text:
User talk:Isidore

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title: User talk:Isidore


text:
Talk:Korean Peninsula

Hanja for peninsula
from google, korean language pages, -wikipedia:
 * 한반도 returns 8.29 million korean language results
 * 韓半島 returns 9,830 korean language results, many of them actually chinese or japanese language pages
 * 조선반도 returns 136,000 korean language results
 * 朝鮮半島 returns 708 korean language results, most of them actually chinese or japanese language pages

Obviously, the chinese characters are not generally used by either north or south koreans. Appleby 18:52, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * You know nothing but referring to Google? South Korea still uses Hanja. Even the country's name is written in Hanja. It's traditional but not extinct.--77.1.173.70 (talk) 23:18, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment China uses "朝鲜半岛" to describe the Korean Peninsula. It is the most dominant Hanzi/Hanja translation of this geographical feature on the Internet. 120.16.231.111 (talk) 07:31, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

Korean language map
I do not think it is appropriate to use a Korean-language map that also has the Sea of Japan as "East Sea (Sea of Japan)". That is a Korean bias. In the English language, Sea of Japan is currently used more frequently and prominently than East Sea.

I am sure that there is another map that can be used in its place.--Sir Edgar (talk) 13:34, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move. There are some valid points about redundancy and scope, but that's something to be settled outside of the RM. Cúchullain t/ c 17:11, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Korean Peninsula → Geography of Korea – This article seams to be about the Geography of Korea, and not the Korean Peninsula in general (the article about the Peninsula in general is Korea). As demonstrated by Geography of North America and North America we do have separate articles about geographic regions and the geography of geographic regions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk • contribs) 07:16, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose Korea is not the article about the Korean Peninsula, it is about the region called Korea. Since Goguryeo occupied territory north of the Peninsula proper, and the article on Korea covers it, it does not represent the peninsula, but rather the cultural region. As this article and that article are not geographically equivalent, you can't have a "geography of X" for a region not coterminous with the "X" article. -- 70.24.250.26 (talk) 12:46, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
 * This article is de-facto about the Geography of Korea (with the partial exception of the lead section). If the peninsula is a separate enough topic to warrant it's own article, this article ought to be moved to free up the title for an article about the peninsula.
 * Also according to this article the Korean Peninsula and modern day Korea are coterminous. From this article: "The northern boundaries for the Korean Peninsula are commonly (and tacitly) taken to coincide with today's political borders between North Korea and her northern neighbors" Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 19:01, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The article on Korea is not restricted to the modern day, and Wikipedia is not limited to the modern day either. -- 70.24.250.26 (talk) 05:08, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * "Geography of Korea" however would be limited to covering the land that makes up modern day Korea. It's wouldn't cover the geography of the Non-Peninsula parts of Goguryeo. Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 22:23, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The article on Korea is not restricted to the modern day, and Wikipedia is not limited to the modern day either. Therefore the potential "Geography of Korea" would not be restricted to the modern Korea either, since it would have a historical section on former areas of Korea. -- 70.24.250.26 (talk) 08:46, 24 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Geography of Mexico doesn't cover the geography of the South-Western United States, which used to be part of Mexico. Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 08:56, 24 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Mexico is a country, Korea is not, it is a cultural zone. Further the Korean Peninsula is a specific geographic feature, not a country either. The Isthmus of Panama is not the country of Panama, nor a cultural region. Tibetan Plateau is not Tibet, nor Geography of Tibet. -- 70.24.250.26 (talk) 04:29, 25 November 2012 (UTC)
 * That Mexico is a country is irreverent to my point, Geography of Korea would not cover Non-Peninsulr Goguryeo just as Geography of Mexico does not cover the South-Western United States. Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 22:04, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

History of Panama. History of Panama covers both the country and the Isthmus, it's not two sepreate articles.
 * There is no "Korean cultural region" that exists north of DPRK-land, although there is a diasporic legacy of Koreans that were sent out by Imperial Japan to spy on the Soviet Union and to colonize occupied northeast China based on a genocidal Lebensraum-type policy that considered the area an "empty land" to colonize with Koreans while killing millions of indigenous Chinese. It's also really nonsensical to say Gaogouli "ruled territory north of the Peninsula", as if its Chinese territories were a colony, when it fact Gaogouli was based in that area and the Korean peninsula was the periphery. That's like saying Korea "ruled the Japanese archipelago" during the imperial period. In any case, while the Soviets had the sense not to create any "autonomous region" that would give Koreans a false sense of indigeneity, neither the Chinese themselves nor outside observers call those Chinese territories with large numbers of Korean immigrants and North Korean refugees any part of "Korea". So the issue of a "Greater Korea" beyond unification of ROK and DPRK is a non-issue. Shrigley (talk) 23:18, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Why are you restricting yourself to the modern day? Since when did Wikipedia only cover the modern day, and jettison historical coverage? -- 70.24.250.26 (talk) 05:08, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Also Goguryeo would definitely fall under the scope of the history of the Korean Peninsula, even tough it contained Non-Peninsula land. Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 11:29, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Support. Since the Korean Peninsula and modern Korea are 100% coterminous, this article should be moved to Geography of Korea (or merged with Korea) as this reflects the content of the article.  —  AjaxSmack   04:25, 18 November 2012 (UTC)  Note similar cases (Arabian, Balkan, Indochinese) listed below.  I also support this move because articles largely about the physical geography of a place are usually called "Geography of..."  Also see further discussion below.  —  AjaxSmack   17:07, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose. Because this article is within the scope of physical geography, not of human geography. See also Template:Coastal geography and peninsula. What would be the lead sentences if the article name is moved? I think Geography of North America and North America are continent article and irrelevant to this article. Oda Mari (talk) 08:54, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
 * That's pretty much my point. This article is primarily about the physical geography, not the peninsula in general. Look at the Baja California peninsula article. It's not specifically about the physical geography, it's about the peninsula in general. Geography of North America shows that "Geography of" articles are primarily about the physical geography, tough they do include some human geography information. Here are a few more examples: Geography of Taiwan, Geography of Mexico, Geography of the United States, Geography of Israel. Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 22:19, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't understand. Your examples are "Geography of (country name)". The articles equivalent to your examples are Geography of North Korea and Geography of South Korea. Oda Mari (talk) 18:01, 23 November 2012 (UTC)
 * There are a number of "Geography of" articles that deal with entities that are not countries (or administrative divisions) such as Geography of South India, Geography of Long Island, and Geography of the Interior United States. With these and almost all other articles called "Geography of...", the text is devoted almost exclusively to physical geography.  —  AjaxSmack   01:45, 24 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I still do not understand. Geography of South India falls into a sub-category of Geography of India and it's a local/domestic geography article of the country. Geography of Long Island and Geography of the Interior United States are also local geography articles of the USA. I didn't say articles start with "Geography of" should be continued with a country name. I just pointed out that you used wrong examples.Oda Mari (talk) 07:15, 24 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Nor do I understand what your point is. If I'm right, your original opposition is based on the fact that the current Korean Peninsula article includes only the physical geography and not the human geography of the area.  User:Emmette Hernandez Coleman responded (and I agree) that this focus on physical geography is precisely why the article should be moved.  Articles at Wikipedia titled "Geography of...", whether dealing with supranational, national, or subnational entities are almost always nearly exclusively about physical geography.  If there is wider coverage of other aspects, the preface "Geography of..." is usually dropped.  —  AjaxSmack   17:07, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment. The current setup creates unnecessary duplication, but I'm not sure the best way to fix it. AjaxSmack asserts that "the Korean Peninsula and modern Korea are 100% coterminous", but I think "Korea" is larger. For example, this map of Goryeo does not contain any less peninsular land, but just gobbled up less of northeast China. It's just that today, people use "Korean peninsula" as shorthand for "the territory ruled by DPRK and the territory ruled by ROK". Personally, I would like to see the article "Korea" - a nationalist fiction - not exist, and perhaps be a disambiguation page to "Korean peninsula", "Korean unification", "Japanese Joseon", etc. Shrigley (talk) 23:18, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
 * By the destination given on this article "The northern boundaries for the Korean Peninsula are commonly (and tacitly) taken to coincide with today's political borders between North Korea and her northern neighbors" Goryeo contains less peninsular land. That sentence, the map, and the figures that this article uses would seam to indicate that it's definition of Korean Peninsula is 100% coterminous with modern Korea. Your entitled to your opinion of where the peninsula's boundaries are, but it's just your opinion. Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 22:23, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * But even by even by your definition the differences between the Peninsula and modern Korea probably wouldn't be enough to warrant separate "Geography of Korea" and "Geography of the Korean Peninsula" articles. Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 22:31, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Note other cases of peninsulas with more than one constituent state. Wikipedia usually does not host two main articles (Arabia/Arabian Peninsula; Indochina/Indochinese Peninsula) if the two terms are largely coterminous (and sometimes even if not as with Balkans/Balkan Peninsula), correctly seeing such a division as a content fork.  Since others have opposed merging Korean Peninsula with Korea in the past, the nominator's solution of making this article a subarticle of Korea (like History of Korea) makes the most sense to avoid duplication.  —  AjaxSmack   17:07, 24 November 2012 (UTC)
 * That makes little sense, since Wikipedia is WP:NOTPAPER. We can cover distinct geography regions under their geographic names, with proper geologicial and geographical information, and their geologic history and tectonic development. As most geographic/geologic regions are different from ethnological/ethnohistorical or political divisions, they should be covered in articles concerned with their topics. We have many articles on geologic provinces that are not at all concerned with the ethnological or political divisions of the region. If the topic is notable, why shouldn't it receive a specialized article, should sufficient information be available? Conflating geo- regions with ethno- and politico- regions would not delineate clearly what each are. -- 70.24.250.26 (talk) 04:42, 25 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. And, as I and others have noted, Geography of Korea is the best title to describe the current article's contents.  —  AjaxSmack   06:33, 25 November 2012 (UTC)
 * That conflates the geographic region "Korean Peninsula" with the cultural/political region "Korea", which although currently very similar in extent (minus several islands the Koreas argue about with their neighbours, etc), is not historically the same. -- 70.24.250.26 (talk) 06:19, 26 November 2012 (UTC)
 * This article itself "conflates" the geographic region with the modern-day cultural/political region. It's map and figures and primary destination show the Peninsula as being the same as modern-day Koreaa. It's not worth having two separate "Geography of Korea" and "Geography of the Korean Peninsula" articles. Historically is irreverent here because the geography because would only cover the Geography of modern-day Korea, which aside from a few islands is the same as the Korean Peninsula. Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 22:04, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Merge
I have stumbled on the Korea article and couldn't pass the notion that it describes exactly the same as Korean Peninsula, though utilizing a very awkward template of "Geopolitical organization" (there is no organization including South and North Korea to date). Since the articles are essentially the same describing the geography region, naturally i propose to merge.GreyShark (dibra) 11:20, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment - In case some editors think Korea article should refer to the "hypothetical future unified Korea" state, then this is a violation of WP:CRYSTAL BALL policy and is not currently the main topic.GreyShark (dibra) 11:23, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose merge Good faith proposal, but I have a few reasons for disagreeing that this would be a beneficial move. This proposal is to move "Korea" into "Korean Peninsula" whereas the other way around would make more sense, but I'm not sure about that either. Korea goes far more in detail regarding the history and culture of the region, whereas Korean Peninsula is primarily focused on the geographic features, meaning Korea is more focused on the human, societal, or political aspects. I wouldn't merge the two; I would instead keep Korean Peninsula focused primarily on the peninsula itself. I wouldn't see any benefit, but I also don't see any common practices that would dictate we change this article's name to be like the rest of them; Crimea is just Crimea and not "Crimean Peninsula" despite being about the peninsula itself, but Kamchatka Peninsula uses the word Peninsula rather than just "Kamchatka." Based on that, it seems that more well-known or geopolitically significant peninsulas have an article with simply their name, as it is the WP:COMMONNAME, so a Korea->Korean Peninsula merge should definitely be off the table. Additionally, if we are to merge Korean Peninsula and any other article, I'd suggest Geography of Korea, but that's a different discussion for a different time. Cheers! Brendon the Wizard  ✉ ✨ 22:22, 15 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not all of Korea is on the Korean Peninsula. Specifically, Jeju and the other islands. – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 09:57, 19 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose see List of islands of Korea, the Korean Peninsula is a geographical feature, as are Jeju, Dokdo, etc, that are part of Korea. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 03:54, 20 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. A region is a concept created by humans but a peninsula is natural therefore they are different. ImprovedWikiImprovment (talk) 21:03, 21 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose Clearly Korean Peninsula is a geographic concept while Korea is a political-ethnic-cultural concept which are fundamentally different. --123.161.170.169 (talk) 01:39, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

