text:
User:Bccomm/monobook.css

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/* general styles */

table { font-size: 100%; background: White; }

a { color: blue; background: none; text-decoration: none; } a:visited { color: purple; } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } /* a:hover { background: #FFFAE3; border: 1px solid #fabd23; padding: 1px; margin: -2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 0.5em; }*/ a.stub { color: #772233; } a.new, a.new:visited,
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/* emulate center */ .center { width: 100%; text-align: center; }   margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }
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/*
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.urlexpansion, .hiddenStructure { display: none; } img.tex { vertical-align: middle; } span.texhtml { font-family: serif; } /*
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/*
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 * 3) pagehistory li.selected {
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 * 1) bodyContent a[href ^="mailto:"],
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title: User:Bccomm/monobook.css


text: Category:Dungeons & Dragons monsters

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Dungeons & Dragons monsters


text:
Pickaxe Pete

Pickaxe Pete is a video game released in 1982 as cartridge number 43 for the Philips Videopac console. It was published in North America for the Magnavox Odyssey² as Pick Axe Pete!. In Brazil, it was re-branded as Didi na Mina Encantada (Didi in the Enchanted Mine) for the Odyssey. Pickaxe Pete is a platform game that followed in the wake of Donkey Kong before the term existed; a 1982 issue of Joystik magazine labeled it a "climbing game". It was designed and programmed by Ed Averett, who wrote the majority of the games for the system.

A U.S. national competition, "The Pick Axe Pete Pick-Off," was held at the World's Fair in October 1982.

Gameplay
The player controls a miner named Pickaxe Pete who starts in the middle of the screen with a pick-axe. There are three doors from which boulders are coming, bouncing down the mine-shafts; every time Pete destroys one of these he gains 3 points, although the axe wears out after a while and disappears. When two boulders collide, they explode, and out comes either a pick-axe which floats to the bottom of the screen, a key which floats to the top, or nothing. If Pete has no axe, the player can either jump over boulders (gaining him 1 point), or get to the bottom of the mine to retrieve a new axe (gaining a 5-point bonus). If Pete collects a key then he can enter the doors, which lead him to the next level.

Reception
In a December 1982 review, US magazine Joystik called the game "Odyssey's new entry in the Donkey Kong lookalike contest". The reviewer gave it a 3/10 for graphics and 7/10 for gameplay and concluded: "We're not overly thrilled by the graphics of this game—there's just nothing spectacular about the way it looks. But we think most 'level game' fans will enjoy Pick Axe Pete's challenging game play."

title: Pickaxe Pete


text:
K.C. Munchkin!

K.C. Munchkin!, released in Europe as Munchkin, is a maze game for the Magnavox Odyssey 2. Its North American title is an inside reference to then president of Philips Consumer Electronics, Kenneth C. Menkin.

Designed and programmed by Ed Averett, Munchkin is very heavily based on Namco's 1980 arcade game Pac-Man, but not a direct clone. It was, however, similar enough for Atari to sue Philips and force them to cease production of Munchkin. Atari was exclusively licensed to produce the first play-at-home version of Pac-Man, but Munchkin hit store shelves in 1981, a year before Atari's game was ready. Atari initially failed to convince a U.S. district court to halt the sale of Munchkin, but ultimately won its case on appeal. In 1982, the appellate court found that Philips had copied Pac-Man and made alterations that "only tend to emphasize the extent to which it deliberately copied the Plaintiff's work." The ruling was one of the first to establish how copyright law would apply to the look and feel of computer software.

Pac-Man dispute
Atari sued Philips for copyright infringement, arguing that Munchkin copied Pac-Man with its substantial similarities as evidence. In Atari, Inc. v. North American Philips Consumer Electronics Corp., the court noted twenty-two similarities, but also nine differences:

 * There are only 12 pills (called munchies) in each maze, which begin in four groups of three but move through the maze independently and at speeds that increase as each one is eaten. The final munchie moves at the same speed as the Munchkin and must be intercepted rather than followed.
 * The super-pills are called blinking munchies because they flash and change colour.
 * Some of the mazes become invisible as soon as the player starts moving.
 * It has a programmable mode, where the player can create mazes.
 * It has a random mode, where a new map is generated each time the game is played.
 * The box where eaten ghosts regenerate rotates, so the ghosts may exit from any side. Also, the player character is free to enter the box and, if powered up, can consume new monsters at the moment they regenerate. Although the box is always at the center of any maze, the maze design allows walls to be placed against the box so it doubles as a revolving door and danger zone to pass through.
 * The ghosts are called munchers, and the player's character is called Munchkin.
 * There are three munchers rather than four ghosts.
 * Compared with the Atari 2600 version of Pac-Man, Munchkin has fewer objects on the game board but renders them with more color and animation.
 * When the Munchkin is killed by the munchers, the score resets itself back to zero.

After Munchkin was forced off the market, Philips released a sequel called K.C.'s Krazy Chase! (Crazy Chase outside the U.S.) which implicitly depicts the conflict between Phillips and Atari by pitting the Munchkin character against an insectoid, tree-eating opponent called the Dratapillar, which very strongly resembles the antagonist of Atari's Centipede. In Crazy Chase's maze, the Munchkin character powers up and advances not by eating pills, but by devouring the Dratapillar's segmented body. Redesigned to avoid another copyright dispute, the Munchkin character rolls through Crazy Chase's mazes without the continuous chomping motion characteristic of Pac-Man.

title: K.C. Munchkin!


text:
Illusory promise

In contract law, an illusory promise is one that courts will not enforce. This is in contrast with a contract, which is a promise that courts will enforce. A promise may be illusory for a number of reasons. In common law countries this usually results from failure or lack of consideration (see also consideration under English law).

Illusory promises are so named because they merely hold the illusion of contract. For example, a promise of the form, "I will give you ten dollars if I feel like it," is purely illusory and will not be enforced as a contract.

It is a general principle of contract law that courts should err on the side of enforcing contracts. Parties entering into the arrangement presumably had the intention of forming an enforceable contract, and so courts generally attempt to follow this intention.

A promise conditioned upon an event within the promisor's control is not illusory if the promisor also "impliedly promises to make reasonable effort to bring the event about or to use good faith and honest judgment in determining whether or not it has in fact occurred."

Methods of finding potentially illusory contracts enforceable include:
 * Implied-in-law "good faith" terms
 * Implied-in-fact terms
 * Bargaining for a chance

Implied-in-law "good faith" terms
Many contracts include "satisfaction clauses", in which a promisor can refuse to pay if he isn't subjectively satisfied with the promisee's performance. Strictly speaking, this is an illusory promise, since the promisor has no actual legal burden to pay if he chooses not to. However, courts will generally imply in law that the promisor must act in good faith and reject the deal only if he is genuinely dissatisfied. As another example, if a contract promises a promisee a certain percentage of the proceeds of a promisor's business activities, this is illusory, since the promisor doesn't have to do anything: any percentage of zero is zero. However, courts may find that the promisor made an implied promise to use reasonable efforts to try to make money, and cite him for breach of contract if he does absolutely nothing. The U.C.C. in contracts exclusive to both sides requires "best efforts" in such contracts. This may be read to be the same as a good faith effort, but is seen by some courts as a higher duty.

