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Talk:Bryan Magee

Is my fix correct?
It seems to be, judging by the sentence after it, but could someone please make sure? Thx.

Info on Schoenman corrected
The comment that Schoenman was "still very much alive" was referring to Magee's apparent disregard of the possibility that Schoenman was still around (and likely to sue). The phrase has been removed to prevent confusion.

 * I read Magee's Confessions of a Philosopher some years ago and would recommend it highly, as I would his other philosophical books derived from his TV series of interviews. As I remember (but memory is fallible) Magee's criticism of Schoenman was along the lines that Schoenman could hardly have done more damage to Russell's reputation than if he had been a CIA plant.  I was surprised to later learn that Schoenman had prevailed in a libel suit against Magee given that Russell himself had written a memorandum criticizing Schoenman (and repudiating him as Russell's agent or envoy) not long before Russell's death.  (I think -- again, if memory serves -- that this memorandum is included in Ronald Clark's biography of Russell.  And Clark's biography is highly critical of Schoenman, as I remember.)  Demonstrating the difference in libel laws between Britain and the U.S..  137.82.188.68 (talk) 03:04, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Contemporary Philosopher?
Bryan Magee would be first to argue that he is not a philosopher, he is a student and teacher of philosophy. He is deeply critical of the vast majority of the philosophical community who call themselves 'philosophers' when they have not created any significant answers to what he considers serious philosophical problems. Hence his inclusion in the 'contemporary philosopher' category is puzzling. Also questions about the phrase 'Labour's move to the left.' Magee himself says that it was he who grew disenchanted with socialism and became a sort of pragmatic Thatcherite. It wasn't so much that Labour moved Left (considering its post-war years were its most radical), but that he moved Right.

Biblography
Amazon carries 16 titles by Magee, this page only lists four.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 14:55, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Magee & Popper
Part of this article currenty reads:
 * In 1959, Magee met Karl Popper and became close friends with the philosopher, even suggesting the eventual title of Popper's autobiography, Unended Quest. Magee also suggested improvements for the first volume of Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies.

If Magee did not know Popper until 1959 how did he help with The Open Society and Its Enemies which was published in 1945? — Steven Andrew Miller (talk) 05:58, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

 * The article no longer claims that Magee met Karl Popper in 1959. If this was indeed the case, it should probably be re-added with a suitable source. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:42, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

Steven Andrew Miller, the improvements could be made in a much later edition of the first volume.108.24.200.168 (talk) 03:54, 21 August 2022 (UTC)Joe Bidet

Move / Delete names of programs
Can anyone think of a good way to either move or outright delete the descriptions/names of the individual programs that make up the three philosophy series, Modern British Philosophy, Men of Ideas, and The Great Philosophers? I find sentences like the following very hard to read.

"Following an "Introduction to Philosophy" presented by Magee in discussion with Isaiah Berlin, Magee took part in dialogues with Charles Taylor ("Marxist Philosophy"); Herbert Marcuse ("Marcuse and the Frankfurt School"); William Barrett ("Heidegger and Modern Existentialism"); Anthony Quinton ("The Two Philosophies of Wittgenstein"); A.J. Ayer ("Logical Positivism and its Legacy"); Bernard Williams ("The Spell of Linguistic Philosophy"); R.M. Hare ("Moral Philosophy"); W.V.O. Quine ("The Ideas of Quine"); John Searle ("The Philosophy of Language"); Noam Chomsky ("The Ideas of Chomsky"); Hilary Putnam ("The Philosophy of Science"); Ronald Dworkin ("Philosophy and Politics"); Iris Murdoch ("Philosophy and Literature"); Ernest Gellner ("Philosophy: The Social Context")."

If they must be kept, maybe we can add a section to the bottom with the programs in a list. Squandermania (talk) 00:58, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I quite agree. I think those three successive entire paragraphs are too dense and should be converted into a table (or three separate tables), at the bottom of the article, showing the programme titles and subjects. It might also be possible to include original broadcast dates. Martinevans123 (talk) 11:40, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Journal Articles
I recently discovered to my surprise that in addition to his books, Bryan Magee has published journal articles as recently as 2011. Citations are available in JSTOR, and some full articles can be downloaded. Those written since Confessions are engaging addenda to what he expressed in that work. Would it be proper to add them to the bibliography, mixed chronologically with the books, or would they be better separated into their own section? 74.184.218.247 (talk) 01:47, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, it would. His journal articles are sadly lacking. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:39, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

New Statesman Interview
Interview with Magee in the New Statesman a week or so ago, in which he expresses his mild disappointment at what he perceives as his lack of success either in academic philosophy or in worldly ambition. Might be worth adding some stuff if somebody feels like tracking it down.

He is currently wheelchair-bound and living in a nursing home in Oxford.Paulturtle (talk) 04:27, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's here. I didn't know that John Cleese was a fan. Martinevans123 (talk) 07:24, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Daughter
Is his daughter's name really spelled Gunnela? The established spelling is Gunilla. Thuresson (talk) 21:34, 21 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, The Grauniad spells it that way twice: ? As does Wolfson College here? And his book The Story of Philosophy / The Story of Thought has this dedication: "I dedicate this book with love to my daughter Gunnela and her husband Santiago": . So yes, I think so. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:39, 21 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank you, I found her in the Swedish population register as "Jean Gunnela Magee Mateluna". Thuresson (talk) 16:15, 23 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bryan Magee


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Sensory neuron

Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded receptor potentials. This process is called sensory transduction. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord.

The sensory information travels on the afferent nerve fibers in a sensory nerve, to the brain via the spinal cord. Spinal nerves transmit external sensations via sensory nerves to the brain through the spinal cord. The stimulus can come from exteroreceptors outside the body, for example those that detect light and sound, or from interoreceptors inside the body, for example those that are responsive to blood pressure or the sense of body position.

Types and function
Sensory neurons in vertebrates are predominantly pseudounipolar or bipolar, and different types of sensory neurons have different sensory receptors that respond to different kinds of stimuli. There are at least six external and two internal sensory receptors:

External receptors
External receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called exteroreceptors. Exteroreceptors include chemoreceptors such as olfactory receptors (smell) and taste receptors, photoreceptors (vision), thermoreceptors (temperature), nociceptors (pain), hair cells (hearing and balance), and a number of other different mechanoreceptors for touch and proprioception (stretch, distortion and stress).

Smell
The sensory neurons involved in smell are called olfactory sensory neurons. These neurons contain receptors, called olfactory receptors, that are activated by odor molecules in the air. The molecules in the air are detected by enlarged cilia and microvilli. These sensory neurons produce action potentials. Their axons form the olfactory nerve, and they synapse directly onto neurons in the cerebral cortex (olfactory bulb). They do not use the same route as other sensory systems, bypassing the brain stem and the thalamus. The neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive direct sensory nerve input, have connections to other parts of the olfactory system and many parts of the limbic system. 9.

Taste
Taste sensation is facilitated by specialized sensory neurons located in the taste buds of the tongue and other parts of the mouth and throat. These sensory neurons are responsible for detecting different taste qualities, such as sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory. When you eat or drink something, chemicals in the food or liquid interact with receptors on these sensory neurons, triggering signals that are sent to the brain. The brain then processes these signals and interprets them as specific taste sensations, allowing you to perceive and enjoy the flavors of the foods you consume. When taste receptor cells are stimulated by the binding of these chemical compounds (tastants), it can lead to changes in the flow of ions, such as sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and potassium (K+), across the cell membrane. In response to tastant binding, ion channels on the taste receptor cell membrane can open or close. This can lead to depolarization of the cell membrane, creating an electrical signal.

Similar to olfactory receptors, taste receptors (gustatory receptors) in taste buds interact with chemicals in food to produce an action potential.

Vision
Photoreceptor cells are capable of phototransduction, a process which converts light (electromagnetic radiation) into electrical signals. These signals are refined and controlled by the interactions with other types of neurons in the retina. The five basic classes of neurons within the retina are photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells. The basic circuitry of the retina incorporates a three-neuron chain consisting of the photoreceptor (either a rod or cone), bipolar cell, and the ganglion cell. The first action potential occurs in the retinal ganglion cell. This pathway is the most direct way for transmitting visual information to the brain. There are three primary types of photoreceptors: Cones are photoreceptors that respond significantly to color. In humans the three different types of cones correspond with a primary response to short wavelength (blue), medium wavelength (green), and long wavelength (yellow/red). Rods are photoreceptors that are very sensitive to the intensity of light, allowing for vision in dim lighting. The concentrations and ratio of rods to cones is strongly correlated with whether an animal is diurnal or nocturnal. In humans, rods outnumber cones by approximately 20:1, while in nocturnal animals, such as the tawny owl, the ratio is closer to 1000:1. Retinal ganglion cells are involved in the sympathetic response. Of the ~1.3 million ganglion cells present in the retina, 1-2% are believed to be photosensitive.

