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Cadbury Castle, Somerset

Cadbury Castle is a Bronze and Iron Age hillfort in the civil parish of South Cadbury in the English county of Somerset. It is a scheduled monument and has been associated with King Arthur's legendary court at Camelot.

The hillfort is formed by a 7.28 ha plateau surrounded by ramparts on the surrounding slopes of the limestone Cadbury Hill. The site has been excavated in the late 19th and early 20th century by James Bennett and Harold St George Gray. More recent examination of the site was conducted in the 1960s by Leslie Alcock and since 1992 by the South Cadbury Environs Project. These have revealed artifacts from human occupation and use from the Neolithic through the Bronze and Iron Ages. The site was reused by the Roman forces and again from c. 470 until some time after 580. In the 11th century, it temporarily housed a Saxon mint. Evidence of various buildings at the site has been unearthed, including a "Great Hall", round and rectangular house foundations, metalworking, and a possible sequence of small rectangular temples or shrines.

Etymology
The suffix -bury (from byrig, an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "fort" or "town") is frequently, but not exclusively, used to refer to hill-forts. The first part of the name may come from the River Cam, as with the nearby villages of West Camel and Queen Camel. Other scholars suggest a derivation from some figure named "Cador" or "Cada". It is one of three sites in Somerset to include the Cadbury name, the others being Cadbury Camp, near Tickenham, and Cadbury Hill, which is also known as Cadbury-Congresbury to distinguish it from the other sites.

Background
Hillforts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron ages, around the start of the 1st millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in prehistoric Britain and their purpose has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places from the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze and, as a result, trading patterns shifted. The old elites lost their economic and social status and power passed into the hands of a new group of people.

Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated that "the forts provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress of an increasing population burst out into open warfare. But I would not see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction."

Location
Cadbury Castle is located 5 mi north east of Yeovil. It stands on the summit of Cadbury Hill, a limestone hill situated on the southern edge of the Somerset Levels, with flat lowland to the north. The summit is 153 m above sea-level on lias stone.

The hill is surrounded by terraced earthwork banks and ditches and a stand of trees. On the north west and south sides there are four ramparts, with two remaining on the east. The summit plateau covers 7.28 ha, and is surrounded by the inner bank which is 1.2 km long. The hill fort is overlooked by Sigwells, a rural plateau rich in archaeological remains. Due to scrub and tree growth the site has been added to the Heritage at Risk Register. Further information on the dig and hill fort can be found a short walk down the road on Somerset Heritage Panels which have been erected in the local pub The Camelot Inn.

Early occupation of the site
The earliest settlement on the site is represented by pits and post holes dated with Neolithic pottery and flints. These are the remains of a small agricultural settlement which was unenclosed. Bones recovered from the site have been radiocarbon dated to 3500 and 3300 BC. A bank under the later Iron Age defences is likely to be a lynchet or terrace derived from early ploughing of the hilltop. The site was also occupied in the Late Bronze Age, from which ovens have been identified. Radical revisions of the Bronze Age archaeology on the lower slopes resulted from discoveries during excavations and survey work by the South Cadbury Environs Project. Finds include the first Bronze Age shield from an excavation in northwest Europe, an example of the distinctive Yetholm-type. Carbon dating implies that the shield was deposited in the 10th century BC, although metallurgical evidence suggests that it was manufactured two centuries earlier. A metal-working building and associated enclosure were discovered 2 km south east of the hillfort, roughly contemporary with the period of manufacture.

Human occupation continued throughout the Iron Age. A stone enclosure was constructed around 300 BC with timber revetting, and ploughing ceased within the hilltop site. Excavations have shown the signs of four and six post rectangular buildings which were gradually replaced with roundhouses. Large ramparts and elaborate timber defences were constructed and refortified over the following centuries. Excavation revealed round and rectangular house foundations, metalworking, and a possible sequence of small rectangular temples or shrines, indicating permanent oppidum-like occupation. Excavations were undertaken by local clergyman James Bennett in 1890 and Harold St George Gray in 1913, followed by major work led by archaeologist Leslie Alcock from 1966 to 1970. He identified a long sequence of occupation on the site and many of the finds are displayed in the Museum of Somerset in Taunton. The finds from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, exploring the ramparts and southwestern gate structure, represent one of the deepest and most complex Iron Age stratigraphic sequences excavated in southern Britain.

Castle

During the first century BC, additional lines of bank and ditch were constructed, turning it into a hill fort which is now known as the castle. There is evidence that the fort was violently taken around AD 43 and that the defences were further slighted later in the first century after the construction of a Roman army barracks on the hilltop. Excavations of the southwest gate in 1968 and 1969 revealed evidence for one or more severe violent episodes associated with weaponry and destruction by fire. Leslie Alcock believed this to have been dated to around AD 70, whereas Richard Tabor argues for a date associated with the initial invasion around AD 43 or 44. Michael Havinden states that it was the site of vigorous resistance by the Durotriges and Dobunni to the second Augusta Legion under the command of Vespasian. There was significant activity at the site during the late third and fourth centuries, which may have included the construction of a Romano-British temple.

Post-Roman occupation
Following the withdrawal of the Roman administration, the site is thought to have been in use from c. 470 until some time after 580. Alcock revealed a substantial "Great Hall" 20 x and showed that the innermost Iron Age defences had been refortified, providing a defended site double the size of any other known fort of the period. Shards of pottery from the eastern Mediterranean were also found from this period, indicating wide trade links. It therefore seems probable that it was the chief fort of a major Brythonic ruler, with his family, his warband, servants, and horses. Between 1010 and 1020, the hill was reoccupied for use as a temporary Saxon mint, standing in for that at Ilchester.