Implied-in-fact terms
Judges will often infer terms into the contract that the parties did not explicitly cite. For instance, in the "satisfaction clause" case, judges might infer that the parties intended a "reasonableness test" - that the clause could be satisfied if a reasonable person would be satisfied by the promisee's performance, regardless of whether the promisor himself asserts he is satisfied. (This interpretation is often used in cases in which a performance can be objectively evaluated, such as with the construction of a warehouse; the implied-in-law interpretation above is preferred where satisfaction is more subjective, as with the painting of a portrait.)

Bargaining for a chance
Many judges would consider the "bargaining for a percentage of the proceeds" example above an enforceable contract, even without an implied-in-fact or implied-in-law good faith term. They would view the opportunity to enter into a business relationship to itself be acceptable consideration. Put differently, the mere possibility that the promisor would do business is a valuable product of the bargain even if he does not do anything. Of course, if the promisor entered into the relationship purely with the intent of fraudulently harming the promisee, he could be cited for fraud or bad faith principles that apply to all contracts.

Changes to a "contract" without notification
The "terms and conditions" of some websites and Software applications may be deemed an illusory contract and unenforceable if the language can be changed at any time by the company without notifying users and giving them a chance to accept the new changes.

In Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America, the court found a telephone service provider could not change the terms of its service contract by merely posting a revised contract on its website because "an offeree cannot assent to an offer unless he knows of its existence."

title: Illusory promise


text:
User talk:Netactiv

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

title: User talk:Netactiv


text:
Daniel C. Tsui

Daniel Chee Tsui (, born February 28, 1939) is an American physicist. He is currently serving as the Professor of Electrical Engineering, emeritus, at Princeton University. Tsui's areas of research include electrical properties of thin films and microstructures of semiconductors and solid-state physics.

Tsui won the Nobel Prize in Physics of 1998 with Robert B. Laughlin and Horst L. Störmer "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations."

Biography
Tsui was born into a Chinese agricultural family with two illiterate parents in Fanzhuang (Henan) (范庄), Baofeng, Henan, Republic of China, on February 28, 1939. Born in the midst of Second World War, Tsui described his early childhood memories as being "filled with the years of drought, flood and war which were constantly on the consciousness of the inhabitants of my over-populated village."

In 1951, Tsui left for Hong Kong to attend Pui Ching Middle School in Kowloon, beginning his formal education at the level of sixth grade in his second year in Hong Kong. Tsui recalled facing difficulties due to his lack of familiarity with Cantonese dialect used.

Upon graduating in 1957, Tsui was admitted to the National Taiwan University Medical School, but due to uncertainties over whether he would be able to return to his family in China, he remained in Hong Kong to enroll in Special Classes Centre, a special two-year government program intended to prepare high school graduates for entrance into the University of Hong Kong. While preparing for the entrance examination to the University of Hong Kong in spring of 1958, Tsui was awarded a full scholarship to attend Augustana College, his church pastor's Lutheran alma mater in the United States. Accepting the scholarship, Tsui arrived at Augustana College just after Labor Day of 1958.

After spending three years at Augustana College, Tsui graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1961 as the only student of Chinese descent in his college. Tsui continued his study in physics at the University of Chicago, from where he received his Ph.D. in physics in 1967 after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "de Haas-van Alphen effect and electronic band structure of nickel", under the supervision of Royal Stark. He remarked that due to the influence of prominent Chinese theoretical physicists and Nobel laureates C. N. Yang and T. D. Lee, both of whom studied at the University of Chicago, he had always knew that he wanted to pursue graduate studies in physics at the institution.

While a graduate student at the University of Chicago, Tsui met Linda Varland, who was an undergraduate student there at the time, and the two married after the latter's graduation. Tsui is a naturalized U.S. citizen. Tsui and Varland have two daughters, Aileen and Judith. Judith graduated magna cum laude from Princeton University with a B.A. in anthropology in 1991 and is now an associate professor of medicine at the University of Washington School of Medicine.

After receiving his Ph.D. and then remaining in Chicago for a year of postdoctoral research, Tsui joined the research staff at Bell Laboratories to perform research in solid state physics in 1968. At Bell Laboratories, instead of studying mainstream topics of interest in semiconductor physics such as optics and high energy band-structures or their applications in devices, Tsui devoted his attention to a new field called the physics of two-dimensional electrons.

Tsui and Störmer made the groundbreaking discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect in 1982, while Laughlin provided a theoretical interpretation for the discovery the following year. This discovery will eventually be the reason of their winning of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Shortly after the discovery, Tsui departed from Bell Laboratories and joined the faculty of the department of electrical engineering and computer science at Princeton University with the support of two Nobel laureates in February 1982. After 28 years at Princeton, Tsui transferred to emeritus status in 2010.

He was also an adjunct senior research scientist in the physics department of Columbia University, and a research professor at Boston University.

Tsui is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the Department of Energy’s Office of Science, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2022, Tsui is among only three of Chinese Nobel laureates who voiced their support for Ukraine.

Awards and honors

 * Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize, 1984
 * Fellow of the American Physical Society, elected 1985
 * Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, elected 1987
 * Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, elected 1991
 * Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics, 1998
 * Nobel Prize in Physics, 1998
 * Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, elected 2000
 * Member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, elected 2004
 * Foreign Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, elected 2000
 * Academician of Academia Sinica, Taipei

title: Daniel C. Tsui


text:
George Rennie

George Rennie may refer to:

 * George Rennie (agriculturalist) (1749–1828), British agriculturalist
 * George Rennie (engineer) (1791–1866), British civil engineer
 * George Rennie (sculptor) (1802–1860), British sculptor and Member of Parliament
 * George Rennie (lacrosse) (1883–1966), Canadian lacrosse player
 * George Rennie (Canadian politician) (1866–1930), Conservative member of the Canadian House of Commons
 * PS George Rennie, a wreck off the coast of Magnetic Island

title: George Rennie


text:
Sylver coinage

Sylver coinage is a mathematical game for two players, invented by John H. Conway. The two players take turns naming positive integers that are not the sum of nonnegative multiples of previously named integers. The player who names 1 loses. For instance, if player A opens with 2, B can win by naming 3 as A is forced to name 1. Sylver coinage is an example of a game using misère play because the player who is last able to move loses.

Sylver coinage is named after James Joseph Sylvester, who proved that if a and b are relatively prime positive integers, then (a − 1)(b − 1) − 1 is the largest number that is not a sum of nonnegative multiples of a and b. Thus, if a and b are the first two moves in a game of sylver coinage, this formula gives the largest number that can still be played. More generally, if the greatest common divisor of the moves played so far is g, then only finitely many multiples of g can remain to be played, and after they are all played then g must decrease on the next move. Therefore, every game of sylver coinage must eventually end. When a sylver coinage game has only a finite number of remaining moves, the largest number that can still be played is called the Frobenius number, and finding this number is called the coin problem.

Example
A sample game between A and B:
 * A opens with 5. Now neither player can name 5, 10, 15, ....
 * B names 4. Now neither player can name 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, or any number greater than 11. (Example: 27 = 4·3 + 5·3)
 * A names 11. Now the only remaining numbers are 2, 3, 6, and 7.
 * B names 6. Now the only remaining numbers are 2, 3, and 7.
 * A names 7. Now the only remaining numbers are 2, and 3.
 * B names 2. Now the only remaining number is 3.
 * A names 3, leaving nothing for B, and wins.

Each of A's moves was to a winning position.