Issues and decay of sensory neurons associated with vision lead to disorders such as:
 * 1)  Macular degeneration – degeneration of the central visual field due to either cellular debris or blood vessels accumulating between the retina and the choroid, thereby disturbing and/or destroying the complex interplay of neurons that are present there.
 * 2)  Glaucoma – loss of retinal ganglion cells which causes some loss of vision to blindness.
 * 3)  Diabetic retinopathy – poor blood sugar control due to diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina.

Auditory
The auditory system is responsible for converting pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules or sound into signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

This mechanoelectrical transduction is mediated with hair cells within the ear. Depending on the movement, the hair cell can either hyperpolarize or depolarize. When the movement is towards the tallest stereocilia, the Na+ cation channels open allowing Na+ to flow into cell and the resulting depolarization causes the Ca++ channels to open, thus releasing its neurotransmitter into the afferent auditory nerve. There are two types of hair cells: inner and outer. The inner hair cells are the sensory receptors.

Problems with sensory neurons associated with the auditory system leads to disorders such as:
 * 1) Auditory processing disorder – Auditory information in the brain is processed in an abnormal way. Patients with auditory processing disorder can usually gain the information normally, but their brain cannot process it properly, leading to hearing disability.
 * 2) Auditory verbal agnosia – Comprehension of speech is lost but hearing, speaking, reading, and writing ability is retained. This is caused by damage to the posterior superior temporal lobes, again not allowing the brain to process auditory input correctly.

Temperature
Thermoreceptors are sensory receptors, which respond to varying temperatures. While the mechanisms through which these receptors operate is unclear, recent discoveries have shown that mammals have at least two distinct types of thermoreceptors. The bulboid corpuscle, is a cutaneous receptor a cold-sensitive receptor, that detects cold temperatures. The other type is a warmth-sensitive receptor.

Mechanoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors which respond to mechanical forces, such as pressure or distortion.

Specialized sensory receptor cells called mechanoreceptors often encapsulate afferent fibers to help tune the afferent fibers to the different types of somatic stimulation. Mechanoreceptors also help lower thresholds for action potential generation in afferent fibers and thus make them more likely to fire in the presence of sensory stimulation.

Some types of mechanoreceptors fire action potentials when their membranes are physically stretched.

Proprioceptors are another type of mechanoreceptors which literally means "receptors for self". These receptors provide spatial information about limbs and other body parts.

Nociceptors are responsible for processing pain and temperature changes. The burning pain and irritation experienced after eating a chili pepper (due to its main ingredient, capsaicin), the cold sensation experienced after ingesting a chemical such as menthol or icillin, as well as the common sensation of pain are all a result of neurons with these receptors.

Problems with mechanoreceptors lead to disorders such as:
 * 1) Neuropathic pain - a severe pain condition resulting from a damaged sensory nerve
 * 2) Hyperalgesia - an increased sensitivity to pain caused by sensory ion channel, TRPM8, which is typically responds to temperatures between 23 and 26 degrees, and provides the cooling sensation associated with menthol and icillin
 * 3) Phantom limb syndrome - a sensory system disorder where pain or movement is experienced in a limb that does not exist

Internal receptors
Internal receptors that respond to changes inside the body are known as interoceptors.

Blood
The aortic bodies and carotid bodies contain clusters of glomus cells – peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in chemical properties in the blood such as oxygen concentration. These receptors are polymodal responding to a number of different stimuli.

Nociceptors
Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called nociception, usually causes the perception of pain. They are found in internal organs as well as on the surface of the body to "detect and protect". Nociceptors detect different kinds of noxious stimuli indicating potential for damage, then initiate neural responses to withdraw from the stimulus.
 * 1) Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures.
 * 2) Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation, such as a pinch.
 * 3) Chemical nociceptors respond to a wide variety of chemicals, some of which signal a response. They are involved in the detection of some spices in food, such as the pungent ingredients in Brassica and Allium plants, which target the sensory neural receptor to produce acute pain and subsequent pain hypersensitivity.

Connection with the central nervous system
Information coming from the sensory neurons in the head enters the central nervous system (CNS) through cranial nerves. Information from the sensory neurons below the head enters the spinal cord and passes towards the brain through the 31 spinal nerves. The sensory information traveling through the spinal cord follows well-defined pathways. The nervous system codes the differences among the sensations in terms of which cells are active.

Adequate stimulus
A sensory receptor's adequate stimulus is the stimulus modality for which it possesses the adequate sensory transduction apparatus. Adequate stimulus can be used to classify sensory receptors:
 * 1) Baroreceptors respond to pressure in blood vessels
 * 2) Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli
 * 3) Electromagnetic radiation receptors respond to electromagnetic radiation
 * 4) Infrared receptors respond to infrared radiation
 * 5) Photoreceptors respond to visible light
 * 6) Ultraviolet receptors respond to ultraviolet radiation
 * 7) Electroreceptors respond to electric fields
 * 8) Ampullae of Lorenzini respond to electric fields, salinity,  and to temperature, but function primarily as electroreceptors
 * 9) Hydroreceptors respond to changes in humidity
 * 10) Magnetoreceptors respond to magnetic fields
 * 11) Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stress or mechanical strain
 * 12) Nociceptors respond to damage, or threat of damage, to body tissues, leading (often but not always) to pain perception
 * 13) Osmoreceptors respond to the osmolarity of fluids (such as in the hypothalamus)
 * 14) Proprioceptors provide the sense of position
 * 15) Thermoreceptors respond to temperature, either heat, cold or both

Location
Sensory receptors can be classified by location:
 * 1) Cutaneous receptors are sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis.
 * 2) Muscle spindles contain mechanoreceptors that detect stretch in muscles.

Morphology
Somatic sensory receptors near the surface of the skin can usually be divided into two groups based on morphology:
 * 1) Free nerve endings characterize the nociceptors and thermoreceptors and are called thus because the terminal branches of the neuron are unmyelinated and spread throughout the dermis and epidermis.
 * 2) Encapsulated receptors consist of the remaining types of cutaneous receptors.  Encapsulation exists for specialized functioning.

Rate of adaptation

 * 1) A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus. In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus. Some tonic receptors are permanently active and indicate a background level. Examples of such tonic receptors are pain receptors, joint capsule, and muscle spindle.
 * 2) A phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops. It does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus; instead some of them convey information on rapid changes in stimulus intensity and rate. An example of a phasic receptor is the Pacinian corpuscle.

Drugs
There are many drugs currently on the market that are used to manipulate or treat sensory system disorders. For instance, gabapentin is a drug that is used to treat neuropathic pain by interacting with one of the voltage-dependent calcium channels present on non-receptive neurons. Some drugs may be used to combat other health problems, but can have unintended side effects on the sensory system. Dysfunction in the hair cell mechanotransduction complex, along with the potential loss of specialized ribbon synapses, can lead to hair cell death, often caused by ototoxic drugs like aminoglycoside antibiotics poisoning the cochlea. Through the use of these toxins, the K+ pumping hair cells cease their function. Thus, the energy generated by the endocochlear potential which drives the auditory signal transduction process is lost, leading to hearing loss.

Neuroplasticity
Ever since scientists observed cortical remapping in the brain of Taub's Silver Spring monkeys, there has been a large amount of research into sensory system plasticity. Huge strides have been made in treating disorders of the sensory system. Techniques such as constraint-induced movement therapy developed by Taub have helped patients with paralyzed limbs regain use of their limbs by forcing the sensory system to grow new neural pathways. Phantom limb syndrome is a sensory system disorder in which amputees perceive that their amputated limb still exists and they may still be experiencing pain in it. The mirror box developed by V.S. Ramachandran, has enabled patients with phantom limb syndrome to relieve the perception of paralyzed or painful phantom limbs. It is a simple device which uses a mirror in a box to create an illusion in which the sensory system perceives that it is seeing two hands instead of one, therefore allowing the sensory system to control the "phantom limb". By doing this, the sensory system can gradually get acclimated to the amputated limb, and thus alleviate this syndrome.

