text:
Operation Freshman

Operation Freshman was the codename given to a British airborne operation conducted in November 1942 during World War II. It was the first British airborne operation using Airspeed Horsa gliders, and its target was the Vemork Norsk Hydro hydrogen electrolysis plant in Telemark, Norway which produced heavy water as a by-product.

By 1942, the German nuclear weapons programme had come close to being able to develop a nuclear reactor, but for the reactor to function it would require a great deal of heavy water. The source of the heavy water was the Norsk Hydro plant, which had been occupied since 1940. When the British government learned of the German nuclear developments, it was decided that a raid would be launched to destroy the plant and deny the Germans the heavy water required to develop a nuclear weapon. Several plans were discussed and discarded as impractical; it was decided that a small airborne force composed of sappers from the Royal Engineer units attached to 1st Airborne Division would land by glider, a short distance from the plant, demolish it with explosives and then escape over the Norwegian border into Sweden. After an extensive training period, the airborne force took off in two aircraft–glider combinations on the night of 19 November 1942. Both the gliders and tugs were operated by aircrews attached to HQ No. 38 Wing RAF.

The tugs and gliders managed to reach the Norwegian coast, but neither was able to reach their objective. The first pair suffered from navigational difficulties and severe weather, which resulted in the tow rope snapping and the first glider crash-landing, with its Halifax tug aircraft returning to base. Three airborne troops were killed and the survivors were captured shortly after the crash. The second pair fared even worse, with both the aircraft and glider crashing into a mountain after the aircraft flew low in search of the first glider. Both members of the glider crew were killed instantly, while one soldier passenger died soon afterwards from his injuries. Those who survived the crashes were captured by German forces and killed as a result of Wehrmacht's Commando Order, which stated that any Allied personnel captured while involved in commando operations were to be killed immediately. At the end of the war, the Wehrmacht personnel involved were tried, sentenced to death and executed for their part in the murders.

Background
The German government began development of an atomic weapons programme in April 1939 when two scientists, Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie, declared in an issue of the scientific journal Nature that atomic fission was possible and could produce immense amounts of power. The Joliot-Curies argued that not only did it have possibilities as a power source, it might also be used to create an extremely powerful weapon. By September 1941, the German scientists assigned to the programme had determined how a nuclear reactor could be developed. This required significant quantities of heavy water to act as a neutron moderator to encase the uranium which would be used to provide the material for a nuclear weapon. Heavy water was extremely scarce and difficult to produce, and Germany only possessed a small amount which had been produced in laboratories. Norway possessed a large stockpile which was produced by the Vemork Norsk Hydro chemical plant near the village of Rjukan, but the Norwegian government would not sell more than three gallons of heavy water a month, becoming suspicious of the sudden increase in demand for the water by the German government. When Norway was invaded and occupied by Germany in April 1940 this obstruction ended; the Vemork plant was captured and began producing heavy water for the German atomic weapons programme. Production of heavy water was slowed initially due to the effects of the fighting in Norway and a drought in the area, which led to a lack of water to provide hydroelectric power for the plant. Once the weather improved and snow began to melt, providing enough water to create sufficient hydroelectric power, production continued.

By mid-1942 it had come to the attention of the British government that the plant had begun to produce large quantities of heavy water and was stockpiling it for later use. The decision was therefore taken that the plant and the stockpiles of heavy water would have to be destroyed in order to impede the German programme. Several methods for destroying the plant were considered. The first was a mass raid by Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers, but this was rejected due to the difficulty in locating the plant during night bombing, the principal bombing tactic used by the RAF at the time, and the heavy casualties that would be inflicted on the local Norwegian population during a night raid. An attack by Norwegian saboteurs was also ruled out, as was landing troops by PBY Catalina flying boat on Lake Møsvatn, 15 mi from the target, the latter due to the steepness of the surrounding mountain slopes and the inability of flying boats to land on the ice. It was decided that a raid by glider-borne airborne troops would have the greatest chance of success. The area around the plant would be difficult to land on, but a possible landing site for gliders was located near the Møsvatn dam, although it would require considerable skill on the part of the glider pilots in order to land safely.

Operation Grouse
In March 1942 the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) had recruited Einar Skinnarland, a Norwegian engineer who worked at the Møsvatn dam. Skinnarland had successfully sailed to Britain and was parachuted back to Telemark after ten days of intensive training. Having several contacts within Vemork he was able to roughly identify the disposition of German troops and other defences. Additionally SOE decided to send an advance party of Norwegian agents into Telemark, and began intensively training a four-man team over the summer. The party, code-named Operation Grouse, was led by Jens-Anton Poulsson and also included Knut Haugland, Claus Helberg and Arne Kjelstrup. The Norwegians, all people local to the area with exceptional outdoors skills, underwent extra outdoor training in Scotland as well as learning the skills necessary to operate in occupied territory; including sabotage, radio transmitting and "irregular warfare".

The Grouse team were ready to be inserted by October. Several flights were made but aborted due to bad weather, before the team finally dropped on 18 October. The team landed at Fjarefit on the Hardangervidda (a large wilderness avoided by the German forces) and spent the next 15 days trekking towards Møsvatn, where they made contact with Skinnarland's brother, Torstein. Once they had established contact with London the party began making preparations for the arrival of the British commandos. A suitable glider landing site was chosen 3 mi south west of Møsvatn dam and the team reconnoitred the area to help Combined Operations decide the best way to attack the plant.

German defences
The geography of the area around the village and the plant meant that attacking the plant and destroying the existing stocks of heavy water would be extremely difficult. Both were situated in a deep valley which possessed thickly–forested sides that rose almost vertically from a narrow river–bed, and which was overlooked by Gaustatoppen, a mountain approximately 5400 ft high; the plant itself had been built on a broad rock shelf 1000 ft above the river bed.

Einar Skinnarland had observed the German defences over the summer and passed the information back to SOE. Later reconnaissance by Torstein Skinnarland and the Grouse team was also transmitted to London in the weeks leading up to the operation. In early October Generaloberst Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, the commander in chief of the German forces in Norway, had visited the plant. While there he warned the local garrison that he believed the plant was a likely target for British commando raids, but crucially he did not have the resources to increase the manpower there. Although Einar Skinnarland had observed a garrison of 100 men in the village of Rjukan, 20 at the dam and about 55 near the main plant during the summer, by October this had been reduced to about 12 at the plant, 12 at the dam and approximately 40 in Rjukan. Most of the men were elderly or infirm Austrians under the command of an elderly captain, although well trained German regulars periodically passed through Telemark. Skinnarland also believed that Gestapo agents were in the area.

The Germans had erected three iron hawsers across the valley to prevent low flying bombing raids but on the ground most of their defences were positioned to prevent an assault from the ridge above the plant, the direction from which they believed an attack was most likely. Minefields and booby traps predominantly protected this side of the plant, but there were also searchlights on the roof and a machine gun nest near the entrance. A single bridge crossed the steep gorge in front of the plant, but was normally only protected by two guards. There were 300,000 German troops in Norway at this time and reinforcements could quickly be called into the area, which would complicate the commandos' escape to the Swedish border.

Planning
The Headquarters staff of Combined Operations at the War Office was tasked with devising a plan for the glider-borne assault on the plant, as it had been with previous airborne and commando operations, such as Operation Biting. This was the first British airborne operation ever to use gliders; all previous operations had been conducted solely with parachutists. The staff decided that although gliders would be the most suitable for the operation due to the heavy loads to be carried by the airborne troops, and the possibility that they could be widely dispersed if they were dropped by parachute, the airborne troops would still be trained for a possible parachute insertion if the landing zone for the gliders was found to be unsuitable. Because of the complicated and technical nature of the operation, which would see the plant rigged with explosives and then detonated, it was believed that a minimum of twelve to sixteen men was required, and that they would all have to be skilled engineers. The important nature of the operation also led to the force being doubled in order to duplicate it, to ensure that even if half of the force were killed, the survivors would have the necessary skills to complete the operation. The selected troops were volunteer parachutists chosen from the sappers of 9th Field Company (Airborne) Royal Engineers and 261st Field Park Company (Airborne) Royal Engineers attached to 1st Airborne Division, because the only parachute-trained Royal Engineers unit in existence at the time, 1st Parachute Squadron Royal Engineers, was already deployed in North Africa with 1st Parachute Brigade. Both of the duplicated units that were to participate in the operation were to be commanded by officers from the Royal Engineers; the first by Lieutenant A.C. Allen and the second by Second-Lieutenant M.D. Green, who was later replaced by Lieutenant D.A. Methven when he was injured during a training accident three days before the operation was to begin. The Royal Air Force unit selected to transport the sappers was 38 Wing, which was commanded by Group Captain T.B. Cooper; it was provided with a special allotment of three Handley Page Halifax heavy bombers for the operation, which were the only British aircraft in existence at the time which were capable of towing Horsa gliders the distance required and then returning to their base. The SOE agents selected a landing zone for the sappers, which was approximately 5 km from the Norsk Hydro plant and could not be observed by German patrols. The plan for the operation called for the sappers to land in the two gliders at the landing zone, guided in by the SOE agents equipped with Eureka radio beacons. Once they had successfully landed, the sappers would be escorted to the plant by the SOE agents, demolish the plant and its stocks of heavy water, and then cross the Norwegian border into neutral Sweden.

Combined Operations initially suggested the men should fight their way to the Swedish border, but MI9 believed their chances of survival were better if they attempted to disguise themselves as Norwegians and travel in pairs. In order to facilitate their escape the men were provided with civilian clothes (to be worn after the operation), simple Norwegian phrases (in the hope no German they encountered would speak Norwegian) and escape sets containing money and maps. They were also ordered to shave any moustaches and grow their hair long in order to blend in with Norwegian men.

Training
Training began in early October in Wales and was designed to be extremely arduous, not only to ensure that those who took part were at the peak of their physical and mental fitness, but also to eliminate any men unable to cope with the long marches and difficult terrain that would be encountered during the operation. When this portion of the training had been completed, the sappers were then transferred to the area around Fort William in Scotland, where they were familiarised with a hydroelectric plant similar in design to the one in Norway, and received training on the most efficient way to plant explosives in the Norsk Hydro plant to cause maximum damage.

Training also took place at Port Sunlight, where they were shown how to destroy large condensers of the kind found in the plant. The sappers were given detailed briefings on the plant and the surrounding area, and were trained on large models and mock-ups of the buildings that the plant was composed of, all based on information provided by the SOE agents who had arrived earlier in the month. Because the operation was considered to be extremely important, and its results vital to the Allied war effort, security efforts were extremely thorough. A cover story was provided for the sappers as they conducted their training; a rumour was spread that they were training to compete against a company of American engineers in a fictional 'Washington Cup' athletic event, which involved a long route march to be completed either by glider or parachute, followed by a complex demolition task and finally a demanding endurance test. The departure airfield was also sealed off to civilians and non-essential military personnel, and all mail and telephone calls were censored.

