed with cancer. John Queen, formerly of the SDPC, became ILP leader in his place.

As his health problems grew more serious, Dixon spent the next few years working as a part-time insurance salesman.

In 1927, he was appointed to a provincial commission investigating the causes of unemployment, in which capacity he co-authored the report, "Seasonal Unemployment in Manitoba."

Fred Dixon died of cancer on March 18, 1931. His close friend J.S. Woodsworth gave the eulogy at his funeral.

title: Fred Dixon (politician)


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Bishop Rock

The Bishop Rock (Men Epskop) is a skerry off the British coast in the northern Atlantic Ocean known for its lighthouse. It is in the westernmost part of the Isles of Scilly, an archipelago 45 km off the southwestern tip of the Cornish peninsula of Great Britain. The Guinness Book of Records lists it as the world's smallest island with a building on it.

The original iron lighthouse was begun in 1847 but was washed away before it could be completed. The present building was completed in 1858 and was first lit on 1September that year. Before the installation of the helipad, visitors to the lighthouse would rappel from the top (with winches installed at the lamp level and at the base below) to boats waiting away from the lighthouse.

Bishop Rock is also at the eastern end of the North Atlantic shipping route used by ocean liners in the first half of the 20th century; the western end being the entrance to Lower New York Bay. This was the route that ocean liners took when competing for the Transatlantic speed record, known as the Blue Riband.

History
In the late 13th century, when the Isles of Scilly were under the jurisdiction of John de Allet and his wife Isabella, anyone convicted of felony "ought to be taken to a certain rock in the sea, with two barley loaves and a pitcher of water and left until the sea swallowed him up". The rock was originally recorded as Maen Escop in 1284 and Maenenescop in 1302. In Cornish, Men Eskop means "Bishop's Stone", whilst Men an Eskop means "the Stone of the Bishop". The outer rocks to the west of St Agnes also used to be known as the Bishop and Clerk, but exactly how they acquired these similar names is not known for certain. A possible explanation is that the shape of the rock is similar to a bishop's mitre.

East of Bishop Rock are the Western Rocks and the Gilstone Reef, where Admiral Shovell's flagship HMS Association was wrecked in the great naval disaster of 1707. Shovell's remains were repatriated to England by order of Queen Anne shortly after their initial burial in the Isles of Scilly. A commonly circulated story holds that a crew member on board the Association told Admiral Shovell that the fleet was close by Scilly, but Shovell ignored this and hanged the man for insubordination, There is, however, no evidence for this incident, which is most likely apocryphal. In fact, the fleet had been blown off course by stormy weather, having been carried further north than their dead reckoning suggested, whilst the position of Scilly on nautical charts of the time was far from accurate, the islands often being marked as much further north than they are.

The earliest recorded wreck on the rock itself was in 1839 when the brig Theodorick struck in rough misty weather on 4September. She was out of Mogodore for London carrying a general cargo. In the early hours of 12 October 1842, the 600-tonne paddle steamer Brigand, a packet boat, which was en route from Liverpool to St Petersburg, struck the rock with such force that it stove in two large bow plates. The rocks then acted as a pivot, and she swung round and heeled into the rock port side, crushing the paddle wheel and box to such an extent that it penetrated the engine room. She drifted over seven miles in two hours, before sinking in 90metres (300'). All the crew were saved. In 1901 a barque named Falkland struck the rock, her main yard hitting the lighthouse itself.

Lighthouse
An 1818 report by the Surveyor-General of the Duchy of Cornwall on the dangers to shipping in Cornwall proposed that a lighthouse be built, similar to the Eddystone Lighthouse, upon Bishop Rock, given its location as the westernmost rock of the Isles of Scilly. The plan was considered by the government and building was expected soon, as the engineer John Rennie the Elder made an offer to build it. The government did not take up the offer; but Trinity House surveyed Bishop Rock in 1843 with a view to building a lighthouse, and under their Engineer-in-chief, James Walker, construction work began in 1847.

Walker's first tower
Walker had decided on a 120 ft design consisting of accommodation and a light on top of iron legs. The light was never lit, since on 5 February 1850 (before the lantern and lighting equipment had been fitted) a storm washed the tower away. (A few years later, the lantern that had been intended for this tower was installed instead on another Walker-designed tower: Godrevy Lighthouse in St Ives Bay in Cornwall.)