Other animals
Hydrodynamic reception is a form of mechanoreception used in a range of animal species.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sensory neuron


text:
Dennis Lewiston

Dennis C. Lewiston or Denis Lewiston (22 May 1934 – 8 June 2014) was a British cinematographer and former camera operator with a career spanning the 1960s through the 1990s. He has worked mostly on American television movies. He occasionally worked as a film director or screenwriter.

title: Dennis Lewiston


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Red-tailed sportive lemur

The red-tailed sportive lemur (Lepilemur ruficaudatus), or red-tailed weasel lemur, is native to Madagascar like all lemurs. It is a nocturnal species feeding largely on leaves, though they also eat some fruit. Individuals weigh around 800 g, and there is little sexual dimorphism. In general they live in mated pairs, with a home range of about 10,000 square metres. Both members of the pair use the same home range, and there is little overlap between the home ranges of neighbouring pairs. Travel distances each night are between 100 m and 1 km (0.6 mi), making this a relatively inactive species. This species can be found in the Madagascar dry deciduous forests.

Red-tailed sportive lemurs travel in these pairs because it can be difficult for a male to produce roaming strategies and move farther away from the homeland. Therefore, they typically pair up with only one female for reproduction, hence their “partner.” Additionally, these Lemurs don't typically have a strong early warning system, making it difficult for them to warn others or send a signal. Instead, they have grown to develop strong escape mechanisms for them to flee danger. Many studies and experiments have been conducted to produce this information.

title: Red-tailed sportive lemur


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User talk:SmileyChris

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Nomination of Game Neverending for deletion
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title: User talk:SmileyChris


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Lier, Belgium

Lier (Lierre, ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It is composed of the city of Lier proper and the village of Koningshooikt. The city centre is surrounded by the river Nete, around which it grew. In 2018, Lier had a total population of 35,712. The total area is 49.70 km$2$ making a population density (PD) of 720 per km$2$. Lier is known for its beers (which include Caves), its patron saint St. Gummarus and Lierse vlaaikes cake. It is also home to the world headquarters of Van Hool, a global bus and coach manufacturer. Lier's two principal football clubs are K. Lyra-Lierse and Lierse Kempenzonen (formerly known as KFC Oosterzonen, which moved to Lier in 2018).

Etymology
The etymology of the name Lier is still under debate. It most likely refers to the river Nete and the muddy soils that surrounds it. The Latin name of Lier is Lyra, the suffix of which (-ara) is probably derived from the Germanic or Celtic reference to river. Alternatively, the origin might be the Germanic words Ledo or Ledi, which both refer to a location near the confluence of rivers (in this case the Minor and Major Nete). Other explanations include the old Dutch word laar (clearance in the woods) or the word liere (parapet). There is also a resemblance to the Swedish word leira, which means muddy shore, or the Icelandic word leir, which means clay. An all together different explanation is the Germanic word hieura, which refers to a hillock type of country.

History

There is scant record of Lier predating the 7th century. Saint Gummarus himself was born in the 7th century and died on 11 October 714. He was canonised in 754. In 1194 Lier was given oppidum status and in 1212 granted municipal rights. The Lier beguinage was founded in 1258 and in 1998 was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Flemish Béguinages site. The last surviving beguine died in 1994. In the 14th century, Duke Jan II wished to reward the City of Lier for joining his fight against the City of Mechelen. He offered the city the choice of either hosting a university or a livestock market. The city notoriously selected the livestock market option, upon which the Duke is reported to have sighed: "Oh, those wretched sheep heads". Today, a herd of bronze sheep near the Zimmer tower serves as a reminder to this fateful decision. The university was eventually seeded in the city of Leuven, in 1425, as one of Europe's first and today most prominent universities. The nickname Schapekoppen (which translates to Sheep Heads) is still used in Flanders to refer to inhabitants of Lier.

In 1496, Lier was the scene of the marriage between Philip the Handsome, son of Maximilian of Austria, and Joanna of Castile. This marriage was pivotal to the history of Europe, for Charles V, who was born to this marriage (Ghent, 1500), would go on to rule both the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire.

King Christian II of Denmark, accompanied by his spouse Isabella (sister to Charles V and known as Queen Elisabeth), lived in Lier until 1523, after having been expelled from Denmark by the local nobility while waiting in vain for military support from his brother in law. He attempted again to regain the Danish and Norwegian throne, but was taken prisoner and spent the rest of his life detained in the Danish castles of Sønderborg and Kalundborg. Isabella died in 1526 at the Castle of Zwijnaarde.

A conspicuous feature of the market square is a headstone (witches-stone, placed in 1974) that marks the spot where Lier's last witchcraft-related execution is traditionally believed to have taken place.

In 1860, a skeleton of a mammoth was unearthed at the site of the current city hall buildings. It was the first mammoth skeleton to be discovered in western Europe.

At the start of the WWI, King Albert and his Chiefs of Staff were temporarily headquartered in Lier, before retreating to Temse as German lines advanced. Being part of the redoubt of Antwerp, the city suffered heavily under German artillery fire, leaving much of its medieval structures damaged beyond repair. Most medieval-style structures that exist today (including the town hall and its belfry) are therefore replicas, built shortly after the War.

Lier is routinely referred to with the rhyme Lierke Plezierke (which roughly translates as "fun in Lier"). This expression originates from a booklet Felix Timmermans wrote in 1928, in celebration of the 50th wedding anniversary of a neighbouring couple.

The strong ties Lier had developed with the Belgian military ever since in 1888 artillery barracks were built, continued after the World Wars. From 1955 to 1997 the barracks housed the Royal School of Cadets (cadet school for the Belgian army). A prominent alumnus of this school is Belgian astronaut Frank De Winne. The site was vacated by the army in 1998, acquired by the city, and now houses city hall and the police department. Two artillery pieces are on display on the city hall's patio, as a reminder of the building's past. The city of Lier is also patron city to the Belgian Army's Second Artillery Regiment (now termed the Artillery Battalion).

Geography
Some might argue that Lier is a part of the Antwerp suburban area, making it a district on itself, but generally, Lier is divided into five main districts: Leuvensepoort, Mechelpoort, Lisp, the city centre and Koningshooikt. The last is a historic village that was administratively joined to the town as a sub-municipality in 1977.

Notable people

 * Anton Bergmann, lawyer and writer
 * Cornelis de Bie, lawyer and writer
 * Jan Ceulemans, football player
 * Raymond Ceulemans, billiards player
 * Jean-Baptist David, canon and founder of the Davidsfonds
 * Patrick Dewael, politician, former Minister-President of Flanders
 * Pieter Dox, Missionary killed during the Simba rebellion
 * Wim Henderickx (b. Lier, 1962), composer
 * Frans Wouters, painter
 * Isidoor Opsomer, painter
 * Bob Peeters, former football player, now a manager
 * Felix Timmermans, writer and painter
 * Triggerfinger, rock band
 * Lodewijck Van Boeckel, ornamental smith
 * Herman Van Breda, founder of the Husserl archive
 * Wim Vandekeybus (b. Lier, 1963) choreographer, director, film maker
 * Herman Vanderpoorten, politician (1922–1984)
 * Yanina Wickmayer, tennis player
 * Marc Zabeau (b. Lier, 1949), scientist and businessman

Points of interest

 * The Beguinage (UNESCO World Heritage Site) and St Margarita church, 17th century.
 * The St. Gummarus Church, Gothic architecture, 14th century; under high altar is grave of Olav Engelbrektsson, last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Nidaros.
 * The Timmermans - Opsomerhuis museum.
 * The Stedelijk Museum Wuyts-Van Campen en Baron Caroly, a fine arts museum.
 * The Town hall, rococo architecture, 18th century.
 * The adjoining 14th century belfry, listed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site Belfries of Belgium and France.
 * The Zimmer Tower houses a unique astronomical clock built in the 1930s, by Louis Zimmer.

