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Chevrolet Silverado

The Chevrolet Silverado is a range of trucks manufactured by General Motors under the Chevrolet brand. Introduced for the 1999 model year, the Silverado is the successor to the long-running Chevrolet C/K model line. Taking its name from the top trim level from the Chevrolet C/K series, the Silverado is offered as a series of full-size pickup trucks, chassis cab trucks, and medium-duty trucks. The fourth generation of the model line was introduced for the 2019 model year.

The Chevrolet Silverado shares mechanical commonality with the identically related GMC Sierra; GMC ended the use of the C/K nomenclature a model generation prior to Chevrolet. In Mexico, high-trim level versions of the Silverado use the Chevrolet Cheyenne name (not to be confused with the 2003 concept). Competing against the Ford F-Series, Ram Pickup, Toyota Tundra, and Nissan Titan, the Silverado is among the best-selling vehicles in the United States, having sold over 12 million trucks since its introduction in 1998 as a 1999 model year.

History
The Silverado nameplate made its debut for the 1975 model year, becoming the top trim level on all Chevrolet C/K trucks, slotted above Custom Deluxe, Scottsdale, and Cheyenne. For the 1968 model year (seven years before the Silverado), GMC C/K trucks used variations of the Sierra name (Sierra, Sierra Classic, Sierra Grande, and High Sierra). Even after the C/K series officially ended, GM still uses the CK and the CC in their current model codes, to denote a two-wheel drive (CC), and four-wheel drive (CK).

For the 1988 GMT400 model architecture, Chevrolet retained the C/K model nomenclature, with GMC branding its full-size line as Sierras. While sharing the same body and chassis, the model chronology of the Silverado and Sierra are different, with five generations of the Sierra, while four of the Silverado.

In 2018, at the NTEA Work Truck Show in Indianapolis, Indiana, Chevrolet unveiled the first medium-duty Silverado, expanding the model line to a 4500HD, 5500HD, and 6500HD chassis cab. Largely the successor to the 2003–2009 GMT560 chassis, the medium-duty trucks are exclusive to Chevrolet, with no plans for an equivalent GMC version. Instead, Navistar International (now partnering with GM) would sell the medium-duty trucks as a rebadged counterpart, called the CV. This is in fact a very similar nod to how the Avalanche did not have a GMC Yukon–based equivalent, but instead, Cadillac would take its place as the former's rebadged counterpart, the Escalade EXT.

First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)
The GMT800 Silverado/Sierra 1500 and 2500 pickup trucks were released in August 1998 as 1999 models. The "classic" light-duty GMT400 C/K trucks continued to be produced for the first two years alongside the new models, and the Heavy-Duty GMT400 pickups (alongside the GMT400 SUVs) were continued until 2000, with the new GMT800 Silverado/Sierra HD (Heavy Duty) released a year later. A 3500 model was added later for 2001, with the introduction of the HD moniker (though it was not until the 2007 GMT900 model year a 3500HD debuted).

The trucks were refreshed in 2002 for the 2003 model year, bringing slight design changes and an upgrade to the audio and HVAC controls. The 2007 GMT800 trucks, built after the new GMT900 entered production, used the name Classic to denote the difference between the two generations.

Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)

The GMT900 generation of the Silverado/Sierra arrived in the last quarter of 2006 as a 2007 model. It features a redesigned exterior, interior, frame, and suspension as well as power increases on certain engines. Like the previous generation GMT800's and earlier C/K lines, it takes many styling cues from the GMT900 SUVs of the same year. Like the GMT900 SUVs, these pickups have improved aerodynamics over their predecessors thanks to steeply raked windshields and tighter panel gaps which help improve fuel economy. The previous GMT800 models were continued through 2007 badged as "Classic," just as the GMT400 models continued for two years after the GMT800's introduction.

The new Silverado earned the North American Truck of the Year award for 2007 and was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 2007.

Production continued until 2013.

Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (GMT K2XX; 2014)
On December 13, 2012, the fully-redesigned 2014 Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra were both introduced in Detroit, Michigan, later making their public debut at the North American International Auto Show. GM has now dropped the GMT900 platform, becoming "K2XX." This generation of the Silverado/Sierra 1500 has three all-new gasoline engine options: a 4.3L EcoTec3 V6, a 5.3L EcoTec3 V8, and a 6.2L EcoTec3 V8, while dropping the 4.8L Vortec V8 from the last generation. Chevrolet's MyLink touch-screen multimedia interface system became available on most models. It included A2DP stereo streaming technologies, Bluetooth hands-free telephone, USB hookups, and an input for an Apple iPod or iPhone. A Bose premium audio system, as well as a Bose surround sound audio system, was available on most models. OnStar became standard on all models.

Underneath, the Silverado rides on a fully boxed high-strength steel frame with hydroforming technology; truck cab's frame is built with high strength steel as well. The third generation Silverado uses aluminum on the hood, for the engine block and for the control arms in order to save mass. The truck's bed is made of roll-formed steel instead of stamped steel used by other manufacturers in order to save weight and gain strength. The third generation Silverado introduced the all-new upmarket top-of-the-line "High Country" trim level which includes saddle brown leather interior, which is Chevrolet's very first entry into the luxury truck market since the 1955–1959 Task-Force 3100 "Cameo Carrier." A fully-squared front fascia takes retro-modern styling cues from the GMT400 and 1981–1987 Square-Body trucks, and on Z71 models, a Z71 badge was added to the bottom right place of the grille. The first production Silverado completed assembly on April 29, 2013. The Silverado 1500 went on sale in May 2013 as a 2014 model, with the Silverado HD being available in early 2014 for the 2015 model year. On January 10, 2014, a recall was issued for 370,000 Silverado and Sierra pickups over a fire risk.

In the U.S., the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and 2015 2500HD/3500HD (as well as the latter's 2015 High Country) were introduced to the Philippines market by Chevrolet Motorama Show in late November 2014 for MY2015, along with the MY2015 Suburban, Tahoe, Impala, Express, Trax, and Colorado.

On January 14, 2014, the Silverado, along with the Corvette Stingray, received the 2014 North American International Auto Show's Car and Truck of the Year awards, respectively.

For 2018, this generation of Silverado was officially exported to Australia and converted to right-hand-drive and Australian Design Rules (ADR) by General Motors Australian subsidiary, Holden Special Vehicles (HSV). In the past, several independent specialists imported and converted Silverados and Sierras for Australian and right-hand-drive markets. Only 2500HD and 3500HD models equipped with 6.6L Duramax diesel option were available. Neither gasoline engines nor 1500 series trucks were offered.

2015
For the 2015 model year, the 6.2L EcoTec3 is now paired with the new 8-speed 8L90 transmission, offering a wider ratio spread with more closely spaced gears, quicker shifts, improved acceleration, and fuel economy. The Silverado 2500HD/3500HD models carried over the 6.0L L96 flex-fuel capable Vortec engine combined with the 6L90E transmission, installed with engine oil and transmission fluid coolers for hauling/towing applications. The 6.6L Duramax also continued to be backed by the 6-speed Allison 1000 automatic. The 1500 Regular Cab Long Box model also became available from the factory without a pickup bed (i.e., as a chassis cab). GM last offered its half-ton trucks as chassis cabs in 1980.

The GMC Sierra 2500HD/3500HD were the first "heavy-duty" trucks to offer an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), a Forward Collision Warning System (FCWS), and a Lane Departure Warning System (LDWS) available together as part of the available Driver Assist Package. The Driver Assist Package was standard equipment on the GMC Sierra 2500HD/3500HD Denali, and optional on most other Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD/3500HD and GMC Sierra 2500HD/3500HD models. Other new options for the Silverado and Sierra 2500HD/3500HD models included an eight-inch, full-color, reconfigurable LCD Driver Information Center (DIC) screen (for Sierra 2500HD/3500HD Denali models only), a 110-volt AC household-style power outlet, up to six available USB ports, an available eight-inch touchscreen infotainment system, and a power-sliding rear window with integrated defroster.

In mid-year 2015, Chevrolet and GMC made enhancements to the all-new Silverado 2500HD/3500HD and Sierra 2500HD/3500HD. Some of these enhancements included a new OnStar telematics system with 4G LTE Wi-Fi capabilities, new wheel designs, new exterior paint color options, new exterior tow mirror designs, a USB port added the glove compartment of trucks equipped with a front bench seat, DURALIFE brake rotors, the availability of dual 150 and 220 amp alternators for models equipped with the 6.6-liter Duramax Turbodiesel V8 engine, an off-road information screen added to the instrument cluster of 4×4 models equipped with the Z71 or All-Terrain Packages (the latter is a GMC-only option), a Bi-Fi Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) option for models equipped with the 6.0L Vortec gasoline V8 engine, a new All-Terrain Package available on SLE and SLT Double Cab and Crew Cab models (for GMC models only), a standard heavy-duty locking rear axle for all models, and the removal of HD Radio from the "up-level" IO5 and IO6 infotainment systems. A Regular Production Option (RPO) Code of "AVF" in the upper glove compartment distinguishes early-build 2015 models from their 2015.5 successors.

Special Editions
For 2015, Chevrolet introduced a Special Edition for the Silverado truck series. They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2, Midnight Edition, Custom Sport Edition, Custom Sport Plus Edition, Black Out Edition, and Texas Edition.

2016 mid-cycle refresh
For 2016, the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 received a mid-cycle refresh. The refreshed Silverado and Sierra received a new grille, headlights, and front fascia, with design influences from the 2015 Chevrolet Colorado, as well as all-new LED taillights on the 2016 Silverado LTZ and High Country, 2016 GMC Sierra SLT and Denali trim levels while the 2016 Chevy Silverado LT trim levels and below still have the pre-facelifted incandescent taillights along with the 2016 GMC Sierra SLE trim levels and below. Silverado 1500 LTZ and High Country, as well as Sierra 1500 SLT and Denali models equipped with LED headlights, can be optioned with the Intellibeam high beam assist system. On October 1, 2015, HD Radio was added to the Silverado and Sierra to their 8-inch MyLink system as standard equipment on the LT and LTZ trims, while the Sierra included the feature in its IntelliLink system as standard on all its trims. 2016 Silverado and Sierra models optioned with the 8-inch touch screen featured Apple CarPlay and Android Auto capability. Trucks ordered with bucket seats and center console now featured a wireless charging pad on the console lid. New color options for the Silverado included Iridescent Pearl Tricoat (1500 only), Autumn Bronze Metallic, Siren Red Tintcoat, and Red Hot, while the Sierra's new colors included White Frost Tricoat (also 1500 only), Mahogany Metallic, Crimson Red Tintcoat, and Cardinal Red.