Medieval period
According to the Domesday Book, Cadbury Castle appears to have been part of the feudal barony of North Cadbury held by Turstin FitzRolf in 1086. Some small-scale fortification of the site may also have occurred in the 13th century.

Arthurian interpretation

Local tradition, first written down by John Leland in 1542, holds that Cadbury Castle was King Arthur's Camelot. The site and the Great Hall are extensive, and the writer Geoffrey Ashe argued that it was the base for the Arthur of history. His opinion has not been widely accepted by students of the period.

Militarily, the location makes sense as a place where refugees and the southwestern Brythons of Dumnonia could have defended themselves against attacks from the east. If Arthur was indeed conceived at Tintagel, as tradition asserts, he may have been a prince of Dumnonia and used Cadbury as a stronghold on his eastern frontier.

South Cadbury Environs Project
The recent work on the archaeology of the site and the surrounding area has been carried out by the South Cadbury Environs Project. Since 1992 the project team, which included local volunteers South East Somerset Archaeological and Historical Society and the Yeovil Archaeology and Local History Society, have carried out geophysical surveys including gradiometry and electrical resistivity tomography, ploughzone sampling, test pits, deeper excavations and geographic information system (GIS) approaches. The project had input from academics and archaeologists from the universities of Bristol, Glasgow, Birmingham and Oxford, funded by the Leverhulme Trust and Arts and Humanities Research Council. The project studies the castle and surrounding area up to 8 km away, using landscape sampling,

title: Cadbury Castle, Somerset


text:
Allen Kingston

The Allen Kingston was an American automobile manufactured from 1907 to 1909 by the New York Car & Truck Company for motor agent Walter C. Allen. The car was designed on European lines, featuring runningboard-mounted spare tires and an early boat-tailed body, but was meant for American manufacture to circumvent the 45% duty on imported cars. These 45 hp 7400 cc cars were advertised as combining "the best features of the Fiat, the Renault and the Mercedes in a harmonious new construction of the highest quality".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Allen Kingston


text:
Sheldon Harnick

Sheldon Mayer Harnick (April 30, 1924 – June 23, 2023) was an American lyricist and songwriter best known for his collaborations with composer Jerry Bock on musicals such as Fiorello!, She Loves Me, and Fiddler on the Roof.

Early life
Sheldon Mayer Harnick was born to American Jewish parents Esther (Kanter) and Harry M. Harnick, a dentist, in Chicago on April 30, 1924. He grew up in the Chicago neighborhood of Portage Park. He took an interest in music from an early age, playing the violin as a child. He began writing music while a student at Carl Schurz High School.

Musical career
After serving in the U.S. Army, Harnick graduated from the Northwestern University School of Music (1946–1949) with a Bachelor of Music degree, and worked with various orchestras in the Chicago area. He then moved to New York City and wrote for many musicals and revues. He was friends with Charlotte Rae from college, and he went to see her one night at the Village Vanguard where she was singing a revue. Yip Harburg, who was one of Harnick's idols, heard she was singing a song of his and decided to come. He told Harnick that he enjoyed his writing, and urged him to continue. Harburg advised Harnick to work with a large number of composers. He also counseled him to write character and comic songs, not ballads, for Broadway. Harnick’s composition "The Merry Minuet" was popularized by The Kingston Trio.

Around 1956, Harnick met Jerry Bock, forming "what is arguably the most important musical partnership of the '60s." Their first musical was The Body Beautiful, running for only 60 performances in 1958, but Fiorello! (1959) ran for 795 performances and won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama as well as the Tony Award for Best Musical. Fiddler on the Roof (1964) "became one of the most cherished of all Broadway musicals." Other Broadway successes for Harnick included She Loves Me (1963), The Apple Tree (1966) and The Rothschilds (1970).

Harnick wrote the libretto for the opera Coyote Tales, with music by Henry Mollicone, which received its world premiere at the Lyric Opera of Kansas City in March 1998. He wrote the book, music and lyrics to the musical Dragons, which was performed in 2003 at the Luna Stage in Montclair, New Jersey. He wrote the lyrics and co-wrote the book with Norton Juster for the musical The Phantom Tollbooth, based on the book by Juster. The musical premiered at the Kennedy Center in 2007.

Harnick released the album Sheldon Harnick: Hidden Treasures (1949–2013) in 2014, which includes recordings of song demos and pieces cut from Broadway shows from his private collection. In 2020, Harnick worked on a musical adaptation of the Soviet play The Dragon by Evgeny Schwartz.

Personal life
Harnick was married three times. His 1950 marriage to Mary Boatner was annulled in 1957. His marriage to Elaine May lasted only a year, from 1962 until their divorce in 1963. In 1965, he married Margery Grey. They had two children and lived in an apartment at The Beresford, a building on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. Harnick died there on June 23, 2023, aged 99.

Stage productions

 * New Faces of 1952 (1952) (music)
 * Shangri-La (1956) (music)
 * The Body Beautiful (1958) (Bock)
 * Portofino (1958) (lyrics with Richard Ney)
 * Fiorello! (1959) (Bock) (winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Drama)
 * Songs to Ford-ify Your Future (1959) (Bock), an industrial musical for the Ford Motor Company
 * Tenderloin (1960) (Bock)
 * Smiling the Boy Fell Dead (1961) (David Baker)
 * She Loves Me (1963) (Bock)
 * Fiddler on the Roof (1964) (Bock)
 * The Apple Tree (1966) (Bock)
 * Her First Roman (1968) (Bock, brought in to fix show)
 * The Rothschilds (1970) (Bock)
 * Pinocchio (1973) (Mary Rodgers)
 * Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines (1975) (Jack Beeson)
 * Alice in Wonderland (1975) (Joe Raposo)
 * Rex (1976) (Richard Rodgers)
 * The Madwoman of Central Park West (1979)
 * The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1979) (Michel Legrand) (contributed English lyrics for stage adaptation)
 * A Christmas Carol (1981) (Michel Legrand)
 * A Wonderful Life (1986) (Joe Raposo)
 * Cyrano: The Musical (1993) (contributed English lyrics)
 * The Phantom Tollbooth (1995) (lyrics, and co-credited with Norton Juster for the book)
 * Coyote Tales (1998) (Henry Mollicone)
 * Dragons (2003) (music by himself)
 * Fiddler on the Roof (2004) (contributed lyrics for one new song, "Topsy Turvy") (Jerry Bock)
 * Lady Bird: First Lady of the Land (2016)

