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Jonathan Wild

Jonathan Wild, also spelled Wilde (1682 or 1683 – 24 May 1725), was a London underworld figure notable for operating on both sides of the law, posing as a public-spirited vigilante entitled the "Thief-Taker General". He simultaneously ran a significant criminal empire, and used his crimefighting role to remove rivals and launder the proceeds of his own crimes.

Wild exploited a strong public demand for action during a major 18th-century crime wave in the absence of any effective police force in London. As a powerful gang-leader himself, he became a master manipulator of legal systems, collecting the rewards offered for valuables which he had stolen himself, bribing prison guards to release his colleagues, and blackmailing any who crossed him. Wild was consulted on crime by the government due to his apparently remarkable prowess in locating stolen items and those who had stolen them.

Wild was responsible for the arrest and execution of Jack Sheppard, a petty thief and burglar who had won the public's affection as a lovable rogue. However, Wild's duplicity became known and his men began to give evidence against him. After a suicide attempt, he was hanged at Tyburn before a massive crowd.

Since his death, Wild has been featured in novels, poems and plays, some of them noting parallels between Wild and the contemporaneous Prime Minister Walpole, known as "The Great Corrupter".

Early life
Though his exact birth date is unknown, Jonathan Wild was born in Wolverhampton in either 1682 or 1683 – although he was also alleged to have been born in the nearby Shropshire village of Boningale – as the first of five children in a poor family. He was baptised at St. Peter's Collegiate Church, Wolverhampton. His father, John Wild, was a carpenter, and his mother sold herbs and fruits in the local market. At that time, Wolverhampton was the second-largest town in Staffordshire, with a population of around 6,000, many involved in iron-working and related trades.

Wild attended the Free School in St John's Lane and was apprenticed to a local buckle-maker. He married and had a son, but came to London in 1704 as a servant. After being dismissed by his master he returned to Wolverhampton, before coming back to London in 1708. London was by far the largest city in England, with a population of around 600,000, of whom around 70,000 lived within the ancient city walls of the City of London.

Little is known of Wild's first two years in London, but he was arrested for debt in March 1710 and sent to Wood Street Compter, one of the debtor's prisons in the City of London. The prisons were notoriously corrupt, with gaolers demanding a bribe, or "garnish", for any minor comfort. Wild became popular, running errands for the gaolers and eventually earning enough to repay his original debts and the cost of being imprisoned, and even lend money to other prisoners. He received "the liberty of the gate", meaning that he was allowed out at night to aid in the arrest of thieves. There, he met one Mary Milliner (or Mary Mollineaux), a prostitute who began to teach Wild criminal ways and, according to Daniel Defoe, "brought him into her own gang, whether of thieves or whores, or of both, is not much material". Wild was also introduced to a wide range of London's criminal underclass. With his new skills and contacts, Wild was released in 1712 under an Act of Parliament passed earlier that year for the relief of insolvent debtors.

Upon release, Wild began to live with Milliner as her husband in Lewkenor's Land (now Macklin Street) in Covent Garden, despite both of them having prior marriages. Wild apparently served as Milliner's tough when she went night-walking. Soon Wild was thoroughly acquainted with the underworld, with both its methods and its inhabitants. At some point during this period, Milliner had begun to act as something of a madam to other prostitutes, and Wild as a fence, or receiver of stolen goods. He began, slowly at first, to dispose of stolen goods and to pay bribes to get thieves out of prison. Wild later parted with Milliner, cutting off her ear to mark her as a prostitute.

Coming into his own
Crime had risen dramatically in London beginning in 1680, and property crime, in particular, rose sharply as London grew in importance as a commercial hub. In 1712 Charles Hitchen, Wild's forerunner and future rival as thief-taker, said that he personally knew 2,000 people in London who made their living solely by theft. In 1711, Hitchen had obtained public office as the City's Under Marshal, effectively its top policeman, paying £700 (£ in 2024) for the appointment. He abused his office, however, by practising extortion on an extravagant scale, both from thieves and from their potential victims. He would accept bribes to let thieves out of jail, selectively arrest criminals, and coerce sexual services from molly houses. Hitchen's testimony about the rise of crime was given during an investigation of these activities by the London Board of Aldermen, who suspended him from the Under Marshal position in 1713.

In around 1713, Wild was approached by Hitchen to become one of his assistants in thief-taking, a profitable activity on account of the £40 reward (£ in 2024) paid by the government for catching a felon. Wild may have become known to Hitchen's associates, known as his "Mathematicians", during his lengthy stay in Wood Street Compter; certainly one, William Field, later worked for Wild.

The advent of daily newspapers had led to a rising interest in crime and criminals. As the papers reported notable crimes and ingenious attacks, the public worried more and more about property crime and grew increasingly interested in the issues of criminals and policing. London depended entirely upon localised policing and had no citywide police force. Unease with crime was at a feverish high. The public was eager to embrace both colourful criminals (e.g. Jack Sheppard and the entirely upper-class gang called the "Mohocks" in 1712) and valiant crime-fighters. The city's population had more than doubled, and there was no effective means of controlling crime. London saw a rise not only in thievery, but in organised crime during the period.

The ending of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714 meant a further increase in crime as demobilised soldiers were on the streets. By this time, Hitchen was restored to his office but Wild went his own way, opening a small office in the Blue Boar tavern run by Mrs Seagoe in Little Old Bailey. Wild continued to call himself Hitchen's "Deputy", entirely without any official standing, and took to carrying a sword as a mark of his supposed authority, also alluding to pretensions of gentility.

Wild's public career as "Thief-Taker General"
It is believed that Wild's method of illegally amassing riches while appearing to be on the side of the law was ingenious. He ran a gang of thieves, kept the stolen goods, and waited for the crime and theft to be announced in the newspapers. At this point, he would claim that his "thief-taking agents" (bounty hunters) had found the stolen merchandise, and he would return it to its rightful owners for a reward (to cover the expenses of running his agents). In some cases, if the stolen items or circumstances allowed for blackmail, he did not wait for the theft to be announced. In addition to "recovering" these stolen goods, he would offer the police aid in finding the thieves. The thieves that Wild would help to "discover", however, were rivals or members of his own gang who had refused to cooperate with his taking the majority of the money. Wild's ability to hold his gang together, and indeed the majority of his scheme, relied upon the fear of theft and the nation's reaction to theft. The crime of selling stolen goods became increasingly dangerous between 1700 and 1720, such that low-level thieves ran a great risk in fencing their goods. Wild avoided this danger and exploited it simultaneously by having his gang steal, either through pickpocketing or, more often, mugging, and then by "recovering" the goods. He never sold the goods back, explicitly, nor ever pretended that they were not stolen. He claimed at all times that he found the goods by policing and avowed hatred of thieves. That very penalty for selling stolen goods, however, allowed Wild to control his gang very effectively, for he could turn in any of his thieves to the authorities at any time. By giving the goods to him for a cut of the profits, Wild's thieves were selling stolen goods. If they did not give their take to him, Wild would simply apprehend them as thieves. However, what Wild chiefly did was use his thieves and ruffians to "apprehend" rival gangs.

Wild was not the first thief-taker who was actually a thief himself. Hitchen had used his position as Under Marshal to practise extortion, pressuring brothels and pickpockets to pay him off. When Hitchen was suspended from his duties for corruption in 1712, he engaged Wild to keep his business of extortion going in his absence. Hitchen was reinstated in 1714 and found that Wild was now a rival, and one of Wild's first acts of gang warfare was to eliminate as many of the thieves in Hitchen's control as he could. In 1718, Hitchen attempted to expose Wild with his manuscript, A True Discovery of the Conduct of Receivers and Thief-Takers in and about the City of London, in which he named Wild as a manager and source of crime.

Wild replied with a manuscript of his own, An Answer to a Late Insolent Libel, and there explained that Hitchen was a homosexual who visited "molly houses" (homosexual brothels). Hitchen attempted to further combat Wild with a pamphlet entitled The Regulator, which was his characterization of Wild, but Hitchen's prior suspensions from duties and the shocking (at that time) charge of homosexuality virtually eliminated him as a threat to Wild.

Wild held a virtual monopoly on crime in London, and legends arose surrounding his management of his "empire." One held that he kept records of all thieves in his employ, and when they had outlived their usefulness he would sell them to the gallows for the £40 reward. This supposed system inspired a fake or folk etymology of the phrase "double cross": it was alleged that, when a thief vexed Wild in some way, he put a cross by the thief's name; a second cross condemned the man to be sold to the Crown for hanging. (This story is contradicted by the fact that the noun "double cross" did not enter English usage until 1834.)

Wild publicly presented an heroic face. In 1718 he called himself "Thief Taker General of Great Britain and Ireland". By his testimony, over sixty thieves were sent to the gallows. His "finding" of lost merchandise was private, but his efforts at finding thieves were public. Wild's office in the Old Bailey was a busy spot. Victims of crime would come by, even before announcing their losses, and discover that Wild's agents had "found" the missing items, and Wild would offer to help find the criminals for an extra fee. However, while fictional treatments made use of the device, it is not known whether or not Wild ever actually turned in one of his own gang for a private fee.

In 1720, Wild's fame was such that the Privy Council consulted with him on methods of controlling crime. His recommendation was, unsurprisingly, that the rewards for evidence against thieves be raised. Indeed, the reward for capturing a thief went from £40 to £140 within the year, amounting to a significant pay increase for Wild.

There is some evidence that Wild was favoured, or at least ignored, by the Whig politicians and opposed by the Tory politicians. In 1718, a Tory group had succeeded in having the laws against receiving stolen property tightened, primarily with Wild's activities in mind. Ironically, these laws had the opposite intended effect of strengthening Wild's hand, for it made it more difficult for thieves to fence their goods except through Wild.

Wild's battles with thieves made excellent press. Wild himself would approach the papers with accounts of his derring-do, and the papers passed these on to a concerned public. Thus, in the summer of 1724, the papers carried accounts of Wild's heroic efforts in collecting twenty-one members of the Carrick Gang (with an £800 reward — approximately £ in 2024). When one of the members of the gang was released, Wild pursued him and had him arrested on "further information". To the public, this seemed like a relentless defence of order. In reality, it was gang warfare disguised as a national service.