Chevrolet Special Edition
For that year, Chevrolet has added and dropped some of the Special Editions for the Silverado truck series. They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2, Midnight HD Edition, Midnight Edition, Custom Sport HD Edition, Realtree Edition, Custom Sport HD Edition, and Special Ops Edition.

2017
For the 2017 model year, Silverado and Sierra HD models were introduced with a new 6.6L Duramax turbo-diesel V8 (L5P) and received a new hood with air intake vents. Gasoline-powered models now have a capless fuel filler. The Sierra HD now included standard HID headlamps on all trim levels. New colors included Graphite Metallic and Pepperdust Metallic (Silverado) or Dark Slate Metallic and Pepperdust Metallic (Sierra). Jet Black/Medium Ash Gray interior trim is added for Silverado High Country. Low-speed mitigation braking is added to the Driver Alert Package for both Silverado and Sierra.

All Silverado and Sierra models received minor changes to their MyLink (Chevrolet) and IntelliLink (GMC) infotainment systems. The interior backlighting on GMC Sierras changed from red to blue-green (or teal). Silverado and Sierra Double and Crew Cabs also received several new safety features, including GM's Rear Seat Reminder and Teen Driver Mode.

eAssist Mild Hybrid
Starting in 2016, GM offered an eAssist mild hybrid version of the 5.3L V8 engine in the Silverado LT and Sierra SLT, but only in the state of California. The engine came with an 8-speed automatic transmission and had the same horsepower and torque as the standard version. For 2017, it was also available in Hawaii, Oregon, Texas, and Washington. For 2018, it became available nationwide and was also offered in the Silverado LTZ.

Silverado SSV
In late 2014, Chevrolet released the 2015 Silverado SSV (Special Service Vehicle) to complement its lineup of law enforcement vehicles. The SSV Silverado was available in the 1500 Crew Cab with either the short (5.5') or standard (6.5') box. The 5.3L EcoTec3 V8 was the only engine option, and the SSV was based on the WT trim. It featured beefier brake rotors, upgraded oil coolers, high-output alternator, auxiliary battery, and an upfitter-friendly interior.

GMC
In 2016, GMC introduced the Sierra All Terrain X, which is equipped with a 5.3L V8 engine with performance exhaust, increasing power from 355 to 365 hp. On the exterior, the Sierra All Terrain X features black 18" rims fitted with larger 265/65R18SL Goodyear Wrangler Duratrac MT tires, black bed-mounted sport bar, LED off-road lights, and blacked-out accents.

After introducing the Sierra 1500 All Terrain X and Canyon All Terrain X, GMC extended the same formula to its heavy-duty pickup family with the Sierra HD All Terrain X in 2017. It was available on four-wheel-drive 2500 HD crew cab models and came in either Black Onyx or Summit White exterior colors.

All Terrain X models had a body-color grille surround and a grille insert that was unique to the All Terrain. Body-color door handles, front and rear bumpers, bodyside moldings, and black accents, including belt moldings, front bumper skid plate, and B-pillar accents, gave it a monochromatic appearance.

Sierra HD All Terrain X models also included 18" black-painted aluminum wheels—fitted with LT275/65R18 Goodyear Duratrac MT-rated tires—along with four-inch black sport side steps, black heated and power-folding trailering mirrors with integrated turn signals and LED guidance lamps, a spray-on bedliner, and a black bed-mounted sport bar, which was designed to support available LED off-road driving lamps from GMC Accessories.

Inside, the All Terrain X had the GMC IntelliLink infotainment system with an 8-inch-diagonal color touchscreen, Teen Driver, remote-locking tailgate, remote starting system, Rear Vision Camera, adjustable pedals, leather-trimmed seats, heated front seats, and wireless mobile device charging.

A 6.0L gasoline V8 engine was standard, with the 6.6L Duramax turbo-diesel delivering 445 hp and 910 lbft of torque being optional.

The Sierra HD All Terrain X also included the Z71 off-road suspension package, adding front underbody and transfer case skid plates, twin-tube Rancho shocks, hill descent control, and off-road information graphics in the Driver Information Center. An Eaton automatically locking rear differential (4.10:1) was also standard.

Chevrolet
There were several additions to this year's Special Editions for the Silverado series shown in boldface. They are the following series of Midnight, Midnight HD, Rally 1, Rally 2, High Desert, Custom Sport HD, Realtree, Special Ops, Alaskan (available on HD series only), Redline, and Black Out. The remaining Special Edition listed in the 2017 Chevrolet Silverado brochure were All Star Edition and Texas Edition.

New for 2017 was the High Desert option package (with a plastic roll-bar inspired by the Avalanche sport utility truck). This package brought a new innovative lockable storage system into the bed of the Silverado 1500 Crew Cab model. The system included a three-piece hard tonneau cover, dual lockable storage bins on each side of the truck bed, and a removable bed divider to keep items separate and from moving around the truck bed while the vehicle was in motion. The High Desert package was available on both two-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive LT, LTZ, and High Country trim levels. It was not available on LTZ models with the Z71 off-road package. LT models with the High Desert package receive the same LED taillamps as the LTZ and High Country trims. Magnetic Ride Control was optional on High Country High Desert.

Special Edition
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the first Chevrolet truck, GM introduced special-edition models of the Chevrolet Silverado and the smaller Chevrolet Colorado.

Chevrolet
Chevrolet introduced the Centennial Edition Chevrolet Silverado for 2018. Only available in a Crew Cab Short Box configuration with the LTZ Z71 trim, the Centennial Edition added a model-exclusive Centennial Blue Metallic color option, 22" painted-aluminum wheels with chrome inserts, and special "100 Years" Chevrolet Bowtie emblems. In addition to the Centennial Edition, the remaining Silverado Special Editions were virtually unchanged from the last year model.

2019 Silverado LD/Sierra Limited
Chevrolet continued production of the third-generation Silverado 1500 for 2019, which was sold alongside the all-new, fourth-generation 2019 Silverado 1500. Renamed the Chevrolet Silverado LD ("LD" for Light Duty), production of the previous-generation truck moved from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Oshawa Car Assembly, Ontario, Canada. Only available in Double Cab/Standard Box configuration and with the 5.3L V8 engine, the Silverado LD ended production in December 2019.

In retrospect, the first-generation Chevrolet Silverado 1500 was sold alongside its predecessor—the fourth-generation C/K 1500—for 1999, with the predecessor only being available with the V8 gasoline engine, automatic transmission, and the three-door extended cab/short bed configuration. It was also sold alongside the new-style second-generation Silverado for the 2007 model year as the Silverado Classic. GMC also offered versions of their Sierra trucks as the Sierra Classic for 1999 and 2007 as well, and did the same for 2019, offering the predecessor generation model as the Sierra 1500 Limited.

Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (GMT T1XX; 2019)
On December 16, 2017, Chevrolet unveiled the all-new, fourth-generation 2019 Silverado 1500 at its Chevy Truck Centennial Celebration Weekend at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas. The debut of the all-new Silverado was not expected until early 2018. For its debut, the Silverado 1500 was airlifted via a helicopter onto a stage, where it was introduced to a crowd of Chevrolet truck owners and enthusiasts, as well as to the automotive press. Chevrolet NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. also spoke at the event. In addition to the reveal of the 2019 Silverado 1500, multiple Chevrolet trucks of different generations were on display as well.

The model shown at the reveal was the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT Trail Boss, an all-new trim level added to the lineup, and is a factory-modified version of the Silverado 1500 LT Z71. Distinguishing features of the Trail Boss from other Silverado 1500 trim levels are its gloss black front fascia, black rear step bumper, black Chevrolet "bow-tie" emblems on the front grille and rear tailgate, 18-inch gloss black-finished aluminum-alloy wheels, large off-road tires, altered suspension, "Trail Boss" decals on the sides of the bed, front bumper-mounted center fog lamps, "Z71" emblems on each front fender, and red-painted front tow hooks.

The formal unveiling of the Silverado 1500 took place at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan on January 13, 2018, exactly 100 years after Chevrolet delivered its first trucks to customers on January 13, 1918. The model was unveiled as a Silverado LT Trail Boss model.

Sales to customers began in August 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle with a base price of $32,200 MSRP.

The Silverado 1500 features a more sculpted exterior design, with headlamps that integrate into the grille (similar to more recent Ford trucks), and the former also incorporates LED Daytime Running Accent Lamps (DRL's). Coincidentally, both brought in an all-new 10-speed automatic transmission.

For the 2020 model year, the Silverado 1500 has been launched in Australia for the first time. Holden Special Vehicles (known as General Motors Specialty Vehicles since 2021) has started the conversion to right-hand-drive and Australian Design Rules. The 6.2L V8 engine is the sole engine choice at the launch.

Trims
As of 2019, the Silverado 1500 was planned to be available in eight distinct trim levels: WT, Custom, Custom Trail Boss, LT, RST, LT Trail Boss, LTZ, and High Country.

All trim levels include a next-generation touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, Bluetooth for hands-free calling and wireless audio streaming via A2DP, power windows and door locks (on Double and Crew Cab models), air conditioning, and a rearview backup camera system. Additional features available on select trim levels include GPS navigation, SiriusXM Satellite Radio and Travel Link, OnStar with 4G LTE in-vehicle Wi-Fi, a Bose premium audio system with seven speakers, keyless access and push-button start, a remote starter system, heated and ventilated luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a heated leather-wrapped steering wheel, driver-assist technologies, a multi-angle camera system, and heated rear seats.

Special Editions
For 2020, the Rally and Midnight Special Editions returned after being absent for the 2019 model year. Rally Edition was available on the Silverado Custom and RST trims. The package featured black Rally Stripes on the hood and tailgate, black CHEVROLET tailgate lettering, and black assist steps. The Midnight Edition featured Bucket Seats with Console, special headlamp bezels, black dual exhaust tips, and black assist steps. The Midnight Edition was only available on the LT Trail Boss trim level.

Also in 2020, Chevrolet and Realtree announced that there would be a 2021 Silverado 1500 Realtree Edition. This was the second time Chevrolet and Realtree teamed up to produce a special edition Silverado, having done so in 2016. The 2021 model was based on a Silverado 1500 Custom Trail Boss in Crew Cab Short Box configuration, adding 20-inch black wheels and Realtree camouflage graphics inside and out. Ultimately, only seven examples came to exist to the public in the United States.