Honors and awards

 * In 1960, Harnick, Bock and Jerome Weidman (book) won the Pulitzer Prize in Drama for Fiorello!.
 * Harnick has won three Tony Awards. In 1960, he, Bock and Weidman tied with Rodgers and Hammerstein for best musical; that year, both Fiorello! and The Sound of Music won. And in 1965, Bock and Harnick's Fiddler on the Roof won for both Best Musical and Best Composer and Lyricist.
 * In honor of Harnick's vast influence on American music, on May 19, 1984, he was awarded the University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit. Beginning in 1964, this award "established to bring a declaration of appreciation to an individual each year that has made a significant contribution to the world of music and helped to create a climate in which our talents may find valid expression."
 * Harnick was honored at the Twenty-Sixth Annual William Inge Theatre Festival located in Independence, Kansas, in 2007.
 * Harnick and Jerry Bock were presented with the 18th Annual York Theatre Company's prestigious Oscar Hammerstein Award for Lifetime Achievement in Theatre in 2009.
 * Harnick received the 2016 Drama League Award for Distinguished Achievement in Musical Theatre, as well as the 2016 Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre.
 * Harnick received an honorary doctorate from Northwestern University in 2018.
 * Harnick was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972 and received its highest honor, the Johnny Mercer Award, in 1990.

title: Sheldon Harnick


text:
Phetchabun Mountains

The Phetchabun mountains (ทิวเขาเพชรบูรณ์,, ) are a mountain massif in Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Loei and Chaiyaphum Provinces, Thailand. It consists of two parallel mountain chains, with the valley of the Pa Sak River in the middle.

The strange rock formations of Phu Hin Rong Kla and fields where the Siam tulip flower (Curcuma alismatifolia), known as dok krachiao (ดอกกระเจียว) in Thai, grows wild are some of the characteristics of the Phetchabun Mountains.

Geography
The mountain system as a whole is named after the city of Phetchabun which lies within the mountainous area. To the south and southeast lie the Dong Phaya Yen Mountains. Both sections of the Phetchabun massif are parallel and of a similar length, extending in a roughly north-south direction. The western range is a prolongation of the southern end of the Luang Prabang Range. The eastern range separates the broad Chao Phraya river basin of central Thailand from the Khorat Plateau of Isan. The northward-flowing Loei River, a tributary of the Mekong, has its sources in the eastern range.

The southern limit of the Phetchabun massif is not clearly defined, roughly beginning south of the 16th parallel north where both ranges become a group of scattered mountains of lesser height, rarely surpassing 800 m, extending southwards. The eastern mountain chain is mentioned as the Phang Hoei Range in some geographical works, a name that encompasses the whole northern section of the Dong Phaya Yen mountain system, for Khao Phang Hoei is a 1,008 m high summit west of Chaiyaphum town, beyond the southern end of the Phetchabun Range proper in the northern Dong Phaya Yen.

The highest elevation of the Phetchabun mountains is 1,794 m high Phu Thap Boek. Other important peaks are Khao Nam Ko Yai, Phu Kradueng, Phu Luang, Phu Ruea, and Phu Lom Lo.

Geologically, the mountains consist of limestone, interfused with slate and sandstone. A few igneous rocks are also found: granite, basalt and porphyry.

History
Historically the long mountainous system of the Phetchabun-Dong Phaya Yen-Sankamphaeng formed a barrier between Isan and the Central Plain. Until recently few roads crossed the system.

During the period between 1968-1982 the area around 1,143 m high Khao Kho (เขาค้อ) and Phu Hin Rong Kla became an occasional battleground. At that time insurgents of the Communist Party of Thailand established their base in hidden mountain locations and fought skirmishes against the Thai Army.

Protected areas
Several protected areas, including national parks, forest parks and wildlife reserves are located in these mountains. In 2005 these were accepted by the UNESCO as a possible future addition to the World Heritage list. Besides these protected areas, some forest parks are also located within the area of the range:
 * Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park
 * Namtok Chat Trakan National Park,
 * Nam Nao National Park
 * Phu Ruea National Park
 * Phu Kradueng National Park
 * Suan Hin Pha Ngam Park
 * Phu Pha Man National Park
 * Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Thung Salaeng Luang National Park
 * Tat Mok National Park, located at the boundary of the Phetchabun mountain range with the Dong Phaya Yen Mountains.

title: Phetchabun Mountains


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/LOAF protocol

This is a hoax. See for example the reference Java implementation. . Very funny guys, but come back when it's a famous / notorious hoax (tip: start posting on slashdot). This seems to have been deleted once already. Ianb 21:23, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * No hoaxes allowed! (Articles about hoaxes are a different matter) Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:29, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Herttoniemi

Herttoniemi (Hertonäs) is an East Helsinki neighbourhood and a suburb of Helsinki, the Finnish capital.