Analysis
Unlike many similar mathematical games, sylver coinage has not been completely solved, mainly because many positions have infinitely many possible moves. Furthermore, the main theorem that identifies a class of winning positions, due to R. L. Hutchings, guarantees that such a position has a winning strategy but does not identify the strategy. Hutchings's Theorem states that any of the prime numbers 5, 7, 11, 13, …, wins as a first move, but very little is known about the subsequent winning moves: these are the only winning openings known.

When the greatest common divisor of the moves that have been made so far is 1, the remaining set of numbers that can be played will be a finite set, and can be described mathematically as the set of gaps of a numerical semigroup. Some of these finite positions, including all of the positions after the second player has responded to one of Hutchings' winning moves, allow a special move that Sicherman calls an "ender". An ender is a number that may only be played immediately: playing any other number would rule it out. If an ender exists, it is always the largest number that can still be played. For instance, after the moves (4,5), the largest number that can still be played is 11. Playing 11 cannot rule out any smaller numbers, but playing any of the smaller available numbers (1, 2, 3, 6, or 7) would rule out playing 11, so 11 is an ender. When an ender exists, the next player can win by following a strategy-stealing argument. If one of the non-ender moves can win, the next player takes that winning move. And if none of the non-ender moves wins, then the next player can win by playing the ender and forcing the other player to make one of the other non-winning moves. However, although this argument proves that the next player can win, it does not identify a winning strategy for the player. After playing a prime number that is 5 or larger as a first move, the first player in a game of sylver coinage can always win by following this (non-constructive) ender strategy on their next turn.

If there are any other winning openings, they must be 3-smooth numbers (numbers of the form $2^{i}3^{j}$ for non-negative integers $i$ and $j$). For, if any number $n$ that is not of this form and is not prime is played, then the second player can win by choosing a large prime factor of $n$. The first few 3-smooth numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 12, are all losing openings, for which complete strategies are known by which the second player can win. By Dickson's lemma (applied to the pairs of exponents $(i, j)$ of these numbers), only finitely many 3-smooth numbers can be winning openings, but it is not known whether any of them are. In 2017, offered a $1000 prize for determining who wins in the first unsolved case, the opening move 16, as part of a set of prize problems also including Conway's 99-graph problem, the minimum spacing of Danzer sets, and the thrackle conjecture.

title: Sylver coinage


text:
Xenoarchaeology

Xenoarchaeology, a branch of xenology dealing with extraterrestrial cultures, is a hypothetical form of archaeology that exists mainly in works of science fiction. The field is concerned with the study of the material remains to reconstruct and interpret past life-ways of alien civilizations. Xenoarchaeology is not currently practiced by mainstream archaeologists due to the current lack of any material for the discipline to study.

Etymology
The name derives from Greek xenos (ξένος) which means 'stranger, alien', and archaeology 'study of ancients'.

Xenoarchaeology is sometimes called astroarchaeology or exoarchaeology, although some would argue that the prefix exo- would be more correctly applied to the study of human activities in a space environment.

Other names for xenoarchaeology, or specialised fields of interest, include Probe SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence), extraterrestrial archaeology, space archaeology, SETA (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Artifacts), Dysonian SETI, Planetary SETI, SETT (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Technology), SETV (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Visitation), extraterrestrial anthropology, areoarchaeology and selenoarchaeology.

Justification
It is arguably the case that, due to the immense distances between stars, any evidence we discover of extraterrestrial intelligence, whether it be an artifact or an electromagnetic signal, may come from a long-vanished civilization. Thus the entire SETI project can be seen as a form of archaeology. Additionally, due to the extreme age of the universe, there may be a reasonable expectation for astrobiology research to produce evidence of extinct alien life prior to the discovery of alien life itself.

The study of alien cultures might offer us glimpses into our own species' past or future development.

Vicky Walsh argued for the existence of "exo-artifacts" using the principle of mediocrity and the Drake equation. She proposed that a theoretical and speculative field of archaeology be established in order to test outlandish claims and to prepare for a time when undeniably extraterrestrial artifacts needed to be analysed. "If it is possible to construct an abstract archaeology that can be tested and refined on earth and then applied to areas beyond our planet, then the claims for ETI remains on the moon and Mars may really be evaluated in light of established archaeological theory and analysis".

Ben McGee similarly proposed the creation of a set of interdisciplinary, proactive xenoarchaeological guidelines, arguing that identifying suspected artifacts of astrobiology is all that is required to justify establishing a methodology for xenoarchaeology. He emphasized the necessity of proactive xenoarchaeological work in order to avoid future bias, mischaracterization, and information mismanagement, and he cites three scenarios under which such a methodology or set of guidelines would be useful, those being "remote sensing" of a potential xenoarchaeological artifact, encountering an artifact during "human exploration," and "terrestrial interception" of an artifact.

Greg Fewer has argued that archaeological techniques should be used to evaluate alleged UFO landing or crash sites, such as Roswell.

History
The origins of the field have been traced to theories about a hypothetical Martian civilization based on observations of what were perceived as canals on Mars. These theories, of which Percival Lowell was the most famous exponent, were apparently inspired by a mistranslation of a quote by Giovanni Schiaparelli.

The 1997 Theoretical Archaeology Group conference featured a session on "archaeology and science fiction".

The 2004 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association featured a session Anthropology, Archaeology and Interstellar Communication.

Planetary SETI
Planetary SETI is concerned with the search for extraterrestrial structures on the surface of bodies in the Solar System. Claims for evidence of extraterrestrial artifacts can be divided into three groups, the Moon, Mars, and the other planets and their satellites.

Examples of sites of interest include the "bridge" sighted in the Mare Crisium in 1953, and the "Blair Cuspids", "an unusual arrangement of seven spirelike objects of varying heights" at the western edge of the Mare Tranquillitatis, photographed by the Lunar Orbiter 2 on 20 November 1966. In 2006, Ian Crawford proposed that a search for alien artifacts be conducted on the Moon.

Percival Lowell's mistaken identification of Martian canals was an early attempt to detect and study an alien culture from its supposed physical remains. More recently, there was interest in the supposed Face on Mars, an example of the psychological phenomenon of pareidolia.

The Society for Planetary SETI Research is a loose organization of researchers interested in this field. The organization does not endorse any particular conclusions drawn by its members on particular sites.

Probe SETI, or SETA
A great deal of research and writing has been done, and some searches conducted for extraterrestrial probes in the Solar System. This followed the work of Ronald N. Bracewell.

Robert Freitas,  Christopher Rose and Gregory Wright have argued that interstellar probes can be a more energy-efficient means of communication than electromagnetic broadcasts.

If so, a solar centric Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts (SETA) would seem to be favored over the more traditional radio or optical searches. Robert A. Freitas coined the term SETA in the 1980s.

On the basis that the Earth-Moon or Sun-Earth libration orbits might constitute convenient parking places for automated extraterrestrial probes, unsuccessful searches were conducted by Freitas and Valdes.

Dysonian SETI
In a 1960 paper, Freeman Dyson proposed the idea of a Dyson sphere, a type of extraterrestrial artifact able to be searched for and studied at interstellar distances. Following that paper, several searches have been conducted.

In a 2005 paper, Luc Arnold proposed a means of detecting smaller, though still mega-scale, artifacts from their distinctive transit light curve signature. (see Astroengineering).

