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American Academy of Arts and Letters

The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 300-member honor society whose goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in American literature, music, and art. Its fixed number membership is elected for lifetime appointments. Its headquarters is in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It shares Audubon Terrace, a Beaux Arts/American Renaissance complex on Broadway between West 155th and 156th Streets, with the Hispanic Society of America and Boricua College.

The academy's galleries are open to the public on a published schedule. Exhibits include an annual exhibition of paintings, sculptures, photographs and works on paper by contemporary artists nominated by its members, and an annual exhibition of works by newly elected members and recipients of honors and awards. A permanent exhibit of the recreated studio of composer Charles Ives was opened in 2014.

The auditorium is sought out by musicians and engineers wishing to record live, as the acoustics are considered among the city's finest. Hundreds of commercial recordings have been made there.

Early years
The American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters was formed from three parent organizations. The first, the American Social Science Association, was founded in 1865 in Boston. The second was the National Institute of Arts and Letters, which ASSA's membership created in 1898. The qualification for membership in the NIAL was notable achievement in art, music, or literature. The NIAL's membership was at first limited to 150 (all men). The third organization was the American Academy of Arts, which NIAL's membership created in 1904 as a preeminent national arts institution, styling itself after the French Academy.

The AAA's first seven academicians were elected from ballots cast by the NIAL membership. They were William Dean Howells, Samuel L. Clemens, Edmund Clarence Stedman, and John Hay, representing literature; Augustus Saint-Gaudens and John La Farge, representing art; and Edward MacDowell, representing music. The NIAL membership increased in 1904, with the introduction of a two-tiered structure: 50 academicians and 200 regular members. Academicians were gradually elected over the next several years. The elite group (academicians) were called the "Academy", and the larger group (regular members) was called the "Institute". This strict two-tiered system persisted for 72 years (1904–1976).

In 1908, the poet Julia Ward Howe was elected to the AAA, becoming the first female academician.

In 1976, the NIAL and AAA merged, under the name American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The combined Academy/Institute structure had a maximum of 250 living U.S. citizens as members, plus up to 75 foreign composers, artists, and writers as honorary members. It also established the annual Witter Bynner Poetry Prize in 1980 to support young poets. The election of foreign honorary members persisted until 1993, when it was abandoned.

Federally chartered corporation
The academy holds a Congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code (42 USC 20301 et seq.), making it one of the country's comparatively rare "Title 36" corporations. The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution among a small number of other similarly chartered patriotic and national organizations. The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor. The special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the academy, which functions independently.

Active sponsors of Congressional action were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and former President Theodore Roosevelt. The process that led to the creation of this federal charter was controversial and the first attempt to gain the charter in 1910 failed. Lodge reintroduced legislation, which passed the Senate in 1913. The academy was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1914, which resulted in Congressional approval in 1916.

Buildings
The academy occupies three buildings on the west end of the Audubon Terrace complex created by Archer M. Huntington, the heir to the Southern Pacific Railroad fortune and a noted philanthropist. To help convince the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the National Institute of Arts and Letters, which were separate but related organizations at the time, to move to the complex, Huntington established building funds and endowments for both.

The first building, on the complex's south side, along West 155th Street, was designed by William M. Kendall of McKim, Mead & White; Kendall was also a member of the academy. This Anglo-Italian Renaissance administration building was designed in 1921 and opened in 1923. On the north side, another building housing an auditorium and gallery was designed by Cass Gilbert, also an academy member, and built in 1928–1930. These additions to the complex necessitated considerable alterations to the Audubon Terrace plaza, which were designed by McKim, Mead & White.

In 2007, the American Numismatic Society, which had occupied a Charles P. Huntington-designed building immediately to the east of the academy's original building, vacated that space to move to smaller quarters downtown. This building, which incorporates a 1929 addition designed by H. Brooks Price, became the academy's Annex and houses additional gallery space. In 2009, the space between the Annex and the administration building was turned into a new entrance link, designed by Vincent Czajka with Pei Cobb Freed & Partners.

Membership
Members of the academy are chosen for life and have included some of the American art scene's leading figures. They are organized into committees that award annual prizes to up-and-coming artists. Although the names of some of the organization's members may not be well-known today, each was well known in their time. Greatness and pettiness are demonstrable among the academy members, even during the first decade, when William James declined his nomination on the grounds that his little brother Henry had been elected first. One of the giants of the academy in his time, Robert Underwood Johnson, casts a decades-long shadow in his one-man war against encroaching modernism, blackballing such writers as H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and T. S. Eliot (before his emigration to England disqualified him for full membership). Former Harvard president Charles William Eliot declined election to the academy "because he was already in so many societies that he didn't want to add to the number".

Although never explicitly excluded, women were not elected to membership in the early years. The admission of Julia Ward Howe in January 1908 (at age 88) as the first woman in the academy was only one incident in the intense debate about the consideration of female members. In 1926, the election of four women—Edith Wharton, Margaret Deland, Agnes Repplier and Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman—was said to have "marked the letting down of the bars to women". The first African-American woman member-elect was Gwendolyn Brooks in 1976.

Below is a partial list of past members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and its successor institution, the National Institute and Academy of Arts and Letters:

 * Henry Brooks Adams
 * Herbert Adams
 * Henry Mills Alden
 * Nelson Algren
 * Hannah Arendt
 * Newton Arvin
 * Wystan Hugh Auden
 * Paul Wayland Bartlett
 * Chester Beach
 * Stephen Vincent Benét
 * William Rose Benét
 * Edwin Howland Blashfield
 * William Brownell
 * George de Forest Brush
 * John Burroughs
 * William S. Burroughs
 * Nicholas Murray Butler
 * George Washington Cable
 * Hortense Calisher
 * Joseph Campbell
 * George Whitefield Chadwick
 * William Merritt Chase
 * Chou Wen-chung
 * Timothy Cole
 * Billy Collins
 * Kenyon Cox
 * John Dos Passos
 * Bob Dylan
 * Thomas Harlan Ellett
 * Stanley Elkin
 * Duke Ellington
 * Ralph Ellison
 * Daniel Chester French
 * William Gaddis
 * Hamlin Garland
 * Charles Dana Gibson
 * Cass Gilbert
 * Richard Watson Gilder
 * Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve
 * Brendan Gill
 * William Gillette
 * Daniel Coit Gilman
 * Allen Ginsberg
 * Bertram G. Goodhue
 * Robert Grant
 * William Elliot Griffis
 * Arthur Twining Hadley
 * Childe Hassam
 * Thomas Hastings
 * Anthony Hecht
 * David Jayne Hill
 * Ripley Hitchcock
 * Cecil de Blaquiere Howard
 * Julia Ward Howe
 * William Henry Howe
 * William Dean Howells
 * Archer Milton Huntington
 * Charles Ives
 * Henry James
 * Robert Underwood Johnson
 * Louis I. Kahn
 * Kenneth Koch
 * Maxine Kumin
 * Sinclair Lewis
 * Roy Lichtenstein
 * Henry Cabot Lodge
 * Abbott Lawrence Lowell
 * Mary McCarthy
 * Hamilton Wright Mabie
 * Archibald MacLeish
 * Frederick William MacMonnies
 * J. D. McClatchy
 * Brander Matthews
 * William Keepers Maxwell Jr.
 * William Rutherford Mead
 * Gari Melchers
 * Willard Metcalf
 * Edna St. Vincent Millay
 * Charles Moore
 * Douglas Moore
 * Paul Elmer More
 * Robert Motherwell
 * Georgia O'Keeffe
 * Thomas N. Page
 * Horatio Parker
 * Joseph Pennell
 * Bliss Perry
 * William Lyon Phelps
 * Charles Adams Platt
 * Ezra Pound
 * James Ford Rhodes
 * James Whitcomb Riley
 * George Lockhart Rives
 * Elihu Root
 * Theodore Roosevelt
 * Mark Rothko
 * Eero Saarinen
 * Carl Sandburg
 * John Singer Sargent
 * Meyer Schapiro
 * Arnold Schoenberg
 * Harry Rowe Shelley
 * Stuart Sherman
 * Robert E. Sherwood
 * Paul Shorey
 * William Milligan Sloane
 * Wallace Stevens
 * Meryl Streep
 * Lorado Taft
 * Josef Tal
 * Booth Tarkington
 * Abbott Handerson Thayer
 * William Roscoe Thayer
 * Augustus Thomas
 * Virgil Thomson
 * Lionel Trilling
 * Henry van Dyke
 * John Charles Van Dyke
 * Elihu Vedder
 * Kurt Vonnegut
 * Julian Alden Weir
 * Barrett Wendell
 * Edith Wharton
 * Andrew Dickson White
 * Thornton Wilder
 * Brand Whitlock
 * William Carlos Williams
 * Woodrow Wilson
 * Owen Wister
 * George Edward Woodberry
 * Frank Lloyd Wright
 * James A. Wright

Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts
The award, a certificate and $1,000, goes to a United States resident who has "rendered notable service to the arts".

