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Envelope (mathematics)

In geometry, an envelope of a planar family of curves is a curve that is tangent to each member of the family at some point, and these points of tangency together form the whole envelope. Classically, a point on the envelope can be thought of as the intersection of two "infinitesimally adjacent" curves, meaning the limit of intersections of nearby curves. This idea can be generalized to an envelope of surfaces in space, and so on to higher dimensions.

To have an envelope, it is necessary that the individual members of the family of curves are differentiable curves as the concept of tangency does not apply otherwise, and there has to be a smooth transition proceeding through the members. But these conditions are not sufficient – a given family may fail to have an envelope. A simple example of this is given by a family of concentric circles of expanding radius.

Envelope of a family of curves
Let each curve Ct in the family be given as the solution of an equation ft(x, y)=0 (see implicit curve), where t is a parameter. Write F(t, x, y)=ft(x, y) and assume F is differentiable.

The envelope of the family Ct is then defined as the set $$\mathcal{D}$$ of points (x,y) for which, simultaneously,
 * $$F(t, x, y) = 0\mathsf{and}{\partial F \over \partial t}(t, x, y) = 0$$

for some value of t, where $$\partial F/\partial t$$ is the partial derivative of F with respect to t.

If t and u, t≠u are two values of the parameter then the intersection of the curves Ct and Cu is given by
 * $$F(t, x, y) = F(u, x, y) = 0\,$$

or, equivalently,
 * $$F(t, x, y) = 0\mathsf{and}\frac{F(u, x, y)-F(t, x, y)}{u-t} = 0.$$

Letting u → t gives the definition above.

An important special case is when F(t, x, y) is a polynomial in t. This includes, by clearing denominators, the case where F(t, x, y) is a rational function in t. In this case, the definition amounts to t being a double root of F(t, x, y), so the equation of the envelope can be found by setting the discriminant of F to 0 (because the definition demands F=0 at some t and first derivative =0 i.e. its value 0 and it is min/max at that t).

For example, let Ct be the line whose x and y intercepts are t and 11−t, this is shown in the animation above. The equation of Ct is
 * $$\frac{x}{t}+\frac{y}{11-t}=1$$

or, clearing fractions,
 * $$x(11-t)+yt-t(11-t)=t^2+(-x+y-11)t+11x=0.\,$$

The equation of the envelope is then
 * $$(-x+y-11)^2-44x=(x-y)^2-22(x+y)+121=0.\,$$

Often when F is not a rational function of the parameter it may be reduced to this case by an appropriate substitution. For example, if the family is given by Cθ with an equation of the form u(x, y)cos θ+v(x, y)sin θ=w(x, y), then putting t=eiθ, cos θ=(t+1/t)/2, sin θ=(t-1/t)/2i changes the equation of the curve to
 * $$u{1 \over 2}(t+{1\over t})+v{1 \over 2i}(t-{1\over t})=w$$

or
 * $$(u-iv)t^2-2wt+(u+iv)=0.\,$$

The equation of the envelope is then given by setting the discriminant to 0:
 * $$(u-iv)(u+iv)-w^2=0\,$$

or
 * $$u^2+v^2=w^2.\,$$

Alternative definitions

 * 1) The envelope E1 is the limit of intersections of nearby curves Ct.
 * 2) The envelope E2 is a curve tangent to all of the Ct.
 * 3) The envelope E3 is the boundary of the region filled by the curves Ct.

Then $$E_1 \subseteq \mathcal{D}$$, $$E_2 \subseteq \mathcal{D}$$ and $$E_3 \subseteq \mathcal{D}$$, where $$\mathcal{D}$$ is the set of points defined at the beginning of this subsection's parent section.

Example 1
These definitions E1, E2, and E3 of the envelope may be different sets. Consider for instance the curve y = x3 parametrised by γ : R → R2 where γ(t) = (t,t3). The one-parameter family of curves will be given by the tangent lines to γ.

First we calculate the discriminant $$\mathcal D$$. The generating function is
 * $$ F(t,(x,y)) = 3t^2x - y - 2t^3.$$

Calculating the partial derivative Ft = 6t(x – t). It follows that either x = t or t = 0. First assume that x = t and t ≠ 0. Substituting into F: $$F(t,(t,y)) = t^3 - y \, $$ and so, assuming that t ≠ 0, it follows that F = Ft = 0 if and only if (x,y) = (t,t3). Next, assuming that t = 0 and substituting into F gives F(0,(x,y)) = −y. So, assuming t = 0, it follows that F = Ft = 0 if and only if y = 0. Thus the discriminant is the original curve and its tangent line at γ(0):
 * $$ \mathcal{D} = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 : y = x^3\} \cup \{(x,y) \in \R^2 : y = 0 \} \ . $$

Next we calculate E1. One curve is given by F(t,(x,y)) = 0 and a nearby curve is given by F(t + ε,(x,y)) where ε is some very small number. The intersection point comes from looking at the limit of F(t,(x,y)) = F(t + ε,(x,y)) as ε tends to zero. Notice that F(t,(x,y)) = F(t + ε,(x,y)) if and only if
 * $$ L := F(t,(x,y)) - F(t+\varepsilon,(x,y)) = 2\varepsilon^3+6\varepsilon t^2+6\varepsilon^2t-(3\varepsilon^2+6\varepsilon t)x = 0. $$

If t ≠ 0 then L has only a single factor of ε. Assuming that t ≠ 0 then the intersection is given by
 * $$\lim_{\varepsilon \to 0} \frac{1}{\varepsilon} L = 6t(t-x) \ . $$

