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Female Furies

The Female Furies are a group of women warriors and supervillains appearing in comics published by DC Comics. All of them are New Gods who serve Darkseid. They operate directly under Granny Goodness, who trains all of Darkseid's soldiers.

Publication history
The Female Furies first appeared in Mister Miracle #6 (February 1972) and were created by Jack Kirby.

In November 2018, the Female Furies headlined their own six-issue miniseries by writer Cecil Castellucci and artist Adriana Melo.

Fictional team history
The Female Furies are New Gods fanatically loyal to Darkseid. They have been trained by Granny Goodness to serve as Apokolips's elite strike force. Infighting among the Furies is commonplace, most typically to appoint a leader to the group.

After former leader Big Barda defected to Earth to be with her lover, Mister Miracle, Darkseid gave a kill order on the pair, prompting the rest of the Female Furies to strike. First, Mad Harriet and Stompa ambushed Barda but vanished after weakening her. Shortly after, Barda found and grabbed Lashina before she was able to attack, though Lashina escaped Barda's grip. A fight quickly ensued, though Lashina teleported away when Barda managed to defeat her. After tracking down a Mother Box to Funky Flashman's residence, the Furies, this time with Bernadeth, appeared. Realizing that they had been tricked, the Furies destroyed the house, though Funky Flashman managed to escape by throwing his assistant at the warriors. Having failed to kill either Barda or Mister Miracle, the Furies returned to Apokolips.

Later, Barda had traveled back to Apokolips and recruited dozens of Female Furies to help her rescue the captured Mister Miracle. Gilotina seduced and killed the guard, allowing the other Furies to storm Section Zero. Elsewhere, Lashina took the section director's post to discover where Mister Miracle was held captive. The Furies ambushed Granny Goodness, who had been holding a viewing party for Mister Miracle's trial by combat with a mysterious creature called the Lump. Bernadeth held the assassin Kanto at bay with her Fahren-knife, while an enraged Barda nearly killed Granny Goodness until she learned Mister Miracle had survived. Reunited, Barda and Mister Miracle, along with Bernadeth, Lashina, Stompa, and Mad Harriet, returned to Earth.

On Earth, the Furies had little time to relax as they were soon incapacitated by the World Protective League. When they awoke, they found themselves trapped in a cage behind thick glass. They easily escaped due to Mad Harriet's claws and Stompa's boots. They also freed Mike McCracken of the All-Nations Agency. They were soon ambushed by a security patrol, though the Furies easily disposed of them. The Furies helped to defeat the Head of the World Protective League, and Mike McCracken sabotaged the building so that it would blow up in four hours. After retrieving her mega-rod, Barda teleported the group to safety.

While on Earth, the Furies, without Mad Harriet, participated in Mister Miracle's tricks, using their weapons to show great feats by the escape artist. They also joined in the battle against Doctor Bedlam and his animates. The group was next seen at the beach where they thrash some marines for interrupting their leisure swimming. Lashina and Stompa later helped Barda and Ted Brown clear up a new location for Mister Miracle's act. Orion later mentioned that Lashina and the Furies had been called to join New Genesis in the war against Apokolips.

Under unknown circumstances, the Female Furies left Barda on Earth and returned to Apokolips where they were temporarily assigned to command a unit of automated battle machines as punishment for their defection. The Furies attempted to revolt, but they were subdued along with Granny Goodness by Apokoloptian soldiers with electric jolts.

The Female Furies eventually regained Darkseid's trust, and he assigned them the task of retrieving Glorious Godfrey from Belle Reve Penitentiary. He appointed Lashina as new leader of the Furies, though Desaad tried to convince the ruler to appoint his sister Bernadeth in the position. The Furies traveled to Earth and broke into the prison, battling various members of the Suicide Squad and easily capturing their target. As the Furies opened a Boom Tube to return to Apokolips, Bernadeth betrayed Lashina, leaving her for dead on Earth. Lashina briefly took the codename Duchess and joined the Suicide Squad until she was able to find a way to return to her planet.

Lashina recruited several members of the Squad into helping her return to Apokolips, and kidnapped several others (including Big Barda). When they arrived on Apokolips, the Suicide Squad battled through waves of Parademons. They were soon after confronted by the Female Furies and other members of Darkseid's Elite. During the battle, Stompa battled Vixen but ended up getting defeated by Barda. Mad Harriet fought and defeated Shade, the Changing Man by using his own energies against him. Newcomer Artemiz and her Cyberpak battled Nightshade, though the Fury suffered defeat. Bernadeth waited until Lashina had exhausted herself battling others, then struck her with her dagger. However, Lashina eventually defeated Bernadeth and killed her by snapping her neck. Granny Goodness ended the battle and welcomed Lashina back to the Furies's ranks. When asked what they should do with the remaining members of the Suicide Squad, Lashina replied: "Let's just kill them". Before they were able to finish off the Squad, the Forever People appeared with the Suicide Squad members that had remained on Earth. Their interference allowed Big Barda and the other captives to fight back, though the battle came to an end when Darkseid appeared. Enraged that Lashina had brought humans to Apokolips, he revived Bernadeth and used his Omega Beams to disintegrate Lashina. He then revived the fallen Suicide Squad members and allowed them to leave Apokolips.

Much later, Granny Goodness held a combat demonstration at her orphanage, displaying Bernadeth, Stompa, Mad Harriet, and Artemiz as they battled a group of Series-9 Drones. The demonstration was interrupted by Darkseid, who revealed Mister Miracle had returned to Apokolips, and he wanted the Furies to kill him. He revived Lashina, though as punishment he kept Bernadeth as leader. The Furies managed to quickly defeat Mister Miracle and deliver him to Darkseid's throne room. After his comrades aided his escape, Mister Miracle defeated the Female Furies using his miracle mister soap.

A second wave of Female Furies, including long-time member Gilotina, Malice Vundabar, Bloody Mary, and Speed Queen, later appeared and went on a killing spree, but were stopped by Hawk and Dove.

The Furies made an appearance as antagonists in Grant Morrison's acclaimed Seven Soldiers event, specifically in the Seven Soldiers: Mister Miracle mini-series. Here, they are all given human forms along with Darkseid and his other minions, with the Furies all becoming prostitutes with Granny Goodness acting as their pimp. They attempt to entice Shilo Norman, the second Mr. Miracle when he arrives at the Dark Side Club searching for Darkseid himself. They knock Shilo out, and then stuff him in the trunk of a car while he is bound and gagged, eventually torturing and setting him ablaze in a forest. This is later revealed to be a horrid illusion brought about by Darkseid's Omega Sanction.

They are later shown aiding Granny in her scheme to overthrow the Greek Gods, kidnapping Dr. Helena Sandsmark to antagonize her daughter Wonder Girl during the events of her solo mini-series. After the deaths of Mister Miracle and Metron during the Death of the New Gods, the Source stated Darkseid was the only remaining New God. The only Furies who were not visibly killed, currently, are Lashina, Stompa, Gilotina, Malice, Wunda, and Artemiz; although at the end of Death of the New Gods it is reiterated that all the New Gods are dead. While the New Gods were being killed off, Granny Goodness orchestrated the Amazon-American war to pose as Queen Hippolyta to train women (such as Harley Quinn and Holly Robinson) under the auspices of becoming Amazon warriors into new Female Furies. This seems to conflict directly with Terror Titans, where Lashina (in her human form), is shown to be one of the villains running the Dark Side Club with the Clock King. She is last seen being electrocuted into unconsciousness by Static, who then presumably turns her over to the authorities with the rest of the upper level Dark Side Club players.

After the end of the Fourth World, in the Final Crisis, the corrupted Mary Marvel released the Anti-Life Equation and creates new Female Furies from Earth's heroines and villainesses, including Wonder Woman, Catwoman, Giganta and Batwoman.

The New 52
In 2011, The New 52 rebooted the continuity of the DC universe and introduced a brand new Fury named Sweet Leilani. Granny Goodness sent Leilani to Earth to retrieve a Mother Box. She discovered that it was in the new O.M.A.C.'s possession. After a battle, Leilani was defeated and quickly retreated, vowing to return with the other Female Furies. Under unknown circumstances, Sweet Leilani left Darkseid's employ along with teammates Enchanthrax, Killsandra, and Thumpa, and formed the Femmes Fatales. Together, they joined the Cult of Yuga Khan. The cult's leader, Aagog, sent the Femmes Fatales to Earth to capture Beautiful Dreamer of the Forever People in hopes to resurrect Yuga Khan. After suffering defeat by the Forever People, the unconscious Femmes Fatales were gathered by Lashina and Granny Goodness, the latter of whom mentioned that a war was approaching and that "all they need is the kind of love only Granny can give".

During the Darkseid War, Lashina and Kanto went to Earth in search of the amazon Myrina Black, who had given birth to Darkseid's child, Grail. After Darkseid's death, Lashina, Kanto, and Kalibak encountered Wonder Woman, Mr. Miracle, and several other heroes. The New Gods were close to defeating the heroes until Big Barda appeared, which drove the villains back. Barda proposed a peace treaty with Lashina, but Lashina refused, declaring that the Furies would never stop hunting her down.