When Wild solicited for a finder's fee, he usually held all the power in the transaction. For example, David Nokes quotes (based on Howson) the following advertisement from the Daily Post in 1724 in his edition of Henry Fielding's The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great:

""Lost, the 1st of October, a black shagreen Pocket-Book, edged with Silver, with some Notes of Hand. The said Book was lost in the Strand, near Fountain Tavern, about 7 or 8 o'clock at Night. If any Person will bring aforementioned Book to Mr Jonathan Wild, in the Old Bailey, he shall have a Guinea reward.""

The advertisement is extortion. The "notes of hand" (agreements of debt) means signatures, so Wild already knows the name of the notebook's owner. Furthermore, Wild tells the owner through the ad that he knows what its owner was doing at the time, since the Fountain Tavern was a brothel. The real purpose of the ad is to threaten the owner with announcing his visit to a bordello, either to the debtors or the public, and it even names a price for silence (a guinea, or one pound and one shilling).

The Jack Sheppard struggle and downfall
By 1724, London political life was experiencing a crisis of public confidence. The South Sea Bubble had burst four years earlier, and the public was growing restive about corruption. Authority figures were beginning to be viewed with scepticism. In April 1724, the most famous housebreaker of the era, Jack Sheppard, was apprehended by one of Wild's men, James "Hell-and-Fury" Sykes, for a burglary Sheppard had committed in Clare Market on 5 February. Sheppard had worked with Wild in the past, though he had struck out on his own. Consequently, as with other arrests, Wild's interests in saving the public from Sheppard were personal.

Sheppard was imprisoned in St Giles's Roundhouse, but escaped within three hours. On 19 May, Wild again had Sheppard arrested for pickpocketing, and this time he was put in St. Ann's Roundhouse in Soho, where he was visited by Elizabeth "Edgworth Bess" Lyon the next day; she too was locked up with him and, being recognised as man and wife, they were sent to the New Prison at Clerkenwell. They both escaped on 25 May. In July, Field informed Wild about Sheppard, so Wild sought for Lyon on 22 July and plied her with drinks at Temple Bar until she betrayed Sheppard.

The following day, Wild sent another one of his men, Quilt Arnold, and had Sheppard arrested a third time and put into Newgate Prison to await trial. On 13 August Sheppard was tried on three charges of burglary, but was acquitted of the first two due to lack of evidence. However, Wild, along with Field and William Kneebone, Sheppard's former master, presented evidence against him on the final charge of the burglary of Kneebone's house on 12 July; Sheppard was convicted, sentenced to death, and put in the condemned hold of Newgate Prison.

On the night that the death warrant arrived, 31 August, Sheppard once again escaped. By this point, he was a working class hero for apprentices (being a cockney apprentice in love, non-violent, and handsome). On 9 September, Sheppard avoided capture by Wild's men, but he was caught for a fourth time by a posse from Newgate as he hid out on Finchley Common. Sheppard was returned to Newgate and placed in the most secure room of the prison. Further, Sheppard was put in shackles and chained to the floor.

Meanwhile, on 9 October, Wild and his men arrested Joseph "Blueskin" Blake, a highwayman and Sheppard's partner-in-crime. On 15 October, Blueskin was tried for the same act of burglary committed on 12 July, with Wild, Field, and his men giving evidence. Their accounts were not consistent with the evidence given at Sheppard's trial, but Blueskin was convicted and sentenced to death anyway. After the trial, Blueskin pleaded with Wild in the courtroom to have his death sentence commuted to transportation (since he had worked with Wild before), but Wild refused. Enraged, Blueskin attempted to murder Wild, slashing his throat with a pocketknife and causing an uproar. Wild collapsed and was taken to a surgeon for treatment.

Taking advantage of the disturbance that spread to Newgate next door and continued into the night, Sheppard escaped yet again on 16 October. He had broken the chains, padlocks, and six iron-barred doors. This escape astonished everyone, and Daniel Defoe, working as a journalist, wrote an account. In the early morning on 1 November, Sheppard was found for a fifth and final time by a constable and arrested. This time, he was placed in the centre of Newgate, where he could be observed at all times, and loaded with three hundred pounds of iron weights. He was so celebrated that the gaolers charged high society visitors to see him, and James Thornhill painted his portrait.

On 11 November, Blueskin was hanged. Five days later, Sheppard was similarly hanged at Tyburn. Wild did not attend either of the executions, as he was confined to his bed for several weeks while the injury to his throat was healing.

Wild's inability to control Sheppard, and his injuries at the hands of Blueskin, combined with a change of public sentiment regarding authority figures, led to his downfall. As he recuperated from his injury, his control over his criminal gang also slipped, and he became despised. After his recovery, Wild used violence to perform a jailbreak for one of his gang members. Being searched for, he went into hiding for several weeks and returned to business when he thought the affair had blown over. On 6 February 1725, Wild was summoned to Leicester House, where he failed to recover a gold watch for one of his attendants because of the jailbreak and the incident with Blueskin at the Old Bailey.

Arrest, trial and execution
On 15 February, Wild and Arnold were arrested for the jailbreak. Wild was placed in Newgate, where he continued to attempt to run his business. In the illustration from the True Effigy (top of page), Wild is pictured in Newgate, still with notebook in hand to account for goods coming in and going out of his office. Evidence was presented against Wild for the violent jailbreak and for having stolen jewels during the previous August's installation of Knights of the Garter.

The public's mood had shifted; they supported the average man and resented authority figures. Wild's trial occurred at the same time as that of the Lord Chancellor, Lord Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, for taking £100,000 in bribes. With the changing tide, it appeared at last to Wild's gang that their leader would not escape and they began to come forward. Slowly, gang members began to turn evidence on him, until all of his activities, including his grand scheme of running and then hanging thieves, became known. Additionally, evidence was offered as to Wild's frequent bribery of public officers.

Wild's final trial occurred at the Old Bailey on 15 May. He was tried on two indictments of privately stealing 50 yd of lace from Catherine Statham (a lace-seller who had visited him in prison on 10 March) at Holborn on 22 January. He was acquitted of the first charge, but with Statham's evidence presented against him on the second charge, he was convicted and sentenced to death. Terrified, Wild asked for a reprieve but was refused. He could not eat or go to church, and suffered from insanity and gout.

On the morning of his execution, in fear of death, Wild attempted suicide by drinking a large dose of laudanum, but because he was weakened by fasting, he vomited violently and sank into a coma from which he would not awaken. When he was taken to the gallows at Tyburn on 24 May 1725, Defoe said that the crowd was far larger than any they had seen before and that, instead of any celebration or commiseration with the condemned,

""Wherever he came, there was nothing but hollowing and huzzas, as if it had been upon a triumph.""

Wild's hanging was a great event, and tickets were sold in advance for the best vantage points (see the reproduction of the gallows ticket). Even in a year with a great many macabre spectacles, Wild drew an especially large and boisterous crowd. Eighteen-year-old Henry Fielding was in attendance. Wild was accompanied by William Sperry and the two Roberts: Sanford and Harpham; three of the four prisoners who had been condemned to die with Wild a few days before. Because he was heavily drugged, Wild was the last to die after the three of them, without any difficulty that had happened at Sheppard's execution. The hangman, Richard Arnet, had been a guest at Wild's wedding.

In the dead of night, Wild's body was buried in secret at the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church next to Elizabeth Mann, his third wife and one of his many lovers (who had died in about 1718), as he had wished. His burial was only temporary. In the 18th century, autopsies and dissections were performed on the most notorious criminals, and consequently Wild's body was exhumed and sold to the Royal College of Surgeons for dissection. His skeletal remains are on public display in the Royal College's Hunterian Museum in Lincoln's Inn Fields.

Literary treatments
Jonathan Wild is famous today not so much for setting the example for organised crime as for the uses satirists made of his story. When he was hanged, the papers were filled with accounts of his life, collections of his sayings, farewell speeches and the like. Defoe wrote one narrative for Applebee's Journal in May and then had published True and Genuine Account of the Life and Actions of the Late Jonathan Wild in June 1725. This work competed with another that claimed to have excerpts from Wild's diaries. The illustration above is from the frontispiece to the "True Effigy of Mr. Jonathan Wild," a companion piece to one of the pamphlets purporting to offer the thief-taker's biography.

Criminal biography was a genre. These works offered a touching account of need, a fall from innocence, sex, violence and then repentance or a tearful end. Public fascination with the dark side of human nature and with the causes of evil has never waned, and the market for mass-produced accounts was large.

By 1701, there had been a Lives of the Gamesters (often appended to Charles Cotton's The Compleat Gamester), about notorious gamblers. In 1714, Captain Alexander Smith had written the best-selling Complete Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen. Defoe himself was no stranger to this market: his Moll Flanders was published in 1722. By 1725, Defoe had written a History and a Narrative of the life of Sheppard (see above). Moll Flanders may be based on the life of one Moll King, who lived with Mary Mollineaux/Milliner, Wild's first mistress.

What differs about the case of Wild is that it was not simply a crime story. Parallels between Wild and Robert Walpole were instantly drawn, especially by the Tory authors of the day. Mist's Weekly Journal (one of the more rough-speaking Tory journals) drew a parallel between the figures in May 1725, when the hanging was still in the news.

The parallel is most important for John Gay's The Beggar's Opera in 1728. The main story of the Beggar's Opera focuses on the episodes between Wild and Sheppard. In the opera, the character of Peachum stands in for Wild (who stands in for Walpole), while the figure of Macheath stands in for Sheppard (who stands in for Wild and/or the chief officers of the South Sea Company). Robert Walpole himself saw and enjoyed Beggar's Opera without realising that he was its intended target. Once he did realise it, he banned the sequel opera, Polly, without staging. This prompted Gay to write to a friend, "For writing in the cause of virtue and against the fashionable vices, I have become the most hated man in England almost."

