text:
Robert Brown (English politician)

Robert Crofton Brown (16 May 1921 – 3 September 1996) was an English Labour Party politician.

Brown was a district gas inspector with the Northern Gas Board and a branch secretary of the National Union of General and Municipal Workers. He was secretary of his Constituency Labour Party and a councillor on Newcastle upon Tyne Borough Council.

Brown was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Newcastle upon Tyne West in 1966, then following boundary changes, for Newcastle upon Tyne North from 1983, retiring in 1987.

title: Robert Brown (English politician)


text:
Talk:That's Life!

Untitled
Added a link to jobsworth, and removed the point about Victor Lewis-Smith accusing them of plagiarism; the program was a direct descendent of 'On the Braden Beat' and 'Braden's Week'; once the BBC dropped Braden and installed Rantzen, the programmme's name had to be changed, but, in its early days, it was the same programme! [don't forget to sign!]

I've re-removed Lewis-Smith and replaced with details about Braden. This should be sufficient, and makes VLS irrelevant. BTW, much of what I've added is taken (slightly adapted) from my own website. Since I'm the author and I've added it to wikipedia, there shouldn't be any problems. The JPS 02:50, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * VLS's contention is that it wasn't the same show, and that Braden was furious at his format being, at least as he saw it, stolen by Rantzen and Willcox. Lee M 20:26, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see. Well, in that case we could reinsert the issue? As long as it's a bit less ambiguous this time. The JPS 23:08, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have to say I remember Braden's Week (as it was known before it was cancelled) when it it ended was almost identical to That's Life when it began right down to the cartoons at the end lampooning the preceding show's items.Mickyrisk 21:38, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

The Kevin Devine who was a presenter on this show was NOT the singer/songwriter of the same name, but someone has linked Kevin's name to the singer's entry on Wiki - can someone change that please? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lilaeth (talk • contribs) 15:19, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

The link to the Guardian article is about the Jeffrey Archer libel case and has nothing to do with That's Life. While I'm here, some mention of the Not The Nine O'Clock News parodies of the programme would be good. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.138.141.146 (talk) 17:11, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

That's Life ...The Movie
Jack and Chris Lemmon where in this movie togther..ironically, Chris played Jack's son. Jack played a man not wanting to face the reality of his impending 60th birthday. Julie Andrews played his wife....Great movie...with a great ending song (Looking Glass) sung by Tony Bennett. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.67.172.74 (talk • contribs) 02:20, 27 June 2008
 * Errm, you may be thinking of something completly different. Like possibly That's Life! (film). --RedHillian (talk) 02:44, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:That's Life!


text:
Tīrau

Tīrau is a small town in the Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand, 50 kilometres southeast of Hamilton. The town has a population of 804 (2018 census). In the Māori language, "Tīrau" means "place of many cabbage trees."

Tīrau is a major junction in the New Zealand state highway network. Just south of the township is the intersection of State Highway 1 and State Highway 5, where traffic from Auckland and Hamilton on State Highway 1 split to go either to Rotorua on SH 5, or continue along SH 1 to Taupō and beyond to Napier, Palmerston North and Wellington. State Highway 27 splits off State Highway 1 in the north of the town, providing a route north to the Coromandel Peninsula and an alternative route to Auckland, bypassing Hamilton.

Tīrau is primarily a farming town but in recent years has begun to exploit the income that comes from being at a major road junction.

The small community of Okoroire (with hot springs) is located just north of Tīrau. Okoroire railway station was over 4 km to the west of the springs.

European settlement
In the 19th century, Tīrau, then known as Oxford, was originally planned as a township. However plans were changed after the entrepreneurial Rose family bought up large areas of land in the region, with the intention of making large returns when it came of high demand. Oxford later became a rural service town.

Oxford Royal Hotel opened on 15 April 1881. A store followed in June, but by September 1881 Oxford still only had the hotel and store. 94 lots in the township, which it had been planned to sell in 1891, were offered for sale in 1882. In the 1886 census, Oxford had a population of 48 in the 1896 census, 27 in 1891 and 127 in 1911.

Name
Oxford was a name given to the proposed township when it was sold by McLean & Co in 1881. It may have been to identify it as a sister town to Cambridge. Oxford changed its name to Tirau on 23 May 1896. To avoid confusion with Oxford in Canterbury, Piako County Council had been asked for a new name. They chose Tirau, which is the name of the hill to the south. The name was spelled without a macron until 2019, when the New Zealand Geographic Board made Tīrau the official name.

Railway station
Oxford railway station was at the site where the Kinleith Branch crossed Okoroire Rd The Thames Valley & Rotorua Railway Co. opened it on Monday 8 March 1886. The first train left Oxford at 7.50am and arrived in Auckland at 4.35pm, 133 mi away. Morrinsville is 30 mi away. Oxford was the terminus for a few months until 21 June 1886, when the line was extended south to Putāruru and Lichfield. On 3 days a week, from the start of the train service, a coach ran to Ohinemutu, at Rotorua.

New Zealand Railways Department took over the line on 1 April 1886. By August there was a coal shed (23ft x 15ft, 50 tons capacity), 2 cottages, 60 ft by 30 ft goods shed, turntable and a stationmaster's house. In 1895 the stationmaster was moved to Putāruru and Tirau was downgraded to a flag station. However, by 1896 Tīrau also had a 4th class station, platform, cart approach, loading bank, cattle yards, 4-stall engine shed, urinals and a passing loop for 26 wagons (extended for 70 wagons in 1964). In 1898 it was recommended that the engine shed be moved to Grahamstown, though a double shed was then built there. By 1911 there were also sheep yards.

563 passengers bought tickets in 1894, 330 in 1895 and 308 in 1896, when the main import was coal and the main exports timber and sheep. It was renamed Tirau on 8 March 1886.

In 1963 a new station in dark Huntly brick, with a storeroom, office, waiting room and platform for two railcars was built for about £4,800. Closure to passengers was on 12 November 1968 and to goods, except private siding traffic, on 29 March 1981. In 1989 the station was derelict, but still had a low level platform.

The main remnant of the station, alongside Prospect Avenue, is an NZHPT Category II listed (on 5 September 1985, List Number 4230) brick water tower. Opening of the station was delayed a week as the water supply wasn't complete. Like other Thames Valley & Rotorua stations, water was fed to a 6000 impgal brick tank, supplied from the Oraka Stream, about 90 ch to the south, by a Blake hydraulic ram. Similar towers remain at Lichfield and Ngātira. Fonterra still moves freight by rail from its Tīrau factory, which runs a very large anaerobic digester.

Recent history
In 1991, local business man Henry Clothier took advantage of the town's relatively cheap real estate and high traffic volume by opening an Antique shop in the former Rose Bros. grocery store building. Many other businesses followed suit off the back of his success throughout the 1990s until today. Tīrau has built a reputation as a shopping destination for antiques, collectibles and other niche items.

In 2005/06 the South Waikato District Council is working, on behalf of the Tīrau Ward, in conjunction with the community, to develop a concept plan for Tīrau's future. This project is taking the success of Tīrau's transformation over the past decade and linking it with the requirements of the Local Government Act 2002 new emphasis on the four well-beings, social, economic, environmental and cultural.

Marae
The local Paparāmu Marae and Te Apunga meeting house are affiliated with the Ngāti Raukawa hapū of Ngāti Mōtai and Ngāti Te Apunga.

Demographics
Statistics New Zealand describes Tīrau as a rural settlement, which covers 1.69 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. The settlement is part of the larger Tīrau statistical area.

Tīrau had a population of 804 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 102 people (14.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 63 people (8.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 333 households, comprising 399 males and 402 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 156 people (19.4%) aged under 15 years, 150 (18.7%) aged 15 to 29, 351 (43.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 153 (19.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 81.0% European/Pākehā, 27.6% Māori, 1.5% Pacific peoples, 3.0% Asian, and 1.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.7% had no religion, 29.9% were Christian, 1.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.1% were Buddhist and 1.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 66 (10.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 186 (28.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 81 people (12.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 333 (51.4%) people were employed full-time, 87 (13.4%) were part-time, and 27 (4.2%) were unemployed.

Tīrau statistical area
Tīrau statistical area covers 293.10 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Tirau had a population of 2,334 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 228 people (10.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 138 people (6.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 870 households, comprising 1,173 males and 1,161 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.01 males per female. The median age was 36.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 552 people (23.7%) aged under 15 years, 417 (17.9%) aged 15 to 29, 1,047 (44.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 321 (13.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 87.4% European/Pākehā, 19.8% Māori, 1.4% Pacific peoples, 2.8% Asian, and 1.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 13.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.7% had no religion, 33.2% were Christian, 0.9% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 234 (13.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 408 (22.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 336 people (18.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,005 (56.4%) people were employed full-time, 282 (15.8%) were part-time, and 48 (2.7%) were unemployed.

Tourism
The town is now a well known tourist stop-off, and is characterised by many art works created out of corrugated iron. The church and many of the shops feature corrugated iron sculptures by local artist Steven Clothier and two large buildings are completely made from this material; the information centre which is shaped like a giant dog, and the neighbouring sheep and ram building - earning Tīrau the title of "Corrugated Capital of the World".

The Castle, a large toy museum on the town's southern limits which opened in 2000, can clearly be seen when heading towards the township from Rotorua or Taupō. The Tīrau dairy factory is New Zealand's only producer of lactalbumin, a key ingredient in the production of sports supplements.

Government
Tīrau is governed locally by the South Waikato District Council. Nationally, Tīrau is part of the general electorate and the  Māori electorate.

Transport
The Royal Hotel ran coaches twice a week from Cambridge from 1882. By 1924 AARD was running a regular bus between Hamilton and Rotorua, via Tīrau. In 2018 47% of those in the Tīrau statistical area said they drove to work, 30% worked from home, 4% walked and 0.5% cycled. An Urban Connector bus runs twice a day between Tokoroa and Tīrau, via Putāruru and Lichfield. Tīrau is also served by InterCity buses to Auckland, Gisborne, Hastings and Wellington.

Education
Tīrau Primary School is the sole school in Tīrau. It is a contributing primary school (Years 1–6) and has students as of

The nearest secondary school is Putaruru College, 8 km south of Tīrau, in Putāruru.

title: Tīrau


text:
Talk:Athlon 64

Untitled
It's a alot better that the x2 has it's own page since the tech is different and people who are looking for information actually get a good digested form of what the x2 is all about. JPN --68.22.204.205 23:29, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

What is with the weird redirect for Athlon 64 FX?
Click on Athlon 64 FX. I don't think it should be redirected to the basic article about the AMD Athlon. If you guys are re-directing that term, I think it should point directly to this article. Just my opinion. --Anonymous Cow 20:35, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've checked, it appears that it was a article before for about a year and it was redirected recently (Feb 14). I reverted the redirect. The Athlon 64 FX should have a seperate article because of the differences between the two proccessor types despite the similar names. Norman Rogers\talk 23:03, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Any chance it could get changed from "it competes with the pentium 4" to "it competed with" P4 are out of production and they now compete with Core based CPUs.