In popular culture
In 2004, Lier was the host for the third episode of Fata Morgana, the TV show in which Belgian celebrities gave a city or town several challenges. The theme was "Lier 2020" and the inhabitants succeeded in completing all challenges.

title: Lier, Belgium


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Talk:Red-tailed sportive lemur

Weight
800 grams is pretty small. It looked suspicious. --1pezguy 00:49, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * the figure comes from the Ganzhorn et al article, which is a peer-reviewed paper in a top journal, so unlikely to be wrong. I will recheck the source, though, in case I made a copying error seglea 03:53, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * figure now checked - 800g is what the article says. seglea 22:27, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I can validate that: Lemurs of Madagascar says 600-900g. - UtherSRG 01:49, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red-tailed sportive lemur


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Talk:Limited-slip differential

Remove "Factory names" section
Today I removed the entire Factory Names section. There was a tag for "Unreferenced section" dated from December 2016, and today there was still not a single reference in the entire section. There was also a lot of wrong information in that section. For example, it referred to Audi's "Quattro" system, and also Hyundai's "HTrac" system as both being examples, but those are brand names those companies use to market their entire All Wheel Drive systems, and don't refer specifically to differentials. If someone wants to rebuild this section, find references for each item in the list. I'd recommend being less ambitious in the size of the list, as references for this information might be hard to find (many of them come from marketing information that would be 50-60 years old at this point, and references might be hard to find). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Impreziv (talk • contribs) 22:38, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Section on electronic LSD
I believe this section is severely lacking in that there are multiple types of electronically controlled units. The description in the first sentence only covers a single type of electronic diffferential (like the Subaru STi DCCD) An example of another type is available on many Subaru automatics (certain trim of Subaru Legacy from 1990-2012+ among others). It uses an electro/hydraulic clutch pack to vary the torque to the rear wheels. Imagine an electronically controlled motorcycle clutch combined with a standard transfer case. It is a "differential" by technical terms even though there is only one input and one output (as opposed to the single input multi output of other differentials)

Should we also expand on how the electronics work? I know that on the subaru it is a large electromagnet driven by duty cycle to control the aggressiveness of the locking clutches

Then there is the mention of the 2011 STI DCCD. This system has been available since 1995 in Japan and since 2004 in the USA so I feel its misleading to arbitrarily list the MY11 STi.Ciper (talk) 05:07, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Feb 2012 Rewrite
I took the liberty to re-organize and re-write this page. Most of the information is from the older page but I tried to clean up the organization a bit. The current article is still weak on references and information on the dynamics associated with LSDs (not always positive). I think some of the reused information was on the subjective side. Finally, I would prefer the article have a bit more math (something along the lines of the research papers I cited). While I'm happy to cite things like a Subaru web page for information on what type on differential Subaru uses in a car I wouldn't trust their marketing department to accurately describe the dynamic function of the differential.

One more thing, I think we should decide if this is about true limited slip differentials or a wider topic to include things like spools and lockers which aren't as well as brake based "electronic limited slip differentials" which really are chassis stability systems since they aren't actually incorporated as part of the differential itself. Springee (talk) 18:35, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Lockers and the subsection spool belong on the Locking differential page. The Spool section on this LSD page needs shortened.  --Dana60Cummins (talk) 18:56, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

No argument here. Is there a separate spool page? I ask because in addition to off road use, oval racing cars often use spools. I left it in just because it was already in the article. Since there was a locking article already and I just cut the locker part. Springee (talk) 19:12, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

 * It has it's own subsection on the Locking differential page. Which is all it needs being it's the easiest carrier to understand, by far.--Dana60Cummins (talk) 19:23, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

OK, I removed the text and simply left the link you have above.Springee (talk) 00:11, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

The Benefits Paragraph
I noticed a large section of the opening benefits paragraph was removed. What do we think should be in the paragraph. The original seemed to focus on LSD's for off road use. I know some people think of LSDs in terms of performance cars. What information do we think should and shouldn't be in that opening section? I figured I would ask here rather than making edits people may not like or agree with.

I would like to see some mention of how an open diff fails with mention of both off road/poor traction conditions as well as perhaps in performance driving. Next we could mention how the LSD helps fix those issues in very short/general terms.

Other ideas? --Springee (talk) 05:36, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Limited-slip differential


text:
Talk:Roman Army

For an October 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Roman Army

roman army is consistent on following the rules and regulations of the roman empire. they are good and persisitent soldiers of rome.

title: Talk:Roman Army


text:
29th Infantry Division (United States)

The 29th Infantry Division (29th ID), also known as the "Blue and Gray Division", is an infantry division of the United States Army based at Fort Belvoir in Fairfax County, Virginia. The division is currently a formation of the Army National Guard and includes units from Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and West Virginia.

Formed in 1917, the division deployed to France as a part of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. It was called up for service again during World War II. The division's 116th Regiment, attached to the First Infantry Division, was the first wave of troops ashore during Operation Overlord, the landings in Normandy, France. It supported a special Ranger unit tasked with clearing strong points at Omaha Beach. The rest of the 29th ID came ashore later, then advanced to Saint-Lô, and eventually through France and into Germany.

Following the end of World War II, the division saw frequent reorganizations and deactivations. The 29th did not see combat through most of the five decades, but it participated in numerous training exercises throughout the world.

In the 1990s, it was deployed to Bosnia (SFOR10) and Kosovo (KFOR) as command elements and units of the division continue to deploy to locations such as Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and to the War in Afghanistan as a part of the Global War on Terrorism's Operation Enduring Freedom, and to the Iraq War as a part of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn. The division has continued answering the call supporting Operation Spartan Shield in forward deployed locations.

In 2016, two separate elements of the 29th deployed overseas. In July 2016, over 80 soldiers deployed in support of Operation Inherent Resolve, a U.S. government military campaign against Islamic State militants.

In October 2019, over 450 29th soldiers deployed in support of Operation Spartan Shield.

The division most recently deployed to Kuwait for its second Task Force Spartan rotation in 2021. From Kuwait, staff officers from 29ID Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion coordinated the rescue of approximately 11,000 refugees from Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover of the nation.

History
The 29th Division was first constituted on paper on 18 July 1917, three months after the American entry into World War I, in the National Guard. Troops came from Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.

As the division was composed of men from states that had units that fought for both the North and South during the American Civil War, it was nicknamed the "Blue and Gray" division, after the blue uniforms of the Union and the gray uniforms of the Confederate armies. The division was organized as a unit on 25 August 1917 at Camp McClellan, Alabama. In January 1918, the Delaware units were relieved from assignment to the division.

World War I
The division, commanded throughout its existence by Major General Charles G. Morton, departed for the Western Front in June 1918 to join the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). The division's advance detachment reached Brest, France on 8 June. In late September, the 29th received orders to join the U.S. First Army's Meuse–Argonne offensive as part of the French XVII Corps.

During its 21 days in combat, the 29th Division advanced seven kilometers, captured 2,148 prisoners, and knocked out over 250 machine guns or artillery pieces. Thirty percent of the division were casualties in the war, including 170 officers and 5,691 enlisted men were killed or wounded. Shortly thereafter the Armistice with Germany was signed on 11 November 1918, ending hostilities between the Central Powers and the Allied Powers. The division returned to the United States in May 1919. It demobilized on 30 May at Camp Dix, New Jersey,

Order of battle, 1917–1918

 * Headquarters, 29th Division
 * 57th Infantry Brigade
 * 113th Infantry Regiment (former 4th New Jersey Infantry less Headquarters Company, Machine Gun Company, Company L, and part of Supply Company, 1st New Jersey Infantry less Company K, and 2nd New Jersey Infantry less band, Machine Gun Company, and Companies G and L)
 * 114th Infantry Regiment (former 3rd New Jersey Infantry less band, Machine Gun Company, and Companies I and L, and 5th New Jersey Infantry less Company F)
 * 111th Machine Gun Battalion (former Machine Gun Company, 4th New Jersey Infantry, and Machine Gun Company and Company L, 2nd New Jersey Infantry)
 * 58th Infantry Brigade
 * 115th Infantry Regiment (former 1st Maryland Infantry less Company H, 5th Maryland Infantry less Headquarters, Supply, and Machine Gun Companies, and 4th Maryland Infantry less band, Machine Gun Company, and Companies A, B, D, E, F, H, and I)
 * 116th Infantry Regiment (former 2nd Virginia Infantry, 1st Virginia Infantry less band) and Machine Gun Company, and 4th Virginia Infantry less Headquarters Company, Machine Gun Company, and Companies D, I, and M)
 * 112th Machine Gun Battalion (former Company H, 1st Maryland Infantry, Machine Gun Company, 4th Maryland Infantry, and Machine Gun Company and Company D, 4th Virginia Infantry)
 * 54th Field Artillery Brigade
 * 110th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm) (former Headquarters and Supply Companies, 5th Maryland Infantry, Batteries A, B and C, Maryland Field Artillery, Batteries A and B, D.C. Field Artillery, 1st Squadron, D.C. Cavalry, and detachment from Company A, Virginia Signal Corps)
 * 111th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm) (former 1st Virginia Field Artillery, Headquarters Company and Companies I and M, 4th Virginia Infantry, and detachment from Company A, Virginia Signal Corps)
 * 112th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm) (former 1st New Jersey Field Artillery less Battery F, Troops B and D, 1st New Jersey Cavalry, and detachment from Company A, Virginia Signal Corps)
 * 104th Trench Mortar Battery (former Battery F, New Jersey Field Artillery)
 * 110th Machine Gun Battalion (former Machine Gun Company, 5th Maryland Infantry, Machine Gun Company, 4th New Jersey Infantry, and Machine Gun Company, 1st Virginia Infantry)
 * 104th Engineer Regiment (former 1st Battalion. New Jersey Engineers, Company K, 1st New Jersey Infantry, Company G, 2nd New Jersey Infantry, Companies I and L, 3rd New Jersey Infantry, Co. L, 4th New Jersey Infantry, and Co. F, 5th New Jersey Infantry)
 * 104th Field Signal Battalion (former Companies A and C, New Jersey Signal Corps, and Company B, D.C. Signal Corps)
 * Headquarters Troop, 29th Division (detachment from 1st Squadron, New Jersey Cavalry)
 * 104th Train Headquarters and Military Police (former Troops A and C, 1st Squadron New Jersey Cavalry, and Troop A, Maryland Cavalry)
 * 104th Ammunition Train (former 1st Squadron, Virginia Cavalry, and individual transfers)
 * 104th Supply Train (individual transfers)
 * 104th Engineer Train (individual transfers)
 * 104th Sanitary Train
 * 113th, 114th, 115th, and 116th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals (former 1st Maryland Ambulance Company, 1st Virginia Ambulance Company, 1st New Jersey Field Hospital, 1st Maryland Field Hospital, and 1st Virginia Field Hospital)