In 1742, Walpole lost his position of power in the British House of Commons. He was created a peer and moved to the House of Lords, from where he still directed the Whig majority in Commons for years. In 1743, Henry Fielding's The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great appeared in the third volume of Miscellanies.

Fielding is merciless in his attack on Walpole. In his work, Wild stands in for Walpole directly, and, in particular, he invokes the Walpolean language of the "Great Man". Walpole had come to be described by both the Whig and then, satirically, by the Tory political writers as the "Great Man", and Fielding has his Wild constantly striving, with stupid violence, to be "Great". "Greatness," according to Fielding, is only attained by mounting to the top stair (of the gallows). Fielding's satire also consistently attacks the Whig party by having Wild choose, among all the thieves cant terms (several lexicons of which were printed with the Lives of Wild in 1725), "prig" to refer to the profession of burglary. Fielding suggests that Wild becoming a Great Prig was the same as Walpole becoming a Great Whig: theft and the Whig party were never so directly linked.

The figures of Peachum and Macheath were picked up by Bertolt Brecht for his updating of Gay's opera as The Threepenny Opera. The Sheppard character, Macheath, is the "hero" of the song Mack the Knife.

In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes novel, The Valley of Fear, the arch-villain Professor Moriarty is referred to as a latter-day Jonathan Wild by Holmes:

""Everything comes in circles—even Professor Moriarty. Jonathan Wild was the hidden force of the London criminals, to whom he sold his brains and his organization on a fifteen per cent. commission. The old wheel turns, and the same spoke comes up.""

In 2000, Jonathan Wild appeared as a character in the David Liss novel A Conspiracy of Paper, ISBN 0-8041-1912-0. Jonathan Wild is also the title character in the 2005–2006 Phantom stories "Jonathan Wild: King of Thieves" and "Jonathan Wild: Double Cross".

In 2014, author Aaron Skirboll released The Thief-Taker Hangings: How Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Wild, and Jack Sheppard Captivated London and Created the Celebrity Criminal.

In 2015, Jonathan Wild appeared as a character in the Paul Tobin (author) Eisner-nominated (2015) graphic novel I Was the Cat, drawn by Benjamin Dewey.

Jake Arnott featured him as one of the main characters in his 2017 novel The Fatal Tree.

Jonathan Wild has an important role in the background to the fantasy novel The Hanging Tree, the sixth part of Ben Aaronovitch's Rivers of London series. Much of the book's plot revolves around a secret magical treatise by Isaac Newton, which was stolen by Jonathan Wild and disappeared for centuries, only to reappear in the underworld of 21st-century London.

Confessions of the Fox, a novel by Jordy Rosenberg (2018), mostly about Jack Sheppard, has Wild as an important character.

In popular culture
":"I was a highwayman
 * In 1969, James Clavell's screenplay for the film Where's Jack? told the story of Jack Shepherd (Tommy Steele) with Wild (Stanley Baker) being depicted as a suave and sinister criminal mastermind.
 * Songwriter Jimmy Webb describes Wild's life and subsequent hanging in the 1977 song "Highwayman". A 1985 recording by the country music supergroup The Highwaymen entered the Hot Country Songs Billboard chart on 18 May 1985, rising to number 1, and spending 20 weeks total on the chart. Webb had a dream that he was a highwayman, which initially inspired the writing of the song. The first verse describes the life of a character who, like Wild, was executed in "the spring of twenty-five":
 * Along the coach roads I did ride
 * With sword and pistol by my side
 * Many a young maid lost her baubles to my trade
 * Many a soldier shed his lifeblood on my blade
 * The bastards hung me in the spring of twenty-five
 * But I am still alive.""

 * In the 1999 film Plunkett & Macleane, Wild was the inspiration for the film's antagonist; the psychopathic Thief Taker General Chance, played by Ken Stott.

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Stoglav Synod

The Stoglav Synod (Стоглавый Собор), also translated as the Hundred Chapter Synod or Council of a Hundred Chapters, was a church council (sobor) held in Moscow in 1551, with the participation of  Tsar Ivan IV, Metropolitan Macarius (presiding), other higher clergy, and representatives of the Boyar Duma. It convened in January and February 1551, with some final sessions as late as May of that year. Its decrees are known as the Stoglav.

Purpose and decisions
"In 1551, the Tsar summoned a synod of the Russian Church to discuss the ritual practices that had grown up in Russia which did not conform with those of the Greek Church. The decrees issued by the Synod, known as the Stoglav, rule that they were all correct. This unilaterial decision shocked many of the Orthodox. The monks of Athos protested and the Russian monks there regarded the decisions of the synods as invalid."

The Stoglav Synod was called under the government’s initiative which aspired to support the church in struggle against anti-feudal heretical movements and simultaneously to subordinate its secular authority.

The Stoglav Synod proclaimed the inviolability of church properties and the exclusive jurisdiction of church courts over ecclesiastical matters. At the demand of the church hierarchy the government cancelled the tsar's jurisdiction over ecclesiastics. In exchange, members of the Stoglav Synod made concessions to the government in a number of other areas (prohibition for monasteries to found new large villages in cities, etc.).

By decisions of the Stoglav Synod, church ceremonies and duties in the whole territory of Russia were unified, and norms of church life were regulated with the purpose of increasing the educational and moral level of the clergy to ensure they would correctly fulfill their duties, such as creation of schools for preparation of priests. In particular, the Sobor forbade the tradition of polyphony and other shortcuts in liturgy.

The church authorities' control over the activities of book writers, icon painters, and others, was firmly established.

The decisions of the Stoglav Synod that approved the native Russian rituals at the expense of those accepted in Greece and other Orthodox countries were cancelled by the Moscow Sobor of 1666–1667, which furthered the great schism of the Russian church known as the Raskol.

Church code
The synod produced a church code named The Synodal Code of the Russian Orthodox Church Synod. It was phrased as a record of questions of the Tsar to the clergy with their answers. By the end of the 16th century the text of the Code was divided into 100 chapters (or "Sto glav" in Russian), and had become commonly referred to as the Stoglav. Accordingly, since these times the Sobor acquired the name "Stoglav Synod". The Stoglav was the basic code of canon law as well as a guide to the everyday life of the Muscovite clergy. There are many hand-written editions of the "Stoglav".

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Plettenberg

Plettenberg (Westphalian: Plettmert) is a town in the Märkischer Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography
Plettenberg is located to the west of the Sauerland hills. The highest elevation of the town area is in the Ebbe Mountains with 663 m above sea level, the lowest elevation with 194 m near Teindeln. The town is spread out between the four valleys of the rivers Lenne, Else, Oesterbach and Grüne (Oester).

Division of the town
Plettenberg consists of 5 districts:
 * Plettenberg (town centre) (14,012 inhabitants)
 * Eiringhausen (4,905 inhabitants)
 * Holthausen/upper Elsetal (3,985 inhabitants)
 * Oestertal (3,055 inhabitants)
 * Ohle (2,825 inhabitants)

History
Probably the first written proof of Plettenberg was made in a document from Grafschaft Abbey of Anno II, archbishop of Cologne, at that time named Heslipho. The name was later changed to Plettenberg, as the name of the noble family von Plettenberg, who owned virtually all of the town and surrounding lands.

The Dukes of the Mark bought the town from Cologne, who in 1301 built the castle Schwarzenberg (which was destroyed by fire in 1864). In 1387, Count Engelbert III granted the town some privileges, it received full town rights in 1397 from Count Dietrich von der Mark. At the same time, the town was fortified. The town blossomed in the following centuries thanks to mining and iron casting, as well as trading with the Hanseatic League.

In 1941, the town was enlarged to its current size, when the former town and the surrounding Amt were merged.

Population development
The number of inhabitants till 1933 is the core town, since 1998 with the incorporated districts.

Mayors

 * 1902–1924: Rudolf Emil Gottlob Köhler
 * 1925–1930: Ludwig Schneider
 * 1934–1938: Engelbert Wahle
 * 1945–1948: Wilhelm Ding (SPD)
 * 1948–1951: Karl Halfmann (CDU)
 * 1951–1954: Emil Arndt (SPD)
 * 1954–1956: Paul Thomee (FDP)
 * 1956–1960: Heinz Chmill (SPD)
 * 1960–1964: Wilhelm Wicker (CDU)
 * 1964–1983: Heinz Baberg (SPD)
 * 1984–1986: Udo Scheepers (SPD)
 * 1986–1999: Otto Klehm (SPD)
 * 1999–2004: Walter Stahlschmidt
 * 2004–2015: Klaus Müller (SPD)
 * since 2015: Ulrich Schulte

Twin towns – sister cities
Plettenberg is twinned with:
 * 🇦🇹 Bludenz, Austria (1988)
 * 🇩🇪 Schleusingen, Germany (1990)

Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows the coat of arms of the counts of Mark in the center. It is displayed between two towers. The coat of arms was granted together with the town rights. In 1794, the crown atop the shield was added in seals of the town. In 1840, the colored version on a shield was adopted.

In 1912, the town council agreed on the historical coat of arms, but the Königliche Heroldsamt in Berlin, which was responsible for the official approval, denied it - at that time the coat of arms of cities were supposed to be crowned by a town wall. However the town council did not want to repeat the symbols (town wall and crown) which was already present in the coat of arms, thus the coat of arms was not officially granted.

After Plettenberg merged with the municipalities of Plettenberg-Land and Ohle in 1940, the council had to decide on the coat of arms again. This time it was officially granted on September 28, 1942, however provisionally due to the war. Yet after the lost war, the coat of arms was never revoked.

The coat of arms of the municipality of Plettenberg-Land showed a silver-blue shield split vertically, the symbol of the master of Plettenberg. It is overlaid with the red-and-white chequered bar of the Mark. The coat of arms was designed by Otto Hupp, and was granted on January 16, 1935. The coat of arms of the Amt Plettenberg was very similar, it only had an additional red shell in the top-left-hand corner as the symbol of the masters of Ohle. Also designed by Otto Hupp it was granted on July 13, 1936.