Walker's second tower
In the second attempt, James Walker began building a stone structure in 1851. The site presented a number of difficulties: the paucity of available land area and the slope of the rock meant that the lowest stone had to be laid below the low water level of the lowest spring tides. The resident engineer was Nicholas Douglass assisted by his sons (first James and then William). Despite multiple problems over the seven-year period of construction, the tower was completed without loss of life. It was fitted with a 4-wick oil lamp by Wilkins & Son and a large (first order) fixed catadioptric optic by Henry Lépaute, and shone its light for the first time on 1 September 1858. The total cost of the lighthouse was £34,559.

Keepers' dwellings
As the lighthouse was nearing completion, a set of dwellings were constructed on St Mary's to accommodate keepers' families (and the keepers themselves when they were not on station). The light at the time was manned by a team of four: at any one time, three would be on station in the lighthouse, and the fourth on leave on St Mary's.

Exposed to the elements
Faced with the full force of the Atlantic, Walker's lighthouse proved vulnerable: in heavy weather the tower regularly shook, the vibrations being powerful enough to cause objects to fall from shelves, and even causing the optical apparatus to fracture. The lighthouse had initially been provided with a 3 Lcwt fog bell; however this was washed away during a storm in January1860. (It was replaced with a larger bell, but not until 1864; the bell was sounded once every ten seconds). Over the years that followed various expediencies were tried to mitigate the effects of heavy weather upon the lighthouse.

During an especially heavy storm in April 1874 the tower was severely and repeatedly shaken by a succession of 120 ft waves, which shattered the reinforced glass of the lantern and sent cascades of water down through the living quarters. Later that year James Douglass (who had succeeded Walker as Engineer-in-chief at Trinity House) returned to Bishop Rock with a team of men to reinforce the lower section of the tower using broad iron bands, which were bolted through the stonework.

In the winter of 1881 a further series of storms battered the lighthouse, wrenching sizeable blocks of granite away from the structure just above the high water mark. James Douglass was again sent to inspect the tower and he reported that its structural safety had been seriously affected. He began drawing up designs to reinforce the structure by laying massive granite blocks into the rock and dove-tailing them onto the lighthouse.

Douglass's 'strengthening and improvement'
Ultimately, Douglass's plan of renovation for the lighthouse would amount to a near complete rebuilding: it involved fully encasing Walker's tower within new external courses of granite, then removing the old lantern storey and existing internal floors before increasing the strengthened tower's height by a further 40 ft. At the same time, he sought to diminish the impact of waves upon the tower by making the base section cylindrical, rather than conical. The work began in 1883 under the supervision of Sir James's eldest surviving son, William Tregarthen Douglass; use was made of construction equipment which had become available following completion of the new Eddystone lighthouse (which had also been designed by Douglass) the previous year. The stones were cut and dressed off site, to precise dimensions, before being conveyed to the rock by steamer and then individually winched ashore. It took until 1886 for the time-consuming work of integrating the new stonework with the old to be completed, up to the height of the existing structure. Thereafter things moved more swiftly and the tower as a whole was finished in 1887.

New optical and other equipment
Douglass topped his rebuilt tower with a double-height lantern storey, designed to contain a 'biform' optical system designed and built by Chance Brothers (consisting of two identical lamps and lens arrays, one mounted above the other). Each tier consisted of an eight-wick paraffin burner set within a revolving array of extra large hyperradiant Fresnel lenses (consisting, on each level, of five pairs of lens panels, displaying two white flashes every minute). In clear weather the lower tier alone was used, with its lamp on half power; in limited visibility (as judged by the clarity of the light visible from St Agnes's Lighthouse, 5 nmi away) both tiers were used with the lamps at full power. The new improved light had a range of 18+1/4 nmi; it was first lit on 25 October 1887. (The old dioptric apparatus was removed and later re-used: at Hurst Point and in the low light at Nash Point. )

The heavy new optic was turned by a small air engine placed in the pedestal; compressed air was provided from a set of tanks, located in the room below along with a pair of Davey 'Safety' Engines, which drove the compressors. The compressed air could also be used, by day, to drive a small gallery-mounted winch for landing stores.

As part of the new installation, the lighthouse was equipped with an explosive fog signal: in foggy weather the keepers regularly had to attach a guncotton charge together with a detonator to a jib-type apparatus on the lantern gallery; from inside the lantern they would then raise the jib and fire the charge electrically. The explosive signal remained in use until 1976.