Interwar period
In accordance with the National Defense Act of 1920, the division was allotted to the states of Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia, and assigned to the III Corps in 1921. The division headquarters was reorganized and federally recognized on 31 July 1923 at Washington, D.C. The designated mobilization training center for the “Blue and Gray” Division was Fort Eustis, Virginia. Units from New Jersey that were part of the 29th Division in World War I were assigned to the new 44th Division, which encompassed troops from New Jersey and New York. As a result, the 57th Infantry Brigade and 104th Engineer Regiment went to the 44th Division, while the newly-constituted 91st Infantry Brigade and 121st Engineer Regiment were assigned the 29th Division. When 155 mm howitzers were returned to infantry divisions beginning in 1929, a formerly non-divisional unit from Pennsylvania was assigned to the division.

From 1922 to 1936, the division’s subordinate units held separate summer camps at locations within their respective states: Camp Albert C. Ritchie, near Cascade, Maryland, for Maryland and District of Columbia units, the Virginia Beach State Military Reservation at Virginia Beach, Virginia, for Virginia units, and the target range in Monroe and Wayne Counties, Pennsylvania, near Tobyhanna, for the artillery units. The division staff, composed of personnel from all four states, came together to conduct joint training most summers before World War II. The division staff’s summer training periods were conducted most years at Camp Ritchie, Virginia Beach, or Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. The headquarters also participated in several corps area and army-level command post exercises (CPXs) during the interwar years. However, the first time the majority of the division’s subordinate units had the chance to operate together came in June 1935 during the portion of the First Army maneuvers held at Indiantown Gap Military Reservation, Pennsylvania.

Unfortunately, the 91st Infantry Brigade and the 121st Engineers did not attend the maneuver. The poliomyelitis epidemic which had developed in Virginia that summer prompted the governor of Pennsylvania to refuse the brigade’s entry into the state. The next opportunity to train as one unit came in August 1939 when the entire division was assembled at Manassas, Virginia, for the Third Corps Area concentration of the First Army maneuvers. In that maneuver, the “Blue and Gray” Division operated as part of the provisional III Corps. For the additional week’s training directed by the War Department for all National Guard units that winter, the Virginia elements of the 29th Division assembled 12–18 November 1939 at Virginia Beach, while the Maryland and District of Columbia elements assembled at Camp Ritchie. The final division training event before induction came in August 1940 when the 29th Division participated in the First Army maneuvers near Canton, New York. The division again operated as part of the III Corps against the provisional I Corps. The division was relieved from the III Corps on 30 December 1940 and assigned to the II Corps.

Commanders

 * Major General Anton Stephan (Washington, D.C.), 31 July 1923–10 April 1934
 * Major General Milton A. Reckord (Maryland), 14 April 1934–February 1942

Order of battle, 1939
Italics indicates state of headquarters allocation; headquarters not organized or inactive.

 * Headquarters, 29th Division (Washington, D.C.)
 * Headquarters Detachment, 29th Division (Washington, D.C.)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 29th Division (Washington, D.C.)
 * Headquarters Detachment, Special Troops (Washington, D.C.)
 * Medical Detachment, Special Troops (Washington, D.C.)
 * Headquarters Company, 29th Division (Washington, D.C.)
 * 29th Military Police Company (Washington, D.C.)
 * 29th Signal Company (Norfolk, Virginia)
 * 104th Ordnance Company (Medium) (Washington, D.C.)
 * 29th Tank Company (Light) (Danville, Virginia)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 58th Infantry Brigade (Baltimore, Maryland)
 * 1st Infantry Regiment (MD) (Frederick, Maryland) (later redesignated 115th Infantry)
 * 5th Infantry Regiment (MD) (Baltimore, Maryland) (later redesignated 175th Infantry)
 * Headquarters, 91st Infantry Brigade (Richmond, Virginia) (later redesignated 88th Infantry Brigade)
 * Headquarters Company, 91st Infantry Brigade (Berryville, Virginia)
 * 1st Infantry Regiment (VA) (Richmond, Virginia) (later redesignated 176th Infantry)
 * 116th Infantry Regiment (Lynchburg, Virginia)
 * Headquarters, 54th Field Artillery Brigade (Norfolk, Virginia)
 * Headquarters Battery, 54th Field Artillery Brigade (Richmond, Virginia)
 * 110th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm) (Pikesville, Maryland)
 * 111th Field Artillery Regiment (75 mm) (Hampton, Virginia)
 * 176th Field Artillery Regiment (155 mm) (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
 * 104th Ammunition Train (Virginia National Guard)
 * 121st Engineer Regiment (Washington, D.C.)
 * 104th Medical Regiment (Baltimore, Maryland)
 * 104th Quartermaster Regiment (Baltimore, Maryland)

World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, the U.S. Army began the buildup and reorganization of its fighting forces. The division was called into active service on 3 February 1941. Elements of the division were then sent to Fort Meade, Maryland for training. The 58th and 88th Infantry Brigades were inactivated as part of an army-wide removal of brigades from divisions. Instead, the core units of the division were its three infantry regiments, along with supporting units. On 12 March 1942, over three months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent American entrance into World War II, with this reorganization complete the division was redesignated as the 29th Infantry Division and began preparing for overseas deployment to Europe.

Order of battle, 1942–1945

 * Headquarters, 29th Infantry Division
 * 115th Infantry Regiment
 * 116th Infantry Regiment
 * 175th Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 29th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 110th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 111th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 224th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 227th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 121st Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 104th Medical Battalion
 * 29th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 29th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 29th Infantry Division
 * 729th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 29th Quartermaster Company
 * 29th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 29th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

In May 1942, the 37th Infantry Division had been alerted for movement to England, and sent its 112th Engineer Combat Battalion ahead as part of the advance party. Orders were changed, and the 37th was diverted for service in the Pacific Theater. There was no time to recall the 112th, or to find and assign a new battalion. The War Department instead ordered the 121st Engineer Combat Battalion, less five officers and 120 men, moved from Fort Meade to Fort Indiantown Gap, and the unit was redesignated the 117th Engineer Combat Battalion and assigned to the 37th Infantry Division. Around the cadre of five officers and 120 men, in addition to Selective Service fillers sent from Fort Hayes, Ohio, and Fort Devens, Massachusetts, a new 121st Engineer Combat Battalion was organized.

The 29th Infantry Division, under the command of Major General Leonard Gerow, was sent to England on 5 October 1942 on RMS Queen Mary. It was based throughout England and Scotland, where it immediately began training for an invasion of northern Europe across the English Channel. In May 1943 the division moved to the Devon–Cornwall peninsula and started conducting simulated attacks against fortified positions. At this time the division was assigned to V Corps of the U.S. First Army. In July the divisional commander, Major General Gerow, was promoted to command V Corps and Major General Charles Hunter Gerhardt assumed command of the division, remaining in this post for the rest of the war.