Later, Barda returned to Apokolips and made a pact with the Furies: Barda would return to the group if they helped her defeat Grail and protect Mr. Miracle. While Grail and the newly revived, enslaved Darkseid were about to defeat Wonder Woman, Mr. Miracle, and the other heroes, Barda appeared through a boom tube alongside Lashina, Stompa, Bernadeth, Mad Harriet, Steppenwolf, Kalibak, and Kanto. Working together with the heroes, the Furies were able to defeat Grail and separate Darkseid from the Anti-Life Equation. In the ensuing explosion, Darkseid and Grail both vanish. Big Barda revealed the truth to Mr. Miracle and left with the other Furies back to Apokolips.

DC Rebirth
After the events of the "Darkseid War" storyline that led to "DC Rebirth", Lex Luthor became ruler of Apokolips. Granny Goodness, along with the Furies, remained loyal to Darkseid, and awaited his return on the outskirts of Apokolips. A Mother Box later mysteriously teleported Lois Lane to Apokolips. Granny Goodness, along with Lashina, Stompa, and Mad Harriet, as well as several other unnamed Furies, took Lois captive. However, after being ambushed by a Dredge Worm, Lois managed to win over the Furies by aiding them in battle. Granny invited Lois to join the Furies and replace a fallen Fury. When a different Fury opposed Lois joining, Granny reminded her of Alianna Hubbard, the first human to join their ranks. Later, Granny offered Lois Lane some cooked meat and reminded her that the Furies are family.

Granny Goodness and the Furies, with Lois, then made their way for the main citadel of Apokolips. Along the way, they discovered Kalibak, who had captured Superman and Lex Luthor. When Granny Goodness scolded Kalibak, he attacked, and a battle between the Furies and Kalibak's forces ensued. During the battle, Lois Lane rescued Superman, who attacked Kalibak. Before he could be defeated, Kalibak used his machine to absorb the fires from Apokolips. This severely weakened Superman, though the battle escalated when Superman's son rode in on the Hunger Dogs of Apokolips.

As the battle raged on, Lashina and Mad Harriet attacked Superman while Granny fought Kalibak. When Lois Lane jumped to Superman's defense, the Furies turned on her, claiming that by caring for a man she was belittling the progress that the Furies had made. Lois managed to defeat the Furies with her spear. Later, Lashina, Stompa, and Mad Harriet were seen dressed in rags in a prison cell after Superman took leadership of Apokolips.

Later, Darkseid freed the Female Furies under unknown circumstances. He sent the Furies, now with Bernadeth and Gilotina, to Turkey in search of his missing artifacts. This led to a confrontation with Wonder Woman's lover Steve Trevor and his team, the Oddfellows.

The Oddfellows somehow managed to defeat the Furies, capturing both Lashina and Mad Harriet. Bernadeth, Stompa, and Gilotina reported back to Darkseid without the relics. Furious, Darkseid threatened to kill the trio, though he explained he still had use for them. Both Lashina and Mad Harriet refused to answer Wonder Woman's questioning about Darkseid's plans which led to Wonder Woman freeing the two Furies and attempting to battle them for answers. The battle was interrupted by Darkseid, who had transported a chunk of the A.R.G.U.S. headquarters to his lair in the Amazon jungle. In the ensuing chaos, the Female Furies battled the soldiers of A.R.G.U.S. and later fled when Darkseid was apparently killed by Wonder Woman.

Later, the Furies attended the birth of Mister Miracle's and Big Barda's child Jacob. Bernadeth allowed Mister Miracle to borrow her Fahren-Knife to cut the newborn free from Barda's indestructible umbilical cord. Months later, Bernadeth attended the conference to discuss peace between Apokolips and New Genesis.

At some point, Granny Goodness had taken interest in Harley Quinn. While Quinn was on vacation, Granny sent Lashina and Bernadeth to recruit the anti-heroine into the Female Furies. She later assigned her to capture the escaped prisoner and former Fury, Petite Tina. Harley Quinn eventually failed as a Female Fury, and she and Tina were captured and tortured by Bernadeth. Harley was immune to Bernadeth's mind-wiping machine, and she and Petite Tina escaped Apokolips to return to Earth.

Femmes Fatales
An offshoot of the Female Furies, these four women defected and joined the Cult of Yuga Khan. They were later retrieved by Granny Goodness and presumably returned to the Furies' ranks.

Amalgam Comics
In the Marvel/DC crossover series Unlimited Access #1-4 in the Amalgam Comics, the Furies appear as part of the New Gods. Only two of the Furies are merged with Marvel characters: Lashina and the Scarlet Witch merge to become Red Lash, and Stompa and the Blob merge to become Blobba. Bernadeth and Mad Harriet are also seen in the series, though they are not merged with any Marvel characters.

Flashpoint
In the Flashpoint reality, the Furies are assembled by Wonder Woman who asks Arrowette, Cheetah, Cheshire, Giganta, Hawkgirl, Huntress, Katana, Lady Vic, Silver Swan, Starfire, Terra, and Vixen to join her.

Ame-Comi Girls
In the Ame-Comi universe, the Female Furies are space pirates led by Big Barda. The team consists of Barda, Stompa, Mad Harriet, Lashina, Bloody Mary, and Speed Queen.

Sensation Comics Featuring Wonder Woman
The Female Furies appear in the story "Dig For Fire", where they discover that Wonder Woman has traveled to Apokolips. Together, Lashina, Stompa, and Mad Harriet defeat Wonder Woman and throw her to her death into the fire pits. Wonder Woman survives, and later battles the Furies once again (this time with Bernadeth as well), though Darkseid ends the battle and allows Wonder Woman to travel home.

Scooby-Doo! Team-Up
Bernadeth, Lashina, Stompa, and Mad Harriet appear in "The Greater Escape" from the Scooby-Doo! Team-Up crossover series. Granny Goodness also recruits Daphne Blake and Velma Dinkley into the Female Furies after wiping their minds.

Female Furies miniseries
Big Barda, Lashina, Bernadeth, Stompa, and Mad Harriet appear as the protagonists of the Female Furies six-issue miniseries. Set in an alternate universe, the Furies attempt to overcome sexism and misogyny on Apokolips, eventually driving Darkseid and his forces off of the planet and leaving women to rule. Aurelie, Sweet Leilani, Gilotina, and Giganta also appear throughout the story.

Television

 * The Female Furies appear in Superman: The Animated Series, consisting of Lashina, Stompa, and Mad Harriet (voiced by Andrea Martin).
 * The Female Furies appear in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Alive!", consisting of Bernadeth, Lashina, Stompa, and Mad Harriet.
 * The Female Furies appear in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Duel of the Double Crossers!", consisting of Lashina and Stompa. This version of the group serve Mongal as gladiators on Warworld.
 * The Female Furies appear in the Smallville episode "Abandoned", with Mad Harriet (portrayed by Lindsay Hartley) as a prominent member while Lashina makes a cameo appearance. Granny Goodness formed this version of the group by running an orphanage to brainwash young girls into becoming her Furies. Additionally, Tess Mercer almost became a Fury before she was pulled from the orphanage by Lionel Luthor.
 * The Female Furies appear in Justice League Action, consisting of Bernadeth and Lashina.
 * The Female Furies appear in Young Justice, initially consisting of Big Barda, Lashina, and Gilotina before Darkseid recruits Black Mary and Supergirl.
 * Malice Vundabar and Chessure appear in Kite Man: Hell Yeah!, voiced by Natasia Demetriou and Dee Bradley Baker respectively. This version of the former is Darkseid's goddaughter who later comes to work at Noonan's bar as their social media manager while Chessure possesses a feline form.

Film

 * The Female Furies appear in Superman/Batman: Apocalypse, consisting of Gilotina, Mad Harriet (both by an uncredited Salli Saffioti), Lashina, and Stompa. Additionally, Big Barda appears as a former member while a character loosely based on Precious called Treasure (voiced by an uncredited April Winchell) makes a cameo appearance as Barda's potential replacement until she is killed by the other Furies. In light of this, Darkseid attempts to forcibly recruit Supergirl, only to be foiled by her.
 * The Female Furies appear in DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High, consisting of Big Barda, Stompa, Mad Harriet (voiced by Misty Lee), Artemiz (Teala Dunn), and Speed Queen (Mae Whitman).
 * The Female Furies appear in DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games, consisting of Lashina, Stompa, Mad Harriet (voiced again by Misty Lee), Artemiz (again by Teala Dunn), and Speed Queen (again by Mae Whitman).
 * The Female Furies appear in Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain, consisting of Lashina, Mad Harriet (voiced by Jennifer Hale), and Artemiz (Rachael MacFarlane).
 * The Furies appear in films set in the DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU):
 * Former member Knockout appears in Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay.
 * Brainwashed, cybernetically-enhanced members Wonder Woman, Mera, Hawkman, Starfire, and Martian Manhunter appear in Justice League Dark: Apokolips War.
 * The Female Furies were meant to appear in a New Gods film before it was cancelled.