Operation
After their training had been completed, on 17 November the sappers were transported to RAF Skitten, Killimster in Scotland, with the operation scheduled to commence two days later. On the evening of 19 November, Group Captain Cooper, with the aid of a Norwegian meteorologist and regular reports from the SOE agents stationed near the landing zone, decided that although the weather was not perfect, it would be best to launch the operation that night; Cooper believed that if it were delayed, the weather might deteriorate on subsequent days and prevent the operation from being conducted entirely. The first aircraft–glider combination took off from the airfield at 17:50, with the second following at 18:10; after circling the airfield several times the two combinations headed out across the North Sea towards their objective.

The first combination
The first combination flew through poor weather conditions and managed to reach Norway and fly towards its objective. During the flight over Norway the Rebecca receiver, which was supposed to pick up the transponder signal from the Eureka beacons being used by the Norwegian SOE agents, developed a mechanical problem and was unable to pick up the signal. This left the aircrew with only map-reading available to locate the landing zone, but the poor weather made this almost impossible.

On a second attempt to find the correct area, the combination flew into thick clouds approximately 40 mi northwest of Rjukan, and ice began to form on both aircraft and glider, as well as the towing rope connecting the two. At this point the combination began to lose altitude, and the towing rope snapped, setting the glider free; low on fuel, the aircraft was forced to turn back after signaling to Skitten at 23:55 that it had released the glider, and only just succeeded in landing back in Britain. Shortly after releasing the glider, the aircraft broadcast a second message, "Glider in sea", indicating the air crew's belief that the glider had crashed. The Royal Navy was asked to begin a search-and-rescue mission, but had no ships in the area; an aerial search of the area was instead conducted, but did not find the glider.

The glider crash-landed in an area called Fyljesdal, overlooking Lysefjord. Of the seventeen men on board, three were killed outright.

Thorvald Fylgjedalen, a local farmer, found some of the injured soldiers from the glider, but knew no English, and was unable to communicate with them. Nonetheless, Fylgjedalen and his neighbour Jonas Haaheller decided that they would assist the wounded soldiers, and did not contact the German authorities. After contacting more of the local residents, the soldiers asked for their assistance in escaping to Sweden, but Haaheller and others convinced them that this would be impossible, as it would involve travelling across the entirety of Norway. Thus, the Norwegians sheltered and gave medical attention to the injured soldiers, but did not allow any of them to leave. The Norwegians also burned all of the maps and documents from the glider crash before the Germans could arrive, and managed to keep the entire operation secret for almost twenty-four hours.

German soldiers, including troops from both the Waffen SS and the Army, arrived the next afternoon on two boats from a nearby camp. They took the British soldiers prisoner, and departed with them on the boats. Despite the grave injuries suffered by some of the soldiers, they were still forced to walk under their own power and ride in the unsheltered boats in the cold. The dead soldiers were buried in a shallow grave.

The second combination
The second combination managed to reach the coast of Norway, but fared even worse than the first combination; because of a turn in the weather, the tow aircraft (second Halifax) piloted by Flight Lieutenant Roland Parkinson, RCAF, released the glider and then crashed into a mountain at Hestadfjell in high winds, rain and hail. All of the aircrew were killed instantly. Workmen in the area heard the plane pass overhead shortly before crashing and alerted the German authorities, who arrived quickly. Finding no survivors, the Germans threw the bodies of the aircrew into a nearby bog and left the area.

Released just before the tow aircraft crashed, the second glider spiralled out of control and crash-landed in the mountains between Helleland and Bjerkreim. The two RAAF pilot and copilot of the glider, Norman Davies and Herbert Fraser, were killed instantly and the rest were injured to varying degrees, one of whom, 25 year old Driver Ernest Pendlebury, died soon after. The survivors were unwilling to leave the seriously wounded so two of the British soldiers left the crash site to search for help. After searching for some time, they arrived in the hamlet of Helleland about 2 mi from where they had crashed, and made contact with one of the local residents, Trond Hovland. The soldiers told Hovland about their injured comrades, and asked if he could help them find a doctor. Hovland agreed to help, but informed them that the nearest doctor lived 9.3 mi away, in the town of Egersund. In order to contact him, Hovland would have to use the telephone system, controlled by the German authorities, which would alert them to the presence of the soldiers. Believing that there was no alternative, the soldiers agreed to contact the Germans, expecting that they would be taken as prisoners of war. A party from the Norwegian Labour Service arrived at the crash site shortly afterwards and helped tend to the injured soldiers who burned all of their sensitive documents and materials. A German party arrived about twenty minutes later. Unwilling to abandon the wounded and doubting their chances of escaping to Sweden, Lieutenant Allen chose to surrender, believing that they would be treated as POWs. Underneath their uniforms, the soldiers wore civilian clothing and had been told to grow their hair and beards. With this, and the fact that sabotage equipment was found, Colonel Probst, the head of the Wehrmacht in the Stavanger district, had all survivors executed as partisans at the German camp at Slettebø near Egersund.

Aftermath
The Allies were unaware of the fate of the operation until they intercepted a German communiqué stating that two gliders and one aircraft had been forced down, and the crews engaged and annihilated. On 11 December they received a message from an SOE agent explaining that the second glider's occupants had all been shot. Many of the details about the fate of the two glider combinations were only discovered after the war had ended.

None of the soldiers or aircrew who survived the crashes remained alive for very long. Of the soldiers from the first glider, three of the four injured men were tortured by the Gestapo and later killed by Stabsarzt [Dr] Werner Fritz Seeling who injected air into their bloodstreams. The fourth injured man was shot in the back of the head the next day. All four bodies were dumped at sea. The five uninjured men were held at Grini concentration camp until 18 January 1943, when they were taken to nearby woods, blindfolded and executed by the Gestapo. The German Wehrmacht and the Gestapo argued over the fate of the prisoners from the second glider. The Wehrmacht believed they should be treated in accordance with the Geneva Convention, but in the end the survivors were interrogated and executed within a few hours of their capture at the German barracks at Bekkebø. They were taken into nearby woods and shot one by one, each being forced to listen to the man before him being executed. Their bodies were stripped and thrown into an unmarked grave. All of the executions were conducted in accordance with the Commando Order issued by the Wehrmacht High Command in October 1942, which stated that all Allied commando troops were to be killed immediately upon capture. The local Norwegian population were unable to prevent the prisoners being executed, but tended the graves of the dead until the end of the war.

Although the Allied soldiers believed that they had burnt all of their maps, one from the second glider was missed. When the Germans found it they were able to identify the Vemork plant as the target and increased their defence accordingly. German reprisals started instantly and 200 armed Gestapo agents swept into Rjukan where they arrested 21 Norwegians for questioning, but the members of Operation Grouse slipped away into the wilderness of Hardangervidda. They later contributed to the successful Operation Gunnerside in February 1943, when a small team of Norwegian SOE agents were parachuted into the area and destroyed much of the heavy water equipment in Vemork plant. The plant eventually resumed operation, but further bombing raids ensured it produced little heavy water for the German atomic weapons programme.

Although the operation had been a failure, it demonstrated the range, flexibility and possibilities of airborne forces and glider operations, and also highlighted equipment failures that were rectified for later operations. This included developing a new version of the Rebecca-Eureka homing device system, the Mk II, which was ready by 1943 and proved to be very successful when used in later airborne operations; during Operation Market Garden and Operation Varsity, aircraft that used the system reported a 95% success rate.

When 1st Airborne Division arrived in Norway in May 1945, they were informed of the fate of the prisoners, and cooperated with the Norwegian government to have the men buried with full military honours. The five from the first glider were re-interred at the Commonwealth War Graves plot at Vestre Gravlund near Oslo. The second glider's occupants were reburied at Eiganes churchyard in Stavanger and the Halifax aircrew were reburied at Helleland.

The head of the Gestapo in Oslo, who had signed the order for the prisoners' executions, killed himself several days prior to 1st Airborne Division's arrival in May 1945, but several Wehrmacht personnel implicated in the decision to execute the prisoners were put on trial and found guilty: Dr Seeling was shot 10 January 1946 at Akershus Prison, Oslo; Hauptscharführer Erich Hoffman was hanged 15 May 1946 in Hameln, Germany; whilst Unterscharführer Fritz Feuerlein who had shot a prisoner in the back of the head was sentenced to life imprisonment but was extradited to the Soviet Union for alleged abuse conducted against Soviet prisoners. The commander of the German forces in Norway – Generaloberst Nikolaus von Falkenhorst – was also found guilty of two of the Freshman deaths during his war crimes trial. Sven Hedin intervened on his behalf on 4 December 1946, with the argument that von Falkenhorst had likewise striven to pardon the ten Norwegians condemned to death. The sentence was later commuted to twenty years' imprisonment. Falkenhorst was released from Werl Prison on 23 July 1953, due to bad health and died in 1968.

title: Operation Freshman


text:
Triggerfish Twist

Triggerfish Twist is a 2002 crime novel by Tim Dorsey, the fourth in his series featuring Serge A. Storms.

Plot summary
Jim Davenport is transferred to his company's branch in Tampa, Florida. He and his wife Martha are initially excited by the move and the beauty of their new neighborhood on Triggerfish Lane, but the reality proves to be disturbing: the Davenports' neighbors are a strange bunch of eccentrics, and crime is much worse than they had thought. These neighbors eventually include brutal-but-charismatic criminal Serge Storms, spiteful cocaine-addicted stripper Sharon Rhodes, and drug addict Seymour "Coleman" Bunsen, who move into the rental home across from the Davenports after Sharon and Coleman's brainless antics accidentally burn down Serge's home.

Jim's troubles begin while he is waiting in a bank drive-through, when an armed robber mistakes Jim's Suburban for his getaway vehicle and jumps in, threatening Jim and his infant daughter with a gun. Jim manages to overpower the robber, breaking his neck when a faulty airbag inflates in his face. Jim does not know that the robber was the youngest of five brothers, and the remaining four are released from prison on a technicality and begin looking for revenge. FDLE Agent Mahoney, obsessed with capturing Serge, convinces his boss to let him travel to Tampa, ostensibly to warn Jim.

When Jim returns to work, his consulting employer is acquired by a different company, which alters its corporate policy to make Jim the primary scapegoat for corporate layoffs. Jim is unable to adjust to his new role and is eventually fired.