Operation Overlord
D-Day of Operation Neptune, the cross-channel invasion of Normandy, finally came on 6 June 1944. Neptune was the assault phase of the larger Operation Overlord, codename for the Allied campaign to liberate France from the Germans. The 29th Infantry Division sent the 116th Infantry to support the western flank of the veteran 1st Infantry Division's 16th Infantry at Omaha Beach.

Omaha was known to be the most difficult of the five landing beaches, due to its rough terrain and bluffs overlooking the beach, which had been well fortified by its German defenders of the 352nd Infantry Division. The 116th Infantry was assigned four sectors of the beach; Easy Green, Dog Red, Dog White, and Dog Green. Soldiers of the 29th Infantry Division boarded a large number of attack transports for the D-Day invasion, among them landing craft, landing ship, tank, and landing ship, infantry ships and other vessels such as the SS Empire Javelin, USS Charles Carroll (APA-28), and USS Buncombe County.

As the ships were traveling to the beach, the heavy seas, combined with the chaos of the fighting caused most of the landing force to be thrown off-course and most of the 116th Infantry missed its landing spots. Most of the regiment's tank support, launched from too far off-shore, foundered and sank in the channel. The soldiers of the 116th Infantry were the first to hit the beach at 0630, coming under heavy fire from German fortifications. Company A, from the Virginia National Guard in Bedford, was annihilated by overwhelming fire as it landed on the 116th's westernmost section of the beach, along with half of Company A, B, and C of the 2nd Ranger Battalion and the 5th Rangers Battalion which was landing to the west of the 116th. The catastrophic losses suffered by this small Virginia community led to it being selected for the site of the National D-Day Memorial. The 1st Infantry Division's forces ran into similar fortifications on the eastern half of the beach, suffering massive casualties coming ashore. By 0830, the landings were called off for lack of space on the beach, as the Americans on Omaha Beach were unable to overcome German fortifications guarding the beach exits.

Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, commanding the American First Army, considered evacuating the survivors and landing the rest of the divisions elsewhere. However, by noon, elements of the American forces had been able to organize and advance off the beach, and the landings resumed. By nightfall, the division headquarters landed on the beach with about 60 percent of the division's total strength and began organizing the push inland. On 7 June, a second wave of 20,000 reinforcements from both the 1st and 29th Divisions was sent ashore. By the end of D-Day, 2,400 men from the two divisions had become casualties on Omaha Beach. Added to casualties at other beaches and air-drops made the total casualties for the Normandy landings 6,500 Americans and 3,000 British and Canadians, lighter numbers than expected.

The entire division had landed in Normandy by 7 June. By 9 June, Omaha Beach was secure and the division occupied Isigny. On 14 July, the division was reassigned to XIX Corps, part of the First Army, itself part of the 12th Army Group.

Breakout
The division cut across the Elle River and advanced slowly toward Saint-Lô, fighting bitterly in the Normandy hedgerow country. German reserves formed a new defensive front outside the town, and American forces fought a fierce battle with them two miles outside of the town. German forces used the dense bocage foliage to their advantage, mounting fierce resistance in house-to-house fighting in the ravaged Saint-Lô. By the end of the fight, the Germans were relying on artillery support to hold the town following the depletion of the infantry contingent. The 29th Division, which was already undermanned after heavy casualties on D-Day, was even further depleted in the intense fighting for Saint-Lô. Eventually, the 29th was able to capture the city in a direct assault, supported by airstrikes from P-47 Thunderbolts.

Brittany
After taking Saint-Lô, on 18 July, the division joined in the battle for Vire, capturing that strongly held city by 7 August. It continued to face stiff German resistance as it advanced to key positions southeast of Saint-Lô It was then reassigned to V Corps, and then again to VIII Corps. Turning west, the 29th took part in the assault on Brest which lasted from 25 August until 18 September.

Germany
After a short rest, the division returned to XIX Corps and took part in the Battle of Aachen by moving to defensive positions along the Teveren-Geilenkirchen line supporting the 30th Infantry Division in Germany and maintained those positions through October. On 16 November, the division began its drive to the Roer River, blasting its way through Siersdorf, Setterich, Durboslar, and Bettendorf, and reaching the Roer by the end of the month. Heavy fighting reduced in Jülich Sportplatz and the Hasenfeld Gut on 8 December. The Division did not take part in the Battle of the Bulge as they were held in reserve for equipment refitting and received replacements of fresh troops arriving from England and France after training for weeks. From 8 December 1944 to 23 February 1945, the division was assigned to XIII Corps and held defensive positions along the Rur and prepared for the next major offensive, Operation Grenade. The division was reassigned to XIX Corps, and the attack jumped off across the Rur on 23 February and carried the division through Jülich, Broich, Immerath, and Titz, to Mönchengladbach by 1 March 1945. The division was out of combat in March. In early April the division was reassigned to XVI Corps, where the 116th Infantry helped mop up in the Ruhr Pocket. On 19 April 1945 the division, assigned to XIII Corps, pushed to the Elbe River and held defensive positions until 4 May and also made contact with Soviet troops. Meanwhile, the 175th Infantry cleared the Klotze Forest. After V-E Day, the division was on military occupation duty in the Bremen enclave. It was assigned to XVI Corps again for this assignment.

Losses, decorations, demobilization

 * Total battle casualties: 20,620
 * Killed in action: 3,887
 * Wounded in action: 15,541
 * Missing in action: 347
 * Prisoner of war: 845

From July 1943, the 29th Infantry Division was commanded by Major General Charles H. Gerhardt. The division suffered the second-most battle casualties of any American division in the European Theater (after the 4th Infantry Division's 22,660), and it was said that Gerhardt actually commanded three divisions: one on the field of battle, one in the hospital, and one in the cemetery. The 29th Infantry Division lost 3,887 men killed in action, 15,541 wounded in action (899 of whom died of their wounds), 347 missing in action (315 of whom were returned to military control alive), 845 prisoners of war (six of whom died in captivity), in addition to 8,665 non-combat casualties, during 242 days of combat. This amounted to over 200 percent of the division's normal strength. The division, in turn, took 38,912 German prisoners of war.

Soldiers of the 29th Infantry Division were awarded five Medals of Honor, 44 Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, 854 Silver Star Medals, 17 Legion of Merit Medals, 24 Soldier's Medals, 6,308 Bronze Star Medals, and 176 Air Medals during the conflict. The division itself was awarded four distinguished unit citations and four campaign streamers for the conflict.

The division remained on occupation duty until the end of 1945. Camp Grohn near Bremen was the division headquarters until January 1946. The 29th Infantry Division returned to the United States in January 1946 and was demobilized and inactivated on 17 January 1946 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.

Reactivation
On 23 October 1946, the division was reactivated in Norfolk, Virginia. However, its subordinate elements were not fully manned and activated for several years. It resumed its National Guard status, seeing weekend and summer training assignments but no major contingencies over the next few years.

In 1959, the division was reorganized under the Pentomic five battle group division organization. Ewing's 29th Infantry Division: A Short History of a Fighting Division says that several Maryland infantry and engineer companies were reorganized to form 1st Med Tank Bn, 115th Armor; the 29th Aviation Company was established; and the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron, 183rd Armor, was established in Virginia as the division's reconnaissance squadron. In 1963, the division was reorganized in accordance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan, eliminating its regimental commands in favor of brigades. The division took command of the 1st Brigade, 29th Infantry Division and 2nd Brigade, 29th Infantry Division of the Virginia Army National Guard, as well as the 3rd Brigade, 29th Infantry Division of the Maryland Army National Guard. The division continued its service in the National Guard under this new organization.

In 1968, in the middle of the Vietnam War, the Army inactivated several National Guard and Reserve divisions as part of a realignment of resources. The 29th Infantry Division was one of the divisions inactivated. During that time, the division's subordinate units were reassigned to other National Guard divisions. 1st Brigade was inactivated, while 2nd Brigade was redesignated as the 116th Infantry Brigade, and the 3rd Brigade was redesignated as 3rd Brigade, 28th Infantry Division.

On 6 June 1984, 40 years after the landings on Omaha Beach, the Army announced that it would reactivate the 29th Infantry Division, organized as a light infantry division, as part of a reorganization of the National Guard. On 30 September 1985, the division was reactivated at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, with units from the Virginia Army National Guard (VAARNG) and Maryland Army National Guard (MDARNG). The 116th Infantry Brigade was redesignated the 1st Brigade, 29th Division, while the 58th Infantry Brigade became the 3rd Brigade. That year, the division also received its distinctive unit insignia.