Engines
The all-new 2019 Silverado and Sierra 1500 offers a choice of six different engine options, dependent upon trim level. The base engine on lower trim levels is the 285 hp, 4.3-liter EcoTec3 E85-capable V6 gasoline engine. Standard on mid-level trims is an all-new, 310 hp, 2.7-liter turbocharged inline-four gasoline engine (thus being the smallest engine available on a GM full-size half-ton pickup), and features cylinder deactivation for improved fuel economy. Optional on most trim levels is the 355 hp, 5.3-liter EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engine, which is optionally E85 capable, and features either a carryover Active Fuel Management (AFM) system, or a brand-new Dynamic Fuel Management system (DFM), which now can shut off two, three, four, five, or six of eight cylinders. The availability of either AFM or DFM is dependent on trim level, with WT and Custom trucks available with AFM, and LT and above trucks standard with DFM. Optional on upper-level trims is a 420 hp, 6.2-liter EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engine with Dynamic Fuel Management (DFM). An also all-new, 277 hp 3.0-liter turbocharged Duramax I6 engine became available for the 2020 model year. Availability of this engine had been delayed because of EPA certification. All engines are paired to either a 6-speed, 8-speed, or 10-speed automatic transmission, with a choice of either two-wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive (the latter being standard equipment on Silverado 1500 Custom Trail Boss and LT Trail Boss trims, and optional on all other Silverado 1500 and Sierra 1500 models). For 2020, availability of both the 6.2-liter EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engine and the 10-speed automatic transmission will expand to most Silverado 1500 and Sierra 1500 trim levels.

According to EPA ratings, 2WD 2019 Silverado models with the 2.7-liter turbo inline-4 engine can achieve 20 mpgus/23 mpgus city/highway.

Infotainment system
Standard features include a next-generation infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. The Waze mobile app can now be compatible in its infotainment system through the use of CarPlay.

A seven-inch infotainment system is standard on Chevrolet Silverado 1500 WT, Custom, and Custom Trail Boss models, as well as the GMC Sierra 1500 Base (Sierra) model, while an eight-inch infotainment system is standard on the Silverado 1500 LT, LT Trail Boss, RST, LTZ, and High Country models, as well as the Sierra 1500 SLE, SLT, AT4, and Denali. SiriusXM Satellite Radio, OnStar with 4G LTE Wi-Fi, a seven-speaker Bose premium audio system, HD Radio, GPS navigation, SiriusXM Travel Link, and a multi-angle camera system are all available depending upon the trim level selected. For 2020, Silverado and Sierra models add SiriusXM 360L compatibility.

Payload and towing
Crew cab Silverado models increased in payload by up to 14 percent, or 340 lb.

Trailering features equipped for the 2019 model included an industry-first VIN-specific trailering and payload label and an in-vehicle towing app on its GM infotainment system.

Chevrolet Silverado HD
Chevrolet released three all-new 2020 Silverado models, including the Silverado 2500 HD and 3500 HD, in 2019. Chevrolet debuted the truck at GM's Flint, Michigan plant on February 5, 2019. The trucks had made their arrival at the dealerships in the late summer of 2019.

Payload and towing
The 2020 Silverado 3500 HD can tow up to 35500 lb in a regular cab dual rear wheel configuration with the Duramax 6.6L L5P turbodiesel V8 engine.

GMC Sierra
The fifth-generation GMC Sierra was unveiled in Detroit on March 1, 2018. The Sierra 1500 differentiates itself from its Chevrolet Silverado 1500 counterpart by offering unique features, such as a two-piece tailgate, a pickup bed constructed from carbon fiber, a 3 x multi-color head-up display, a rearview mirror backup camera system, and a luxury Denali trim level. The Sierra 1500 also features its own distinct exterior styling, though interior styling is similar to that of the Chevrolet Silverado 1500.

There are six functions of GMC Sierra's Multi-Pro Tailgate including a primary tailgate load stop for large items. Its inner tailgate can be a load stopper, a full-width step, and a work area by dropping down the load stop or provide easy access to the bed just by folding down the inner tailgate.

Powertrains include improved versions of the current 5.3-liter and 6.2-liter EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engines, as well as the same 3.0-liter Duramax turbocharged diesel I6 engine that is also available in the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500. An all-new, ten-speed automatic transmission comes as standard equipment on gasoline-powered Sierra 1500 models. Availability of the previous 4.3-liter EcoTec3 V6 gasoline engine was not announced at launch.

All trim levels included a next-generation touch screen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, Bluetooth for hands-free calling and wireless audio streaming via A2DP, power windows and door locks (on Double and Crew Cab models), air conditioning, and a rearview backup camera system. Additional features available on select trim levels included GPS navigation, SiriusXM Satellite Radio and Travel Link, OnStar with 4G LTE in-vehicle Wi-Fi, a Bose premium audio system with seven speakers, keyless access and push-button start, a remote starter system, heated and ventilated luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a heated leather-wrapped steering wheel, driver-assist technologies, a multi-angle camera system, and heated rear seats.

The 2019 GMC Sierra went on sale in September 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle at GMC dealerships nationwide. The Sierra 1500 will be planning to launch in Australia and New Zealand in the 3rd Quarter of 2024 and assembled in GMSV Australia RHD Conversion.

Regular Cab
Not initially available at launch, the all-new 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 regular cab configuration went on sale in early 2019. Initially only available with an 8 ft pickup box, with a choice of two-wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive and the 4.3-liter EcoTec3 V6 or 5.3-liter V8 gasoline engines, the regular cab is exclusively available in the WT trim (1WT) for Silverado 1500, or the Sierra (1SA) trim for Sierra 1500. The regular cab option is not available in other trim levels in the United States and Canada, as these trucks are geared mainly towards fleet and commercial buyers. Although regular cab models with a 6.5 ft bed and in higher trim levels actually are produced, they are only available for sale in Mexico and the Middle East. Starting in 2022, regular cab models with a 6.5 ft bed were made available in the United States and Canada, albeit only in WT trim and with the 2.7L L4 engine.

Standard features include a black front grille, black front and rear bumpers, 17" steel wheels, manual windows and door locks, manual black side mirrors, a seven-inch touchscreen infotainment system with rearview backup camera and Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration, vinyl seating surfaces, a split front bench seat, vinyl flooring, and air conditioning. Options include the Chrome Appearance Group (17" aluminum-alloy wheels and chrome front and rear bumpers), OnStar 4G LTE in-vehicle Wi-Fi capabilities, cloth seating surfaces, carpeted flooring with floor mats, and the Power Equipment Group (power windows and door locks, keyless entry, power black side mirrors, and cruise control).

The 1500 Regular Cab Long Box model is also available from the factory without a bed (i.e., as a chassis cab). GM last offered its half-ton trucks as chassis cabs in 1980.

2020 changes
The 2020 Silverado saw the deletion of the Oakwood Metallic exterior paint color. Aside from the 3.0 L Duramax, major additions were new vertical trailering mirrors, which include power adjustability, as well as power-folding and power-extension capabilities. Adaptive cruise control was optional on the LTZ and High Country trim levels, and SiriusXM 360L capability was available on LT and higher trims. The Silverado 1500 also deleted the keyless access buttons on the rear doors.

The Sierra saw a new Carbon Black Metallic paint color in addition to the above-mentioned Silverado updates.

2020 was the final model year for 1500 Double Cab models in LTZ, SLT, and AT4 trims.

2021 changes
For 2021, the Silverado and Sierra pickups saw relatively few changes. Most notably, the Silverado 1500 offered the newly named Multi-Flex six-position tailgate, which was borrowed from the GMC Sierra, and the introduction of wireless CarPlay and Android Auto projection capability. The 2.7-liter 4-cylinder and 3.0-liter Duramax diesel–equipped Silverado and Sierra models saw increased towing capacity ratings and new towing technology, including a jack-knife alert and trailer length indicator. Several colors were changed on the Silverado: Havana Brown Metallic and Cajun Red Tintcoat were replaced by Oxford Brown Metallic and Cherry Red Tintcoat, respectively, and Mosaic Black Metallic is a new addition. 2021 Sierra models received color changes as well; Deep Mahogany Metallic, Red Quartz Tintcoat, and Carbon Black Metallic are replaced with Brownstone Metallic, Cayenne Red Tintcoat, and Ebony Twilight Metallic, respectively. Smokey Quartz Metallic was removed from the available color options and Hunter Metallic was added as a new paint color. For the 2021 Sierra, the previously unnamed "Sierra" trim officially became "Pro."

Forward Collision Alert, Automatic Emergency Braking, and Front Pedestrian Braking options were now available on Silverado WT and Custom trim levels as part of the Safety Confidence Package. Crew Cab Standard Box Sierra 1500 models were now only available in four wheel drive.

Silverado and Sierra 3500 HD DRW models saw an increase in maximum towing capacity to 36,000 lb.

Due to the global microchip shortage, some 2021 Silverado and Sierra vehicles were built without options like automatic start-stop and heated and ventilated front seats, heated outboard rear seats, and heated steering wheel.

2022 changes
The 2022 Silverado LTD and Sierra Limited entered the model lineup as a stop-gap measure until production of the newly-refreshed 2022 model began. As such, the 2022 Silverado LTD and Sierra Limited had very few changes from the 2021 models.

Notable changes for the 2022 Limited models included the discontinuation of both the 4.3-liter LV3 EcoTec3 V6 and 5.3-liter L82 EcoTec3 V8 with active fuel management (AFM) gasoline engines, as well as the previous "6L80" six-speed automatic transmission, leaving only the 8-speed and 10-speed available. The LT Trail Boss trim-level (Chevrolet) was now available with the 3.0-liter Duramax turbodiesel engine. The 5.3L V8 is now no longer available on the Sierra 1500 Limited AT4.

2022 refresh
For the 2022 model year, the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 receives a mid-cycle refresh that includes the following new trim levels for the Chevrolet Silverado, called the ZR2, and for the GMC Sierra, called the AT4X and Denali Ultimate. The refresh also includes a new front-end design, as well as a revised interior. All trucks equipped with front bucket seats receive a new center console-mounted transmission shift lever (trucks equipped with a front bench seat retain the previous column-mounted gear selector lever). The 3.0-liter Duramax turbocharged diesel engine now has expanded availability on more trim levels. The 5.3L V8 is not available on Sierra 1500 AT4 models once again.