Natural
This page barely talks about the natural features of the Korean Peninsula, despite the fact that is the purpose of this article.  ImprovedWikiImprovment    ( disputationem ) 12:17, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

Japan Sea, Yellow Sea vs. Korea-centric namings
WP:BRD discussion. I have restored my edit focusing on the more widely-known names. If you disagree, please discuss if you disagree. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 12:03, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

Restoration
I reckon that this article should be restored. 120.16.231.111 (talk) 07:26, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Korean Peninsula


text:
List of storms named Charley

The name Charley or Charlie has been used for eight tropical cyclones and one subtropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean, and for one tropical cyclone in the Australian region of the South Pacific Ocean.

In the Atlantic:
 * Hurricane Charlie (1950), Category 2 hurricane that did not affect land
 * Hurricane Charlie (1951), Category 4 hurricane that struck Jamaica, the Yucatán Peninsula, and northeastern Mexico.
 * Hurricane Charlie (1952), struck the Dominican Republic as a tropical storm before strengthening to a Category 3 hurricane and moving out to sea
 * Subtropical Storm Charlie (1972), remained over the open ocean
 * Hurricane Charley (1980), Category 1 hurricane that looped across the open ocean
 * Hurricane Charley (1986), Category 1 hurricane that made landfall along the North Carolina coast, then moved out over the ocean, going on to hit Ireland and Great Britain as a strong extratropical storm
 * Hurricane Charley (1992), Category 2 hurricane, affected the Azores
 * Tropical Storm Charley (1998), made landfall near Port Aransas, Texas, causing significant flood damage to inland areas and killing 13 people
 * Hurricane Charley (2004), Category 4 storm that struck Cuba and Florida, causing 10 deaths and $16.9 billion in damage, mostly in Southwest Florida

The name Charley was retired after the 2004 hurricane season. It was replaced by Colin in the 2010 season.

In the Australian region:
 * Cyclone Charlie (1988), struck Ayr, Queensland, killing one person and leaving $2,300,000 (1988 USD) in damage

title: List of storms named Charley


text:
Talk:Administrative divisions of South Korea

When did this system come into use? Is it post-Liberation or traditional? Nik42 09:14, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Jachido
Since the official web site of Jeju calls itself "Jeju Special Self-Governing Province", is it not better that all instances of teukbyeol jachido be translated into similar terminology? -- 129.78.64.106 13:45, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

"Special City" or "Metropolitan Government"
I searched the official English name of 서울특별시 (literally, "Special City of the Capital" or "Seoul Special City") in 영문표기사전 (an internet dictionary to search official English names of organizations affiliated under the South Korean Goverment) administered by the Seoul City Hall. "Seoul Special City" does not exist in the DB but Seoul Metropolitan Government does (the captured image). Examples are below.

 * 1) ^ It is the serial number output when searching "서울특별시" in the website.

The official English website of the Seoul City Hall are also using the name "Seoul Metropolitan Government" not "Seoul Special City".

I suggest to change the word "Special City" to "Metropolitan Government" in all the Seoul related-articles and templates in English Wikipedia. The English name "Special City" is not official but just the "literal meaning" of the official Korean name "특별시 (teukbyeolsi)". ―  韓斌 / Yes0song  ( 談笑  筆跡   다지모 ) 15:10, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmm...but does Seoul Metropolitan Government describe the city, or does it describe the government of the city? The information in the table above describes departments and offices of the local government. Surely Seoul Metropolitan Government is not the appropriate moniker for Seoul? 'Seoul Special City' is a direct translation and is awkward. Why not just use 'Seoul'? Mumun 無文 17:11, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, b/c I searched "Seoul Special City" but nothing comes up. But word "Seoul" itself brings up many relevant results. "Seoul" is fine. (Wikimachine 03:14, 7 August 2007 (UTC))

 * Agreed; "special city" can be reserved for articles such as this one, for which the distinction between 광역시 and 특별시 is relevant. For the record, it is worth noting that the SMG government itself uses the term on such occasions, for example 'It was renamed the "Special City of Seoul" on August 15, 1949, one year after the inauguration of the Republic of Korea Government.'   -- Visviva 03:52, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

"gu"
This is translated both as a ward and a district in the text. Which is it, or are these two different units with the same name? 85.227.226.243 (talk) 15:50, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Requirements for each subdivision
What are the requirements for the following subdivisions in population, area etc.? jlog3000 (talk) 17:50, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Province (Do; 도; 道)
 * Metropolitan City (Gwangyeoksi; 광역시; 廣域市)
 * Special City (Teukbyeolsi; 특별시; 特別市)
 * City (Si; 시; 市)
 * County (Gun; 군; 郡)
 * District or Ward (Gu; 구; 區)
 * Town (Eup; 읍; 邑)
 * Township (Myeon; 면; 面)
 * Neighborhood (Dong; 동; 洞)
 * Village (Ri; 리; 里)

Jeollabuk, etc.
I have never heard of anyone calling 전라북도 "Jeollabuk" in English. It is either Jeollabuk-do or North Jeolla. What is the point of this "Jeollabuk" here? As well as Chungcheongbuk, Jeollanam, etc.? Ri hwa won (talk) 12:18, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Map problem
Daejeon is listed twice on the map. Gwangju is supposed to be on the map but is labeled as Daejeon. CalBears99 (talk) 19:51, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

I reopened the discussion of "Special City"
Pleas read Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Korea and discuss this. ― Yes0song 10:09, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:51, 5 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Symbol of Gyeonggi.svg


text:
Farfisa

Farfisa (Fabbriche Riunite di Fisarmoniche) is a manufacturer of electronics based in Osimo, Italy, founded in 1946. The company manufactured a series of compact electronic organs in the 1960s and 1970s, including the Compact, FAST, Professional and VIP ranges, and later, a series of other keyboard instruments. They were used by a number of popular musicians including Sam the Sham, Country Joe and the Fish, Pink Floyd, Sly Stone, Blondie, and the B-52s.