Some changes
I have made some changes.

For an article to have a subheading "Athlon 64" even though the article has a title "Athlon 64" seems a bit redundant.

I removed references to the Athlon 64 architecture (Athlon 64 is a product that implements the AMD64 architecture. There is no Athlon 64 architecture), and information abou the AMD64 architecture that is not specific to the Athlon 64 processor. This fits the pattern of the rest of wikipedia, where articles about processor products don't go into details about the processor's architecture, but instead just point out that they implement a certain architecture, and let the AMD64 article handle that information.

Samrolken 01:42, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Please Update for Athlon 64 X2 Black Edition for 6400+ and 5000+ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.173.122.67 (talk) 01:24, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Differences and distinctions, please
Can someone differentiate between "ClawHammer", "Newcastle" and "Winchester"? Thanks.

DanielVonEhren 23:22, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The article should say something about the different revisions of the Athlon 64. Clawhammer and Newcastle are basically the same processor, but with only 512 kB Cache in the latter case. Both can either be revision C0 or CG. CG has an improved memory controller and is more energy efficient. Then came revision D0 aka "Winchester" (90 nm with an even more improved memory controller and less power consumption). --Echoray 17:03, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Any chance the person who "should say something" could be you? :-)

DanielVonEhren 19:35, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Merging Athlon 64 FX and Athlon 64 pages?
It seems that Athlon 64 page contains info also about FX model, and in the future maybe X2 dual cores also. Currently there is at least short article about FX cores, so should those be merged? --Thv 10:18, 2005 May 4 (UTC)
 * Both the FX and the X2 should have their own article - they are different than the standard Ahlon 64. --Denniss 12:26, 2005 May 4 (UTC)
 * A question: how is it that the Athlon 64 FX gets its own page when ALL K7-based Athlons (from Pluto to Barton) share the same page? The modern Socket 939 Athlon 64 FX is pretty much just a San Diego with unlocked multipliers, but there are many differences between the Athlon Classic and Athlon XP. SVI 22:47, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've now added merge request from Athlon 64 FX and Athlon 64 X2. Currently this page contains some info about X2 and FX, and also List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors contains also FX and X2 models. Thv 07:18, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * PS. List of AMD microprocessors separates X2 from other Athlon 64 models as K9 series, thus at least FX should be merged, but maybe X2 can have it's own article? Thv 07:22, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * X2 should definately not be merged, FX could be however, as it is exactly the same as the normal A64, just the higher end model. Bluemoose 08:35, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How do we merge the rival Intel processor(s)? We separate the desktop from the server processor, but do not separate the performance advanced version from the normal consumer version (nor the dual core). I'm an AMD guy atw, but whatever we do to Intel we need to do it to AMD... unless there is a big difference or special situation. Is the X2 a special situation? Dual core is new but nothing special. FX is a high end consumer edition, but eh... Overall I'd like Athlon 64 and Pentium 4 go one way or the other, and that means I want Athlon 64 combined and merged. --x1987x 17:12, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * X2 is just two A64 cores on one die. They are different processors, but I am unsure as to whether they are different enough to justify separation. Besides, article separation is not done on a technological basis; Pentium II and Pentium III are separate articles, even though early (Katmai) P3s are the exact same as late (Deschutes) P2s with just SSE and the infamous PSN added. More significantly, the Celeron article includes Celerons from Covington to Dothan to Prescott; there are HUGE technological differences between them all. Processor articles are separate on a name basis, not a technological basis-- and even if they were on a tech basis, surely two of the same core is a smaller difference than a complete arch shift (as with, say, Cu128 Celerons and Willamette Celerons). For these reasons, X2 should definitely be merged.
 * Also, List of AMD microprocessors is wrong, and has since been corrected. AMD themselves classify the X2 processors as K8, as does sandpile. K9 was originally meant to be dual-core, but AMD revised their plans. K9 is cancelled, or at the very least not in official existence yet.
 * The 64 FX is easy. It's almost identical to a regular 64 AND is also an "Athlon 64". Definitely merge. SVI 01:12, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

I vote for merging both articles into this one. The FX should be merged without a doubt. As for the X2, AMD renamed their K9s to dual core K8s a LONG time ago. Each core in an X2 is really just a regular K8, so a merge is definitely in order. Somebody just do it already.the1physicist 02:32, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * An athlon x2 is not "just" 2 cores on one die (well, ok it nearly is) intels dual core is just 2 cores on one die, However as long as no info is lost and it is still clear I won't cry if they are merged. Bluemoose 22:31, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * And a Venice isn't "just" a Winchester with SSE3, but the other differences are so minor that they barely deserve mention. Same applies here. Besides, as I said, it's done by nomenclature, not technological advances, so even a huge difference among processors with the same name would not merit article splittage. SVI 23:05, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Well, if no one else is going to do it, I'll merge, scared newbie or no. All relevant info on the A64FX except the SH core (130nm Opterons, used for the early 940 FXes) was already in this article, so I just copied over SledgeHammer and redirected Athlon 64 FX to this article. Are there any objections to merging Athlon 64 X2 with this article? SVI 18:06, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Please update the Athlon 64 article with all Athlon64 FX info found in the old article !! And do update the cores with the FX model numbers as well. Do not merge the Athlon64 X2 - if ou are doing this then please don't forget to merge the Pentium D and EE into the Pentium 4 as well !! The X2 is more then just using two dies on one core as Intel tried on these two CPU. --Denniss 22:24, August 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Already did, the 64FX is practically identical. And as I've said before, articles are not separated on a technical basis, they are separated on NOMENCLATURE. The "Pentium D" is not the Pentium 4D (that's Gallatin, if sandpile is to be trusted), it is a "Pentium D"-- its different name merits a different article. (The same goes for the "Pentium Extreme Edition", although not the "Pentium 4 Extreme Edition".) The Athlon 64 X2, on the other hand, is clearly an Athlon 64 variant. The Celeron article includes processors from Covington to Northwood, surely a much bigger difference than just two cores (and yes, that's pretty much what it is-- I realize that AMD has a special interconnect, but that doesn't make the tech gap any larger). The Pentium III article includes IIIE, IIIEB, and late Tualatin variants, because they're ALL PENTIUM IIIs. Are there any objections that I haven't addressed? SVI 06:27, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

I again vote to merge the X2 article. There is no reason to keep them separate. Whoever did the FX merge, good job.the1physicist 01:25, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * In my opinion no matter the simmilarity between Athlon 64 and the FX and X2 series, they all deserve a separate page, it would be much better. I totaly disagree with the1physicist it so wrong to be merged like this. Apocalypse_Bg

 * User:Noahk11 Lets move it i really dont see why it needs its own article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.226.122.145 (talk) 00:52, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Merge of Athlon 64 X2 to Athlon 64
There have been many objections against this merge, and I understand that X2 can have enough content to deserve own article. However, my main point is that currently intro chapter of Athlon 64 says that X2 is one of three variants of Athlon 64. So if the intro chapter contains clear difference between X2 and other processors called "Athlon 64 anything", then I won't object removing merge request. --Thv 07:49, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

Confusing memory terminology
"940: Opteron and old Athlon 64 FX, 128-bit memory interface - Requires registered DDR memory, but can use ECC"
 * This wording is misleading, and possibly inaccurate: Registered DDR and ECC are far from mutually exclusive--they are usually paired—Trevor Caira 12:52, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, that's very misleading. Removed the ECC bit, as it was kind of pointless anyway. SVI 15:33, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

It should be merged
The Athlon 64 X2 bears very little difference from its single core brethren, other than a second core being linked through the integrated crossbar. At its heart, an Athlon 64 X2 is in reality two Venice or San Diego cores fabricated next to each other and linked by that crossbar. As a result, the data of this page should be merged with the main Athlon 64 page, which currently lacks a lot of information about the X2 processor.

 * I think they should not be merged as 1) Athlon 64 will become too long and complicated; 2) if a person searched for "athlon x2" they would be disappointed to be redirected to the athlon64 article; 3) the athlon x2 article is clearly long enough to sustain itself, it's hardly a stub, and it duplicates very little material. Martin - The non-blue non-moose 18:51, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Athlon 64 is not nearly as long or complicated as other articles; I doubt anyone would be disappointed to find a redirect to the relevant article; this has nothing to do with duplication. Again, I point to the Celery article as an example: it's long, there are no separate articles for the (significant) core differences, and even if you split all the cores into separate articles there'd be no duplication.
 * The issue here is that the Athlon 64 article should list all the Athlon 64s. The Celeron article lists all the Celerons regardless of differences and length, Pentium 4 has everything from the original suffix-less Willamettes to the A/B/C Northies and A/E Prescotts, Pentium MMX redirects to Pentium. It's, again, a question of nomenclature. SVI 10:27, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, it should be merged. The article has room for expansion, and it's really a waste of space to have an article for every variation of a processorAmren (talk)  04:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The FX may be a variation but the X2 is a little bit different from every single core Athlon 64. --Denniss 12:20, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Should there be a page for the K8 microarchitecture?
Are the micro-architectures of Opteron, Athlon 64, Turion 64, etc. sufficiently similar that there should be an "AMD K8" page for the K8 micro-architecture, with the pages for particular K8-micro-architecture chips referring to it (as is already done for Intel P6, NetBurst, and Intel Next Generation Microarchitecture)? (If so, an AMD K7 page might also make sense.) Guy Harris 01:24, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I've wondered about that (more in the context of the lack of a K7 article, but K8 too). I do think such a thing would make sense; processor articles seem to be devoted mainly to describing the history and forms of said processor rather than in-depth technical details, and most people looking for technical details would probably look up the architecture rather than the brand name of one of the processors based on said architecture. Plus, as you said, there's quite a precedent with P6 et al.
 * In short: I think it makes perfect sense, and I'd support such a thing, but I am too lazy and uneducated to make something like that myself. SVI 05:35, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, there should be a K8 page, and it would be that of the Opteron, Athlong 64, X2, ... 132.205.45.110 21:56, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * AMD K8

 * And now we see why a "demerge" template was suggested on Template_talk:Split; the "split" template speaks of a disambiguation page, but none would be needed here. As there isn't a "demerge" template, "split" will have to do.  Guy Harris 22:48, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Athlon 64 FX-60 released!
As it was, the article referred to the Athlon 64 FX-60 as an unreleased CPU. I changed this to reflect its recent release date (today!) and placed emphasis on the dual-core nature of this CPU as opposed to the other models in the FX line. I also defined the analogy between it and the Athlon 64 FX-53, both of which saw/will see two versions for two different sockets (940 then 939 for FX-53 and 939 then AM2 for FX-60). Oh and it's fine and dandy that the Athlon 64 FX and Athlon 64 articles are merged now, but I think the FX series should at LEAST get its own section! Another user pointed out that modern FXes are just Socket 939 San Diego chips with a high clock rate... but let's not forget the architectural basis of the FX line! The Athlon 64 FX-51 was very similar to the Opteron when they both were released originally (even note they were both on Socket 940). Because this gives it a clear distinction between it and the Athlon 64 line, and now the fact that the FX line has both single and dual core items, I think it is worthy of its own section in this article. What do you think? pinky 06:38, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the debate was don't move. — Nightstallion (?) 10:19, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Athlon 64 → AMD Athlon 64 – More specific. Manual move failed.

