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Broaching (metalworking)

Broaching is a machining process that uses a toothed tool, called a broach, to remove material. There are two main types of broaching: linear and rotary. In linear broaching, which is the more common process, the broach is run linearly against a surface of the workpiece to produce the cut. Linear broaches are used in a broaching machine, which is also sometimes shortened to broach. In rotary broaching, the broach is rotated and pressed into the workpiece to cut an axisymmetric shape. A rotary broach is used in a lathe or screw machine. In both processes the cut is performed in one pass of the broach, which makes it very efficient.

Broaching is used when precision machining is required, especially for odd shapes. Commonly machined surfaces include circular and non-circular holes, splines, keyways, and flat surfaces. Typical workpieces include small to medium-sized castings, forgings, screw machine parts, and stampings. Even though broaches can be expensive, broaching is usually favored over other processes when used for high-quantity production runs.

Broaches are shaped similar to a saw, except the height of the teeth increases over the length of the tool. Moreover, the broach contains three distinct sections: one for roughing, another for semi-finishing, and the final one for finishing. Broaching is an unusual machining process because it has the feed built into the tool. The profile of the machined surface is always the inverse of the profile of the broach. The rise per tooth (RPT), also known as the step or feed per tooth, determines the amount of material removed and the size of the chip. The broach can be moved relative to the workpiece or vice versa. Because all of the features are built into the broach, no complex motion or skilled labor is required to use it. A broach is effectively a collection of single-point cutting tools arrayed in sequence, cutting one after the other; its cut is analogous to multiple passes of a shaper.

History
The concept of broaching can be traced back to the early 1850s, with the first applications used for cutting keyways in pulleys and gears. After World War I, broaching was used to rifle gun barrels. In the 1920s and 30s the tolerances were tightened and the cost reduced thanks to advances in form grinding and broaching machines.

Process
The process depends on the type of broaching being performed. Surface broaching is very simple as either the workpiece is moved against a stationary surface broach, or the workpiece is held stationary while the broach is moved against it.

Internal broaching is more involved. The process begins by clamping the workpiece into a special holding fixture, called a workholder, which mounts in the broaching machine. The broaching machine elevator, which is the part of the machine that moves the broach above the workholder, then lowers the broach through the workpiece. Once through, the broaching machine's puller, essentially a hook, grabs the pilot of the broach. The elevator then releases the top of the follower and the puller pulls the broach through the workpiece completely. The workpiece is then removed from the machine and the broach is raised back up to reengage with the elevator. The broach usually only moves linearly, but sometimes it is also rotated to create a spiral spline or gun-barrel rifling.

Cutting fluids are used for three reasons: Fortified petroleum cutting fluids are the most common. However, heavy-duty water-soluble cutting fluids are being used because of their superior cooling, cleanliness, and non-flammability.
 * 1) to cool the workpiece and broach
 * 2) to lubricate cutting surfaces
 * 3) to flush the chips from the teeth.

Usage

Broaching was originally developed for machining internal keyways. However, it was soon discovered that broaching is very useful for machining other surfaces and shapes for high volume workpieces. Because each broach is specialized to cut just one shape, either the broach must be specially designed for the geometry of the workpiece or the workpiece must be designed around a standard broach geometry. A customized broach is usually only viable with high volume workpieces, because the broach can cost US$15,000 to US$30,000 to produce.

Broaching speeds vary from 20 to 120 surface feet per minute (SFPM). This results in a complete cycle time of 5 to 30 seconds. Most of the time is consumed by the return stroke, broach handling, and workpiece loading and unloading.

The only limitations on broaching are that there are no obstructions over the length of the surface to be machined, the geometry to be cut does not have curves in multiple planes, and that the workpiece is strong enough to withstand the forces involved. Specifically for internal broaching a hole must first exist in the workpiece so the broach can enter. Also, there are limits on the size of internal cuts. Common internal holes can range from 0.125 to 6 in in diameter but it is possible to achieve a range of 0.05 to 13 in. Surface broaches' range is usually 0.075 to 10 in, although the feasible range is 0.02 to 20 in.

Tolerances are usually ±0.002 in (±0.05 mm), but in precise applications a tolerance of ±0.0005 in (±0.01 mm) can be held. Surface finishes are usually between 16 and 63 microinches (μin), but can range from 8 to 125 μin. There may be small burrs on the exit side of the cut.

Broaching works best on softer materials, such as brass, bronze, copper alloys, aluminium, graphite, hard rubbers, wood, composites, and plastic. However, it still has a good machinability rating on mild steels and free machining steels. When broaching, the machinability rating is closely related to the hardness of the material. For steels the ideal hardness range is between 16 and 24 Rockwell C (HRC); a hardness greater than HRC 35 will dull the broach quickly. Broaching is more difficult on harder materials, stainless steel and titanium, but is still possible.