The coat of arms of the municipality of Ohle shows the Saint Martin of Tours splitting his cloak to share with the beggar. Saint Martin is the patron saint of the church of Ohle. A small escutcheon is placed next to the Saint, showing a red shell on a yellow background, the symbol of the masters of Ohle. The coat of arms was also designed by Otto Hupp, and was granted on October 17, 1935.

Notable people

 * William C. Edenborn (1848–1926), businessman, inventor and philanthropist
 * Carl Schmitt (1888–1985), philosopher, jurist, political theorist and professor of law
 * Ruth Eweler (1913–1947), actress
 * Eike Wilm Schulte (born 1939), opera singer
 * Rolf Steininger (born 1942), historian and university professor for contemporary history
 * Max Otte (born 1964), German-American economist, author and political activist
 * Michael Bartels (born 1968), racing driver
 * Markus Dworrak (born 1978), footballer

title: Plettenberg


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What's Happening

What's Happening or What's Happenin' may refer to:

 * What's Happening (album), by Katalyst, 2007
 * What's Happening? (EP), by B1A4, 2013
 * What's Happening!!, an American television sitcom that aired on ABC from 1976 to 1979
 * What's Happening Now!!, a sequel that first aired on ABC from 1985–1988
 * "What's Happenin!", a song by Ying Yang Twins
 * "What's Happenin'", a song by Method Man from Tical 0: The Prequel, 2004
 * "What's Happenin'", a song by Juvenile from Reality Check, 2006
 * "What's Happening?!?!", a song by the Byrds from Fifth Dimension, 1966

title: What's Happening


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Maasim

Maasim, officially the Municipality of Maasim (Lungsod sa Maasim; Bayan ng Maasim; Inged nu Maasim, Jawi: ايڠد نو ماسم), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Sarangani, Philippines. According to 2020 census, it had a population of 64,940 people.

Barangays
Maasim is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
 * Amsipit
 * Bales
 * Colon
 * Daliao
 * Kabatiol
 * Kablacan
 * Kamanga
 * Kanalo
 * Lumasal
 * Lumatil
 * Malbang
 * Nomoh
 * Pananag
 * Poblacion (Maasim)
 * Seven Hills
 * Tinoto

Demographics
The majority of the population are Moro and Lumad origin. One of the indigenous peoples living in mountainous areas of Maasim is known as Bla'an.

Economy
The economy of Maasim is largely based on agriculture with a high level production of copra (dried coconut meat). Animal husbandry is the second biggest income earner, notably cattle farming. Other agricultural products are coconuts, maize, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, eggs, beef, and fish.

The economy has accelerated in the past decade, driven by advances in global communication technology and the finishing of a modern highway that greatly improved trade and transport.

Kamanga Power Plant
KPP announced on June 3, 2008, that Alcantara-controlled Conal Holdings Co. would build in mid-2009 the $450 million 200-megawatt clean coal Kamanga Power Plant, in Maasim, Saranggani. The plant was expected to supply part of Mindanao's baseload power requirements when it is operational in 2012.

title: Maasim


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Marvel Comics Presents

Marvel Comics Presents is an American comic book anthology title that was published in three series by Marvel Comics: from 1988 to 1995; 2007 to 2008; and in 2019.

Volume 1
The first volume was released on a bi-weekly basis and lasted for 175 issues. Each issue had four eight-page stories, of which generally two were episodes in ongoing serials and two were one-part stories. The one-part stories generally featured obscure or little-seen characters from the Marvel Universe, and often featured work by creators previously unpublished in the comics field, including Scott Lobdell (a later X-Men writer), who started work under the editorship of Tom DeFalco.

The original plan was for the lead story to feature different members of the X-Men in solo adventures lasting between eight and ten episodes. The first ten issues featured Wolverine; others featured were Colossus, Cyclops, Havok, and Excalibur. From issues #38 through #142, Wolverine was the featured character of the series. Particularly notable during this run was "Weapon X" in issues #72–84, which revealed the origin of how Wolverine received his adamantium skeleton, with story and art by Barry Windsor-Smith. Wolverine returned for one more featured run in the series from issues #150 through #155.

Later, the Ghost Rider was added to the series as a "co-lead" feature, and the book adopted a "flip-book" format, thereby allowing each of the two characters cover billing. Over time, other characters, such as Man-Thing, Falcon, Black Panther, Lunatik, and the New Warriors received cover billing as well.

Several of the Wolverine storylines have since been collected and reprinted in trade paperback format. The first volume features Wolverine's first adventures in Madripoor, a fictional island that became Wolverine's second home during the late 1980s, as well as the "introduction" of Tyger Tiger.

Other notable highlights include the first appearance of Ramonda, mother to Shuri and step-mother to T'Challa (issue #14), the first appearance of Damage Control (issue #19), a wrestling match between the Hulk and a Hulk Hogan facsimile (issue #45), the first appearance of Siege (issue #62), the first appearance of Cyber (issue #85, by Peter David and Sam Kieth), and the first ever meeting of Wolverine and Venom (issue #117).

Volume 2
In 2007 the anthology series returned, also including work by creators previously unpublished in the comics field. The series' editors were Warren Simons, Nick Lowe, Andy Schmidt, and John Barber. The series hosted two 12-part stories (The Vanguard super-team and Weapon Omega) and a host of short one-part to five-part stories involving a variety of characters within the Marvel Universe. The series was cancelled with issue #12.

Volume 3
In 2019, the anthology series returned.

Collected editions

 * Wolverine: Save the Tiger!/Marvel Comics Presents Wolverine Vol. 1 (vol. 1) #1–10
 * The Man-Thing by Steve Gerber Vol. 3 (vol. 1) #1-12
 * Shang-Chi, Master of Kung-Fu Omnibus Vol. 4 (vol. 1) #1–8
 * Colossus: God's Country (vol. 1) #10–17
 * Black Panther: Panther's Quest (vol. 1) #13–37
 * Speedball Classic (vol. 1) #14, 56
 * Cyclops: Retribution (vol. 1) #17–24
 * The Sensational She-Hulk by John Byrne (vol. 1) #18
 * Incredible Hulk by Peter David Omnibus Vol. 1 (vol. 1) #26
 * Excalibur Epic Collection: The Sword is Drawn (vol. 1) #31–38
 * Marvel Comics Presents Wolverine Vol. 2 (vol. 1) #39–50
 * Hercules: Full Circle (vol. 1) #39-41
 * Incredible Hulk by Peter David Omnibus Vol. 1 (vol. 1) #45
 * Silver Surfer Epic Collection: Thanos Quest (vol. 1) #50
 * Marvel Comics Presents Wolverine Vol. 3 (vol. 1) #51–61
 * Avengers: Scarlet Witch (vol. 1) #60-63, 143-144
 * Marvel Comics Presents Wolverine Vol. 4 (vol. 1) #62–71
 * Wolverine and Ghost Rider in Acts of Vengeance (vol. 1) #64–70
 * Silver Surfer Epic Collection: The Infinity Gauntlet (vol. 1) #69, 93–97
 * Wolverine: Weapon X (vol. 1) #72–84
 * Excalibur Epic Collection: Girls' School From Heck (vol. 1) #75
 * X-Men Origins: Firestar (vol. 1) #82-87
 * Wolverine: Blood Hungry (vol. 1) #85–92
 * Wolverine: Prehistory (vol. 1) #93–98
 * Infinity War (vol. 1) #108-111
 * Wolverine: Typhoid's Kiss (vol. 1) #109–116
 * Daredevil: Typhoid's Kiss (vol. 1) #109–116, 123–130, 150–151
 * Iron Fist: Book of Changes (vol. 1) #111, 113–118, 125–137, 140–141
 * Wolverine vs. the Marvel Universe (vol. 1) #117–122
 * Avengers: Hawkeye - Earth's Mightiest Marksman (vol. 1) #159-161
 * War Machine/The Invincible Iron Man: Hands of the Mandarin (vol. 1) #169-172
 * Patsy Walker: Hellcat (vol. 2) #1–4
 * Marvel Comics Presents Weapon Omega (vol. 2) #1–12

title: Marvel Comics Presents


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User talk:Simforrest

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Simforrest


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Ergosterol

Ergosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol) is a mycosterol found in cell membranes of fungi and protozoa, serving many of the same functions that cholesterol serves in animal cells. Because many fungi and protozoa cannot survive without ergosterol, the enzymes that synthesize it have become important targets for drug discovery. In human nutrition, ergosterol is a provitamin form of vitamin D2; exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light causes a chemical reaction that produces vitamin D2.

Role in fungi
Ergosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol) is a sterol found in fungi, and named after ergot, the common name of members of the fungal genus Claviceps from which ergosterol was first isolated. Ergosterol is a component of yeast and other fungal cell membranes, serving many of the same functions that cholesterol serves in animal cells. Its specificity in higher fungi is thought to be related to the climatic instabilities (highly varying humidity and moisture conditions) encountered by these organisms in their typical ecological niches (plant and animal surfaces, soil). Thus, despite the added energy requirements of ergosterol synthesis (if compared to cholesterol), ergosterol is thought to have evolved as a nearly ubiquitous, evolutionarily advantageous fungal alternative to cholesterol. This advantage could be linked to the presence of two conjugated double bonds in the structure (B-ring) of ergosterol giving it antioxidant properties.

Target for antifungal drugs
Because ergosterol is present in cell membranes of fungi, yet absent in those of animals, it is a useful target for antifungal drugs. Ergosterol is also present in the cell membranes of some protists, such as trypanosomes. This is the basis for the use of some antifungals against West African sleeping sickness.

Amphotericin B, an antifungal drug, targets ergosterol. It binds physically to ergosterol within the membrane, thus creating a polar pore in fungal membranes. This causes ions (predominantly potassium and hydrons) and other molecules to leak out, which will kill the cell. Amphotericin B has been replaced by safer agents in most circumstances, but is still used, despite its side effects, for life-threatening fungal or protozoan infections.