The short 6.5 ft pickup box option has returned for the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 Regular Cabs since last being offered in the US market on the previous generation from 2018. The current generation version, which was previously only available in Mexico and the Middle East, is only available in the U.S. market with the WT and Pro trims of the Silverado and Sierra, respectively. Other trim levels like RST and Trail Boss for the Silverado and Elevation and AT4 for the Sierra have been available with this configuration in the Middle East since 2019 but are not offered in the U.S. Base Silverado 1500 WT and Sierra 1500 Pro Regular Cab models now received standard power windows, door locks, and push-button start, although keyless entry remained an extra-cost option. All models from the LT (Silverado) and SLE (Sierra) and above received a newly standard 13.4-inch touchscreen infotainment system, which included wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration and SiriusXM Satellite Radio with 360L (up-level models also receive connected GPS navigation), while base models retained the previously-standard seven-inch touchscreen display. A new Silverado 1500 ZR2 model became the most off-road capable model in the lineup, while a new Sierra 1500 Denali Ultimate was now the top-tier trim of the lineup, which also received a new premium Bose surround sound audio system with an amplifier, subwoofer, and genuine metal speaker grilles. Top-tier Silverado and Sierra models received the General Motors Super Cruise semi-autonomous driving system, allowing for hands-free driving on most highways, and all models received more standard safety equipment.

Chevrolet also introduced a new trim level to this series, the ZR2, which slotted between High Country and LTZ. GMC models receive a similar, though more upscale model known as AT4X.

The refreshed 2022 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 began shipping to dealerships in the spring of 2022. Both brands also sold the outgoing models of both trucks, named the Silverado 1500 LTD and Sierra 1500 Limited respectively, alongside the new models. Only 1500 (half-ton) models of both trucks were refreshed for 2022, with a refresh of the heavy-duty (2500HD and 3500HD) trucks following in 2024.

In April 2023, GM introduced the 2500HD version of the ZR2, a new heavy-duty off-road model, as well as a special edition called the ZR2 Bison, in partnership with parts supplier American Expedition Vehicles. CNBC noted it was another sign of a trend where automakers grew their off-road models to increase profits.

Safety
Sitting higher than other consumer vehicles, the Chevrolet Silverado has significantly larger blind spots in which people or other cars are invisible to the driver. According to data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Silverado is the second most likely car to be involved in a fatal crash.

The 2022 Silverado 1500 LTD Crew Cab was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS):

Silverado EV
In April 2021, GM President Mark Reuss announced Chevrolet would be building an electric variant of the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 pickup truck at the Factory ZERO complex in Detroit. The vehicle will have a targeted range of 400 miles. The vehicle was unveiled in January 2022 at the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show (CES). The vehicle has been built from the ground up as a fully electric pickup by using a battery electric platform shared with the GMC Hummer EV, instead of using the existing Silverado platform. Production will start in the Factory ZERO assembly plant (formerly Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly) in the second quarter of 2023.

Medium duty version (4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD and International CV)
For the 2019 model year, General Motors released the medium-duty Silverado 4500HD/5500HD/6500HD, joining the Chevrolet LCF 3500/4500/5500 model line (derived from the Isuzu NPR) and succeeding the prior Chevrolet Kodiak and GMC TopKick. Competing against the Ford F-450/550/650 and Ram 4500/5500, the model line spans Class 4–6 trucks, with GVWR ranging from 14001 to 26000 lb. Unlike the previous Kodiak/TopKick line, which was discontinued in 2009, GM markets the medium-duty Silverado line exclusively as a Chevrolet with no GMC equivalent; along with a lack of divisional support for the segment, GM is seeking to rebrand the current GMC line as premium vehicles.

History
The medium-duty Silverado was co-developed with Navistar, which sells a rebadged variant as the International CV; the CV replaces the International D series and as well as the International TerraStar. GM developed the powertrain, while Navistar was responsible for the chassis. With the exception of grilles and badging, both model lines are identical. Navistar assembles both lines at its Springfield, Ohio facility, using cabs assembled by Navistar in Springfield.

GM unveiled the medium-duty Silverado line at the NTEA Work Truck Show in March 2018. Navistar unveiled the CV Series that November, and production began in December.

Design
In contrast to smaller Silverado pickup trucks, the 4500HD/5500HD/6500HD and CV are only offered as a chassis cab vehicle intended for modification by upfitters/body builders, typically by adding specialized rear bodywork. The frame rails have been designed to ease installation for upfitters. It is marketed with two-door or four-door cabs and either rear-wheel or four-wheel drive, using a gear-driven transfer case. The hood tilts forward for easier access to the engine and for routine service. GM have designated the model as the GM515 or GM51P, depending on the end use, with the GM51P used for incomplete passenger bus chassis.

Both the Silverado medium-duty and CV are powered by a 350 hp, 700 lbft variant of the Duramax 6.6L V8 diesel engine paired with an Allison 1000 or 2000 series automatic transmission. There is also a diesel exhaust fluid filling port by the passenger's side door.

The front wheels can turn by up to 50 degrees to enhance maneuverability.

Sales
At its launch, GM introduced the model line primarily through its dealer network that specialized in fleet and commercial truck sales, alongside an additional limited number of selected dealerships.

LSSV
When production of the CUCV II ended in 2000, GM redesigned it to coincide with civilian truck offerings. The CUCV nomenclature was changed to Light Service Support Vehicle (LSSV) in 2001. In 2005, LSSV production switched to AM General, a unit of MacAndrews and Forbes Holdings. The LSSV is a GM-built Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD, Chevrolet Tahoe, or Chevrolet Suburban that is powered by a Duramax 6.6 liter turbo diesel engine. The various Silverados, Tahoes, and Suburbans that are used provide numerous platforms for different kinds of vehicles. As GM has redesigned its civilian trucks and SUVs from 2001–present, LSSVs have also been updated cosmetically.

The Militarization of standard GM trucks/SUVs to become LSSVs includes exterior changes such as CARC paint (Forest Green, Desert Sand, or 3-color Camouflage), blackout lights, military bumpers, a brush guard, a NATO slave receptacle/NATO trailer receptacle, a pintle hook and tow shackles. The electrical system is changed to the 24/12-volt military standard. The dashboard has additional controls and data plates. The truck also can be equipped with weapon supports in the cab, cargo tie down hooks, folding troop seats, pioneer tools, winches, and other military accessories.

The Enhanced Mobility Package (EMP) option adds enhanced suspension, 4-wheel anti-lock brakes, a locking differential, on/off-road bead-lock tires, a tire pressure monitoring system and other upgrades. About 2,000 LSSV units were sold to U.S. and international military and law enforcement organizations.

Variants

 * Cargo/Troop Carrier Pickup (2-door, Extended Cab, or 4-door Silverado)
 * Cargo/Command Vehicle (4-door Tahoe)
 * Cargo/Troop/Command Vehicle/Ambulance (4-door Suburban)

ZH2
General Motors relaunched the GM Defense division in 2018 offering the ZH2 Silverado, an advanced technology Chevrolet Silverado with a hydrogen-powered fuel cell and a heavy-duty truck architecture modified for next generation military vehicle needs. There is also a ZH2 Chevrolet Colorado military version.

Chevrolet Silverado

 * 1999 – Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year
 * 2001 – Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year (HD Model)
 * 2001 – Car and Driver magazine's Best Pickup Truck
 * 2002 – Car and Driver magazine's Best Pickup Truck
 * 2003 – Car and Driver magazine's Best Pickup Truck
 * 2005 – J.D. Power 2005 most dependable heavy-duty full-size pickup (2002 Silverado 2500HD)
 * 2007 – North American Truck of the Year
 * 2007 – Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year
 * 2007 – ICOTY International Truck of the Year
 * 2007 – Truckin' magazine's Truck of the Year
 * 2011 – Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year (2011 Silverado HD)
 * 2015 – Most dependable heavy-duty full-size pickup by J.D. Power (2012 Silverado HD)
 * 2017 – Kelley Blue Book's KBB 5-YEAR COST TO OWN (FULL-SIZE PICKUP) (2017 Silverado 1500 Regular Cab)
 * 2017 – Kelley Blue Book's 2017 KBB BEST RESALE VALUE: FULL-SIZE PICKUP (2017 Silverado 1500)
 * 2018 – J.D. Power Most dependable full-size light-duty pickup (2015 Silverado 1500)
 * 2018 – Kelley Blue Book's KBB.COM BEST RESALE VALUE: FULL-SIZE PICKUP (2018 Silverado HD)
 * 2018 – NHTSA'S (National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration's) 5-Star Overall Vehicle Score
 * 2018 – Finalist for 2018 SEMA Truck of the Year.
 * 2018 – Motor Trend's Truck of the Year Finalist (2019 model year)
 * 2018 – iSeeCars Top 10 Vehicles With the Lowest Depreciation (2013 Silverado 1500)
 * 2018 – North American Car, Utility and Truck of the Year finalist (including GMC Sierra)
 * 2018 – PickupTrucks.com One-Ton Heavy-Duty Challenge (2018 Silverado 3500HD High Country Duramax)
 * 2018 – Ward's Best Engine Award (6.2-liter EcoTec3 V8)
 * 2020 – Cars.com Best Pickup Truck of 2020 (2020 Silverado HD)
 * 2021 – J.D. Power Best Resale Value Large Light Duty Pickup (2021 Chevrolet Silverado 1500)
 * 2021 – J.D. Power Best Resale Value Large Heavy Duty Pickup (2021 Chevrolet Silverado HD)
 * 2022 – J.D. Power Best Resale Value Large Heavy Duty Pickup (2022 Chevrolet Silverado HD)
 * 2023 – Four Wheeler 2023 Pickup Truck of the Year (2023 Chevrolet Silverado ZR2)

GMC Sierra

 * 2013 – J.D. Power Most dependable large pickup (2010 Sierra 2500HD)
 * 2014 – Consumer Guide Best Buy Award (Sierra 1500)
 * 2014 – Ward's 10 Best Interiors (2014 Sierra 1500 Denali)
 * 2015 – Cars.com Ultimate One-Ton Challenge Winner (2015 Sierra 3500HD Dually Duramax Diesel)
 * 2015 – Most dependable full-size light-duty pickup by J.D. Power (2012 Sierra 1500)
 * 2018 – Pickuptrucks.com Best Half-Ton Truck (2019 GMC Sierra 1500 SLT Crew Cab)
 * 2018 – VINCENTRIC BEST FLEET VALUE IN AMERICA 3/4-TON PICKUP (2018 GMC Sierra 2500HD Crew Cab 2WD)
 * 2018 – iSeeCars Top 10 Vehicles With the Lowest Depreciation (2013 GMC Sierra 1500)
 * 2019 – Canadian Truck King Challenge Winner (2019 Sierra 1500 Denali 6.2-liter)
 * 2020 – Ward's Best Engine Award (3.0-liter Inline-6 Duramax Diesel)
 * 2021 – Kelley Blue Book Best Resale Value By Category Full-Size Heavy Duty Pickup (GMC Sierra HD)
 * 2022 – Kelley Blue Book Best Resale Value Top-10 (2022 GMC Sierra)

Motorsport
Chevrolet is represented in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series by the Silverado. As of the 2021 season, 15 full-time and part-time teams use the Silverado. Chevrolet has won the Truck Series Manufacturers Championship ten times since the series inception in 1995 and Chevrolet drivers have won the Drivers Championship a combined 12 times. The Silverado was also the title sponsor for the Chevrolet Silverado 250 Truck Series race at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park.