Types

Broaches can be categorized by many means:
 * Use: internal, or surface
 * Purpose: single, or combination
 * Motion: push, pull, or stationary
 * Construction: solid, built-up, hollow or shell
 * Function: roughing, sizing, or burnishing

If the broach is large enough the costs can be reduced by using a built-up or modular construction. This involves producing the broach in pieces and assembling it. If any portion wears out only that section has to be replaced, instead of the entire broach.

Most broaches are made from high speed steel (HSS) or an alloy steel; titanium nitride (TiN) coatings are common on HSS to prolong life. Except when broaching cast iron, tungsten carbide is rarely used as a tooth material because the cutting edge will crack on the first pass.

Surface broaches
The slab broach is the simplest surface broach. It is a general purpose tool for cutting flat surfaces.

Slot broaches (G & H) are for cutting slots of various dimensions at high production rates. Slot broaching is much quicker than milling when more than one slot needs to be machined, because multiple broaches can be run through the part at the same time on the same broaching machine.

Contour broaches are designed to cut concave, convex, cam, contoured, and irregular shaped surfaces.

Pot broaches are cut the inverse of an internal broach; they cut the outside diameter of a cylindrical workpiece. They are named after the pot looking fixture in which the broaches are mounted; the fixture is often referred to as a "pot". The pot is designed to hold multiple broaching tools concentrically over its entire length. The broach is held stationary while the workpiece is pushed or pulled through it. This has replaced hobbing for some involute gears and cutting external splines and slots.

Straddle broaches use two slab broaches to cut parallel surfaces on opposite sides of a workpiece in one pass. This type of broaching holds closer tolerances than if the two cuts were done independently. It is named after the fact that the broaches "straddle" the workpiece on multiple sides.

Internal broaches

Solid broaches are the most common type; they are made from one solid piece of material. For broaches that wear out quickly shell broaches are used; these broaches are similar to a solid broach, except there is a hole through the center where it mounts on an arbor. Shell broaches cost more initially, but save the cost overall if the broach must be replaced often because the pilots are on the mandrel and do not have to be reproduced with each replacement.

Modular broaches are commonly used for large internal broaching applications. They are similar to shell broaches in that they are a multi-piece construction. This design is used because it is cheaper to build and resharpen and is more flexible than a solid design.

A common type of internal broach is the keyway broach (C & D). It uses a special fixture called a horn to support the broach and properly locate the part with relation to the broach.

A concentricity broach is a special type of spline cutting broach which cuts both the minor diameter and the spline form to ensure precise concentricity.

The cut-and-recut broach is used to cut thin-walled workpieces. Thin-walled workpieces have a tendency to expand during cutting and then shrink afterward. This broach overcomes that problem by first broaching with the standard roughing teeth, followed by a "breathing" section, which serves as a pilot as the workpiece shrinks. The teeth after the "breathing" section then include roughing, semi-finishing, and finishing teeth.

Design
For defining the geometry of a broach an internal type is shown below. Note that the geometries of other broaches are similar.

where:

 * P = pitch
 * RPT = rise per tooth
 * nr = number of roughing teeth
 * ns = number of semi-finishing teeth
 * nf = number of finishing teeth
 * tr = RPT for the roughing teeth
 * ts = RPT for the semi-finishing teeth
 * tf = RPT for the finishing teeth
 * Ls = Shank length
 * LRP = Rear pilot length
 * D1 = Diameter of the tooth tip
 * D2 = Diameter of the tooth root
 * D = Depth of a tooth (0.4P)
 * L = Land (behind the cutting edge) (0.25P)
 * R = Radius of the gullet (0.25P)
 * α = Hook angle or rake angle
 * γ = Back-off angle or clearance angle
 * Lw = Length of the workpiece (not shown)

The most important characteristic of a broach is the rise per tooth (RPT), which is how much material is removed by each tooth. The RPT varies for each section of the broach, which are the roughing section (tr), semi-finishing section (ts), and finishing section (tf). The roughing teeth remove most of the material so the number of roughing teeth required dictates how long the broach is. The semi-finishing teeth provide surface finish and the finishing teeth provide the final finishing. The finishing section's RPT (tf) is usually zero so that as the first finishing teeth wear the later ones continue the sizing function. For free-machining steels the RPT ranges from 0.006 to 0.001 in. For surface broaching the RPT is usually between 0.003 to 0.006 in and for diameter broaching is usually between 0.0012 to 0.0025 in. The exact value depends on many factors. If the cut is too big it will impart too much stress into the teeth and the workpiece; if the cut is too small the teeth rub instead of cutting. One way to increase the RPT while keeping the stresses down is with chip breakers. They are notches in the teeth designed to break the chip and decrease the overall amount of material being removed by any given tooth (see the drawing above). For broaching to be effective, the workpiece should have 0.020 to 0.025 in more material than the final dimension of the cut.