Fringe theories
A subculture of enthusiasts studies purported structures on the Moon or Mars. These controversial "structures" (such as the Face on Mars) are not accepted as more than natural features by most scientists, examples of the pareidolia phenomenon.

Palaeocontact or ancient astronaut theories, espoused by Erich von Däniken and others, are further examples of fringe theories. These claim that the Earth was visited in prehistoric times by extraterrestrial beings.

Science fiction
Xenoarchaeological themes are common in science fiction. Works about the exploration of enigmatic extraterrestrial artifacts have been satirically categorized as Big Dumb Object stories.

Some of the more prominent examples of xenoarchaeological fiction include Arthur C. Clarke's novel Rendezvous with Rama, H. Beam Piper's short story Omnilingual, and Charles Sheffield's Heritage Universe series.

Novels

 * 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Broken Angels by Richard Morgan
 * Gateway by Fred Pohl
 * Grass by Sheri S. Tepper
 * Heritage Trilogy by Ian Douglas
 * Noon Universe by Strugatsky brothers.
 * Rendezvous With Rama by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Revelation Space by Alastair Reynolds
 * Ringworld (and its sequels) by Larry Niven
 * Saga of Seven Suns (Most notably Book 1: Hidden Empire) by Kevin J. Anderson
 * Strata by Terry Pratchett
 * The Engines of God by Jack McDevitt
 * The Gaea Trilogy by John Varley
 * The Giants series by James P. Hogan
 * The Hercules Text by Jack McDevitt
 * The novels in the Heritage Universe by Charles Sheffield
 * The Past of Forever (Children of the Stars, Book 4) by Juanita Coulson
 * The Season of Passage by Christopher Pike
 * The Voyage of the Space Beagle by A. E. van Vogt

Short stories

 * "At the Mountains of Madness" by H. P. Lovecraft
 * "Old Testament" by Jerome Bixby
 * "Omnilingual" by H. Beam Piper
 * "The Sentinel" by Arthur C. Clarke
 * "The Vaults of Yoh-Vombis" by Clark Ashton Smith
 * "The Adventure of Tintin: Flight 714 to Sydney" by Herge

Video games

 * Alien Legacy
 * Aliens versus Predator
 * Aliens vs. Predator
 * Borderlands
 * Civilization: Call to Power
 * Dead Space
 * Doom 3
 * Freelancer
 * FreeSpace
 * Gateway
 * Halo series
 * Marathon 2: Durandal
 * Mass Effect
 * Master of Orion
 * Metal Fatigue
 * Outer Wilds
 * RAMA (based on Clarke's novel)
 * Resistance
 * Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri
 * Star Trek: A Final Unity
 * Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order
 * Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic
 * StarCraft series
 * Stellaris
 * The Dig
 * The Lacuna Expanse
 * Wing Commander: Privateer

Movies

 * A Genesis Found
 * Alien
 * Alien vs. Predator
 * Alien: Covenant
 * Black Mountain Side
 * Chariots of the Gods
 * Contact
 * DC Extended Universe
 * Doom
 * Eternals
 * Forbidden Planet
 * Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
 * Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
 * Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark
 * Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
 * Marvel Cinematic Universe
 * Outlander
 * Prometheus
 * Sphere
 * Star Wars
 * Stargate
 * The Box
 * The Fifth Element
 * The Last Lovecraft: Relic of Cthulhu
 * Total Recall
 * Uncharted

Television

 * Ancient Aliens
 * Babylon 5
 * Doctor Who
 * Martian Chronicles
 * Star Trek
 * Stargate
 * Stargate SG-1 and its spinoff Stargate Atlantis

title: Xenoarchaeology


text:
Talk:ABC

ABC vs. ABC (disambiguation)
True or false: this article belongs at ABC (disambiguation) with ABC being a re-direct to American Broadcasting Company. 66.245.105.237 00:43, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Only if you're a TV-obsessed slave to the corporate state. :-) American Broadcasting Company is unimportant outside the US, and even in the US, most people know the companies as "Channel 11" or whatever - they would be hard-pressed to make a list of which network goes with which of their local channels. The most widely-recognized meaning of "ABC" in the US is as a reference to the alphabet. Stan 01:29, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It would be better for someone to disambiguate the links to ABC to their proper pages. dml 01:32, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Also true, but it's fair to ask if a particular meaning of an initialism is sufficiently predominant that it should "own" the letters, as for instance BBC or DOD. "ABC" just happens to have a slew of different popular meanings, and the company is in the middle of the pack so to speak. Stan 03:00, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Links to this page from the main article space have pretty much been redirected to bypass this disambiguation; there are a bunch of Wikipedia- and User-talk-space links remaining, though, which is pretty much expected considering the many uses of the term. Courtland 03:20, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I cleared another 35 - 40 links that had cropped up to this page. Why are people so sloppy about checking their links??? JimmB 20:44, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think our friend with the IP numbers was right. I was working on fixing up the links to this disambiguation page, and every one is in fact a link to American Broadcasting Company. If almost every page links to American Broadcasting Company, shouldn't the ABC article be a redirection there? I know that ABC happen to be the first three letter of the alphabet, but, so what? NBC, BBC, AXN, they all have redirects. --PeterCantropus 23:40, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Well...
Name some things that Wikipedia has articles for that are of no importance in the United States, writing after it the country (e.g. United Kingdom) that they are important in. 66.245.121.176 20:28, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

If you insist: Insert non-formatted text here
 * Sky One (UK and some parts of Europe)

This disambig. page has abbreviations +
It seems that this page is covering both abbreviations = "ABC" as well as phrases that contain "ABC". Is that appropriate? Courtland 2005-01-30 USA ~14:50 EST

 * I can't speak for the Wiki Policy, but i think it's perfectly acceptable, giving the fact that when somebody searches for ABC they must get a page that relates to what they have searched for, and since you can't really predict what the particular user was planning to see it would be appropriate to show all the things linked to "ABC"... but then who am i, just a small wikipedian... Beta m (talk)

 * Thanks; that seems reasonable. I'm but a small Wikipedian myself (or would that be "Wikipesian"?), thus my fishin' for knowledge on the matter.  Courtland  2005-01-31 USA 19:15 EST

 * It is a Wikipedian... q;-) Beta m (talk)

Have alphabeticalised categories as I thought that they would be better sorted and would make sections easier to find. I wasn't sure if the misc. category should be ordered, but I decided against it in the end. Unsure though... - Estel (talk) 20:15, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Need to reorganize
I thik that the present "part of name" vs. "abbreviations" categorization scheme is poorly conceived. For instance, consider ABC weapons. 'ABC' is part of the name, but it is also an abbreviation for 'atomic, biological, chemical'. We need a new system, but I'm split between two alternatives. Which is better? --Smack (talk) 20:09, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * We could split it by grammatical type (organizatons, people, things)
 * We could split it by subject area (automotive, computer, music, etc.)