Video games

 * The Female Furies appear in DC Universe Online, consisting of Big Barda, Lashina, Stompa, and Mad Harriet.
 * The Female Furies appear as character summons in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure, consisting of Big Barda, Bernadeth, Lashina, Stompa, Mad Harriet, Artemiz, Gilotina, Speed Queen, Bloody Mary, and Wunda.
 * The Female Furies appear in Lego DC Super-Villains, led by Stompa and consisting of Lashina and Mad Harriet (voiced by Cree Summer).

Miscellaneous

 * The Female Furies appear in the novel The Dark Side of Apokolips, by Laurie S. Sutton and published by Capstone as part of their DC Super Heroes line of illustrated children's books. This version of the group consists of Lashina, Stompa, Mad Harriet, Bernadeth, Artemiz, and Gilotina.
 * The Female Furies appear in DC Super Hero Girls, consisting of Stompa, Mad Harriet (voiced again by Misty Lee), Artemiz (again by Teala Dunn), Lashina, and Speed Queen (again by Mae Whitman in her first appearance and Ashlyn Selich in her second). Additionally, Big Barda appears as a member before eventually leaving the group.

title: Female Furies


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Brush Motor Car Company

Brush Motor Car Company (1907-1909), later the Brush Runabout Company (1909-1913), was based in Highland Park, Michigan.

History
The company was founded by Alanson Partridge Brush (February 10, 1878, Michigan – March 6, 1952, Michigan). He was a self-taught prolific designer, working with Henry Leland at Oldsmobile, and went on to help design the original one-cylinder Cadillac engine. Although there were many makes of small runabouts of similar size and one to four cylinders at this time (before the Model T Ford dominated the low-price market), the Brush has many unusual design details showing the inventiveness of its creator. The Brush Runabout Company, along with Maxwell-Briscoe, Stoddard-Dayton, and others formed Benjamin Briscoe's United States Motor Company(USMC) from 1910, ending when that company failed in 1913. Runabouts, in general, fell out of vogue quickly, partly due to the lack of protection from the weather.

After Brush and the other companies of the USMC folded into Maxwell Motor Company, President Walter Flanders wrote in 1913 document "Why We Did Not Use All Our Plants", the Brush factory in Detroit (along with the Flanders and Sampson Plants) were to remain open and running as factories. The modern successor is Stellantis North America/Chrysler.

Brush
Touted as the "Everyman's Car", Brush designed a light car with a wooden chassis (wooden rails and iron cross-members), friction drive transmission and "underslung" coil springs in tension instead of compression on both sides of each axle. Two gas-powered headlamps provided light, along with a gas-powered light in the rear. The frame, axles, and wheels were made of oak, hickory or maple, and were either left plain or painted to match the trim. Wider axles were available for use in the Southern region of the United States, where a 60-inch tread fit wagon ruts on country roads. The horn was located next to the engine cover, with a metal tube running to a squeeze bulb affixed near the driver. A small storage area was provided in the rear, with a drawer accessible under the rear of the seat.

The engines were a single-cylinder, four-stroke water cooled design, producing 6BHP, with power going to a chain-driven rear axle. Lacking a differential drive, the rear-axle disengaged one of the rear wheels while driving around a curve to avoid undue wear and tear on the drivetrain. A feature of engines designed by Brush was that they ran counter-clockwise instead of the usual clockwise. This was Brush's idea intended to make them safer for a right-handed person to crank-start by hand. Prior to the invention of the electric starter, crank-starting a clockwise-running engines frequently resulted in dislocated thumbs and broken forearms if the hand crank kicked back on starting.

According to a contemporary review from Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal in 1907, author Hugh Dolnar described the recently introduced Brush as a "...very, very new and also very, very old, as will be seen from the detailed construction illustrations below..." In his critique of the Brush, Dolnar was referencing the decision to use wooden axles.

In addition to the Runabout, Brush advertised a $600 "Package Car" (also advertised as the "Delivery Car") based on the same chassis as the runabout. Also offered was a "Coupe" model for $850. It is unknown how many (if any at all) of these models were ever produced or sold by Brush.

Liberty-Brush
In order to increase sales, Brush introduced a lower priced version of the car. Sold between 1911 and 1912, the Liberty-Brush was a simplified version of the standard Runabout offered at a lower price. The most distinguishing feature between the two models were the fenders: the Brush had sweeping front and rear fenders that connected at the midpoint of the car in a short running board, whereas the Liberty-Brush had four bicycle type fenders over only the wheels. While the standard Brush sold in the $450 - $850 range, the Liberty-Brush was extensively advertised at a $350 price.

Feats of Endurance
Pikes Peak In 1908, Fred and Florence Trinkle took their 7BHP Brush Runabout. It was the third car to make it to the top of Pikes Peak under its own power. The trip to the top of Pikes Peak was part of the Trinkle's "Across America" trip, covering 2,340 miles.

Glidden Tour In 1909, two Brush Runabouts participated in the Glidden Tour. Neither Brush successfully completed the tour.

Abernathy Boys In 1910, Jack Abernathy and his two boys, Bud and Temple rode their horses to see former President Theodore Roosevelt at a celebration. The two boys convinced Jack to return to Oklahoma via automobile, and the trio purchased a 1910 Brush Runabout for the trip. Their return trip included stops in Albany, NY, Niagara Falls, Detroit (and a stop at the Brush Factory for a tune-up), Chicago and Omaha. Brush used the "Little Cowboys from Oklahoma" in their advertisements.

Trans-Australian Trip In 1912, Sid Ferguson, Francis Birtles and a dog named Rex drove a Brush Runabout across the Australian continent. The pair started out on the west coast in Freemantle and ending on the east coast in Sydney, with the trip occurring between March and April of that year. Ferguson and Birtles became the first persons to successfully undertake such a trip.

Extant Examples on Display

 * 1907 Runabout (restored) is on display at the Fondation Pierre Gianadda Museum, Martigny, Switzerland
 * 1908 Model BC Runabout is on display at Fountainhead Antique Auto Museum in Fairbanks, AK.
 * 1908 Runabout (restored) at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome
 * 1909 Runabout (restored) is on display at the Linn County Historical Museum in Brownsville, Oregon.
 * 1909 "Gentleman's Runabout" is on display at the Gilmore Car Museum in Hickory Corners, MI.
 * 1910 Runabout (original) is on display at the Swigart Antique Auto Museum in Huntingdon, PA.
 * 1911 Runabout (restored) on display at the Miles Through Time Automotive Museum in Toccoa, GA.
 * 1912 Liberty-Brush Runabout (restored) is in storage at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
 * 1912 Liberty-Brush Runabout (restored) is in the collections of the Museum of Transport and Technology in Point Chevalier, Auckland, NZ.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brush Motor Car Company


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George Moses

George Moses (11 September 1920 – 20 June 1987) was an English footballer who played as an inside-right for Newcastle United and Hartlepools United.

Career
Moses signed with Newcastle United in October 1939. During World War II, he played one game as a guest for Port Vale, in a 2–1 defeat to Notts County at Meadow Lane in a Midland Cup, Qualifying Tournament match on 14 April 1945. He joined Hartlepools United in August 1946, and played 19 Third Division North and two FA Cup during the 1946–47 season, scoring four league goals.

Career statistics
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title: George Moses


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Manga Khan

Manga Khan, originally known as Lord Manga, is a DC Comics supervillain and an intergalactic trader. A gaseous being, he relies on a metallic suit to give him form. He had a robot companion named L-Ron (before trading him to the Justice League), and was a foe of the Justice League in the early 1990s.

Fictional character biography
In one of his first encounters with the Justice League, Manga kidnaps Mister Miracle to open up trade relations with Apokolips. He is followed in a spaceship by Big Barda, G'nort, Rocket Red, and Martian Manhunter. Teamwork allows them to find Manga, which enrages him to the point of damaging his L-Ron. His robotic assistant is not too concerned, he then ponders what the 'fall line' of robotic forms look like.

Eventually, Manga Khan reforms and becomes an ally of the League, helping to imprison Despero after the Martian Manhunter devolves him and allowing L-Ron to join them.

In Justice League Europe #28, Manga takes the defeated villain Starro. Despero however escapes, but Khan hires Lobo to retrieve him. Lobo comes to believe that Khan's way of speaking has started to affect him: Khan suffers from a condition which causes him to soliloquy at random intervals, in a parody of comics from the sixties. In the same vein, he founds the Manga Khan School of Melodrama to teach similar speech patterns to other characters. One of his alumni is the Scarlet Skier.

Khan later works with Mister Miracle as part of a scheme to market soap all across the galaxy. At first it gets the two into trouble with the dolphin-loving Lobo. Khan suffers damage to his robotic shell but later recovers. Later, they attempt to market the soap to the denizens of Apokolips before Darkseid stops their revolution.

Powers and abilities
In his natural gaseous state, Manga Khan can communicate telepathically but cannot physically interact with anything. He normally wears an armored suit that makes him impervious to damage and grants him superhuman strength. Manga is a poor fighter preferring to talk his way out of combat. Manga is a master negotiator and barterer, thoroughly lacking ethics in his wheeling and dealings.