 * 2003: Leon Botstein
 * 2008: Judith Jamison

Other awards
The academy gives out numerous awards, with recipients chosen by committees of academy members. Candidates for awards must be nominated by Academy members, except for the Richard Rodgers awards, for which an application may be submitted.
 * Arts and Letters Award (formerly, the Academy Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters): In 1941, the academy established awards to encourage creative work in the arts. Now $10,000 each, Academy Awards are given annually: five to artists, eight to writers, four to composers, and three to architects.
 * Marc Blitzstein Award: The $5,000 award is given periodically to a composer, lyricist, or librettist, "to encourage the creation of works of merit for musical theater and opera". The award was established in 1965 by the friends of Marc Blitzstein, an academy member.
 * Michael Braude Award for Light Verse: The $5,000 biennial award is given "for light verse written in English regardless of the country of origin of the writer".
 * Arnold W. Brunner Memorial Prize: The annual prize of $5,000 goes to an architect of any nationality who has "made a contribution to architecture as an art".
 * Benjamin H. Danks Award: The $20,000 award is given in rotation to a composer of ensemble works, a playwright, and a writer (fiction, nonfiction, poetry). Since 2002, the academy has administered the prize established by Roy Lyndon Danks in honor of his father, Benjamin Hadley Danks.
 * Jimmy Ernst Award: Established by Dallas Ernst in memory of her husband, the Jimmy Ernst Award of $5,000 is given to a painter or sculptor "whose lifetime contribution to his or her vision has been both consistent and dedicated". The award has been presented annually since 1990.
 * E. M. Forster Award: E. M. Forster, a foreign honorary member of the academy, bequeathed the U.S. royalties of his posthumous novel Maurice to Christopher Isherwood, who transferred them to the academy to establish this $15,000 award. It is given to a young English writer for an extended visit to the United States.
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals: Each year the academy awards gold medals for distinguished achievement in two categories in rotation. The Gold Medal is given for the entire work of the recipient.
 * Belles Lettres, Criticism, Essays and Painting;
 * Biography and Music;
 * Fiction and Sculpture;
 * History and Architecture, including landscape architecture;
 * Poetry and Music;
 * Drama and Graphic Art.
 * Walter Hinrichsen Award: The Walter Hinrichsen Award is given for the publication of "a work by a mid-career American composer".
 * William Dean Howells Medal: This award is given every five years in recognition of the most distinguished American novel published during that period. It was established in 1925.
 * Andrew Imbrie Award in Music: This award of $10,000, inaugurated in 2012, was made possible through a gift from Andrew and Barbara Imbrie. It is awarded annually to a mid-career composer of demonstrated artistic merit.
 * The Charles Ives Prize: Six scholarships of $7,500 and two fellowships of $15,000 are now given annually to young composers. In 1998, the academy established the Charles Ives Living, an award of $75,000 a year for a period of three years given to an American composer. The award's purpose is to free "a promising talent from the need to devote his or her time to any employment other than music composition" during that period.
 * The Charles Ives Opera Prize: In 2008, the academy awarded the inaugural Charles Ives Opera Prize of $50,000, to be given from time to time to a composer and a librettist for a recently produced opera. It is America's largest vocal music award.
 * Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction: The $5,000 prize is given for the best published first novel or collection of short stories in the preceding year.
 * Wladimir and Rhoda Lakond Award: an annual award of $5,000 "given either to a composition student or an experienced composer".
 * Goddard Lieberson Fellowships: Two Goddard Lieberson Fellowships of $15,000 are given annually to young composers of extraordinary gifts. The CBS Foundation endowed the fellowships in memory of Lieberson, the late president of CBS Records.
 * Russell Loines Award for Poetry
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Award of Merit: The Award of Merit, a medal and $10,000, is given each year, in rotation, to an outstanding person in America representing painting, the short story, sculpture, the novel, poetry, and drama.
 * Metcalf Awards: In 1986, the academy received a bequest from Addison M. Metcalf, son of the late member Willard L. Metcalf, for two awards to honor young writers and artists of great promise. The Willard L. Metcalf Award in Art and the Addison M. Metcalf Award in Literature are biennial awards of $10,000.
 * Katherine Anne Porter Award: This biennial award of $20,000 goes to a prose writer who has demonstrated achievements and dedication to the literary profession.
 * Arthur Rense Prize: In 1998, this $20,000 award was established to honor "an exceptional poet" every third year.
 * Richard Rodgers Awards for Musical Theater: These awards subsidize full productions, studio productions, and staged readings of musicals put on by nonprofit theaters in New York City. The plays are by composers and writers who are not already established. These are the only awards for which the academy accepts applications.
 * Rome Prize in Literature: Every year the academy selects and partly subsidizes two young writers for a one-year residence at the American Academy in Rome.
 * Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Awards: Each of these two awards are for $5,000. The first, established in 1956, is for a fiction work of "considerable literary achievement" published in the previous year. The second, created in 1959, is for a young painter "who has not yet been accorded due recognition".
 * Medal for Spoken Language: This medal, awarded from time to time, recognizes individuals who set a standard of excellence in the use of spoken language.
 * The Mildred and Harold Strauss Livings: These Livings provide an annual stipend of $50,000 a year for five years, awarded to two writers of English prose literature to enable them to devote their time exclusively to writing.
 * Harold D. Vursell Memorial Award: This $10,000 award is given each year to honor a writer of "recent prose that merits recognition for the quality of its style".
 * Morton Dauwen Zabel Award: This $10,000 biennial award is given in rotation to a poet, writer of fiction, or critic, "of progressive, original, and experimental tendencies".

title: American Academy of Arts and Letters


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Big Hill Pond State Park

Big Hill Pond State Park is a state park in the southwestern part of McNairy County in southwestern Tennessee.

Description
The park has an area of 4138 acre and is forested with timberland and hardwood bottomland. Cypress Creek and the Tuscumbia River border the property. The park's central feature is 35 acre Travis McNatt Lake. The namesake Big Hill Pond was formed by excavation in 1853 as a borrow pit that was a source for soil used to build a levee across the Tuscumbia and Cypress Creek bottoms for the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. In addition, the floodplains of the Tuscumbia River and Cypress Creek contain small oxbow lakes and sloughs that provide desirable habitat for waterfowl, other wildlife, and fish. A large stand of cypress trees has grown up in and around Big Hill Pond, which is accessible by four-wheel-drive vehicles. The park contains the Big Hill Pond Fortification, which was the site of Union defenses above the Memphis and Charleston Railroad during the Civil War.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Big Hill Pond State Park


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Judith Kerr

Anna Judith Gertrud Helene Kerr (surname pronounced   ; 14 June 1923 – 22 May 2019) was a German-born British writer and illustrator whose books sold more than 10 million copies around the world. She created both enduring picture books such as the Mog series and The Tiger Who Came to Tea and acclaimed novels for older children such as the semi-autobiographical When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit, which gave a child's-eye view of escaping Hitler's persecution in the Second World War. Born in the Weimar Republic, she came to Britain with her family in 1935 to escape persecution during the rise of the Nazis.

Youth
Kerr was born on 14 June 1923 in Berlin, the daughter of Alfred Kerr (1867–1948), a theatre critic, and Julia Kerr (born Julia Anna Franziska Weismann; 1898–1965), a composer who was the daughter of a Prussian politician. Judith Kerr had a brother, Michael. Her parents were both from German Jewish families.

Early in March 1933, the family heard a rumour that, should the Nazis come to power in the forthcoming election, they planned to confiscate their passports and arrest Alfred Kerr for having openly criticised the party. The family fled Germany for Switzerland on the morning of the election and later learned that the Nazis had come to their home in Berlin the following morning to arrest them. Alfred Kerr's books were burned by the Nazis shortly after he fled Germany. The family later travelled to France, before finally settling in Britain in 1936, where Judith Kerr lived for the remainder of her life.

Life in London
During the Second World War, Judith Kerr worked for the Red Cross, helping wounded soldiers, before being awarded a scholarship to study at the Central School of Arts and Crafts and becoming an artist. She met her future husband, screenwriter Nigel "Tom" Kneale, in the BBC canteen. He wrote the cult TV science-fiction serial The Quatermass Experiment for which Kerr helped make and operate the special effects. Kneale later prompted her to apply for a job as a BBC television scriptwriter. Kerr naturalised as a British subject on 21 June 1947.

Kerr and Kneale were married in 1954; they remained married until his death in 2006. They had two children, a daughter Tacy (born 1958) and a son Matthew (born 1960). Matthew is also a writer, winning the Book of the Year prize at the Whitbread Book Awards in 2000 for the novel English Passengers. Tacy is an actress, animatronics artist and painter; as an animatronics designer, she initially worked for Jim Henson's Creature Shop before working independently in special effects. She has worked on films including Lost in Space, Dog Soldiers, and the first four Harry Potter films. As an artist, she primarily paints insects.

Kerr lived in the same house in Barnes, London, from 1962 until her death on 22 May 2019.

Books
Kerr is best known for her children's books. Although she dreamed of being a famous writer as a child, she only started writing and drawing books when her own children were learning to read. She wrote self-illustrated picture titles, such as the 17-book Mog series and The Tiger Who Came to Tea. The character of Mog was based on a real-life tabby who would sit on Kerr's lap as she worked.

As well as young children's books, Kerr wrote children's novels such as the semi-autobiographical Out of the Hitler Time trilogy (When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit, Bombs on Aunt Dainty (originally published as The Other Way Round) and A Small Person Far Away), which tell the story, from a child's perspective, of the rise of the Nazis in 1930s Germany and life as a refugee, life in Britain during World War II and life during the post-war years and the Cold War respectively. Again it was her children who occasioned this writing: when her son was eight he saw The Sound of Music and remarked, "now we know what it was like when Mummy was a little girl". Kerr wanted him to know what it was really like and so wrote When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit. The story was based on her regret over choosing to take a stuffed dog toy with her when her family fled Germany rather than a beloved pink rabbit toy. The young adult novel won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1974. A cinematic adaption of When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit premiered in December 2019 in Germany, directed by Oscar-winning director Caroline Link.

Kerr said that since the death of her husband writing had become more important than ever. She continued to write and illustrate children's books: Twinkles, Arthur and Puss was published in 2008, and One Night in the Zoo in 2009. The Curse of the School Rabbit was published posthumously in 2019.

Kerr was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to children's literature and Holocaust education.

Death and legacy
Kerr died at her home on 22 May 2019, aged 95, following a short illness.

In 2013 Britain's first bilingual state school in English and German, the in Herne Hill, south London, was named after her.

In May 2019, a week before her death, she was nominated as an illustrator of the year at the British Book Awards. An archive of her illustrations is held at the Seven Stories centre in Newcastle upon Tyne.

Selected works

 * The Tiger Who Came to Tea (HarperCollins, 1968).
 * The Mog series, including:
 * Mog the Forgetful Cat (1970)
 * Mog's Christmas (1976)
 * Goodbye, Mog (2002)
 * Mog's Christmas Calamity (2015)
 * The "Out of the Hitler Time" trilogy:
 * When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit (1971)
 * Bombs on Aunt Dainty (originally published as The Other Way Round) (1975)
 * A Small Person Far Away (1978)

title: Judith Kerr


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Line-out (rugby union)

A line-out or lineout is a means by which, in rugby union, play is restarted after the ball has gone into touch. When the ball goes out of the field of play, the opposing team is normally awarded a line-out; the exception is after the ball is kicked into touch from a penalty kick, when the team that was awarded the penalty throws into the line-out. In 2021 World Rugby began trialling what was dubbed the "50:22" (or "50–22") rule, wherein the kicking team has the throw-in if the ball travels from the kicker's half and bounces beyond the opposing 22-meter line. This was inspired by rugby league's 40/20 kick.

A line-out is formed by players from each team lining up inside the touchline, at 90° to it. A player from the side that did not put the ball into touch then throws the ball back into play.

A line-out is one of the two methods of restarting play after the ball has gone into touch, the other is the "quick throw-in" (sometimes referred to as a quick line-out). Due to the specific rules placed on quick throw-ins they are uncommon in a rugby match, with the majority of restarts from touch taking the form of a line-out.

Position of line-out
Where the line-out is taken depends on the manner in which the ball was played into touch. If it is kicked directly into touch, without first landing in the field-of-play or touching the referee or an opponent who is not in touch, the line-out is formed in line with the spot from where it was kicked, with two exceptions: if the kick was a penalty kick or if the kicker had at least one foot on or behind his own 22-metre line, the line-out is formed at the spot where the ball crossed the touch-line. In all other cases, the line-out is formed at the spot where the ball crossed the touch-line, except that if this spot is within 5 metres of the goal-line, the line-out is formed on the 5-metre line. A line-out is also awarded if a player in possession of the ball crosses or touches the touchline whilst still in possession of the ball.