 * The latter (though examples are hard to distinguish). Pavel Vozenilek 03:03, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

There is a fundamental illogic about the current structure (name vs abbreviation) - many readers coming here won't know whether it's a "name" or an abbreviation. Even if they do know, the meaning of the name section (what type of things are in it) isn't clear on its own terms (only makes sense in contrast to abbreviation), so that it should at least be the second section of the two. However, a better structure would be by type of object - readers are likely to know roughly what they're looking for. Organisations, music terms, computing terms would cover most of them, and leave a smallish Other section. Rd232 22:28, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes please ;-) Pavel Vozenilek 23:01, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * There's a clear potential for a section on computers and a section on organizations, but any categorization scheme needs to be non-overlapping. We have an organization that makes computers (ABC Computer).  Where would it go? --Smack (talk) 15:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Organizations. Today the sell computers, tomorrow raincoats, ... Pavel Vozenilek

Explaining my reorganization
I did some relatively minor reorganizing of this page guided mainly by a desire to bring the section headers into closer alignment with a) existing categories and b) section headings that might be useful across multiple disambiguation pages. I trust my changes aren't sufficiently horrid that they evoke a visceral reaction in folks. Regards, Courtland 01:15, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Existing categories: Category:Organizations, Category:Media companies, Category:Musical groups and Category:Musical compositions, Category:Vehicles, and Category:Electronics.
 * Utility across dab pages: this was the primary driver for using "Electronics" and not "Computing and computer hardware" (represented by Category:Computing and Category:Computer hardware), and "Vehicles" instead of "Automobiles" (which would match Category:Automobiles).

 * I purposely avoided using "Computing" or somesuch as a heading because we have one organization that makes computers, and another that makes electronics. --Smack (talk) 05:35, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I just recently changed this to "Computing technology". I understand the potential for ambiguity, but I disagree on the matter of its impact in the context of disambiguation pages. Courtland 04:44, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Clearing "What links here"
Cleaned links to this page from the main article space; a couple remain pending input from more knowledgable editors. Courtland 04:48, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Removal of "basic and all-purpose" meaning
referring to archived diff

That was a good idea as the comparable meaning appears in the Wiktionary entry at ABC. Courtland 23:35, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Alphabet
Maybe we should include a direct link to the (Latin) Alphabet. 惑乱 分からん 11:38, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Recent cleanup
This recent cleanup of ABC was needed; esp. removing all the Australian Broadcasting Corporation entries. However I was surprised that a number of the previously linked articles have been removed (e.g. ABC Records, a recording label ). Reading Disambiguation didn't help me understand why the list has been trimmed. Is there a good reason for those deletions? Jayvdb 00:28, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Just reverted the cleanup, just like Bogsat did yesterday. Don't think Disambiguation justifies the cleanup. Brz7 11:04, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * ABC Records obviously does not belong on this page. Someone looking for ABC Records would be expected to search for ABC Records and would not be expected to find that article at just ABC. It is also highly unlikely that an editor editing an article would create a link to just ABC if meant to link to ABC Records.
 * From Disambiguation: "Lists of articles of which the disambiguated term forms only a part of the article title don't belong here. Disambiguation pages are not search indices. Do not add links that merely contain part of the page title (where there is no significant risk of confusion)."
 * See also the the manual of style which states that on a page called Title generally do not create an entry for Title something else, i.e. ABC Records on the ABC page. If there are more than one ABC Records, then they could be disambiguated at ABC Records. But ABC would not be the right place. Unlike the American and Australian brodcasters, I highly doubt that the record company is known as and generally referred to as just ABC, and so there is no risk of confusion and there is no need for disambiguation on the ABC page. I suppose the other broadcasters could go as well, but there was a mention on this talk page that the American Broadcasting Company is unimportant outside the US, so I just left them there.
 * A dab page is not an expansion of every possible meaning of an abbreviation. Bogus entries only get in the way of the user getting to where they want to go. I was looking for the band, and wondered where the heck it was among all this clutter. While bands often are disambiguated using "(band)", it is not always the case that naming conventions are being followed and I figured that just typing ABC and then clicking on the correct link would be just as easy as typing the extra (band). -- AmbigDexter 11:55, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It is common to use the disambiguation page as a way to find the meaning of various abbreviations. Recently more abbreviations were added. Soon abbreviations previously showing in the article will probably re-appear.
 * As far as ABC Records is concerned: ABC could refer to the record label, without explicitly mentioning "Records". Notability is variable worldwide.
 * The top index of the article clearly refers to the various categories, helping to quickly find your way in the article. Brz7 17:44, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Unicode|#REDIRECT ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 16 LETERS ARE In tha aplhabet

Listing irrelevant media outlets
I don't see any reason why so many media channels and stations should be listed; most of them would never be an intended target for a search on "ABC", as far as I can tell.

I suggest consolidating the American and Australian ABCs to the links below:

 * American Broadcasting Company, an American television network
 * ABC Radio, an American radio network owned by the American Broadcasting Company
 * Australian Broadcasting Corporation, an Australian media broadcaster
 * ABC Television, the television branch of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
 * ABC Radio (Australia), the radio branch of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
 * ABC (TV station), the ABC's Canberra-based TV station

(I created the ABC Radio (Australia) redirect just now; it seemed odd that there was no direct link that I could find. Also, I'm totally puzzled by the TV station article: is this the only Australian ABC TV station, or is it just the only one in Canberra? Anyone know?)

A case could be made for including some of the other links that at least include the letters ABC; as an American, I can tell you I don't think ABC Studios or ABC News would ever be referred to as just "ABC" except in a very specific context. But listing all the divisions of the Australian TV and radio networks is clearly excessive; I highly doubt even an Australian would refer to Fly TV or Rollercoaster as "ABC." (I just clicked on the latter and it's not even a channel; it's just a show. Should the ABC page list every single show on any of the ABC networks?)

I just wanted to see if there were objections here, before I deleted all the apparently excessive links. Propaniac (talk) 00:49, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * In the absence of response, I'm assuming there are no objections and cleaning up the section. That's always nice. Propaniac (talk) 14:49, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

American Broadcasting Company
I don't quite understand forcing a redirect to ABC (network), especially when ABC in Australia is as much of a network as ABC in the US. It's confusing. ABC (network) should probably come to here anyway instead of the American Broadcasting Company. As far as I know, the Australian ABC is referred to as ABC in Australia just like the American Broadcasting Company is referred to as ABC in the US. --User:Woohookitty Diamming fool! 07:07, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Then you should try to change the ABC (network) to be a redirect back to this page as R from incomplete disambiguation. There is no point to constructing a fake piped link to look like a redirect. older ≠ wiser 10:47, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The Australian ABC is actually called "the ABC," not "ABC" as we refer to the American company. Incidentally, why does the Australian Broadcasting Corporation require so many "sub-links" on this page? The American company also has local stations KABC and WABC and the cable outlet ABC Family, yet none of those are referenced. --SchutteGod (talk) 02:42, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

ABC Live
I just added an entry for a news agency called ABC Live in India. Here is their site. I am not sure what this organization is doing, but they seem to be producing some original news content as well as aggregating other agencies' content. However, their website seems illegitimate in that there is no information there about the agency itself. I am not sure if they are notable, but I am here because they seem to be the primary source for this, which lots of other agencies are copying.  Blue Rasberry  15:26, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Redirect to American Broadcasting Company
There currently appears to be a dispute between me and an IP editor (24.244.32.255) over whether or not this page should be converted to a redirect to American Broadcasting Company. I believe this page should remain as a disambiguation. Should this be kept as a disambiguation or converted to a redirect? (edited)

CreationFox (talk) 19:00, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

Please list The A.B.C. Murders
Please list Agatha Christie's book The A.B.C. Murders, I think that some people coming to this page may want it. 89.138.147.167 (talk) 19:24, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done - Dmezh (talk) 20:07, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Edit-undo.svg Undone: This request has been undone. Per WP:PARTIAL, disambiguation is intended to clarify ambiguous page titles, not be a search index for everything related to the page title. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 20:20, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * agreed. Thank you. - Dmezh (talk) 20:29, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 July 2019
Please replace it with. 2605:8D80:402:86C3:507E:E06B:AD00:3E3D (talk) 03:17, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: This is a disambiguation page. NiciVampireHeart 09:44, 2 July 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 November 2022
Should a link to Freeform be provided under "American Broadcasting Company", with the link referencing the channel's former "ABC Family" branding? 2600:1700:C960:2270:B836:8586:DC9B:31CE (talk) 09:01, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: It seems unlikely that someone looking specifically for ABC Family would end up here.  WP scatter  t/c 09:06, 8 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:ABC


text:
Truss bridge

A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a structure of connected elements, usually forming triangular units. The connected elements, typically straight, may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. There are several types of truss bridges, including some with simple designs that were among the first bridges designed in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A truss bridge is economical to construct primarily because it uses materials efficiently.