Geography
Located about 7 km east of the city centre, Herttoniemi can be reached by the Helsinki Metro in 10 minutes, or by road via the Itäväylä arterial road (Finnish regional road no. 170) running from the inner city area through the eastern suburbs.

Herttoniemi comprises four distinct areas:
 * Länsi-Herttoniemi (West Herttoniemi)
 * Roihuvuori, formerly Itä-Herttoniemi (East Herttoniemi)
 * Herttoniemenranta (Herttoniemi Harbour)
 * Herttoniemi industrial area

History

Herttoniemi has been inhabited for a long time. One of Helsinki's Bronze Age graves has been found near the Herttoniemi metro station. Some Finnish place names have also survived in Herttoniemi, which testify that Tavastians have used the area and inhabited it before Swedes colonized Uusimaa. In the light of place names, a permanent settlement by Tavastians occurred possibly as early as the 12th century.

The village of Herttoniemi was one of the oldest in the Helsinge Parish. The Herttoniemi manor is the oldest in eastern Helsinki, and it belonged to the Jägerhorn family already in the 16th century. When Count Augustin Ehrensvärd bought the estate in 1752, the lands of the manor extended to Puotila in the east and to Viikki and Malmi in the north. The area of Myllypuro also belonged to the lands owned by Ehrensvärd. Later, the manor and its lands belonged to Carl Olof Cronstedt, a famous hero of the Battle of Svensksund and the last commandant of Viapori during the Swedish reign. In addition to the Herttoniemi manor, the Ströms manor is also located in this area.

The last owner of the Herttoniemi manor, Councillor of agriculture John Bergbom began to rent out plots of the manor lands in 1880 to people who would build villas in the area. The leases were made for 50 years. There would eventually be 70 of such villas in the area. The area of the villas extended from Herttoniemenranta all the way to Fastholma. The villas were inhabited by members of the nobility, by factory owners, businessmen and politicians. The arrived here by steam boats from the city. The travelling time was around 20 minutes. The villas of the wealthy people were in the southern part of the area, but in the north, in the Fastholma area, the villas were inhabited by people of the working class. The latter sometimes had cows in their yards.

The area formed a densely populated community in 1917, although already the year before, that is, in 1916, Bergbom sold the area to a company which was supposed to build a private port and an industrial area in the lands it had acquired. The process of buying back of the villas now began. However, the lands were acquired by the city of Helsinki in 1919, and the development of the community was halted, and no bylaws were written for the community. Almost 30 of the villas were now acquired by the city. They were rented out to clerks of the city, although some were also rented out for year-round use, and some to associations.

The beginning of the end began in the 1930s, when the city began to build an oil terminal in Herttoniemi and a railway line to link it with the existing railway system of the country. The terminal and industrial areas were to have a street network and plans for construction were adopted, for the terminal in 1936 and for the industrial area in 1943. Also a highway was built across the area, where Itäväylä now is located. At that time, some of the villas were torn down, although the biggest changes were to take place only after the war.

By 2020, only one of villas has survived, and many villas seem to have disappeared without even photographs existing of them, says second hand book seller, historian and writer Jan Strang, who is planning to write a book of the villas.

Herttoniemi was annexed to Helsinki in the Great annexation of Helsinki in 1946. The construction of new neighbourhoods was begun in the annexed areas, Herttoniemi being the first and biggest of these neighbourhoods. Myllypuro was originally part of Herttoniemi, but it was assigned to Vartiokylä, instead, in 1959.

The harbour and the oil depot in Herttoniemi were demolished in the 1990s and redeveloped into a residential area and marina called Herttoniemenranta.

Some fortifications of Krepost Sveaborg can be found in Herttoniemi, dating to World War I.

Famous residents

 * Swedish military architect Augustin Ehrensvärd whose life's work was building the fortress of Sveaborg owned the Herttoniemi manor in the area.
 * Another famous owner of Herttoniemi manor was admiral Carl Olof Cronstedt, who had the existing building built and lived in the manor the last years of his life. A street in Herttoniemenranta called Amiraali Cronstedtin ranta is named after him.
 * One of the most famous Finnish writers, the 1939 laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää, lived in Herttoniemi.
 * Arvo Turtiainen.
 * President Tarja Halonen lived in Herttoniemi in her early childhood.

title: Herttoniemi


text: Category:Aston Martin

title: Category:Aston Martin


text:
Alliance (1905 automobile)

The Alliance was a short-lived French automobile manufactured in Paris from 1905 to 1908. Also known as the Aiglon, the marque had a similar radiator to that used on the Mass. The company listed an 18 hp four with Tony Huber engine in 1908; this car sold in England for £450.

title: Alliance (1905 automobile)