A player in the line-out will attempt either to catch the ball or to knock it back to a "receiver", a player from their own side (often the scrum-half but sometimes another forward) who is standing close to the line-out on their side of the pitch and in a position to receive such a ball. Each team may have, at most, one receiver at a line-out.

Players not forming part of the line-out, or acting as receiver, must stay at least 11 yd behind the line at which the line-out is formed until the line-out is over; the only exception is if the line-out is formed within 11 yards of a team's goal-line, when they need only retreat behind the goal-line. A line-out ends when the ball, or a player carrying it, leaves the line-out, or, if a ruck or maul is formed at the line-out, when all the feet of all the players forming the ruck or maul move beyond the line of touch.

The line-out was originally contested with both teams jumping unsupported to retrieve the ball. However, lifting in the line-out was legalised in 1999 under Law 18 of the World Rugby laws.

Players must not interfere with the opposition during the line-out. In particular, they must not interfere with or tackle a jumper while his feet are off the ground, or interfere with players supporting him; such actions are deemed to be dangerous play and will be penalised with a penalty kick. Players in the line-out must not close the gap or enter the gap, except in the act of jumping for the ball, nor may they jump or support a jumper before the ball is thrown; such actions are penalised with a free-kick. Penalty kicks and free kicks are awarded 15 metres infield from the touch-line.

If the ball is thrown beyond the 15-metre line, a player from the throwing team who is not taking part in the line-out may run forward to take the ball. If he does so, an opponent may also run forward to contest possession. Players who are taking part in the line-out may move beyond the 15-metre line as soon as the ball leaves the thrower's hands. If, however, a player runs forward or infield and the ball is not thrown beyond the 15-metre line, that player is off-side. The line-out ends when the ball crosses the 15-metre line.

Players from the side not throwing may jump to compete for the ball, though they must be careful not to attract a penalty for interfering with an opposing jumper. Alternatively, they may choose not to contest the line-out but to drive onto the catcher as soon as he returns to the ground. Often, when a team is awarded a line-out close to their opponent's goal-line, they will attempt to form a maul around the catcher and drive over the goal-line to score a try. In such cases, the defending team will often seek to disrupt this tactic by driving in on the catcher, taking him to ground immediately, before a maul can form.

Tactics
Teams usually employ a line-out code, to ensure that all players on that team know what is planned, who the ball will be thrown to, what that player will do with it, and what follow-up play is intended. One player from the throwing team is usually designated to shout the code, and it is particularly important that the thrower should know what the code is, so that he can execute the throw as intended.

Quick throw-in
A quick throw-in may be taken without waiting for a line-out to be formed. For a quick throw-in to be legal, the ball can not have been touched by any other person (player or non-player), apart from the player taking the throw or the opponent who may have carried the ball into touch and it can only be taken between the point of the ball leaving the field and the thrower's own goal line, unless a kick-off or restart kick goes straight into touch, in which case the ball may be taken up to the 50 meter line. If a line-out begins to form before the quick throw-in is taken the throw-in is not permitted. To prevent quick throw-ins, members of the opposing team will often race to the point where the ball went into touch to ensure a line-out is forming. In a quick throw-in the player throwing the ball back into play cannot send the ball forward towards the opponent's goal line. However, unlike a line-out, the ball may be thrown back in the direction of the player's own goal line.

title: Line-out (rugby union)


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User talk:Mumble

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Carolyn Leigh

Carolyn Leigh (August 21, 1926 – November 19, 1983) was an American lyricist for Broadway, film, and popular songs. She is best known as the writer with partner Cy Coleman of the pop standards "Witchcraft" and "The Best Is Yet to Come". With Johnny Richards, she wrote the million-seller "Young at Heart" for the film of the same name, starring Frank Sinatra.

Biography
Leigh was born to a Jewish family in the Bronx, New York, graduated from Hunter College High School, Queens College, and New York University.

Leigh worked as a copy writer for radio stations and advertising agencies. Always writing stories and poems, in 1951, when urged to write songs by a musical publisher who gave her a contract, she wrote "I'm Waiting Just for You" with Henry Glover, and two years later, "Young at Heart."

Leigh's lyrics for Broadway shows include Peter Pan, Wildcat, Little Me, and How Now, Dow Jones. The last was an original idea of Leigh's, though Max Shulman wrote the script. She provided lyrics for the scores to the films The Cardinal in 1963 and Father Goose in 1964. In 1969 she wrote the lyrics for the musical Gatsby, with the score by Lee Pockriss and book by Hugh Wheeler. She wrote the lyrics for two other unproduced musicals,Caesar's Wife, again with music by Pockriss, about Julius Caesar's third wife, Calpurnia, and Juliet, based on the Fellini movie Juliet of the Spirits, with music by Morton Gould.

Leigh was working with Marvin Hamlisch on the musical Smile when she died on November 19, 1983, of a heart attack. She was divorced from David Cunningham Jr. Leigh was inducted posthumously into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1985.

Tony Award nominations

 * Little Me (1963) - Tony Award for Best Original Score
 * How Now, Dow Jones (1968) - Tony Award for Best Original Score

title: Carolyn Leigh


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Chickasaw State Park (Tennessee)

Chickasaw State Park is a state park located in Chester County, Tennessee, in the Southeastern United States. The park consists of 1,280 acres (5 km2) amidst a 14,384 acres (58 km2) state forest and includes Lake Placid, Lake Lajoie, and some of West Tennessee's highest areas.

History
Chickasaw State Park was named for the Chickasaw Indians who once inhabited West Tennessee and Northern Mississippi. Located in west Tennessee along the border of Hardeman and Chester Counties was 1,400 acres of land that was considered to be one of Tennessee's 20 new Deal-era state parks.

In 1955, the territory became a state park because park duties returned to state control, and park and forest lands were deeded to the state. The area consists of 14,384 acres of timberland, however, 1,280 of those acres are used for recreation

Recreation
Chickasaw State Park offers many activities to its visitors including camping, golfing, paddling, bird-watching, interpretive programming, swimming, hiking, biking, fishing, and horseback riding.

Chickasaw has three campgrounds: the RV campground, the tent campground, and the wrangler campground. The RV campground has 53 sites, each with water and electrical hookups and some with sewer connection. The tent campground has 29 sites with available water. The wrangler campground has 32 sites and is designed for visitors traveling with horses; each site comes with water and electrical hookups. There are 13 historic Works Progress Administration (WPA) cabins available for rent near Lake Placid as well as the Group Lodge building, which can accommodate up to 36 people.

There are eight hiking trails at Chickasaw State Park: Fern Creek Trail (0.8 miles, easy), Forked Pine Trail (0.7 miles, moderate), Friends Trail (1.5 miles, moderate), Lake Lajoie Trail (1.3 miles, easy), Lakeshore Trail (1.5 miles, easy), Owen’s Spring Trail (0.8 miles, moderate), Public Horse Trail (0.4 miles, moderate), and Tent Loop (0.3 miles, easy).

At Lake Placid's boat dock, paddleboards, canoes, kayaks, and pedal boats can be rented from Memorial Day through the first weekend in August and then, weekends only through October 16.

title: Chickasaw State Park (Tennessee)


text:
Camille Doncieux

Camille-Léonie Doncieux (15 January 1847 – 5 September 1879) was the first wife of French painter Claude Monet, with whom she had two sons. She was the subject of a number of paintings by Monet, as well as Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Édouard Manet.

Early life
Camille-Léonie Doncieux was born in the town of La Guillotiere, later merged into Lyons, France, on 15 January 1847. Her parents were Leonie-Françoise (née Manéchalle) Doncieux and Charles Claude Doncieux, who was a merchant. The family moved to Paris, near the Sorbonne, early in the Second French Empire (1852-1870). A few years after the birth of a second child, Geneviève-François, in 1857, the family moved to Batignolles, which became part of northwestern Paris. Batignolles was popular with artists.

While in her teens, Doncieux began work as a model. She met Monet, seven years her senior, in 1865 and became his model posing for numerous paintings. They lived together in poverty at the beginning of his career. His aunt and father did not approve of the relationship with Camille. During Camille's pregnancy with their first son, his father recommended he break off the relationship immediately. Monet left her in Paris and stayed at his aunt's country estate to give the appearance that he was no longer in the relationship, so that his aunt would continue to pay him a monthly cheque. Camille was left behind in Paris without funds for her care.

Marriage and children
In Paris on 8 August 1867, Camille Doncieux gave birth to Jean, her first son with Claude Monet. Claude, who had spent the summer in Sainte-Adresse visiting his father and aunt Sophie Lecadre, returned to Paris for the birth and stayed for several days before returning to Sainte-Adresse. He returned to Paris at the end of the year for the holidays and stayed in the cold one-room apartment that Camille shared with Jean. In 1868 Monet went to live with Camille and Jean in Paris, hiding that fact from his father and aunt who thought he had abandoned "his mistress and child". To escape his creditors and live in a less expensive place, in the spring the three moved to Gloton, a small scenic village near Bennecourt. They were thrown out of the inn where they were staying for non-payment. Camille and Jean were able to stay with someone in the country, while Monet tried to obtain monies for survival.

Camille and Monet were married on 28 June 1870 in the 8th arrondissement of Paris in a civil ceremony. Painter Gustave Courbet was a witness. Although Monet's father was not present because he did not approve of the marriage, Camille's parents attended the ceremony. Upon her marriage, Camille received a 1,200 franc dowry, which represented two years interest on a principal investment that she would receive upon her father's death. Her parents stipulated that the money should be kept in a separate account in Camille's name, to protect the money from Claude Monet's creditors. The couple took their son Jean with them on their honeymoon to Trouville-sur-Mer and stayed at the Hotel Trivoli. Continuing to avoid creditors, Monet also sought to avoid being drafted to serve during the Franco-Prussian War. He left his bride and son to go to Le Havre to visit his ailing father and then on to England, "presumably" with money given to him by his father. Camille and Jean met up with him in England in October 1870.

They lived at Bath Place, later Kensington High Street, London, by early 1871. It was here that Monet made the only painting of Camille by him in London. Entitled Repose, she sat in a chaise longue with a book on her lap.

Monet's patrons Ernest and Alice Hoschedé came to live with the Monets after the rich family lost their fortune due to an "extravagant lifestyle". They lived with them first in Vétheuil and then the two families moved to a larger house on the road from Vétheuil to La Roche-Guyon that would support the 12 member Hoschedé and Monet families and a "handful of servants".

Their second son, Michel was born on 17 March 1878, and Camille's poor health worsened.

Illness and death
Camille became ill after the Hoschedés family came to live with the Monets. Much of the money that Monet had made on the sale of his paintings had to be used for her medical care. Alice nursed her during her illness.