Serge, despite his criminal lifestyle, develops a great liking and admiration for Jim, even considering proposing marriage to Sharon to emulate Jim's success as a family man. Jim likes Serge as well, but Martha senses something strange about Serge and orders him to stay away.

At least three subplots intertwine with and lead up to the novel's climax:
 * While browsing the library at the University of Tampa, Serge is mistaken for a professor, and his impromptu lectures on Florida history and culture become so popular among the student body that the Dean asks Serge to deliver the commencement address.
 * John Milton, a substitute teacher turned bank teller turned car salesman, is fired from his last job and decides to take revenge on Jim, the person assigned official blame for his firing from the bank.
 * Ambrose Tarrington III, a bankrupt former millionaire, lives in a small house on Triggerfish Lane, but mimics the attitude of wealth so well that he is constantly treated to test drives of luxury cars, free lunches from eager bank executives, and the use of mansions being offered for sale. Mistaking Ambrose's act for reality, Serge kidnaps him for ransom.

Events come to a head at the Davenports' Fourth of July costume party, which includes the four criminal McGraw brothers taking the party hostage and Serge and Mahoney reluctantly teaming up to save the guests. Jim, normally passive to a fault, is driven to defend his family by snatching a gun and shooting two of the brothers.

The novel ends with the principal characters being featured on an episode of the Bill Maher show, which Serge (on the run from the police and still pursuing the $5 million briefcase featured in Florida Roadkill) calls into to express his sincere admiration for men with wives and children, declaring it a tougher job than anything Serge has had to cope with.

Continuity

 * The book takes place in the summer of 1997, somewhere in the midst of the events of Florida Roadkill; at the end of that novel, both Coleman and Sharon are dead.
 * Several characters from Triggerfish Twist, including the Davenports, reappear in Atomic Lobster, taking place approximately ten years later.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Triggerfish Twist


text:
Stitch! The Movie

'Stitch! The Movie' is a 2003 American direct-to-video animated science fiction comedy film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and Rough Draft Korea, released on August 26, 2003. It is produced by Tony Craig, Jess Winfield, and Roberts "Bobs" Gannaway; Gannaway also co-wrote and co-directed with Winfield and Craig, respectively. It is the second film released in the Lilo & Stitch franchise and the third film chronologically, taking place after the 2002 first film and (by later extension) the 2005 direct-to-video sequel Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch. The film also serves as the backdoor pilot of the spin-off sequel series Lilo & Stitch: The Series, which Craig, Winfield, and Gannaway executive produced and debuted the following month. The story is an introduction to Dr. Jumba Jookiba's 625 experiments (made prior to Stitch) that he created with the financing of Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel.

Plot
Stitch has been trying to adapt to life with Lilo on Hawaii, but has a hard time fitting in without causing more disasters. Lilo tries to encourage him by saying he's one-of-a-kind, which just makes him feel worse, as he desires others who he could consider his "cousins". Meanwhile, ex-captain Gantu is hired by Jumba's former partner, a diminutive creature resembling a cross between a hamster, gerbil, and rabbit named Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel to retrieve the other 625 experiments. Gantu goes to Earth and abducts Jumba, finding and taking a blue pod with the number 625 on it; Stitch and Lilo take Jumba's spaceship and engaging Gantu in battle, only to be defeated and fall back to Earth.

Back at their house, Lilo, Stitch, and Pleakley find the container Jumba was hiding. Pleakley realizes that it contains the other 625 experiments, in dehydrated pods, and warns them not to tell anyone or put the experiments in water, aware of how dangerous they are. Deliberately disobeying his orders, Stitch and Lilo retrieve the container and hydrate one of the experiments, the electricity-based Experiment 221, who promptly escapes into the night. Jumba is being held captive on the ship of Dr. Hämsterviel, who demands the experiments handed over to him believing they're his. Unable to intimidate Jumba, Hämsterviel activates Experiment 625 to attack him. However, despite 625 having all of Stitch's powers, he is incredibly lazy and a terrible coward, prioritizing making sandwiches above all else. Meanwhile, Pleakley is able to make contact with Hämsterviel's ship via telephone, who proceeds to demand a ransom of the other 624 experiments in return for Jumba. Nani calls Cobra Bubbles to seek his assistance while Lilo and Stitch go out to find 221. They manage to track down 221 at a nearby hotel and successfully catch him with a glass vase; Stitch soon befriends him, realizing he's finally found a "cousin" of his own.

The rendezvous time arrives and Pleakley and Cobra show up to trade the container for Jumba, but Hämsterviel is annoyed to find one is missing. Lilo and Stitch soon arrive with 221, announced she has named it "Sparky", and declares that it and all the experiments are apart of their ohana. They set Sparky free and break Jumba from his bonds, just as Cobra signals the Grand Councilwoman's ship to rise out of the nearby ocean to blast Hämsterviel. Lilo protests, since he still has the other experiments, so Sparky uses his electrical abilities to disrupt the power on the ship, allowing Hämsterviel and Gantu to escape on their ship with the experiments, as Lilo, Stitch, and Sparky stow away.

Inside the ship, Lilo and Stitch manage to swipe the container and in the ensuing struggle, it ends up releasing the dehydrated pods, which rain down and scatter all throughout Hawaii. Having captured the two, Hämsterviel reveals his plans to clone Stitch a thousand times over, as he's strapped to a weight just heavier he can lift, while Gantu puts Lilo in a teleportation pod to send her to an intergalactic zoo. Before Stitch is vivisected by a laser for the cloning process, Sparky short-circuits the cloning machine, breaking him free, allowing the two to strap strap Hämsterviel to the device before they rescue Lilo.

Lilo, Stitch, and Sparky then short-circuit Gantu's ship, causing it to crash near a waterfall on Kauai. Landing Hämsterviel's ship back at the rendezvous point, they give Sparky a new home powering the Kīlauea Lighthouse, which hasn't been running in years. They then persuade the Grand Councilwoman to let them rehabilitate the other 623 experiments. The Councilwoman places Hämsterviel under arrest, and grants Lilo and Stitch the task of tracking down the other experiments. At that moment, Experiments 202, 529, 455, 489, and 390 are activated by various means, beginning the events of the series.

Later, Jumba and Pleakley hope to go home with the Grand Councilwoman this time, but they are left stranded on Earth once again.

Voice cast

 * Chris Sanders as Stitch/Experiment 626
 * Daveigh Chase as Lilo Pelekai
 * Tia Carrere as Nani Pelekai
 * Dee Bradley Baker as David Kawena
 * David Ogden Stiers as Dr. Jumba Jookiba
 * Kevin McDonald as Pleakley
 * Frank Welker as Sparky/Experiment 221
 * Jeff Bennett as Dr. Hämsterviel
 * Kevin Michael Richardson as Gantu
 * Rob Paulsen as Experiment 625
 * Ving Rhames as Cobra Bubbles

Other voices, listed as "With the Voice Talents of":
 * Corey Burton as Hawaiian Man
 * Zoe Caldwell as Grand Councilwoman
 * Tress MacNeille as Hämsterviel's Ship Computer
 * Kunewa Mook as Moses Puloki
 * Liliana Mumy as Mertle Edmonds
 * Jess Winfield as Various Voices
 * Lili Ishida as Yuki (uncredited)
 * Jillian Henry as Elena (uncredited)
 * Kali Whitehurst as Teresa (uncredited)

Production
Presented by Walt Disney Pictures and produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, ''Stitch! The Movie is the lead-in to Lilo & Stitch: The Series''.

At some point, there was a decision to only have Stitch's name in the titles of both the film and the subsequent series, which was planned to be called ''Stitch! The TV Series''. Eventually, this was abolished, resulting in both this film and The Series having mismatched names. The Stitch! name (with exclamation point) was used as the title for an anime series five years after this film's release.

Critical reception
In a 2019 list of direct-to-video sequels, prequels, and "mid-quels" to Disney animated films, Petrana Radulovic of Polygon ranked ''Stitch! The Movie tenth out of twenty-six films, the lowest of the Lilo & Stitch'' sequel films on her list. Radulovic wrote that she liked the message of Stitch finding his family, but criticized it for not being as funny as the original Lilo & Stitch film, stating that "some of the [mundane] charm of Lilo & Stitch[...]is lost in favor of chasing a new alien [Sparky] and introducing the rabbitlike villain [Hämsterviel] who just wants world domination."

In a similar list in 2020, Lisa Wehrstedt of Insider ranked ''Stitch! The Movie seventeenth out of twenty-five films, which was also the lowest of the Lilo & Stitch'' sequels on her list. Wehrstedt wrote that she believed the film's premise did not warrant a full feature film, and its finale was too "open-ended" to have ''Stitch! The Movie "work as a stand-alone film like the rest of the Lilo & Stitch'' sequels." However, she nonetheless claimed that "everything in the Lilo & Stitch world has an irresistible charm that propels it up many ranks considering what its plot and animation quality would be able to achieve without a bunch of cute little monsters."

title: Stitch! The Movie


text:
Dixie Network

The Dixie Network was a commercial radio broadcasting network operating in Tennessee and Mississippi beginning in 1946 and ending in December 1973. Three of the six AM stations had the letters "DX" within their call signs, such as WDXI in Jackson, Tennessee, WDXE-AM-FM, Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, and WDXN, Clarksville, Tennessee. These letters gave rise to usage of the term "Dixie Stations".

History
Headquartered in Jackson, Tennessee, the stations were incorporated as separate corporations, each one founded by Aaron B. Robinson, Sr., principal owner and chief executive officer. The stations were: WCMA, Corinth, Mississippi, 1946; WENK, Union City, Tennessee, 1947; WDXI, Jackson, Tennessee, 1948; WDXE, Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, 1951; WTPR, Paris, Tennessee, 1951; WDXL, Lexington, Tennessee, 1954; WDXN, Clarksville, Tennessee, 1954; and WDXI-TV, Jackson, Tennessee, 1955. WDXL had been built in 1954 using equipment acquired when Robinson bought and shut down Jackson station WPLI the year prior; it was sold off the following year.

Dixie Network stations were known for a high degree of professionalism for small market operations. Always focused on local news and local community events, the stations and their personnel were known and respected for civic awareness and contributions.

Mr. Robinson, 55 years of age, died unexpectedly in December 1961. Under his will and testament, Robinson Enterprises, including the Dixie Network, were administered by the Trust Department of the former National Bank of Commerce in Jackson. J. Kenneth (Ken) Marston, manager of WDXE, was chosen by stockholders and National Bank of Commerce to assume general management of the Dixie Network beginning January 1962. WDXI-TV was sold to Bahakel Broadcasting Corporation of Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1966. The call sign became WBBJ-TV at that time.