The hook (α) angle is a parameter of the material being cut. For steel, it is between 15 and 20° and for cast iron it is between 6 and 8°. The back-off (γ) provides clearance for the teeth so that they don't rub on the workpiece; it is usually between 1 and 3°.

When radially broaching workpieces that require a deep cut per tooth, such as forgings or castings, a rotor-cut or jump-cut design can be used; these broaches are also known as free egress or nibbling broaches. In this design the RPT is designated to two or three rows of teeth. For the broach to work the first tooth of that cluster has a wide notch, or undercut, and then the next tooth has a smaller notch (in a three tooth design) and the final tooth has no notch. This allows for a deep cut while keeping stresses, forces, and power requirements low.

There are two different options for achieving the same goal when broaching a flat surface. The first is similar to the rotor-cut design, which is known as a double-cut design. Here four teeth in a row have the same RPT, but each progressive tooth takes only a portion of the cut due to notches in the teeth (see the image gallery below). The other option is known as a progressive broach, which completely machines the center of the workpiece and then the rest of the broach machines outward from there. All of these designs require a broach that is longer than if a standard design were used.

For some circular broaches, burnishing teeth are provided instead of finishing teeth. They are not really teeth, as they are just rounded discs that are 0.001 to 0.003 in oversized. This results in burnishing the hole to the proper size. This is primarily used on non-ferrous and cast iron workpieces.

The pitch defines the tooth construction, strength, and number of teeth in contact with the workpiece. The pitch is usually calculated from workpiece length, so that the broach can be designed to have at least two teeth in contact with the workpiece at any time; the pitch remains constant for all teeth of the broach. One way to calculate the pitch is:

 * $$P \cong 0.35 \sqrt{L_\mathrm w}$$

Broaching machines

Broaching machines are relatively simple as they only have to move the broach in a linear motion at a predetermined speed and provide a means for handling the broach automatically. Most machines are hydraulic, but a few specialty machines are mechanically driven. The machines are distinguished by whether their motion is horizontal or vertical. The choice of machine is primarily dictated by the stroke required. Vertical broaching machines rarely have a stroke longer than 60 in.

Vertical broaching machines can be designed for push broaching, pull-down broaching, pull-up broaching, or surface broaching. Push broaching machines are similar to an arbor press with a guided ram; typical capacities are 5 to 50 tons. The two ram pull-down machine is the most common type of broaching machine. This style machine has the rams under the table. Pull-up machines have the ram above the table; they usually have more than one ram. Most surface broaching is done on a vertical machine.

Horizontal broaching machines are designed for pull broaching, surface broaching, continuous broaching, and rotary broaching. Pull style machines are basically vertical machines laid on the side with a longer stroke. Surface style machines hold the broach stationary while the workpieces are clamped into fixtures that are mounted on a conveyor system. Continuous style machines are similar to the surface style machines except adapted for internal broaching.

Horizontal machines used to be much more common than vertical machines; however, today they represent just 10% of all broaching machines purchased. Vertical machines are more popular because they take up less space.

Broaching is often impossible without the specific broaching or keyway machines unless you have a system that can be used in conjunction with a modern machining centre or driven tooling lathe; these extra bits of equipment open up the possibility of producing keyways, splines and Torx through one-hit machining.

Rotary broaching
Rotary Broaching.svg.

Rotary broaching requires two tooling components: a tool holder and a broach. The leading (cutting) edge of the broach has a contour matching the desired final shape. The broach is mounted in a special tool holder that allows it to freely rotate. The tool holder is special because it holds the tool so that its axis of rotation is inclined slightly to the axis of rotation of the work. A typical value for this misalignment is 1°. This angle is what produces a rotating edge for the broach to cut the workpiece. Either the workpiece or the tool holder is rotated. If the tool holder is rotated, the misalignment causes the broach to appear as though it is "wobbling", which is the origin of the term wobble broach.

For internal broaching the sides of the broach are drafted inward so it becomes thinner; for external broaching the sides are drafted outward, to make the pocket bigger. This draft keeps the broach from jamming; the draft must be larger than the angle of misalignment. If the work piece rotates, the broach is pressed against it, is driven by it, and rotates synchronously with it. If the tool holder rotates, the broach is pressed against the workpiece, but is driven by the tool holder.

Ideally the tool advances at the same rate that it cuts. The ideal rate of cut is defined as:

 * Rate of cut [inches per rotation (IPR)] = (diameter of tool [inches]) × sin(Angle of misalignment [degrees])

If it advances much faster, then the tool becomes choked; conversely, if it advances much slower, then an interrupted or zig-zag cut occurs. In practice the rate of cut is slightly less than the ideal rate so that the load is released on the non-cutting edge of the tool.

There is some spiraling of the tool as it cuts, so the form at the bottom of the workpiece may be rotated with respect to the form at the top of the hole or profile. Spiraling may be undesirable because it binds the body of the tool and prevents it from cutting sharply. One solution to this is to reverse the rotation in mid cut, causing the tool to spiral in the opposite direction. If reversing the machine is not practical, then interrupting the cut is another possible solution.