On her deathbed, last rites were given on 31 August 1879 by a priest who also religiously sanctioned the Monets' civil marriage.

The cause of Camille's death remains uncertain. It may have been pelvic cancer, tuberculosis, or possibly a botched abortion. She died on 5 September 1879 in Vétheuil at the age of 32. Monet painted her on her deathbed.

Art subject
Camille features in fifty of Monet's paintings, including for the painting Camille (The Woman in the Green Dress), which received critical acclaim at the Paris salon and earned him 800 francs when sold to Arsène Houssaye. In addition to being Monet's muse and favoured model, she also modelled for Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Édouard Manet.

Paintings by Claude Monet
The following is a list of paintings made of Camille:
 * Luncheon on the Grass (center), 1865
 * The Walk (Bazille and Camille), 1865
 * Camille with a Small Dog, 1866
 * Camille or The Woman in a Green Dress, 1866
 * Women in the Garden, 1866
 * Interior, after Dinner, 1868
 * River Scene at Bennecourt, 1868
 * The Landing Stage, 1869
 * Camille Sitting on the Beach at Trouville, 1870
 * Camille at the Beach at Trouville, 1870
 * Camille on the Beach, 1870
 * Madame Monet on a Couch, 1871
 * Springtime, 1872
 * Lilacs in the Sun, 1872
 * The Red Kerchief: Portrait of Mrs. Monet, 1873
 * The Bench, 1873
 * Ripose under the Lilacs, 1873
 * Poppy Field near Argenteuil, 1873
 * Camille Monet at a Window, Argenteuil, 1873
 * The Walk near Argenteuil, 1873
 * Camille and Jean Monet at the Garden of Argenteuil, 1873
 * Camille in the Garden with Jean, 1873
 * Woman Seated on a Bench, 1874
 * The Artist's Family in the Garden, 1875
 * Camille Monet and a Child in the Artist’s Garden in Argenteuil, 1875
 * Madame Monet Embroidering, 1875
 * Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son, 1875
 * Rounded Flower Bed (Corbeille de fleurs), 1876
 * Camille Monet in Japanese Costume, 1876
 * Camille in the Garden at Argenteuil, 1876
 * Woman in Garden, 1876
 * In the Meadow, 1876
 * The Garden, Hollyhocks, 1877
 * Portrait of Camille with a bouquet of violets, 1877
 * Camille on her Deathbed, 1879

title: Camille Doncieux


text:
Maurice Koechlin

Maurice Koechlin (3 June 1856 – 14 January 1946) was a Franco-Swiss structural engineer from the Koechlin family.

Life
A member of the renowned Alsatian Koechlin family, he was born in Buhl, Haut-Rhin, the son of Jean Koechlin and his wife Anne Marie (Anaïs), née Beuck. He was the first cousin once removed of André Koechlin, and the great-grandfather of actress Kalki Koechlin.

When France lost the Franco-Prussian war to Prussia in 1871 the entire Koechlin family decided to become citizens of Switzerland and thus dropped French citizenship. After the defeat of the German Empire in 1918, however, the Koechlin family again applied for French citizenship.

Maurice attended the lycée in Mulhouse, then between 1873 and 1877 studied civil engineering at the Polytechnikum Zürich under Carl Culmann. In 1876 he became a citizen of Zurich ("Zürcher Bürger") Between 1877 and 1879 he worked for the French railway company "Chemin de Fer de l'Est".

Much of his work was done for Gustave Eiffel's "Compagnie des établissements Eiffel", which Koechlin joined in 1879. In 1886 Maurice married Emma Rossier (1867-1965). They had six children: three sons and three daughters. Maurice and Emma were lifelong members of the Plymouth Brethren.

In 1887 he started work on his plans for the "Tour de 300 mètres" in Paris, along with his younger brother Henri Koechlin and civil engineer Émile Nouguier. Maurice Koechlin became the Managing Director of Eiffel's company when Eiffel retired from the engineering profession in 1893. The company was renamed Société de construction de Levallois-Perret.

Maurice Koechlin died in 1946 in Veytaux, Switzerland in a house built by himself in 1900.

Major designs
Major structural designs include:
 * Garabit viaduct, (1880–1884);
 * Armature for the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) - in collaboration with Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, (1884); and
 * Eiffel Tower, (1887–1889).

Honours and legacy

 * Officer of the Légion d'honneur.

Descendants

 * Kalki Koechlin, an actress, through her father Joël, is a descendant of Maurice Koechlin
 * Pedro Koechlin von Stein, a businessman in Peru (owner of Wayra Peru)

title: Maurice Koechlin


text:
Jojo Mayer

Sergé "Jojo" Mayer (born 18 January 1963) is a Swiss virtuoso drummer born in Zürich and currently residing in New York City.

Mayer is the son of touring musician and bass player Vali Mayer and the brother of actress Delia Mayer. He began his career as a drummer at an early age, receiving his first drum set at the age of two. Having taught himself throughout his childhood, he broke out into the professional music scene at the age of 18, joining the Monty Alexander group. Touring with the group launched him into the major jazz music scene, and he has played at the North Sea Jazz Festival, Montreux, Nice, and Athens etc., which culminated with his gigging with jazz-greats such as Dizzy Gillespie and Nina Simone. Eventually, after playing with a great variety of artists, Mayer moved away from jazz and into Drum 'n' Bass.

Jojo Mayer is known for bringing together jazz, drum and bass, jungle, and other influences. He is also famous for his ability to play the rhythms of programmed jungle drum 'n' bass music on acoustic drums, terming this technique "reverse engineering", a phrase borrowed from computing. He executes this approach using various methods such as the heel-toe bass drum technique, the Moeller stroke, the Valving technique, and the "pull-out" or "push-pull" accent which takes the beat on the rebound. Using these techniques, he can play beats at astonishing speeds. A few of his main influences are Tony Williams, Jack DeJohnette and Buddy Rich.

He is the leader of live electronica quartet Nerve, which he founded in 1997.

He played with the guitarist David Fiuczynski in the avant-garde jazz rock band Screaming Headless Torsos and in the fusion jazz band, Intergalactic Maiden Ballet.

He ran the popular Prohibited Beatz live electronica party in NYC from 1996–2001.

Discography
With Intergalactic Maiden Ballet:
 * 1992 - Square Dance
 * 1994 - Gulf

With John Medeski:
 * 1994 - Lunar Crush

With Screaming Headless Torsos:
 * 1995 - Screaming Headless Torsos

With Harry Sokal:
 * 1996 - Rave the Jazz! :live:

Sulfur:
 * 1998 - Delirium Tremens

With Leo Tardin
 * 2005 - Grand Pianoramax

With Janek Gwizdala:
 * 2004 - Mystery To Me - Live in New York
 * 2010 - The Space in Between
 * 2011 - Live at the Jamboree June 17th 2011 1st set
 * 2011 - Live at the Jamboree June 17th 2011 2nd set
 * 2011 - Live at the Jamboree June 18th 2011 1st set
 * 2011 - Live at the Jamboree June 18th 2011 2nd set
 * 2012 - It Only Happens Once

With Depart
 * 1987 - Depart
 * 2006 - Reloaded
 * 2008 - Mountain Messenger

With Rebekka Bakken
 * 2009 - Art of How to Fall

With Trace Elements
 * 2015 - Electric Job (Live in Teramo)

Nerve (Jojo Mayer, John Davis, Jacob Bergson):
 * 2007 - Prohibited Beatz
 * 2010 - EP1
 * 2010 - EP2
 * 2011 - EP3
 * 2011 - The Distance Between Zero And One
 * 2012 - EP4
 * 2014 - EP5
 * 2015 - Live in Europe
 * 2015 - Ghosts of Tomorrow
 * 2016 - Vocal Collaborations
 * 2017 - Nerve
 * 2018 - After the Flare
 * 2019 - Lunar Tribute

DVDs:
 * 2007 - Secret Weapons for the Modern Drummer: part 1
 * 2014 - Secret Weapons for the Modern Drummer: part 2

Media
He was featured as the cover story of the January 2008 issue of Modern Drummer magazine. Jojo Mayer was interviewed by DrummerConnection.com in May 2010, and by Linus Wyrsch on "The Jazz Hole" for breakthruradio.com in July 2010.

Gear
Mayer is a long-time Sonor endorser who also uses Sabian cymbals, Vic Firth sticks and Evans Drumheads. He helped Sonor design the Jungle kit and snare. He has also collaborated with Sabian to create three lines of cymbals: the Vault "Fierce" series, the "Omni" series, which includes both AAX and HHX models, and the HHX "Anthology" series. His Vault Fierce cymbals feature a raw, unlathed finish, and extensive hand hammering, while the Omnis are designed to function as both rides and crashes. He also helped to develop the hoop crash of Sabian and the perfect balance (single pedal of Sonor).

title: Jojo Mayer


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Expert Field Medical Badge

The Expert Field Medical Badge (EFMB) is a United States Army special skills badge first created on June 18, 1965. This badge is the non-combat equivalent of the Combat Medical Badge (CMB) and is awarded to U.S. military personnel and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military personnel who successfully complete a set of qualification tests, including both written and performance portions. The EFMB is known for its adherence to its testing standards and, as such, requires strict attention to detail from candidates in order to receive a "GO" on its combat testing lanes. The pass rate for FY 2017 was 7%, making the EFMB one of the most difficult and prestigious Army special skill badges to earn.

Any Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) may attempt to earn the badge. However, the wear of the badge is only authorized when a service member is currently serving or has served in a medical-series MOS during the time that the service member earned it. The infantry equivalent of the Expert Field Medical Badge is the Expert Infantryman Badge (EIB). The MOS 18D Special Forces Medical Sergeant, are only authorized to earn the EFMB as an expert skill badge, and they are not authorized to earn the EIB, but are authorized to wear the CIB if awarded.