The truck also won the Primm 300 off-road race in 2004, 2005, and 2006.

World markets
As of 2015, the Chevrolet Silverado is sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, and the Middle East (except Iran). As of 2022, the GMC Sierra is sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East (except Israel and Iran). The GMC Sierra Denali was introduced to South Korea in 2022 with the launch of the GMC brand in the Korean market.

Chevrolet started selling the Silverado in Oceania in 2018 via Holden Special Vehicles (a former subsidiary of GM's now defunct Holden brand), and currently via GM Specialty Vehicles, though it retains the Chevrolet badge. The vehicles are sold in right-hand-drive versions for that region.

title: Chevrolet Silverado


text:
Talk:Robert Bourassa's speech on the end of the Meech Lake Accord

Not being a Canadian, I don't know enough about this article to be sure, and I'm certainly not in a position to correct it, but it sure seems like it's written from a pro-Quebec nationalist perspective and is therefore horribly POV. --Robert Merkel 13:40, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Horribly? How so? I am willing to listen. The article states facts. Maybe I can clarify things for you here, if you tell me what passages you are refering to; I will be happy to, in fact. I actually feel, on the contrary, that the article paints a very good picture of Robert Bourassa and portrays him as a uniter of both sides at the moment of the end of the Meech Lake Accord, while also stating, as the fair counterbalance, what was subsequently seen as the more negative aspects. Please give me your questions and I will be happy to answer them. --Liberlogos 14:17, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * On rereading the article more carefully, my initial comment was overly hasty. Sorry.  I still have some questions/comments, though.  One thing that seems to be missing is the non-Quebecois Canadian reaction to this speech; the article describes the political ramifications within Quebec in a quite detailed manner, but not outside.  Secondly, if you have the chance (access to Lexis-Nexis or its equivalent) could you dig up some relevant quotes from politicians, newspaper editorial, or other relevant primary sources, to give words to the general impressions you give in the sections "description" and "reaction".  --Robert Merkel 14:35, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course, I do not mind. I am happy that this gives us a reason to discuss the subject. :P Especially when the dialogue is conducted in a gentlemanly manner, as it is here the case. I do not have access to Lexis-Nexis. Hmm. Little has been said about the Canadian reaction to the speech... I know that Jean-François Lisée (he is an perspicacious, respected journalist and past adviser to Jacques Parizeau and Lucien Bouchard), in the books mentioned in the article, said that Bourassa called a worried English Canadian provincial Premier the very next day, telling him in private that he would not accomplish Quebec sovereignty. Around the same time, Bourassa was being nebulous in public about his stance. To the question from journalists Êtes-vous fédéraliste? ("Are you a federalist?", federalist in the Quebec sense), he did not answer, stating something akin to It is a question of semantics. This worry of the English Canadian Premier was possibly felt by part of the population of English Canada. Little sympathy can be found for Quebec independentists in English Canada. It is a bit in contrast to England or France, for example, that did have some people supporting independence for Ireland and Algeria, respectively, before it actually happened. The reasons for this probably lie in sociology and history.

 * This article has Lisée suming up and supporting parts of this analysis (in French, however). I may review it soon and bring here some translated quotes. I can try to find quotes elsewhere, although it obviously will not be an easy task. Most of what is stated in the article is self-evident in Quebec history. It would be easier if you pointed out some of the main things that, from your point of view, for a foreign reader like you, makes you wish for further documentation. I am curious and eager to hear it and I'll explain the historical context. I can try, along with other Quebec history buffs of Wikipedia, to find references to the Canadian response to the speech. The speech might have given the impression to some Canadians that Bourassa was on the verge of becoming independentist... But the major mood showings coming from Canadians, in regards to what is called in Quebec the National Question, are mostly related to independentists. Federalist nationalists are usually less considered.

 * It is, however, easier to speak of the reaction of Canada to the general reaction and nationalist surge of the Quebec population at that time (rather than to the speech specifically). A non-negligible part of English Canada was feeling frustration (ironically) and a quite sharp new wave of cold-shoulder rejection appeared in some places. Examples can be found in the television images of Ontarians wiping their feet on the national flag of Quebec, a city in Ontario declaring itself English unilingual as a political statement of bravado and the very negative, some would say cruel, depictions of Bourassa himself and Quebecers in English Canadian political cartoons during the Oka Crisis. One cartoon had, for example, very crude representations of Quebecers through (some would say bigoted) stereotpyes of France. Another one had Bourassa portrayed as a tank pilot in front of a defaced Quebec flag, with the four fleur-de-lys replaced by bananas, evoking the view of Quebec (seen more than once) as a Banana republic. The press treatment of Bourassa during the Oka Crisis might be partly a result of his conspicuously nationalist speech and subsequent public statements. But I think that if we leave the Canadian general reaction and get into its reaction to the speech, only the speech, we would have to fall in assumptions, which is not quite appropriate for such an article. This whole thing has also set the stage for what has been called the Quebec bashing in the Canadian press, especially after the 1995 Quebec referendum on independence. Quebec bashing refers to an arguably slanted string of angry articles about Quebec, even internationally, by English Canadians, with unabashed, totally groundless comparisons to such things as nazism (I assure you of the absolute absence of foundation to such accusations) and claims of the superiority of anglo-saxon democracy. These are some of the Canadian reactions that appeared following the general reaction of Quebecers themselves, including its leader in the person of Bourassa.

 * Thank you for taking interest in this article and Quebec history. I hope I'm not writing too long answers ;) and I will wait for your response to what I have just presented, and for the aspects you wish more information, contextualization about. --Liberlogos 18:07, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks for your very detailed reply. If you think there wasn't much specific reaction from the non-Quebecois body politic, IMO the article should state that briefly, and link to other articles which describe the non-Quebecois view on the broader question.  As to the desire for quotes, to give an example, consider this passage

 * This is widely seen as Bourassa's greatest speech. In retrospect, it conveyed the general sentiment of outrage and national pride in the Quebec society of the time. As such, it was, and still is, one of the most vibrant and emblematic symbol of the unity of Quebecers at the time, after years of differences between sovereigntists and federalists.

 * If the speech was widely seen in this fashion, surely newspaper articles, books, or other commentaries on the period have described it as such. It would be great, if you have ready access to a proper research library to get this stuff, to add a direct quote saying such things.

 * Thanks again. From faraway Australia, you don't get a very good understanding of Quebec-related issues.  If I pay attention to enough of these articles on Wikipedia, hopefully I'll learn something, particularly on the internal Quebecois perspective, something you don't see much of here. --Robert Merkel 23:21, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi there again. About the quote about the quote (if you will), I have one that is pretty convincing. Bernard Landry, then Vice Premier Ministre du Québec, future Parti Québécois Premier Ministre du Québec, and the current PQ president and Leader of the Opposition, said on April 8, 1998 about the last sentence of the Bourassa speech: [...] the famous sentence of Bourassa, on the 23rd of June, 1990, the most beautiful sentence, in fact, having been pronounced by him in this National Assembly, and one of the most beautiful of all history. Mr. Landry is considered by many as one of the most dedicated PQ leaders to the cause (of independence; the PQ also has the cause of Social Democracy). Also, if you read the article, I do mention a quote, that of Jacques Parizeau saying the words Mon Premier Ministre and offers to find a way for the future of Quebec together with him. The words Mon Premier Ministre is in the history books; it is seen as a definite demonstration of Parizeau being drawn to unite with Bourassa. He also said  Je vous tends la main, which means "I present to you my hand".

 * I understand too clearly what you mean about not getting a good understanding of Quebec-related issues internationally. You know, an Australian has to worry that ousiders might associate her or his country with narrow stereotypes like... kangoroos or the wild outback. A Quebecer has to worry about ousiders simply not knowing the name, or difference, or existence, of her or his people. The Catalans or Basque have, for example, somewhat similar problems, a people without a state has them inescapably, but it feels quite acute sometimes for Quebec. A French sociologist has put this into words by speaking of a touching solitude about Quebecers. If one wishes to understand better the dreams of Quebecers, this is an important aspect to realize: this desire to join the world and to be treated as a dignified equal. The French speaking world knows, understands and sympathizes more, but there is still misunderstandings. Therefore, I always welcome any attempt to understand our people with fondness. Thanks again. --Liberlogos 18:23, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Rickk was right
Asides from the fact that this is the English Wikipedia, see Don't include copies of primary sources. Put it on Wikisource. --Robert Merkel 13:52, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Alright, I spent all this time transcribing the ******* speech, playing and pausing the **** video, for nothing. Hearing what the historical event is about isn't important here. The students and amateurs of speeches, those who actually want to know WHAT WAS SAID, are not welcome here. The respect for the original delivering of the speech, in the original language, isn't important here. Those languages aren't important here, English is. If you want a speech, if you want consideration for another language, there's your ghetto, right there, turn right go straight ahead. Wikipedia motto: WE WANT AS LESS INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE. Fantastic. I love those little corporals who go around Wikipedia ripping pages to pieces for purism's sake. Is the english translation acceptable at least (which I'm working on myself also, no copy-paste, word by word, looking, verifying every single word, every single coma, for the very best faithfulness). This makes no sense and Rickk will have to make a better case to convince of voluntarily ripping pages to incomplete states. --Liberlogos 03:17, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Calm down. Nobody said "throw your work in the bin," and nobody said "it's in French so it's not welcome." He said "Put it on Wikisource." Perhaps you're not familiar with Wikisource? You can find it at http://wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page - it is a sister project to Wikipedia, a "repository of source texts in any language which are either in the public domain, or are released under the GFDL." Put the text in an article there, put a link to it here, and everyone who wants to read the speech will be able to, and I guarantee you that your hard work transcribing and translating will be greatly appreciated by them. —Stormie 03:33, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your respect, Stormie. I simply react badly to forceful action upon one's work, whoever it may be (especially when it is repeated while a controversy is raised, even if the author, is this case, me, may be wrong). I have created the Wikisource article and will link this page to it, and vice versa. Would any partial translation be acceptable, or is any excerpt to be banned? --Liberlogos 03:45, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, the Wikisource article looks just fine to me.. I assume you're intending to work further on the translation? Sorry if any offence was caused by any of the earlier comments, I think that some long-time Wikipedians can be a bit terse in their comments at times - I'm sure I have been myself on some occasions.