Voting

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Oppose - I don't see a need for more specificity (nobody else makes Athlons, as far as I know, and the Intel processor pages don't have "Intel"), and the other pages only acquired the extra "AMD" recently. Guy Harris 12:01, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose - It is more intuitive this way, and other articles follow similar naming guidelines.  For example, Pentium 4 and PlayStation. - Hahnchen 23:50, 21 January 2006 (UTC) (Moved from WP:RM --Lox (t,c) 16:06, 22 January 2006 (UTC))

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

I'm not sure why "more specific" is necessary - I don't know of any Athlons from anybody other than AMD.

On the other hand, most if not all of the other AMD chip pages, including the Athlon page, have "AMD" in the name, so perhaps the Athlon 64 page should be renamed for consistency. (The Intel processor pages don't have "Intel", but to be consistent with them you'd have to take the "AMD" off of all the other pages, which is probably A Bit Much.) Guy Harris 11:53, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The other pages only do because he just moved them, they need to be moved back. Martin 11:56, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, then I see no reason for the move of this page - and see no reason for his move of the other pages, either, and have changed my vote to Oppose. Thanks for the info. Guy Harris 12:02, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Further comments on moving

 * Oppose - I don't think that this is necessary. Athlon 64 is not less or more specific than AMD Athlon 64. I will agree that if such a change is made, then more products should be changed too (e.g. Pentium 4 as Hahnchen stated). --kostas213 17:07, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose - "article naming should give priority to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature." (from WP:NAME). The usual reference to these processors would simply be "Athlon 64", not "AMD Athlon 64", there is no ambiguity in that name, and certainly it makes more easier and more likely linking. --Stormie 13:23, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

K8's sucessor, K8L
I just created a page for the K8L, would it be good to mention it? Pueywei 14:03, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Manchester core / single core
There should be a statement under the vencie cores, that some are infact manchesters with a cut HTT bridge between the cores. These prossessors did not make the grade as a X2 but make great single cores. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jthull (talk • contribs).
 * Thank you for your suggestion regarding Athlon 64! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make whatever changes you feel are needed. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in! (Although there are some reasons why you might like to…) The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. —BorgHunter ubx (talk) 23:57, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

About the DRAM speed formula
The mathematical expression for calculating the DRAM speed, displayed on the main page is wrong!

The inaccuracy is in the celling function where the "DRAM divider" and "CPU multiplier" parameters must be multiplied NOT divided.

A typical situation to illustrate:

 * CPU speed: 2500MHz;

 * CPU multiplier: x9;

 * DRAM divider: for DDR333 mode == 6/5 ratio;

1. Wrong formula - (CPU_speed)/(Multiplier/Divider) = 2500/(9/(6/5)) = 2500/(9/1.2) = = 2500/8 = 312MHz for the DRAM interface;

2. Correct formula -

(CPU_speed)/(Multiplier*Divider) = 2500/(9*6/5) = 2500/(9*1.2) = = 2500/11 = 227MHz for the DRAM interface;

 * First, there's no A64 with 2500 MHz, either 2400 or 2600 MHz. Multiplier at 2400 MHz is 12 (12x200). I'm not that expert in A64 DRAM interface but I know PC-2700 (using DDR-333 chips, 166 MHz) will run slightly underclocked with standard 200 MHz system clock. Memory divider is CPU frequency divided by memory frequency and rounded up to the next multiplier. Example with PC-2700: 2400/166 = 14.457 = 15. 2400/15 = 160 MHz memory clock. --Denniss 18:53, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

There is 2500MHz or any other frequency in the feasible clock range for the given CPU architecture. Haven't you heard about overclocking? The example above was just a random picked number for the core speed. Whatever, your case is indicative that the DRAM divider can't take halfs but only integer values, that's why memory clock got a little bias because of the divider value rounded up from actual 14.4 to 15. Well it could be in the opposite direction, rouded down to 14, but this will result in non-standart and slightly overclocked memory (~171MHz in this case)... well not that 160MHz is stantard, but it's safer. Fellix 11:39, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The formula is fine, you're just interpreting DDR333 as 6/5, when its actually 5/6. 6/5 is 1.2, and using that would be meant to INCREASE the RAM speed, not decrease it; yet DDR333 is meant to produce lower speeds than the normal DDR400. With that in mind, divide works.

DRAM clock = CPU clock / ( ceil(CPU multiplier / DRAM divider) ) = 2500 / ( ceil(9 / (5/6) ) ) = = 2500 / ceil(10.8) = 2500/11 = 227.

 * Using a multiplier worked in that case, but switching it back around and using divide produces the same result. To fully prove it to you, take this example:

Multiplier =10.5, LDT = 266, Divider = DDR333 (5/6). 2793 / ceil( 10.5 / (5/6) ) = 215.

2793 / ceil( 10.5 / (5/6) ) = 215.

 * With half multipliers, your version of the formula doesnt stand up. If you have an A64 PC handy, give it a try.
 * On a final note, please mark your comments with ~ . That will put your name etc after your message. AthlonBoy 20:43, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well you'r right for the DDR ratio flipping, but that's simple mathematics - when you divide by fraction number that or either way you have to change the positions of the numerator and denominator and thus "my" formulation comes in to place, so both cases are correct by my mean. Now I wonder how is the case with the new AM2 DDR2 platform? And yes, I have a K8 setup and thus I've verified much enough cases in practice ;). Fellix 11:57, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, AM2 calculates its DRAM speed in the same way. Thats why the speed ends up being about 780MHz instead of 800MHz on some chips. You're right about both formulas being valid depending on how you take the DRAM divider, too. The trouble is that DDR333 is 5/6, due to the original meaning for that divider.

 * I cant remember exactly what motherboard or chipset had the divider feature first, but it was in the Pentium 4 Northwood era if I remember correctly. You had various options offered as 6:5, 5:6, 4:3, etc etc. The board would take the ratio and just multiply the FSB by it, to get the DRAM frequency, without any of this formula nonsense (you probably know all this, but bear with me). Some manufacturers labeled them as DDR266, DDR333, DDR400, DDR466, and the rest, depending on what the resultant speed was. Multiplying 200MHz by 5/6 resulted in a speed of 166.67MHz, or DDR333, and from that day on we've been using 5/6 as DDR333, even now the FSB has taken a long walk of a short pier. In keeping with that, you need to use the formula already on the page. --AthlonBoy 15:22, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Main 939 benefit
The newly filled-in History section (by the way, nice work BorgHunter) states that the main benefit of socket 939 was its 1GHz hypertransport. Surely the dual channel memory controller did more? It has been shown that even a Hypertransport speed of 600MHz is fine, by lowering the HT multiplier, so a small 200MHz bump hardly made the difference. The near-doubling of memory bandwith did, however. I edited the section but it has been reverted because the citation is incorrect, but the citation was a Toms Hardware review of the first 939 parts, and it clearly states that 754 has a single channel memory controller.

Just thought it would be best to put something in the talk page rather than start a revert war.AthlonBoy 21:05, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Good catch, that last edit was made in a rush so I wouldn't be late to work. :-P I've added the dual channel mention and included a citation. —BorgHunter (talk) 04:19, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

List of models
Should that list be on the main article, or should we make a subarticle List of Athlon 64 models? I don't much like having it there, but I want some input before I go about moving it. —BorgHunter (talk) 05:00, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It might get some objections when (and not if, but when) you nominate this for FA. Also, 47 references is insufficient. There should always be at least 200 references in an article, including a reference to WP:EL for the heading "external links". :-) — Deckill e r 05:03, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There's already a List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors page, so there's no need for a "List of Athlon 64 models" page. One could argue that the list on the Athlon 64 can shrink (or disappear), with the details going on the "List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors" page.  (The same probably applies to other x86 processor pages, whether Intel or AMD; there are already "List of" pages for several of them.) Guy Harris 07:44, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

"Hardware-set permission levels"
I've been all over the Net trying to get some more information on this "Hardware-set permission levels" business, and unless it's part of Presidio or that virtualisation thing (Pacifica?) can't find anything! Where did this bit of info come from and which 64s is this feature in?

 * (Unless that was just a reference to the NX-bit)

 * It sounds like you're reading about Data Execution Prevention. DigitalEnthusiast 21:09, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Mobile Athlon 64
What's this shit about "Mobile Athlon 64" leading to Turion 64? They're two separate processors. The Turion 64 is the low energy consumption one, and the Athlon 64 Mobile was, for a time, the high-performance one that was essentially the desktop processor with SpeedStep added. I know this because I've got a shitty Athlon 64 Mobile in the computer I'm typing this with.

Which is which?
Huh? Which of these models is the FX-60, FX-64, FX-70, FX-72 etc? This should be more layman friendly. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 172.129.215.244 (talk) 09:28, 9 April 2007 (UTC).
 * Perhaps you're looking for: this section? ;) --202.40.137.202 06:30, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Added "update" tag, some suggestions
I have added the "update" box tag because this article is in need of some serious revision work. As of today (March 2009), the Athlon 64 processor line is no longer produced, but there are passages in the article text mentioning things that "will" happen in 2006 or 2007... We all know that 2 or 3 years are aeons in processor technology. Yet there are still many computers with Athlon 64 processors working very well out there (I am writing this from a 3800+ Venice myself, have no complaints and no need to change to a more recent or faster processor), and the processor series will always have historical value (there are articles on the Zilog Z-80, Motorola 6502 and Intel 8080, after all), so the article is and will remain important.

I am not qualified to make the necessary revisions (I came here to consult the article in the first place) but in addition to the verb tenses and factual updates, there are also two things that, in my opinion, are missing from the article and I would suggest to be added. The first one is a clarification on exactly to what degree is the K10 architecture derived from the AMD64 one used on Athlon 64s, and to what degree one can consider a current Phenom to be a direct descendant of the Athlon 64 series. I suppose this should be more properly explained in the K10 article (it is not, either, at this point - at least not clearly), but I believe it should be at least outlined here.