In addition to community service by the respective stations management was known for participation in radio industry efforts beyond their station responsibilities. John E. Bell, manager, WCMA, Corinth, Mississippi served as President of the Mississippi Broadcast Association. J. Kenneth Marston, Sr. served as President of the Tennessee Association of Broadcasters. Still later, WDXI manager Charles R. Simms, served as President of the Tennessee Association of Broadcasters. Marston also was elected to the National Association of Broadcasters board of directors in 1970 Edward B. Fritts, who began his broadcast career at WENK, Union City, Tennessee, was elected President of The National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, D.C., where he led the national trade association with distinction.

Some station programming included "Dateline Dixie, news of the South for those in the South". T.N.T, temperature news and time with the outcue for many events including remotes broadcasts was "This is Dixie". The stations signed on by playing "Dixie".

The Dixie Network was wound down in the early 1970s; each station was sold under favorable conditions and concluded by close of business on December 31, 1973. At that time, Ken Marston was chosen by Tennessee radio and television broadcasters to transition the Tennessee Association of Broadcasters into a full-time trade association and establish its office and operations in Nashville. TAB had previously been an outgrowth of the University of Tennessee Knoxville.

Former Dixie Network radio stations

 * WCMA - Corinth, Mississippi - 1946
 * WENK - Union City, Tennessee - 1947
 * WDXI - Jackson, Tennessee - 1948
 * WDXE - Lawrenceburg, Tennessee - 1951
 * WDXE-FM - Lawrenceburg, Tennessee - 1965
 * WTPR - Paris, Tennessee - 1953
 * WDXN - Clarksville, Tennessee - 1954
 * WDXI-TV - Jackson, Tennessee - 1955

title: Dixie Network


text:
Royal Earlswood Hospital

The Royal Earlswood Hospital, formerly The Asylum for Idiots and The Royal Earlswood Institution for Mental Defectives, in Redhill, Surrey, was the first establishment to cater specifically for people with developmental disabilities. Previously they had been housed either in asylums for the mentally ill or in workhouses.

History
In 1847, Ann Serena Plumbe took an interest in the plight of those with neurodevelopmental disabilities, or "idiots" as they were termed at the time, and began to discuss what could be done to assist them. In discussion with Dr John Conolly (of the Hanwell Asylum) and Rev Dr Andrew Reed (a philanthropist and founder of several orphanages) they determined to educate such people. Reed toured Europe to gather information on institutions serving the purpose and in October the project to found The Asylum for Idiots, as it was originally called, began with the appointment of a board of management.

A property known as Park House in Highgate was purchased in March 1848 and the first patients were admitted in April 1848, including a 13 year-old Andrew Reed Plumbe. The building quickly proved too small, so in 1850 an 155-acre site was purchased at Earlswood Common, near Redhill, and a public appeal launched to raise funds for the building of a model 'Asylum for Idiots' to house 400 residents. Queen Victoria subscribed 250 guineas in the name of the Prince of Wales who became a life member. The hospital was designed by William Bonython Moffat and built by John Jay. Prince Albert took a special interest from the beginning. He laid the foundation stone in June 1853 and opened the Asylum in June 1855. In 1862 Queen Victoria conferred a Royal charter on the asylum. One notable inmate in the early years of the asylum was artist James Henry Pullen (1835–1916).

John Langdon Down (after whom Down's syndrome – known in the US as Down syndrome – was named) was medical superintendent of the hospital from 1855 to 1868. At this time patients slept in fifteen-bed dormitories and there was one member of staff to each seven patients. Tuberculosis accounted for the majority of deaths in the institution. Two new wings were completed in 1873. Andrew remained at Earlswood until his death in 1881, aged 45.

The asylum was renamed The Royal Earlswood Institution for Mental Defectives in June 1926. Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-Lyon, who were nieces of the Queen Mother and first cousins of the Queen, were placed in the hospital in 1941. The hospital joined the National Health Service in 1948.

Following the introduction of Care in the Community, the hospital went into a period of decline and closed in March 1997. The site was redeveloped for residential use and is now known as Royal Earlswood Park.

A number of the buildings are listed: these include the main building, the workshop and the gate lodges.

The Royal Earlswood Museum
The Royal Earlswood Museum was located at the Belfry Shopping Centre nearby in Redhill. It illustrated the history and development of the asylum and contained works by former inmate, James Henry Pullen. The museum is now closed and in 2012 its collections and artefacts were donated to the Langdon Down Museum of Learning Disability in Teddington, Richmond upon Thames. The museum's archives are located in the Surrey History Centre in Woking.

title: Royal Earlswood Hospital


text:
Florida Roadkill

Florida Roadkill is a black comedy crime novel by Tim Dorsey, the first in his series centered around the character Serge A. Storms. It was published in 1999 by William Morrow and Company, an imprint of HarperCollins.

Plot summary
Roadkill is set in 1997, against the backdrop of that year's World Series in which the Florida Marlins won a stunning upset in Miami, Florida.

The book begins in media res, with the discovery of three corpses in South Florida, whose murders are eventually described as the book reveals the events preceding them, starting 11 months before the World Series.

Synopsis
Intelligent but sociopathic criminal Serge Storms meets up with heartless stripper Sharon Rhodes and brainless drug addict Seymore "Coleman" Bunsen, who become his travelling companions and partners in crime. After one of Sharon's customers, an oversexed orthodontist named George Veale, brags that his hands are insured for $5 million, Serge hatches a plan to defraud the insurance company and steal the entire settlement from Veale. The injury inflicted on Veale's hand (by a chainsaw) is grisly enough to convince the insurance company to pay out, but Veale panics, withdraws the entire amount from the bank, and hides the suitcase containing the cash in the trunk of a rental car being driven by two vacationing friends, Sean and David. Before Veale can retrieve the case, he is kidnapped by Serge and Co., who tie him up in a Cape Canaveral motel and kill him with an elaborate Rube Goldberg-type booby trap triggered by the vibrations of the nearby launch of the Space Shuttle Columbia.

Further complications arise when it is revealed that the insurance company is actually bankrupt of legitimate earnings, and the money paid to Veale was earmarked for delivery to a minor cocaine cartel. In a panic, the CEO of the company, Charles Saffron, details a private investigator and a series of bounty hunters to track down the suitcase, while himself evading a squad of enforcers sent by the cartel.

As they close in on the money, and already weary of the other's company, Serge and Sharon each separately decide to kill the other. Serge ambushes Sharon first, suffocating her by spraying liquid tire sealant down her throat. Later, the enforcers storm Serge and Coleman's hotel room in Key West, killing Coleman but missing Serge, who kills two of the three enforcers and escapes with a non-lethal gunshot wound. The last enforcer is killed by detective Susan Tchoupitoulas, who has been tracking Serge and Coleman. When Susan confronts Serge in the hotel's lobby, he recognizes her as the daughter of a Hillsborough County Sheriff's deputy whose life he saved thirteen years ago. Serge discards his own gun and walks out of the lobby, wagering (correctly) that Susan will not shoot an unarmed man.

A comic subplot deals with three bikeless bikers — Stinky, Ringworm and Cheese-Dick — who have been rejected from every biker group they have encountered and are on the down and out. They find an odd sort of niche as hired muscle in a retirement community, but are ultimately forced out by the community's owner, who wants the seniors kept as miserable as possible to extort money from them. The three bikers spend several days aboard a yacht on loan from the owner, but are marooned as soon as they have exhausted the engine's fuel (having no grasp of sailing or marine navigation). Stinky accidentally shoots Cheese-Dick with a flare gun while rummaging through the yacht's emergency gear, and a short while later, Ringworm and Stinky are both abducted by another boater, who ties them to cinder blocks and drowns them at sea.

A second, more serious subplot follows Sean and David, unaware of the $5 million in the trunk of their car, on their unsuccessful fishing trip to Key West, which includes stopping in Miami to watch the final game of the World Series. Saffron, believing he has finally found the drug money, follows them on their sight-seeing trip to Fort Jefferson, but all three of them are abducted by the same boater, who turns out to be Max Minimum, the disgraced manager of the retirement community, and secretly a perverted serial killer. Minimum pushes Saffron and Sean overboard, but David overpowers him with a head butt, causing Minimum to choke to death on the Barbie doll he had wedged in his mouth. Saffron drowns, but David deliberately tips himself and his cinder block overboard, managing to save both Sean and himself. After they return to Key West, Susan takes their statements, then treats them to dinner, where she and David develop an attraction to each other. They drive home, still unaware that the $5 million is concealed in the trunk of their car, or that Serge is still feverishly searching the county for them.

Johnny Vegas
Several of Dorsey's novels feature one or more failed attempts by his recurring character, Johnny Vegas, to finally lose his virginity. In this novel, Johnny regularly trolls the seaside parties of South Beach in a Cigarette boat whose colors mislead spectators into thinking it belongs to Dan Marino:
 * Johnny lures a young college student onto his boat and is close to having sex with her, when she sees a bloated corpse float up with a chain around his neck (later revealed to be that of either Stinky or Ringworm);
 * While Serge, Coleman and Sharon are touring South Beach, Sharon hitches a ride on Johnny's boat, and offers to have sex with him, but they are interrupted when a miniature caiman, that Serge bought at a gift shop and Coleman mistakenly placed in their hotel's freezer, thaws out and bites her ankle ferociously. She blames Johnny for the snafu and re-joins Serge and Coleman.