Fluconazole, miconazole, itraconazole, clotrimazole, and myclobutanil work in a different way, inhibiting synthesis of ergosterol from lanosterol by interfering with 14α-demethylase. Ergosterol is a smaller molecule than lanosterol; it is synthesized by combining two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a 15-carbon-long terpenoid, into lanosterol, which has 30 carbons. Then, two methyl groups are removed, making ergosterol. The "azole" class of antifungal agents inhibit the enzyme that performs these demethylation steps in the biosynthetic pathway between lanosterol and ergosterol.

Target for antiprotozoal drugs
Some protozoa, including Trichomonas and Leishmania are inhibited by drugs that target ergosterol synthesis and function

As a vitamin D2 precursor
Ergosterol is a biological precursor of vitamin D2, the chemical name of which is ergocalciferol. Exposure of white button mushrooms to UV-C irradiation at 0.403 mW per cm2 intensity from 30 cm distance produced time-dependent increases in vitamin D2 concentrations.

This happens naturally to a certain extent, and many mushrooms are irradiated after harvest to increase their vitamin D content. Fungi are also grown industrially so that ergosterol can be extracted and converted to Vitamin D for sale as a dietary supplement and food additive.

Preparations of irradiated ergosterol containing a mixture of previtamin and vitamin D2 were called viosterol in the 1930s.

Toxicity
Ergosterol powder is an irritant to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. Ingestion of large amounts can cause hypercalcemia, which (if prolonged) can lead to calcium salt deposits in the soft tissues and kidneys.

title: Ergosterol


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Bipartisanship

Bipartisanship, sometimes referred to as nonpartisanship, is a political situation, usually in the context of a two-party system (especially those of the United States and some other western countries), in which opposing political parties find common ground through compromise. In multi-partisan electoral systems or in situations where multiple parties work together, it is called multipartisanship. Partisanship is the antonym, where an individual or political party adheres only to its interests without compromise.

Usage
The adjective bipartisan can refer to any political act in which both of the two major political parties agree about all or many parts of a political choice. Bipartisanship involves trying to find common ground, but there is debate whether the issues needing common ground are peripheral or central ones. Often, compromises are called bipartisan if they reconcile the desires of both parties from an original version of legislation or other proposal. Failure to attain bipartisan support in such a system can easily lead to gridlock, often angering each other and their constituencies.

Bipartisanship in different party systems
According to political analyst James Fallows in The Atlantic (based on a "note from someone with many decades' experience in national politics"), bipartisanship is a phenomenon belonging to a two-party system such as the political system of the United States and does not apply to a parliamentary system (such as Great Britain) since the minority party is not involved in helping write legislation or voting for it. Fallows argues that in a two-party system, the minority party can be obstructionist and thwart the actions of the majority party. However, analyst Anne Applebaum in The Washington Post suggested that partisanship had been rampant in the United Kingdom and described it as "a country in which the government and the opposition glower at each other from opposite sides of the House of Commons, in which backbenchers jeer when their opponents speak." Applebaum suggested there was bipartisanship in Britain, meaning a coalition in 2010 between two opposing parties but that it remained to be seen whether the coalition could stay together to solve serious problems such as tackling Britain's financial crisis.

Bipartisanship (in the context of a two-party system) is the opposite of partisanship which is characterized by a lack of cooperation between rival political parties.

Bipartisanship can also be between two or more opposite groups (e.g. liberal and conservative) to agree and determine a plan of action on an urgent matter that is of great importance to voters. This interpretation brings bipartisanship closer to the more applied notion of postpartisan decision-making; a solution-focused approach that creates a governance model with third-party arbiters used to detect bias.

It is also argued that bipartisanship exists in policy-making that does not have bipartisan support. This is the case if it involves bipartisan exchanges. This element is a central feature in the legislative process and is a bipartisan concept in the sense that it serves as a mechanism for achieving consensus and cooperation.

Canada
At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two big tent parties practicing "brokerage politics". Both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada (or its predecessors) have attracted support from a broad spectrum of voters. Although parties such as the Communist Party of Canada, the Quebec-Nationalist Bloc Quebecois, and others, have elected members to the House of Commons, far-right and far-left parties have never gained a prominent force in Canadian society and have never formed a government in the Canadian Parliament.

United Kingdom
Although the United Kingdom has an adversarial political system there have often large areas of agreement between the Labour and Conservative parties that have often but not always also brought in the Liberal Democrats. Areas of agreement have tended to include foreign policy and policy towards Northern Ireland. Other questions such as the continued existence of the National Health Service or British membership of the European Union were areas where the parties would tend to agree on the central question but where divided, often sharply, on questions of approach.

There is also a convention within British politics where there are minor areas where there is little partisan cooperation to have formal and semi-secret cooperation facilitated by both parties parliamentary whips and senior civil servants, a process often referred to as the usual channels.

US perspectives
US commentators have sought to apply their understanding of bipartisanship to analyses of the UK situation. According to political analyst James Fallows in The Atlantic (based on a "note from someone with many decades' experience in national politics"), bipartisanship is a phenomenon belonging to a two-party system such as the political system of the United States and does not apply to a parliamentary system (such as Great Britain) since the minority party is not involved in helping write legislation or voting for it. Fallows argues that in a two-party system, the minority party can be obstructionist and thwart the actions of the majority party.

However, analyst Anne Applebaum in The Washington Post suggested that partisanship had been rampant in the United Kingdom and described it as "a country in which the government and the opposition glower at each other from opposite sides of the House of Commons, in which backbenchers jeer when their opponents speak." Applebaum suggested there was bipartisanship in the UK with the Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition in 2010.

Republic of Ireland
Until recently politics in the Republic of Ireland had been broadly a two party system with the two main parties Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil both being supported by people from different social classes and political ideologies, with very similar, and centre-right political positioning and a liberal conservative ideology. The reason they remain separate is due mainly to historical factors, with those who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty in the 1920s eventually becoming Fine Gael, and those opposed would join Fianna Fáil and seek an independent Ireland. In many areas such as openness to Foreign Direct Investment and a stated willingness to incorporate Northern Ireland the broad policies of the two parties were very similar.

United States
James Madison argued in The Federalist Papers that a danger to democracies were factions, which he defined as a group that pushed its interests to the detriment of the national interest. While the framers of the Constitution did not think that political parties would play a role in American politics, political parties have long been a major force in American politics, and the nation has alternated between periods of intense party rivalry and partisanship, as well as periods of bipartisanship.

There have been periods of bipartisanship in American politics, such as when Democrats worked with Republican President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s., with foreign policy was being seen as an area where bipartisanship was strongest with President Taft, stating that fundamental foreign policies should be above party differences. Military policies of the Cold War and actions like the Iraq War were promoted and supported, through the mass media, as bipartisan acts.

A more partisan tone tended to be taken on domestic policy and this could be sharper at some times such as Barack Obama's presidency with minority parties voting as a bloc against major legislation. A call for bipartisanship is often made by presidents who "can't get their way in Congress," according to one view.

Criticisms
Bipartisanship has been criticized because it can obscure the differences between parties, making voting for candidates based on policies difficult in a democracy. Additionally, the concept of bipartisanship has been criticized as discouraging agreements between more than two parties, thus exercising a tyranny of the majority by forcing voters to side with one of the two largest parties.

Analyst Benedict Carey writing in The New York Times claims political analysts tend to agree that government will continue to be divided and marked by paralysis and feuding, there was research suggesting that humans have a "profound capacity through which vicious adversaries can form alliances," according to Berkeley professor Dacher Keltner.

title: Bipartisanship


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Marvel Presents

Marvel Presents was an American comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics. Twelve issues were published from October 1975 to August 1977.

Bloodstone
Marvel Presents began publication with an October 1975 cover date. The first two issues featured Ulysses Bloodstone, a character created by Len Wein, Marv Wolfman, and John Warner for the Where Monsters Dwell series. Mike Vosburg was the artist assigned to the first installment, and then Pat Boyette was to draw the rest of the series. Where Monsters Dwell was cancelled and "Bloodstone" was moved to Marvel Presents. The first two chapters were finished and were printed in issue #1. Due to the publishing delays, Boyette was unavailable for the second issue, which was drawn by Sonny Trinidad instead.

Guardians of the Galaxy
Marvel Presents is notable for giving the original Guardians of the Galaxy their first regular series, from issues #3-12, by Steve Gerber and Al Milgrom. Roger Stern replaced Gerber as writer with issue #10. Issue #7 (Nov. 1976) depicted an obvious sex act in a Comics Code-approved comic book, between Vance Astro and Nikki. It presumably made it past the Code because Nikki was outside her physical body and Vance was in the mind of the Topographical Man, a humanoid heavenly body. The series was cancelled with issue #12 (August 1977) due to low sales.

Collected editions

 * Marvel Firsts: The 1970s Vol. 3 includes Marvel Presents #1 and #3, 380 pages, June 2012, ISBN 978-0785163824
 * Guardians of the Galaxy: The Power of Starhawk includes Marvel Presents #3–12, 192 pages, July 2009, ISBN 978-0785137887
 * Guardians of the Galaxy: Tomorrow's Avengers includes Marvel Presents #3–12, 368 pages, January 2013, ISBN 978-0785166870

title: Marvel Presents


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Wikipedia talk:Summary style

Summary section names
When a section is written in summary style, should it's name closely reflect the title of the article? This was the subject of a dispute (here) over a summary-style section in the article Embassy of the United States, Mogadishu about its evacuation, for which the main article is Operation Eastern Exit, and whether the section title should be the operation name or a descriptive term such as "Closure and evacuation". There isn't explicit guidance for the section name of a summary-style section on this page, MOS:LAYOUT, or WP:HAT and I think something should be added to this page about that. But before proposing any specific phrase, what should be the position on this issue? How close should the section name be to the name of the main article? AHeneen (talk) 21:23, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

What to do with citations while summarising
Take the case when I want to summarise an article A in my article B. A is very well sourced but I do not have access to its sources; do I have to right to summarise it and/or use its inline cites? WP:CWW comes to mind but I doubt it applies here, and I remember WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT. Shouldn't this be mentioned in this page too? Ugog Nizdast (talk) 17:32, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

How do I do this?
I have an unusual situation and can't figure out where to ask.