The second point - perhaps of more interest to some readers - would be the role of each series in the AMD vs. Intel race. As far as I know, the Athlon 64 was the last line of processors that put AMD ahead of Intel in terms of performance. Athlon 64s were faster than Pentium 4s, but Core 2 gave Intel the lead again and K10 has been unable to catch up (at least so far). I think this gives an additional degree of importance to this article, because it also documents an important moment in the history of personal computing. --UrsoBR (talk) 07:25, 26 March 2009 (UTC) AMD Opteron où est mon argent 50,00 $ Popeyes? pour le vendredi? ou vous sera dépensé beaucoup dans le bureau et aucun KUMON pour vous et quatre repas pour seulement 9,95 dollars disparu du dimanche au jeudi !!!!! DSI pas pour vous, non pas la Geek Squad DS fée dieu parents ne peuvent pas vous aider à échapper NA NA NA NA !!!!!!!!! plus vous serez KUMON évanouie parce que vous avez triché et ne vous pour le dîner pie i osez-vous à voler Sempron a été la mise sur le marché nom utilisé par AMD pour les différents processeurs d'entrée de bureau, en utilisant différentes technologies et de la CPU socket formats. Et en plus vous ne pas AMD Opteron pour vous —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.236.93.158 (talk) 21:48, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

I removed the notice and replaced the text for the section with a summary of the K10 picking up from where the Athlon64 left off, but made note that the Atlon64 arch is still on the market. Defrector (talk) 08:49, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

What is the orignal AMD K8?
When I was a high school student, I heared so many things about his monster, because that was the amazing passing time shifting from 32bit to 64bit computing, and then Apple possessed their most outstanding PowerPC, making our AMD K7 out of mind. Then I read one article about the next coming Hammer processor, I forgot that composition. But the desgin of K8 is much like this, believe or not. That is the original ideas about Hammer rather than the first chipset I got, AMD Athlon 64 2800+. Hammer is the very name arising in the days when Intel released their Hyper-Threading version of Pentium 4, so as one greatest opponent to Intel, the SMT presented on that page is much more possible. And that kinda SMT implementation is just similar with the coming processor with code name "Bulldozer". Suppose when the days Intel were proud of their Hyper-Threading, but there was no similar feature in Athlon 64 processor, how could AMD give one reasonable reply? And if today's AMD K8 is that original K8, why AMD named the it as Athlon64 for those very days. Because AMD name their K5 processors as AMD K5, their K6 as AMD K6, and their K7 as AMD Athlon. So following this convention, it should name it as something else rather than Athlon, such a product during mid-90s. Athlon 64 is just the give-in for that abortion of the original K8 design. Integrated memory controller and even the HyperTransport should not be denoted as the feature or advantage of that microarchitecture. Remember that Hammer was designed to compete with Intel Itanium, but even though the Operon was not the opponent for Itanium at all.

Athlon 64 - consumer-oriented?
I have a bit of a hard time believing that the ORIGINAL Athlon 64 is truly consumer-oriented. I mean, here are my issues:

 1.  The article says that the Athlon 64 was the "first 64-bit processor to be targeted at the average consumer", and yet EXTREMELY FEW of the original Athlon 64 PCs (around 2004) were aimed at the "average consumer". Almost all of them were essentially high-end workstations, aimed at power users (including the "hardcore gaming" crowd) and obviously at businesses. In nearly every case, they cost over $1000 dollars (in many cases over $1500 dollars, and in either case, the price is higher when adjusted for inflation), and very few of them were aimed at "typical home users".

A typical Intel-based consumer-oriented PC in 2004 had a 32-bit Pentium 4 processor (or Celeron equivalent), whereas a comparable AMD-based PC generally had an Athlon XP (which of course, is 32-bit). And given the extremely small number of consumer-oriented 64-bit programs that were available at the time, this is no surprise to me.

Virtually all of the articles that I have seen from the time period have said that the Sempron was intended for servers, and the Athlon 64 for desktops, but nothing about the Athlon 64 being intended for the "average consumer".

 2.  If the Athlon 64 was really all that consumer-oriented as such, then why were there so few consumer-oriented PCs that shipped with that processor? And why were there almost no mid-range PCs (in any sense) that shipped with it, especially ones that cost under $1000 dollars?

 3.  Another issue that I see here is the fact that the 64-bit processors that were available at the time (including the Athlon 64) did not come in a low-end to mid-range version. All of the 64-bit processors available at the time came only in high-end versions, making it even more impractical for nearly all consumers.

 4.  Unmistakably, the Athlon 64 introduced many new features to the industry. But what use did they have back in around 2004 or 2005? Remember that back then, almost all consumer systems being produced at the time only had about 256 MB of RAM to 512 MB of RAM, and very few consumer-oriented programs used even that much, and many people got on quite fine with 192 MB of RAM, 128 MB of RAM, or even as little as 64 MB of RAM.

Pretty much all programs that really needed the extra performance and RAM upgradability were programs that made heavy use of 3D graphics (such as 3D professional design/CAD software or games aimed at "hardcore gamers"). And technology was also a lot simpler back then also - technologies that we take for granted today such as DVD, video recording (DVD-RW/Blu-Ray), and other such technologies were still catching on, and many people still got on quite fine without them. Even a CD-RW drive was still something that people could live without because of how recent it was at the time.

And there was also no consumer-oriented 64-bit OS available at the time, almost certainly due to the exceptionally small number of home users who had a 64-bit PC at the time. Likewise, the 64-bit version of Windows that was available at the time (Windows XP Professional x64 Edition for workstations and Windows Server 2003 for servers) reflected this by not offering a "Home Edition".

I firmly believe that if there were large numbers of 64-bit PCs aimed at average consumers, as well as relatively inexpensive 64-bit PCs, low-end to mid-range 64-bit processors, and a large amount of people willing to move up to those systems, then Microsoft would have almost certainly included a Home Edition.

But the way it turned out, very few (probably less than 1%) of home users even had a 64-bit PC at all, and so from what I can see, Microsoft likewise reflected this by leaving out the Home Edition in its 64-bit operating system, which in turn meant no 64-bit consumer OS.

 5.  It is also worth mentioning that even if the Athlon 64 WAS intended to be a consumer-oriented processor, the vast majority of PCs that shipped with it were not aimed at the average consumer as such. The closest that I can think of, personally, is Alienware, and their systems were essentially high-end workstations, but aimed at hardcore gamers and possibly overclockers, with 3D game-style graphics emblazoned over all of their cases.

The only exception to this would be eMachines's systems, since they offered Athlon 64-based PCs that were aimed at typical home users. But they knew how to make a value-oriented PC with much more computing power back then, and that was where they stand out.

So it can be reasoned in this case (if there is any valid evidence for the processor's supposed consumer focus), that the Athlon 64 by itself was a consumer-oriented processor, but that the vast majority of systems that shipped with it were not aimed at the average consumer, and that 64-bit as a whole was not aimed at general consumers.

And again, the problem here was that the 64-bit processors didn't come in a low-end to mid-range version - they were all high-end processors. If a processor only came in a high-end version, is it really aimed at average consumers?

 6.  If the Athlon 64 was really so "average consumer-oriented" as the pages claim, then why did AMD even have to release the 64-bit Semprons just to extend the market of the 64-bit x86 platform from being a "niche" market to being a mass market for consumers? Wouldn't this be a massive contradiction of terms?

Think about it: If someone supposedly invented a particular model of car to give consumers the ability to drive on diesel fuel rather than gasoline, then why would the same company invent ANOTHER model of car to promote diesel among consumers? Isn't there something a bit inconsistent here?

And the 64-bit Sempron processor actually came in a low-end to mid-range version because that's exactly what the Sempron was, yet no Athlon 64 processor came in a low-end to mid-range version - prior to this, 64-bit processors were only available in a high-end version, whereas almost all home users use low-end to mid-range chips in their computers.

 7.  The fact that the early 64-bit chips were only available in a high-end version greatly hurt 64-bit's growth, and the lack of mid-range consumer-oriented 64-bit PCs during that time period hurt growth even more. It was not until the Core 2 Duo was introduced that large numbers of people started moving up to 64-bit PCs, and it wasn't even until Windows Vista that it started seeing widespread adoption on the software side (and even wider adoption on the hardware side). Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 were aimed at businesses and power users, whereas Windows Vista was everyone's operating system.

Even as late as 2009, I knew quite a lot of people who still did not have a 64-bit PC at home. It was still quite common not to have a 64-bit PC as late as the late 2000s, and even as recently as 2010, 64-bit was still catching on. It was really with the Core 2 Duo and later Windows Vista (2006/2007 to 2009) that large numbers of people started moving up to 64-bit PCs (both hardware and software), and it was with Windows 7 (2009-2012) that having a 64-bit home PC became ubiquitous (both hardware and software).

Yet I believe that most of this delay could have simply been avoided, had there been a low-end to mid-range 64-bit processor all along, as well as a large enough amount of 64-bit consumer-oriented PCs being produced and distributed during that time period. Just as people could have very similarly adopted Windows NT earlier, had there been a consumer-oriented version prior to Whistler (later Windows XP). — Preceding unsigned comment added by WindowsUser2 (talk • contribs) 01:06, 26 June 2013 (UTC)

Bear, not bare
To IP 104.238.169.127 - processor bears a name, not bares it. I reverted your edit. Please discuss here if you disagree. Cmpxchg8b (talk) 23:00, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Athlon 64. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060427091322/http://techgage.com:80/review.php?id=2790 to http://www.techgage.com/review.php?id=2790

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:11, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

What's going on!!???
WTF 2405:204:5687:795E:10DB:2A8F:56ED:52F1 (talk) 23:25, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

I've found that AMD Athlon 64 might've been actually made in 2001
I was disassembling an older computer for maintenance and I found the following writings on my AMD chip:

AMD AthlonTM 64

ADA3200DAA4BP

LBBLE 0538APBW

Z810346J51626

(space)

some QR code (didn't scan it)

(a bit less space)

ASSEMBLED IN MALAYSIA

(turning the CPU 90° now)

(at the bottom)

AMD (logo for AMD)

(M) (C) 2001 AMD (the paranthesis for (M) and (C) stand for the circle around them)

Spotted some more lads with same conclusions and some other sites that mention that the chip was released in 2001 here are some: - https://technical.city/en/cpu/Athlon-64-3200-plus -> "AMD started Athlon 64 3200+ sales on January 2001 at a recommended price of $150. Based on a Clawhammer architecture, this desktop processor is primarily aimed at home systems. It has 1 core and 1 thread, and is based on 130 nm manufacturing technology, with a maximum frequency of 2000 MHz and a locked multiplier. Compatibility-wise, this is AMD Socket 754 processor with a TDP of 89 Watt." - https://linustechtips.com/topic/1377710-2001-amd-athlon-64-x2-pc/ -> Title of the thread - https://forums.tomshardware.com/threads/possible-amd-athlon-64-prototype-from-2001.2984590/ -> Dedicated thread -> Mentions the same model, the year and the assembler country, different identifiable numbers though (individual product ID?)