Continuity

 * A number of minor characters (such as Bradley Xeno, the boat captain, and McJagger, the retirement community operator) make minor appearances in the following book, Hammerhead Ranch Motel, which also features a passing reference to Stinky, Cheese-Dick and Ringworm.
 * Dorsey's later novel Triggerfish Twist was published three years later, but the events of that novel take place at some unspecified point during the events of Florida Roadkill (as Dorsey's web site puts it, he didn't know what he was doing and killed too many characters he later decided he needed).

title: Florida Roadkill


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/National Embarrassmints

Who listed this, and why? RickK 18:32, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, and quickly. Precisely zero Google hits; probably an elaborate joke by someone playing with Photoshop. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 19:02, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * (And it's not even a very good Photoshop job, either.) Delete. Spatch
 * It's a real product. See http://www.upguild.com/cgi-bin/cp-app.cgi.  Nevertheless, it's just advertising and not an article for an encyclopedia.  Delete.  RickK 19:35, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * I get roughly 228 google hits, of which 15 are displayed and 223 are "omitted" because they're "very similar to the 15 already displayed". I'm not convinced this product is notable enough, but I could go either way. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:45, 2004 Aug 9 (UTC)
 * Do not misunderestimate these guys. On the other hand, delete. Although if the producers would care to hang a big VfD notice on 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, I might reconsider. --Ianb 21:08, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Advertising. I mean, "I know how hard it is to put food on your family," but, whether or not we can even pronounce "subliminable," we can't let the terrsts win by "frightening people with the phantoms of lost liberty."  Feel free to breathe the air at Ground Zero, because our EPA has been ordered to tell you that it's fine, and we should go back to our regular business unless there is an alert that we think is an embarrassmint of political activity.  Geogre 21:47, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * If you delete this, then delete the one-member Category:Controversial candies at the same time. Gdr 21:49, 2004 Aug 9 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not worth an article of its own. Do we have an article about George W. Bush (to be NPOV, let me add "and/or John W. Kerry") in popular culture and the various anti-Bush lampoon products and slogans, e.g. Texas Homegrown Dope seeds? If so, merge there. The article might have been created because of its appearance in List of breath mints, not quite VfD-worthy but perhaps not Wikipedia at its finest. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:40, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete National Embarrassmints and Category:Controversial candies too. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:15, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. 20 years from now - this information will still be of interest to students of U.S. political history. Davodd 20:29, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's not advertising, and if it is, just look at all the other candies and products advertised on Wikipedia. Plus, like the last user said, it could get more and more important as time goes on. 00:40, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Indeed, GWB is not only a national embarrasmint, but an international one, and as an innovative and resourceful president who thinks of ways to harm your country and your people, he deserves a breath freshener named after him. However, Wikipedia should not be in the business of promoting oral hygene products, real or imaginary. Denni ☯ 01:44, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)
 * Agree with Davodd, keep. Rhymeless 05:42, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. A line about the candy might be appropriate in some other article about GWB. Rossami 21:07, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Dittaeva 21:50, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. For crying out loud, it's blatant advertising for an obscure brand of mint. Featuring GWB's face doesn't make it noteworthy. Why don't we create stubs about every different type of campaign badges used this year? Lacrimosus 01:05, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * If you could find pictures? Sure! Rhymeless 01:46, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. There isn't a good enough reason to delete this page. --152.163.252.3 21:39, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

These votes moved here from misnamed page Votes for deletion/National Embarrassmints: jni 09:12, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - advert/not encyclopedic - nothing more than a sales advert for a novelty item. Links directly to purchase of item. -  Tεx  τ  urε  17:30, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Useless article and also mis-spelled (unless purposefully). —  Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  17:32, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
The Passion of New Eve

The Passion of New Eve is a novel by Angela Carter, first published in 1977. The book is set in a dystopian United States where civil war has broken out between different political, racial and gendered groups. A dark satire, the book parodies primitive notions of gender, sexual difference and identity from a post-feminist perspective. Other major themes include sadomasochism and the politics of power. Carter described the book as feminist black comedy.

Background
Carter began work on The Passion of New Eve in January 1972, inspired in part by the Greek myth of Tiresias, who was turned into a woman as a punishment from the goddess Hera. Originally, the book had the title The Great Hermaphrodite and was set in ancient Rome; she later moved the setting to a post-apocalyptic United States.

Plot summary
At the start of the novel, Evelyn, a male English professor, is taking up a new post in a university in New York. His tribute to Tristessa de St Ange, a (fictional) American silent movie star, on his last night in England is to be given fellatio by a girl he takes to see one of her films.

He arrives in a dystopian New York, a city in its last stages of rotting death, overrun by huge rats and human emotions distilled to their most primeval. The job that he has been offered at a university falls through after the school is taken over by a militant black rebel group. He is then left destitute in the middle of New York with very little money and no job. Evelyn then befriends a Czech neighbour, Baroslav, who is an alchemist. Baroslav is killed by a group of men in the city and Evelyn is then left alone. On a late night run to the local drug store he meets Leilah. He becomes fascinated with Leilah, an exotic young African-American night club dancer, and he follows her home through the city. He lives with her and they have a short sexual relationship where he frequently abuses her. He makes no emotional link, seeing her only in terms of sex. He writes to his parents and finds out that he is left a lot of money from a recently deceased relative. He becomes repelled by Leilah after he impregnated her, and he then abandons her to a voodoo abortionist. The abortion goes wrong and Leilah is put in hospital. Evelyn is expected to pay a large fee for Leilah's hospital bills, but only plans on using some of the money. The rest Leilah gets from selling her fur coats. After Evelyn withdraws the money to pay for the bill, he is mugged and beaten by a group of young men. At the last moment, they are scared away before they can find the wad of cash Evelyn has taped under his genitals. He sends Leilah red roses, then rents a bulletproof car and heads straight to the desert, leaving everything behind including Leilah.

Evelyn seeks out the clean, clear desert and is captured by a woman from the subterranean female city of Beulah and dragged across the sandscape to encounter Mother, a mother goddess figure who fashioned herself with the surgeon's knife. She operates on Evelyn, removing his genitals and implants a fully functioning vagina and ovaries, as well as giving him breast augmentation surgery. She plans on impregnating him with a new Messiah, using his own sperm that she harvested from him before the operation. The transformation from male to female seems to be absolute, despite the fact that Eve struggles to learn to become the woman that her body is, and from this point on she is referred to only in female pronouns.

Eve escapes but is captured, raped, and enslaved by Zero, a cruel male cult leader and "poet" with only one eye and one leg. His harem are all passive, slavish "wives" who he whips unless they talk in grunts and honour their bedfellows, the pigs. Zero leads Eve on a search for the silent film star Tristessa, an embodiment of beauty, sorrow, and loneliness, whom he hates obsessively, because he believes Tristessa has made him infertile. Tristessa was Evelyn's first object of desire in his boyhood, and Eve still has her own obsession with this figure.

Zero leads his dungaree-clad harem to the glass palace of Tristessa and invades the beautiful gothic pile, discovering Tristessa herself laid out in a room surrounded by waxwork effigies in coffins. However she is alive and only when Zero tracks her down to the top of one of the towers and cuts her thong do the gang discover that Tristessa is male.

Upon discovering this, Zero and his wives create a mock-up wedding ceremony and marry the two, forcing Tristessa to rape Eve. Eve and Tristessa escape, killing Zero and his harem with Tristessa's spinning glass palace. They escape back into the desert where they imbibe each other's newly discovered sexuality and fall in love through their realisation that they are Tiresias. Tristessa is shot by a passing band of teenage desert mafia boys. Their Colonel is 14 years old and scared of the dark. They "rescue" Eve, but she escapes and encounters Leilah in a new guise of Lilith, vagabond rebel leader.

Lilith takes Eve to the coast to meet with Mother again, here they see a crazy old lady on a beach—a manifestation of ageing superficiality: dirty, caked in make-up, with piled high golden locks, singing old musical songs and living on vodka and cold tinned food and defecating in the bushes behind her deck chair.

Eve realises that Leilah never objectively existed but was only a manifestation of his own lusts and corruption.

Lilith tells Eve she must go and meet The Mother and pushes her into a cleft in the rocks that metamorphoses into the uterus of time. Eve progresses through the increasingly deep and warm subterranean rock pools to her rebirth. The amber Eve discovers in one of the caves and holds in her hands liquifies into ancient pine forests and primeval species.

Eve is then symbolically reborn, guided by Leilah, and rejects her chauvinistic male past.

Eve emerges onto a beach by Lilith, who leaves her to go back and fight with her rebels, saying Eve cannot join her because she is pregnant. Eve swaps the gold alchemical on a neck chain that Lilith has given her for the purple skiff belonging to the crazed old woman and takes the boat and sails away.

title: The Passion of New Eve


text: User talk:66.255.62.130

title: User talk:66.255.62.130


text: User talk:195.92.198.75

title: User talk:195.92.198.75


text:
User talk:Amino~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Amino. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Amino~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:51, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Amino~enwiki


text:
Lauren Weinstein (cartoonist)

Lauren Weinstein (born 1975) is an American comic book artist and illustrator. Her first comics appeared as syndicated strips in the Seattle Stranger and Gurl.com, a website aimed at teenagers.

Weinstein was one of a number of artists who graduated from Washington University in St. Louis and moved to New York City in the late 1990s, among them Patrick Smith of Vector Park and Dan Nadel of The Ganzfeld.

Her first solo comic, the Xeric award-winning Inside Vineyland, was published in 2003. Her collection Girl Stories, which originated as a series of short webcomics, was published by Henry Holt in 2006. Her work has appeared in The Best American Comics: An Anthology of Graphic Fiction, Kramers Ergot, and The Graphic Canon. In 2015 her five-part webcomic, Carriers, about dealing with the discovery that she and her husband are carriers of the gene that causes cystic fibrosis, won a Gold Medal from The Society of Illustrators. She is Jewish.

Weinstein is also the lead singer of the metaphysical rock band/arts collective Flaming Fire, and has released three albums: Get Old and Die with Flaming Fire in 2001, Songs from the Shining Temple in 2003, and When the High Bell Rings in 2007.

title: Lauren Weinstein (cartoonist)


text:
Southeast Europe

Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos. There are overlapping and conflicting definitions of the region, due to political, economic, historical, cultural, and geographical considerations.

Sovereign states and territories that may be included in the region are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece (alternatively placed in the broader region of Southern Europe), Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania (alternatively placed in Eastern Europe), Serbia, and the European part of Turkey (alternatively placed in the broader region of Southern Europe, also in Western Asia with the rest of the country). Sometimes, Cyprus (most often placed in West Asia), Hungary (most often placed in Central Europe), Moldova (most often placed in Eastern Europe) and Slovenia (most often placed in Central Europe) are also included due to cultural or historical factors and affiliation.

The largest cities of the region are Istanbul, Athens, Bucharest, Sofia, and Belgrade.

Definition
The first known use of the term "Southeast Europe" was by Austrian researcher Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869) as a broader term than the traditional Balkans, a concept based on the boundaries of the Balkan Peninsula. Countries described in 2004 by Istituto Geografico De Agostini as being entirely within the Balkan region, are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and North Macedonia. )

However from the 1990s onwards, in part due to the negative historical and political connotations of the term Balkans, especially since the military conflicts of the 1990s in Yugoslavia in the western half of the region, the term Southeast Europe is becoming increasingly popular.

Standing Committee on Geographical Names
The German Ständige Ausschuss für geographische Namen (Standing Committee on Geographical Names), which develops and recommends rules for the uniform use of geographical names, proposes two sets of boundaries. The first follows international borders of current countries. The second subdivides and includes some countries based on cultural criteria. The following countries are included in their classification "Southeastern Europe":

 * Albania
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Bulgaria
 * Cyprus
 * Greece
 * Montenegro
 * Moldova
 * North Macedonia
 * Romania
 * Serbia

In this classification, Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia are included in Central Europe, while Turkey (East Thrace) is classified outside of main Europe.