I asked what to do about World oil market chronology from 2003 getting too long. It appears the recommended action is to take most of the details out and put them in smaller articles covering shorter time periods. Each smaller article would have to refer back to the parent article, which would seem to be a use for the main template. At the same time, the brief summaries of each group of years would seem to need a link to the longer detailed information, which seems also to be a use for the main template. — Vchimpanzee  •  talk  •  contributions  •  17:15, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

Suggestion for Synchronization section
The terminology used throughout the guideline changes in the Synchronization section, making it confusing and open to misinterpretation. I'd like to modify it to continue the parent/child article pattern of the rest of the guideline, as follows (bold for additions, strikethrough for removal):

Below, I've collapsed the relevant "story" from the lead to the sync section, to show the language used up to that point, then how it changes in SYNC.

(from lead)

(from Levels of detail)

(from Technique)

(from Synchronization)

Thoughts? Disagreements? Schazjmd  (talk)  00:51, 15 November 2020 (UTC)
 * , Support, provides clarity.  // Timothy ::  talk  03:06, 15 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm going to make the change. Schazjmd   (talk)  00:32, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

WP:SUMMARY vs wp:summary... also disambiguation page
Ok, so this is confusing. WP:SUMMARY redirects to this page. wp:summary (lowercase) redirects to a disambiguation page at Summary. And the disambiguation page has like 12 things on it.

What should we do with wp:summary? Should we redirect it to here? Also, should we delete the disambiguation page at Summary? Should we do both? – Novem Linguae (talk) 05:17, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree. I don't think shortcuts that differ only by capitalization should ever have different targets. My suggestion would be to have both names target Summary style and move the content at WP:Summary to WP:Summary (disambiguation) (or WP:SUMMARY (disambiguation)?) linked to from this page via hatnote. It looks like there is some precedent for such Wikipedia namespace dabs, e.g. WP:DR redirects to Dispute resolution, which has a hatnote to DR (disambiguation). Colin M (talk) 15:36, 23 May 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ in the absence of any objections after a few weeks. Colin M (talk) 01:35, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

size
In agreement with earlier discussion, I changed the obsolete 40 kB recommendation to 100 kB.  DGG ( talk ) 15:39, 2 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I can't figure out what discussion this is pointing too. However, I have put back the 40 kB, which is in line with the Article size guideline and matches common use within GAN and FAC. CMD (talk) 05:59, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

When to choose 'Main' and when to choose 'Further'
In my opinion, the choice of when to choose 'Main' vs. 'Further' links in the top-of-section link depends on the "relatedness" of the child article topic to the parent topic. More specifically, if there is a meronymic connection, it should be Main, and if it's a more diffuse relationship it should be Further (or See also).

There is an ongoing discussion at Talk:Transgender history that relates to this question, and your feedback would be appreciated. Mathglot (talk) 02:27, 22 September 2021 (UTC)

clarify on WWII example, are citations needed or not?
I'm having a discussion with other editors about, basically: does a blurb in a table row in a list-article, which summarizes a linked article, have to include one, some, or all of the inline references in the linked article? I have turned to wp:SUMMARY, seeking a flat statement giving guidance and some great examples. However, the leading example, on how the World War II article uses summary style, maybe doesn't work as it should, in that it doesn't convey that it is really okay to summarize (perhaps a la Executive summary), rather than "restate separate assertions from within". And it does not clearly show that sometimes/often no citations at all are needed, which is what I would prefer to see.

The first example gives, for the summary of Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), under Pre-war events, with "main"-type link to Spanish Civil War, the following text:"Germany and Italy lent support to the Nationalist insurrection led by general Francisco Franco in Spain ...."

Call that the instructive example text. That reads great to me, and shows no citation, as far as it goes. But the actual text in current World War II article is quite different:"When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels, led by General Francisco Franco. Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis did: altogether Mussolini sent to Spain more than 70,000 ground troops and 6,000 aviation personnel, as well as about 720 aircraft. The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic. More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World WarII but generally favoured the Axis. His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front."

Here, each sentence is followed by an inline citation, it feels like. Or at least it is apparent that each sentence is supported by the next one coming of the passage's multiple (three) inline citations. Frankly, I do not like this "actual text": it seems choppy, as a general reader I am irritated by the inline citations (only some specialist would want to see them, and the material for them is in the subarticle instead); and it appears to be just a selection of several facts from several of the article's sources, rather than a proper synthesis of what's known on the topic. (And as if none of the article's sources is a history book general enough to cover these several statements!) It would surely be better to cite one or a few general treatments of the SCW in one cluster at the end of the actual summary, which I think would suggest that each of them more or less supports all of the statements.

And, it would be better still to include no citations, rather than selecting (and somewhat promoting) just a few, suggesting that the text is supported by the full weight of SCW's many many sources. And to suggest that Wikipedia as author has properly summarized/synthesized what's relevant, without being artificially restricted by exactly what's covered in a certain few.

In contrast, the "instructive example text" is easy to read so far, and I am on board believing that the Spanish Civil War article will be nicely summarized for its purpose in the WWII article.

I really believe the summary in the WWII article should be like the lead of the Spanish Civil War article, which, by WP:LEDE, "should be written in a clear, accessible style", standing "on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic". WP:LEDE states that "significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article", which I believe basically means that, if an assertion in the intro requires an inline citation there, then it shouldn't be there. Either the assertion should be dropped from the lead, or the assertion should be stated with inline citation somewhere in the body of the article and only summarized in the lead, without citation. Likewise, I honestly believe there should be no inline citations at all in the actual summary, because Wikipedia's article on the Spanish Civil War must surely include adequately support for the big takeaways relevant for the WWII article's summary (and in fact the SCW article includes 473 inline citations to something like 100 sources). And IMHO it would probably be inappropriate in the WWII article to be making any unusual, likely-to-be-doubted assertion about the SCW that would in fact require a citation.

Is the current WP:SUMMARY adequate in conveying that a summary can really be a summary, rather than a selection of a few assertions? I think not. By my reading, WP:SUMMARY does suggest that an article summary might simply be a transclusion of the lead of a sub-article ("it can be convenient to use the subarticle's lead as the content in the summary section"). And by my reading, WP:LEDE suggests that a lead should usually not include citations. And no examples that I see in WP:SUMMARY include citations. BUT, there is no explicit statement that a summary need not include citations, and there are no examples given making this point (i.e. no pointer to any Featured or other real article with good summaries not encumbered by citations).

About citations, this wp:SUMMARY states the following:"Each article on Wikipedia must be able to stand alone as a self-contained unit (exceptions noted herein). For example, every article must follow the verifiability policy, which requires that all quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged be attributed to a reliable, published source in the form of an inline citation. This applies whether in a parent article or in a summary-style subarticle."

I personally read that to mean that it is okay for a summary to include no citations (as long as it does not include a quotation or a likely-to-be-challenged assertion). However, I think that the overwhelming suggestion for many readers, though, will be the following, instead: that, with scant exceptions, every Wikipedia article must be able to stand alone. Which means that all passages (although perhaps not the lead), including summary sections, must be supported by references to reliable sources. I further think that is a view widely held among editors, and it is perhaps why the editors at WWII have made it into a poorly written article, IMHO.

And it has been a problem for me previously and again now, that I can't find explicit statement that a list-article in which items are summaries of linked articles, does not need to have a hedgehog of citations. In practice, I think that in list-articles where one source has been inserted for each table row, say, that no one is checking whether everything in each table row is exactly supported by the one source appearing. Rather, I think that an editor has dutifully pasted in one corresponding source for each, to fend off dogmatic others who insist upon it. And it would be more honest to show no source, thereby implying all of the subarticles' sources.

THEREFORE, I suggest:

1) adding an explicit statement that a summary in an article does not necessarily require any of the inline citations of the linked sub-article,

2) stating that even if one or a few citations representative of the sources in the subarticle are included, that the summary need not be limited to only what is treated in those few (i.e., editors revising a summary do not need to be unduly concerned about repeatedly returning to a hypothetical single editor who holds copies of all the sources in the subarticle, to get approval of statements that are well-established in the subarticle),

3) that pointers to good examples of such summaries in mainspace Wikipedia articles be provided, and

4) that someone (not me) be deputized to go improve use of summary style in the WWII article!

--Doncram (talk,contribs) 21:14, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Summary style


text:
Marvel Premiere

Marvel Premiere is an American comic book anthology series that was published by Marvel Comics. In concept it was a tryout book, intended to determine if a character or concept could attract enough readers to justify launching their own series, though in its later years it was also often used as a dumping ground for stories which could not be published elsewhere. It ran for 61 issues from April 1972 to August 1981. Contrary to the title, the majority of the characters and concepts featured in Marvel Premiere had previously appeared in other comics.

Publication history
Marvel Premiere was one of three tryout books proposed by Stan Lee after he transitioned from being Marvel Comics' writer and editor to its president and publisher, the others being Marvel Spotlight and Marvel Feature. The advantage of such tryout books was that they allowed the publisher to assess a feature's popularity without the marketing investment required to launch a new series, and without the blow to the publisher's image with readers if the new series immediately failed.

In addition to giving established characters a first shot at a starring role, Marvel Premiere introduced new characters and reintroduced characters who no longer had their own titles. Writer Roy Thomas and penciler Gil Kane revamped Him as the allegorical Messiah Adam Warlock in Marvel Premiere #1 (April 1972). Doctor Strange took over the series with issue #3 and writer Steve Englehart and artist Frank Brunner began a run on the character with issue #9. The two killed Dr. Strange's mentor, the Ancient One, and Strange became the new Sorcerer Supreme. Englehart and Brunner created a multi-issue storyline in which a sorcerer named Sise-Neg ("Genesis" spelled backward) goes back through history, collecting all magical energies, until he reaches the beginning of the universe, becomes all-powerful and creates it anew, leaving Strange to wonder whether this was, paradoxically, the original creation. Stan Lee, seeing the issue after publication, ordered Englehart and Brunner to print a retraction saying this was not God but "a" god, so as to avoid offending religious readers. The writer and artist concocted a letter from a fictitious minister praising the story, and mailed it to Marvel from Texas; Marvel unwittingly printed the letter, and dropped the retraction order. In 2010, Comics Bulletin ranked Englehart and Brunner's run on the "Doctor Strange" feature ninth on its list of the "Top 10 1970s Marvels".