Relationships
Many of Manga Khan's male (or "male"-personality) robotic assistants are named after science fiction writers: L-Ron after L. Ron Hubbard, Hein-9 after Robert A. Heinlein, K-Dikk after Philip K. Dick. In the 2003 miniseries Formerly Known as the Justice League, a "female" robotic assistant, J-Lo, was introduced, whose moniker is derived from a popular nickname for Jennifer Lopez. This same series saw Manga Khan speaking of strong feelings for L-Ron, which he referred to as "the love which can never speak its name". A portion of the storyline is dedicated to his attempts to recover the robot, who remains in the company of several of Earth's superheroes. The same storyline implied that J-Lo was interested in a relationship with Manga Khan, which the alien trader seemed to reciprocate. Although none of the robots have biological genders, their personalities are described as such, and they are referred to by other characters with appropriate pronouns.

title: Manga Khan


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George H. Moses

George Higgins Moses (February 9, 1869 – December 20, 1944) was a U.S. diplomat and political figure. He served as a United States senator from New Hampshire and was chosen as the Senate's President pro tempore.

Biography
George H. Moses was born in Lubec, Maine on February 9, 1869. He was raised in Eastport, Maine, and Franklin, New Hampshire, and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1887. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1890, and was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. In 1893 he received a Master of Arts degree from Dartmouth.

After graduating, though he considered a job teaching Latin and Greek, he instead joined the Concord Monitor, and became a newspaper editor.

He was private secretary to Governor David H. Goodell from 1889 to 1891. Moses then went into journalism, working as a reporter, news editor, and chief editor for the Concord Evening Monitor from 1892 to 1918. Moses was a member of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission from 1893 to 1907, and served as the commission's secretary. Moses was a delegate to the 1908 Republican National Convention.

In 1909 Moses was appointed by President William Howard Taft to be the United States Minister to Greece and Montenegro, and he served until 1912. The appointment was a surprise to Moses, who had opposed Taft's nomination for President at the 1908 convention. Moses was also a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention.

United States Senator
In 1918 Moses was elected to the United States Senate from New Hampshire from 1918. He served until 1933 and was President pro tempore from 1925 to 1933. During his Senate service Moses was chairman of: the Committee on Printing (Sixty-sixth through Sixty-eighth Congresses); Committee on Post Office and Post Roads (Sixty-ninth and Seventieth Congresses); and Committee on Rules (Seventy-first and Seventy-second Congresses).

Moses won narrowly in his 1918 special election to complete the term of Jacob H. Gallinger, and he was handily reelected in 1920 and 1926. He ran unsuccessfully for reelection in 1932, losing narrowly to the Democrat nominee and Former Governor Fred H. Brown in the Democratic landslide that also saw Franklin D. Roosevelt nationally defeat Herbert Hoover in that year's presidential election. He was a delegate to the 1936 Republican National Convention.

Later life
Moses died in Concord, New Hampshire on December 20, 1944. He was buried at Franklin Cemetery in Franklin, New Hampshire.

title: George H. Moses


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Robert Hughes, Baron Hughes of Woodside

Robert Hughes, Baron Hughes of Woodside (3 January 1932 – 7 January 2022) was a British Labour Party politician and life peer who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for 27 years, and was also Chair of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) from 1976 until it was dissolved in 1995 after the ending of apartheid in South Africa.

Political career
Hughes first stood for Parliament in 1959 at North Angus and Mearns, where he came second to the Conservative incumbent Colin Thornton-Kemsley. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Aberdeen North from 1970 to 1997.

Hughes was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from March 1974 until July 1975, when he resigned in disagreement with the government's incomes policy.

The 1979 vote of no confidence resulted from the Labour government overturning the "Yes" result of the Scottish devolution referendum. Rather than the SNP, prime minister James Callaghan blamed unionist rebels on his own benches for ultimately bringing about the collapse of his government and opening the door to victory for Margaret Thatcher's Conservatives. Hughes was one of those rebels. Tam Dalyell, Peter Doig, and Adam Hunter were the other Scottish Labour MPs who helped overturn the "Yes" vote.

In November 1985 Hughes was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport. On 27 September 1997, he was created a life peer as Baron Hughes of Woodside, of Woodside in the City of Aberdeen.

Anti-Apartheid Movement
Under his chairmanship the Anti-Apartheid Movement campaigned against the Thatcher government's refusal to impose sanctions against South Africa in the 1980s and organised the 1988 "Free Mandela" concert at Wembley Stadium which was televised by the BBC and broadcast around the world. Hughes attended the independence celebrations in Namibia in 1990 and acted as an observer at South Africa's first democratic elections in April 1994. After the dissolution of the AAM he became the first Chairperson of its successor organisation, ACTSA: Action for Southern Africa.

Personal life and death
Hughes was born on 3 January 1932, and educated at Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen, and in South Africa, where he lived from 1947 until 1954 and worked as a draughtsman.

He was a patron of Humanists UK.

He died on 7 January 2022, four days after his 90th birthday, after a long illness. Tony Blair, Anas Sarwar and Peter Hain paid tribute to him, with Blair saying, "He was a lovely, kind and exceptional man and embodied all that is best in public service."

title: Robert Hughes, Baron Hughes of Woodside


text:
Category:Operations involving special forces

refer to: List of military operations


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Talk:The Carpenters

"The" Carpenters or Carpenters
Just wanted to say I've seen a television show (I think it was "Rock Legends" on AXS TV) and it was reported that Richard was very adamant about not being called "The" Carpenters, and went to lengths to make sure they were called "Carpenters", however I can not find a reliable source to support this. - Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 16:59, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
 * It's in Coleman and Schmidt's biographies. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  13:42, 29 September 2017 (UTC)
 * All official releases were credited as Carpenters, without the "The". This can easily be verified by looking at the releases themselves at https://www.discogs.com/artist/170357-Carpenters Fork me (talk) 13:54, 25 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Should this page be renamed then? /PatrikN (talk) 19:58, 29 March 2018 (UTC)
 * There have been a couple of move requests in the talk page archives. I think there's no consensus between one or the other, so best leave it. Mind you, have you seen what went on with Sega Mega Genesis Drive? Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  20:00, 29 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Fine, the Wikipedia standard is also to use the most common name. In the Danish Wikipedia, there is a good note about this as the second sentence in the article. I think it could be used here too, so I'll translate and add it.
 * Mega Drive - Yeah, I'll had one, what about that article? :-) /PatrikN (talk) 20:14, 29 March 2018 (UTC)
 * There's no need, it's already mentioned in the article, with a reliable source. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  20:21, 29 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I couldn't find it. Please tell me where? I also thinks it worth being a lead info, which this topic and previous moves indicates. /PatrikN (talk) 20:29, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

The duo were called "carpenters", an article should reflect that and not perpetuate incorrect usage. It's like having a page entitle The Kiss, Now, if the page were to be about the brother and sister commonly known as the carpenters, and refer to the fact that they formed a band called Carpenters that could be deemed correct usage. but the page would need to be separated, with personal history in one and recording and signing information, etc, in another. Slightlyinvisible (talk) 23:06, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Have you ever considered dropping the stick and backing away from the horse carcass? Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  23:16, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Where Wikipedia is provably wrong about something (see above) the "stick" should not be dropped. I note the article even currently begins with "The Carpenters...", only bolding the second word! 2A00:23C5:FE0B:700:4165:AE25:5484:AC9E (talk) 00:46, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

I agree with others here that this article is mistitled. The name of the group was "Carpenters", not "The Carpenters", and the page needs to be moved. It should be moved from "The_Carpenters" -> "Carpenters_(band)", or perhaps "Carpenters_(musical_group)". This is exactly what the page for the famous band "Eagles" is. People often mistakenly refer to Eagles as "The Eagles", even though the band's name is actually just "Eagles". Wikipedia has the page for Eagles correct ("Eagles_(band)"), but not for Carpenters. YouarelovedSOmuch (talk) 01:22, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

 * To add, everything, from Richard Carpenter's website, to the official Carpenters YouTube channel, to all of their albums, etc., all credit the group as "Carpenters", not "The Carpenters". YouarelovedSOmuch (talk) 21:38, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree that the article should be moved to "Carpenters (band)". ili (talk) 17:39, 25 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree that the article should be changed to "Carpenters" on the same principle as the "Eagles" article and some similarly named music acts. I'm not sure that a duo should ever be called a "band" however. Possibly a "group" but even that doesn't seem quite right for a duo. I think, for example, we could refer to "the Carpenters and their band" (the "band" being their supporting musicians). In a sentence, however, the correct grammar is "The Carpenters" at the beginning of a sentence and (usually) "the Carpenters" mid-sentence. Yahboo (talk) 17:20, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

 * If you want to change the article title, please go to Requested moves and file a request. Replying to a comment from a year ago is not going to accomplish much. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  07:59, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