Personal assumptions: - This might be a Mandela effect, similar to that baseball (commercial?) with the blonde, white skinned female reporter being changed by the black haired, dark brown skinned female reporter (a couple of internet users showed how this specific Mandela effect actually happens via changing rooms and/or using older technology - as in old Nokia phones) - This might be a prototype that came with prebuilt computers so AMD could create a dedicated AMD64 CPU manufacturing process, gaining a significant technological advantage against adversary companies when it comes to the production volume of such chips - This might be a manufacturing error via laziness of reusing the preexisting stamps for saving costs (unlikely due to the fact that different chips have different IDs, from what I've seen) or they haven't updated their copyright licenses or something like that

The lads that know more about this, good luck digging up info on this topic as I'm quite curious about this one A note to be made, the CPU is on a MSI MS-7025 motherboard, which I found a quick mention that it was released in 2005

Thank you for your time! 79.115.35.161 (talk) 17:17, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Athlon 64


text:
Technoparade

A technoparade (taken from the German word "Technoparade") is a parade of vehicles equipped with strong loudspeakers and amplifiers playing electronic dance music. It resembles a carnival parade in some respects, but the vehicles (called lovemobiles) are usually less elaborately decorated. Unlike some carnival parades, a technoparade does not share the tradition of bombarding the spectators with sweets. However, the revellers do occasionally throw confetti (usually larger and more sparkly than that in a carnival parade) and spray foam from the vehicles onto the crowd.

Nearly all of the vehicles are converted trucks. In order to power the amplifiers, the trucks are frequently equipped with an additional electrical generator. For safety reasons, horse-drawn floats are never used in technoparades: there would be a danger of horses panicking from the noise and chaos. However, there are occasional human-drawn floats equipped with generators, record players, amplifiers and loudspeakers. Some of the vehicles allow people to ride along, for a fee. For those on the sidelines, or travelling alongside on foot or bicycles, attendance is free.

Official program
The official program of a technoparade is generally not as important as what happens informally. In contrast to a carnival parade, the vehicles are little more than flatbed trucks with sound equipment, rather than elaborately decorated floats. There are usually no fireworks or other traditional elements of large celebrations. Technoparades are rarely linked to anniversaries of historical events: they usually simply take place in the summer to take advantage of the good weather.

However, in Germany technoparades are usually officially registered as a political demonstration and thus have an appropriate motto. That way techno fans have a constitutional right to dance in the streets, and any objections from the authorities to noise and traffic obstructions are overruled and the cities also have to pay for security and cleaning up the streets afterwards.

Character
Technoparades generally have a carnival atmosphere, where social rules (and some laws, or at least their enforcement) are at least loosened, and sometimes broken outright. An atmosphere of chaos and tolerance prevails as bystanders dance to the shifting sounds of successive vehicles rolling by them: the music blasting from one vehicle blends into that from another, which can mean a sudden change of dance style in the area where the spheres of influence overlap. The music coming from two sound trucks overlaps with approximately equal intensity, and people can dance to either of two competing rhythms. In the technoparade subculture they call this the Verwirrungsgebiet ("overlap zone") by analogy to a concept in radio frequency engineering.

The street allows for a type of dancing that would be literally impossible in cramped German nightclubs, and the breadth of some people's dancing is further exaggerated as they throw their clothes outwards. Some in the crowd generally climb up to any high point that can possibly be scaled, more and more as the event continues. The spirit is usually continued at after-parties in the local nightclubs, sometimes including unofficial after-parties at venues having no official connection to the parade.

Problems

Technoparades are not without problems:
 * They are regarded by some participants as a license to consume illegal drugs.
 * A few technoparades have been exploited by makers of pornographic films.
 * There is an inherent danger of accidents as people climb on and off moving vehicles.
 * Technoparades usually have big crowds and few toilets, especially because the companies that rent out chemical toilets will not happily rent to technoparades; the crowds tend to climb on the roofs of the toilet structures, which are not built to withstand the weight. Some well-constructed toilets do exist, but not enough to serve the entire technoparade.

World's largest

 * Street Parade, Zürich around 1,000,000 participants annually as of 2018
 * Love Parade, previously the world's largest with 1.5 million in 1999

Germany
5 big technoparades of the 1990s and early 2000s:
 * Love Parade, Berlin / Ruhr area (1989–2010)
 * Union Move, Munich (1995–2001)
 * Generation Move, Hamburg / Kiel (1995–2007)
 * Reincarnation, Hanover (1995–2006)
 * Vision Parade, Bremen (2002–2006)

Parades with a political character:
 * Fuckparade, Berlin (since 1997)
 * Krachparade, Munich (since 2014)
 * Zug der Liebe, Berlin (since 2015)
 * Rave the Planet Parade, Berlin (since 2022)
 * Nachttanzdemos (many cities)

Small town or onetime moves:
 * Night Move, Cologne (1994)
 * Future Parade, Brockhagen (1997–2003)
 * Beatparade, Empfingen (since 1998)
 * Numerous others

Austria

 * Freeparty, Vienna (1994–1999)
 * Unite Parade, Salzburg (1999–2008)
 * Loveparade, Vienna (2000–2006)
 * Freeparade, Vienna (2001–2010)
 * Snow Move, Sölden

Switzerland

 * Street Parade, Zürich (since 1992)
 * Jungle Street Groove/Beat on the Street, Basel (since 1995)
 * Antiparade, Zürich (since 1996)
 * Lake Parade, Geneva (1997–2015; 2017; 2023–)
 * Tanz Dich Frei (Dance yourself free), Bern (2011–2013)

Other

 * FFWD Heineken Dance Parade, Rotterdam (Netherlands) (1997–2007)
 * Techno Parade, Paris (France) (since 1998)
 * Love Parade, Santiago (Chile) / Tel Aviv (Israel) / Mexico City (Mexico) (2000–2006)
 * Budapest Parade, Budapest (Hungary) (2000–2006)
 * Elektro Parade, Porto (Portugal) (2001–2003)
 * Cityparade, Ghent/Liège/Brussels/Mons/Charleroi (Belgium) (2001–2006)
 * Freedom Parade, Tartu (Estonia) (2002–2009)
 * LovEvolution, San Francisco/Oakland (United States) (2004–2011)

Similar Events
Similar to technoparades, electronic dance events have also been organized using other moving vehicles such as boats and trams. In contrast to technoparades which are characterized by free participation on the street, in this case only the passengers on the vessels or inside the trams are part of the event. An example for a boatparade is the Berlin Beats & Boats event which takes place annually since 2009 and involves up to 14 swimming dancefloors. A regular Housetram event has been organized by Monika Kruse in Munich since 1995.

title: Technoparade


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Corvis Corp

Ad. — siro  χ  o  10:49, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, just barely. Doesn't read like an ad to me. It's a question of notability. this article gives this list. I think the numbers are numbers of subscribers (!)

 * U.S. providers of DSL service, not counting resellers:
 * SBC 767K
 * Verizon 540K
 * Covad 274K
 * Qwest 255K
 * BellSouth 215K
 * NorthPoint 100K +
 * Rhythms 67K
 * Broadwing 41K
 * Others including NAS, (11K), Alltel, DSL.net, New Edge (6K), New South, IP, and @Link, total less than 50K.

 * I've heard of Rhythms so it just barely meets my criterion for notability. Broadwing, which I'd never heard of, is in about the same category, I'd say it's just barely notable enough to keep. On the other hand... I see only ONE hit in "Broadwing" in comp.dcom.xdsl on Google Groups and that seems a little low. That article does describe Broadwing as a "tier 1 provider," whatever the heck that means. Dpbsmith 14:08, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Tier 1 providers own the major backbones used by the internet and phones.  They are usually billion$ companies that spent many dollars building the infrastructure and many are not interested in dealing with customers like me or you.  Their customers are Tier 2 providers and their customers are Tier 3 providers.  They like to keep low profiles yet often have huge telecommunications influence. The Steve 23:04, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Copyvio . -- Cyrius|✎ 03:22, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Overlap zone

In radio frequency engineering, an overlap zone occurs where signals from two or more radio stations, transmitting at the same frequency, can be received with comparable intensity. Interference occurs frequently in such a zone.

In order to avoid this, a receiver with directional antenna is used, which can then be aligned in such a way that it will only receive the signal of one transmitter. Alternatively, the signals could be separated using a demodulator in single sideband mode.

With digital radio (Digital Radio Mondiale and Digital Audio Broadcasting being two common types), there is no interference in the overlap zone.

title: Overlap zone


text:
Street Parade

The Street Parade is with over 1 Million visitors the most attended technoparade in the world, since the end of Love Parade 2010. It takes place in Zürich, Switzerland and is the largest annual event in Zürich. Officially a demonstration for freedom, love and tolerance attended by up to one million people, it proceeds along the side of Lake Zurich on the second Saturday of August.