Design

The nature of a truss allows the analysis of its structure using a few assumptions and the application of Newton's laws of motion according to the branch of physics known as statics. For purposes of analysis, trusses are assumed to be pin jointed where the straight components meet, meaning that taken alone, every joint on the structure is functionally considered to be a flexible joint as opposed to a rigid joint with the strength to maintain its shape, and the resulting shape and strength of the structure are only maintained by the interlocking of the components. This assumption means that members of the truss (chords, verticals, and diagonals) will act only in tension or compression. A more complex analysis is required where rigid joints impose significant bending loads upon the elements, as in a Vierendeel truss.

In the bridge illustrated in the infobox at the top, vertical members are in tension, lower horizontal members in tension, shear, and bending, outer diagonal and top members are in compression, while the inner diagonals are in tension. The central vertical member stabilizes the upper compression member, preventing it from buckling. If the top member is sufficiently stiff then this vertical element may be eliminated. If the lower chord (a horizontal member of a truss) is sufficiently resistant to bending and shear, the outer vertical elements may be eliminated, but with additional strength added to other members in compensation. The ability to distribute the forces in various ways has led to a large variety of truss bridge types. Some types may be more advantageous when the wood is employed for compression elements while other types may be easier to erect in particular site conditions, or when the balance between labor, machinery, and material costs has certain favorable proportions.

The inclusion of the elements shown is largely an engineering decision based upon economics, being a balance between the costs of raw materials, off-site fabrication, component transportation, on-site erection, the availability of machinery, and the cost of labor. In other cases, the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance and so influence the design decisions beyond mere matters of economics. Modern materials such as prestressed concrete and fabrication methods, such as automated welding, and the changing price of steel relative to that of labor have significantly influenced the design of modern bridges.

Model bridges
A pure truss can be represented as a pin-jointed structure, one where the only forces on the truss members are tension or compression, not bending. This is used in the teaching of statics, by the building of model bridges from spaghetti. Spaghetti is brittle and although it can carry a modest tension force, it breaks easily if bent. A model spaghetti bridge thus demonstrates the use of a truss structure to produce a usefully strong complete structure from individually weak elements.

United States
In the United States, because wood was in abundance, early truss bridges would typically use carefully fitted timbers for members taking compression and iron rods for tension members, usually constructed as a covered bridge to protect the structure. In 1820, a simple form of truss, Town's lattice truss, was patented, and had the advantage of requiring neither high labor skills nor much metal. Few iron truss bridges were built in the United States before 1850.

Truss bridges became a common type of bridge built from the 1870s through the 1930s. Examples of these bridges still remain across the US, but their numbers are dropping rapidly as they are demolished and replaced with new structures. As metal slowly started to replace timber, wrought iron bridges in the US started being built on a large scale in the 1870s. Bowstring truss bridges were a common truss design during this time, with their arched top chords. Companies like the Massillon Bridge Company of Massillon, Ohio, and the King Bridge Company of Cleveland, became well-known, as they marketed their designs to cities and townships.

The bowstring truss design fell out of favor due to a lack of durability, and gave way to the Pratt truss design, which was stronger. Again, the bridge companies marketed their designs, with the Wrought Iron Bridge Company in the lead. As the 1880s and 1890s progressed, steel began to replace wrought iron as the preferred material. Other truss designs were used during this time, including the camel-back. By the 1910s, many states developed standard plan truss bridges, including steel Warren pony truss bridges.

In the 1920s and 1930s, Pennsylvania and several states continued to build steel truss bridges, using massive steel through-truss bridges for long spans. Other states, such as Michigan, used standard plan concrete girder and beam bridges, and only a limited number of truss bridges were built.

Roadbed types
The truss may carry its roadbed on top, in the middle, or at the bottom of the truss. Bridges with the roadbed at the top or the bottom are the most common as this allows both the top and bottom to be stiffened, forming a box truss. When the roadbed is atop the truss, it is a deck truss; an example of this was the I-35W Mississippi River bridge. When the truss members are both above and below the roadbed it is called a through truss; an example of this is the Pulaski Skyway, and where the sides extend above the roadbed but are not connected, a pony truss or half-through truss.

Sometimes both the upper and lower chords support roadbeds, forming a double-decked truss. This can be used to separate rail from road traffic or to separate the two directions of road traffic.

Since through truss bridges have supports located over the bridge deck, they are susceptible to being hit by overheight loads when used on highways. The I-5 Skagit River bridge collapsed after such a strike; before the collapse, similar incidents had been common and had necessitated frequent repairs.

Multiple spans
Truss bridges consisting of more than one span may be either a continuous truss or a series of simple trusses. In the simple truss design, each span is supported only at the ends and is fully independent of any adjacent spans. Each span must fully support the weight of any vehicles traveling over it (the live load).

In contrast, a continuous truss functions as a single rigid structure over multiple supports. This means that the live load on one span is partially supported by the other spans, and consequently it is possible to use less material in the truss. Continuous truss bridges were not very common before the mid-20th century because they are statically indeterminate, which makes them difficult to design without the use of computers.

A multi-span truss bridge may also be constructed using cantilever spans, which are supported at only one end rather than both ends like other types of trusses. Unlike a continuous truss, a cantilever truss does not need to be connected rigidly, or indeed at all, at the center. Many cantilever bridges, like the Quebec Bridge shown below, have two cantilever spans supporting a simple truss in the center. The bridge would remain standing if the simple truss section were removed.

Truss types used in bridges
Bridges are the most widely known examples of truss use. There are many types, some of them dating back hundreds of years. Below are some of the more common designs.

Allan truss
The Allan truss, designed by Percy Allan, is partly based on the Howe truss. The first Allan truss was completed on 13 August 1894 over Glennies Creek at Camberwell, New South Wales and the last Allan truss bridge was built over Mill Creek near Wisemans Ferry in 1929. Completed in March 1895, the Tharwa Bridge located at Tharwa, Australian Capital Territory, was the second Allan truss bridge to be built, the oldest surviving bridge in the Australian Capital Territory and the oldest, longest continuously used Allan truss bridge. Completed in November 1895, the Hampden Bridge in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia, the first of the Allan truss bridges with overhead bracing, was originally designed as a steel bridge but was constructed with timber to reduce cost. In his design, Allan used Australian ironbark for its strength. A similar bridge also designed by Percy Allen is the Victoria Bridge on Prince Street, Picton, New South Wales. Also constructed of ironbark, the bridge is still in use today for pedestrian and light traffic.