CIA World Factbook
In the CIA World Factbook, the description of each country includes information about "Location" under the heading "Geography", where the country is classified into a region. The following countries are included in their classification "Southeast Europe":

 * Albania
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Bulgaria
 * Croatia
 * Kosovo
 * Montenegro
 * North Macedonia
 * Romania
 * Serbia
 * Turkey (East Thrace)

In this classification, Moldova is included in Eastern Europe and Greece is included in Southern Europe. Hungary and Slovenia are included in Central Europe.

Notable views

 * The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe (SPSEE) included Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia as member partners.
 * The South-East European Cooperation Process (SEECP) includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey as member partners.
 * The Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey as member partners.
 * The Southeast European Law Enforcement Center (SELEC) includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Turkey as member states.
 * The EU-co-funded South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme includes the whole territory of Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and parts of Italy and Ukraine as part of the "programme area".
 * The Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe (PCC SEE) includes Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia as member states.
 * Studies of the World Bank treat Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia as the eight South Eastern European countries (SEE8).
 * A 2006 publication of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB) listed Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Moldova, Romania and Serbia and Montenegro as 'south-eastern European countries'.
 * The World Bank does not include the EU countries in its reports, and lists only Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia (SEE6).
 * UNHCR's Regional Office in South Eastern Europe currently lists Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Montenegro as part of 'South Eastern Europe'.

title: Southeast Europe


text:
Nik Turner

Nicholas Robert Turner (26 August 1940 – 10 November 2022) was an English musician, best known as a member of space rock pioneers Hawkwind. Turner played saxophone and flute, as well as being a vocalist and composer. While with Hawkwind, Turner was known for his experimental free jazz stylisations and outrageous stage presence, often donning full makeup and Ancient Egypt-inspired costumes.

1940–1969: Early years
Turner was born in Oxford in August 1940 to a theatrical family, although his father was working in a munitions factory. At the age of 13 his family moved to the Kent seaside resort of Margate where he worked at the local funfair during the summer holiday season, befriending another seasonal worker Robert Calvert. His first influences were Rock and Roll and the films of James Dean.

Turner went on to complete an engineering course and then undertook one voyage in the Merchant Navy. He then set about travelling around Europe picking up menial jobs, and it was during a stint as a roustabout in a travelling music circus in 1967 that he made the acquaintance of Dave Brock in Haarlem, the Netherlands.

Turner had two years of clarinet and saxophone lessons in the early 1960s but never considered himself good enough to pursue them seriously. However, whilst travelling around Europe he encountered some free jazz players in Berlin who impressed upon him the importance of expression over technical proficiency, and it was then that he decided that what he "wanted to do was play free jazz in a rock band".

1969–1976 and 1982–1984: Hawkwind
Turner, owning a van, had originally offered his services as a roadie to the newly formed Hawkwind. However, when the band discovered his passion for the saxophone he was offered a position in the band to add to the overall weirdness of their sound.

Of his playing, Turner admitted that "it's the overall feel rather than the individual parts of the music that we're interested in. I don't have any illusions about my technical ability. I tend to use it as an electronic medium rather than an instrument". He became an active and vocal member of the band, pulling in friends such as Dik Mik, Calvert and Barney Bubbles, and involving the band in community and charity projects, sometimes to the chagrin of the others.

We wanted to play the Windsor Sex Olympics but only half the band turned up. NME – September 1972

Turner was a member of the band during their most commercially successful and critically acclaimed period, writing or co-writing some of their most popular songs such as "Brainstorm" and "Master of the Universe". However, complaints about his playing over other members of the band despite numerous requests to modify his behaviour eventually led to his dismissal in November 1976.

In 1982 during the recording of Choose Your Masques, Brock invited Turner to the recording sessions and he was asked to front the band for the album's tour. Turner's second stint in the band lasted just over 2 years and although the band did not undertake any studio recording together, he was featured on live albums including Zones,This Is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic and the band’s first released concert video, Night of the Hawks. Although some live albums and videos were released, the band did not undertake any studio recording. At the end of 1984 while preparing material for The Chronicle of the Black Sword album, he was sacked once again.

1977–1986: Sphynx and Inner City Unit
After his first departure from Hawkwind, Turner holidayed in Egypt and while visiting the Great Pyramid of Giza he was given three hours inside the King's Chamber to record some flute music. On returning to England, Steve Hillage cleaned up the tapes and assembled the Sphynx band featuring Hawkwind's Alan Powell, Gong's Mike Howlett and Tim Blake, and Harry Williamson to record music augmenting the original flute tracks while Turner adapted lyrics from the Egyptian Book of the Dead. The album was released as Xitintoday on Charisma Records in 1978 and the band toured, played festivals including Deeply Vale Festivals (later released as a CD), Glastonbury Festival (part of which was broadcast on BBC television) and his own themed Bohemian Love-In all day festival at the Roundhouse. With Williamson he conceived the "Nuclear Waste" single featuring many of the Sphynx musicians and a lead vocal by Sting. He then guested on the album Fairy Tales by Williamson and Gilli Smyth's project Mother Gong, and out of this he, Mo Vicarage and Ermanno Ghisio-Erba (a.k.a. Dino Ferari) formed Inner City Unit (ICU) with Trev Thoms and Dead Fred. Thoms and Ghisio-Erba had previously played together in Steve Took's Horns who had played their only gig at the Bohemian Love-In. The Horns were managed by Tony Landau, a friend of Turner's since adolescence, and were fronted by former Tyrannosaurus Rex percussionist Steve Peregrin Took, who would later make guest lead vocal appearances with ICU alongside his former Horns bandmates. Inner City Unit recorded the albums Pass Out and Maximum Effect before collapsing due to certain members drug problems. Turner and Dead Fred had stints in Hawkwind before regrouping to release the albums New Anatomy, The President Tapes and the EP Blood and Bone.

1987–1999
Turner's next project was Nik Turner's Fantastic All Stars, a saxophone and Hammond organ driven jazz and rhythm and blues band. They gigged for several years, eventually releasing the album Kubanno Kickasso!.

Turner and Twink got together for some impromptu live performances under the name Pinkwind, two CDs of which were released on Twink's own record label without the permission of Turner.

In 1993 Turner was approached by Pressurehed and Helios Creed to record another version of his Sphynx project using the original flute tracks, resulting in the album Sphynx. This partnership then developed further, regularly touring in the US performing a set of Hawkwind-centred material sometimes featuring Genesis P-Orridge, Jello Biafra and former Hawkwind members Simon House, Del Dettmar and Powell. One studio album Prophets of Time was released in 1994 followed by the live CD and DVD Space Ritual 1994 Live and another live CD Past or Future? in 1996. Out of this set of musicians formed the band Anubian Lights, centred on Len Del Rio and Tommy Greñas from Pressurehed with contributions from Turner, Dettmar and House, as did the band Spiral Realms centred on House and Rio.

2000–2022
On 21 October 2000, at the Brixton Academy, a 'Hawkestra' event took place, featuring nearly all past members of Hawkwind. Disagreements between various participants led to any restaging of the event being unlikely, but Turner did stage a further event under the banner The Greasy Truckers Party featuring members of the Hawkestra' on 21 October 2001 at the London Astoria. Out of this a loose band formed, performing further gigs and eventually using the name xhawkwind.com. An appearance at Guilfest in 2002 led to confusion as to whether this actually was Hawkwind, sufficiently irking Brock into taking legal action to prohibit Turner from trading under the name Hawkwind, a case which Turner lost. The band settled on the name Space Ritual and are still currently active. Nik also made an impromptu appearance during the first Reggae Festival of Wales in 2003, joining the Goldmaster Allstars and Jamaican vocalist Alton Ellis.

Turner resurrected another version of Inner City Unit with Thoms, performing irregular gigs. He also fronted the "psychedelic latino-funk" band Galaktikos. He continued to attend festivals playing and guesting whenever possible and was an eager contributor to other band's projects, such as recording an album and touring with US space rockers Spaceseed in 2004, and live appearances with UK dance outfit Akahum at BGG Shareholders Party & HEADS Haiti Benefit show. Living in Carmarthen, he often busked playing his saxophone in Cardiff city centre during weekend nights. After playing at "Hawkfan Festival" in Hamburg in 1997 and the Space and Rock Festival – Rocksjon, Jönköping, Sweden in 1998 with the Finnish space rock group Dark Sun, they moved to play at Tavastia Club, Helsinki, Finland. This resulted in the live album, Ice Ritual, which was released in 2000.

In 2008 Nik Turner was invited to Space Mirrors collective as a guest member. Since that time he recorded flute and saxophone on three Space Mirrors releases: Majestic-12: A Hidden Presence (2009), Dreams of Area 51 (2011) and In Darkness They Whisper (2012).

Turner also provided flute for Dodson and Fogg, a folk rock project released in 2012. After a chance meeting with Mr H, a Welsh jazz/blues singer-songwriter, at Brecon Jazz Festival in 2012, where Turner and Mr H performed a free improvised jazz session, Mr H invited Turner to feature on his fourth album, Poets, Balladeers and Cheats. In October 2012, Turner entered Berryhill Studios in Monmouthshire, and performed an improvised alto saxophone session on seven of Mr H's compositions, which were released in the spring of 2013.

In March 2013 Turner turned up at the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas playing an official SXSW gig at Rebels Honky Tonk bar billed as Nik Turner (ex-Hawkwind) playing predominantly Space Ritual songs. He also guested on stage with The Soft Moon at Hotel Vegas the previous night. Turner also played saxophone and narrated "Brainstorm" on the Warfare album (2017 High Roller Records). In March 2019 he appeared in Austin, Texas, with ex-Hawkwind members Alan Powell and Michael Moorcock in an event called Hawkfest, At the Laugharne Weekend 2019, Damo Suzuki played the Fountain Inn with his all-star Sound Carriers which included Euros Childs and New Order drummer Stephen Morris. Nik Turner joined them at the end of their set.

Personal life and death
Turner died on 10 November 2022, at the age of 82.