The company was formed after three Italian accordion manufacturers combined to form a single company. They began to produce electronic instruments in the late 1950s, and combo organs were introduced in response to similar instruments such as the Vox Continental. The relatively inexpensive Italian labour allowed Farfisa to sell their products cheaper than the competition, which led to their commercial success. Popular models included the Compact series introduced in 1964, the Professional in 1967, the FAST in 1968 and the VIP in 1970. The success of Farfisa organs declined with the increased popularity of the Hammond organ in rock groups during the 1970s, and in response the company produced models that could emulate a Hammond, and introduced electronic pianos and synthesisers. The Farfisa brand name saw a brief revival in the late 1970s as part of the new wave movement, and the final models were produced in the early 1980s. The company has survived, and Farfisa is now a consumer electronics manufacturer.

History
The background to Farfisa was the popularity of the accordion in early 20th century Italy. Silvio Scandalli started making these instruments by hand, commuting to Castelfidardo, Ancona daily. He was hoping to work for Paolo Soprani, who established the country's first accordion factory. He founded the Scandalli Brothers, who grew to employ from 400–700 people in their accordion factories. Farfisa was established in 1946 following the mergers of Settimo Soprani, Scandalli and Frontalini, whose businesses had suffered during World War II. The company was officially named Fabbriche Riunite Fisarmoniche Italiane S.p.A (United Italian Accordion Factories), and production continued in Castelfidardo. It quickly became the world's largest supplier of accordions, making up to 180 instruments a day with over 1,600 employees. The International Accordion Museum now occupies the site of the original factory.

During the 1950s, Farfisa began to diversify its range of instruments after sales of accordions began to decline, including radios, televisions and musical instruments. The Microrgan, a portable reed organ, was released in 1958; it used an electric fan to blow air across the reeds. Two years later, the company developed the Cordovox accordion with Lowrey, which combined accordion reeds with electronically generated sounds.

Following the introduction of the Vox Continental combo organ in 1962, Farfisa decided to quickly build a competing instrument using the technical expertise they had gained from working with Lowrey. The first model, the Combo Compact, was introduced in 1964. Production was moved to a factory in Aspio Terme. The relatively cheap labour in Italy, compared to the UK and US meant that Farfisa were able to produce a greater quantity of combo organs at a cheaper cost, and consequently, they were picked up by many amateur and semi-professional groups. For example, the list price of a Farfisa Mini Compact in 1966 was $495, compared to $995 of the Vox Continental a year before. Distribution in the U.S. was handled by the Chicago Musical Instruments Company, which also owned Gibson, and the instruments were originally known as CMI organs when introduced there. This design was copied for later combo organs such as the Gibson G-101. The organs also had a flip-down modesty panel displaying the brand name.

The line of FAST (Farfisa All-Silicon Transistorized) organs was launched at the 1968 NAMM Convention. These superseded the earlier germanium transistors used in the Compact models, and were styled like the Vox Continental, including chrome stands. The Professional series appeared around the same time, which included more features than earlier models. The VIP models were introduced in 1970, and included a foot-operated pitch bend. At the height of its production, Farfisa operated three factories to produce instruments in Camerano in the Marche region of Italy.

By the late 1960s, major groups had moved on from combo organs and started to prefer the sound of a Hammond organ with an overdriven Leslie speaker, which were used by contemporary groups such as Yes, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Deep Purple and Uriah Heep. In response, Farfisa advertised that its latest organs at that point could emulate a Hammond and had a full set of drawbars. The American conglomerate Lear Siegler became a major controlling interest in 1968. Production of combo organs began to be phased out in the late 1970s after synthesizers had become more commonplace, with the last unit being produced in 1982. The company faced increased competition from Japanese companies, and struggled to handle the departure of the Scandalli family from the company. However, Farfisa has survived into the 21st century, and the brand mainly produces intercom systems with the company ACI Farfisa which makes and distributes systems for video intercoms, access control, video surveillance, and home automation. The Bontempi group owns the rights for Farfisa keyboards.

Compact Series (1964–1968)
The Compact series contains four models – Combo Compact, Mini Compact, Compact Deluxe and Compact Duo. They have 12 tone generator boards; one for each note of the scale, and use a frequency divider to generate the remaining notes. Unlike later organs, the Compact series is not fully transistorised, and includes high-voltage tube circuitry for the reverb unit. On most single-manual models the tone controls and a bass section volume are located on an indented panel on the rear of the instrument. Underneath the keyboards, there is a knee-high lever that can be actuated for tone boost, turned on by rocker levers on the console. The series features a photoresistor-driven swell pedal, instead of the later and more common potentiometer. There are two jack outputs, the second of which is optional and can be used to send the bass through a different amplifier. There is also a headphone output jack, but it designed for now-obsolete 2000 ohm-impedance headphones. Though advertised as a "transistorised" model, the spring reverb tank is valve-driven. An optional 13-note bass pedalboard can be added to all models except the Mini-Compact. Unlike other combo organs like the Vox Continental, Farfisa Compact organs have integrated legs, which can be folded up and stored inside its base.

The Combo Compact has a five-octave keyboard, one of which of bass with inverse key colors, 16' bass and strings, 8' flute, oboe, trumpet and strings, 4' flute, piccolo and strings, four vibrato settings, three choices of reverb and three bass volume switches. It has a built-in spring reverb system.

The Mini Compact is the smallest of the Compact Series, and was introduced in 1966. It has only four octaves, with no bass on the early models. The later version has a selector switch to choose bass or high sound in the lowest octave; these models have grey naturals with white sharps in the bass octave. Some of these extended bass models have only three voices (sounds), while the later models had six voices. Early compact models including the Mini Compact and Mini Deluxe Compact have three tone switches – dolce, principale and strings, in 16', 8' and 4' footages. Later models include 16' bass, 8' flute, oboe, strings and 4' flute and strings. The first models have removable legs which could be stored inside the bottom cover, as opposed to later models that have folding or pivoting non-removable ones.

The Compact Duo was introduced in 1966. It weighs 90 lb and supports 49-key manuals. It features a four-octave upper keyboard with 9 selectors: 16' Bass, Strings; 8' Flute, Oboe, Trumpet, Strings; 4' Flute, Strings; 2-2/3' (Flute) and Brilliance, and a four-octave lower keyboard with three selectors: Dolce, Principale and Ottava. There are two inferior octaves on the left-hand side of the lower keyboard; one octave is switch-controllable for choice of a bass or acute sound. The instrument has four vibrato and three reverb settings. Later models also incorporate tremolo, percussion and repeat functions for both the upper and lower treble manuals independently. Unlike other Compact series organs, the Compact Duo models require a separate power supply/solid-state preamp/real spring reverb unit (called the Farfisa F/AR), to which the organ connects via a multi-lead cable. Alternatively, it can be powered by a separate Farfisa TR/60 amplifier.

Farfisa updated the Compact range through the 1960s, adding new features, but without changing the general model name. Later Compact models, such as the Combo Compact I introduced in 1968, include two inferior octaves (one black/white, one grey/white) on the left hand side of the keyboard. One set of octaves is switch-controllable for choice of a bass or acute sound with bass note sustain and controllable bass percussion. The volume balance between bass and treble is adjustable. The Compact Deluxe features similar controls to the Compact I, with additional voices such as the 2-2/3' footage with an independent "brilliant" tab. Later models, such as the Combo Deluxe Compact I, also include a rhythm section (drum machine) of brush cymbal and drum. The final Compact models were manufactured in 1969.

The Compact series has caused reliability problems for later collectors. It features germanium transistors which tend to drift in value, and the plastic keys have tended to degrade over time, leaving cracks. Other problems include corroded contacts, leading to non-working switchings, and failing electrolytic capacitors. The design of the instrument makes it difficult to access components and service them.

FAST Series (1968–1971)
The FAST (Farfisa All Silicon Transistor) Series models were first introduced in 1967, to complement the existing Combo series. As the name implies, these use silicon transistors that produced more stable tones than the germanium ones used in the Compact series. The organs are contained in a metal cabinet covered with a skin plate and plastic edges, chrome folding legs, retractable carrying handles, and a removable music rack.

The Fast 2 has a four-octave keyboard (C to C) with a one-octave manual bass on the left. There are four voice stops (flute, clarinet, reed and strings), all at 8', a two-speed vibrato and an optional swell pedal. The Fast 3 features more sounds, including 16' bass and clarinet, 8' oboe and trumpet, and with 8' and 4' flute. The Fast 4 has a larger five-octave keyboard, with an additional light / heavy vibrato option, two mixture stops and five percussion controls. The Fast 5 adds three sustain stops.

Professional Series (1968–1975)
The Professional series were the most sophisticated models made by Farfisa, first announced in August 1968 and designed to compete with the Hammond. Contemporary advertising emphasised that these series of instruments did not sound like other combo organs and could be used for soul and rhythm and blues effectively. The instruments included sustain, eight different footages, a variety of percussion and vibrato options.