History
The first Street Parade (the English name is used in German) took place on September 5, 1992, initiated by student Marek Krynski and officially called the Demonstration for Love, Peace, Liberty, Generosity and Tolerance (Demonstration für Liebe, Frieden, Freiheit, Grosszügigkeit und Toleranz). About 1,000 took part in dancing behind two Lovemobiles.
 * 1992 — participants: 1,000

In only its second year, 10,000 ravers participated. The parade was nearly banned by the head of the police department Robert Neukomm (Social Democratic Party) and Monika Stocker (Green Party), but strong protests from the media, the population and the techno music scene forced the city to back down. Since then the parade takes place every August with a lengthened route around the corner of Lake Zurich. The first compilation was published that year: Energy 94 Streetparade - The Disc. As many as 150,000 Swiss and foreign ravers come to the Street Parade. The double-disc Street Parade 95 is the first dedicated release. For the first time, the Street Parade is organized by its own dedicated Association, founded by Marek Krynski, Barbara Suter and Christoph Soltmannowski. The official logo of the Street Parade is conceived: a stylized "P" inside a rounded red star. The Street Parade can be first heard in a live CD, directly recorded on a Lovemobile. As music plays, the crowds are heard cheering and celebrating in the background. In this way the disc uniquely portrays the voice of the Street Parade. Radio Street Parade goes on the air for about two weeks prior to and about a week following the Street Parade. Radio Street Parade broadcasts techno music, electronica and dance, interviews with DJs and musicians as well as reports about the Street Parade. The Street Parade is for the first time broadcast live on Swiss television SF1, 3sat and Tele 24. The German music television VIVA showed two-hour summaries in the following week. The event reaches record heights with one million participating ravers. The Zürich Street Parade came out of the shadow of the Berlin Love Parade. Rain dampens success of the event. Very hot weather with partly clouded sky. Attendance slightly down to an estimated 900,000. However, this contrasts to far more drastic declines in the Berlin event. The direction of the route was reversed in this year in order to reduce noise levels on certain streets, and to provide better exits for the trucks. The Street Parade again reaches a 1,000,000-person count. A million ravers and visitors are officially cited once again. The Street Parade Radio ran into some financial difficulties, but was rescued by the Zürich local radio station Energy Zürich and the free newspaper 20 Minuten. Beer was for the first time available at official drink stands. It was perceived by many that the Street Parade took on a more aggressive tone than before. The Street Parade attracts 800,000 people despite the bad weather forecast.
 * 1993 — participants: 10,000 — temp: 27 °C
 * 1994 — participants: 20,000
 * 1995 — participants: 150,000 — temp: 24 °C
 * 1996 — participants: 350,000 — motto: The Rave-olution continues
 * 1997 — participants: 475,000 — temp: 27 °C — motto: Climb & Dance
 * 1998 — participants: 450,000 — temp: 28 °C — motto: It's All In Your Hands
 * 1999 — participants: 550,000 — temp: 30 °C — motto: More than Words
 * 2000 — participants: 750,000 — temp: 32 °C — motto: Believe in Love
 * 2001 — participants: 1,000,000 — temp: 21 °C — motto: Love, Freedom, Tolerance
 * 2002 — participants: 650,000 — temp: 17 °C — motto: Peace!
 * 2003 — participants: 900,000 — temp: 37 °C — motto: Let the Sun Shine
 * 2004 — participants: 1,000,000 — temp: 37 °C — motto: Elements of Culture
 * 2005 — participants: 1,000,000 — temp: 23 °C — motto: Today is Tomorrow
 * 2006 — participants: 800,000 — temp: 17 °C — motto: Move Your Mind
 * 2007 — participants: 800,000 — temp: 23 °C — motto: Respect
 * 2008 — participants: 820,000 — temp: 24 °C — motto: Friendship
 * 2009 — participants: 600,000 — temp: 19 °C — motto: Still have a Dream
 * 2010 — participants: 650,000 — temp: 22 °C — motto: Celebrate the Spirit of Street Parade
 * 2011 — participants: 900,000 — temp: 28 °C — motto: 20 Years Love, Freedom, Tolerance & Respect
 * 2012 — participants: 950,000 — temp: 24 °C — motto: Follow your Heart
 * 2013 — participants: 950,000 — temp: 25 °C — motto: Dance for Freedom
 * 2014 — participants: 950,000 — temp: 25 °C — motto: Enjoy the Dancefloor - and save it!
 * 2015 — participants: 1'000,000 — temp: 32 °C — motto: Magic Moments
 * 2016 — participants: 1'000,000 — temp: 26 °C — motto: Zurich is unique

Organization
Since 1996, the event is organized by the Verein Street Parade (Street Parade Association). Today, the Street Parade has all the character of a popular festival, however legally it is still a political demonstration. This frees the organisation of security costs, among all else that the city takes under its charge.

Notable DJs
Carl Cox, David Morales, Sven Väth, Chris Liebing, Loco Dice, Michel von Tell, DJ Energy, Felix Kröcher, DJ Hell, Mind Against, DJ Antoine, Dr. Motte, Steve Lawler, Tom Novy.

Political aspects
According to the official website, "The Street Parade is still a demonstration that calls on everyone to live together in peace and tolerance."

Alternatives
Since 1996 the counterparade Antiparade takes place in Zürich on the same day as the Street Parade to provide an alternative to it. Similar to the Fuckparade in Berlin, the goal of this smaller technoparade is to demonstrate against the increasing commercialisation of club culture.

Trivia
In spite of the fact, that climbing is no element of techno culture and is also illegal at Street Parade, it is very common at this event to climb on traffic light poles and other suitable objects. Interestingly, there is a taverne in Zürich, in which a drinking game is performed whereby climbing is an essential element, but there is - against the opinion of some people - no connection between this taverne and Street Parade.

title: Street Parade


text:
Peter Cross (illustrator)

Peter Cross (born 1951 in Guildford) is a British illustrator. His style features lifelike drawings of British wildlife, in cartoon-like situations. Ostensibly produced for children, they include sufficient visual puns to be of interest to adults. He first worked as a technical illustrator for Hawker Siddeley and also illustrated album sleeves, not least for guitarist Anthony Phillips and over 200 designs in the popular Harbottle Hamster range of greetings cards for Gordon Fraser.

Dinosaur Days series
(1985 unless shown, story by David Lloyd)
 * Early Morning, ISBN 0-394-87379-3
 * Breakfast, ISBN 0-394-87378-5
 * The Terrible Thing, ISBN 0-394-87381-5
 * Silly Games, ISBN 0-394-87380-7
 * Little So-And-So and the Dinosaurs (1993; compilation of the whole series), ISBN 0-7445-2029-0

Dudley Dormouse series
(1986 unless shown, Walker Books, text Judy Taylor)
 * Bonita Brodt of the Chicago Tribune wrote: "What makes the tales of Dudley Dormouse truly special are the intricate and colorful illustrations that bring the story to life on each page of these miniature, hardcover books."

 * Dudley Goes Flying, ISBN 0-7445-0458-9
 * Dudley and the Monster, ISBN 0-399-21329-5 - "The extraordinary illustrations are richly detailed in the style of many British children's books. They focus dramatically on the central action in each picture, allowing the young reader to direct his attention to the unfolding tale."
 * Dudley and the Strawberry Shake, ISBN 0-399-21330-9 - Dudley the dormouse goes to a strawberry patch to pick strawberries, picks one and eats it but then mistakes a dogs nose for one. The dog does not like having his nose pulled and shakes his head until Dudley lets go and flies through the air.  The story ends with Dudley going home for a nap to recover, and as he is falling asleep he remembers that he has left his strawberry picking gloves behind.
 * Dudley in a Jam, ISBN 0-399-21331-7
 * Dudley Bakes A Cake (1988), ISBN 0-399-21450-X
 * The Adventures of Dudley Dormouse (1990; compilation of the whole series), ISBN 0-7445-1727-3

Contributions

 * Henry Williamson; A Clear Water Stream (1976; cover and line illustrations by Cross)ISBN 0356082024
 * The New Happy Families (Methuen, 1992; book and card game (made by Waddingtons Games); Cross illustrated the Camp family)

Anthony Phillips album artwork

 * The Geese & The Ghost (1977)
 * Wise After the Event (1978)
 * Sides (1979)
 * Private Parts & Pieces (1979)
 * Private Parts & Pieces II: Back to the Pavilion (1980)
 * Private Parts & Pieces III: Antiques (1982)
 * Private Parts & Pieces V: Twelve (1985)
 * Harvest of the Heart (1985)
 * Private Parts & Pieces VI: Ivory Moon (1986)
 * Private Parts & Pieces VIII: New England (1992)
 * Anthology (1995)
 * Radio Clyde (2003)
 * Archive Collection Volume 2 (2004)

title: Peter Cross (illustrator)


text:
Jean de Montfort

Jean de Montfort or John of Montfort may refer to:

 * John I of Montfort (died 1249), count of Montfort
 * Jean de Montfort (died 1283), lord of Tyre and of Toron
 * Jean de Montfort-Castres (died 1300), count of Squillace (kingdom of Naples), son of Philippe II de Montfort, lord of Castres, and of Jeanne de Lévis-Mirepoix
 * John II of Montfort (1294–1345), count of Montfort, contested Duke of Brittany, one of two sides in the Breton War of Succession
 * John IV, Duke of Brittany (1339–1399), son of the former, Duke of Brittany from 1364 to 1399, count of Richemont and count of Montfort (1345–1399)
 * Jean de Montfort (1385–1414), who later took the name Guy XIII de Laval, Lord of Laval

title: Jean de Montfort


text:
Murathan Mungan

Murathan Mungan (born 21 April 1955) is a Turkish author, short story writer, playwright, and poet.

Biography
Mungan's family originates from Mardin. His father is an Arab and mother is a Bosniak. After receiving his BA from the Faculty of Letters and Drama at Ankara University, he worked as a dramaturg before devoting all his time to writing poetry, plays, short stories, novels, film scenarios, and songs. His first collection of poems, Osmanlıya Dair Hikayat (Stories about Ottomans) was published in 1980, making Mungan an overnight success.

His output remained prolific and various poetry books followed, notably Yaz Gecer (Summer Passes) and Metal. He has written four theatre plays, which earned him wider success. Mahmud ile Yezida, Taziye are two of the most staged plays of the modern Turkish theatre. He was chosen as the best playwright, together with Mehmet Baydın, by the Ankara Art Association for his staging of the play Condolences, the second book of the Mesopotamia Trilogy, in 1984.

His short stories were compiled in successful volumes such as Kırk Oda (Forty Rooms) and Paranın Cinleri (Genies of Money). His screenplay Dağınık Yatak (Messy Bed) was later filmed by director Atıf Yılmaz in 1986 starring Turkish actress Müjde Ar.

Mungan also wrote lyrics to some of Yeni Türkü's songs, and for pop singers such as Nükhet Duru.

In 2006, Murathan Mungan supervised the production of a music album by Turkish arabesk singer Müslüm Gürses, featuring cover versions of popular songs such as "Alexandra Leaving" by Leonard Cohen, "Mr. Tambourine Man" by Bob Dylan, and "I'm Deranged" by David Bowie, all of which were selected by Mungan.

Openly gay, Mungan has been often associated with the Turkish gay movement as a gay icon.