As a member of Hawkwind

 * 1970 – Hawkwind
 * 1971 – In Search of Space
 * 1972 – Doremi Fasol Latido
 * 1973 – Space Ritual
 * 1974 – Hall of the Mountain Grill
 * 1975 – Warrior on the Edge of Time
 * 1976 – Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music
 * 1980 – Weird Tapes Volume 3 – live 1975–77
 * 1981 – Weird Tapes Volume 5 – live 1976–77
 * 1982 – Choose Your Masques – guests on "Void City" only
 * 1982 – Weird Tapes Volume 6 – live 1970–73
 * 1983 – Weird Tapes Volume 8 – live 1966–73
 * 1983 – The Text of Festival – live 1970–1971
 * 1983 – Zones – live 1980 and 1982
 * 1984 – This Is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic – live 1980 and 1984
 * 1984 – Bring Me the Head of Yuri Gagarin – live 1973
 * 1984 – Space Ritual Volume 2 – live 1972
 * 1987 – Out & Intake – outtakes and live 1982–1986
 * 1991 – BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert – live 1972
 * 1995 – Undisclosed Files Addendum – live 1984 and 1988
 * 1997 – The 1999 Party – live 1974
 * 1999 – Atomhenge 76 – live 1976
 * 2000 – Choose Your Masques: Collectors Series Volume 2 – live 1982

Solo and collaborative projects

 * 1978 – Nik Turner's Sphynx – Xitintoday (Charisma, CDS4011)
 * 1993 – Sphynx (Cleopatra, CLEO21352)
 * 1994 – Prophets of Time (Cleopatra, CLEO69082)
 * 1995 – Space Ritual 1994 Live (Cleopatra, CLEO95062) and video-DVD (Cherry Red, CRDVD136) – live
 * 1995 – Pinkwind – Festival of the Sun (Twink Records, TWK CD2) – live
 * 1995 – Anubian Lights – Eternal Sky (Hypnotic, CLEO96032)
 * 1996 – Hawkfairies – Purple Haze (Twink Records, TWK CD5) – live
 * 1996 – Anubian Lights – The Jackal and Nine EP (Hypnotic, CLEO 9666-2)
 * 1996 – Past or Future? (Cleopatra) – live
 * 1997 – Sonic Attack 2001 (Dossier, 8480) – compilation album of Cleopatra material
 * 1998 – Anubian Lights – Let Not The Flame Die Out (Hypnotic, CLP 0346-2)
 * 2000 – Nik Turner's Sphynx – Live at Deeply Vale (Ozit/Morpheus) – live 1978
 * 2001 – 2001 A Space Rock Odyssey – double live cd of the first two Space Ritual concerts (Ozit/Morpeus CD 0055)
 * 2001 – Nik Turner's Fantastic All Stars – Kubanno Kickasso (Ozit/Morpheus, niktcd334)
 * 2013 – Space Gypsy (Cleopatra)
 * 2014 - Space Invaders & Nik Turner – Sonic Noise Opera (Nasoni Records)
 * 2015 - Space Fusion Odyssey (Cleopatra)
 * 2016 - Flame Tree Featuring Nik Turner (Purple Pyramid, a division of Cleopatra)
 * 2017 - Life in Space (Cleopatra)
 * 2018 - Nik Turner & Youth Pharaohs From Outer Space (Painted Word)
 * 2019 - Final Frontier (Purple Pyramid)

 * 2021 - Nik Turner I DO WHAT I LIKE (Sunshine Heart Records)

 * 2022 - Nik Turner & The Trance Dimensionals "Synchronicity"(Black Widow Records, BWRCD 247-2)

Guest appearances

 * 1974 – Robert Calvert – Captain Lockheed and the Starfighters (United Artists, UAG 29507)
 * 1975 – Robert Calvert – Lucky Leif and the Longships (United Artists, UAG 29852)
 * 1975 – Michael Moorcock & Deep Fix – New Worlds Fair (United Artists, UAG 29732)
 * 1979 – Mother Gong – Fairy Tales (Charly, CHRL 5018)
 * 1981 – Robert Calvert – Hype (A-Side, IF 0311)
 * 1981 – Mother Gong – Robot Woman
 * 1981 – Sham 69 – The Game (Polydor, 5033)
 * 1982 – Catherine Andrews – Fruits (Cat Tracks, PURRLP2)
 * 1982 – The Astronauts – Peter Pan Hits The Suburbs (Genius)
 * 1982 – Big Amongst Sheep – Terminal Velocity (Rock Solid)
 * 1983 – Underground Zero – The Official Bootleg
 * 1994 – Psychic TV – Pagan Day (Cleopatra)
 * 1994 – Helios Creed – Busting Through the Van Allen Belt (Cleopatra, CLP 9465-2)
 * 1995 – The Stranglers – The Stranglers & Friends Live in Concert – live 1980
 * 1995 – Sting and the Radioactors – Nuclear Waste (Voiceprint, BP181CD) – recorded in 1978
 * 1996 – The Moor – Flux (Bishop Garden Records, BGR 03.1996.01 RM)
 * 1997 – Nigel Mazlyn Jones, Guy Evans and Nik Turner – Live (Blueprint, BP250CD) – live
 * 1999 – Dark Sun – Ice Ritual (Burnt Hippie records, BHR-004)
 * 1999 – 46000 Fibres – The 5th Anniversary Concerts: Set 3 (TRI 3/3)
 * 2000 – Five Fifteen – Silver Machine (Bluelight Records)
 * 2001 – Blue Horses – Ten Leagues Beyond World's End
 * 2003 – The Jalapeños – Tear It Up (3D Discs 0002)
 * 2004 – Spaceseed – Future Cities of the Past Part 1 (Project 9 Records)
 * 2004 – Michael Moorcock and the Deep Fix – Rollercoaster Holiday (Voiceprint, VP351CD) – demos recorded in 1975
 * 2005 – Muzak – Saturnia (Elektrohasch, ATHG-4127)
 * 2009 – Space Mirrors – Majestic-12: A Hidden Presence (Sleaszy Rider, SR-0082)
 * 2011 – Space Mirrors – Dreams of Area 51 vinyl split single w/Acid FM (Monsterfuzz, 002)
 * 2012 – Space Mirrors – In Darkness They Whisper (Transubstans, TRANS097)
 * 2012 – Dodson and Fogg – Dodson and Fogg (Wisdom Twins Records, WTR01)
 * 2013 – Space Mirrors – The Other Gods (Transubstans, TRANS109)
 * 2013 - Paradise 9 - "Take Me To The Future" (P9Recordings, P9CD0004)
 * 2013 - The Sensible Gray Cells - A Postcard from Britain - guest on "State of the Nation" and "Looking at You" (Easy Action, EARS051)
 * 2014 - Sex Drugs and HIV - Sex Drugs and HIV guest on "Hashish" and "Tortured Genious" (Plastichead HIV2CD001)
 * 2014 – Silverwing – Strange Daze Indeed (Audio-Nectar, ANSILVER-01)
 * 2014 - Poets Balladeers and Cheats - Mr H (Barium Villa Records BV0006)
 * 2014 - Sleepyard - Black Sails (Global Recording Artists, GRA 13442)
 * 2015 – Space Mirrors – The Street Remains (Atomic Age, AAR15-04)
 * 2015 – Space Mirrors – Stella Polaris (Atomic Age, AAR15-03)
 * 2015 - Spirits Burning - Starhawk (Gonzo Multimedia, HST323CD)
 * 2016 - Sendelica - I'll Walk With The Stars For You (Vincebus Eruptum, VELP013)
 * 2016 - Spirits Burning & Clearlight - The Roadmap In Your Head (Gonzo Multimedia, HST423CD)
 * 2017 - WARFARE the first brand new album in 25 years, narrating the classic brainstorm over a filthy riff [High Roller Records]Download (Nightmare Mix) Plastic Head Records.
 * 2022 - Spirits Burning Recollections Of Instrumentals (Purple Pyramid, CLO 3657)

Various artists

 * 1983 – " Field Marshal Slug; Punk Sax Live Genius. – Live.
 * 1985 – Hawkwind, Friends and Relations Volume 2 – "The Man with the Golden Arm"
 * 1995 – Saucerful of Pink: A Tribute to Pink Floyd – "Careful With That Axe Eugene"
 * 2017 – All Of Us Pilgrims - A tribute to music of Peter Hammill & Van Der Graaf Generator by musicians from The Top Of The World Club Facebook Group – "Pilgrims"
 * 2020 - Sex Drugs and HIV - The Studio Sessions DVD featuring on "Hashish" and "Tortured Genious" (Plastichead)
 * 2022 – Flipside Freaks Purple – "Purse" by Spirits Burning (Flicknife SHARP CD22124)

title: Nik Turner


text:
Renaissance (disambiguation)

The Renaissance (French for 'rebirth') was a period in European history in the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity. It initially developed from the Italian Renaissance.

Renaissance may also refer to:

Cultural movements

 * Dinosaur renaissance, renewed academic and popular interest in dinosaurs from the late 1960s
 * Neo-Renaissance, a group of 19th century architectural revival styles
 * Nuclear renaissance, a possible nuclear power industry revival

In Africa

 * African Renaissance, the concept that African people and nations shall achieve cultural, scientific, and economic renewal
 * Arab Renaissance (النهضة, an-Nahḍah), a cultural renaissance from the late 19th century in Egypt and the Arabic world
 * Ethiopian Renaissance, sociopolitical movement and national myth espousing positive attitude for traditions and history of Ethiopia

In the Americas

 * American Renaissance (disambiguation), several meanings
 * Chicago Black Renaissance, a creative movement in the 1930s and 1940s
 * Disney Renaissance, series of film releases from 1989-1999 by Walt Disney Animation Studios that saw the company achieve renewed critical and commercial success
 * Harlem Renaissance, an intellectual, social, and artistic explosion in 1920s New York City
 * Hawaiian Renaissance, a resurgence of distinct cultural identity
 * Native American Renaissance, an increase in literary works by Native Americans from the 1960s
 * San Francisco Renaissance, a range of poetic activity
 * Southern Renaissance (United States), the reinvigoration of American Southern literature in the 1920s and 1930s

In Asia and Oceania

 * Bengali Renaissance, a cultural, social, intellectual and artistic movement during the British Indian Empire
 * Islamic Renaissance, a revival of the Islamic religion (not to be confused with Islamic Golden Age)
 * Persian Renaissance, a period in history which saw the rise of various native Iranian Muslim dynasties in the Iranian Plateau after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Iran and the fall of Sasanian Empire.
 * Māori renaissance, a late-20th-century revival in New Zealand
 * Sumerian Renaissance, outdated term for a perceived renaissance of Sumerian literature during the Ur III period
 * Timurid Renaissance, religious, scientific, and artistic historical period from 14th to 16th century