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Pharmacology/Nav

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Pharmacology/Nav


text:
Talk:Telstar

Comments
From the article: "Telstar would receive microwave signals from a ground station equipped with a helical antenna, amplify them, and rebroadcast them. During Project Echo, Telstar was able to successfully send and receive communications using light wave as a transmission medium, between Echo I and Telstar." I highly HIGHLY doubt this. Visible light (lasers) is only now beginning to be used in experimental satellite communications.--Deglr6328 21:26, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Telstar was the first to prove this was possible, that data could be transmitted in such a way. By no means was this any sort of primary communications device. Rhymeless 02:35, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't want to be overly skeptical but do you have a source that explains this? I couldn't find any.--Deglr6328 06:02, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * "Just as the electron tube and the transistor are needed for using the radio spectrum, so are devices required for using the optical spectrum. One such device developed recently, is the optical maser (also called laser). [..] Optical masers may make it possible to use light waves as a transmission medium, but it is obvius that similar devices are needed for reception. An ultra-sensitive solid-state maser has already been used with a passive communications sattelite, Echo I and with an active communications sattelite, Telstar. Ground-station masers are important as amplifiers. The energy from the Telstar experimental sattelite, for example, was on the order of one billionth of a watt. In project Echo the return signal was about 1/0 of a millionth of a millionth of a watt. " --Excerpt from Telstar special feature, Compton Yearbook, 1963. Rhymeless 19:18, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK then it used a MASER not a laser. Big difference. Masers transmit microwave radiation not visible light. I will change the article to reflect that.--Deglr6328 03:51, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought that an optical maser was different from a standard maser, that it was the old name for laser?? Rhymeless 04:51, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes optical MASER is the now antiquated term for a laser. The author in the quote you provided is merely speculating that it could be used in the future for communication but he did not seem to understand they don't work well as signal amplifiers, for instance in receivers, like masers do. Trust me :o) it was a maser that was used. --Deglr6328 21:03, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The satellites Telstar 1 and Telstar 2 were microwave communication satellites that had absolutely nothing to do with optical communications, lasers, etc. Neither did the two Echo satellites have anything to do with optical communications. Furthermore, the Telstars didn't have any Masers on them, either. The big, bulky masers, requiring cryogenic cooling were strictly ground equipment in the satellite earth stations in the USA and Europe. It is vital to be able to distinguish between ground equipment and satellite stuff! The Telstars used transistorized electronics on-board. Also, as for ground equipment, great advances in electonics have long-ago eliminated the requirement for masers even in the ground stations. 74.249.76.16 (talk) 06:45, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Disambig
I just created Telstar (disambiguation). Probably some of the material at the end of this article, not immediately related to the satellite, should be moved to that article. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:41, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

More Information on TelStar aka IntelSat Americas
You may see/view a list of channels and the entire of line-up of IntelSat or TelStar at www.lyngsat.com. TelStar has various positions in the sky and that site will give detail information on all public/private sat/birds in the sky on how to point your DISH to receive Free To Air Channels (FTA). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.215.24.109 (talk • contribs) 06:30, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Telstar's trans-Atlantic broadcasts
There's a more detailed description of Telstar's first broadcasts at British TV History. Perhaps someone could add some of that in? --85.189.119.185 13:13, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Re: Please refer to
Telstar Communication Break-Through By Satellite, by Louis Solomon, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York. A gross simplification follows: The Telstar was a mid-ocean "tower in the sky" link needed to complete the microwave route between continents. To clarify the above discussion re: maser/laser, i will again refer you this publication. "From lip to lip the horn's mouth gapes sixty-eight feet, wide enough to scoop up the billionth-of-a-watt signal from Telstar. It funnels down to a square inch inside the cab, to the heart of the incredibly sensitive receiving equipment - the ruby maser. Maser is a shorthand was of saying Microwave Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation, which is a way of saying that the maser is a low-noise amplifier."

I would also refer anyone interested in primary source material re: Andover Ground Antennia: unclassified reports archived at NASA: Documentment ID 19640000976 Asscention Number 64N10885. Blackbriar2748 23:35, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Why?
Why is there no mention that it was destroyed by American nuclear testing in space?

 * Maybe we didn't know that. What's your source? Dicklyon 17:54, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I found and added some info and refs on that. Dicklyon 21:07, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * There is also a BIG difference between a satellite being "destroyed" in outer space by something, and its merely having some parts of its electonics damages or put out of communications. To use a German word, satellites go "kaput" from time to time, but w/o being "destroyed".

link broken, but may come back
the link to the national geographic article on telstar (nat_geo_telstar_ocr.pdf) is broken..

going to the homepage (http://www.bellsystemmemorial.com/) brings up a hosting default page.. so i assume this means they're coming back and it's some kind of server issue (this page was featured on boingboing, so it might just be pulled for bandwidth, although the message doesn't specify)

if this is still broken in a few days, i suggest pulling the link.

i googled for alternate links to use, but can find no other matches for that pdf on google, either by description or filename.

i'm not a regular wikipedia person, so hopefully the discussion page is the right place to note this, as i can't actually fix the item because it might fix itself and cant find an alternate link to use in the meantime. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.152.0.81 (talk • contribs)

Orbit
The article says:

 * Unlike most of today's communications satellites, Telstar was on an elliptical orbit, which meant the ground antenna had to track the satellite as it came around the world approximately every 2.5 hours.

I don't see what this is getting at. Even if the orbit had been exactly circular (assuming not geostationary) would it not have been equally necessary for a ground antenna to track the satellite? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.133.247.202 (talk) 14:51, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Dubious/confusing

 * Telstar 1 relayed its first television pictures (of a flag outside Andover Earth Station) to Pleumeur-Bodou, France, on the date of its launch. Almost two weeks later, on July 23, it relayed the first live transatlantic television signal.

http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/telstar_ukri.html says the first live transatlantic television signal was relayed on 11 July 1962.

 * ... During that evening [by implication the evening of July 23], Telstar 1 also relayed the first telephone call to be transmitted through space, ...

At http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=npI5NsFG8ngC&pg=PA175 it says the first telephone call was on 10 July.

 * ... and it successfully transmitted faxes, data, and both live and taped television, including the first live transmission of television across an ocean (to Pleumeur-Bodou).

This is written as if it's the first mention of the first live transatlantic TV signal, but that was already mentioned earlier. Is this talking about the same thing, or something different?