 * By "would any partial translation be acceptable?" I assume you mean in the Wikipedia article? My personal thoughts would be that quotes such as in the last sentence of the Description paragraph are great, but I'd try to avoid excerpts longer than a few sentences. If a section of the article was to be more "quote" than "article", I think it would be a bit unbalanced, and either need the quote trimmed or the article text expanded. But that's just my thoughts. —Stormie 06:29, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you again. I guess I did find terse RickK's phrase it will be enforced. ...but it's behind us and I also did unfortunately react too badly. I absolutely intend to work further on the translation: a full translation will shortly be posted, with all the care I always give to translations and articles in general.

 * Yes, I meant: a partial translation *within* the Wikipedia article. My phrasing could have indeed been confusing. I was thinking of including the original short translated quote and leave any original (or full) quote to the Wikisource document. I'll think about it. I'd like at least a short brush up of what we're talking about, on this Wikipedia page.

 * Thanks again for your tact. The most courteous Wikipedians all seem to be Aussies; what's happening? The Northern hemisphere must be going to Hell. ;P --Liberlogos 18:23, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Merge
I think this article should be shrunk down a tad and put at the end of the Meech Lake Accord article, which I plan to start expanding later...any objections?Habsfan|t 05:38, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Kitagunma District, Gunma

Kitagunma District (北群馬郡) is a rural district located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. As of January 2015, the district had an estimated population of 35,190 and an area of 48.38 km2, with a population density of 727 people per square kilometer.

Towns and villages
Much of the city of Shibukawa was formerly part of the district.
 * Yoshioka
 * Shintō

History

 * October 1, 1949 - The district was formed when the towns of Shibukawa, Ikaho, and the villages of Kanashima, Furumaki, Toyoaki, Komayose, Meiji, Momoi, Nagao, Shirosatoi and Onogami split off from Gunma District. (2 towns, 9 villages)
 * April 1, 1954 - The town of Shibukawa and the villages of Kanashima, Furumaki, and Toyoaki merged to form the city of Shibukawa. (1 town, 6 villages)
 * April 1, 1955 - The villages of Komayose and Meiji merged to form the village of Yoshioka. (1 town, 5 villages)
 * March 30, 1957 - The village of Momoi and parts of the village of Souma from Gunma District merged to form the new town of Momoi.
 * August 1, 1959 - The village of Momoi renamed to the village of Shintō.
 * September 1, 1960 - The villages of Nagao and Shirosatoi merged to form the village of Komochi. (1 town, 4 villages)
 * April 1, 1991 - The village of Yoshioka gained town status to become the town of Yoshioka. (2 towns, 3 villages)
 * February 20, 2006 - The town of Ikaho and the villages of Komochi and Onogami merge with the city of Shibukawa and the villages of Akagi and Kitatachibana from Seta District to form the city of Shibukawa. (1 town, 1 village)

title: Kitagunma District, Gunma


text:
Category:IEC standards

A list of standards published by the International Electrotechnical Commission. A list of IEC standards is available as well.

title: Category:IEC standards


text:
Ottoman wars in Europe

A series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states took place from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century. The earliest conflicts began during the Byzantine–Ottoman wars, waged in Anatolia in the late 13th century before entering Europe in the mid-14th century with the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars. The mid-15th century saw the Serbian–Ottoman wars and the Albanian-Ottoman wars. Much of this period was characterized by the Ottoman expansion into the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire made further inroads into Central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, culminating in the peak of Ottoman territorial claims in Europe.

The Ottoman–Venetian wars spanned four centuries, starting in 1423 and lasting until 1718. This period witnessed the fall of Negroponte in 1470, the siege of Malta in 1565, the fall of Famagusta (Cyprus) in 1571, the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 (at that time the largest naval battle in history), the fall of Candia (Crete) in 1669, the Venetian reconquest of Morea (Peloponnese) in the 1680s and its loss again in 1715. The island of Venetian-ruled Corfu remained the only Greek island not conquered by the Ottomans.

In the late seventeenth century, European powers began to consolidate against the Ottomans and formed the Holy League, reversing a number of Ottoman land gains during the Great Turkish War of 1683–99. Nevertheless, Ottoman armies were able to hold their own against their European rivals until the second half of the eighteenth century.

In the nineteenth century the Ottomans were confronted with insurrection from their Serbian (1804–1817), Greek (1821–1832) and Romanian (1877–78) subjects. This occurred in tandem with the Russo-Turkish wars, which further destabilized the empire. The final retreat of Ottoman rule began with the First Balkan War (1912–1913), and culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres after World War I, leading to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

Byzantine Empire
After striking a blow to the weakened Byzantine Empire in 1356 (or in 1358 – disputable due to a change in the Byzantine calendar), (see Süleyman Pasha) which provided it with Gallipoli as a basis for operations in Europe, the Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century.

Constantinople fell in 1453 after the Battle of Varna (1444) and the Second Battle of Kosovo (1448).

The remaining Greek states fell in 1461 (Despotate of the Morea and Empire of Trebizond) (see: Ottoman Greece).

Bulgarian Empire
In the latter half of the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire proceeded to advance north and west in the Balkans, completely subordinating Thrace and much of Macedonia after the Battle of Maritsa in 1371. Sofia fell in 1382, followed by the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire Tarnovgrad in 1393, and the northwest remnants of the state after the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396.

Serbian Empire
A significant opponent of the Ottomans, the young Serbian Empire, was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and which gained a central role in Serbian folklore as an epic battle and as the beginning of the end for medieval Serbia. Much of Serbia fell to the Ottomans by 1459, the Kingdom of Hungary made a partial reconquest in 1480, but it fell again by 1499. Territories of Serbian Empire were divided between Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Hungary, with remaining territories being in some sort of a vassal status towards Hungary, until its own conquest.

Crusades against the Ottoman Empire
The papacy regularly offered crusade privileges from the 1360s generating no significant military response against Muslims in the Mediterranean. The first revival of activity was a 1390 Genoese plan to seize the Tunisian port of Al-Mahdiya. Both the Roman and Avignon popes awarded indulgences and the French king's uncle, Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, was the leader. There is little evidence of cross taking, and the exercise was more of a chivalric promenade by a small force. After a disease-ridden, nine-week siege, the Tunis crusade agreed to withdraw. After their victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Ottomans had conquered most of the Balkans and had reduced Byzantine influence to the area immediately surrounding Constantinople, which they later besieged. In 1393, the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman lost Nicopolis to the Ottomans. In 1394, Pope Boniface IX proclaimed a new Crusade against the Turks, although the Western Schism had split the papacy. Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary, led this Crusade which involved several French nobles including John the Fearless, the son of the Duke of Burgundy, who became the Crusade's military leader. Sigismund advised the Crusaders to focus on defence when they reached the Danube, but they besieged the city of Nicopolis. The Ottomans defeated them in the Battle of Nicopolis on 25September, capturing 3,000 prisoners.

As the Ottomans pressed westward, Sultan Murad II destroyed the last Papal-funded Crusade at Varna on the Black Sea in 1444 and four years later crushed the last Hungarian expedition. John Hunyadi and Giovanni da Capistrano organised a 1456 Crusade to lift the Siege of Belgrade. Æneas Sylvius and John of Capistrano preached the Crusade, the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the Diets of Ratisbon and Frankfurt promised assistance, and a league was formed between Venice, Florence and Milan, but nothing came of it. Venice was the only polity to continue to pose a significant threat to the Ottomans in the Mediterranean, but it pursued the "Crusade" mostly for its commercial interests, leading to the protracted Ottoman–Venetian Wars, which continued, with interruptions, until 1718. The end of the Crusades, in at least a nominal effort of Catholic Europe against Muslim incursion, came in the 16thcentury, when the Franco-Imperial wars assumed continental proportions. Francis I of France sought allies from all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Muslims. Amongst these, he entered into one of the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire with Suleiman the Magnificent while making common cause with Hayreddin Barbarossa and a number of the Sultan's North African vassals.

Kingdom of Hungary
Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance.

In the year of 1442, John Hunyadi won four victories against the Ottomans, two of which were decisive. In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army at the Battle of Szeben in the south part of the Kingdom of Hungary in Transylvania. In September 1442, Hunyadi defeated a large Ottoman army of Beylerbey Şehabeddin, the Provincial Governor of Rumelia. This was the first time that a European army defeated such a large Ottoman force, composed not only of raiders, but of the provincial cavalry led by their own sanjak beys (governors) and accompanied by the formidable janissaries. These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and a renowned figure throughout Christendom and were prime motivators for him to undertake along with King Władysław the famous expedition known as the "Long Campaign" in 1443, with the Battle of Niš being the first major clash of this expedition. Hunyadi was accompanied by Giuliano Cesarini during the campaign.

The defeat in 1456 at the siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) held up Ottoman expansion into Catholic Europe for 70 years, though for one year (1480–1481) the Italian port of Otranto was taken, and in 1493 the Ottoman army successfully raided Croatia and Styria.

During the reign of King Matthias of Hungary, the standing professional mercenary army was called the Black Army of Hungary Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early firearms in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an arquebus, which was an unusual ratio at the time. In the great Viennese military parade in 1485, the Black Army consisted 20,000 horsemen and 8,000 infantry in 1485. The Black Army was larger than the army of King Louis XI of France, the only other existing permanent professional European army in the era. The Hungarian army destroyed the three times bigger attacker Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield in Transylvania in 1479. The battle was the most significant victory for the Hungarians against the raiding Ottomans, and as a result, the Ottomans did not attack southern Hungary and Transylvania for many years thereafter. The Black Army recaptured Otranto in Italy from the Ottoman Empire in 1481.

Wars in Albania and Italy

The Ottomans took much of Albania in the 1385 Battle of Savra. The 1444 League of Lezhë briefly restored one part of Albania, until Ottomans captured complete territory of Albania after capture of Shkodër in 1479 and Durrës in 1501.

The Ottomans faced resistance from Albanians who gathered around their leader, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, son of a feudal Albanian Nobleman, Gjon Kastrioti who also fought against the Ottomans in the Albanian revolt of 1432–1436 led by Gjergj Arianiti. Skanderbeg managed to fend off Ottoman attacks for more than 25 years, culminating at the siege of Shkodra in 1478–79. During this period, many Albanian victories were achieved like the Battle of Torvioll, Battle of Otonetë, siege of Krujë, Battle of Polog, Battle of Ohrid, Battle of Mokra, Battle of Oranik 1456 and many other battles, culminating in the Battle of Albulena in 1457 where the Albanian Army under Skanderbeg won a decisive victory over the Ottomans. In 1465 Ballaban's Campaign against Skanderbeg took place. Its goal was to crush the Albanian Resistance, but it was not successful and it ended in an Albanian victory. With the death of Skanderbeg on 17 January 1468, the Albanian Resistance began to fall. After the death of Skanderbeg, the Albanian Resistance was led by Lekë Dukagjini from 1468 until 1479, but it didn't have the same success as before. Merely two years after the collapse of the Albanian resistance in 1479, Sultan Mehmet II launched an Italian campaign, which failed thanks to Christian recapture of Otranto and Sultan's death in 1481.