Current badge requirements (as of 2019)

 * Army Physical Fitness Test: Score at least 80 points in each event at the test.
 * M4 Basic Marksmanship Qualification: Qualify "Expert" within the last 12 months.
 * Current CPR certification
 * Comprehensive Written Test: 80 multiple choice questions; 75% to pass. There are four references for the written test: Unit Field Sanitation Team (ATP 4-25.12), Medical Support to Detainee Operations (ATP 4-02.46), Soldier's Manual of Common Tasks (STP 21-1-SMCT), and Soldier's Manual and Trainer's Guide, MOS 68W Health Care Specialist (STP 8-68W13-SM-TG).
 * Land Navigation: Day and night land navigation courses. The candidate must be able to locate three out of four assigned points. The candidate is given three hours each during the day and night to complete the task.
 * Combat Testing Lane 1
 * Disassemble, assemble, and perform a functions check on an M4 or M4A1 Carbine (or M16 Rifle)
 * Move under direct fire
 * Correct malfunction of an M4 Carbine or M16-series Rifle
 * Perform a Tactical Combat Casualty Care patient assessment
 * Evacuate casualties using one-person carries or drags
 * Control bleeding using a tourniquet
 * Control bleeding using a hemostatic device
 * Control bleeding using dressings
 * Initiate a saline lock and intravenous infusion
 * Initiate treatment for hypovolemic shock and prevent hypothermia
 * React to indirect fire
 * Triage casualties
 * Insert nasopharyngeal airway
 * Treat a penetrating chest wound
 * Perform needle chest decompression
 * Treat an open head injury
 * Treat an open abdominal wound
 * Immobilize a suspected fracture of the arm
 * Treat lacerations, contusions, and extrusions of the eye
 * Prepare a Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) Card
 * Evacuate casualties using two-person carries or drags
 * Load casualties onto ground evacuation platform (M996, M997, or M113)
 * Combat Testing Lane 2
 * Disassemble, assemble, and perform a functions check on an M9 Pistol
 * React to an UXO or possible IED
 * Submit Explosive Hazard Spot Report
 * Protect yourself from chemical/biological contamination using your assigned protective mask
 * Decontaminate yourself using chemical decontamination kits
 * Protect yourself from CBRN injury/contamination with Joint Services Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST) chemical protective ensemble
 * Perform self-aid for mild nerve agent poisoning
 * Submit NBC 1 Report
 * Protect yourself from chemical or biological injury/contamination when removing Mission Oriented Protective Posture using JSLIST
 * Store the M40-series protective mask with/without hood
 * Load casualties onto nonstandard vehicle (5-ton M-1085, M-1093, or 2 ½-ton M-1081)
 * Load casualties onto nonstandard vehicle (2 ½-ton, 6x6 or 5-ton, 6x6, Cargo Truck)
 * Load casualties onto nonstandard vehicle (1 ¼-ton, 4x4, M998)
 * Combat Testing Lane 3
 * Move over, through, or around obstacles
 * Evacuate casualties using litter carries
 * Extricate casualties from a vehicle
 * Evacuate a casualty using a SKED litter
 * Load casualties onto ground evacuation platform (Stryker Medical Evacuation Vehicle [MEV] M1113)
 * Load casualties onto a UH-60 helicopter
 * Load casualties onto a HH-60L helicopter
 * Establish a helicopter landing point
 * Assemble and operate SINCGARS or SINCGARS (ASIP)
 * Load FH/COMSEC data and conduct radio check using SINCGARS or SINGCARS (ASIP)
 * Prepare and transmit a MEDEVAC request (using Secure Mode radio)
 * Forced Road March: 12-mile road march with a standard fighting load to be completed in under three hours. The candidate may not sling his/her assigned weapon or take off any of his/her worn equipment at any time during the road march. The candidate must complete the road march with the assigned gear and equipment from start to finish. An inspection of the candidate's equipment is conducted at the end of the road march. This is the final task that the candidate must complete; successful completion is followed by the graduation ceremony and badge presentation.

Previous test requirements (before 2008)

 * Comprehensive Written Test: 100 multiple choice questions; 75% to pass.
 * Army Physical Fitness Test: Pass to standard.
 * M16 Weapons Qualification: Pass to standard within last 12 months.
 * Land Navigation: Day and night land navigation courses.
 * Forced Road March: 12-mile road march with a standard fighting load to be completed in three hours.
 * Litter Obstacle Course: Done as a 4-man team with candidates graded individually.
 * Lane testing: Tasks graded individually but lanes are pass/fail.
 * Communications: Competency with field radios and radio techniques. "Prepare and transmit a MEDEVAC request" must be one of the three of four tasks passed in order to receive an overall "GO" for the lane.
 * Survival: Demonstrate knowledge of survival skills in an NBC environment and combat situations including use of the M16 series rifle.
 * Emergency Medical Treatment: Demonstrate treatment of various wounds similar to those in a combat situation.
 * Evacuation of Sick and Wounded: Demonstrate evacuation techniques utilizing vehicles and manual carries.
 * Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): Demonstrate proficiency in CPR using the one-person method.

In summary, current requirements differ from previous requirements with the addition of the M9 Pistol for survival tasks, CPR card certification in lieu of demonstrating CPR proficiency, and the reorganization of the lanes into a combat scenario.

EFMB Pass / Fail Rates for FY98 to FY01
FY 01 EFMB Test Pass Rates (Overall EFMB Test Pass Rate- 16%)

Written Test -55% Day Land Navigation – 80% Night Land Navigation – 72% Communications – 82% Survival – 95% Emergency Medical Treatment -73 % Evacuation – 90% Litter Obstacle Course -96 % CPR -85% 12 Mile Road March – 86%

FY 00 EFMB Test Pass Rates (Overall EFMB Test Pass Rate- 18%)

Written Test -66% Day Land Navigation – 83% Night Land Navigation – 63% Communications – 78% Survival – 94% Emergency Medical Treatment -81 % Evacuation – 89% Litter Obstacle Course -97 % CPR -85% 12 Mile Road March – 91%

FY 99 EFMB Test Pass Rates (Overall EFMB Test Pass Rate – 21%)

Written Test – 51% Day Land Navigation – 82% Night Land Navigation – 80% Communications – 86% Survival – 92% Emergency Medical Treatment – 81% Evacuation – 90% Litter Obstacle Course – 89% CPR – 87% 12 Mile Road March – 90%

FY 98 EFMB Test Pass Rates (Overall EFMB Test Pass Rate – 21%)

Written Test – 63% Day Land Navigation – 81% Night Land Navigation – 76% Communications – 86% Survival – 91% Emergency Medical Treatment – 74% Evacuation – 87% Litter Obstacle Course – 91% CPR – 84% 12 Mile Road March – 91%

title: Expert Field Medical Badge


text:
Fort Pillow State Historic Park

Fort Pillow State Historic Park is a state park in western Tennessee that preserves the American Civil War site of the Battle of Fort Pillow. The 1,642 acre (6.6 km²) Fort Pillow, located in Lauderdale County on the Chickasaw Bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River, is rich in both historic and archaeological significance. In 1861, the Confederate army built extensive fortifications and named the site for General Gideon Johnson Pillow of Maury County. It was attacked and held by the Union Army for most of the American Civil War period except immediately after the Battle of Fort Pillow, when it was retaken by the Confederate Army. The battle ended with a massacre of African-American Union troops and their white officers attempting to surrender, by soldiers under the command of Confederate Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest.

Union fort, and Battle of Fort Pillow
Because of its strategic location controlling traffic on the Mississippi River, the fort was attacked and captured by the Union Army, which controlled it during most of the war. On June 4, 1862, Confederate troops evacuated Fort Pillow, enabling Union troops to take Memphis, Tennessee. An exception to Union control of this site took place for less than one day immediately after the Confederate victory in the Battle of Fort Pillow in 1864.

The Confederate States Army defeated the Union troops at the Battle of Fort Pillow (April 1864), resulting in the massacre of 229 of the 262 black Union soldiers engaged in the battle. The white Union soldiers numbered 285. An examination of regimental records showed that "less than 36 percent of the men from white units died in battle or of wounds, while the death toll for black units was 66 percent."

A Confederate wrote in a letter home that "Forrest ordered them [negroes] shot down like dogs, and the carnage continued." In addition to regimental records, contemporary accounts by troops on both sides, as well as journalists, describe it as appalling slaughter. Within about three weeks, as political controversy grew, Confederates began to dispute accounts of a massacre. Subsequent reports after the battle from Union officers to the Department of War countered much that was reported in the popular press and some of the testimony given before Congress. This slaughter by the Confederate troops under Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest has been classified by historians as a massacre.

"Remember Fort Pillow!" became a battle cry among black Union soldiers for the remainder of the Civil War. While the Union casualty count for the battle does not indicate that the Confederate forces took many prisoners, Confederate records show about 200 prisoners were shipped south.

In 1866, the Union Army created a cemetery for both Confederate and Union soldiers south of the battle site. In 1867, they moved about 250 bodies of Confederate and Union soldiers from that cemetery to the Memphis National Cemetery.

Historic site and museum
Interpretive sites are part of the park. In 1973, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1974. Remains of the fort's earthworks are preserved.

The park has an interpretive center and museum. The park also offers recreational activities, including camping, picnicking and fishing.

title: Fort Pillow State Historic Park


text:
Jimmy Kennedy

James Kennedy (20 July 1902 – 6 April 1984) was an Irish songwriter. He was predominantly a lyricist, putting words to existing music such as "Teddy Bears' Picnic" and "My Prayer" or co-writing with composers like Michael Carr, Wilhelm Grosz and Nat Simon. In a career spanning more than fifty years, he wrote some 2000 songs, of which over 200 became worldwide hits and about 50 are popular music classics.

Early life
Kennedy was born in Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland. His father, Joseph Hamilton Kennedy, was a policeman in the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). While growing up in the village of Coagh, Kennedy wrote several songs and poems. He was inspired by local surroundings—the view of the Ballinderry River, the local Springhill House and the plentiful chestnut trees on his family's property, as evidenced in his poem "Chestnut Trees". Kennedy later moved to Portstewart, a seaside resort in County Londonderry.

Kennedy graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, before teaching in England. He was accepted into the Colonial Service, as a civil servant, in 1927.

Music career
While awaiting a Colonial Service posting to the colony of Nigeria, Kennedy embarked on a career in songwriting. His first success came in 1930 with "The Barmaid's Song", sung by Gracie Fields. Fellow lyricist Harry Castling introduced him to Bert Feldman, a music publisher based in London's "Tin Pan Alley", for whom Kennedy started to work. In the early 1930s, he wrote a number of successful songs, including "Oh, Donna Clara" (1930), "My Song Goes Round the World" (1931), and "The Teddy Bears' Picnic" (1933), in which Kennedy provided new lyrics to John Walter Bratton's tune from 1907.

In 1934, Feldman turned down Kennedy's song "Isle of Capri", but it became a major hit for a new publisher, Peter Maurice. Kennedy wrote several more successful songs for Maurice, including "Red Sails in the Sunset" (1935), inspired by beautiful summer evenings in Portstewart, Northern Ireland; "Harbour Lights" (1937); and "South of the Border" (1939), inspired by a holiday picture postcard he received from Tijuana, Mexico, and written with composer Michael Carr. Kennedy and Carr also collaborated on several West End shows in the 1930s, including London Rhapsody (1937). "My Prayer", with original music by Georges Boulanger, had English lyrics penned by Kennedy in 1939. It was originally written by Boulanger with the title "Avant de Mourir" in 1926.

During the early stages of the Second World War, while serving in the British Army's Royal Artillery, where he rose to the rank of captain, he wrote the wartime hit, "We're Going to Hang out the Washing on the Siegfried Line". His hits also included "Cokey Cokey" (1945; known as "The Hokey Pokey" and "Okey Cokey" in several locales), and the English lyrics to "Lili Marlene". After the end of the war, his songs included "An Apple Blossom Wedding" (1947), "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)" (1953), and "Love Is Like a Violin" (1960). In the 1960s, Kennedy wrote the song "The Banks of the Erne'", for recording by his friend from the war years, Theo Hyde, also known as Ray Warren.