Iron Fist first appeared in issue #15, written by Roy Thomas and drawn by Gil Kane. Other introductions include the Legion of Monsters, the Liberty Legion, Woodgod, the 3-D Man, and the second Ant-Man (Scott Lang). The series also featured the first comic book appearance of rock musician Alice Cooper.

Though Adam Warlock, Doctor Strange, and Iron Fist were all given their own series following their tryout in Marvel Premiere, many of the later features were never meant even as potential candidates for a series. In some cases, such as the Wonder Man story in issue #55 and the Star-Lord story in #61, the writer simply wanted to do a story featuring that character and there was not a more appropriate place for it to be published. Some features, such as Seeker 3000 (issue #41), were conceived specifically for Marvel Premiere but with no real plan for a series. Later in the title's run, Marvel Premiere was used to finish stories of characters who had lost their own series, including the Man-Wolf in issues #45–46 and the Black Panther in issues #51–53.

Marvel Movie Premiere
The similarly-named Marvel Movie Premiere was a one-shot black-and-white magazine published by Marvel in September 1975. It featured an adaptation of The Land That Time Forgot by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Sonny Trinidad.

title: Marvel Premiere


text:
Marvel Spotlight

Marvel Spotlight is a comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics as a try-out book. It stood out from Marvel's other try-out books in that most of the featured characters made their first appearance in the series. The series originally ran for 33 issues from November 1971 to April 1977. A second volume ran for 11 issues from July 1979 to March 1981.

Publication history
Marvel Spotlight was one of three tryout books proposed by Stan Lee after he transitioned from being Marvel Comics' writer and editor to its president and publisher, the others being Marvel Feature and Marvel Premiere. The advantage of such tryout books was that they allowed the publisher to assess a feature's popularity without the marketing investment required to launch a new series, and without the blow to the publisher's image with readers if the new series immediately failed.

The series began with a Red Wolf story. Editor Roy Thomas explained: "Stan [Lee] and I decided it'd be a good idea to have a book with an American Indian hero. ... Stan didn't want it as a modern-day character. I guess he was trying to see if he could find a way to get a Western to sell, because everybody in the field wanted to write or draw a Western". Following this successful try-out, Red Wolf was given his own series, as were Werewolf by Night, Ghost Rider, the Son of Satan, and Spider-Woman.

In addition to launching new series, Marvel Spotlight hosted some significant stories with established characters. Issue #31 provided a retroactive explanation for why Nick Fury (inextricably associated with World War II due to his starring role in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos) remained so youthful, in the form of an experimental longevity serum. After a run of nearly six years, the series ended with Marvel Spotlight #33 (April 1977).

The series was revived in 1979, initially as simply a place to publish inventory stories from the recently cancelled Captain Marvel. However, once these leftover tales were exhausted, the series went on to feature other characters. Tako Shamara first appeared in Marvel Spotlight vol. 2 #5 (March 1980), in a story by Marv Wolfman and Steve Ditko. In his first appearance the character battled a huge dragon from the past called a Wani, a monster that destroyed his ancestors' villages in 1582. The creature that Tako battled was intended to be Godzilla but since Marvel no longer had the rights to the character, which lapsed the previous year, the creature was modified to a dragon called The Wani. Issue #8 featured the final Captain Marvel solo story before the character's death.

The second volume was cancelled after just 11 issues. In contrast to the original series, only one issue (#5) featured a new character, and none of them led to the featured character getting their own series. Jim Salicrup, who edited and/or did cover copy on most of the second volume, said that he was excited about reviving Marvel Spotlight, but that "it was probably a mistake to launch a new title with material from a recently canceled comic. I suspect that as an editor, I was hoping to give Captain Marvel another chance, but sometimes it's better to let things go. As a result, for the most part, the series seemed to exist just to burn off existing inventory".

In December 2005, the Marvel Spotlight title was used for a series of comic book–sized magazines, usually featuring profiles of and interviews with Marvel creators (one writer and one artist each issue), or spotlighting special Marvel projects such as Stephen King's The Dark Tower.

Collected editions

 * Essential Werewolf by Night Vol 1 includes Marvel Spotlight #2–4, 576 pages, October 2005, ISBN 978-0785118398
 * Essential Ghost Rider Vol. 1 includes Marvel Spotlight #5–12, 560 pages, December 2006, ISBN 978-0785118381
 * Essential Marvel Horror
 * Vol. 1 includes Marvel Spotlight #12–24, 648 pages, October 2006, ISBN 978-0785121961
 * Vol. 2 includes Marvel Spotlight #26, 616 pages, November 2008, ISBN 978-0785130673
 * Essential Moon Knight Vol. 1 includes Marvel Spotlight #28–29, 560 pages, February 2006, ISBN 978-0785120926
 * Siege Prelude includes Marvel Spotlight #30, 264 pages, January 2010, ISBN 978-0785143109
 * Essential Spider-Woman Vol. 1 includes Marvel Spotlight #32, 576 pages, December 2005, ISBN 978-0785117933
 * Marvel Masterworks: Deathlok Vol. 1 includes Marvel Spotlight #33, 368 pages, November 2009, ISBN 978-0785130505

title: Marvel Spotlight


text: Category:Mahnomen County, Minnesota

title: Category:Mahnomen County, Minnesota


text:
Lake Opeka

Lake Opeka is a small, 40 acre lake in Des Plaines, Illinois.

On the shores of Lake Opeka, Lake Park is a 60 acre park which offers a wide variety of outdoor recreational opportunities for all age groups, administered by the Des Plaines Park District, with an 18-hole par-3 golf course.

On the northern bank is Good Shepherd Lutheran Church. Jogging paths run around the east side, where a band shelter is located amongst picnic tables and grills, exercise stations and a playground. The southern end has a volleyball sand pit. Rumor has it that there is a jeep underwater along with an old road.

Fishing is allowed. Bass, bluegill and occasional northern pike are caught. There are small sailboats and paddleboats using the lake. Many ducks are on the water, some large carp and occasional turtles.

460 man-hours were spent removing submerged and surface vegetation from the lake, to prevent its becoming a threat to aquatic life (due to its using up the oxygen supply when decomposing). The vegetation consisted of the native slender naiad (Najas flexilis), and an excessive amount of filamentous algae.

title: Lake Opeka


text:
Talk:Denis Healey

WW2
Healey took part in the landings at Anzio in World War II. I have his book so I can give a few details.

Can anyone provide a London Gazette date for the award of a Military Cross? I can find no evidence for this. Debretts does not list an MC for him. His MBE was awarded for WWII. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.44.115.94 (talk) 10:23, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

Bilderberg
Why is there nothing about Bilderberg here? I see no reason for not mentioning his involvement. Makes me wonder if the conspiracy nuts have a point.

 * I've added a short section on Bilderberg. (82.40.177.159 03:52, 14 February 2007 (UTC))

The link in the note was working a second ago but now it's not. Here's another one if anyone more capable wants to edit. Thanks.

http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:vK-Q3P3unwoJ:www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4149485,00.html+jon+ronson+founder+member+denis+healey&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=uk

".

Hmmm.. It's not there now! --Rebroad (talk) 20:16, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Still alive?
Is he still alive? I thought I'd seen his obituary last year, but it might have been someone else... Graham 23:51, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Yes, certainly. In fact he appeared on Sunday AM with his wife earlier this year. I'm sure we can trust Wikipedia to be up to date on a famous person like Denis Healey. --86.31.26.55 18:04, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Wife
Healey and his wife are one of the more celebrated couples in British politics, but I can't find any mention of her in the article. David Colver 17:25, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

International Monetary Fund application and crisis
Neither this nor the article on James Callaghan has any coverage worth noting about the application for a loan from the IMF and the ensuing crisis of public confidence. I could not find a separate article, either. I may have missed it, but if I haven't, does anyone feel qualified to start one? 80.189.136.67 14:53, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Infobox
Please do not continue to add Shadow Foreign Secretary to the top of the infobox, Healey has had held several more prominent roles that should be listed here. Catchpole 08:12, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Confusing passage
The article states that "Though a supporter and friend of Hugh Gaitskell, when Gaitskell died in 1963, Healey voted for Callaghan in the first ballot and Harold Wilson in the second". Why "though"? Gaitskell, Callaghan and Wilson were all more or less from the moderate wing of the Labour party. Why would it be some sort of bizarre contradiction for a Gaitskellite to vote for Wilson or Callaghan after Gaitskell's death? And it's not as if Gaitskell would care at that point, being, as was stated above, dead. Ken Burch 06:40 26 May 2008(UTC)

Wilson was seen as the "left" candidate in 1963 - Brown was the right wing candidate. Healey might have been expected to vote for Brown but had doubts about his drinking and lack of emotional stability. Exile (talk) 21:12, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Middle name
Is there any citation for Healey being named in honour of Churchill (middle name is Winston)? At the time of his birth (1917), it is quite remarkable that an engineer would choose to name his son after a politician yet to excel. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.67.144.33 (talk) 16:15, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * A quick google found this comment in Hansard from Gerard Kaufman. I'll add the ref to the article. Qwfp (talk) 18:31, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Churchill was already one of the most famous politicians in Europe. When Healey was born his father was working at the Woolwich Arsenal as a gun inspector and Churchill was Minister of Munitions, so not in the least remarkable. DuncanHill (talk) 10:44, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Desert Island Discs
healey is the guest on desert island discs which will be radio 4 at 9am on friday and 115am on sunday.

i dunno if i can quote it as rs cos bbc broadcasts are only available in the uk biut if i can do anything to correct the article i certainly will. lord healey fascinating man. SimonTrew (talk) 05:13, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Bad photograph
Surely it must be possible to get a better photograph of a man who spent decades on the front pages of various papers? One to show off his magnificent eyebrows.