Sorry for not trying to fix these; I'd rather someone with expert knowledge checked this whole paragraph and fixed as necessary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.129.130.231 (talk) 23:03, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Telstar didn't relay the first live transatlantic TV transmission ANYWAY! it was the first live transatlantic *satellite* transmission. John Logie Baird conducted the first live terrestrial TV transmission in the 1920s 87.243.208.102 (talk) 19:03, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
The 22:09, 11 April 2009 E-Kartoffel version of this article is translated into Chinese Wikipedia.--Wing (talk) 15:58, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Fax?
Telstar 1 relayed the first television pictures, telephone calls and fax images through space and provided the first live transatlantic television feed.

I doubt that fax images were transmitted - certainly not in the modern sense since the fax machine didn't become practicable until the mid-70s. Perhaps it was one of the predecessor systems - but even there, it seems unlikely that it would have been used for such purpose, given the rarity of such systems. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.125.178 (talk) 15:43, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Telstar certainly did carry fax transmissions, along with other types of test data such as RTTY.  Somewhere in my archive of documents I have a copy of a G.P.O. report which summarizes the results of the various data tests, including facsimile, both from Telstar and from Relay.   Fax machines have been around since long before the 1970's.  They might have been bigger, a lot more expensive, and consequently not in such widespread use as from the 1970's onward, but they were there.  46.208.129.166 (talk) 17:30, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Do any recordings exist of "Telstar" broadcasts
A lot of television broadcasting from the 1960's is no longer extant due to a variety of reasons (see: wiping), so I would like to know if anyone knows about the survivial status of telecasts that used "Telstar 1". Retro Agnostic (talk) 04:50, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * There is definitely some footage that shows the very first fleeting and fuzzy image of a picture appearing on a TV screen, with a British voiceover: "there he is... that's a man's head!", or something similar. It's been shown on BBC (I think) documentaries. 86.136.26.202 (talk) 19:57, 15 November 2009 (UTC).

People who originally worked on Telstar.
I am searching for some information about my grandfather who worked on Telstar in the very beginning of it. Is there anyone at all who can help me with this. I would appreciate it. Thank you Deborah — Preceding unsigned comment added by Deborah48 (talk • contribs) 14:41, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Deborah, My father worked on Telstar at the Bell Labs. What was your Grandfather's name? SABrandes (talk) 20:51, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

Tornadoes
Telstar was also the subject of a pop culture hit by the Tornadoes after the launch of Telstar 1. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.14.215.220 (talk) 21:36, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

Orbital Decay?
How long will it be before Telstar 1 will burn up in the atmosphere? It's been spinning around up there since I was three and it hasn't gotten dizzy yet! :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.51.153.238 (talk) 18:10, 24 May 2016 (UTC)
 * According to the Info Box, Telstar-1's initial perigee was almost 600 miles, which is above almost all of Earth's atmosphere, and apogee was almost 3,700 miles. Most of each revolution is spent well outside any significant source of fluid drag, so I expect that it will be aloft for centuries, unless it's proactively deorbited by some sort of intervention. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.223.130.32 (talk) 20:46, 27 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Date format in article text and references.
and myself are at loggerheads over the date format in the article text and in the references. The article text had 31 December 1999 style dates and the references had 1999-12-31 style dates. Tony made a number of changes that I agree with (eg dashes, delinking dates, etc) but also changed both the date formats to the US style of December 31, 1999. The original date formats were perfectly legit, as detailed in a previous RFC at Talk:Tesla Model S that was also posted at Wikipedia talk:Citing sources and Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers. Guidelines such as WP:RETAIN and WP:ENGVAR discourage changing from one legit format to another unless there is consensus or some other overiding reason (besides WP:JUSTDONTLIKEIT). After all, if Tony is free to change the date to his preferred format in this article then there is nothing to stop me from changing other articles with US style dates to my preferred formats.  Stepho  talk 13:00, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

Apologies, those RFC links have been archived and should be Wikipedia talk:Citing sources/Archive_43 and Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Archive_157.  Stepho  talk 13:28, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

 * "but also changed both the date formats to the US style of December 31, 1999"—well yes, because mdy format was used throughout the main text (except in the table, where inexplicably dmy was used. What was I do to do? They're supposed to be consistent within the main text, but are now again inconsistent. "his preferred format"—I have no personal preference for dmy or mdy, but when there's inconsistency within an article, you have to make a call on it, WRT engvar and retain (usually a quick assessment of majority format). The table needs to be the same as the main text. As for the ISO phone-number dates in the refs, you're technically speaking allowed to complain if they're changed to harmonise with the main text, saved by a compromise unwillingly forced on many participants at the MOSNUM RfC some years ago. I suppose you see it as saving space, do you? It seems like a weird obsession. Many readers are unfamiliar with ISO dates. I receive many echo-thanks for making the ISO more readable. The script is not built to exclude them, but I've asked its maintainer, Ohconfucius, whether it's possible. In the meantime, the article is the worse for being reverted. Again, are you prepared to manually do the script improvements to retain your precious ISO format in the refs? Tony (talk)  16:48, 8 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I will conceded the use of MDY in the main text and tables. As you say, it was a mix and needed to be unified. Being an international effort and the dates being 50/50 each way, it could have gone either way but I won't contest it.