In general, a rotary broach will not cut as accurately as a push or pull broach. However, the ability to use this type of cutting tool on common machine tools is highly advantageous. In addition, push or pull broaches cannot be used in a blind hole, while a rotary broach can, as long as there is sufficient space for chips at the bottom of the hole.

title: Broaching (metalworking)


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Rothley

Rothley is a village and civil parish within the Borough of Charnwood in Leicestershire, England. Situated around 1/2 mi west of the River Soar and 5 mi north of Leicester, it had a population of 3,612 inhabitants. The population measured at the 2011 census was 3,897.

Rothley centres on two greens, Cross Green and the Town Green, both of which are accessed by a road that leads from the crossroads. The crossroads lies on the old route of the A6 road, which now bypasses the village.

Rothley is one of Leicestershire's most affluent areas based on number of houses worth more than £1 million – especially in some streets such as The Ridgeway, identified in the Sunday Times as the most expensive place to live in the East Midlands.

Most children of primary schooling age attend Rothley (Church of England) Primary School. The main shopping street in the village is Woodgate. Rothley has four churches, Rothley Baptist Church, the Methodist Church, Sacred Heart RC, and the main parish church St Mary & St John's Church of England.

Rothley has close links with its neighbouring village, Mountsorrel, which is 2 mi to the north.

History
Rothley has been inhabited since Saxon times, as evidenced by the ancient Saxon cross in the church graveyard in the village. It is mentioned in the Domesday Book where it is listed as "Rodolei" amongst the lands belonging to the king, William I. The land includes 37 acre of meadow, a mill and considerable woodlands. This manor also controlled surrounding pieces of land in a large number of villages including Asfordby, Seagrave and Sileby. Its name may have come from Anglo-Saxon ''Roþlēah = "meadow in a clearing".

In the Middle Ages, Rothley was home to a manor of the Knights Templar, known as Rothley Temple, but now the Rothley Court Hotel, which passed to the Babington family after the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century. The Babington family held the manor for almost 300 years until the death in 1837 of Thomas Babington. Married to Jean Macaulay, the daughter of a Scottish Presbyterian minister, Thomas Babington was MP for Leicester from 1800–1818, and a leading Anglican evangelical. Educated at St John's College, Cambridge alongside William Wilberforce, the two worked closely together on social improvement and famously on the bills to abolish the slave trade.

Wilberforce and Babington spent much time at the Rothley retreat working on the text of the bills, and on the analysis of the Select Committee's enquiries into the trade. Babington was instrumental in rescuing his wife's young brother, Zachary Macaulay, from the mental trauma of working as an overseer on a Jamaican slave plantation, when Zachary came to recuperate at Rothley Temple. Zachary was restored, and with a new Christian faith, went on to a lifetime devoted to the anti-slavery cause, and to have a posthumous bust in his honour placed in Westminster Abbey. Zachary returned often to Rothley, and on one long visit in 1800 his wife Selina (née Mills) gave birth to poet, historian and Whig politician Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay.

In 1899, Rothley railway station was opened on the Great Central Railway, which is now part of the Great Central Railway. The station has been used to film period drama such as the 1988 film Buster and the 2004 Miss Marple TV adaptation of 4.50 from Paddington (where the station stood in for Paddington).

The Bishop's House in Rothley is the home of the suffragan Bishop of Loughborough.

In 1988 Rothley was involved in a cricketing controversy, when then-England captain Mike Gatting was accused by The Sun and Today newspapers of improprieties with a barmaid at the Rothley Court Hotel. These accusations led to the sacking of Gatting as captain, despite his protestations of innocence.

In May 2007, Madeleine McCann, who lived in Rothley, disappeared when on holiday in Portugal shortly before her fourth birthday. The village square was decorated with yellow ribbons, teddy bears, notes and cards by people wanting to show support. In September, Rothley became the centre of international media attention when McCann's parents, Kate and Gerry McCann, returned to their home after being formally named as suspects in the investigation into Madeleine's disappearance. The heavy media presence in the village led to tension between journalists and the local community, the majority of whom responded by declining reporters' requests for comment about the case.

Sport
The village also has its own non league football club, Rothley Imperial F.C. who currently play in the at Loughborough Road.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rothley


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Chemin des Dames

In France, the Chemin des Dames (literally, the "ladies' path") is part of the route départementale (local road) D18 and runs east and west in the Aisne department, between in the west, the Route Nationale 2 (Laon to Soissons), and in the east, the D1044 at Corbeny. It is some 30 km long and runs along a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Aisne and Ailette.