The Professional (Model PP/222 and PP/221) contains a single keyboard with grey keys. The vibrato uses a phase shifter circuit that is placed after the main oscillators, as this was the only way to make individual controls for each voice work. The Professional Duo is a double-manual version with bass pedals, a swell pedal and a slalom pedal. There is an optional amplifier and speaker unit, the PAS 55, that can be placed between the organ and pedals, to resemble a spinet organ. The Professional Piano was an electronic piano. There were two different models, whose main difference was the location of the split point between bass and treble.

The VIP-series organs were announced in 1970, which included a "Synthe-Slalom" foot pedal used for pitch bend.

Later models
The Transicord was a transistor electric accordion, and is essentially the circuitry for a Compact-series organ in an accordion-shaped box. There are no reeds; the instrument is purely electronic. It was designed to be used in conjunction with Farfisa's amplifiers, and has a multi-pin cable that connects the controls of the accordion with the controls of the amplifier, or the F/AR Reverb preamp power supply unit.

The Farfisa Matador was introduced in 1972. Unlike earlier instruments, it uses drawbars to select a variable amount of sound, like a Hammond. The lowest 17 keys cover the manual bass section. The Matador-M was compact version that used tabs.

In 1975, Farfisa introduced the Stereo Syntorchestra synthesiser, that combined a polyphonic string ensemble with a monophonic analogue synth. It features a three-octave keyboard, and separate outputs for the monophonic and polyphonic sections. The Soundmaker was Farfisa's next non-organ instrument, with a further development of the synthesizer approach, incorporating an improved string sound and more modifiable monophonic synthesiser sounds. It was mainly sold in continental Europe. This was followed by the Polychrome, built at the end of the 1970s. It was Farfisa's largest and most feature-rich non-organ instrument, as an analog synthesizer featuring vocal, brass, string, and percussion sections, including a built in chorus, phase, modulation and aftertouch.

Among the last combo organs made by Farfisa were the Bravo and Commander, released in 1980. The Commander reprised part of the design of the VIP 205 in updated form, while the lightweight and simple Bravo's sound was a move to compete with emerging portable keyboards and synthesisers.

1960s
One of the first rock organists to play and spotlight the Farfisa was Domingo Samudio, known as "Sam the Sham", who played a Combo Compact with his group The Pharaohs, who had their first hit "Wooly Bully" in 1965. In 1967, it was the main instrument in the Strawberry Alarm Clock's hit "Incense and Peppermints". Other groups using Farfisas around this time included The Blues Magoos, The Blues Project and Country Joe and the Fish. Some sources suggest The Doors' Ray Manzarek upgraded from a Vox Continental to a Farfisa, but he actually used a Gibson G-101. Spooner Oldham, the house organist of Alabama recording studio Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, can be heard playing the Farfisa on numerous southern soul recordings from the 1960s, including "When a Man Loves a Woman" by Percy Sledge.

Richard Wright's use of the Farfisa was integral to Pink Floyd's early sound, and was his main instrument on the albums from The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967) to Ummagumma (1969), as well as live performances, such as on "Careful with That Axe, Eugene". Wright started with a Combo Compact, before progressing to a Compact Duo. By 1970, he had started to use a Hammond onstage and alternated between that and the Farfisa, depending on the song. The Farfisa was last used on The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), but Wright reintroduced it to his keyboard setup on David Gilmour's 2006 tour, featured on the Pink Floyd song "Echoes". Hugh Banton from Van der Graaf Generator originally used the Farfisa Compact Duo, before switching to a Professional after the band's gear was stolen. He applied his knowledge of electronics and contacts as a former BBC engineer to customise it with a variety of additional effects pedals, including distortion and phasing. He later started using a Hammond organ as an additional instrument. The Professional was retired after the group's 1972 split.

The Grateful Dead's Ron "Pigpen" McKernan's first keyboard with the group was a Farfisa Compact, before switching to a Vox and then a Hammond. Sly Stone from Sly and the Family Stone played a Farfisa Professional, as seen at their 1969 Woodstock Festival performance. Composer Philip Glass began using Farfisa organs with his ensemble in the late 1960s. A Mini-Compact was played by him and Michael Riesman on some of Glass' early recordings, including Einstein on the Beach; Glass is still in possession of his original Farfisa as of 2018. Steve Reich featured four Farfisa organs in his piece Four Organs.

1970s

Elton John used the Farfisa on several early recordings, including the 1972 hit "Crocodile Rock". He called the Farfisa "the worst organ sound possible" and used it in order to sound like Johnny and the Hurricanes. John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin used a Farfisa on "Dancing Days" from Houses of the Holy.

Mike Oldfield's album Tubular Bells (1973) features a Farfisa organ as one of the instruments. Can's Irmin Schmidt regularly used the Professional and Professional Piano. The Syntorchestra was used by Klaus Schulze on several albums, including Moondawn. Manuel Göttsching played the instrument on New Age of Earth.

After the introduction of synthesizers, Farfisa combo organs became less popular, but were revived in the late 1970s by several punk rock and new wave bands (especially those influenced by 1960s garage rock and psychedelia). Blondie's Jimmy Destri used the Farfisa as his main instrument, and included stage tricks such as playing it with a hammer. Other groups from this period using Farfisas included The B-52's and Talking Heads. Numerous songs by the Industrial group Cabaret Voltaire use Farfisa drum machines and organs.

Later recordings
Inspiral Carpets' Clint Boon's main instrument was a Farfisa Compact Duo. The Post-rock group Stereolab used various Farfisa organs extensively throughout their career, beginning with a Bravo model they found cheaply in a second-hand store.

Green Day used a Farfisa organ on the song "Misery" from the album Warning, played by their bassist Mike Dirnt.

Emulations
The sound of a Farfisa has been hard to accurately synthesise. In 2016, Arturia released a Farfisa V audio plugin that can be played using a MIDI keyboard or controller. It emulates the Combo Compact and the Compact Duo, along with a number of effects boxes and amplifier simulations. The Nord Stage includes a Farfisa emulation.

title: Farfisa


text:
Talk:Administrative divisions of North Korea

Requirements for each subdivision
What are the requirements for the following subdivisions in population, area etc.? jlog3000 (talk) 17:45, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Province (Do; 도, 道)
 * Direct-Governed City (Chikhalsi; 직할시, 直轄市)
 * County (Kun; 군, 郡)
 * City (Si; 시, 市)
 * District (Ku, Chigu)
 * Ward (Kuyŏk)
 * Town (Ŭp)
 * Neighborhood (Dong)
 * Village (Ri)
 * Worker's District (Rodongjagu)

Divisions of Special Level Cities
The page says that there are no known second and third level subdivisions of province-level special cities, but you go to the pages of places like Rason and Nampo, and they clearly show at least second-level subdivisions. Does someone want to clarify this? --Criticalthinker (talk) 09:28, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

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Talk:Jeju City

Collaboration
This article is the August 2005 Collaboration of the Month for the South Korean counties and cities WikiProject. Let's make it shine! -- Visviva 11:38, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Pre-massacre history
It would be nice if somebody who writes better English than I do could express clearly that Jeju has been around (as a town?) way before 1955; it merely was not a city in the administrative sense. Until recently, the wording was a bit misleading. There is a jpeg map of a 19th century (?) English language map somewhere showing the town/city/whatever "Cheju" on the island of Quelpart. Unfortunately, I don't know how old the city actually is and where the island's centre was in Tamna and Mongol times. – 213.7.124.30 19:34, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

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Name
Shouldn't this be under Jeju (city)? Is "-si" an official part of the name? For most Korean cities, this is not the case. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:32, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Jeju-si is the official name -- but the suffix -si is part of all city-level administrative unit names throughout Korea. However, Jeju-do is the name of the province (suffix -do, including a hyphen as per all provincial names, not to be confused with Jejudo in which the "do" means island). This is like differences between New York (the American state) and New York City or between Oklahoma and Oklahoma City, which are spelled to include "City." Although New York City is often referred to as, simply, "New York," it's not the case for Oklahoma City. In English for "Ciudad de Mexico" it's Mexico City, and within Mexicans people usually referred to it as, simply, Mexico.
 * In English, within Korea Jeju-si is referred to as Jeju City, and on English maps of Jeju Island it is Jeju City probably because the island will be labeled Jeju Island or Jeju Province, or, often, just "Jeju." Locals use "Jeju-si" in Korean.
 * Although among all Korean cities (-si), this is only one that carries the same name of its province (-do). Anyway, it really should remain as "Jeju City" if for no other reason (all foreign parallel examples notwithstanding) that it is, one, what people say and, two, what is marked on maps. Eugene Craig Campbell (talk) 11:44, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jeju City


text:
Alexi Lalas

Panayotis Alexander Lalas (Αλέξης Λάλας; born June 1, 1970) is an American former soccer player who played mostly as a defender. Lalas is best known for his participation with the United States men's national soccer team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, where his appearance made him a standout player on the team with his distinctive long beard and hair. After the World Cup, Lalas went on to become the first American in Italy's Serie A as a member of Calcio Padova.

Lalas would later return to the United States in 1996 to take part in the newly formed Major League Soccer, as a member of New England Revolution. Lalas also played with Club Sport Emelec of Ecuador, and the MLS squads MetroStars and Kansas City Wizards, but his most successful period was with Los Angeles Galaxy, with whom he won the CONCACAF Champions' Cup, Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup and MLS Cup before retiring in 2003. Lalas' playing style was characterized by physicality and endurance.