 * For the references, your argument comes down to WP:JUSTDONTLIKEIT. It is a perfectly legit format that many people find preferable and the RFC shows why it can be used even when the main text uses another format. You need WP:CONSENSUS to change it. Note that the RFC was posted in places that people who care about such things were likely to see it.
 * It's unfortunate that the tool can't discriminate between main text and references but that is a problem with the tool (or its use), not the policy. Judging by Ohconfucius' recent edit, there is a variation of the tool that does change main text dates while leaving reference dates alone.  Stepho  talk 00:03, 9 June 2018 (UTC)

Kennedy's assassination
I remember TV reports of Kennedy's assassination and its aftermath being transmitted from the States to the UK. We'd hear something along the lines of: "we're waiting for the satellite to come over the horizon" followed by a screenfull of "snow" which gradually cleared. Some time later the picture would start to break up and we'd hear "we are losing the satellite now". Would this have been Telstar 2? Is this recorded somewhere? I don't think a small boy's memories count as WP:RS! Martin of Sheffield (talk) 22:41, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Telstar


text:
Talk:Bill Richardson (politician)

Discussion on WP:RM
''This entry was moved here from WP:RM, as a record of the discussion there. Please do not add to this archived content, but instead make new entries in the section below.'' Noel (talk) 14:26, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Bill Richardson (politician) → Bill Richardson
There is consensus that Bill Richardson (politician) is a far better known personality than Bill Richardson (radio). I have moved the disambig at "Bill Richardson" to "Bill Richardson (disambiguation)" -- Jord 17:18, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Unless you were to move his page back to Bill Richardson, there's not much point in that. A bigger issue is probably that there have been a number of politicians named Bill (or William) Richardson, including a few other Congressmen and a longtime California state Senator (H.L. "Bill" Richardson) who ran for U.S. Senate. Outside of politics, there are probably any number of others. I'd recommend leaving the Bill Richardson page as a disambig, but moving the N.M. governor's page to Bill Richardson (governor) or Bill Richardson (New Mexico). MisfitToys 21:19, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose there are too many famed individuals named Bill Richardson to justify the move...and more than just the two listed on the disambiguation page.—ExplorerCDT 21:42, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose for the reasons MisfitToys stated above. I hope someone will add a few more Bill Richardsons to the list, even if they don't currently have articles.  --LostLeviathan 21:51, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I just wonder whether the three authors named Bill Richardson (that I know of) will require a disambiguation page at Bill Richardson (author) and what their individual articles should be named. —ExplorerCDT 23:02, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No, Bill Richardson (author) should in that case be a redirect to the main disambiguation page for the name. No point in having a twisty maze of little disambiguation pages. Gdr 21:23, 2004 Dec 31 (UTC)
 * Oppose can't really see any evidence of consensus (or discord for that matter) and who's to say there aren't others? Icundell 22:09, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I'm canadian, and have heard of the radio guy, and never the politician. here's my biased vote. SECProto 03:47, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. What SECProto said.  —Michael Z. 05:13, 2005 Jan 8 (UTC)
 * Oppose Keep it as is, More B. Richardson may appear in the future. Scott 20:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Ridiculous comment on Wen Ho Lee case
MISHANDELING OF WEN HO LE CASE

 * Wow. What an argument you make.  Or not.  It earns discussion, perhaps, but how was it mishandled?  Because Lee plead out on the charges?  Think Richardson had control over the FBI investigation?  You're ill-informed if you believe that.  --ABQCat 08:21, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

While I'm not really informed on the Wen Ho Lee case I think even Richardson himself admits that it was mishandled.

First sensible thing on Talk page
NBC had a story on the Latino/Hispanic vote and briefly profiled Bill Richardson on October 14, 2004. Brokaw said that Richardson was born in Mexico. Before anyone goes and changes the article for that comment, according to Project Vote Smart (most respectable source I could find in 5 minutes, Vote Smart's entry for Bill Richardson), Richardson was born in Pasedena, California. Brokaw was mistaken as far as I can tell. --ABQCat 01:04, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for move
I was just wondering - when two notable people have the same name, is it necessary (per wiki policy, for example) to create a disambig page, or could the predominant user of the name keep the main article? I'm asking because I've noticed this in the past and honstly don't know - Brian Williams, for example. I thought for example that the Bill Richardson (radio) blurb up at the top of Bill Richardson was quite sufficient, but as I said, I'm not up on what the policy is. --ABQCat 05:11, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Please note that this move has broken links on at least 10 pages I have found so far. I just think someone should bother taking care of that before deciding to just move the page.  --ABQCat 05:15, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Discussion on WP:RM decided to keep the page here; see above. Noel (talk) 14:26, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Richardson' Conversion to Supply-Side Reaganomics and Tax Cuts for Business ("The Rich")
Where does this UPI story fit into the text with the following quote:

'''"Make no mistake," Richardson said. "The point of cutting the personal income tax and the capital gains cut is to send an unmistakable message to business ''' (2/19/2003)

or this Letter to the Albuquerque Journal from a citizen:

'''Richardson Emulates Reagan's Tax Cuts

Airport/Enron Comment
This is clearly biased. First of all, Santa Fe is not 2 hours from Albuquerque and the writer included none of the discussion of the article. I have posted it here to be edited before it is put back on the main site.
 * Sante Fe is a two hour round trip, as the article states.Nobs01 19:17, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Removed Text
The Albuquerque Journal reported on June 12 2005, that a New Mexico State Auditor concluded the Governor used Enron type accounting after his adminstration "circumvented the Legislature and proper accounting procedures when it opened the office in 2004 because it used money intended for the Taxation and Revenue Department to pay for the governor's Albuquerque digs." The Governor had opened an office in Albuquerque five minutes from the airport to meet with potential out of state donors for his 2008 Presidential campaign without inconveniencing them with the two hour round trip to Sante Fe.

Non-objectivity
I haven't changed anything, but this article reads like a hatchet job.

A sentence like "In 1995 he travelled to Baghdad with Peter Bourne and personally shook hands with Saddam Hussein" would never appear in any reference work I have ever seen. It makes it sound as if he dropped in for tea with his pal, rather than a diplomatic mission to negotiate the release of hostages. There are similar instances throughout the article.

Someone competent needs to clean this up.