It acquired the name in the 18th century, as it was the route taken by the two daughters of Louis XV, Adélaïde and Victoire, who were known as Ladies of France. At the time, it was scarcely a carriage road, but it was the most direct route between Paris and the Château de Boves, near Vauclair, on the far side of the Ailette. The château belonged to Françoise de Châlus, former mistress of Louis XV, Countess of Narbonne-Lara and former lady of honour to Adélaïde, whom the two ladies visited frequently. To make the way easier, the count had the road surfaced, and it gained its new name. The ridge's strategic importance first became evident in 1814 when Napoleon's young recruits defeated an army of Prussians and Russians at the Battle of Craonne.

World War I

Three battles were fought along the Chemin des Dames east-to-west ridge located to the north of Paris during the First World War. All are named after the river which flows on the south side of the ridge. Their names are as follows:
 * First Battle of the Aisne (1914) – Anglo-French counter-offensive following the First Battle of the Marne.
 * Second Battle of the Aisne (1917) – main component of the Nivelle Offensive.
 * Third Battle of the Aisne (1918) – third phase (Operation Blücher) of the German spring offensive.

During World War I, the Chemin Des Dames lay in that sector of the Western Front held by the French Army. Its strategic importance made it the staging ground of several major battles that took place between 1914 and 1918. The German army took a defensive stand on the ridge in September 1914, stopping the advancing Allied armies after the Battle of the Marne. After intensive combat, Germans took control of the plateau in November 1914. The front line then remained static until March 1917, during which time several thousand soldiers died in local attacks or coup de main operations. On 25 January 1915 German forces captured the Creute farm (today La Caverne du Dragon or the Dragon's Lair), the last remaining French position on the plateau.

The best-known battle, called the Second Battle of the Aisne, took place between 16 April and 25 April 1917. To soften up the German defences, General Robert Nivelle, an artilleryman by training and experience, inflicted a six-day artillery preparation involving 5,300 guns. This, of course, provided ample warning that a major French attack was coming. Then, on 16 April, seven French army corps attacked the German line along the Chemin des Dames ridge. But, Nivelle had underestimated the enemy's defensive preparations: The Germans had created a network of deep shelters in old underground stone quarries below the ridge, where their troops took shelter from the French barrage. The German positions also dominated the southerly slope over which the French attackers were progressing. On the first day, French infantry and some colonial Senegalese troops progressed to the top of the ridge in spite of intense German artillery counterfire and poor weather conditions. However, as French infantry reached the plateau, the advance was slowed and then stopped by the intense fire of a very high number of the Germans' new MG08/15 machine guns. As a result, the French took 40,000 casualties on the first day alone. Furthermore, during the following 12 days of the battle, French losses continued to rise to 120,000 casualties (dead, wounded, and missing). The final count, when the offensive was over, was 187,000 French casualties and 163,000 Germans casualties. The German defenders suffered much less, but lost some 20,000 prisoners, 40 cannons, and 200 machine guns. The high French casualty count, in so few days and with such minimal gains, was perceived at headquarters and by the French public as a disaster. Furthermore, the agonizingly slow evacuation of the French wounded also demonstrated a lack of logistical preparations. Nivelle had to resign, and the French Army became plagued by many refusals to march amounting to mutinies in several infantry divisions.

This situation developed into a threat of complete disintegration. General Philippe Pétain, who had opposed this offensive, was called in to take over from Nivelle and to re-establish order. This he did without harsh collective punishments. A total of 629 men were sentenced to death, but only 28 men, who had fired weapons at their superiors, were executed. Conversely, Pétain instituted positive changes, such as longer home leaves and better food and medical/surgical assistance for the troops. By the Summer of 1917, order had returned to the French army, which won a major victory that August on the left bank of the Meuse at Verdun, driving the Germans from the positions they had taken at such high cost there in 1916. During the summer of 1917, the Battle of the Observatories comprised a series of local attacks and counterattacks to gain control of high positions commanding the views between Craonne and Laffaux, in which the French improved their tactical position in the sector. In October, the crushing French victory at the Battle of La Malmaison drove German forces completely off the Chemin des Dames, forcing them North to the Ailette River valley.

The Third Battle of the Aisne came as a complete surprise to the Allies, including British troops who had been sent there to rest in a quiet sector. A German breakthrough was aided by orders of a French general to mass troops in the front line – a tactic by this date discredited. The penetration broke into open country and fighting went on from 27 May to 6 June 1918, but ran out of energy owing to lack of a strategic objective and lengthening supply lines. During the Second Battle of the Marne, the last fight on the Chemin des Dames occurred between 2 August and 10 October 1918.

Today
There are numerous war memorials and cemeteries, German, French and British, all along the chemin. Beneath the ridge is an almost square kilometre (250 acre)cave network called "The Dragon's Lair" (La Caverne du Dragon). The caverns originally were a tunnel system created from excavations of limestone for building purposes in the 17th century. The caves are some 20–40 m below the surface. During World War I, the caves were used by both French and German forces as field hospitals and command posts, sometimes simultaneously. The artillery bombardment of the area actually cracked some of the overlying cliffs, which can be seen today. A noteworthy visitors' centre that offers guided tours is now located at the site. In January 2020, the father-son team of Alain and Pierre Malinowski discovered the entrance to the long buried tunnel. The remains of over 270 German soldiers have been recovered to date.