Following his playing career, Lalas served as general manager of the San Jose Earthquakes, New York Red Bulls, and Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer. He was elected to the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 2006. He currently works as an analyst for Fox Sports. He also was a reporter at the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.

Early life
Lalas was born in Birmingham, Michigan, United States, to a Greek father, Demetrios Lalas and an American mother, Anne Harding Woodworth. His father was a professor who later became the director of Greece's national observatory, while his mother is a widely published poet. His younger brother, Greg Lalas, is a former professional soccer player and currently the Chief Marketing Officer at United Soccer League.

High school
Lalas attended Cranbrook Kingswood School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Even though he did not begin playing soccer until he was eleven, he had developed his skills enough to be named the 1987 Michigan High School Player of the Year by his senior year. In addition to playing soccer, he was a member and captain of his high school hockey team, which won the state championship. Lalas was rated for the Ontario Hockey League Midget draft in 1987, but was ultimately not selected.

College
Lalas attended Rutgers University, where after trying out and playing some spring matches and an indoor tournament in 1988, he played on the men's soccer team from 1988 to 1991. During his four seasons at Rutgers with the Scarlet Knights he reached the NCAA Final Four in 1989 and the National Championship Game in 1990. Lalas was named a third-team All-American in 1989 and 1990. In 1991, he gained first-team All-American recognition and was selected for both the Hermann Trophy and the Missouri Athletic Club Player of the Year award. As he did in high school, Lalas also played hockey in college, leading the team in scoring in 1989.

Lalas left Rutgers in 1991 to focus on the U.S. national team despite being interested in finishing his degree. He resumed his education in 2013, when Rutgers began offering enough online classes to fulfill what Lalas required to graduate. Lalas took 12 classes and 36 credits over 10 months to finish what he jokingly called "a 26-year plan", earning a bachelor's degree in English with a minor in music in May 2014.

After college and the 1992 Summer Olympics, Lalas trained with former Arsenal player Bob McNab in California. This led to a trial with Arsenal during the winter of 1992. It was quickly determined that Lalas did not have the quality for a first-team spot. As a result, Lalas only had a few training sessions with the reserve team before being cut shortly after his arrival in North London. Lalas then returned home to Detroit and spent a month reluctant about his future in soccer before coach Bora Milutinovic invited him for the United States tryouts in Mission Viejo, California.

Padova
After the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Lalas signed with Italian Serie A club Padova. While Lalas anchored the team's defense and scored three goals off set pieces (including against A.C. Milan and Internazionale), Padova finished the 1994–95 season 14th in the table. Only after winning a relegation play-off on June 10, 1995, did the team ensure its survival in the top ranks for the next season. On June 25, 1995, Major League Soccer (MLS) signed Lalas to play for one of the new league's teams. While MLS had intended to begin playing in 1995, it had run into difficulties and so delayed the first season until 1996. In order to allow Lalas to maintain his match fitness, MLS loaned him back to Padova for the 1995–96 season. Lalas last played for Padova in a home game against Lazio on February 25, 1996.

Major League Soccer
Before the inaugural Major League Soccer (MLS) draft in February 1996, the league allocated high-profile players throughout the league's ten teams (except for the Dallas Burn, which alone amongst all MLS sides never received a U.S. national team allocation from the 1994 World Cup era). As part of this process, MLS placed Lalas with the New England Revolution. Lalas was a regular on the Revs backline during the 1996 and 1997 seasons. In November 1997, the Revolution loaned Lalas to Ecuadorian First Division Club Emelec for a month. He returned to New England at the end of December only to find himself traded to the MetroStars on February 4, 1998. He spent the 1998 season with the MetroStars before being traded, along with Tony Meola, to the Kansas City Wizards for Mark Chung and Mike Ammann on January 28, 1999. Lalas spent one season with the Wizards before announcing his retirement on October 10, 1999.

Just over a year later, he returned to playing when he signed with the Los Angeles Galaxy as a discovery player on January 14, 2001. Nearly three years later, he retired again, this time permanently, on January 12, 2004.

International career
Lalas earned 96 caps, scoring nine goals, with the United States national team between 1991 and 1998. His first cap came in a 2–2 tie with Mexico on March 12, 1991, in the 1991 NAFC Championship. He gained his second cap four days later in a 2–0 win over Canada. While he started both games, he did not gain another cap until he came on for Fernando Clavijo in a 2–2 tie with Denmark on January 30, 1993. His next game, a start, came on March 23, 1993, in a 2–2 tie with El Salvador. While he became a fixture on the team through the rest of 1993, he did not cement his position as a starter in the U.S. central defense until the beginning of 1994. He went on to start and play all ninety minutes in the four U.S. games of the 1994 FIFA World Cup and was named an honorable mention All-Star. On June 11, 1995, Lalas flew directly from a relegation playoff game with his club team, Padova, in order to appear in the second half of a 1995 U.S. Cup victory over Nigeria. His contributions to the national team led to his selection as the 1995 U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year. He also scored in a game against Saudi Arabia, in which the United States had their biggest comeback in their history (from 3–0 to 4–3; Lalas scored the first goal for the United States). While Lalas was on the roster for the U.S. at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, he never entered a game. His last cap had come in the final U.S. tuneup for the finals, a May 30, 1998, scoreless tie with Scotland where he was a second-half substitute for Earnie Stewart.

Lalas was part of the United States Olympic soccer team for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Spain. He was also selected as overage player on the United States Olympic soccer team at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Post-playing career
Lalas served as president and general manager of the San Jose Earthquakes during the 2004 and 2005 MLS seasons. He served as a general manager of the MetroStars/New York Red Bulls from 2005 to 2006. Lalas served as President of the LA Galaxy from 2006 to 2008 during which time the club signed David Beckham. Following his time at the Galaxy, Lalas spent six years as a commentator for ESPN before signing a commentary deal with Fox Sports. He also appeared in both FIFA 16 and FIFA 17, by EA Sports, as a legend card having an 86 rated center back card in both iterations of the game. Currently Lalas, alongside pundit David Mosse, hosts the podcast State of the Union, dedicated to discussing American soccer.

Personal life
Lalas speaks Spanish and Italian in addition to his native English and Greek. Lalas is married and has two children.

Lalas is a Republican and endorsed Ron DeSantis in the 2024 United States presidential election.

Lalas is a major fan of the hair metal band Ratt.

Musical career
Lalas has released eight solo albums over the past three decades: Far from Close (1996), Ginger (1998), So It Goes (2010), Infinity Spaces (2014), Shots (2016), Sunshine (2018), Look at You (2019) and Melt Away (2022). With a noted affinity for rock music since college, Lalas played in a band named The Gypsies, opening for Hootie & The Blowfish during a European tour in 1998. The Gypsies were featured in a self-produced, self-distributed album Woodland, released by Lalas during the 1994 World Cup.

International

 * Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lalas goal.

Honors
Los Angeles Galaxy
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2000
 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2001
 * MLS Cup: 2002
 * MLS Supporters' Shield: 2002

Rutgers
 * Hermann Trophy: 1991
 * Missouri Athletic Club Player of the Year: 1991

Individual
 * Honda Player of the Year: 1995
 * U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year: 1995
 * MLS Best XI: 2002
 * MLS All-Star: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999

title: Alexi Lalas


text:
List of governors-general of Italian Libya

This article lists the governors-general of Italian Libya, a colony of the Italian Empire from 1934 to 1943.


text:
User talk:Ekarayev

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Hi Emil

Welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for deciding to contribute.

I would like to point out a few things, based on the article Emil Qarayev. Firstly this is the English Wikipedia, so we only accept articles in the English language. There are other Wikipedias for other languages - go to Main page to get a list of them.

Secondly, authors should not create articles about themselves. I don't know if you are Emil Qarayev, but if you are, you will find this article is going to be deleted. If you want to write about yourself you can do it at User:Ekarayev.

However please do add some more articles, remembering this advice. DJ Clayworth 20:10, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Image copyrights
Thanks for uploading Image:Pablo.JPG. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   — Edwin Stearns | Talk 18:27, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ekarayev


text:
Broughton Gifford

Broughton Gifford is a village and civil parish about 1.5 mi west of Melksham in Wiltshire, England. The parish includes the hamlets of Norrington Common and The Common.

History
Formerly much of Broughton Gifford and the surrounding area was covered with woodland. Much of this was felled during the First and Second World Wars. Villagers long used the common to graze their livestock and grow their crops. Although the common was not included when the rest of the parish's lands were inclosed in 1783, eventually its agricultural uses died out.

Railway
The Wessex Main Line railway was opened across the south-east of the parish in 1848, following the Avon valley. In October 1905 a small station,, was opened for the newly introduced steam railcar service between Chippenham and Trowbridge. The halt was south-east of the village at the Mill Lane bridge, near the road between Melksham and Bradford-on-Avon; it was closed on 7 February 1955 but the line remains open.

Geography
The village has two parts. The lower village has the church, the school and the village hall. There are also two housing estates and some detached houses in this part.

The higher part, The Common, is a large area of open land with houses around it. As at 2008 there were three ponds on the common, inhabited by a paddling of ducks in their breeding season. At one end of the common is the Bell public house, and the football pitch and bowling green.