Family
This should include information about his family life. Does he have a wife and/or children? (Alphaboi867 21:57, 11 November 2005 (UTC))

Gov's jet
Perhaps something needs to be added about the Gov's purchase of a new jet to fly to New York for fundraisers; fuel consumption to fly at 40,000 ft, the flight lanes provided for non-commercial jet traffic, is impractical for flight within New Mexico which is purportedly how the appropriation for purchase passed the state legislature. nobs 18:51, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Spaceport
The spaceport is actually near T or C not Los Cruses. I know I live in NM.

Father's birthplace?
His father, born in Nicaragua, was a native of Boston How can this be? Last I heard, Boston was not in Nicaragua.

Link spam?
There is a vibrant Richardson netroots--why were all of the links deleted as "link spam?" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.165.44.72 (talk • contribs)

Blogs are nearly always link spam. For politicians, the only blogs that are appropriate are ones where the candidate contributes. For example DailyKos has some Democratic congressmen who contribute regularly.

I completely disagree. Isamuel

You may disagree, but it would help if you knew Wikipedia policy: External_links. Now, on what basis should this blog be added to external links? I find it suspect, particularly when it is added at the top of the external links list (common behavior for link spamming). Ted 23:41, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

I do know Wikipedia policy. The concern with link spam is promotion of a site via bots; that's clearly not what's going on here. The reality is that links to a politicians' netroots make the article more complete and provide a resource. If the concern is NPOV, then link away to critical blogs or the anti-netroots or whatever. 216.165.44.72

The extreme of link spam is via bots. This doesn't mean that this is the only concern. As I understand it, the concern is that this is using Wikipedia as a vehicle to advertise for various blogs. Another concern is proliferation of blogs. Does Wikipedia really want 30 blogs concerning Bill Richardson? If not, is there an objective criteria to decide which stay and which go? I also don't believe you understand the concept behind Neutral Point Of View. Compounding the error by adding critical blogs is, well, compounding the error. I've done a quick survey of politicians' entries, and have discovered a mixed bag. Unfortunately, policy enforcement is a real problem with Wikipedia. Until I can find some specific direction, I hope you will not mind a rearrangement, in the manner of John Edwards.

I can live with this resolution. Isamuel

YouTube links
This article is one of thousands on Wikipedia that have a link to YouTube in it. Based on the External links policy, most of these should probably be removed. I'm putting this message here, on this talk page, to request the regular editors take a look at the link and make sure it doesn't violate policy. In short: 1. 99% of the time YouTube should not be used as a source. 2. We must not link to material that violates someones copyright. If you are not sure if the link on this article should be removed or you would like to help spread this message contact us on this page. Thanks, ---J.S (t|c) 04:58, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Richardson (politician)


text:
Touch-and-go landing

In aviation, a touch-and-go landing (TGL) or circuit and bump is a maneuver that is common when learning to fly a fixed-wing aircraft. It involves landing on a runway and taking off again without coming to a full stop. Usually the pilot then circles the airport in a defined pattern known as a circuit and repeats the maneuver. This allows many landings to be practiced in a short time.

If the pilot brings the aircraft to a full stop before taking off again, it is known as a "stop-and-go". If the aircraft's wheels do not touch the ground, it is known as a "low pass". Both a touch-and-go landing and a low pass are types of go-around. An unplanned touch-and-go landing is also called a "rejected landing" or "balked landing".

Touch-and-go landings can perform a crucial safety role when a plane lands with not enough space to come to a complete stop, but has enough space to accelerate and take off again.

Standard procedure
In a normal landing, the pilot flies the traffic pattern and establishes the aircraft on final approach. As the aircraft crosses the threshold of the runway the pilot executes the landing flare, touches the aircraft down, and immediately applies braking, ground spoilers, and (if available) reverse thrust until the aircraft has decelerated enough to exit onto a taxiway. In a touch-and-go landing, after the wheels are down, the pilot does not apply the brakes but instead increases the engine power to full, partially retracts the flaps, accelerates back to rotation speed, and lifts off again.

At a towered airport, the pilot must receive ATC permission to perform a touch-and-go landing by requesting it by name or as "the option," which allows the pilot to perform a touch-and-go, stop-and-go, low approach, full-stop landing or go-around as desired.

At a non-towered airport, the pilot announces position and intent over the CTAF or UNICOM radio frequency to coordinate the flow of local air traffic with any other pilots.

Debate over role in flight instruction
Some flight instructors believe touch-and-gos should not be heavily used, if at all, with student pilots. They argue that this procedure results in less attention to learning to land properly, and thus creates safety problems. They note that neither the Federal Aviation Administration's Practical Test Standards nor its Airplane Flying Handbook discusses touch-and-gos.

Instructors who favor the use of touch-and-gos contend that it makes it possible to practice more landings per hour of instruction. Students doing touch-and-gos find it easier to master landing, particularly the final stage known as landing flare, which is often difficult to learn. Preparing to take off while landing is a necessary safety skill, they add, because any pilot must be able to do it in order to reject a landing.

Commercial aviation
As a result of the Australian government's Two Airlines Policy, airlines other than Ansett Australia and Trans Australia Airlines were not permitted to operate routes directly between major cities. To circumvent this policy, East-West Airlines would perform touch-and-go landings in smaller cities along the way. For instance, East-West's Melbourne to Sydney route included a touch-and-go landing at Albury Airport, on the border of New South Wales and Victoria.

Carrier aviation

In the United States Navy, touch-and-go landings are part of training for carrier pilots. If they have been away from a carrier for 29 days, they must do practice on a land runway and then do so at sea within 10 days. Before a carrier goes on patrol, pilots will conduct training. For example, before USS Ronald Reagan left on its summer 2016 patrol, it planned to conduct 4200 touch-and-go landings.

title: Touch-and-go landing