The route was used during Stage 6 of the 2014 Tour de France as part of the race's tribute to the men killed in the 1914–18 War.

Cemeteries
Approximately half of those who are buried at Chemin des Dames cemeteries could not be identified, and were interred in ossuaries or into collective graves. Note: The following list of national cemeteries does not include the names of municipal cemeteries in France holding burials of soldiers lost in the battles.

French national cemeteries

 * Soupir (I & II)
 * Berry-au-Bac
 * Braine
 * Cerny-en-Laonnois
 * Craonnelle
 * Crouy
 * Oeuilly
 * Pontavert
 * Vailly-sur-Aisne
 * Vauxaillon
 * Vauxbuin

German national cemeteries

 * Cerny-en-Laonnois
 * Laon "Bousson"
 * Laon "Champ de Manoeuvre"
 * Montaigu (I & II)
 * Mons-en-Laonnois
 * Soupir
 * Sissonne
 * Veslud

British national cemeteries

 * Soupir
 * Seraucourt-le-Grand "Grand Seraucourt"
 * Montcornet
 * Sissonne
 * Vailly British Cemetery
 * Vendresse-Beaulne
 * La Ville-aux-Bois-les-Pontavert

Italian national cemetery

 * Soupir

Other national cemetery sections

 * Denmark: section in the French National Cemetery at Braine
 * United States: section of Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial near Fère-en-Tardenois

title: Chemin des Dames


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Talk:Messianism

Humanitism is the form of messianism held by the Sabis and their Notzarim. The clergy (Sabiyah) identifies and promotes a forever imminent just ideal in the midsts of the (Notzrim) congregation. The congregation are to attach themselves to the identified just mission and become its body and limbs through social solidarity to make the ideal manifest and thus bring about progress where the best efficiency takes pride of position. Efficient progress is not illegal as long as it is not against the Humanitist directives and there is always a way for the clergy to observe Torah protocols. The clergy reserves the right to single-out members of the congregation worthy of respect in light of significant contribution.

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:56, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Totally incoherantZestauferov 13:59, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

new forms added
I added new forms to the list, which now includes: Christianity, Judaism, Zionism, Islam, and Adventism.--Cberlet 17:37, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Merging with Messiah
This is being proposed. Please post all comments and discussion regarding the proposed merger at: Talk:Messiah#Merging_with_Messianism as per Wiki guidelines. --Cberlet 14:23, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Accuracy Dispute

 * This article cites no sources and gives grossly inadequate references for the reader to check further.
 * Consider the intro: "Messianism is any Judaic based field of philosophy which concerns itself with the interpretations of messianic fulfilment."
 * What the heck does that mean?
 * What is "messianic fulfillment"?
 * How is Islamic messianisim Judaic-based?
 * Is this close to "Messianic" in the sense of "Messianic Judaism"? Some contributors to the Messianic Judaism article seem to think so. (particularly in prior versions of the article).
 * The term "Jewish messianic groups" needs to be clarified. The beliefs of "Messianic Judaism" regarding the purpose and coming of "Messiah Jesus" are virtually identical to evangelical Protestantism. (I am Messianic and I attend both a Messianic synagogue and a Protestant church and have taken seminary-level courses at both.)
 * "Adventism" is confusing. Does this have to do with "advent" in the sense of "to come" or Seventh-Day Adventists?
 * Is this widely-accepted terminology and are these widely-accepted definitions? I have read a lot of Christian, Jewish and Messianic books and completed about 15 courses in Christian and Messianic subjects and I have not run across most of these concepts and this terminology.
 * Regarding the statement that Islam claims Jesus is the true Messiah, I have heard the exact opposite (admittedly, from evangelicals, not Moslems). Regarding Jesus, the Quran says, "They killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear. Nay, God raised him up unto Himself."
 * I have been told the Moslem interpretation of that is that Allah raptured (Christian term) Jesus and transfigured Judas to look like Jesus and Judas was the one who got crucified. Once in the presence of Allah, Allah told Jesus (my paraphrase), "You told people you are my son. I don't have a son. Why did you do that?" In the presence of Allah, Jesus repented for lying and Allah, being merciful, forgave him. In the last days, Jesus will come with the Mahdi and tell people, I am not the Messiah, he is."
 * If what I have been told is fairly accurate, then the article incorrectly states that Islam believes Jesus is the true Messiah.

Unlike other divine religions, Islam does not include a Messiah that will come shortly before the end of human societies.
 * After reading the article it still is not fairly clear exactly what "messianism" is!
 * Despite its length, at this point the article is really just a stub, because each section does not adequately address its topic.