Bailey truss

The Bailey truss was designed by the British in 1940–1941 for military uses during World War II. A short selection of prefabricated modular components could be easily and speedily combined on land in various configurations to adapt to the needs at the site and allow rapid deployment of completed trusses. In the image, note the use of pairs of doubled trusses to adapt to the span and load requirements. In other applications the trusses may be stacked vertically, and doubled as necessary.

Baltimore truss
The Baltimore truss is a subclass of the Pratt truss. A Baltimore truss has additional bracing in the lower section of the truss to prevent buckling in the compression members and to control deflection. It is mainly used for rail bridges, showing off a simple and very strong design. In the Pratt truss the intersection of the verticals and the lower horizontal tension members are used to anchor the supports for the short-span girders under the tracks (among other things). With the Baltimore truss, there are almost twice as many points for this to happen because the short verticals will also be used to anchor the supports. Thus the short-span girders can be made lighter because their span is shorter. A good example of the Baltimore truss is the Amtrak Old Saybrook – Old Lyme Bridge in Connecticut, United States.

Bollman truss
[[Image:Bollman-bridge-1.jpg|thumb|A Bollman truss in [[Savage, Maryland]]; built in 1869, it was moved to Savage in 1887 and has been in continuous use since as a pedestrian bridge.

39.13484°N, -76.82509°W]] The Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge at Savage, Maryland, United States is the only surviving example of a revolutionary design in the history of American bridge engineering. The type was named after its inventor, Wendel Bollman, a self-educated Baltimore engineer. It was the first successful all-metal bridge design (patented in 1852) to be adopted and consistently used on a railroad. The design employs wrought iron tension members and cast iron compression members. The use of multiple independent tension elements reduces the likelihood of catastrophic failure. The structure was also easy to assemble.

Wells Creek Bollman Bridge is the only other bridge designed by Wendel Bollman still in existence, but it is a Warren truss configuration.

Bowstring truss
The bowstring truss bridge was patented in 1841 by Squire Whipple. While similar in appearance to a tied-arch bridge, a bowstring truss has diagonal load-bearing members: these diagonals result in a structure that more closely matches a Parker truss or Pratt truss than a true arch.

Brown truss
In the Brown truss all vertical elements are under tension, with exception of the end posts. This type of truss is particularly suited for timber structures that use iron rods as tension members.

Brunel truss
See Lenticular truss below.

Burr arch truss

This combines an arch with a truss to form a structure both strong and rigid.

Cantilever truss
Most trusses have the lower chord under tension and the upper chord under compression. In a cantilever truss the situation is reversed, at least over a portion of the span. The typical cantilever truss bridge is a "balanced cantilever", which enables the construction to proceed outward from a central vertical spar in each direction. Usually these are built in pairs until the outer sections may be anchored to footings. A central gap, if present, can then be filled by lifting a conventional truss into place or by building it in place using a "traveling support". In another method of construction, one outboard half of each balanced truss is built upon temporary falsework. When the outboard halves are completed and anchored the inboard halves may then be constructed and the center section completed as described above.

Fink truss
The Fink truss was designed by Albert Fink of Germany in 1854. This type of bridge was popular with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The Appomattox High Bridge on the Norfolk and Western Railway included 21 Fink deck truss spans from 1869 until their replacement in 1886.

There are also inverted Fink truss bridges such as the Moody Pedestrian Bridge in Austin, Texas.

Howe truss
The Howe truss, patented in 1840 by Massachusetts millwright William Howe, includes vertical members and diagonals that slope up towards the center, the opposite of the Pratt truss. In contrast to the Pratt truss, the diagonal web members are in compression and the vertical web members are in tension. Few of these bridges remain standing. Examples include Jay Bridge in Jay, New York; McConnell's Mill Covered Bridge in Slippery Rock Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania; Sandy Creek Covered Bridge in Jefferson County, Missouri; and Westham Island Bridge in Delta, British Columbia, Canada.

K-truss
The K-truss is named after the K formed in each panel by the vertical member and two oblique members. Examples include the Südbrücke rail bridge over the River Rhine, Mainz, Germany, the bridge on I-895 (Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Thruway) in Baltimore, Maryland, the Long–Allen Bridge in Morgan City, Louisiana (Morgan City Bridge) with three 600-foot-long spans, and the Wax Lake Outlet bridge in Calumet, Louisiana

Kingpost truss
One of the simplest truss styles to implement, the king post consists of two angled supports leaning into a common vertical support.

Lattice truss (Town's lattice truss)

This type of bridge uses a substantial number of lightweight elements, easing the task of construction. Truss elements are usually of wood, iron, or steel.

Lenticular truss
A lenticular truss bridge includes a lens-shape truss, with trusses between an upper chord functioning as an arch that curves up and then down to end points, and a lower chord (functioning as a suspension cable) that curves down and then up to meet at the same end points. Where the arches extend above and below the roadbed, it is called a lenticular pony truss bridge. The Pauli truss bridge is a specific variant of the lenticular truss, but the terms are not interchangeable.

One type of lenticular truss consists of arcuate upper compression chords and lower eyebar chain tension links. Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge over the River Tamar between Devon and Cornwall uses a single tubular upper chord. As the horizontal tension and compression forces are balanced these horizontal forces are not transferred to the supporting pylons (as is the case with most arch types). This in turn enables the truss to be fabricated on the ground and then to be raised by jacking as supporting masonry pylons are constructed. This truss has been used in the construction of a stadium, with the upper chords of parallel trusses supporting a roof that may be rolled back. The Smithfield Street Bridge in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is another example of this type.

An example of a lenticular pony truss bridge that uses regular spans of iron is the Turn-of-River Bridge designed and manufactured by the Berlin Iron Bridge Co.

The Pauli truss is a variant of the lenticular truss, "with the top chord carefully shaped so that it has a constant force along the entire length of the truss." It is named after Friedrich Augustus von Pauli, whose 1857 railway bridge (the Großhesseloher Brücke) spanned the Isar near Munich. (See also Grosshesselohe Isartal station.) The term Pauli truss is not interchangeable with the term lenticular truss and, according to Thomas Boothby, the casual use of the term has clouded the literature.

Long truss
The Long truss was designed by Stephen H. Long in 1830. The design resembles a Howe truss, but is entirely made of wood instead of a combination of wood and metal. The longest surviving example is the Eldean Covered Bridge north of Troy, Ohio, spanning 224 ft. One of the earliest examples is the Old Blenheim Bridge, which with a span of 210 ft and a total length of 232 ft long was the second-longest covered bridge in the United States, until its destruction from flooding in 2011.

The Busching bridge, often erroneously used as an example of a Long truss, is an example of a Howe truss, as the verticals are metal rods.

Parker (camelback) truss
A Parker truss bridge is a Pratt truss design with a polygonal upper chord. A "camelback" is a subset of the Parker type, where the upper chord consists of exactly five segments. An example of a Parker truss is the Traffic Bridge in Saskatoon, Canada. An example of a camelback truss is the Woolsey Bridge near Woolsey, Arkansas.