Organization 1989
At the end of the Cold War the division was a joint Virginia Army National Guard (VAARNG) and Maryland Army National Guard (MDARNG) unit. Virginia provided the division's headquarters, the 1st and 2nd Brigade, the Division Artillery (with one MDARNG artillery battalion) and other minor units, while Maryland provided the 3rd Brigade, Aviation Brigade, 29th Infantry Division (with two VAARNG aviation companies), the Division Support Command (with one VAARNG aviation company) and other minor units. The division was organized as follows:
 * 29th Infantry Division (Light), Fort Belvoir (VAARNG)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Fort Belvoir (VAARNG)
 * 1st Brigade, Staunton (VAARNG)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Staunton
 * 1st Battalion, 116th Infantry, Roanoke
 * 2nd Battalion, 116th Infantry, Lynchburg
 * 3rd Battalion, 116th Infantry, Winchester
 * 2nd Brigade, Fort A.P. Hill (VAARNG) (Would receive an additional infantry battalion from the 3rd Brigade during wartime)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Fort A.P. Hill
 * 1st Battalion, 170th Infantry, Alexandria
 * 1st Battalion, 183rd Infantry, Richmond
 * 3rd Brigade, Pikesville (MDARNG)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 * 1st Battalion, 115th Infantry, Silver Spring
 * 2nd Battalion, 115th Infantry, Chestertown
 * 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry, Baltimore
 * 2nd Battalion, 175th Infantry, Dundalk
 * Aviation Brigade, 29th Infantry Division, Weide Army Airfield (MDARNG)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Weide Army Airfield
 * 1st Squadron, 158th Cavalry, Annapolis (OH-58A Kiowa & AH-1E Cobra helicopters)
 * 1st Battalion, 224th Aviation (Attack), Weide Army Airfield (OH-58A Kiowa & AH-1E Cobra helicopters)
 * Company D, 224th Aviation (Assault), Sandston Army Airfield (VAARNG) (UH-60A Black Hawk helicopters)
 * Company E, 224th Aviation (General Support), Sandston Army Airfield (VAARNG) (UH-1H Iroquois helicopters)
 * 29th Infantry Division Artillery, Sandston (VAARNG)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, Sandston
 * 2nd Battalion, 110th Field Artillery, Pikesville (MDARNG) (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzers)
 * 1st Battalion, 111th Field Artillery, Norfolk (attached 18 × M198 155 mm towed howitzers unit)
 * 2nd Battalion, 111th Field Artillery, Richmond (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzers)
 * 1st Battalion, 246th Field Artillery, Danville (18 × M101 105 mm towed howitzers)
 * Battery E, 111th Field Artillery, Emporia (8 × M198 155 mm towed howitzers)
 * 29th Infantry Division Support Command, Towson (MDARNG)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Towson
 * 104th Medical Battalion, Catonsville
 * 229th Supply & Transportation Battalion, Baltimore
 * 729th Maintenance Battalion, Havre de Grace
 * Company F, 224th Aviation (Aviation Intermediate Maintenance), Weide Army Airfield (VAARNG)
 * 3rd Battalion, 111th Air Defense Artillery, Portsmouth (VAARNG)
 * 229th Engineer Battalion, Fredericksburg (VAARNG)
 * 129th Signal Battalion, Bel Air (MDARNG)
 * 629th Military Intelligence Battalion, Greenbelt (MDARNG)
 * 29th Military Police Company, Pikesville (MDARNG)
 * 229th Chemical Company, Roanoke (VAARNG)
 * 29th Division Band, Roanoke (VAARNG)

Post Cold War
At the end of the Cold War, the U.S. Army saw further drawdowns and reductions in spending. The 29th Infantry Division was retained, however 2nd Brigade was inactivated in favor of assets from the inactivating 26th Infantry Division, which was redesignated the 26th Brigade, 29th Infantry Division.

The largest National Guard training exercise ever held in Virginia took place in July 1998, bringing units from the 29th Infantry Division together for one large infantry exercise. The Division Maneuver Exercise, dubbed Operation Chindit, brought together Guard units from Virginia and Maryland, as well as Massachusetts, New Jersey, Connecticut and the District of Columbia. The exercise began with the insertion of troops from the 29th Infantry Division's 1st and 3rd Brigades by UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters into strategic landing zones. NATO-member forces trained with the 29th Infantry Division throughout the exercise. In December 2008, the division also dispatched a task force to Camp Asaka near Tokyo, Japan for exercises with the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force called Yama Sakura 55, a bilateral exercise simulating an invasion of Japan.

Present day
In March 1994, during a time of post-Cold War reductions in the size of the Regular Army, the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment was tasked to test a new concept. The Regiment's task was to organize, train, certify, and deploy a multi-component battalion-sized task force made up of National Guard, Army Reserve and Regular Army Soldiers to serve as the US Army's rotational Infantry Battalion for the Multi-National Force and Observers (MFO) in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. The Soldiers selected for the unit reported to Fort Bragg in North Carolina in July 1994 to begin their training for the mission.

The task force was designated as the 4th Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, and carried the lineage of Company D, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, which had served throughout World War II and into the 1950s. Also known as Task Force 4-505 or "The Sinai Battalion," it was formally activated on 4 November 1994. The battalion was made up of 88% National Guardsmen and Army Reservists from 32 different states, and 12% Regular Army Soldiers, most from the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg. Virginia and Maryland Army National Guardsmen from the 29th Infantry Division (Light) provided the largest contingent for the battalion. All of the National Guard and Army Reserve Soldiers volunteered for a year of active duty in order to serve in the unit. After completing six months of peacekeeping training at Fort Bragg, the 4th Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment deployed to the Sinai from January through June 1995, then redeployed to Fort Bragg. On 15 July 1995, the 4th Battalion was inactivated at Fort Bragg, and its soldiers returned to their parent units.

Hundreds of soldiers from the 29th Infantry Division completed nine days of training on 16 June 2001 at Fort Polk, Louisiana, to prepare for their peacekeeping mission in Bosnia, as the second division headquarters to be deployed as a part of SFOR 10. In all, 2,085 National Guard soldiers from 16 states from Massachusetts to California served with the multinational force that operated in the US sector, MND-N. Their rotation began in October 2001 and lasted six months.

The 29th Infantry Division completed a two-week warfighter exercise at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in late July 2003. Nearly 1,200 soldiers of the division participated in the training, which was overseen by First United States Army. Also engaged in the simulation war was about 150 soldiers of the New York Army National Guard's 42nd Infantry Division. The exercises covered a variety of operations, ranging from large-scale contingencies to airborne and civil affairs operations.

In March 2004, the 3rd Battalion 116th Infantry of 500+ soldiers was mobilized for 579 days in support of Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan. Following a 4-month train up, the battalion deployed to Bagram Air Base Afghanistan where the unit split into two operational elements. One element was stationed at Bagram where they were responsible for near-base security and the theater-north Quick Reaction Force. They executed 5, 10, and 20-kilometer ring patrols to increase force security and stayed ready to react at a moment's notice to deploy anywhere in Afghanistan to react to "troops in contact" that requested support. The other element moved south with the Bn Commander to control and shape operations in the Wardak and Ghazni provinces. It was here that the 116th would take its first casualties by enemy contact since World War II. SGT Bobby Beasley and SSG Craig Cherry were killed in an IED attack on a patrol in southern Ghazni near Gilan. Within the first three months, the unit would deploy nearly every soldier around Bagram, and throughout the Wardak and Ghazni provinces during the first Afghan elections in which President Hamid Karzai was elected. The unit would be redeployed back to the United States in July 2005 highly decorated for its efforts during its mission following hundreds of successful combat patrols and engagements.

In 2005, 350 veterans, politicians, and soldiers representing the division went to Normandy and Paris, in France for the 60th anniversary of the D-Day landings. The Army National Guard organized a major ceremony for the 60th anniversary, as many of the veterans who participated in the invasion were in their 80s at that time, and the 60th anniversary was seen as the last major anniversary of the landings in which a large number of veterans could take part.

The division underwent a major reorganization in 2006. A special troops battalion was added to the division's command structure, and its three brigades were redesignated. It as organized around three brigades; the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team of North Carolina, the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of Virginia, and the Combat Aviation Brigade, 29th Infantry Division of Maryland.

In December 2006, the division took command of the Eastern region of Kosovo's peacekeeping force, to provide security in the region. The division's soldiers were part of a NATO multi-national task force consisting of units from Ukraine, Greece, Poland, Romania, Armenia and Lithuania under the command of U.S. Army Brigadier General Douglas B. Earhart who concurrently served as the 29th's Deputy Commanding General. The division returned to Fort Belvoir in November 2007.