Kennedy was a patron of the Castlebar International Song Contest from 1973 until his death in 1984, and his association with the event added great prestige to the contest.

Awards
Kennedy won two Ivor Novello Awards for his contribution to music and received an honorary degree from the New University of Ulster. He was awarded the OBE in 1983. In 1997 he was posthumously inducted into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame.

Death
Kennedy died in Cheltenham on 6 April 1984, aged 81, and was interred in Taunton, Somerset. He was survived by two sons and a daughter.

Selected songs

 * "Blaze Away", added lyrics to the Abe Holzmann marching song in 1931
 * "Barmaids Song"
 * "Red Sails in the Sunset"
 * "South of the Border"
 * "We're Going to Hang out the Washing on the Siegfried Line"
 * "The Isle of Capri"
 * "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)"
 * "My Prayer"
 * "Teddy Bears' Picnic"
 * "Love is Like a Violin" (derived from 'Mon cœur est un violon' by Miarka Laparcerie - J.Richepin - see Wiki.)
 * "Cokey Cokey"
 * "Roll Along Covered Wagon"
 * "Harbour Lights"

title: Jimmy Kennedy


text:
Roy McMurtry

Roland Roy McMurtry (May 31, 1932 – March 18, 2024) was a Canadian lawyer, judge and politician in Ontario. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 1985, serving in the cabinet of Bill Davis as Attorney General and as Solicitor General. After leaving politics, McMurtry was High Commissioner of Canada to the United Kingdom between 1985 and 1988. He became a judge in 1991 and was appointed Chief Justice of Ontario in 1996. McMurtry retired from the bench in 2007 and returned to the private practice of law.

Early life
Roland Roy McMurtry was born in Toronto as the son of lawyer Roy McMurtry. He was educated at St. Andrew's College and graduated in 1950. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto (Trinity College) in 1954, and a Bachelor of Laws degree from Osgoode Hall Law School in 1958. While attending university, he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity and became a close friend of future Premier of Ontario Bill Davis, his Canadian football teammate.

While studying, he was hired to teach football at Upper Canada College. He also taught adult literacy classes at Frontier College, working through the day on construction projects and teaching at night. He was a trial lawyer for seventeen years before entering politics. He also wrote a weekly column in the Toronto Sun during the early 1970s.

Political career
In the 1960s, he worked with Dalton Camp and Norman Atkins to remove John Diefenbaker as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.

McMurtry suffered a back injury during the 1971 Ontario Progressive Conservative leadership convention and was able to exempt himself from choosing between Davis and rival candidate Allan Lawrence, whose campaign was managed by Atkins. Davis defeated Lawrence by 44 votes on the final ballot. A few weeks later, McMurtry organized a meeting which brought together the Davis and Lawrence leadership teams. The resulting alliance, known as the Big Blue Machine, dominated the Progressive Conservative Party into the 1980s.

Entering the legislature
Allan Lawrence resigned his St. George constituency in late 1972 to move to federal politics, and McMurtry was recruited by Davis as the Progressive Conservative candidate for a March 1973 by-election. He was unexpectedly defeated by Liberal Party candidate Margaret Campbell, a well-known municipal politician. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario two years later, in the 1975 provincial election, defeating Liberal candidate Frank Judge in the Eglinton constituency.

Attorney General
Davis won a minority government in the 1975 election, and McMurtry was immediately appointed to cabinet as Attorney General. He held this position until 1985, and he also served as Solicitor General from 1978 to 1982.

McMurtry introduced a large number of law reform bills and was largely responsible for family law reform in Ontario. In 1978, he took the first steps to make Ontario's legal system bilingual and to start the process of translating Ontario's statutes into French. He was a major advocate for human rights and improved race relations.

McMurtry was also the provincial minister responsible for emergency planning. During the 1979 Mississauga train derailment, he largely deferred to Mayor Hazel McCallion, who was the public face of the crisis handling.

Patriating the Constitution
McMurtry was a Red Tory, and he was one of Davis's closest advisers in government. As Attorney-General, he had been a primary negotiator for Ontario in the Trudeau-era constitutional negotiations. He appeared as counsel for Ontario in the Patriation Reference before the Supreme Court of Canada. In November 1981, he played a major role in brokering the deal that achieved patriation of the Canadian Constitution and the creation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A late-night "kitchen accord" between McMurtry, Jean Chrétien and Roy Romanow on 6 November 1981 broke a deadlock in negotiations, and resulted in the governments of all provinces except Quebec agreeing to the proposed reforms to the Constitution, which came into law the following year.

Susan Nelles prosecution
One of McMurtry's lowest points was his role in the prosecution of nurse Susan Nelles, who was charged with the murder of a number of infants at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. The charges were dropped following a preliminary hearing and Nelles was exonerated by the Grange Commission, a royal commission called upon to examine the deaths. McMurtry was criticized for his Ministry's role in her wrongful prosecution. In a 2007 interview, McMurtry, looking back at the incident, said "I can remember that I had been away with my family on a school break, when I came back and saw the headlines, I brought in my deputy attorney-general, and said: 'What the hell is going on here? You've had a nurse arrested at one of the world's most famous hospitals?' " McMurtry said that local prosecutors failed to consult the ministry before consenting to the charges and that examining the case McMurtry had doubts that Nelles had exclusive access to all of the children.

Bathhouse raids
McMurtry was also Attorney-General at the time of the 1981 Toronto bathhouse raids which were widely denounced as one of the most socially regressive acts in the province's history. At the time it was widely believed that the raids were approved by McMurtry. In a 2007 interview, however, McMurtry said that this was not the case. "The irony of the whole thing was that I had expressed my concern to the chief of police; that it really looked like we were dissolving into a police state. The whole thing looked terrible. Without a doubt, that was one of my most frustrating experiences," said McMurtry.

Leadership race
When Davis resigned as Progressive Conservative leader and premier in 1985, McMurtry sought the party's leadership at the party's January 1985 leadership convention. He started as the underdog in the campaign, but impressed many delegates through his performance in candidates' debates and polling data showing him as the preferred choice of Ontario voters. During the contest, McMurtry was sometimes criticized for remaining too long in one portfolio. While his opponents all had diverse ministerial experience, McMurtry's expertise was focused more narrowly on matters of the law. His supporters included Robert Elgie, Frank Drea, Reuben Baetz and Bob MacQuarrie.

McMurtry won a total of 300 votes on the first ballot, considerably more than had been expected. It was not sufficient, however, to place better than fourth in a field of four, after Frank Miller, Dennis Timbrell and Larry Grossman. He was eliminated from the contest and gave his support to Grossman, a fellow Red Tory.

McMurtry's support was enough to move Grossman into second place on the second ballot, ahead of the more centrist Timbrell. Timbrell's delegates were divided on the last ballot, which allowed the conservative Miller to win the convention. Miller gave McMurtry the option of remaining as Attorney General in the new government, but he declined and announced his retirement from politics.

Diplomatic career
On February 4, 1985, Canadian External Affairs Minister Joe Clark announced that McMurtry had been appointed to succeed Donald Jamieson as Canada's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. He served in this capacity until 1988. Upon his return to Canada, he resumed his law practice and served from 1989 to 1990 as chairman and chief executive officer of the Canadian Football League.

Judicial career
McMurtry was appointed Associate Chief Justice of the Superior Court (Trial Division) in Ontario in 1991, and he became Chief Justice of that court in 1994. He became Chief Justice of Ontario in 1996, heading the entire court system in the province and leading the Court of Appeal for Ontario. That court gained a degree of public attention in 2003 when it ruled in Halpern v. Canada (Attorney General) that provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteeing equality under the law required the Province of Ontario to issue marriage licences to same-sex couples. For this, The Globe and Mail named McMurtry and his fellow judges the "Nation Builders of 2003."

In the weeks prior to his retirement in 2007, McMurtry was widely praised as being a unifying force and consensus-builder during his tenure as Chief Justice. "Under Chief Justice McMurtry's leadership, we pulled together and we worked hard, and the chief justice reached out to the bar and he sought their support, and he got it," said Court of Appeal (and future Supreme Court Judge Michael Moldaver in a speech. "Thanks to his courage, leadership and vision, we now have an appeal process that is capable of delivering quality justice in a timely and efficient manner."

"I don't want to paint him as the Next Coming, but he has been a great uniter," said Clifford Lax, a veteran Toronto civil litigator. "He is a really very nice person who is able to find common ground. In a quiet, unassuming way, he has won a lot of converts to what he has done."

During his term, McMurtry also acted as the Mayor of Toronto's race relations commissioner and helped create Pro Bono Ontario, which helps provide free legal services to the poor and encourages lawyers to provide pro bono services. In 2000, he initiated the Public Legal Education Task Force, leading to the establishment of the Ontario Justice Education Network. OJEN promotes understanding, education and dialogue to support a responsive and inclusive justice system.

McMurtry is credited with helping transform a backlogged and sometimes fractious court into a highly efficient, harmonious body.

Post-bench legal career
McMurtry returned to the practice of law after retiring from the bench. He was a member of the firm Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP until August 2014, when he moved to Hull & Hull LLP. McMurtry was a member of Pro Bono Law Ontario's Advisory Board.

, McMurtry was president of the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, which made several oral histories and co-published two of his books:
 * Memoirs and Reflections (Toronto: The Osgoode Society and the University of Toronto Press, 2013)
 * Essays in the History of Canadian Law: Volume X – A Tribute to Peter Oliver (Toronto: The Osgoode Society and University of Toronto Press, 2008), 471 pp. (editor with Jim Phillips and John T. Saywell)

Personal life
McMurtry was married to Ria Jean Macrae, with whom he had six children and 12 grandchildren. His eldest son, Jim McMurtry, ran as a Liberal in British Columbia in the 2006 federal election, placing second to Conservative Russ Hiebert.

McMurtry was a landscape painter, originally taught by A.J. Casson, and donated pieces to charity auctions.

A Red Tory, McMurtry expressed dislike towards the Stephen Harper government from 2006 to 2015, claiming it suffered from a lack of compassion, as well as for causing more division in Canadian politics. McMurtry supported Eric Hoskins in the 2013 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election and Peter Elgie, Green Party of Canada candidate for the York-Simcoe riding in the 2014 Ontario general election and son of Robert Elgie, a Red Tory Progressive Conservative who served as Minister of Labour from 1978 to 1982 and MPP for York East from 1977 to 1985.

McMurtry died on March 18, 2024, at the age of 91.

Honours
In 2007, McMurtry was awarded the Order of Ontario. In 2009, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his distinguished career of public service, notably as chief justice of Ontario, and for his extensive volunteer involvement in many social and multicultural initiatives".