Partridge truss
Designed and patented in 1872 by Reuben Partridge, after local bridge designs proved ineffective against road traffic and heavy rains. It became the standard for covered bridges built in central Ohio in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Pegram truss
The Pegram truss is a hybrid between the Warren and Parker trusses where the upper chords are all of equal length and the lower chords are longer than the corresponding upper chord. Because of the difference in upper and lower chord length, each panel is not square. The members which would be vertical in a Parker truss vary from near vertical in the center of the span to diagonal near each end, similar to a Warren truss. George H. Pegram, while the chief engineer of Edge Moor Iron Company in Wilmington, Delaware, patented this truss design in 1885.

The Pegram truss consists of a Parker type design with the vertical posts leaning towards the center at an angle between 60 and 75°. The variable post angle and constant chord length allowed steel in existing bridges to be recycled into a new span using the Pegram truss design. This design also facilitated reassembly and permitted a bridge to be adjusted to fit different span lengths. There are twelve known remaining Pegram span bridges in the United States with seven in Idaho, two in Kansas, and one each in California, Washington, and Utah.

Pennsylvania (Petit) truss
The Pennsylvania (Petit) truss is a variation on the Pratt truss. The Pratt truss includes braced diagonal members in all panels; the Pennsylvania truss adds to this design half-length struts or ties in the top, bottom, or both parts of the panels. It is named after the Pennsylvania Railroad, which pioneered this design. It was once used for hundreds of bridges in the United States, but fell out of favor in the 1930s and very few examples of this design remain. Examples of this truss type include the Lower Trenton Bridge in Trenton, New Jersey, the Fort Wayne Street Bridge in Goshen, Indiana, the Schell Bridge in Northfield, Massachusetts, the Inclined Plane Bridge in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, the Easton–Phillipsburg Toll Bridge in Easton, Pennsylvania, the Connecticut River Bridge in Brattleboro, Vermont, the Metropolis Bridge in Metropolis, Illinois, and the Healdsburg Memorial Bridge in Healdsburg, California.

Post truss
A Post truss is a hybrid between a Warren truss and a double-intersection Pratt truss. Invented in 1863 by Simeon S. Post, it is occasionally referred to as a Post patent truss although he never received a patent for it. The Ponakin Bridge and the Bell Ford Bridge are two examples of this truss.

Pratt truss
A Pratt truss includes vertical members and diagonals that slope down towards the center, the opposite of the Howe truss. The interior diagonals are under tension under balanced loading and vertical elements under compression. If pure tension elements (such as eyebars) are used in the diagonals, then crossing elements may be needed near the center to accept concentrated live loads as they traverse the span. It can be subdivided, creating Y- and K-shaped patterns. The Pratt truss was invented in 1844 by Thomas and Caleb Pratt. This truss is practical for use with spans up to 250 ft and was a common configuration for railroad bridges as truss bridges moved from wood to metal. They are statically determinate bridges, which lend themselves well to long spans. They were common in the United States between 1844 and the early 20th century.

Examples of Pratt truss bridges are the Governor's Bridge in Maryland; the Hayden RR Bridge in Springfield, Oregon, built in 1882; the Dearborn River High Bridge near Augusta, Montana, built in 1897; and the Fair Oaks Bridge in Fair Oaks, California, built 1907–09.

The Scenic Bridge near Tarkio, Montana, is an example of a Pratt deck truss bridge, where the roadway is on top of the truss.

Queenpost truss
The queenpost truss, sometimes called "queen post" or queenspost, is similar to a king post truss in that the outer supports are angled towards the center of the structure. The primary difference is the horizontal extension at the center which relies on beam action to provide mechanical stability. This truss style is only suitable for relatively short spans.

Smith truss
The Smith truss, patented by Robert W Smith on July 16, 1867, has mostly diagonal criss-crossed supports. Smith's company used many variations of this pattern in the wooden covered bridges it built.

While most all of the bridges built in the 19th century in the Jackson County, Ohio, area used the Smith truss design, the Johnson Road Covered Bridge is the last known surviving example in the state.

Thacher truss
The Thacher truss combines some of the characteristics of a Pratt truss with diagonals under tension and of a Howe truss with diagonals under compression, which is rare.

Truss arch
A truss arch may contain all horizontal forces within the arch itself, or alternatively may be either a thrust arch consisting of a truss, or of two arcuate sections pinned at the apex. The latter form is common when the bridge is constructed as cantilever segments from each side as in the Navajo Bridge.

Vierendeel truss
The Vierendeel truss, unlike common pin-jointed trusses, imposes significant bending forces upon its members—but this in turn allows the elimination of many diagonal elements. It is a structure where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular openings, and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending moments. While rare as a bridge type due to higher costs compared to a triangulated truss, it is commonly employed in modern building construction as it allows the resolution of gross shear forces against the frame elements while retaining rectangular openings between columns. This is advantageous both in allowing flexibility in the use of the building space and freedom in selection of the building's outer curtain wall, which affects both interior and exterior styling aspects.

Waddell truss

Patented 1894 ; its simplicity eases erection at the site. It was intended to be used as a railroad bridge.

One example was the Waddell "A" Truss Bridge in Parkville, Missouri.

Warren truss
The Warren truss was patented in 1848 by James Warren and Willoughby Theobald Monzani, and consists of longitudinal members joined only by angled cross-members, forming alternately inverted equilateral triangle-shaped spaces along its length, ensuring that no individual strut, beam, or tie is subject to bending or torsional straining forces, but only to tension or compression. Loads on the diagonals alternate between compression and tension approaching the center, with no vertical elements, while elements near the center must support both tension and compression in response to live loads. This configuration combines strength with economy of materials and can therefore be relatively light. The girders being of equal length, it is ideal for use in prefabricated modular bridges. It is an improvement over the Neville truss which uses a spacing configuration of isosceles triangles.

Whipple truss
A Whipple truss, named after its inventor Squire Whipple, is usually considered a subclass of the Pratt truss because the diagonal members are designed to work in tension. The main characteristic of a Whipple truss is that the tension members are elongated, usually thin, and at a shallow angle, and cross two or more bays (rectangular sections defined by the vertical members).

Wichert truss
The Wichert truss is a modified type of continuous truss which is statically determinate and helps avoid some of the other shortcomings of continuous trusses. It was patented in 1930 by Pittsburgh-based civil engineer Edward Martin Wichert (1883–1955).

The defining feature of this truss type is a hinged kite-shaped section above each intermediate support. Only about ten Wichert truss bridges were ever built, mostly in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Of these, one of the best known is the Homestead Grays Bridge in Pittsburgh.

Truss bridge video
Driving across a truss bridge: The video shows the roadway perspective of a through truss bridge over the Willamette River in Harrisburg, Oregon. The bridge features three simply supported Parker Truss spans.

title: Truss bridge


text:
Lianxi, Jiujiang

Lianxi is a district in Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China. It was formerly named Lushan District, taking its name from Mount Lu, which was located inside its boundaries. In April 2016, jurisdiction for Mount Lu and Guling town was transferred to the newly renamed County-level Lushan City (formerly Xingzi County), and Lushan District was renamed as Lianxi.

Administrative divisions
Lianxi District has 3 subdistricts, 5 towns and 2 township.
 * 3 subdistricts
 * Shili (十里街道)
 * Wuli (五里街道)
 * Qilihu (七里湖街道)

 * 5 towns
 * 2 township
 * Yujiahe (虞家河乡)
 * Gaolong (高垅乡)

title: Lianxi, Jiujiang