The River Avon forms a natural boundary to the south and east of the parish.

Local government
The civil parish elects a parish council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for most significant local government functions.

Unusually the parish shares some land in common with the parish of Melksham Without.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St Mary the Virgin, at the south end of the village, is from the 13th century and is a Grade I listed building. Additions in the 14th century included the south chapel, and the tower was added in the 15th. The rectory was built in 1848 to designs of T.H. Wyatt, and the church was lightly restored by G.G. Scott in 1878.

St Mary's is part of the united benefice of St Katherine's at Holt, together with All Saints at Great Chalfield.

Chapels
A Particular Baptist chapel was built in 1806 on the east side of the common, and is still in use.

A Wesleyan Methodist chapel was built in 1828 and replaced by a larger building in 1907. The chapel closed c. 2008 and is now a private home.

Notable buildings
Three houses are Grade II* listed:
 * Gifford Hall, c.1700, The Common
 * Manor House, early 17th century, on the road to The Common
 * Monkton House, 1647, south of the village, by the Avon

In March 2015 Mr Daniel Gerber, of Gifford Hall, obtained a decision in the High Court quashing a planning permission granted by Wiltshire Council for a £10.5 million solar farm erected by Norrington Solar Farm Limited and Terraform Power. This decision was then overturned, allowing the solar farm to remain, some distance to the north of Gifford Hall.

A packhorse bridge dating from 1725 spans the River Avon to the south of Broughton Gifford, providing a route (now a public footpath) to the hamlet of Whaddon.

Amenities
The village has a primary school, St Mary's, a short distance north of the church. Its first building dates from 1856, when it became a National School following the rebuilding of an earlier charity school. The school became Voluntary controlled in 1952 and was remodelled and extended in 1975.

Broughton has two public houses: the Fox and Hounds in the centre of the village, which reopened after refurbishment in October 2022 after being closed for many years, and the Bell On The Common, on the edge of the open area known as the Common. There is also a bowls club which was established in 1961, and a village hall.

Sculptures
Broughton Gifford is home to a war memorial in the form of an obelisk.

title: Broughton Gifford


text:
J. Rendel Harris

James Rendel Harris (27 January 1852 in Plymouth, Devon – 1 March 1941) was an English biblical scholar and curator of manuscripts, who was instrumental in bringing back to light many Syriac Scriptures and other early documents. His contacts at the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt enabled twin sisters Agnes Smith Lewis and Margaret Dunlop Gibson to discover there the Sinaitic Palimpsest, the oldest Syriac New Testament document in existence. He subsequently accompanied them on a second trip, with Robert Bensly and Francis Crawford Burkitt, to decipher the palimpsest. He himself discovered there other manuscripts (073, 0118, 0119, 0137, a Syriac text of the Apology of Aristides etc.,). Harris's Biblical Fragments from Mount Sinai appeared in 1890. He was a Quaker.

Life
Harris was born to a Congregationalist family and grew up as one of eleven children. His father, Henry Marmaduke Harris, was a house decorator. His mother, Elizabeth Corker Harris, ran a shop selling baby clothes. His paternal aunt, Augusta Harris, was the mother of the poet Henry Austin Dobson.

Educated at Plymouth Grammar School and Clare College, Cambridge, he was third Wrangler in the mathematical Tripos of 1874. He was a fellow of Clare College from 1875 to 1878, in 1892, and from 1902 to 1904. In 1880, he married a Quaker from Plymouth, Helen Balkwill, and under her influence and that of the Evangelical Revival of the 1870s, in 1885 he became a member of the Society of Friends. He moved to the United States in 1882 following his wife who was at the time engaged in missionary work, and was appointed professor of New Testament Greek at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, US (1882–85). Harris resigned his post in response to criticism that his attack on the vivisection practiced in the Johns Hopkins laboratories had elicited from his colleagues (Harris was a staunch vegetarian). The couple returned to Britain for a short while, as Harris was soon appointed professor in Biblical Studies at Haverford College, near Philadelphia (1886–91).

In 1888–1889, while on leave from Haverford, he travelled to Palestine and Egypt, purchasing 47 rolls and codices written in Hebrew, Latin, Arabic, Syriac, Armenian and Ethiopic. He said that these texts, which discussed biblical and linguistic topics and some of which were as old as the 13th century, were "all acquired by the lawful, though sometimes tedious, processes of Oriental commerce." During this journey, he also discovered the Syriac version of the Apology of Aristides in the Monastery of Saint Catherine. Upon his return, he donated the manuscripts he had collected to Haverford. They are held by the college library's Quaker Collection.

In 1903 he was appointed the first director of studies at the Society of Friends' new college at Woodbrooke near Birmingham. In accepting the post, he turned down an appointment as a professor of theology at Leiden University. However, students from Leiden attended his courses at Woodbrooke. The university later awarded him a doctorate.

Harris represented two prestigious libraries during his lifetime: Johns Hopkins and John Rylands Library, Manchester, where he became the curator of manuscripts. Most of his publications dealt with biblical and patristic history; he was an extremely prolific writer. He examined the Latin text of the Codex Sangallensis 48.

Included among the topics on which he wrote are: the Apology of Aristides (1891), the Didache, Philo, the Diatessaron, the Christian Apologists, Acts of Perpetua, The Odes and Psalms of Solomon (1909), the Gospel of Peter, and other Western and Syriac texts, and numerous works on biblical manuscripts.

In 1933, a Festschrift was published in his honor, called Amicitiae Corolla: a volume of essays presented to James Rendel Harris on the occasion of his 80th birthday.

A new biography of Harris was published in 2018.

Works

 * New Testament autographs (1882)
 * Notes on Scriveners' "Plain introduction to the criticism of the New Testament," 3rd edition [microform] (1885)
 * Biblical fragments from Mount Sinai (1890)
 * The codex Sangallensis (Δ). A Study in the Text of the Old Latin Gospels, (London, 1891).
 * Codex Bezae : a study of the so-called Western text of the New Testament (1893)
 * Memoranda sacra (1893)
 * Stichometry (London 1893).
 * Four lectures on the western text of the New Testament (1894)
 * The four Gospels in Syriac : transcribed from the Sinaitic Palimpsest (1894)
 * Fragments of the commentary of Ephrem Syrus upon the Diatessaron (1895)
 * Further researches into the history of the Ferrar-group (1900)
 * An early Christian psalter (1909)
 * The Odes and Psalms of Solomon (1911)
 * Boanerges (1913)
 * The origin of the prologue to St. John's Gospel (1917)
 * The origin of the doctrine of the Trinity, a popular exposition (1919)
 * The origin of the doctrine of the Trinity, a popular exposition (1919)

Archives
Archives of James Rendel Harris are held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.

title: J. Rendel Harris


text:
André Stander

André Charles Stander (22 November 1946 – 13 February 1984) was a South African criminal and policeman. One of the most infamous bank robbers in South Africa's history, Stander was notorious for the audacious manner with which he carried out his crimes; he sometimes carried out the crime on his lunch break, often returning to the scene as an investigating officer.

Stander was portrayed by American actor Thomas Jane in the 2003 film Stander.

Police career
The son of a prominent figure in the South African Prison Service, Major General Francois Jacobus Stander (1916–2001), André was under pressure from an early age to pursue a career in law enforcement. He enrolled at the South African Police training college near Pretoria in 1963, graduating at the top of his class. Shortly afterwards he joined the Kempton Park criminal investigation department.

Robberies
In 1977, Stander flew to Durban and robbed his first bank. Between 1977 and 1980, he is believed to have stolen nearly a hundred thousand rand.

After robbing nearly 30 banks, Stander was arrested and sentenced to 75 years in prison on 6 May 1980. However, since many of the charges in the sentence ran concurrently, he faced an actual sentence of 17 years. Stander met Allan Heyl and Lee McCall at the Zonderwater maximum security prison.

Motivation
After his first trial, Stander claimed that his disillusionment with police service stemmed from a prior incident when he and his fellow officers shot and killed 176 unarmed schoolchildren during the 1976 Soweto uprising. However, Stander was not present with the police contingent at Thembisa when the shooting of unarmed schoolchildren took place.

Other accounts have suggested that Stander, who completed his national service in Angola during the South African Border War, may have also been bored with civilian life and craved the excitement afforded by a life of crime.

Stander Gang
On 11 August 1983, Stander and McCall, along with five other inmates, were taken from the prison's premises for a physiotherapy appointment. Once the prisoners were left alone with the physiotherapist, Stander and McCall overpowered her and escaped. The other prisoners refused to participate and stayed behind.

Stander and McCall returned to Zonderwater on 31 October 1983, in order to spring Allan Heyl from the facility where he was taking a trade test. From that day until the end of January 1984, the three began robbing banks together, under the nom de guerre of the Stander Gang – a term coined by the news media.

McCall was killed on 30 January 1984, in a police raid on the gang's hide-out in Houghton Estate. Heyl fled to Greece, then England, then Spain, and eventually back to England, where he was caught, tried, and sentenced to nine years in prison for robbery and a related firearms charge. After serving his time in the UK, he was extradited back to South Africa where he was sentenced to a further 33 years in prison. Heyl was released on parole on 18 May 2005.