Discography

 * Söz Vermiş Şarkılar (2004, tribute album)
 * Aşk Tesadüfleri Sever (2006, supervisor)
 * 2020 Model (2020, tribute album)

Publications

 * Mahmud ile Yezida (1980)
 * Osmanlıya dair Hikâyat (1981)
 * "Boyacıköy’de Kanlı Bir Aşk Cinayeti" (short story) (1982)
 * Taziye (1982)
 * Kum Saati (Hourglass) (1984)
 * Son İstanbul (1985)
 * Sahtiyan (1985)
 * Cenk Hikâyeleri (Combat Stories) (1986)
 * Kırk Oda (Forty Rooms) (1987)
 * Lal Masallar (1989)
 * Eski 45'likler (1989)
 * Yaz Sinemaları (Summer Cinemas) (1989)
 * Mırıldandıklarım (1990)
 * Yaz Geçer (1992)
 * Yaz Geçer (special printing-1992)
 * Geyikler Lanetler (1992)
 * Bir Garip Orhan Veli (1993)
 * Oda, Poster ve Şeylerin Kederi (1993)
 * Omayra (1993)
 * Kaf Dağının Önü (1994)
 * Metal (1994)
 * Murathan’95 (1996)
 * Li Rojhilatê Dilê Min (1996)
 * Paranın Cinleri (1997)
 * Başkasının Hayatı (Another's Life) (1997)
 * Dağınık Yatak (1997)
 * Dört Kişilik Bahçe (Garden for Four) (1997)
 * Oyunlar İntiharlar Şarkılar (1997)
 * Mürekkep Balığı (Squid) (1997)
 * Başkalarının Gecesi (Another's Night) (1997)
 * Metinler Kitabı (1998)
 * Üç Aynalı Kırk Oda (1999)
 * Doğduğum Yüzyıla Veda (1999)
 * Meskalin (2000)
 * 13+1 (2000)
 * Soğuk Büfe (2001)
 * Erkekler İçin Divan (2001)
 * Yüksek Topuklar (2002)
 * 7 Mühür (2002)
 * Timsah Sokak Şiirleri (2003)
 * Yabancı Hayvanlar (Foreign Animals) (2003)
 * Çador (2004)
 * Bir Kutu Daha (One More Box) (2004)
 * Beşpeşe (alongside Elif Şafak, Pınar Kür, Faruk Ulay, Celil Oker) (2004)
 * Eteğimdeki Taşlar (2004)
 * Elli Parça (Fifty Pieces) (2005)
 * Söz Vermiş Şarkılar (2006)
 * Kâğıt Taş Kumaş (Rock Paper Fabric) (2007)
 * Kullanılmış Biletler (Used Tickets) (2007)
 * Yedi Kapılı Kırk Oda (2007)
 * Dağ (Mountain) (2007)
 * Kadından Kentler (2008)
 * Bazı Yazlar Uzaktan Geçer (2009)
 * Hayat Atölyesi (2009)
 * Eldivenler Hikâyeler (2010)
 * İkinci Hayvan (2010)
 * Gelecek (Future)) (2010)
 * Kibrit Çöpleri (Burnt Matchsticks) (2010)
 * Şairin Romanı (2011)
 * Aşkın Cep Defteri (Love's Notebook) (2012)
 * Bir Dersim Hikâyesi (2012)
 * Li Rojhilate Dile Min/Kalbimin Doğusunda (2012)
 * Tuğla (Brick) (2012)
 * Mutfak (Kitchen) (2013)
 * Kadınlar Arasında (Between Women) (2014)
 * Merhaba Asker (2014)
 * Harita Metot Defteri (2015)
 * Aşk İçin Ne Yazdıysam (2016)
 * Solak Defterler (2016)
 * Dokuz Anahtarlı Kırk Oda (2019)
 * Çağ Geçitleri (2019)
 * Hamamname (2020)
 * Aile Albümü (2021)
 * Erkekler Yalnizliklar: Murathan Munganin Sectikleriyle (2021)
 * Işığına Tavşan Olduğum Filmler (2022)
 * Evrak Çantası (2022)
 * 995 km (2023)

title: Murathan Mungan


text:
Victory column

A victory column, or monumental column or triumphal column, is a monument in the form of a column, erected in memory of a victorious battle, war, or revolution. The column typically stands on a base and is crowned with a victory symbol, such as a statue. The statue may represent the goddess Victoria; in Germany, the female embodiment of the nation, Germania; in the United States either the female embodiment of the nation Liberty or Columbia; in the United Kingdom, the female embodiment Britannia, an eagle, or a war hero.

List of Roman victory columns
Of the columns listed above, the following are the Roman columns. Roman triumphal columns were either monolithic pillars or composed of column drums; in the later case, these were often hollowed out to accommodate an ancient spiral staircase leading up to the platform on top.

The earliest triumphal column was Trajan's Column which, dedicated in 113 AD, defined its architectural form and established its symbolic value as a political monument alongside the older Roman triumphal arches, providing a lingering model for its successors to this day. The imperial capitals of Rome and Constantinople house the most ancient triumphal columns.

All dimensions are given here in metres, though it was the Roman foot by which ancient architects determined the harmonious proportions of the columns, and which is thus crucial for understanding their design. The list is sorted by date of erection.

title: Victory column


text:
His Majesty's Young Offender Institution

His Majesty's Young Offenders Institution (Her Majesty's Youth Offenders Institution if the reigning monarch is female) (or HM YOI) are youth detention centres for offenders between ages 15 to 21 in the United Kingdom. These offenders will have received a custodial sentence following criminal offence convictions or may be being held on remand awaiting trial on pending charges.

A young offender's institution can accommodate between 60 and 400 young people, with each age group housed in its own wing of between 30 and 60 inmates. Most young offenders' institutions are run by the national prison service while some are run by private companies on behalf of the prison service.

Background
Young Offender Institutions were introduced under the Criminal Justice Act 1988, but secure institutions specifically intended for young offenders have existed since the beginning of the 20th century: the first borstal opened at Borstal, Kent in 1902.

The regime of a Young Offender Institution is similar to that of an adult prison. There are slight differences, notably a lower staff-to-offender ratio. Prisoners serving sentences at Young Offender Institutions are expected to participate in at least 25 hours of education per week, aimed at behaviour improvement, practical skill development for post-release and employment preparation. There are also opportunities for prisoners to undertake work in Community Service Volunteer programmes.

Issues
Violence is frequently reported in Young Offender Institutions and staff have been criticised for failing to prevent it. Solitary confinement is often used, with inmates reportedly often confined to cells for up to 21 hours a day and given little tuition or guidance. At all YOIs during a six-month period there were 306 cases of segregation lasting over a week, which is "very high", with contributory factors including gang involvement, insufficient prison staff and a lack of NHS mental health beds.

Recidivism rates are high, with up to three quarters of released offenders re-offending within a year. Offenders undergo assessments on the likeliness of reoffending. This assessment is known as Youth level of service.

List of Young Offender Institutions

 * HMP & YOI Askham Grange
 * HMP & YOI Brinsford
 * HMP & YOI Bronzefield
 * HMP & YOI Chelmsford
 * HMYOI Cookham Wood
 * HMP & YOI Deerbolt
 * HMP & YOI Drake Hall
 * HMP & YOI East Sutton Park
 * HMP & YOI Eastwood Park
 * HMYOI Feltham
 * HMP & YOI Foston Hall
 * HMP & YOI Hatfield
 * HMP & YOI High Down
 * HMP & YOI Hindley
 * HMP & YOI Hollesley Bay
 * HMP & YOI Hull
 * HMP & YOI Isis
 * HMP & YOI Lincoln
 * HMP & YOI Low Newton
 * HMP & YOI Moorland
 * HMP & YOI New Hall
 * HMP & YOI Norwich
 * HMP & YOI Parc
 * HMP & YOI Pentonville
 * HMYOI Polmont
 * HMP & YOI Portland
 * HMP & YOI Prescoed
 * HMP & YOI Rochester
 * HMP & YOI Stoke Heath
 * HMP & YOI Styal
 * HMP & YOI Swinfen Hall
 * HMP & YOI Thorn Cross
 * HMYOI Werrington
 * HMYOI Wetherby
 * HMP & YOI Winchester
 * HMP & YOI Woodhill


text:
Berlin Victory Column

The Victory Column (Siegessäule, from Sieg 'victory' + Säule 'column') is a monument in Berlin, Germany. Designed by Heinrich Strack after 1864 to commemorate the Prussian victory in the Second Schleswig War, by the time it was inaugurated on 2 September 1873, Prussia had also defeated Austria and its German allies in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), giving the statue a new purpose. Different from the original plans, these later victories in the unification wars inspired the addition of the bronze sculpture of Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory, 8.3 m high, designed by Friedrich Drake, giving the victory column its current height of 67m.

Berliners have given the statue the nickname Goldelse, meaning something like "Golden Lizzy", named after a novel by E. Marlitt (1866) and its heroine. The Victory Column is a major tourist attraction in the city of Berlin. Its viewing platform, for which a ticket is required, offers a view over Berlin.

Design
The base consists of polished red Swedish granite, measuring 18.8 meters square and 7.2 meters high. The base contains four bronze reliefs depicting scenes from the three victories. Measuring 12 meters wide and 2 meters high, they were designed by Moritz Schulz, Karl Keil, Alexander Calandrelli, and Albert Wolff. Upon the base is a round hall with 16 granite columns measuring 4.7 meters high. Along the hall's circumference is a glass mosaic designed by Anton von Werner. Four sandstone columns rise above this hall, the first three containing 20 gilded gun barrels each, 12 pounders from the Danish victory, 8 pounders from the Austrian victory, and 4 pounders from the French victory. On top of the fourth sandstone column resides the 8.52 meter tall gilded bronze victory.

The relief decoration was removed in 1945. It was restored for the 750th anniversary of Berlin in 1987 by the French president at that time, François Mitterrand.

Locations
The Victory Column originally stood in Königsplatz (now Platz der Republik). In 1938/1939, as part of the preparation of the monumental plans to redesign Berlin into Welthauptstadt Germania, the Nazis relocated the column to its present site at the Großer Stern (Great Star). At the same time, the column was augmented by another 6.5 metres, giving it its present height of 66.89 metres. The monument survived World War II without much damage. Surrounded by a street circle, the column is also accessible to pedestrians through four tunnels, according to plans by Albert Speer. A spiral staircase leads to a viewing platform under the statue.

Historical significance
During the Battle of Berlin of 1945, Soviet troops nicknamed the column "the Tall Woman". Polish Army troops, fighting alongside their Soviet allies, hoisted the Polish flag on the column on 2 May 1945 at the end of the Battle in Berlin.

During the allied victory parade in 1945, the French tricolour was raised atop the column on the statue by French troops.

It served as the location for Barack Obama's speech in Berlin as a US presidential candidate during his visit to Germany on 24 July 2008.

In popular culture
The golden statue atop the column, cast in 1873 by the Aktien-Gesellschaft Gladenbeck foundry in Berlin, was featured in the music video to U2's 1993 "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)".

In Wim Wenders' Wings of Desire (1987), the column is one of many such high places in the city where angels sit and look down.

During the years of the techno Love Parade, the column was a meeting point where large numbers of people danced together.

The Berlin queer monthly magazine Siegessäule was named after the monument, founded 1984 as a gay publication. The Berlin Pride (CSD parade) usually includes the column on its route for the symbolism.