In 2013, McMurtry was given the G. Arthur Martin medal for outstanding contributions to criminal justice. He served as the 12th Chancellor of York University from 2008 to 2014.

The headquarters of the Attorney General of Ontario, the "McMurtry-Scott Building", is named in honour of McMurtry and Ian Scott (Attorney General from 1985 to 1990).

title: Roy McMurtry


text:
Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême

The Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême is a lifetime achievement award given annually during the Angoulême International Comics Festival to a comics author. Although not a monetary award, it is considered the most prestigious award in Franco-Belgian comics.

It has been awarded mainly to French and Belgian authors, but also to international authors. Recipients are, on average, 50 years old. Four women, Florence Cestac, Rumiko Takahashi, Julie Doucet, and Posy Simmonds have been awarded the prize.

History
The prize was first awarded during the first Angoulême festival in 1974. Traditionally, the winner has been selected as the president of the board and the prize jury of next year's festival. Since 1982, the winners have also drawn the next year's festival poster. In 1984, cartoonist Claire Bretécher received a special tenth anniversary award apart from the main prize, a practice since repeated on subsequent anniversaries.

After 1989, the prize was awarded by a jury of all previous winners, except for the time from 1997 to 1999 when all creators attending the festival voted on the winner. The jury system was criticized for favoring cronyism and Franco-centrism, and was abandoned after 2012. Subsequent years have seen a variety of changing award mechanisms. In 2015, the winner was again selected by vote of all registered comics creators, based on a list of nominees.

In January 2016, 12 of the 30 nominees for the 2016 prize withdrew their names from consideration in protest against a shortlist of exclusively male nominees. Following media reports, the festival's board first announced 6 additional female nominees, then retracted all nominees, allowing registered professionals to vote for any person.

1970s

 * 1974 André Franquin (Gaston, Marsupilami, Spirou et Fantasio)
 * 1975 Will Eisner (A Contract with God, The Dreamer, To the Heart of the Storm)
 * 1976 René Pellos (René Pellarin) (sports cartoonist)
 * 1977 Jijé (Joseph Gillain) (Spirou et Fantasio, Jerry Spring, Tanguy et Laverdure)
 * 1978 Jean-Marc Reiser (cartoonist)
 * 1979 Marijac (Jacques Dumas) (youth comics)

1980s

 * 1980 Fred (Othon Aristides)
 * 1981 Moebius / Jean Giraud
 * 1982 Paul Gillon
 * 1983 Jean-Claude Forest
 * 10th anniversary Claire Bretécher
 * 1984 Jean-Claude Mézières (Valérian and Laureline)
 * 1985 Jacques Tardi
 * 1986 Jacques Lob
 * 1987 Enki Bilal
 * 1988 Philippe Druillet
 * 15th anniversary Hugo Pratt
 * 1989 René Pétillon

1990s

 * 1990 Max Cabanes
 * 1991 Gotlib (Marcel Gotlieb)
 * 1992 Frank Margerin
 * 20th anniversary Morris (Maurice de Bevere)
 * 1993 Gérard Lauzier
 * 1994 Nikita Mandryka
 * 1995 Philippe Vuillemin
 * 1996 André Juillard
 * 1997 Daniel Goossens
 * 1998 François Boucq
 * 1999 Robert Crumb
 * Special prize of the millennium Albert Uderzo

2000s

 * 2000 Florence Cestac
 * 2001 Martin Veyron
 * 2002 François Schuiten
 * 2003 Régis Loisel
 * 2004 Zep (Philippe Chappuis)
 * 30th anniversary Joann Sfar
 * 2005 Georges Wolinski
 * 2006 Lewis Trondheim
 * 2007 José Antonio Muñoz
 * 2008 Dupuy and Berberian
 * 2009 Blutch

2010s

 * 2010: Baru
 * 2011: Art Spiegelman
 * 2012: Jean-Claude Denis
 * 2013: Bernard Willem Holtrop (Willem)
 * 40th anniversary Akira Toriyama
 * 2014: Bill Watterson
 * 2015: Katsuhiro Otomo
 * 2016: Hermann Huppen
 * 2017: Cosey (Bernard Cosendai)
 * 2018: Richard Corben
 * 2019: Rumiko Takahashi

2020s

 * 2020: Emmanuel Guibert
 * 2021: Chris Ware
 * 2022: Julie Doucet
 * 2023: Riad Sattouf
 * 2024: Posy Simmonds

title: Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême


text:
Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park

Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park is a state park in Benton County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. The park is situated on the western shore of the Kentucky Lake impoundment of the Tennessee River, just north of the community of Eva. Established in 1929, the park consists of 2587 acre managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation.

The park is named after Confederate General and Ku Klux Klan leader Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821–1877), who conducted operations in the area during the U.S. Civil War. The park encompasses part of Forrest's operational area during the 1864 Battle of Johnsonville, in which Forrest attacked and destroyed a Union supply depot and transfer station on the opposite bank of the river.

Along with the battle site, features in the park include Pilot Knob, which at 656 ft is one of the highest points in West Tennessee, and the Tennessee River Folklife Center, which interprets life in the lower Tennessee Valley in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Geographical setting

The Tennessee River enters the Benton County/Humphreys County area from the south, where it absorbs the Duck River and the Beech River, and proceeds northwestward for another 100 mi before emptying into the Ohio River. Kentucky Lake, created with the completion of Kentucky Dam in 1944, covers a 184 mi stretch of the river between Kentucky Dam (near Paducah) and Pickwick Landing Dam, near the Tennessee-Alabama border to the south. Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park is situated along the western bank of Kentucky Lake, approximately 80 mi upstream from Kentucky Dam.

Pilot Knob is the pinnacle of a ridge that extends approximately 3 mi northwestwardly to the Harmon Creek valley, along the park's northwestern boundary. Much of the park's topography consists of ridges and hollows that run roughly parallel to Pilot Knob Ridge. The park's offices are located on the slopes of Pilot Knob, and the Tennessee River Folklife Center and hiking trailheads are located at its summit.

State Route 191, which terminates atop Pilot Knob, connects the park to Interstate 40 and U.S. Route 70 to the south.

History
The Benton County area has been occupied on a semi-permanent basis for at least 7000 years. In 1940, University of Tennessee archaeologists excavated a substantial Archaic period (8000-1000 BC) site along Cypress Creek, near the park's southern boundary. The actual site— named the Eva site after the nearby community— is now submerged by Kentucky Lake. At the Eva site, University of Tennessee archaeologists Thomas Lewis and Madeline Kneburg uncovered 180 human burials and artifacts dating to roughly 5200 BC. The area saw sporadic occupation during the Woodland and Mississippian periods, although the population had dwindled considerably by the 17th century.

By the time Euro-American settlers arrived, the eastern Benton County area was traversed by several well-beaten paths, or "traces." Before inundation, the stretch of the Tennessee River between Benton and Humphreys counties was relatively low, making it a popular crossing point. The Cisco and Middle Tennessee Trace ran north-to-south, connecting the Benton County area with the Pinson Mounds in Madison County to the southwest. Near the modern US-70 bridge, the trail intersected the Lower Harpeth and West Tennessee Trace, which ran east-to-west.

The Battle of Johnsonville
In the Fall of 1864, at the height of the U.S. Civil War, General William T. Sherman captured the city of Atlanta and began making preparations to march south to Savannah. Hoping to lure Sherman northward, General John Bell Hood initiated maneuvers intended to cut Union supply lines in Tennessee. As Hood moved west, General Nathan B. Forrest moved northeast from Corinth, Mississippi, reaching the Tennessee-Kentucky line on October 28, and proceeding south along the river. In early November, Forrest managed to secretly position his artillery on the west bank of the river, opposite the Federal supply depot at Johnsonville. Although most of Forrest's operations were concentrated around the now-submerged sloughs just north of the modern Eva boat ramp, Forrest did manage to position two guns atop Pilot Knob, which offered a more direct line of fire into the Federal fortifications.

During the war, Johnsonville was established as the western terminus of the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad, which connected the Lower Tennessee Valley with Nashville. Massive amounts of food and munitions were stored at Johnsonville, where they awaited transfer from boat-to-train or vice versa. The position was heavily fortified and guarded by 2,000 Union soldiers and several gunboats. When Forrest opened fire on the morning of November 4, however, Union commanders within the fort panicked. Fearing that Forrest would overwhelm the fort, Union troops burned their gunboats and transport vessels, and attempted to evacuate the fort by train. At Waverly, the train abandoned its load of supplies, and continued eastward to Nashville.

Forrest managed to retreat back to Corinth before the arrival of Union reinforcements. Union losses included 8 dead or wounded and 150 captured. Forrest reported 2 dead and 9 wounded. Union forces lost millions of dollars worth of supplies, ammunition, and vessels, and a rumor that Forrest was marching northward caused a general panic among Union forces in the Ohio Valley. The site of Johnsonville (typically called "Old Johnsonville" to distinguish from the modern New Johnsonville) is now protected by Johnsonville State Historic Park.

Establishment of Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park

Much of the land along the park's southern section was once owned by the Pafford family, who arrived in the mid-19th century. The Paffords held Independence Day celebrations near the modern park entrance that drew visitors from all over the county, and eventually featured Grand Ole Opry performers. The Paffords aided General Forrest during the Battle of Johnsonville, and eventually served as the park's first caretakers.

In December 1929, the state of Tennessee established Nathan Bedford Forrest Memorial Park atop Pilot Knob, which had been donated by the Paffords. A road was built connecting Eva with Pilot Knob, where a memorial consisting of a granite obelisk had been erected. In the mid-to-late 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration arrived to build the park's roads, trails, and facilities.

Facilities
Facilities at Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park include seven rental cabins, an RV campground, two primitive campgrounds, a 64-person group lodge, and three boat ramps. The park maintains approximately 30 mi of hiking trails, most of which consists of a 20 mi loop trail with various shortcuts that can shorten the hike to 3, 5, or 10 miles.

Tennessee River Folklife Museum
The Tennessee River Folklife Museum is situated atop Pilot Knob at the end of State Route 191. The museum interprets the life and customs of people living along the lower Tennessee River in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The center includes audio and video recordings, old implements used in musseling and a fully preserved 1950s-era jon boat. The museum also houses a small nature center displaying fish and reptiles commonly found in the area.

Controversy surrounding naming the park after Forrest
After Forrest and the Confederate States of America lost the American Civil War, Forrest became the first Grand Wizard of the white supremacist hate group, the Ku Klux Klan. He held this position of leadership from 1867 to 1869.