Reading back through the archives, this has been discussed here, here, here, here, here, and here. The last two links are RM discussions which I encourage discussion participants to review, both of which closed without consensus to move the page name, despite the seemingly overwhelming agreement in the earlier linked discussions. So it seems when editors are discussing on the talk page there is consensus to change the name to "Carpenters," but during actual RM discussions consensus supports "The Carpenters." I don't know if another RM or perhaps RFC would be helpful, but maybe we should try and depending on the result put in a name change moratorium. Mr Ernie (talk) 13:21, 31 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I think what's more likely is that every now and again a brand new editor adds their opinion to a long-dead thread, but when it comes to a formal RM with more experienced editors, consensus swings back the other day. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  10:40, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

Resurecting THE move
If anyone is interested in resurecting the move, it doesn't look like there is any real evidence against it other than, "I always called them the Carpenters". The evidence has not been presented widely. However, A look at the latest large news organizations indicate that "Carpenters" is the proper name, and when "the" is used to make the sentence read better, it is used in lowercase indicating that it isn't part of the name. See this search: https://news.google.com/search?q=%22carpenters%22%20Karen%20AND%20Richard&hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen

Additionally, the only exceptions I saw in reviewing the first 10-20 hits were from small news sources with (likely) little editorial control over the content. We should make a list here of the articles that have been properly researched and are sources which are clearly Verifiable and Reliable. For example here are a few:
 * Billboard magazine clearly recognizes the name of the band as only "Carpenters" pointing out that they have 8 of the 50 top hits from the A&M label. See A&M Records’ 50 Biggest Hits on the Billboard Hot 100 While it Was Owned by Herb Alpert & Jerry Moss. Frankly this should be definitive but we probably need more.
 * Rolling Stone is also careful to call them "Carpenters" and use the lower case "the". Richard Carpenter Still Thinks the Carpenters’ Seventies Hits Are Underrated
 * The New York Times article about Karen's death from 1983 clearly only uses lowercase "the" as the article is not part of the band name https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/05/obituaries/karen-carpenter-32-is-dead-singer-teamed-with-brother.html Another definitive source that should be enough by itself.
 * Also consistent in a 1991 article RECORDINGS VIEW; Revisionist Thinking On the Carpenters and NYT should know since "The New York Times" insist on using "The" as part of their name.
 * Washington Post also is careful to use "the" and omit it altogether such as "Folks thought it was Dennis Wilson playing drums on those Beach Boys hits, Karen Carpenter on those Carpenter classics, Micky Dolenz on those Monkees melodies." https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1997/07/13/the-beatmaster/8e9e6385-2aee-4632-bc43-2ec02f87da49/
 * The new biography intentionally omits "the" Carpenters: The Musical Legacy
 * The guardian reporting on the new biography "the" only ‘She was no submissive puppet’: how I discovered the real Karen Carpenter’s determination and drive
 * Yahoo entertainment also uses lowercase Karen Carpenter had a 'quest for perfection' in her music that 'carried over in her life,' says biographer
 * WTOP News Yesterday Once More: Young TikTok talent re-imagines Carpenters 1970s Top 40 classics
 * The Downey Patriot (town where Carpenters lived starting in 63 and from which they launched their career) Downey to consider Furman Park plaque to honor Carpenters

Anyway - there seems to be pretty clear evidence that Carpenters is the correct name for the group. We just need to all active on the Wiki for a few weeks to respond to those that oppose any RM. --Trödel 01:15, 16 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I recommend that you initiate a formal Move Request. Star cheers peaks news lost wars Talk to me 23:11, 19 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I plan to, but if it's just me against the RM community, it is pretty clear how that will go down. I was hopeful some others who actually care about this article would respond and we could bring the issue to the community together. --Trödel 23:18, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

Adding another source to counter the past opposition. The Hollywood Walk of Fame acknowledges the name on the star is wrong and not the official name. https://walkoffame.com/the-carpenters/ (note also that the picture of the actual star for them is listed as "coming soon") --Trödel 23:01, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

I can't fathom why the official name of this page is "The Carpenters". Even Yahoo calls them "Carpenters." It just makes wikipedia look old and stubborn for leaving it this way, and the fact that people won't let the name be changed shows the site's weakness and why no one trusts it. 184.55.82.40 (talk) 20:17, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

Edit to again seek Wikipedians who care about this article to be prepared to take this to RM and defend the move to the proper name. --Trödel 19:32, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

Years
Per this edit, can somebody remind me what the consensus was for putting years next to sub-headings (eg: "Album 1 (1971)", "Album 2 (1972)"). I can't remember. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  16:58, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

strange picture manipulation in this article
picture The Carpenters wiht Nixon in the White House

why only the part of the picture with Karen and Richard ?

why is the part with Richard Nixon cropped ?

--Über-Blick (talk) 00:32, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

New book, Carpenters: The Musical Legacy
Just a heads up. Announced today on AP News, “Carpenters: The Musical Legacy” (Princeton University Press), co-written by Richard Carpenter, along with Associated Press journalist Mike Cidoni Lennox and Chris May. Might be a useful source of content for WP articles Richard Carpenter (musician) and The Carpenters because the AP article covers the subject in some depth (not just a passing mention). Platonk (talk) 15:51, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Carpenters


text:
Comma category

In mathematics, a comma category (a special case being a slice category) is a construction in category theory. It provides another way of looking at morphisms: instead of simply relating objects of a category to one another, morphisms become objects in their own right. This notion was introduced in 1963 by F. W. Lawvere (Lawvere, 1963 p. 36), although the technique did not become generally known until many years later. Several mathematical concepts can be treated as comma categories. Comma categories also guarantee the existence of some limits and colimits. The name comes from the notation originally used by Lawvere, which involved the comma punctuation mark. The name persists even though standard notation has changed, since the use of a comma as an operator is potentially confusing, and even Lawvere dislikes the uninformative term "comma category" (Lawvere, 1963 p. 13).

Definition
The most general comma category construction involves two functors with the same codomain. Often one of these will have domain 1 (the one-object one-morphism category). Some accounts of category theory consider only these special cases, but the term comma category is actually much more general.

General form
Suppose that $$\mathcal{A}$$, $$\mathcal{B}$$, and $$\mathcal{C}$$ are categories, and $$S$$ and $$T$$ (for source and target) are functors: $$\mathcal A \xrightarrow{\;\; S\;\;} \mathcal C\xleftarrow{\;\; T\;\;} \mathcal B$$

We can form the comma category $$(S \downarrow T)$$ as follows:
 * The objects are all triples $$(A, B, h)$$ with $$A$$ an object in $$\mathcal{A}$$, $$B$$ an object in $$\mathcal{B}$$, and $$h : S(A)\rightarrow T(B)$$ a morphism in $$\mathcal{C}$$.
 * The morphisms from $$(A, B, h)$$ to $$(A', B', h')$$ are all pairs $$(f, g)$$ where $$f : A \rightarrow A'$$ and $$g : B \rightarrow B'$$ are morphisms in $$\mathcal A$$ and $$\mathcal B$$ respectively, such that the following diagram commutes:

Morphisms are composed by taking $$(f', g') \circ (f, g)$$ to be $$(f' \circ f, g' \circ g)$$, whenever the latter expression is defined. The identity morphism on an object $$(A, B, h)$$ is $$(\mathrm{id}_{A}, \mathrm{id}_{B})$$.

Slice category
The first special case occurs when $$\mathcal{C} = \mathcal{A}$$, the functor $$S$$ is the identity functor, and $$\mathcal{B}=\textbf{1}$$ (the category with one object $$*$$ and one morphism). Then $$T(*) = A_*$$ for some object $$A_*$$ in $$\mathcal{A}$$. $$\mathcal A \xrightarrow{\;\; \mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{A}}\;\;} \mathcal A\xleftarrow{\;\; A_*\;\;} \textbf{1}$$

In this case, the comma category is written $$(\mathcal{A} \downarrow A_*)$$, and is often called the slice category over $$A_*$$ or the category of objects over $$A_*$$. The objects $$(A, *, h)$$ can be simplified to pairs $$(A, h)$$, where $$h : A \rightarrow A_*$$. Sometimes, $$h$$ is denoted by $$\pi_A$$. A morphism $$(f,\mathrm{id}_*)$$ from $$(A, \pi_A)$$ to $$(A', \pi_{A'})$$ in the slice category can then be simplified to an arrow $$f : A \rightarrow A'$$ making the following diagram commute:

Coslice category
The dual concept to a slice category is a coslice category. Here, $$\mathcal{C} = \mathcal{B}$$, $$S$$ has domain $$\textbf{1}$$ and $$T$$ is an identity functor. $$\textbf{1} \xrightarrow{\;\; B_*\;\;} \mathcal B\xleftarrow{\;\; \mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{B}}\;\;} \mathcal B$$

In this case, the comma category is often written $$(B_*\downarrow \mathcal{B})$$, where $$B_*=S(*)$$ is the object of $$\mathcal{B}$$ selected by $$S$$. It is called the coslice category with respect to $$B_*$$, or the category of objects under $$B_*$$. The objects are pairs $$(B, \iota_B)$$ with $$\iota_B : B_* \rightarrow B$$. Given $$(B, \iota_B)$$ and $$(B', \iota_{B'})$$, a morphism in the coslice category is a map $$g : B \rightarrow B'$$ making the following diagram commute:

Arrow category
$$S$$ and $$T$$ are identity functors on $$\mathcal{C}$$ (so $$\mathcal{A} = \mathcal{B} = \mathcal{C}$$). $$\mathcal{C} \xrightarrow{\;\; \mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{C}}\;\;} \mathcal C\xleftarrow{\;\; \mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{C}}\;\;} \mathcal C$$

In this case, the comma category is the arrow category $$\mathcal{C}^\rightarrow$$. Its objects are the morphisms of $$\mathcal{C}$$, and its morphisms are commuting squares in $$\mathcal{C}$$.