I am not raising these points to "whine and complain" but to point out that the article has serious problems that need to be addressed.
 * RickReinckens 03:42, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Right on. This is seriously substandard. I mean, to begin with, messianism is a broad concept-- it doesn't just apply to Judaism and the Abrahamic religions. Any system of beliefs that includes the idea of a messiah, a divine being come to fulfill religious prophecy, is messianic. I think this needs a total rewrite. Freddie deBoer 00:42, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I deleted the references to people to build a Third Temple. All of traditional judaism anticipates the coming of the Messiah, but people attempting to build a Third Temple reppresent a very small minority, appropriate for mention in a large article but not a one-sentence summary. Or is the article's intention to focus on folks who believe in the immediate coming of the Messiah, Messianic fervor so to speak? This is a much smaller group, although a quite notable one. --Shirahadasha 02:06, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This factual dispute is weak. One persons lack of understanding what particular words mean does not constitute a reason for questioning the factual accuracy of the article. The first two questions are particularly absurd.

It is correct to say that messianism is a broad topic. Defined by the American Heritage dictionary messanism is 1] belief in a messiah 2] belief that a particular cause or movement is destined to triumph or save the world 3] zealous devotion to a leader, cuase or movement. Using this definition one could correctly call most any belief messianism. Thankfully the author here did not.

Given that Judiasm is arguably the oldest belief in a messiah it is factually correct and useful to define messianism as is and then to give summary examples with links to more detailed information. It is completely unreasonable to assert that all past and present beliefs in a messiah be described in order for this article to be factually accurate.

Further regarding the nature of briefly describing any broad topic like Islam there is bound to be dispute over the correct summary description. This dispute is unavoidable and does not necessarily indicate factual inaccuracy. --Lostinletters 21:38, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't quite understand why some people try to present Messianism as a Judaism-based concept, except perhaps as a part of the effort of some groups such as Messianic Judaism to present Jesus as the "one and only" true Messiah and Judaism as some sort of precursor to his coming. When one leaves attachment to that agenda behind, it is easy to see that Messianic attitudes and expectations are very much a common motif for many religions and not only those with some (often very removed) connection to Judaism.  See for instance Church of World Messianity.  Legends about the coming of annointed ones are fairly commonplace.  Luis Dantas 10:02, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The word "messiah"" is a transliteration of a Hebrew word appearing in the Hebrew Bible, so the use of the word can imply some attachment to its origins. In the absence of an acknowledged historical or express ideological relationship, claims that beliefs of one religion are "really" the same as beliefs of another religion requires having an agenda of its own, which can reflect its own attachments. Perhaps a more generic term than "Messianism" should be used for such an undertaking. After all, the term has baggage. And with its baggage, it may be unnecessarily or inappropriately Judeaomorphic. Perhaps a more generic term should be used for the general theme of a returning culture hero. Best, --Shirahadasha 19:53, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Judeo/Christian section
Removed the following content to talk given absence of any source that this content has any prominence in "Judeo-Christian" thought. See WP:NPOV. --Shirahadasha 23:38, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Judeo/Christian

 * See "The Messianic Movement: A Field Guide for Evangelical Christians from Jews for Jesus." See also Wikipedia, "Messianic Judaism" and "Jewish Christian" present day, for complete reference lists history, and many leaders (disputed and not.) This movement begun from within Christainity is mainly one of embracing Hebrews and Hebrew heritage. In all it's many forms. It encompasses Messianic Judaism but much more. Many identifying themselves as Messianic's are children, and/or grandchildren of Jewish persons, accepting the belief that Jesus was, and is still, the Messiah as Christianity has taught all along.  But they are the ones who refuse to accept that they are no longer Jews just because of having accepted Jesus as the promised Messiah of Israel. Many deny the Rabbinate created after the destruction of the 2nd Temple in Jerusalem had any authority to change basic Hebrew lineage from being dependent upon one having a Hebrew father to one having a Jewish mother instead. Also, they may challenge the authority of the additional holy books created by Rabbi's after that time. Messianism encompasses all who call themselves followers of the man the Scriptures of Christianity call Jesus. But usually, only those wishing to embrace a Hebrew instead of Gentile focus use it as an identifier for themselves. They usually call him Y'shua, Yeshua, or a variant spelling of that. It is the Hebrew form of what the name Jesus would have been back then. He is still known as Yeshua in Judaism today. Many Messianic's of this types simply consider themselves to be both Jewish and followers of Yeshua (Jesus, in Greek.) They believe he is fully the promised Messiah of Israel.  The degrees they retain, or incorporate, commonly known various customs of present day Judaism varies greatly.  Some knowing no Hebrew customs at all, observe none. And yet are still part of this kind of Messianism. Hebrew/Christian's as well as those shunning the term Christian and keeping only the Hebrew form "Messianic" are all part of this Messianism. Just as Christ is the greek form of Messiah, Messianic is the Hebrew form of Christian. They both are followers of the same man called Jesus in the many translations now called the New Testament.
 * See "The Messianic Movement: A Field Guide for Evangelical Christians from Jews for Jesus." See also Wikipedia, "Messianic Judaism" and "Jewish Christian" present day, for complete reference lists history, and many leaders (disputed and not.) This movement begun from within Christainity is mainly one of embracing Hebrews and Hebrew heritage. In all it's many forms. It encompasses Messianic Judaism but much more. Many identifying themselves as Messianic's are children, and/or grandchildren of Jewish persons, accepting the belief that Jesus was, and is still, the Messiah as Christianity has taught all along.  But they are the ones who refuse to accept that they are no longer Jews just because of having accepted Jesus as the promised Messiah of Israel. Many deny the Rabbinate created after the destruction of the 2nd Temple in Jerusalem had any authority to change basic Hebrew lineage from being dependent upon one having a Hebrew father to one having a Jewish mother instead. Also, they may challenge the authority of the additional holy books created by Rabbi's after that time. Messianism encompasses all who call themselves followers of the man the Scriptures of Christianity call Jesus. But usually, only those wishing to embrace a Hebrew instead of Gentile focus use it as an identifier for themselves. They usually call him Y'shua, Yeshua, or a variant spelling of that. It is the Hebrew form of what the name Jesus would have been back then. He is still known as Yeshua in Judaism today. Many Messianic's of this types simply consider themselves to be both Jewish and followers of Yeshua (Jesus, in Greek.) They believe he is fully the promised Messiah of Israel.  The degrees they retain, or incorporate, commonly known various customs of present day Judaism varies greatly.  Some knowing no Hebrew customs at all, observe none. And yet are still part of this kind of Messianism. Hebrew/Christian's as well as those shunning the term Christian and keeping only the Hebrew form "Messianic" are all part of this Messianism. Just as Christ is the greek form of Messiah, Messianic is the Hebrew form of Christian. They both are followers of the same man called Jesus in the many translations now called the New Testament.