While police were closing in on McCall in South Africa, Stander had been in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, trying to arrange for the sale of the gang's recently purchased sailing yacht—the Lilly Rose—that they planned to use for their final getaway once they had acquired enough money.

Florida and death
While Stander remained in the United States, international arrest warrants and all points bulletins were issued for his arrest. Trying to make the best of the situation, Stander created the false identity of an Australian author named "Peter Harris" and forged a driver's license. Afterwards, he visited a used car lot and purchased a 1973 Ford Mustang from a dealer named Anthony Tomasello. On 10 February 1984, police pulled Stander over while he was driving and arrested him for driving an unregistered vehicle. Being relatively unknown to the American authorities at that time, Stander presented his false ID to the police, who recognized it as a forgery and subsequently seized it—adding driver's license forgery to his list of offenses—but believed his story about his identity and released him.

Once released on the same evening, Stander returned to the police impound lot where his seized Mustang was being kept, broke in and stole the car. On the following morning, Stander returned to the same used car lot where he had purchased the vehicle and asked the same dealer, Tomasello, to have the car re-painted in a different colour. However, Tomasello had just read about the Stander Gang in a local newspaper. He told Stander that he would help him, got his information, and as soon as Stander had left, Tomasello called his lawyer. On his lawyer's advice, Tomasello called the local police.

Based on Tomasello's information, a police tactical unit surrounded the apartment that Stander had been using as a hideout, but Stander was not there. He had acquired a bicycle to use while his car was with Tomasello to be repainted. He had left the apartment on the bicycle and returned only after the police had surrounded it. As he unknowingly rode up to the apartment complex, officer Michael van Stetina—who had been posted on the perimeter—recognised Stander and attempted to stop him.

Stander tried to get away, but as Stetina prevented his escape a struggle for the officer's shotgun began. The gun discharged and Stander was hit; he fell onto the apartment complex's driveway, bleeding profusely. Stetina immediately radioed for an ambulance. Although officer Stetina tried to administer first aid, Stander's wounds were too extensive and he bled to death before an ambulance arrived.

title: André Stander


text:
Hood Canal Bridge

The Hood Canal Bridge (officially William A. Bugge Bridge) is a floating bridge in the northwest United States, located in western Washington. It carries State Route 104 across Hood Canal in Puget Sound and connects the Olympic and Kitsap Peninsulas. At 7869 ft in length (floating portion 6521 ft), it is the longest floating bridge in the world located in a saltwater tidal basin, and the third longest floating bridge overall. It opened in 1961 and was the second concrete floating bridge constructed in Washington. Since that time, it has become a vital link for local residents, freight haulers, commuters, and recreational travelers. The convenience it provides has had a major impact on economic development, especially in eastern Jefferson County.

The bridge is officially named after William A. Bugge (1900–1992), the director of the Department of Highways from 1949 to 1963, who was a leader in the planning and construction of the bridge.

Design, fabrication, and construction
The design and planning process for the Hood Canal Bridge took nearly a decade amid criticism from some engineers throughout that time. Critics questioned the use of floating pontoons over salt water, especially at a location with high tide fluctuations and the concern that the funneling effect of the Hood Canal might magnify the intensity of winds and tides. The depth of the water, however, made construction of support columns for other bridge types prohibitively expensive. The water depth below the pontoons ranges from 80 to 340 ft. In its marine environment, the bridge is exposed to tidal swings of 16.5 ft.

The pontoons for the bridge were fabricated in the Duwamish Waterway in Seattle; during fabrication, two of the pontoons sank. When they were attached for the first time, and then towed into place and anchored, sea conditions in the Hood Canal were too severe and the pontoons were returned to a nearby bay until a better method of attaching could be devised. The structural engineers and the contractor decided the design was faulty. A new contractor was hired and the design modified. It was decided to use a large rubber dam between each of the two pontoons as they were attached, clean the concrete surfaces of all marine growth, epoxy, and tension them with a number of cables welded to a variety of attachment points. This system seemed to work from when the bridge opened in 1961 until the disaster of 1979.

The eastern approach span weighs more than 3,800 tons (3,400 tonnes) and the western approach span weighs more than 1,000 tons (907 tonnes)

1979 sinking
The Hood Canal Bridge suffered catastrophic failure in 1979 during the February 13 windstorm. During the night, the bridge had withstood sustained winds of up to 85 mph and gusts estimated at 120 mph, and finally succumbed at about 7:30 a.m. on February 13. The western drawspan and the pontoons of the western half had broken loose and sunk, despite the drawspan being opened to relieve lateral pressure.

At the time of the failure, the bridge had been closed to highway traffic and the tower crew had evacuated; no casualties resulted. Evidence points to blown-open hatches allowing flooding of the pontoons as the cause of the sinking.

West-half reconstruction and 1982 re-opening
Efforts to repair the bridge began immediately and Washington Secretary of Transportation William A. Bulley secured a commitment of federal emergency relief money for the project. On June 15, 1979, actual work began with the removal of the west truss and transport for storage. The state's department of transportation attempted to mitigate the impact of the disaster by redirecting traffic to US Highway 101 to drive around the 50 mi length of Hood Canal and by reestablishing the state ferry run between Lofall and South Point across the canal just south of the bridge. This route had been discontinued after the 1961 bridge opening and the state needed to reacquire access to and restore operational conditions on both landings. During the course of the closure an additional ferry route was temporarily added between Edmonds and Port Townsend until February 1980, when it was replaced with additional Lofall–South Point runs.

The Hood Canal Bridge re-opened to vehicular traffic on October 24, 1982. The temporary ferries, which had carried 3,100 vehicles per day, were retired within several days. The west portion replacement had been designed and constructed in less than three years using $100 million in federal emergency bridge replacement funds at a total cost of $143 million (equivalent to $ today).

The bridge reopened as a toll bridge, but a court ruled in August 1985 that the insurance settlement constituted repayment of the construction bonds, and since federal funds were used in reconstructing the bridge, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) could not charge tolls after the bonds were retired. WSDOT was ordered to stop collecting tolls on August 29.

East-half replacement and west-half retrofit
In a project that lasted from 2003 to 2009, WSDOT replaced the east-half floating portion of the bridge, the east and west approach spans, the east and west transition spans, and the west-half electrical system. The total cost of the project, about $471 million, was paid for by state, federal and agency funds. The project required the bridge to close to traffic for five weeks to allow the old pontoons of the east-half to be cut away and the new pontoons floated into position, cabled together and connected by cables to large anchors on the sea floor. The transition spans and center draw span were also replaced during this closure. The bridge reopened June 3, 2009.

The pontoons and anchors for the bridge could not be built at the bridge site due to space and facility limitations. WSDOT evaluated different sites at which to build during a site selection process. The Port Angeles graving dock was chosen for its accessibility to water and land as well as the work force. Before purchase, the National Historic Preservation Act required archaeologists to perform a review of the historical site. At that time, "there was no evidence of historic properties or cultural resources" (NEPA Re-evaluation Consultation, FHWA) and WSDOT was able to purchase the site and begin construction.

Within the first two weeks of construction, artifacts were found from an ancestral burial ground from an ancient village called Tse-whit-zen. WSDOT stopped all work on the site, and a government-to-government consultation process began among the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, WSDOT, the Federal Highway Administration, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the State Historical Preservation Office. On August 14, 2006, WSDOT agreed to donate the site to the Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, rebury all remains uncovered, and pay $2.5 million in damages.

It is believed that this discovery may be documentation of the first time that Natives and non-Natives began to interact on this shore. These historical findings will be investigated thoroughly by the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe and archaeologists.

On December 21, 2004, Governor Locke and Secretary MacDonald announced that WSDOT would stop pontoon and anchor construction at the Tse-whit-zen site in Port Angeles and begin searching for a more suitable place to build. Many sites were considered but the best option to be found by WSDOT was in Tacoma, Wash. at Concrete Technology.

Construction began on the new east-half floating pontoons at Concrete Technology in April 2006. Fourteen pontoons were built in four cycles at the site. Completed pontoons were floated out of the graving dock in Tacoma and transported to Seattle for outfitting at Todd Shipyards. Outfitting included adding all electrical and mechanical parts, connecting the pontoons into sections, and building the roadway on top of the pontoons. Another three pontoons, built during the west-half bridge replacement in the early 1980s, were retrofitted in Seattle.

Use
In planning for a prolonged closure of the bridge for the east-half replacement, the Washington State Department of Transportation conducted a five-day survey of bridge use in early June 1998 in order to assess closure impact and plan effective mitigation strategies. The survey was in three stages: A video camera count of traffic on weekdays (Tuesday and Wednesday) and a weekend (Friday through Sunday) to estimate average volume; the use of that video to record license plate numbers for vehicle registration addresses to assess which communities would be most affected; and the mailing of a questionnaire to the registered owners of those vehicles seeking information on trip origin, destination, and purpose, and choice of travel alternatives during a bridge closure.

The video count produced a weekday average of 14,915 trips/day and a weekend average of 18,759 trips/day. Peak volumes reach 20,000 vehicles on summer weekends. The vehicle registration information indicated that a majority of trips were by residents of communities near the bridge. The most represented communities were, in numerical order, Port Ludlow (8%), Port Townsend (7%), Port Angeles (6%), Seattle (6%), Sequim (5%), Poulsbo (5%), Bremerton (4%), Port Hadlock (2%), and Silverdale (2%).