Other variations
In the case of the slice or coslice category, the identity functor may be replaced with some other functor; this yields a family of categories particularly useful in the study of adjoint functors. For example, if $$T$$ is the forgetful functor mapping an abelian group to its underlying set, and $$s$$ is some fixed set (regarded as a functor from 1), then the comma category $$(s \downarrow T)$$ has objects that are maps from $$s$$ to a set underlying a group. This relates to the left adjoint of $$T$$, which is the functor that maps a set to the free abelian group having that set as its basis. In particular, the initial object of $$(s \downarrow T)$$ is the canonical injection $$s\rightarrow T(G)$$, where $$G$$ is the free group generated by $$s$$.

An object of $$(s \downarrow T)$$ is called a morphism from $$s$$ to $$T$$ or a $$T$$-structured arrow with domain $$s$$. An object of $$(S \downarrow t)$$ is called a morphism from $$S$$ to $$t$$ or a $$S$$-costructured arrow with codomain $$t$$.

Another special case occurs when both $$S$$ and $$T$$ are functors with domain $$\textbf{1}$$. If $$S(*)=A$$ and $$T(*)=B$$, then the comma category $$(S \downarrow T)$$, written $$(A\downarrow B)$$, is the discrete category whose objects are morphisms from $$A$$ to $$B$$.

An inserter category is a (non-full) subcategory of the comma category where $$\mathcal{A} = \mathcal{B}$$ and $$f = g$$ are required. The comma category can also be seen as the inserter of $$S \circ \pi_1$$ and $$T \circ \pi_2$$, where $$\pi_1$$ and $$\pi_2$$ are the two projection functors out of the product category $$\mathcal{A} \times \mathcal{B}$$.

Properties
For each comma category there are forgetful functors from it.
 * Domain functor, $$S\downarrow T \to \mathcal A$$, which maps:
 * objects: $$(A, B, h)\mapsto A$$;
 * morphisms: $$(f, g)\mapsto f$$;
 * Codomain functor, $$S\downarrow T \to \mathcal B$$, which maps:
 * objects: $$(A, B, h)\mapsto B$$;
 * morphisms: $$(f, g)\mapsto g$$.
 * Arrow functor, $$S\downarrow T\to {\mathcal C}^{\rightarrow}$$, which maps:
 * objects: $$(A, B, h)\mapsto h$$;
 * morphisms: $$(f, g)\mapsto (Sf,Tg)$$;

Some notable categories
Several interesting categories have a natural definition in terms of comma categories.
 * The category of pointed sets is a comma category, $$\scriptstyle {(\bull \downarrow \mathbf{Set})}$$ with $$\scriptstyle {\bull}$$ being (a functor selecting) any singleton set, and $$\scriptstyle {\mathbf{Set}}$$ (the identity functor of) the category of sets. Each object of this category is a set, together with a function selecting some element of the set: the "basepoint". Morphisms are functions on sets which map basepoints to basepoints. In a similar fashion one can form the category of pointed spaces $$\scriptstyle {(\bull \downarrow \mathbf{Top})}$$.
 * The category of associative algebras over a ring $$R$$ is the coslice category $$\scriptstyle {(R \downarrow \mathbf{Ring})}$$, since any ring homomorphism $$f: R \to S$$ induces an associative $$R$$-algebra structure on $$S$$, and vice versa. Morphisms are then maps $$h: S \to T$$ that make the diagram commute.
 * The category of graphs is $$\scriptstyle {(\mathbf{Set} \downarrow D)}$$, with $$\scriptstyle {D: \, \mathbf{Set} \rightarrow \mathbf{Set}}$$ the functor taking a set $$s$$ to $$s \times s$$. The objects $$(a, b, f)$$ then consist of two sets and a function; $$a$$ is an indexing set, $$b$$ is a set of nodes, and $$f : a \rightarrow (b \times b)$$ chooses pairs of elements of $$b$$ for each input from $$a$$. That is, $$f$$ picks out certain edges from the set $$b \times b$$ of possible edges. A morphism in this category is made up of two functions, one on the indexing set and one on the node set. They must "agree" according to the general definition above, meaning that $$(g, h) : (a, b, f) \rightarrow (a', b', f')$$ must satisfy $$f' \circ g = D(h) \circ f$$. In other words, the edge corresponding to a certain element of the indexing set, when translated, must be the same as the edge for the translated index.
 * Many "augmentation" or "labelling" operations can be expressed in terms of comma categories. Let $$S$$ be the functor taking each graph to the set of its edges, and let $$A$$ be (a functor selecting) some particular set: then $$(S \downarrow A)$$ is the category of graphs whose edges are labelled by elements of $$A$$. This form of comma category is often called objects $$S$$-over $$A$$ - closely related to the "objects over $$A$$" discussed above. Here, each object takes the form $$(B, \pi_B)$$, where $$B$$ is a graph and $$\pi_B$$ a function from the edges of $$B$$ to $$A$$. The nodes of the graph could be labelled in essentially the same way.
 * A category is said to be locally cartesian closed if every slice of it is cartesian closed (see above for the notion of slice). Locally cartesian closed categories are the classifying categories of dependent type theories.

Limits and universal morphisms
Limits and colimits in comma categories may be "inherited". If $$\mathcal{A}$$ and $$\mathcal{B}$$ are complete, $$T : \mathcal{B} \rightarrow \mathcal{C}$$ is a continuous functor, and $$S \colon \mathcal{A} \rightarrow \mathcal{C}$$ is another functor (not necessarily continuous), then the comma category $$(S \downarrow T)$$ produced is complete, and the projection functors $$(S\downarrow T) \rightarrow \mathcal{A}$$ and $$(S\downarrow T) \rightarrow \mathcal{B}$$ are continuous. Similarly, if $$\mathcal{A}$$ and $$\mathcal{B}$$ are cocomplete, and $$S : \mathcal{A} \rightarrow \mathcal{C}$$ is cocontinuous, then $$(S \downarrow T)$$ is cocomplete, and the projection functors are cocontinuous.

For example, note that in the above construction of the category of graphs as a comma category, the category of sets is complete and cocomplete, and the identity functor is continuous and cocontinuous. Thus, the category of graphs is complete and cocomplete.

The notion of a universal morphism to a particular colimit, or from a limit, can be expressed in terms of a comma category. Essentially, we create a category whose objects are cones, and where the limiting cone is a terminal object; then, each universal morphism for the limit is just the morphism to the terminal object. This works in the dual case, with a category of cocones having an initial object. For example, let $$\mathcal{C}$$ be a category with $$F : \mathcal{C} \rightarrow \mathcal{C} \times \mathcal{C}$$ the functor taking each object $$c$$ to $$(c, c)$$ and each arrow $$f$$ to $$(f, f)$$. A universal morphism from $$(a, b)$$ to $$F$$ consists, by definition, of an object $$(c, c)$$ and morphism $$\rho : (a, b) \rightarrow (c, c)$$ with the universal property that for any morphism $$\rho' : (a, b) \rightarrow (d, d)$$ there is a unique morphism $$\sigma : c \rightarrow d$$ with $$F(\sigma) \circ \rho = \rho'$$. In other words, it is an object in the comma category $$((a, b) \downarrow F)$$ having a morphism to any other object in that category; it is initial. This serves to define the coproduct in $$\mathcal{C}$$, when it exists.

Adjunctions
Lawvere showed that the functors $$F : \mathcal{C} \rightarrow \mathcal{D}$$ and $$G : \mathcal{D} \rightarrow \mathcal{C}$$ are adjoint if and only if the comma categories $$(F \downarrow id_\mathcal{D})$$ and $$(id_\mathcal{C} \downarrow G)$$, with $$id_\mathcal{D}$$ and $$id_\mathcal{C}$$ the identity functors on $$\mathcal{D}$$ and $$\mathcal{C}$$ respectively, are isomorphic, and equivalent elements in the comma category can be projected onto the same element of $$\mathcal{C} \times \mathcal{D}$$. This allows adjunctions to be described without involving sets, and was in fact the original motivation for introducing comma categories.