In Europe

 * High Renaissance, a short period of exceptional artistic production in the Italian states around 1500
 * Italian Renaissance, a period from the 14th to 17th centuries
 * Macedonian Renaissance, the period of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire (867–1056)
 * Medical Renaissance, a period of progress in European medical knowledge from 1400 to 1700
 * The three medieval renaissances
 * Carolingian Renaissance, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire
 * Ottonian Renaissance, a renaissance of Byzantine and Late Antique art in Europe in the Ottonian dynasty (936–1002)
 * Renaissance of the 12th century, a period of change at the outset of the high Middle Ages
 * Portuguese Renaissance, a cultural and artistic movement in Portugal during the 15th and 16th centuries
 * Provençal Renaissance (Le Félibrige, Lo Felibritge or Lou Felibrige), a literary and cultural association in France
 * Roman Renaissance, from the mid-15th to the mid-16th centuries
 * Scottish Renaissance, a mainly literary movement of the early to mid-20th century
 * Sculpture in the Renaissance period, history of sculpture along the Renaissance period
 * Urban renaissance (UK), a recent period of repopulation and regeneration of many British cities
 * Yiddish Renaissance, a cultural and linguistic movement among Eastern European Jews in the late 19th century

Bands and labels

 * Renaissance (band), an English progressive rock band
 * Renaissance (club), a British electronic dance music club brand and record label
 * Renaissance Recordings, a British record label

Albums

 * Renaissance (The Association album), 1966
 * Renaissance (Beyoncé album), 2022
 * Renaissance (Branford Marsalis album), 1987
 * Renaissance (Cheyenne Jackson album), 2016
 * Renaissance (Diablo album), 2002
 * Renaissance (E.Town Concrete album), 2003
 * Renaissance (Lionel Richie album), 2000
 * Renaissance (Marcus Miller album), 2012
 * Renaissance (Mickey Finn's T. Rex album), 2002
 * Renaissance (The Miracles album), 1973
 * Renaissance (Mónica Naranjo album), 2019
 * The Renaissance (Q-Tip album), 2008
 * Renaissance (Rémy album), 2022
 * Renaissance (Renaissance album), 1969
 * Renaissance (Soweto String Quartet album), 1996
 * The Renaissance (Super Junior album), 2021
 * Renaissance (The Underachievers album), 2017
 * Renaissance (Vanilla Fudge album), 1968
 * Renaissance (Village People album), 1981
 * Renaissance: The Mix Collection, a 1994 album by Sasha & John Digweed
 * Renaissance, a 1992 album by Allen Eager
 * The Renaissance EP, by MxPx, 2001

Songs

 * "Renaissance" (song), by M People, 1994
 * "Renaissance", by Barry Harris from Vicissitudes, 1975
 * "Renaissance", by Eminem from The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce), 2024
 * "Renaissance", by Hell Razah from Renaissance Child, 2007
 * "Renaissance", by Jean-Luc Ponty from Aurora, 1976
 * "Renaissance", by Lalo Schifrin from The Dissection and Reconstruction..., 1966
 * "Renaissance", by Matt Kearney from Bullet, 2004
 * "Renaissance", by San Fermin from San Fermin, 2013
 * "Renaissance", by Tony Harris from Five, 2018
 * "Renaissance", by Trudy Pitts from A Bucketful of Soul, 1968
 * "Renaissance", by Virgin Black from Elegant... and Dying, 2003
 * "Renaissance", by WJSN from Dream Your Dream, 2018
 * "Renaissance 2.0", by R.A. the Rugged Man from Legendary Classics Volume 1, 2009
 * "La Renaissance", the national anthem of the Central African Republic

Film and television

 * Renaissance (1964 film), a French animated short
 * Renaissance (2006 film), or Paris 2054: Renaissance
 * Renaissance (TV show), a fictional show in the British TV series Moving Wallpaper
 * Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé, a 2023 documentary concert film by American singer Beyoncé

Literature

 * Renaissance (novel), by Raymond F. Jones, 1951
 * Renaissance Magazine, a publication about renaissance fairs

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * Renaissance (Bakalar), a 1989 public artwork
 * Renaissance (Fabergé egg), an 1894 jewelled agate Easter egg
 * Renaissance (game), a historical, roleplaying play-by-mail game
 * Ultima Online: Renaissance, a 2000 computer game expansion
 * Disney Renaissance, a period between late 80s and 90s during which Walt Disney Studios returned to producing critically and commercially successful animated films
 * Renaissance World Tour, a 2023 concert tour by American singer Beyoncé

Companies and establishments

 * Renaissance (demogroup), creators of the Zone 66 video game
 * Renaissance Ballroom & Casino, New York City, U.S.
 * Renaissance Books, a bookstore in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
 * Renaissance Broadcasting, an American TV broadcasting company
 * Renaissance Capital, a Russian investment bank
 * Renaissance Capital Bank, a Ukrainian financial institution
 * Renaissance Cinemas, an Egyptian cinema chain
 * Renaissance Credit, a Russian commercial bank
 * Renaissance Enterprises, an American nonprofit organization
 * Renaissance Hotels, a hotel brand
 * Renaissance Learning, a educational software company
 * Renaissance restaurant, a restaurant inside Scientology Celebrity Centre's Château Élysée building
 * Renaissance Technologies, a hedge fund management company
 * Renaissance Theatre Company, a theatre production company 1987–1992
 * Renaissance Theatre (Mansfield, Ohio), a movie theater

Politics

 * Renaissance (French political party), or En Marche
 * Renaissance (Italian political party)
 * Renaissance (Monegasque political party)
 * Renaissance Party (Egypt), founded 2011
 * Egypt Renaissance Party, made up of former members of the National Democratic Party
 * Ennahda, or Renaissance Party, in Tunisia
 * L’Europe Ensemble Delegation to the European Parliament, originally called Renaissance

Schools

 * Renaissance Academy (disambiguation), several uses
 * Renaissance Charter School (disambiguation), several uses
 * Renaissance College, in Hong Kong
 * Renaissance College of Commerce and Management, in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
 * Renaissance High School, in Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
 * Renaissance High School (Idaho), U.S.
 * Renaissance University, Nigeria

Sports

 * Renaissance FC, a football club in N'Djamena, Chad
 * Renaissance FC de Ngoumou, a football club in Ngoumou, Cameroon

Transportation

 * Renaissance Cruises, a Norwegian cruise ship operating company
 * Renaissance (railcar), a fleet of passenger cars in Canada
 * Renaissance Trains, a British rail transport company
 * List of ships named Renaissance

Other uses

 * Renaissance, Georgia, a rejected name for the city of South Fulton
 * Renaissance, Lewisham, a mixed-use development in London, England
 * Renaissance Community, a commune in the northeast United States 1968–1988
 * GNUstep Renaissance, a software development framework

title: Renaissance (disambiguation)


text:
Barathrum

Barathrum is a Finnish black-doom metal band, formed in 1990. The band's name is Latin for pit or abyss. The first letters of their eight full-length albums spell "HEIL SOVA" - referring to the band's frontman, Demonos Sova, who is the only original member of the band. Their music is stylistically similar to early black metal acts such as Venom and Celtic Frost. Their lyrics deal with occult and religious themes.

History
Barathrum was founded at Kuopio, Finland under a name of Darkfeast, which was changed into Barathrum the year after.

Barathrum recorded several demos during the years 1991-1993. After the demos, Barathrum signed to an underground German record label called Nazgul’s Eyrie Productions which released low budget studio albums "Hailstorm" (1995), "Eerie (1995)" and "Infernal" (1997) before the label went hiatus and left Barathrum as an unsigned artist.

The band signed to Spinefarm Records record label in 1998 and released five albums, ”Legions Of Perkele” (1998), "Saatana" (1999), ”Okkult" (2000), "Venomous" (2002) and ”Anno Aspera: 2003 Years After Bastard’s Birth” making Barathrum one of the most prominent bands in Finnish black metal scene.

After the years of hiatus, the band was signed to Finnish underground record label Saturnal Records and released their ninth full-length album "Fanatiko (2017)" in April 28th 2017.

Current line-up

 * Demonos Sova – All instruments, vocals
 * Anathemalignant – Guitar
 * Pelcepoop - Guitar
 * Nuklear Tormentörr – Bass
 * Ruttokieli - Bass
 * Pete Vendetta - Drums

Previous members

 * Aki Hytönen – guitars (1990–1992) (also in Demilich)
 * Ilu – drums (1990–1992)
 * Jetblack Roima (1990-1991, 2012-2016)
 * Niko – guitars (1992–1992)
 * Neva – guitars (1992–1992)
 * Bloodbeast – guitars (1992)
 * Necronom Dethstrike – drums (1992–1992)
 * Infernus – bass (1992–1996)
 * Reaper Sklethnor – guitars (1993–1994)
 * Destrukktorr – drums (1993–1994)
 * Crowl – bass (1994–1994)
 * Pimeä – drums (1995–1996)
 * Sulphur – guitars (1996)
 * Nattasett – drums (1998) (also in Darkwoods My Betrothed)
 * Warlord – guitars (1999)
 * Somnium – guitars (1999–2001) (also in Finntroll, Impaled Nazarene and Thy Serpent)
 * Beast Dominator – drums (1999) (also in Finntroll, Rapture and Shape of Despair)
 * Trollhorn – keyboards (2000–2001) (also in Ensiferum, Finntroll and Moonsorrow)
 * Anathemalignant – guitars (1997–1998, 2000–2004, 2007–2012)
 * Pelcepoop - guitars (2000-2007)
 * Abyssir – drums (2000–2007) (also in Ensiferum, Sinergy, ex-Waltari)
 * G'Thaur – Bass, Vocals (1996–2012) (also in Arthemesia and ex-Korpiklaani)
 * Agathon – Drums (2007–2010) (also in Soulgrind, ex-Thy Serpent, Walhalla, Gloomy Grim)
 * Avenger – Drums (ex-Goatmoon, ex-Dauntless) (2011–2012)

Studio albums

 * Hailstorm (1994)
 * Eerie (1995)
 * Infernal (1997)
 * Legions of Perkele (1998)
 * Saatana (1999)
 * Okkult (2000)
 * Venomous (2002)
 * Anno Aspera – 2003 Years After Bastard's Birth (2005)
 * Fanatiko (2017)

Live albums

 * Long Live Satan (2009)

EPs and singles

 * Devilry (EP, 1997)
 * Jetblack (1997, 7"EP, limited to 666 copies)
 * Black Flames and Blood (CDS, 2002)
 * Hellspawn (Single, 2017)

Demos

 * From Black Flames to Witchcraft (1991)
 * Witchmaster (1991)
 * Battlecry (1992)
 * Sanctissime Colere Satanas (1993)
 * Sanctus Satanas (Studio & Stage) (1993)
 * Soaring Up from Hell (1993)

title: Barathrum