Later developments
In 1902 a new clockwork mechanism was installed to turn the lenses; by this time the optic had been modified to float in an annular mercury bath, which enabled it to turn much more freely. Two years later incandescent oil burners replaced the old multi-wick burners; they were upgraded with the installation of 'Hood' incandescent burners in 1922. These remained in service until 1945, when they were replaced with electric lamps (powered by Stuart Turner diesel engined generating sets). A separate small Petter-engined generator provided electricity for the keepers' domestic use from 1955; it replaced a petrol-driven machine which had been installed during the war to power a radiotelephone (enabling direct verbal communication with ships, the shore and other nearby lighthouses). The electric installation was upgraded (with the provision of Lister diesel generator sets) in 1973.

Difficulty reaching the lighthouse by boat led Trinity House to build a helipad on top of the lighthouse in 1976. That same year a supertyfon fog horn was installed with sounders arranged around the gallery.

On 15 December 1992 the tower became fully automated; the lower half of the biform optic remained in use following automation whilst the top half was removed and put on display (it is currently in the National Maritime Museum Cornwall). An electric fog signal replaced the supertyfon at this time, sounding a long followed by a short tone every 90seconds; its use was discontinued in 2007.

On the 144th anniversary of the destruction of James Walker's original iron tower (5 February 1994), a storm caused severe damage to the gunmetal entry doors, which had to be replaced; they too became an exhibit at the National Maritime Museum in Falmouth.

Structure
Bishop Lighthouse is often referred to as "King of the lighthouses", and it is indeed a very impressive structure. With a height of 49 m the lighthouse is the equal tallest in England, together with Eddystone Lighthouse.

Expenditure on the lighthouses at Bishop Rock include: The first iron lighthouse: £12,500 The second granite lighthouse: £34,559 (equivalent to £0 in ) The third improved lighthouse: £64,889 (equivalent to £0 in ) Total cost: £111,948

The interior of the light house consists of the following (as described in 1911): Below and inside the lighthouse are 10floors with spiral staircase to the 2nd floor with a door (made from gun metal (likely bronze) and installed in 1887 ) that leads down an external metal (likely bronze) ladder to climb down to the large exterior base. From the base another metal ladder provides access to a stone staircase to the waterline.

Prior to automation, the floors of the lighthouse were occupied as follows in 1911 (with later changes of use noted in italics):
 * 1st floor – Water tank (providing fresh water for lighthouse keepers)
 * 2nd floor – Entrance room with metal door leading to exterior ladder to base below
 * 3rd floor – Store room, with window (later contained fuel tanks for the generators)
 * 4th floor – First oil room, with oil tanks formerly used to light the lamp (later the engine room)
 * 5th floor – Second oil room, with window (later the 'amenity room')
 * 6th floor – Living room for lighthouse keepers, with window (later the kitchen)
 * 7th floor – Bedroom for lighthouse keepers, with window
 * 8th floor – Store room (later the living room)
 * 9th floor – Service room
 * 10th floor – Lantern

Culture and media
In December 1946 the BBC sent two radio reporters, Edward Ward and Stanley Coombs, to Bishop Rock as part of a programme of round-the-world Christmas messages, a format that had already been used before the Second World War. Gale-force winds and heavy seas prevented their return for almost a month, and food supplies for the five men in the lighthouse began to run out. A lifeboat finally reached the lighthouse on 16 January 1947 and the two reporters were lowered into the boat by rope while the sea was still rough.

The rock is the subject of a short orchestral descriptive work by the late Doreen Carwithen (Mary Alwyn), which was recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Richard Hickox.

The lighthouse was used as a filming location for one of the BBC One 'Circle' idents, and was also featured in the last segment of the documentary series Three Men in More Than One Boat. The lighthouse was also featured in the 2010 BBC documentary Islands of Britain, presented by Martin Clunes.

The lighthouse featured in BBC TV children's programme Blue Peter in 1975, when presenter Lesley Judd visited. "Disaster nearly struck as she travelled by rope to the lighthouse from a boat. Her harness support dropped to her ankles, leaving Lesley with no support should she lose her grip on the rope."

The lighthouse also features in the short story "Keeper of the Bishop" by A. E. W. Mason.

title: Bishop Rock