Natural transformations
If the domains of $$S, T$$ are equal, then the diagram which defines morphisms in $$S\downarrow T$$ with $$A=B, A'=B', f=g$$ is identical to the diagram which defines a natural transformation $$S\to T$$. The difference between the two notions is that a natural transformation is a particular collection of morphisms of type of the form $$S(A)\to T(A)$$, while objects of the comma category contains all morphisms of type of such form. A functor to the comma category selects that particular collection of morphisms. This is described succinctly by an observation by S.A. Huq that a natural transformation $$\eta:S\to T$$, with $$S, T:\mathcal A \to \mathcal C$$, corresponds to a functor $$\mathcal A \to (S\downarrow T)$$ which maps each object $$A$$ to $$(A, A, \eta_A)$$ and maps each morphism $$f=g$$ to $$(f, g)$$. This is a bijective correspondence between natural transformations $$S\to T$$ and functors $$\mathcal A \to (S\downarrow T)$$ which are sections of both forgetful functors from $$S\downarrow T$$.

title: Comma category


text: Category:Military of Botswana

title: Category:Military of Botswana


text:
Talk:First Vatican Council

Suspended
''It was suspended following the capture of Rome and never resumed, nor was it ever officially closed. It is therefore still in session and no other ecumenical council may be held.''

 * What about the Second Vatican Council, then? Marnanel 21:08, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * From the article: the Council was formally closed in 1960 by Pope John XXIII, prior to the formation of the Second Vatican Council. Ender's Shadow Snr (talk) 15:53, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Not true. It was never formally closed.  See my comment below. 68.196.9.196 (talk) 19:16, 1 June 2023 (UTC)captcrisis

Catholic triumphalism lives
This article might almost have been written by an ultra-traditionalist Catholic. The discussion of opposition to the dogma of papal infallibility is weak. And yes, Pius IX was interested in having the Council define Papal Infallibility, and made no particular secret of it. Jhobson1 17:23, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

The name of the two bishops...
As per my recent trip to the Vatican, a plaque mentioned that "two bishops, out of 435, voted against the principle of papal infallibility" - I was curious if it was known which two bishops were dissenting, or if it were a secret ballot whose dissenters were never known? Sherurcij (Speaker for the Dead) 22:43, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * According to the 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia, Bishop Aloisio Riccio of Cajazzo, Italy, and Bishop Edward Fitzgerald of Little Rock, Arkansas. ClaudeMuncey 22:56, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Dom Cuthbert Butler"The Vatican Council 1870" (1964) provides an exhaustive account based on Bishop Ullathorne's letters. Voting was not secret but open.

Misplaced discussion/wrong heading?
The article is interesting, but concentrates solely on infallibility. Shouldn't there be a general intro to the council, and coverage of other topics discussed. The infallibility section might well merit a page of its own, under a suitable title. 'First Vatical Council' is surely not that title. 82.152.219.37 (talk) 18:44, 24 February 2009 (UTC)Benedict Heal

 * Vatican I was not just about infallibility, theologically and otherwise. I'm downgrading the article to C class. GregorB (talk) 16:47, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Temporal dogma (sic)
I find very peculiar the insertion, based on a 1909 book according to which "According to the original plan, the Temporal Dogma was to have been the first item on the Council’s agenda, but subsequently the Infallibility Dogma was placed first." Temporal "dogma"?! "Infallibility Dogma placed first"?! The first document that the Council produced was that on the Catholic Faith (24 April 1870). It was three months later that the document on the Church, which included the question of infallibility, was produced (18 July 1870).

I doubt too that insertion about a rumour that the Council would be reopened in Malta or Trent is of sufficient importance to keep in the article, but I feel that the first insertion is certainly not for keeping, especially in the lead. Soidi (talk) 12:50, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Did you bother to read what Raffaele De Cesare wrote on page 422 of The Last Days of Papal Rome? I provided the link to the scanned copy, which is at http://books.google.com/books?id=0XcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA422&dq=%22the+last+days+of+papal+rome%22 Italus (talk) 17:32, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Your link says: "No preview available". So it does not confirm the attribution to this 1909 book of the demonstrably false statement that the first thing the Council actually discussed was papal infallibility. Perhaps the statement should be reworded.  Soidi (talk) 00:36, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I have no problem whatsoever reading the scanned copy on the link that I provided. My original wording was not precise. Elevating the temporal power into a dogma was not "to have been the first item on the Council’s agenda," but it was to be precede elevating infallibility into a dogma.Italus (talk) 15:55, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
 * When I click on your link what I get, after the title of the book and its three authors, is:
 * Book overview
 * No preview available - 1909 - 488 pages - Italy
 * It is curious that you get so much more. It would be helpful if you would kindly provide an exact quotation from what you can read, but I cannot.  And thanks for removing the strange phrase, "temporal dogma".  Soidi (talk) 19:02, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
 * It is curious that you get so much more. It would be helpful if you would kindly provide an exact quotation from what you can read, but I cannot.  And thanks for removing the strange phrase, "temporal dogma".  Soidi (talk) 19:02, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It seems that your computer cannot read the scanned pages of the book. The chapter on the Ecumenical Council is truly fascinating and informative. May I suggest that you try a different computer. Italus (talk) 20:52, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

PLease how can the Civita Cattolica be regarded as an authority - it was an extremm untra-montanist paper? Bishop Ullathorne seems to have been unaware of the idea of any scheme to elevate the temporal power into a dogma. Most or the bishops were uneasy about the Syllabus of Errors and the Bull Unam Sanctam in so far as they affected temporal power. Bellarmine's doctrine on the subject seems to have been generally rejected in Anglo-Saxon and German lands.(see Butler) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.105.240.10 (talk) 23:13, 26 November 2009 (UTC) It would be useful to distinguish between the power of the Pope as a temporal ruler of the Papal States, and the power claimed by the Medieval Popes and defened by Bellarmine of deposing rulers and having jurisdiction on temporal matters. Neither was defended at the Council. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.105.240.10 (talk) 23:20, 26 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Removed the hearsay. The author seems unaware that the Church doesn't simply define any dogma they happen to like. In theory, a doctrine needs to have been accepted by the Church of all times and places - while such a claim will often be controversial (and especially so with papal infallibility), it at least has to be a doctrine that was held. Infallibility, though controversial, was at least proposed for a few centuries, while there never was a doctrine like "the Pope's temporal power". Given that there seems to be trouble to be precise on that matter, it all seems like hogwash. Str1977 (talk) 12:18, 6 June 2012 (UTC)
 * May I suggest that you read what Raffaele De Cesare wrote starting on page 422 of The Last Days of Papal Rome? I had provided the link to the scanned copy, which is at http://books.google.com/books?id=0XcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA422&dq=%22the+last+days+of+papal+rome%22 Italus (talk) 20:31, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Restore reference to original objective of the Council
In my opinion, a competent editor should restore the reference from Chapter XXXIII of Raffaele De Cesare's http://books.google.com/books?id=0XcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA422&dq=%22the+last+days+of+papal+rome%22#v=onepage&q=%22the%20last%20days%20of%20papal%20rome%22&f=false, which starts with: "The first idea of convening an Ecumenical Council in Rome to elevate the temporal power into a dogma, originated in the third centenary of the Council of Trent, which took place in that city in December, 1863, and was attended by a number of Austrian and Hungarian prelates." The chapter then states that Austria had recognized the Kingdom of Italy after the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. Consequently, because of this and other substantial political changes: "The Civiltà Cattolica suggested that the Papal Infallibility should be substituted for the dogma of temporal power ..." Italus (talk) 21:01, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The possibility that the Council would define as dogma the temporal power was quite real, and not hearsay as claimed in the previous section by Str1977. The actions of the Italian King and Government to block this possibility are discussed in http://books.google.com/books?id=0XcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA429#v=onepage&q&f=false . Italus (talk) 23:56, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Delete the bit about being formally closed in 1960
This appears to be an internet legend. There are a lot of official and semi-official internet resources on both Vatican Councils and not one of them cites a document closing Vatican I. 47.20.164.204 (talk) 15:42, 3 May 2014 (UTC)captcrisis
 * Done. Esoglou (talk) 16:01, 3 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but I see someone added it again. The source cited is vatican.com, a travel booking site, obviously not authoritative. 74.119.231.16 (talk) 14:12, 7 June 2021 (UTC)captcrisis

Pastor Aeternus: Not 433 votes, but 533
The constitution was accepted not with 433, but with 533 votes. Source eg. Giuseppe Alberigo (cur.), Storia dei concili ecumenici, Editrice Queriniana, 1990. The other languages of Wikipedia have 533 too already, by the way. 80.108.105.80 (talk) 09:10, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Vatican Council


text:
Grove Karl Gilbert

Grove Karl Gilbert (May 6, 1843 – May 1, 1918), known by the abbreviated name G. K. Gilbert in academic literature, was an American geologist.

Biography
Gilbert was born in Rochester, New York and graduated from the University of Rochester. During the American Civil War, he was twice listed for the draft, but his name was drawn neither time. In 1871, he joined George M. Wheeler's geographical survey as its first geologist.

Rockies geologist

He then joined the Powell Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region in 1874, becoming Powell's primary assistant, and stayed with the survey until 1879. During this time he published an important monograph, The Geology of the Henry Mountains (1877). After the creation of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1879, he was appointed to the position of Senior Geologist and worked for the USGS until his death (including a term as acting director).