Conquest of Bosnia
The Ottoman Empire first reached Bosnia in 1388 where they were defeated by Bosnian forces in the Battle of Bileća and then were forced to retreat. After the fall of Serbia in 1389 Battle of Kosovo, where the Bosnians participated through Vlatko Vuković, the Turks began various offensives against the Kingdom of Bosnia. The Bosnians defended themselves but without much success. The Bosnians resisted strongly in the Bosnian Royal castle of Jajce (the siege of Jajce), where the last Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević tried to repel the Turks. The Ottoman army conquered Jajce after a few months in 1463 and executed the last King of Bosnia, ending Medieval Bosnia.

The House of Kosača held Herzegovina until 1482. It took another four decades for the Ottomans to defeat the Hungarian garrison at Jajce Fortress in 1527. Bihać and the westernmost areas of Bosnia were finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1592.

Croatia

After the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia into Ottoman hands in 1463, the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Croatia remained unprotected, the defense of which was left to Croatian gentry who kept smaller troops in the fortified border areas at their own expense. The Ottomans meanwhile reached the river Neretva and, having conquered Herzegovina (Rama) in 1482, they encroached upon Croatia, skillfully avoiding the fortified border towns. A decisive Ottoman victory at the Battle of Krbava Field shook all of Croatia. However, it did not dissuade the Croats from making persistent attempts at defending themselves against the attacks of the superior Ottoman forces. After almost two hundred years of Croatian resistance against the Ottoman Empire victory in the Battle of Sisak marked the end of Ottoman rule and the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War. The Viceroy's army, chasing the fleeing remnants at Petrinja in 1595, sealed the decisive Croatian victory.

Conquest of Serbia
As a result of heavy losses inflicted by the Ottomans in the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, the Serbian Empire had dissolved into several principalities. In the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Serbian forces were again annihilated. Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, constant struggles took place between various Serbian kingdoms and the Ottoman Empire. The turning point was the fall of Constantinople to the Turks. In 1459, following the siege, the temporary Serbian capital of Smederevo fell. Zeta was overrun by 1499. Belgrade was the last major Balkan city to endure Ottoman forces. Serbs, Hungarians, and European crusaders defeated the Turkish army in the siege of Belgrade in 1456. After repelling Ottoman attacks for over 70 years, Belgrade finally fell in 1521, along with the greater part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The rebellion of Serbian military commander Jovan Nenad between 1526 and 1528 led to the proclamation of the Second Serbian Empire in modern-day Serbian province of Vojvodina, which was among the last Serbian territories to resist the Ottomans. The Serbian Despotate fell in 1459, thus marking the two-century-long Ottoman conquest of Serbian principalities.

1463–1503: Wars with Venice

The wars with the Republic of Venice began in 1463. A favorable peace treaty was signed in 1479 after the lengthy siege of Shkodra (1478–79). In 1480, now no longer hampered by the Venetian fleet, the Ottomans besieged Rhodes and captured Otranto. War with Venice resumed from 1499 to 1503. In 1500, a Spanish–Venetian army commanded by Gonzalo de Córdoba took Kefalonia, temporarily stopping the Ottoman offensive on eastern Venetian territories. The offensive resumed after the Ottoman victory of Preveza (1538), fought between an Ottoman fleet commanded by Hayreddin Barbarossa and that of a Christian alliance assembled by Pope Paul III.

1462–1483: Wallachian and Moldavian campaigns
In 1462, Mehmed II was driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula in the Night Attack at Târgovişte. However, the latter was imprisoned by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. This caused outrage among many influential Hungarian figures and Western admirers of Vlad's success in the battle against the Ottoman Empire (and his early recognition of the threat it posed), including high-ranking members of the Vatican. Because of this, Matthias granted him the status of distinguished prisoner. Eventually, Dracula was freed in late 1475 and was sent with an army of Hungarian and Serbian soldiers to recover Bosnia from the Ottomans. There he defeated Ottoman forces for the first time. Upon this victory, Ottoman forces entered Wallachia in 1476 under the command of Mehmed II. Vlad was killed and, according to some sources, his head was sent to Constantinople to discourage the other rebellions. (Bosnia was completely added to Ottoman lands in 1482.)

The Turkish advance was temporarily halted after Stephen the Great of Moldavia defeated the armies of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II at the Battle of Vaslui in 1475, one of the greatest defeats of the Ottoman Empire until that time. Stephen was defeated the next year at Războieni (Battle of Valea Albă), but the Ottomans had to retreat after they failed to take any significant castle (see siege of Neamț Citadel) as a plague started to spread in the Ottoman army. Stephen's search for European assistance against the Turks met with little success, even though he had "cut off the pagan's right-hand", as he put it in a letter.

1526–1566: Conquest of the Kingdom of Hungary

Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. From 1490, after the death of King Matthias of Hungary, the royal power declined. In 1521, Hungary was invaded by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the border fortress Belgrade considered as the key and southern gate of the Kingdom of Hungary, after two previous sieges, the Ottomans captured this stronghold by the Third Siege of Belgrade. The Sultan launched an attack against the weakened kingdom, whose smaller army was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács and King Louis II of Hungary died.

After the Ottoman victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, only the southwestern part of the Kingdom of Hungary was actually conquered. The Ottoman campaign continued between 1526 and 1556 with small campaigns and major summer invasions – troops would return south of the Balkan Mountains before winter. In 1529, they mounted their first major attack on the Austrian Habsburg monarchy, attempting to conquer the city of Vienna (siege of Vienna). In 1532, another attack on Vienna with 60,000 troops in the main army was held up by the small fort (800 defenders) of Kőszeg in western Hungary, fighting a suicidal battle. The invading troops were held up until winter was close and the Habsburg Empire had assembled a force of 80,000 at Vienna. The Ottoman troops returned home through Styria, laying waste to the country.

In the meantime, in 1538, the Ottoman Empire invaded Moldavia. In 1541, another campaign in Hungary took Buda and Pest (which today together form the Hungarian capital Budapest) with a largely bloodless trick: after concluding peace talks with an agreement, troops stormed the open gates of Buda in the night. In retaliation for a failed Austrian counter-attack in 1542, the conquest of the western half of central Hungary was finished in the 1543 campaign that took both the most important royal ex-capital, Székesfehérvár, and the ex-seat of the cardinal, Esztergom. However, the army of 35–40,000 men was not enough for Suleiman to mount another attack on Vienna. A temporary truce was signed between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires in 1547, which was soon disregarded by the Habsburgs.

In the major but moderately successful Ottoman campaign of 1552, two armies took the eastern part of central Hungary, pushing the borders of the Ottoman Empire to the second (inner) line of northern végvárs (border castles), which Hungary originally built as defence against an expected second Mongol invasion—hence, afterwards, borders on this front changed little. For Hungarians, the 1552 campaign was a series of tragic losses and some heroic (but pyrrhic) victories, which entered folklore—most notably the fall of Drégely (a small fort defended to the last man by just 146 men, and the siege of Eger. The latter was a major végvár with more than 2,000 men, without outside help. They faced two Ottoman armies, which were surprisingly unable to take the castle within five weeks. (The fort was later taken in 1596.) Finally, the 1556 campaign secured Ottoman influence over Transylvania (which had fallen under Habsburg control for a time), while failing to gain any ground on the western front, being tied down in the second (after 1555) unsuccessful siege of the southwestern Hungarian border castle of Szigetvár.

The Ottoman Empire conducted another major war against the Habsburgs and their Hungarian territories between 1566 and 1568. The 1566 siege of Szigetvár, the third siege in which the fort was finally taken, but the aged Sultan died, deterring that year's push for Vienna.

1522–1573: Rhodes, Malta and the Holy League

Ottoman forces invaded and captured the island of Rhodes in 1522, after two previous failed attempts (see Siege of Rhodes (1522)). The Knights of Saint John were banished to Malta, which was in turn besieged in 1565.

After a siege of three months, the Ottoman army failed to control all of the Maltese forts. Delaying the Ottomans until bad weather conditions and the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements, made Ottoman commander Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha quit the siege. Around 22,000 to 48,000 Ottoman troops against 6,000 to 8,500 Maltese troops, the Ottomans failed to conquer Malta, sustaining more than 25,000 losses, including one of the greatest Muslim corsair generals of the time, Dragut, and were repulsed. Had Malta fallen, Sicily and mainland Italy could have fallen under the threat of an Ottoman invasion. The victory of Malta during this event, which is nowadays known as the Great Siege of Malta, turned the tide and gave Europe hopes and motivation. It also marked the importance of the Knights of Saint John and their relevant presence in Malta to aid Christendom in its defence against the Muslim conquest.

The Ottoman naval victories of this period were in the Battle of Preveza (1538) and the Battle of Djerba (1560). The Mediterranean campaign, which lasted from 1570 to 1573, resulted in the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus. A Holy League of Venice, the Papal States, Spain, the Knights of Saint John in Malta and initially Portugal was formed against the Ottoman Empire during this period. The League's victory in the Battle of Lepanto (1571) briefly ended Ottoman predominance at sea.

1570–1571: Conquest of Cyprus
In the summer of 1570, the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha landed unopposed near Limassol on July 2, 1570, and laid siege to Nicosia. In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fell—September 9, every public building and palace was looted. Word of the superior Ottoman numbers spread, and a few days later Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571. The fall of Famagusta marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the naval forces of the Holy League, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of Don John of Austria, defeated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in one of the decisive battles of world history. The victory over the Turks, however, came too late to help Cyprus, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries.

In 1570, the Ottoman Empire first conquered Cyprus, and Lala Mustafa Pasha became the first Ottoman governor of Cyprus, challenging the claims of Venice. Simultaneously, the Pope formed a coalition between the Papal States, Malta, Spain, Venice and several other Italian states, with no real result. In 1573 the Venetians left, removing the influence of the Roman Catholic Church.

1593–1669: Austria, Venice and Wallachia

 * Long War (15-year war with Austria, 1593–1606) ends with status quo.
 * Michael the Brave campaign against the Ottoman Empire (1593–1601)
 * War with Venice 1645–1669 and the conquest of Crete (see Cretan War (1645–1669)).
 * Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664): failed Ottoman attempt to defeat and invade Austria.