The monument is one of the many landmarks visited in the "Berlin Byways" course in Mario Kart Tour (since 2021), and later Mario Kart 8 Deluxe (since 2022).

title: Berlin Victory Column


text:
Talk:Shlisselburg

Picture

 * The Russian version of the article has a picture: ru:Изображение:Krepost Oreshek 2.jpg; I would move it to commons (and use it here) but I don't speak Russian, and the necessary author/source and license info is in Russian only. Assistance from a Russian speaker would be very appreciated. JesseW, the juggling janitor 01:40, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Which Northern War?
A sentence in this article reads:

 * "It obtained its current name, Shlisselburg, meaning Key-town, after being retaken by the Russian forces in the Northern War. "

Northern war points to a disambig page; there are two possible articles here that this article is referring to:

 * Northern Wars (1655-1660)
 * Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Sweden and Russia were involved in both, which one is being referred to?

Kevyn 11:03, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Peter the great renamed it during the Great Northern War.Mcpaul1998 (talk) 23:21, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Schlüsselburg
I have added "Schlüsselburg" to the introduction, as that name is widely used in English publications as well (see Google Books). Olessi 17:23, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Schlüsselburg is not merely the German name, but a name widely used in English texts. Based on Google Books results, "Schlüsselburg" has been used more often than "Shlisselburg" in English historiography. While I am not advocating moving the title to "Schlüsselburg", that name should certainly be mentioned in the introduction, as it is used as much as (if not more than) "Shlisselburg" in English. I also am curious about how my copyediting rendered the article "unstable". Olessi 20:04, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Shlisselburg Fortress
It would be nice to have a separate article on the fortress, it's quite notable.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:00, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree. This fortress is not nearly well-known enough in the English speaking community for all of it's importance in WW2. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.163.113.132 (talk) 03:45, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

 * While disambiguating Nöteborg, I piped several links to Nöteborg Fortress. This currently points to Shlisselburg.  If a separate article is created for the fortress, the redirect should be re-pointed there. Nick Number (talk) 21:20, 5 June 2014 (UTC)

I agree that there should be a separate article covering this fortress. It is mentioned in several articles under several different names ("Schlüsselburg", "Shlisselburg", "Oreshek", "Petrokrepost"). I had been there as a young man and knew it as "Petrokrepost" (Peter's Fort). I was having difficulty locating any English-language information, and my Russian-language is too rusty to understand the Russian version.MidwestHBA (talk) 14:43, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

Incomplete history
Extremely odd that the history section ends two centuries ago – and in particular that there's no account of Schlüsselburg's important role in the Siege of Leningrad during WWII. Sca (talk) 14:38, 16 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shlisselburg


text:
West York

West York may refer to:
 * West York, Illinois
 * West York, Pennsylvania
 * West York Island in the South China Sea

title: West York


text:
Talk:Chautauqua

{{User:ClueBot III/ArchiveThis }}
 * archiveprefix=Talk:Chautauqua/Archives/
 * archivenow= {{User:ClueBot III/ArchiveNow}},{{resolved|,{{Resolved|,{{done}},{{Done}}
 * format=Y
 * age=720
 * archivebox=yes
 * box-advert=yes

title: Talk:Chautauqua


text:
Josselin

Josselin (Josilin) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France.

History
St Meriadek is said to have founded a chapel there during the 4th century. Much later Josselin became a stronghold of the House of Rohan.

An alternative explanation for the location of the chapel concerns a labourer who in 808 discovered a wooden statue in the brambles which enabled his hitherto blind daughter to see. A chapel was constructed on the site of this miracle which subsequently grew into a church (parts of which date back to the twelfth century). A fresco in the church now recalls the Combat of the Thirty summarized below.

In 1351, during the Breton War of Succession (part of the Hundred Years' War), two groups of approximately 30 English knights (led by Robert Bramborough, the English captain of Ploërmel) and Franco-Breton knights (commanded by Jean de Beaumanoir, captain of Josselin) staged an arranged combat at a spot halfway between the Chateau de Josselin and Ploërmel. The Franco-Breton side eventually won after killing or capturing the English force, including Bramborough. This episode was later known as the Combat of the Thirty.

The Castle of Josselin can still be seen today, although only four of the original nine towers remain after the Cardinal Richelieu ordered the castle partially demolished in 1629.

Population
Inhabitants of Josselin are called Josselinais in French.

Breton language
In 2008, 16.05% of children attended the bilingual schools in primary education.

Twin towns
Josselin is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Alzey, Germany
 * 🇭🇺 Tard, Hungary
 * Brechin, Scotland, UK

title: Josselin


text:
User:Rvollmert

To colour the links.

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Rvollmert


text:
Ploërmel

Ploërmel (Ploermael; Gallo language: Pieurmè) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany, in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, the former commune Monterrein was merged into Ploërmel.

Character of the town
The town is both modern and medieval, and has easy access to most parts of Brittany. Ploërmel is set on the edge of the Brocéliande forest, which legend proclaims is the home of Merlin the Magician, amongst other fantastical characters.

History
In 1351, during the Breton War of Succession (part of the Hundred Years' War), the town was occupied by the Montfortist faction, supported by the English. The rival French-supported Blois faction controlled nearby Josselin. Two groups of approximately 30 English and French knights staged a tournament at a spot between the two towns, to show their prowess and make money by capturing opponents. The Franco-Breton team eventually won after killing or capturing the Anglo-Breton force. This was later known as the Combat of the Thirty.

In 1944, 10 Resistance fighters were killed by German soldiers. 31 inhabitants were killed, 125 wounded, by the American air raid on the railway station on 12 June, during the Normandy landings.

On 10 December 2006, the city unveiled a statue of Pope John Paul II. It was a gift by Russo-Georgian sculptor Zurab Tsereteli, and has sparked controversy over the separation of Church and State.

The town gave its name to a monastic order, the Brothers of Ploërmel. The Doctor Who actor Tom Baker was a monk of the order for a while in Jersey.

In 2008 from 24 May till 1 June 2008 the City of Ploërmel became the first City in France to host the International Federation of Carnival Cities Congress. The Ploërmel Carnival is the largest in central Brittany and is held on Saturdays at the beginning and end of May.

Population
Inhabitants of Ploërmel are called Ploërmelais. The population data given in the table below refer to the commune in its geography as of January 2020.

Breton language
In 2008, just 2.62% of the town's children received either Breton-medium or bilingual education.

Twin towns

 * 🇮🇪 Cobh, Republic of Ireland
 * 🇩🇪 Apensen, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Gornau, Germany
 * 🏴 Gorseinon & Llwchwr, Wales
 * 🇵🇱 Kolbuszowa, Poland
 * 🇬🇳 Dabola, Guinea

Cultural references
An 1859 French opéra comique with music by Giacomo Meyerbeer, Le pardon de Ploërmel (The Pardon of Ploërmel), was about an annual procession in Ploermel.

Ploërmel was one of the favourite places of the South African-born British female composer, Priaulx Rainier. She evoked the place in her work for winds and percussion, Ploërmel (1973).

title: Ploërmel


text:
West Windsor

West Windsor may refer to:

 * West Windsor, Vermont
 * West Windsor, Michigan, an unincorporated community in Eaton County, Michigan
 * West Windsor Township, New Jersey
 * Windsor West, the electoral district

title: West Windsor


text:
Burusera

Burusera (ブルセラ) is a paraphilia, specifically a sexualized attraction to the underwear or school uniforms of girls or young women. It is a word of Japanese origin, coined by combining burumā (ブルマー), meaning bloomers, as in the bottoms of gym suits, and sērā-fuku (セーラー服), meaning sailor suit, the traditional Japanese school uniforms for schoolgirls; notably kogal. Burusera shops sell girls' used school uniforms, panties and other fetish items.

History
In the 1990s gravure magazines started to feature photos of girls wearing bloomers and school uniforms, some magazines featuring exclusively those types of clothes. Fetish shops selling these types of clothes also started appearing in Japan. Along with loose socks they became the symbol of high-school girls in the 1990s. They are also sometimes worn as cosplay.

Burusera shops
Burusera shops sell used girl's gym suits and school uniforms. They also sell other goods procured from schoolgirls, e.g. undergarments, school swimsuits for physical education, socks, stationery, sanitary napkins and tampons. The clothes are often accompanied by ostensibly genuine photos of the girls wearing them. The clients are men who use the items for sexual arousal or stimulation. Schoolgirls once openly participated in the sale of their used garments, either through burusera shops or using mobile phone sites to sell directly to clients.

Legal restrictions
In August 1994, a burusera shop manager who made a schoolgirl under 18 sell her used underwear was arrested by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department on suspicion of violation of article 34 of the Child Welfare Act and article 175 of the Criminal Code. The police alleged violations of the Secondhand Articles Dealer Act which bans the purchase of secondhand goods without authorization.

Child pornography laws imposed legal control over the burusera industry in 1999. However, burusera goods in themselves are not child pornography, and selling burusera goods is an easy way for schoolgirls to gain extra income. This has been viewed with suspicion as potential child sexual abuse.

Prefectures in Japan began enforcing regulations in 2004 that restricted purchases and sales of used underwear and saliva of people under 18.

References in media

 * In the Shin Kimagure Orange Road novel Summer's Beginning, main character Kyosuke Kasuga is disgusted when he finds out that his now highschool-aged younger sister Kurumi intends to sell her used leotards to a burusera shop.
 * In the visual novel True Love, a key part to Mayumi Kamijou's route involves the player-character Daisuke, finding out that she intends to sell a pair of her panties in the local burusera shop. If Daisuke finds said panties, keeps them and gives them back to Mayumi when she asks for them, he will gain relationship points with her.
 * In the video game Yakuza 0, a side quest involves the discovery, and ultimately the taking down, of a burusera ring.
 * One of the characters in the novel Consumed, by the Canadian film director David Cronenberg, references it while talking about school uniforms.

title: Burusera


text:
Category:Ballerinas

This category is for females notable for performing in ballet.

title: Category:Ballerinas


text:
Tualatin

Tualatin may refer to:

Oregon, United States

 * Tualatin, Oregon, a city in the Tualatin Valley
 * Tualatin Academy, a building and former school in Forest Grove
 * Tuality Community Hospital, a hospital in Hillsboro
 * Tualatin Mountains, a section of the Oregon Coast Range
 * Tualatin Plains, a lowland section of the Tualatin Valley
 * Tualatin River, a tributary of the Willamette River
 * Tualatin Station, a commuter rail station in Tualatin
 * Tualatin Valley, the region surrounding the Tualatin River
 * Tualatin Valley Highway, a state highway
 * Tualatin Valley Fire and Rescue, a regional fire district

Other uses

 * Tualatin (people), a part of the Kalapuya Native American tribe in western Oregon, US
 * Tualatin (microprocessor), the final generation of Intel's Pentium III processor

title: Tualatin