After a three-month pre-deployment train-up at Mississippi's Camp Shelby, the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team deployed to Kuwait and Iraq in September 2007, as part of the Iraq War's Operation Iraqi Freedom, returning home in May 2008.

Approximately 72 Virginia and Maryland National Guard soldiers with the 29th ID were deployed to Afghanistan from December 2010 to October 2011. As part of the 29th ID Security Partnering Team, the Soldiers were assigned to NATO's International Security Assistance Force Joint Command Security Partnering Team with the mission of assisting with the growth and development of the Afghan National Security Forces where they served as advisers and mentors to senior Afghan leaders. They were part of a NATO Coalition of 49 troop-contributing nations that Security Partnering personnel interacted with daily across Afghanistan.

They were replaced in November 2011 by a new team from the 29th Infantry Division. A team of 65 29th ID soldiers served in Afghanistan as a Security Partnering Team until July 2012.

The 29th ID suffered one casualty during this deployment. Maj. Robert Marchanti of the Maryland Army National Guard was killed on 25 February 2012.

In 2014 the 29th ID twice sent soldiers to the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany to assist in the training of U.S. and multinational soldiers preparing to head to Kosovo as part of the Kosovo Force mission. The 29th ID soldiers performed as the KFOR staff, serving as subject matter experts, enforcing KFOR orders, systems and procedures, and working with JMRC to help the deploying troops achieve their training objectives.

The 29th ID currently serves as the Domestic All-Hazards Response Team (DART) in FEMA Regions 1 through 5 (states east of the Mississippi). In this role, the 29th ID is prepared to assist the state National Guard in their service to governors and citizens during an incident response. The DART provides defense support of civil authority capabilities in response to a catastrophic event. The DART conducts joint reception, staging, onward movement and Integration of inbound OPCON forces and establishes base support installations and /or forward operating bases for sustaining operations.

On 24 July 2015, Brig. Gen. Blake C. Ortner took command of the 29th Infantry Division from Maj. Gen. Charles W. Whittington.

On 19 December 2016, the 29th Infantry Division assumed command of U.S. Army Central's intermediate division headquarters, Task Force Spartan, at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait. This deployment includes 450 Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina Army National Guard soldiers and is the first time the 29th Infantry Division has been a part of the Third Army since 1944, during WWII.

More than 80 members of the 29th deployed to Jordan in August 2016 where they assumed command of the military's joint operations center there to support Operation Inherent Resolve. Soldiers of the 29th led engagements and joint training with the Jordan Armed Forces and allied countries before returning in July 2017.

On 5 May 2018, Brig. Gen. John M. Epperly took command of the 29th Infantry Division from Maj. Gen. Blake C. Ortner. On 3 October 2020, Epperly was succeeded by Maj. Gen. John M. Rhodes.

Organization

The 29th Infantry Division exercises training and readiness oversight of the following units, which are not organic: there is a division headquarters battalion, an armored brigade combat team, two infantry brigade combat teams, a combat aviation brigade, a field artillery brigade, a maneuver enhancement brigade, and a division sustainment brigade.

 * 29th Infantry Division SSI.svg 29th Infantry Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
 * Headquarters and Support Company, Fort Belvoir, Virginia (VA NG)
 * Company A (Operations), Fort Belvoir, Virginia (VA NG)
 * Company B (Intelligence and Sustainment), Annapolis, Maryland (MD NG)
 * Company C (Signal), Cheltenham, Maryland (MD NG)
 * US Army 29th Inf Div Band Tab.png 29th Infantry Division Band (VA NG)
 * 48th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team.svg 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) (GA NG)
 * Headquarters and HQ Company
 * 108th_Cavalry_Regiment_DUI.svg Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment (1-108th Cavalry Regiment)—Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA)
 * 121InfRegCOA.jpg Battalion,121st Infantry Regiment (1-121st Infantry Regiment) (Slayers)
 * 121InfRegCOA.jpg Battalion,121st Infantry Regiment (2-121st Infantry Regiment) (Warriors)
 * 121InfRegCOA.jpg Battalion,121st Infantry Regiment (3-121st Infantry Regiment) (Pathfinders)
 * 1st Battalion,118th Field Artillery Regiment (1-118th FAR)
 * 148th Brigade Support Battalion (148th BSB)
 * 177th Brigade Engineer Battalion

 * 53rd Infantry Brigade SSI.svg 53rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) (FL NG)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 * 153rd Cavalry Regiment (United States).png 1st Squadron, 153rd Cavalry Regiment (FL NG)
 * 124 Inf Rgt DUI.png 1st Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment
 * 124 Inf Rgt DUI.png 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment
 * 167th_Infantry_Regiment_DUI.png 1st Battalion, 167th Infantry Regiment (AL NG)
 * 2nd Battalion, 116th Field Artillery Regiment
 * 753rd Brigade Engineer Battalion
 * 53rd Brigade Support Battalion
 * 29th Infantry Division SSI.svg 116th IBCT (VA NG)
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 * US Army 183rd Cavalry Reg DUI.png 2nd Squadron, 183rd Cavalry Regiment
 * 116 Inf Rgt DUI.jpg 1st Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment
 * 116 Inf Rgt DUI.jpg 3rd Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment
 * 149_Inf_Rgt_DUI.JPG 1st Battalion, 149th Infantry Regiment (KY NG)
 * [[Image:111FARegtDUI.svg|25px]] 1st Battalion, 111th Field Artillery Regiment
 * 229 Insignia.jpg 229th Brigade Engineer Battalion
 * US Army 429th Support Bn DUI.png 429th Brigade Support Battalion
 * 29th Infantry Division SSI.svg 29th Division Artillery
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery
 * 29th Infantry Division SSI.svg 29th Combat Aviation Brigade (MD NG)
 * 285_Avn_Rgt_DUI.png 1st Battalion, 285th Aviation Regiment (AZ NG)
 * 224 Avn Rgt DUI.png 2d Battalion, 224th Aviation Regiment (VA NG)
 * 229 Avn Rgt DUI.png 8th Battalion, 229th Aviation Regiment (USAR)
 * 111th Aviation Regiment Unit Crest.jpg 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment (FL NG)
 * 248th Aviation Support Battalion (IA NG)
 * 1297th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion
 * 29th Infantry Division SSI.svg 29th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 * 113th Special Troops Battalion
 * 630th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion
 * 142FABdeSSI.svg 142nd Field Artillery Brigade
 * 142FARegtDUI.jpg Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB) (Fayetteville, Arkansas)
 * 142FARegtDUI.jpg 1st Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery Regiment (Bentonville, Arkansas)
 * 142FARegtDUI.jpg 2nd Battalion, 142nd Field Artillery Regiment (Barling, Arkansas)
 * 217th BSB (Booneville, Arkansas)
 * 142FARegtDUI.jpg Battery F, 142nd Field Artillery Regiment (Fayetteville, Arkansas)
 * 142d Signal Company (Fayetteville, Arkansas)
 * 226MnvrEnhance.jpg 226th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade

Legacy
The 29th Infantry Division has been featured numerous times in popular media, particularly for its role on D-Day. The division's actions on Omaha Beach are featured prominently in the 1962 film The Longest Day, as well as in the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan. Soldiers of the division are featured in other films and television with smaller roles, such as in the 2009 film Inglourious Basterds and the 2005 film War of the Worlds.

The 29th Infantry Division is also featured in numerous video games related to World War II. The division's advance through Normandy and Europe is featured in the games Close Combat, Company of Heroes and Call of Duty 3, in which the player assumes the role of a soldier of the division.

A number of soldiers serving with the 29th Infantry Division have gone on to achieve notability for various reasons. Among them are highly decorated soldier Joseph A. Farinholt, soccer player James Ford, United States federal judge Alfred D. Barksdale, and historian Lawrence C. Wroth, generals Milton Reckord, Norman Cota, Charles D. W. Canham, and Donald Wilson. Major Thomas D. Howie who commanded 3d Battalion, 116th Infantry during the battle of St. Lo became immortalized as "The Major of St. Lo" for the honors rendered to him after being killed in action.

U.S. soldiers who received the Medal of Honor during service with the 29th Infantry Division include Henry Costin, Earle Davis Gregory, and Patrick Regan from World War I and Frank D. Peregory and Sherwood H. Hallman. from World War II.

title: 29th Infantry Division (United States)