Gilbert published a study of the former ancient Lake Bonneville in 1890 (the lake existed during the Pleistocene), of which the Great Salt Lake is a remnant. He named that lake after the army captain Benjamin L.E. de Bonneville, who had explored this region previously. The type of river delta that Gilbert described at this location has since become known to geomorphologists as a Gilbert delta.

Meteor Crater
In 1891, Gilbert examined the origins for a crater in Arizona, now known as Meteor Crater but then referred to as Coon Butte. For a number of reasons, and against his intuition, he concluded it was the result of a volcanic steam explosion rather than an impact of a meteorite. Gilbert based his conclusions on a belief that for an impact crater, the volume of the crater including the meteorite should be more than the ejected material on the rim and also a belief that if it was a meteorite then iron should create magnetic anomalies. Gilbert's calculations showed that the volume of the crater and the debris on the rim were roughly equal. Further there were no magnetic anomalies. Gilbert argued that the meteorite fragments found on the rim were just "coincidence." In 1892, Gilbert delivered his paper "The Moon's Face; A Study of the Origin of Its Features" as his retiring President's lecture to the Philosophical Society of Washington, and the paper was published in the Society's bulletin. Gilbert would publicize these conclusions in a series of lectures in 1895. Subsequent investigations would reveal that it was in fact a meteor crater, but that interpretation was not well established until the mid-20th century. As part of his interest in crater origins, Gilbert also studied the moon's craters and concluded they were caused by impact events rather than volcanoes, although he wondered why the craters were round and not oval as expected for an oblique impact. The interpretation of lunar craters as of impact origin was also debated until the mid-20th century.

Geomorphology
He joined the Harriman Alaska Expedition in 1899. Two weeks after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Gilbert took a series of photographs documenting the damage along the San Andreas fault from Inverness to Bolinas.

Gilbert is considered one of the giants of the sub-discipline of geomorphology, having contributed to the understanding of landscape evolution, erosion, river incision and sedimentation. Gilbert was a planetary science pioneer, correctly identifying lunar craters as caused by impacts, and carrying out early impact-cratering experiments. He coined the term sculpture for a pattern of radial ridges surrounding Mare Imbrium on the moon, and correctly interpreted them in 1892 as ejecta from a giant impact. Gilbert was one of the more influential early American geologists.

Awards
He won the Wollaston Medal from the Geological Society of London in 1900. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1902. He was awarded the Charles P. Daly Medal by the American Geographical Society in 1910. Gilbert was well-esteemed by all American geologists during his lifetime, and he is the only geologist to ever be elected twice as President of the Geological Society of America (1892 and 1909). Because of Gilbert's prescient insights into planetary geology, the Geological Society of America created the G.K. Gilbert Award for planetary geology in 1983. Gilbert's wide-ranging scientific ideas were so profound that the Geological Society of America published GSA Special Paper 183 on his research (Yochelson, E.L., editor, 1980, The Scientific Ideas of G.K. Gilbert, fourteen separate biographical chapters, 148 pages).

Craters on the moon and on Mars are named in his honor, as is Mount Gilbert in Alaska, a second Mount Gilbert in California, and Gilbert Peak in the Uinta Mountains of Utah.

Publications

 * "Report on the geology of the Henry mountains (1877)
 * "Lake Bonneville" US Geological Survey Monograph No. 1. 1890. 438 p.
 * "The Moon's face: a study of the origin of its features". Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington (January 1893).
 * "The Underground Water of the Arkansas Valley in Eastern Colorado" (1896)
 * "Harriman Alaska Expedition, Volume 3: Glaciers and glaciation (1899)
 * "The San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of April 18, 1906, and Their Effects on Structures and ..." (1907)
 * "The transportation of débris by running water" US Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 86 (1914)
 * "Bolinas" USGS photographs of San Andreas fault taken by Gilbert (1906)
 * "Studies of Basin-Range structure" U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 153 (1928)

title: Grove Karl Gilbert


text:
Colin Hendry

Edward Colin James Hendry (born 7 December 1965) is a Scottish football coach and former professional footballer.

Hendry, who played as a defender, notably played in the Premier League for Blackburn Rovers, with whom he was part of the title-winning side of 1995. He also played top flight football in both England and Scotland for Dundee, Manchester City, Rangers, Coventry City and Bolton Wanderers, as well as stints in the Football League with Preston North End and Blackpool. He earned 51 caps for Scotland, scoring three times, and was part of the Tartan Army's Euro 96 and World Cup 98 squads.

Following on from retirement, Hendry took over as Blackpool manager and later had a spell in charge of Clyde. He later returned to Blackburn as part of their coaching staff, having previously had a spell as assistant manager of Boston United.

Club
Hendry first played for his local semi-professional club, Highland League outfit Keith, and Islavale, a North Scottish Junior club. He began his full-time professional career in 1983 with Dundee. During his early career, Hendry played mainly as a striker. In 1987 he was transferred to Blackburn Rovers, where he was converted into a defender. One of his first appearances came in the Full Members Cup final, where he scored the only goal in the 1–0 Wembley win over Charlton Athletic.

He played over 100 games for Blackburn before joining Manchester City in 1989, where he was named Player of the Year in the 1989–90 season. His days at City were numbered, however, after he fell out of manager Peter Reid's plans when Reid took over in November 1990 on the departure of Howard Kendall to Everton.

He was re-signed for Blackburn by Kenny Dalglish in November 1991 for a fee of £700,000 and helped them to great success including promotion from the Second Division and winning the FA Premier League. In 1998, he got a move back to Scotland to play with Rangers where he was signed by manager Dick Advocaat for £4 million. However, despite winning the domestic treble in his first season, his time there was relatively unhappy with Advocaat claiming that Hendry was "not his type of player". After his spell at Rangers, Hendry moved back to the Premier League to Coventry City who paid £750,000 for him in February 2000. Hendry had a difficult spell for the Sky Blues with his appearances being limited, he was loaned to then First Division side Bolton Wanderers. He impressed manager Sam Allardyce who made the move permanent in February 2001, with Bolton agreeing to pay a fee of £500,000 should they gain promotion at the end of that season, which they subsequently did. He later Preston North End on loan and Blackpool, initially a loan before being made permanent, before retiring from playing football. Overall, Hendry played more than 500 league games and scored more than 40 goals in a playing career spanning 20 years.

In November 2018, Hendry played a league game for Blackburn Sunday League side Moorgate F.C.

International
Hendry managed to win 51 caps for Scotland despite the fact that he was a latecomer to the international scene, not making his debut until he was 27. He captained Scotland in the 1998 World Cup. His last Scotland appearance, on 28 March 2001, saw Hendry score two goals in a 4–0 win over San Marino. His international career was ended as he was subsequently banned for six matches for elbowing San Marino substitute Nicola Albani later in that game.

Coaching career
Hendry landed his first managerial job in June 2004 when he was appointed manager of his former club Blackpool replacing Steve McMahon. He was dismissed by the club on 29 November 2005 following a poor run of results.

On 9 September 2006 Hendry joined Boston United as assistant manager to Steve Evans.

On 11 June 2007 he became manager of Scottish First Division side Clyde. Hendry lost his first three games in charge. He picked up his first victory in a Scottish Challenge Cup tie against fellow First Division side Queen of the South in August 2007. His best run was a six-game undefeated streak from November 2007 to December 2007. His final game in charge of Clyde was a Scottish Cup fourth-round match, which Clyde lost 1–0 to Dundee United. Hendry resigned as manager of Clyde on 18 January 2008.

In June 2012, Hendry re-joined Blackburn Rovers, initially as first-team coach, working under manager and fellow Scot Steve Kean. He later became assistant manager of the club's under-21 team. On 12 June 2014, Hendry left Rovers.

Personal life
Hendry's wife, Denise, died on 10 July 2009, aged 43. Her death was caused by complications during an operation that was needed following cosmetic surgery performed in April 2002. Hendry has four children by his wife: Rheagan, Kyle, Callum and Niamh. His son Callum is also a footballer.

On 23 June 2010, Hendry was formally declared bankrupt at Blackpool County Court. It was reported that he faced a tax bill of more than £1m and owed thousands of pounds to other creditors. One of the creditors was SpreadEx, a betting company.

On 22 April 2015, Hendry was banned from driving for 17 months after being tested and found to be almost twice over the legal limit of 35mg alcohol per 100ml of breath.

Hendry was charged with harassing and assaulting an ex-girlfriend in May 2015. He subsequently pleaded guilty to a charge of harassment, while the assault charge was dropped.

International

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hendry goal.

Honours
Blackburn Rovers
 * Premier League: 1994–95
 * Full Members' Cup: 1986–87

Rangers
 * Scottish Premier League: 1998–99
 * Scottish Cup: 1998–99
 * Scottish League Cup: 1998–99

Bolton Wanderers
 * Football League First Division play-offs: 2001

Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1988–89 Second Division, 1994–95 Premier League, 1997–98 Premier League
 * Scottish FA International Roll of Honour: 2001

title: Colin Hendry