Like (for example) this one

Jalanb (talk) 04:10, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

 * If you can find one that is appropriately licensed then we can use it. Cannot be a fair use image as the person is still alive. Keith D (talk) 13:53, 20 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I've found a new image on flickr which appears to be freely licsensed. Admittedly, the quality isn't great, but at least it shows his face and not the side of his head. Peter (talk) 15:11, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

1940
Healey might have left the Communist Party in 1940. The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was still in force at that time, 1940. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.193.134.88 (talk) 13:29, 10 May 2012 (UTC)
 * See Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.193.134.88 (talk) 13:53, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

Clarify, please?
I may be a complete knacker-noodle, but i cannot make sense of this portion of a sentence in the second paragraph of the second section: ...Healey commented that to most ordinary seamen they were just floating slums and too vulnerable, given that the a/s bow and arrow in the RN nuclear hunter killers was a the 20 knot, MK 20 Bider torpedo.... I assume that RN means Royal Navy, though the abbreviation is not clarified elsewhere to mine eyes, but i cannot fathom what a/s means, nor what the purpose/meaning of bow and arrow is with regard to a naval context. Could this be slightly rewritten? Since it's not referenced directly, i presume that it's not a direct quotation, so we ought to be able to clarify it. Cheers, LindsayHello 09:00, 16 April 2014 (UTC) edited 10:05, 22 May 2014 (UTC) to previous formatting
 * Thank you I have modified the syntax and citation and achieved some clarification of the article. I have taken the liberty of editing your talk response- to avoid confusion RFM. A very critical point in Healey's term as MOD was the UK Govt and MOD did not believe nuclear war of either unlimited or limited type could occur without MAD. The superpowers the US and USSR did from the JFK/Robert MacNamara period. The US planned and considered the option and that of 3 months conventional and broken back war. The US/Royal Navy Posiedon  C3 is not a MAD missile but a counterforce or countervalue warfighting system with each missile carrying  10-14 MIRV of about 30 kilton for use  against military targets or cities. see (1) Deterence (Post War).Submarines of WW2. The Silent Service. History Channel.4/ DVD (2011); (2) DVD 'Fog of War' in which McNamara states the cold war was always hot and 3/4 times we were 5minutes from WW3. To Healey the War Plan was unworldy and would never happen be implemented. Edward Hampshire study of naval policy during the Healey period of Royal Navy Carrier phase out and reorientation from East of Suez to the North Atlantic is an interesting study of conflict between the officer class and MOD and the British Political Class. Inserted RFM 15.5.14 Ak?NZ 1.50pm
 * Thank you. I have taken the liberty of replacing my text as i wrote it ~ for future reference it's probably best not to change what someone else has written on the talk page, though thank you for noting you had done so ~ and adding an indentation to yours to clarify/separate what you wrote from what i did.  As for the article, to my mind that paragraph still reads extremely clumsily, and i may have a swipe at changing it, just to smooth the flow and make it clearer what is meant. Cheers, LindsayHello 07:31, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Father head of a trade school
"His father was an engineer who worked his way up from humble origins, studying at night school and eventually becoming head of a trade school." What trade school? I ask because trade school redirects to here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_school and the UK isn't mentioned as having trade schools! 31.49.9.154 (talk) 19:49, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
 * It was Keighley Technical School. Our article Technical School is about an American thing, the article about technical schools is at Secondary technical school. DuncanHill (talk) 15:32, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Defence Secretary
The 'Defence Secretary' section is bloody awful and consists of an argumentative and often fallacious list of things that Healey cancelled or supposedly cancelled. The cancellation of TSR2 was actually recommended by the RAF because the aircraft was not fit for purpose and would swallow the whole RAF procurement budget. Healey preferred the US F-111 as a replacement, but the American development budget got out of control and Cabinet decided on the F-4K and F-4M Phantoms instead. (Healey would always point out that these things ended up costing three times the price of a standard F-4J Phantom because of the re-engineering for Rolls-Royce Spey engines.) All the same, the Phantoms served the RAF and Royal Navy well. It's simply not true, and is not claimed by the cited sources, that the Wilson government made any move to scrap HMS Ark Royal. In fact they paid for a lengthy refit to enable the Ark to carry Phantoms and S2 Buccaneers well into the 1970s. The Wilson government, which spent 6% of GDP on defence compared to 2% now, also gave the RAF the F6 Lightning, the Hercules, the Nimrod, the Harrier and the S2 Buccaneer (which turned out to be capable of most of the missions planned for the TSR2), re-roled the Victors as tankers and the Vulcans as low-level nuclear strike aircraft with the WE177 bomb, and even inaugurated the development programmes for the Jaguar and the Tornado. For the Navy, the government built new Leander-class frigates, the most useful ships the Navy ever had, and expensively upgraded the existing ones. They also brought the Resolution-class Polaris submarines into service and ordered the Churchill-class nuclear hunter-killers, the definitive naval-superiority weapons, one of which, HMS Conqueror, became the only hunter-killer in history to sink an enemy ship. For the Army, the government brought in the Chieftain main battle tank and ordered the superb (and very long-lived) Scorpion reconnaissance tank from Alvis. The article's suggestion that the Wilson government did not pull its weight on defence is frankly ludicrous. Khamba Tendal (talk) 17:57, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

Son - Tim Healey
The article describes Denis's son as the broadcaster, writer and record producer. I think that's the wrong Tim Healey. Here's the website for the right one: https://www.timhealey.co.uk/ and here's the website for the wrong one: https://beat.com.au/tim-healey/ .Thomas Peardew (talk) 14:24, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

..... or perhaps not. They both seem to be broadcasters, writers and record producers.... Thomas Peardew (talk) 14:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Our Tim Healey isn't notably a record producer, probably best just to call him a broadcaster and writer. DuncanHill (talk) 15:42, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Now edited.Thomas Peardew (talk) 16:13, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

Healey in 1944
According to the article "He became secretary of the international department of the Labour Party in 1944, becoming a foreign policy adviser to Labour leaders and establishing contacts with socialists across Europe." How could he have done all that in 1944 when he was still busy fighting in Italy? Chuntuk (talk) 08:38, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Well spotted. I have checked the source and it says "The International Department was finally wrested from the dead hand of William Gillies in 1944, and he was succeeded, the following year, by the former Communist and war veteran, Major Denis Healey", so our article should say 1945 and I have amended it accordingly. Thank you. DuncanHill (talk) 11:54, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denis Healey


text:
Jem Finer

Jeremy Max Finer (born 25 July 1955) is an English musician, artist and composer. He was one of the founding members of The Pogues.

Life and career
Finer was born in Stoke-on-Trent, England, the son of political scientist Samuel Finer. He took a joint degree in computing and sociology at Keele University. After college, he travelled around Europe and spent some time working on a barge in France. He settled in London, where he met Shane MacGowan, Spider Stacy, and James Fearnley with whom he founded The Pogues. He has worked in a variety of fields, including photography, film, experimental and popular music and installation.

Primarily a banjoist with the Pogues, he occasionally played other instruments including mandola, saxophone, hurdy-gurdy and the guitar. Apart from MacGowan (with whom he co-wrote several songs, including "Fairytale of New York"), Finer was the most prolific composer for the band.

He appeared on all the band's albums until their breakup in 1996; he was one of only three original members. During that time he also appeared on MacGowan's solo album The Snake and The Levellers' self-titled release; he continued working as a musician and composer after leaving The Pogues.

On 1 January 2000, the Finer-composed Longplayer piece of music was started; this is designed to last 1000 years without ever repeating itself, and as currently implemented exists in both computer-generated and live versions. Longplayer represents a convergence of many of his concerns, particularly those relating to systems, long-durational processes and extremes of scale in both time and space.

Finer was "Artist in Residence" at the Astrophysics Sub-department of the University of Oxford between October 2003 and June 2005, making a number of works including two sculptural observatories, Landscope and The Centre of the Universe. Finer and Hamburg-based swamp pop legend DM Bob have recorded and performed together since 2005, releasing their album Bum Steer in August of that year and co-producing the debut album by the experimental pop band Marseille Figs. He has written articles on copyright and the Creative Commons License. In July 2005, Finer won the PRS Foundation New Music Award on the basis of his proposal to build a device that will automatically "compose" a song of indeterminate length by harnessing the creative force of the weather. His proposal read:

 * The countryside is shot through with holes in the ground; wells, mine shafts, fissures, bunkers, ventilation holes. In this piece of music the venue is a deep shaft in which there will be placed, at different heights, bowls of different sizes and tunings pivoted about their center of gravity, the instruments. The players, the drips of water, will strike the bowls, ringing them like bells. As they fill with water their timbres will change, and the delicate equilibrium of their pivots will cause them to sway slightly, modulating the tones. Overflowing, a bowl will drip into ones below it.

 * Amplification will be facilitated by a tube rising up from within the shaft, into a brass horn twenty feet above the surface. Akin to the bamboo tube in the Sui-kink Tsu, the horn not only amplifies the sounds but forms a sculptural object, a focus in the landscape. The work was constructed and installed in King's Wood near Challock, Kent over the summer of 2006.

In March 2012, Mobile Sinfonia, a global composition for ringtones was launched, developed during a year spent as a non-resident artist at the University of Bath. This piece concerns mutual invasion of soundscape via ringtones. He later received an honorary doctorate from Bath.

He is working on a number of new projects continuing his interest in long-term sustainability and the reconfiguring of older technologies, including a series of hurdy-gurdy recordings, Spiegelei, a spherical camera obscura featuring Finer's innovative 360-degree projection system and Supercomputer, a 5 bit mechanical sculpture which computes minimal musical scores.

title: Jem Finer