The questionnaires revealed that a majority of trips were to and/or from communities near the bridge. On the weekend 48% of westbound trips originated on the north and central Kitsap Peninsula, with 88% of the destinations in areas near Port Ludlow, Port Townsend, Sequim, and Port Angeles. For weekday trips, nearly 55% of westbound trips originated in northern or central Kitsap County with 90% of the destinations in the Port Ludlow, Port Townsend, Sequim, and Port Angeles areas. A large number of eastbound weekday morning trips appeared to be for commuting purposes, with 92% of those trips originating in Port Ludlow, Port Townsend, Sequim, or Port Angeles, and 60% with central or northern Kitsap County as a destination, and 32% ending in the Seattle metropolitan area. The evening westbound trips seemed to mirror the morning patterns. When asked the purpose of their trips, respondents reported that for weekend trips 21% were for recreational, 21% for social, 19% for personal, 18% for work, 6% for business, and 4% for medical reasons. For weekday trips 33% were for work, 17% for personal, 14% for business, 11% for medical, 9% for social, and 8% for recreational reasons.

title: Hood Canal Bridge


text:
William E. Jenner

William Ezra Jenner (July 21, 1908 – March 9, 1985) was an American lawyer and politician from the state of Indiana. A Republican, Jenner was an Indiana state senator from 1934 to 1942, and a U.S. senator from 1944 to 1945 and again from 1947 to 1959. In the Senate, Jenner was a supporter of McCarthyism.

Background
Jenner was born in Marengo, Indiana, on July 21, 1908, to L.L. Woody and Jane McDonald Jenner.

He attended Lake Placid Preparatory School in New York before attending Indiana University Bloomington, where he graduated in 1930. Jenner worked as an elevator operator in the old House Office Building while attending night classes at the George Washington University Law School. Jenner later graduated with a law degree from Indiana University School of Law – Bloomington.

Career
After law, Jenner practiced law in Paoli and later in Shoals.

Indiana Senate
Jenner entered politics in 1934, when he was first elected to the Indiana State Senate in 1934. He was minority leader from 1937 to 1939, and then majority leader and president pro tempore from 1939 to 1941.

In 1940, Jenner ran for Governor of Indiana, finishing second at the Republican state convention.

In 1942, during World War II, Jenner resigned his seat to become a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army Air Corps. Jenner was discharged in 1944 at the rank of captain.

U.S. Senate
One month after his discharge from the Army Air Corps, Jenner was elected to the U.S. Senate seat that had been vacated by the death of Frederick Van Nuys. He served the last few months of Van Nuys's term from November 14, 1944, to January 3, 1945; he was not a candidate for the full six-year term that began in 1945. Jenner was the first veteran of World War II elected to the Senate and the youngest member of the Senate.

He ran for the Senate in 1946 defeating Congressman Charles M. La Follette 1,994 to 105 at the Republican state convention. He then won the general election by over 150,000 votes.

He ran for governor of Indiana for a second time in 1948, winning a plurality on the first ballot at the Republican state convention. Jenner lost the nomination on the second ballot to Holbart Creighton 885 to 931.

Jenner was re-elected to the Senate in 1952. Jenner voted in favor of the Senate amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1957 on August 7, 1957, but did not vote on the House amendment to the bill on August 29, 1957.

McCarthyism
In Congress, Jenner was the chairman of the Committee on Rules and Administration during the Eighty-Third Congress.

He was also a member of the Subcommittee on Internal Security. He was a strong supporter and friend of Joseph McCarthy and engaged in McCarthyism. Jenner and McCarthy were both part of "a core of isolationist Republicans in the Senate" along with Herman Welker of Idaho and George W. Malone of Nevada. In 1950, when McCarthy accused a number of State Department employees of being secret Communists (see Tydings Committee), Jenner supported him, claiming that the State Department had engaged in "the most scandalous and brazen whitewash of treasonable conspiracy in our history" and stating: "Considering the fact that we are now at war... how can we get the Reds out of Korea if we cannot get them out of Washington?" When McCarthy was censured by the Senate in 1954, Jenner gave a speech suggesting that the censure resolution "was initiated by the Communist conspiracy."

In the Senate, Jenner was a strident opponent of General George Marshall, who was appointed Secretary of Defense in 1950. During the confirmation debate, Jenner and McCarthy formed part of a group of militantly anti-communist Republican Senators that attacked Marshall. Jenner "delivered a shrill, hour-long attack on the nominee" in which he also disparaged President Harry S. Truman and Secretary of State Dean Acheson. Using McCarthyist rhetoric, Jenner accused the Truman administration of "bloody tracks of treason" and called Marshall "a living lie" who was "joining hands once more with this criminal crowd of traitors and Communist appeasers... under the direction of Mr. Truman and Mr. Acheson." Jenner also "denounced and blamed Marshall for the Pearl Harbor defeat and for his role in helping FDR 'trick America into a war,' the extension of lend-lease to the Communist Soviet Union, the 'selling out' of Eastern Europe at Yalta, the loss of China, and the inclusion of an offer of aid to the Soviet Union under the Marshall Plan." When Marshall was informed of Jenner's speech, the former general replied: "Jenner? Jenner? I do not believe I know the man."

In 1951, after President Truman dismissed General Douglas MacArthur for insubordination, Jenner gave a speech on the floor of the Senate in which he said: "I charge that this country today is in the hands of a secret inner coterie, which is directed by agents of the Soviet Government. Our only choice is to impeach President Truman and find out who is the secret invisible government."

Jenner introduced legislation that sought to strip the Supreme Court of jurisdiction "in all the areas where it had interfered with the anticommunist program," a measure that Senator Lyndon B. Johnson maneuvered to oppose. Ultimately, Jenner's measure was tabled by a vote of 49-41.

A consistent opponent of American foreign aid and of any involvement in foreign affairs, he opposed U.S. participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and had other isolationist positions. During his tenure, right-wingers wanted Jenner to run for president as a far-right third-party candidate.

Jenner claimed that the United Nations had infiltrated the American educational system in 1952.

In 1958, he did not seek re-nomination.

Later life
After leaving the Senate, Jenner practiced law in Indianapolis and was the owner of the Seaway Corporation, a land development company. He also owned farms in Indiana and Illinois.

Personal life and death
In 1933, Jenner married Janet Paterson Cuthill (1908–2002) and had a son, William Edward Jenner (1942–2019).

William Ezra Jenner died age 76 on March 9, 1985, of a respiratory illness at Dunn Memorial Hospital in Bedford, Indiana.

Jenner was interred at Crest Haven Memorial Gardens in Bedford, Indiana.

title: William E. Jenner


text:
Francis Laurence Jobin

Francis Laurence Jobin (August 14, 1914 – August 25, 1995) was a politician and the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, Canada.

Jobin was born in Winnipeg, and was educated at the University of Manitoba. He moved to Flin Flon, in the northern part of the province, in 1935. He worked for Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting as a labourer, miner and surveyor, later working in the company's purchasing department.

Jobin was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1949 provincial election, as a Liberal candidate supporting the government of Premier Douglas Campbell. Running in The Pas, he easily defeated independent incumbent Beresford Richards, who opposed the governing Liberal-Conservative coalition.

Jobin was re-elected in the 1953 election, easily defeating opponents from the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and Social Credit. On July 6, 1956, he was sworn in as Railway Commissioner and Minister of Industry and Commerce in the Campbell government. Provincial CCF leader Lloyd Stinson later referred to Jobin as Campbell's only "labour-oriented" minister.

Campbell's Liberals were defeated by Dufferin Roblin's Progressive Conservatives in the 1958 election, but Jobin was able to retain the redistributed riding of Flin Flon. He was defeated by Progressive Conservative Charles Witney in the following year's election, however, as Roblin's Tories won a majority government.

When Campbell resigned as Manitoba Liberal Party leader in 1961, Jobin was one of four candidates who sought to replace him. He was accused by some of representing "radical" elements within the party, though he denied this, using his friendship with the arch-conservative Campbell as evidence. Jobin was a somewhat marginal candidate, however, and received only 79 votes in the leadership convention, compared to 475 for the winner, Gildas Molgat.

Jobin ran as a Liberal candidate in the sprawling northern riding of Churchill in the federal election of 1962, but finished a distant second against Progressive Conservative candidate Robert Simpson. In early 1963, he lost a deferred provincial election in Churchill to Progressive Conservative Gordon Beard, albeit by a relatively close margin. Jobin again lost to Simpson in the federal election of 1965.

Jobin was elected to the Flin Flon Municipal Council in 1966. He made another bid for the provincial legislature in the 1969 election, this time finishing third against Witney and the successful New Democratic candidate, Thomas Barrow. Jobin received a Centennial Medal from the Manitoba Historical Society in 1970, and continued his work on the municipal council. In October 1974, he was elected mayor of Flin Flon.

On March 15, 1976, Jobin was sworn in as the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba. He served in this position until October 23, 1981. He died in Winnipeg on August 25, 1995.

title: Francis Laurence Jobin


text: Talk:Broughton Gifford

title: Talk:Broughton Gifford


text:
User talk:IPFreely

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