Origin of Concept of Messianism
Yesterday, 2602:306:8b4e:1050:8143:9ffa:a023:2204 changed the intro to assert that the "concept of messianism originated in Zoroastrianism." Despite the necessary linkage of the term "Messiah" with the Old Testament / Hebrew Bible, with which Zeroaster had nothing to do, I dispute whether the writings upon which 2602:306:8b4e:1050:8143:9ffa:a023:2204's claim is apparently based chronologically precede such OT prophets as the 8th-cent. BC Isaiah chs. 9 and 11. Moreover, the foundational messianic text is found in texts referencing the 10th century BC Davidic Covenant establishment (e.g., 2 Sam 7:12-16). So why not restore some meaning to the term "messianism" by limiting it within its context of linguistic, religious, and historical arising instead of universalizing it to reference any sort of deliverer? In addition, why not knowledgeably adjudicate what has the status as originating source for aforesaid messianism? If I don't receive adequate explanation to these issues from 2602:306:8b4e:1050:8143:9ffa:a023:2204 et al., then I will restore the intro to its Israelite context and best scholarly dating of sources. Olorin3k (talk) 12:51, 6 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Nobody has justified the claim that the "Messiah" concept or "messianism" originated in Zoroastrianism, so I am removing it. Just because a divine saviour has some similarity to the Israelite Messiah does not mean one can justifiably term it "messianism," nor is the origination claim either chronologically or causally substantiated.Olorin3k (talk) 11:24, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

Removal of Hinduism from this page
An editor who seems to know a bit about Hinduism has just removed all connections of this page to Hinduism, arguing that Messianism is a concept that definitely does not apply to Hinduism. They may be correct, I don't really know, but the section on Hinduism was referenced to a source, that is now removed from the page. I don't know if that source was reliable in any way or not, but I'd feel more comfortable with the removal if the editor or someone else discussed the quality of that source here, before the removal is accepted as final. Thank you, warshy (¥¥) 21:11, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
 * From looking at the source that was removed, and at what the editor wrote in his edit summaries, it looks to me that Hinduism does have a certain belief in a future age where the world is made purer and better by the advent of a certain type of religious character. I would say that in that sense, this belief could be akin to what Western religions call "messianism." Maybe it is not the same thing, but it is a religious belief that is "akin" to Messianism. In that sense, maybe there is an argument for keeping the section on Hinduism that was removed, if a sourced note clarifying the distinction is also included? It is something I am thinking about. Thank you, warshy (¥¥) 21:27, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

Druze on Jesus
according to Druze Jesus is a false Messiah and there was an Incarnation of Hamza ibn Ali who has sent him this Incarnation is the true Messiah not Jesus but Jesus gave Israel a false teachings (according to Druze) and falsely claimed to be Messiah and son of god, then God sent upon him the Jews and Romans who has killed him and humilated him because of his wicked acts and The true Messiah disappeared you can see Rasail al Hikma the holy scriptures of Druze in Arabic. 94.252.140.124 (talk) 11:16, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Messianism