By 1866, the year before Forrest became the first Grand Wizard of the KKK, the Klan was using public violence against black people and their allies as intimidation. They burned houses and attacked and killed black people, leaving their bodies on the roads. Due to the Klan's history of white supremacy and racist violence during Forrest's tenure as Grand Wizard (along with General Forrest's troops' massacre of surrendered African-American Union soldiers at the Battle of Fort Pillow during the American Civil War in 1864), controversy has arisen in recent years over memorials and entities named for Forrest, including Nathan Bedford Forrest High School in Jacksonville, Florida, and a proposal in Mississippi to honor Forrest on one of the state's specialty license plates. Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park is often mentioned amidst these controversies.

Resources

 * Hurst, Jack. Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography, 1993.
 * Lytle, Andrew Nelson. Bedford Forrest and His Critter Company, 1931. Republished in 1984 by J.S. Sanders & Co.
 * Wyeth, John Allen. That Devil Forrest, 1899 (original) republished in 1989 by Louisiana State University Press.

title: Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park


text:
Natchez Trace State Park

Natchez Trace State Park is a state park located in western Tennessee, in the United States. It was named for the historic Natchez Trace woodland path, an important wilderness trail during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The park covers more than 48000 acre and features several wilderness trails, camping, horseback riding, and waterfront activities.

Background
Natchez Trace State Park gets its name from the Natchez Trace, a Natchez, Mississippi to Nashville, Tennessee woodland highway that was an important wilderness road for the American frontiersmen during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It had been in use as a trade path by the American Indians, however, for hundreds of years before that. A western spur of the trace ran through part of the modern-day park.

The park
The 10154 acre park was built during the New Deal on land bought from residents who could no longer farm the land due to erosion. Along with many acres of woodlands, the land included four lakes. A swimming beach and a 47-room resort inn and restaurant complex were built. Today, the park includes cabins, a group lodge, camping areas, picnicking sites, playgrounds, a ball-field, a regulation pistol firing range, hiking trails, a wrangler camp, 250 mi of horse riding trails, a park store, and an archery range.

Park activities
Cub Lake (58 acre) offers swimming, jon-boats and paddle boats. Boats are rented between Memorial Day and Labor Day. Cub Lake offers a free public swim beach.

The large recreational lake, Pin Oak Lake at 690 acre, features two boat ramps. Water skiing in the park is allowed on this lake only. Other activities are fishing, picnicking, swimming, R.V. camping and more. Over-night guests are not required to have a permit. The Pin Oak Lodge offers a swimming pool for inn and cabin guests.

Browns Lake, 167 acre, and Maples Lake, 90 acre, each have a single boat ramp. Jon-boats, life jackets and paddles are made available on a first-come, first-served basis, and permits are available at both sites.

Natchez Trace Park has 250 mi of riding trails in the south end of the park.

Location
Natchez Trace is located in Carroll, Henderson, and Benton counties, near the unincorporated community of Wildersville. Interstate 40 bisects the park, which is roughly equidistant from Memphis and Nashville, Tennessee.

title: Natchez Trace State Park


text:
C1

C1, C01, C.I or C-1 may refer to:

Arts and media

 * C1, a note-octave in music
 * C1 Television, a Mongolian television channel
 * Schecter C-1 Hellraiser FR, a guitar model
 * A Yamaha grand piano model
 * "C1", a slang expression in the video game Counter-Strike, used to express agreement

Anatomy

 * Cervical vertebra 1, the first cervical vertebrae of the vertebral column
 * Cervical spinal nerve 1, a spinal nerve of the cervical segment

Biochemistry

 * C1 complex, the first component of the classical complement pathway
 * C1 domain, an important secondary messenger protein domain
 * C1-inhibitor, a human serine protease inhibitor
 * C1 regulatory sequence for the insulin gene
 * Apolipoprotein C1, a human lipoprotein
 * Chlorophyll c1, a form of chlorophyll
 * Cytochrome C1, a precursor protein to Cytochrome C
 * Proanthocyanidin C1, a type of polyphenolic compound
 * Prostaglandin C1, a form of prostaglandins

Other uses in biology and medicine

 * C1 and P1 (neuroscience), a component of the visual evoked potential
 * ATC code C01, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 * C01, the ICD-10 code for "malignant neoplasm of base of tongue", a form of oral cancer
 * C1, the short name for a microfluidic single-cell analysis system sold by Fluidigm

Chemistry

 * C1 Chemistry, study of methane, methanol, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide

Hardware

 * C-One, a single-board microcomputer
 * C1 NES TV, a family of Nintendo-television-set hybrids manufactured by Sharp Corporation in 1983
 * ATI C1, codename of the Xbox 360 GPU Xenos

Other uses in computing

 * C0 and C1 control codes defined in ISO 6429
 * C1 (protocol), a 1984 protocol for file transfer, also known as "Punter"
 * TCSEC C1 security class
 * A CPU power state in the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

Mathematics

 * $$C^1$$, the set of all continuously differentiable functions
 * C1 field, a quasi-algebraically closed field
 * C1, the first of four pure modules taken in the Advanced Level (UK) Maths syllabus

Air

 * C-1 Trader, a cargo-version of the S-2 Tracker anti-submarine warfare aircraft of the United States Navy
 * AEG C.I, a German World War I reconnaissance aircraft
 * AGO C.I, a 1915 German reconnaissance biplane
 * Albatros C.I, a 1915 German two-seat general-purpose biplane
 * Aviatik C.I, a 1915 German observation plane
 * Cierva C.1, a 1920 Spanish experimental autogyro
 * DFW C.I, a WWI German reconnaissance aircraft
 * Douglas C-1, a cargo/transport airplane produced by Douglas Aircraft for the U.S. Army Air Service starting in 1925
 * Fokker C.I, a 1918 German reconnaissance biplane
 * Friedrichshafen C.I, a 1914 German single-engined amphibious reconnaissance biplane
 * Hansa-Brandenburg C.I, a 1916 German 2-seater armed single-engine reconnaissance biplane
 * Kawasaki C-1, an indigenous transport aircraft of the Japanese Air Self-Defense Forces
 * Otto C.I, a 1915 German reconnaissance biplane
 * Rumpler C.I, a 1915 German two-seater single-engine reconnaissance biplane
 * Southern Cross Airport (New Jersey) (FAA LID: C01)

Routes

 * Circumferential Road 1 or C-1, an arterial road of Manila, Philippines
 * London Buses route C1
 * Route C1 (Shuto Expressway), the Inner Loop of Tokyo's Shuto Expressway system
 * Claro M. Recto Avenue, a road in Metro Manila, Philippines
 * Massachusetts State Route C1

Land vehicles

 * BMW C1, a cabin scooter
 * Chevrolet Corvette C1, first generation sold from 1953 to 1962, denoted a solid-axle rear-end
 * Citroën C1, a small car
 * Ford C1 platform, the Ford Motor Company's global compact car automobile platform
 * Leapmotor C01, a battery electric executive sedan
 * Lit C-1, a prototype cabin motorcycle
 * Nimrod NRA/C1, a 1981 test design racing car
 * Sauber C1, a Sauber sport car

Other uses in land transport

 * C-1, the numberplate of the Prime Minister of Australia's official VIP transportation
 * A type of heavy goods vehicle licence
 * A one-way traffic sign in the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals

Rail

 * Bavarian C I, an 1847 German steam locomotives class
 * GNR Class C1 (small boiler), a British 4-4-2 steam locomotive class (classified C2 during LNER ownership)
 * GNR Class C1 (large boiler), a British 4-4-2 steam locomotive class
 * LB&SCR C1 class, an 1882 British freight steam locomotive
 * Long Island Rail Road C1, a bilevel railcar built by Tokyu Car Corporation
 * NER Class C1, a British 0-6-0 steam locomotive class
 * PRR C1, an American PRR steam locomotive
 * Finnish Steam Locomotive Class C1

Sea

 * HMS C1, a C-class submarine of the Royal Navy
 * USS C-1 (SS-9), a C-class submarine of the United States Navy
 * USS Newark (C-1), a protected cruiser of the United States Navy
 * Type C1 ship, a small cargo vessel built by the United States in large numbers before and during World War II
 * Isaac Peral (C-1), a Spanish submarine

Space

 * Cluster 1, also known as Rumba, an ESA satellite

Sports

 * C1, a solo canoe discipline including sprint canoe and canoe slalom
 * C1 (classification), a para-cycling classification
 * C1, an abbreviation for Class One offshore powerboat racing
 * 'C1', the top category in Group C sportscar racing, used between 1985 and 1990
 * C1, the UEFA Champions League (formerly known as the European Cup) in football
 * Serie C1, the third highest football league in Italy until 2008

Other uses

 * C1, an international standard paper size defined in ISO 216 (648×917 mm)
 * Bills C-1 and S-1, a pro forma bill normally introduced at the start of a parliamentary session in the Canadian House of Commons
 * C1, also known as Vlakplaas, a unit of the South African Police responsible for assassinating opponents of Apartheid during the 1980s
 * C1, a level in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
 * C1, the use class for hotels, in town and country planning in the United Kingdom
 * C1, a NRS social grade in the United Kingdom for the lower middle class
 * a 2001 1.3 megapixels Olympus digital camera model
 * a class of FM radio broadcasting in North America
 * C1 pylon, a type of high voltage pylon
 * Caldwell 1 (NGC 188), an open cluster in Cepheus
 * C-1 visa, a type of visa for individuals transiting through the United States
 * C1 Espresso, café in Christchurch, New Zealand

title: C1


text:
User:Rick MILLER~enwiki

I stumbled across the Wikipedia via Google and thought I'd get a foot in the door and start contributing.

-Rick Miller

Email: [mailto:rdmiller3@gmail.com]

eo:User:Rick MILLER

title: User:Rick MILLER~enwiki


text:
Davoud Soleymani

Davoud Soleymani (داوود سلیمانی) is an Iranian politician. Soleymani was the Vice Minister of Student Affairs in the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology under the ministrant of former Minister Mostafa Moin.

He was also a representative from Tehran on sixth term of Iranian Islamic Parliament, Majlis.

title: Davoud Soleymani


text:
Brixen (disambiguation)

Brixen is the name of two cities in the Alps:

 * Brixen, South Tyrol, Italy
 * Brixen im Thale, Tyrol, Austria

Brixen may also refer to:
 * Bishopric of Brixen, the former north-Italian state.

title: Brixen (disambiguation)


text:
CD3

CD3 or CD-3 may refer to:
 * CD3, or 2020 CD3, a small minimoon of Earth
 * CD3 (immunology), an antigen, cluster of differentiation protein (immunology), part of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex on a mature T lymphocyte
 * Cost of delay (CD3 Prioritisation), an approach for scheduling work through a scarce resource that maximises Return on Investment. (CD3 = CDx3 from Cost of Delay Divided by Duration).
 * Ford CD3 platform
 * MediaMax CD-3, copy protection scheme
 * MiniCD, a 3-inch CD
 * 3-inch CD single
 * Color Developing Agent 3, the color developer for E-6 process and VNF-1 process.

title: CD3