1620–1621: Poland-Lithuania
Wars fought over Moldavia. The Polish army advanced into Moldavia and was defeated in the Battle of Ţuţora. The next year, the Poles repelled the Turkish invasion in the Battle of Khotyn. Another conflict started in 1633 but was soon settled.

1657–1683 Conclusion of wars with Habsburgs
Transylvania, the Eastern part of the former Hungarian Kingdom, gained semi-independence in 1526, while paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire. In 1657, Transylvania under George II Rákóczi felt strong enough to attack the Tatars to the East (then the Empire's vassals), and later the Ottoman Empire itself, which had come to the Tatars' defence. The war lasted until 1662, ending in defeat for the Hungarians. The Western part of the Hungarian Kingdom (Partium) was annexed and placed under direct Ottoman control. At the same time, there was another campaign against Austria between 1663 and 1664. Despite being defeated in the Battle of Saint Gotthard on 1 August 1664 by Raimondo Montecuccoli, the Ottomans secured recognition of their conquest of Nové Zámky in the Peace of Vasvár with Austria, marking the greatest territorial extent of Ottoman rule in the former Hungarian Kingdom.

1672–1676: Poland-Lithuania
The Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) ended with the Treaty of Żurawno, in which the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceded control of most of its Ukrainian territories to the empire. The war showed the increasing weakness and disorder of the Commonwealth, who by the second half of the 17th century had started its gradual decline that would culminate a century later with the partitions of Poland.

1683–1699: Great Turkish War – Loss of Hungary and the Morea
The Great Turkish War started in 1683, with a grand invasion force of 140,000 men marching on Vienna, supported by Protestant Hungarian noblemen rebelling against Habsburg rule. To stop the invasion, another Holy League was formed, composed of Austria and Poland (notably in the Battle of Vienna), Venetians and the Russian Empire, Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle marked the first time the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world". In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.

After winning the Battle of Vienna, the Holy League gained the upper hand and reconquered Hungary (Buda and Pest were retaken in 1686, the former under the command of a Swiss-born convert to Islam). At the same time, the Venetians launched an expedition into Greece, which conquered the Peloponnese. During the 1687 Venetian attack on the city of Athens (conquered by the Ottomans), the Ottomans turned the ancient Parthenon into an ammunitions storehouse. A Venetian mortar hit the Parthenon, detonating the Ottoman gunpowder stored inside, partially destroying it.

The war ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Prince Eugene of Savoy first distinguished himself in 1683 and remained the most important Austrian commander until 1718.

18th century
The Fourth Russo-Turkish War took place in 1710–1711 in the basin of the Pruth river, as part of the Great Northern War. It was instigated by Charles XII of Sweden after the defeat at the Battle of Poltava, in order to tie down Russia with the Ottoman Empire and gain some breathing space in the increasingly unsuccessful campaign. The Russians were severely beaten but not annihilated, and after the Treaty of the Pruth was signed, the Ottoman Empire disengaged, allowing Russia to refocus its energies on the defeat of Sweden. The Ottoman–Venetian War started in 1714. It overlapped with the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), in which Austria conquered the remaining areas of the former Hungarian Kingdom, ending with the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718.

A war erupted again with Russia in 1735 and Austria in 1737. It lasted until 1739 when the Treaty of Belgrade was signed with Austria and the Treaty of Niš with Russia.

The Sixth Russo-Turkish War started in 1768 and ended in 1774 with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. As a result of this treaty, the Crimean Khanate became a Russian client state.

Another war with Russia started in 1787 and a concurrent war with Austria followed in 1788; the Austrian war ended with the 1791 Treaty of Sistova, and the Russian war ended with the 1792 Treaty of Jassy.

An invasion of Egypt and Syria by Napoleon I of France took place in 1798–99, but ended due to British intervention.

Napoleon's capture of Malta on his way to Egypt resulted in the unusual alliance of Russia and the Ottomans resulting in a joint naval expedition to the Ionian Islands. Their successful capture of these islands led to the setting up of the Septinsular Republic.

19th century
The First Serbian Uprising took place in 1804, followed by the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815. The result of this successful Serbian Revolution was the establishment of a semi-independent Principality of Serbia, and its acknowledgment by the Ottoman Empire (although de jure independent in domestic matters, the principality had to pay a yearly tax to the Porte and accept the permanent presence of the Ottoman army on its soil).

The Eighth Russo-Turkish War began in 1806 and ended in May 1812, just 13 days before Napoleon's invasion of Russia.

The Moldavian–Wallachian (Romanian) Uprising (starting simultaneously with the Greek Revolution).

The Greek War of Independence started in 1821. The Great Powers intervened from 1827 in support of the revolutionaries, including Russia (Ninth Russo-Turkish War). The Treaty of Adrianople ended the war in 1829, and forced the Ottomans to accept Greek independence (as the new Kingdom of Greece), more autonomy for Serbia and the Russian occupation of the Romanian principalities.

Ottoman decline (1828–1908)

The decline of the Ottoman Empire included the following conflicts.

Albanian rebellions 1820–1822, 1830–1835, 1847.

Bosnian rebellions 1831–1836, 1836–1837, 1841.

War with Montenegro 1852–1853.

The Tenth Russo-Turkish War of 1853–56, better known as the Crimean War, in which the United Kingdom and France joined the war on the side of the Ottoman Empire. Ended with the Treaty of Paris.

Second war with Montenegro in 1858–1859.

War with Montenegro, Bosnia and Serbia in 1862.

Cretan Uprising in 1866.

The decision to increase taxes to Christian nations in the empire's Balkan provinces resulted in widespread outrage that lead to several revolts. The first was the Herzegovinian Uprising in 1875, followed by Bulgarian revolutionaries starting an uprising in April 1876 that was brutally suppressed (see Batak massacre). Later in June, Serbia and Montenegro jointly declared war on the empire. After six months of inconclusive fighting, international reaction to atrocities committed by Turkish troops forced intervention of the major European powers, which concluded a ceasefire. In December, the Constantinople Conference was organized to deal with the situation and resolve the crisis. However, the Ottoman Empire refused the proposed reforms and withdrew from the Conference.

Russia, inspired by Pan-Slavism and feeling support in the anti-Ottoman sympathies running throughout Europe, saw the chance to declare war on the Ottoman Empire and fulfill the union of all Orthodox nations in the Balkans under its mantle. That started the eleventh Russo-Turkish War in 1877, fought in the Balkans and in the Caucasus, with Russia leading a coalition with Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro. The coalition won the war, pushing the Ottomans all the way back to the gates of Constantinople. Russians and Ottomans signed the Treaty of San Stefano in early 1878. After deliberations at the Congress of Berlin, which was attended by all the Great Powers of the time, the Treaty of Berlin (1878) provided independence or autonomy for the Christian nations in the empire's Balkan territories, and drastically restructured the map of the region.

Shortly after the war, Austria-Hungary was allowed to militarily occupy Bosnia, which formally continued to be part of the Ottoman territories.

Eastern Rumelia was granted some autonomy in 1878, but then rebelled and joined Bulgaria in 1885. Thessaly was ceded to Greece in 1881, but after Greece attacked the Ottoman Empire to help the Second Cretan Uprising in 1897, Greece was defeated in Thessaly. Crete would gain autonomy in 1898 after the Cretan Revolt (1897–1898).

Italo-Turkish War
In 1911, Italy invaded Ottoman Tripolitania (During the colonisation of Africa, Tripolitania became Libya), which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The war ended with the Italian annexation of the Tripolitania.

Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
Bulgaro-Macedonian insurrection from 1903. See Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising.

1912–13: Balkan Wars
Two Balkan Wars, in 1912 and 1913, entailed further action against the Ottoman Empire in Europe. The Balkan League first conquered Macedonia and most of Thrace from the Ottoman Empire, and then fell out over the division of the spoils. Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, after several rebellions and uprisings. This reduced Turkey's possessions in Europe (Rumelia) to their present borders in Eastern Thrace.

World War I
World War I (1914–1918) became the ultimate cause of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, which formally ended in 1922. However, during wartime operations the Empire prevented the British Royal Navy from reaching Constantinople, stopping an Entente invasion in the Battle of Gallipoli (1915–1916). Nevertheless, under the provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) the Empire ultimately fell.

title: Ottoman wars in Europe


text:
Talk:Peter Robinson

Politician

 * Is Peter Robinson the real leader of the DUP? Is the DUP for or against power-sharing? (217.41.240.18 13:42, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC))
 * Both of those questions are matters for some debate just at the moment, are they not? ;-)  Gerry Lynch 14:17, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Recently dewikilinked instances of Peter Robinson April 2008
Partial list of articles with a formerly-incorrectly-linked Peter Robinson that I could not correctly link. Please remove them as they are properly linked.

 * 23:00, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) Everything You Desire (dewikilink Peter Robinson. It's not clear which if any of the people at Peter Robinson (disambiguation) this belongs to) (top)
 * 22:58, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m Lola Ray (dewikilink Peter Robinson, not sure which if any person at Peter Robinson (disambiguation) is this person) (top)
 * 22:55, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m Tom Griscom (dewikilink Peter Robinson) (top)
 * 22:51, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m Silk and Steel (Five Star album) (dewikilink Peter Robinson, not clear which if any person at Peter Robinson (disambiguation) is this guy) (top)
 * 22:49, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m If You Love Me, Let Me Know (dewikilink Peter Robinson, unclear which if any persons listed at Peter Robinson (disambiguation) is him. Probably the founder of The Strangers but not 100% sure.) (top)
 * 22:38, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m Behind the Sun (Eric Clapton album) (Disambig Peter Robinson to a redlink Peter Robinson (musician) as there are at least two other articles that talk about him) (top)
 * 22:33, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m Dorothy Perkins (→History: dewikilink Peter Robinson, it's unclear which if any of the people in Peter Robinson (disambiguation) is him. It looks like none.) (top)
 * 22:32, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m Long Live Love (→Track listing: dewikilink Peter Robinson, no such article, if you create one add it to Peter Robinson (disambiguation) and check other non-wikilinked occurrances of Peter Robinson) (top)
 * 22:30, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m Isaac Roberts (→Life: dewikilink Peter Robinson, no such person, if you create an article please add it to Peter Robinson (disambiguation)) (top)
 * 22:28, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m Heysel Stadium Disaster (→May 29, 1985: dewikilink Peter Robinson, no such article, if you create one, add it to Peter Robinson (disambiguation)) (top)
 * 22:27, 17 April 2008 (hist) (diff) m You Can't Hurry Love (→Phil Collins version: dewikilink Peter Robinson - no known article about him. If you make one, add it to Peter Robinson (disambiguation)) (top)

davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  23:09, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Robinson