Since t ≠ 0 it follows that x = t. The y value is calculated by knowing that this point must lie on a tangent line to the original curve γ: that F(t,(x,y)) = 0. Substituting and solving gives y = t3. When t = 0, L is divisible by ε2. Assuming that t = 0 then the intersection is given by
 * $$\lim_{\varepsilon \to 0} \frac{1}{\varepsilon^2} L = 3x \ . $$

It follows that x = 0, and knowing that F(t,(x,y)) = 0 gives y = 0. It follows that
 * $$ E_1 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 : y = x^3 \} \ . $$

Next we calculate E2. The curve itself is the curve that is tangent to all of its own tangent lines. It follows that
 * $$ E_2 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 : y = x^3 \} \ . $$

Finally we calculate E3. Every point in the plane has at least one tangent line to γ passing through it, and so region filled by the tangent lines is the whole plane. The boundary E3 is therefore the empty set. Indeed, consider a point in the plane, say (x0,y0). This point lies on a tangent line if and only if there exists a t such that
 * $$F(t,(x_0,y_0)) = 3t^2x_0 - y_0 - 2t^3 = 0 \ . $$

This is a cubic in t and as such has at least one real solution. It follows that at least one tangent line to γ must pass through any given point in the plane. If y > x3 and y > 0 then each point (x,y) has exactly one tangent line to γ passing through it. The same is true if y < x3 y < 0. If y < x3 and y > 0 then each point (x,y) has exactly three distinct tangent lines to γ passing through it. The same is true if y > x3 and y < 0. If y = x3 and y ≠ 0 then each point (x,y) has exactly two tangent lines to γ passing through it (this corresponds to the cubic having one ordinary root and one repeated root). The same is true if y ≠ x3 and y = 0. If y = x3 and x = 0, i.e., x = y = 0, then this point has a single tangent line to γ passing through it (this corresponds to the cubic having one real root of multiplicity 3). It follows that
 * $$E_3 = \varnothing. $$

Example 2
In string art it is common to cross-connect two lines of equally spaced pins. What curve is formed?

For simplicity, set the pins on the x- and y-axes; a non-orthogonal layout is a rotation and scaling away. A general straight-line thread connects the two points (0, k−t) and (t, 0), where k is an arbitrary scaling constant, and the family of lines is generated by varying the parameter t. From simple geometry, the equation of this straight line is y = −(k − t)x/t + k − t. Rearranging and casting in the form F(x,y,t) = 0 gives:

Now differentiate F(x,y,t) with respect to t and set the result equal to zero, to get

These two equations jointly define the equation of the envelope. From (2) we have:
 * $$t = \sqrt{kx} \,$$

Substituting this value of t into (1) and simplifying gives an equation for the envelope:

Or, rearranging into a more elegant form that shows the symmetry between x and y:

We can take a rotation of the axes where the b axis is the line y=x oriented northeast and the a axis is the line y=−x oriented southeast. These new axes are related to the original x-y axes by $x=(b+a)/√2$ and $y=(b−a)/√2$. We obtain, after substitution into (4) and expansion and simplification,

which is apparently the equation for a parabola with axis along a=0, or y=x.

Example 3
Let I ⊂ R be an open interval and let γ : I → R2 be a smooth plane curve parametrised by arc length. Consider the one-parameter family of normal lines to γ(I). A line is normal to γ at γ(t) if it passes through γ(t) and is perpendicular to the tangent vector to γ at γ(t). Let T denote the unit tangent vector to γ and let N denote the unit normal vector. Using a dot to denote the dot product, the generating family for the one-parameter family of normal lines is given by F : I × R2 → R where
 * $$ F(t,{\mathbf x}) = ({\mathbf x} - \gamma(t)) \cdot {\mathbf T}(t) \ . $$

Clearly (x − γ)·T = 0 if and only if x − γ is perpendicular to T, or equivalently, if and only if x − γ is parallel to N, or equivalently, if and only if x = γ + λN for some λ ∈ R. It follows that
 * $$ L_{t_0} := \{ {\mathbf x} \in \R^2 : F(t_0,{\mathbf x}) = 0 \} $$

is exactly the normal line to γ at γ(t0). To find the discriminant of F we need to compute its partial derivative with respect to t:
 * $$ \frac{\partial F}{\partial t}(t,{\mathbf x}) = \kappa (t) ({\mathbf x}-\gamma(t))\cdot {\mathbf N}(t) - 1 \, $$

where κ is the plane curve curvature of γ. It has been seen that F = 0 if and only if x - γ = λN for some λ ∈ R. Assuming that F = 0 gives
 * $$ \frac{\partial F}{\partial t} = \lambda \kappa(t) - 1 \ . $$

Assuming that κ ≠ 0 it follows that λ = 1/κ and so
 * $$ \mathcal{D} = \gamma(t) + \frac{1}{\kappa(t)}{\mathbf N}(t) \ . $$

This is exactly the evolute of the curve γ.

Example 4
The following example shows that in some cases the envelope of a family of curves may be seen as the topologic boundary of a union of sets, whose boundaries are the curves of the envelope. For $$s>0$$ and $$t>0$$ consider the (open) right triangle in a Cartesian plane with vertices $$(0,0)$$, $$(s,0)$$ and $$(0,t)$$
 * $$T_{s,t}:=\left\{(x,y)\in\R_+^2:\ \frac{x}{s}+\frac{y}{t}<1\right\}.

$$ Fix an exponent $$\alpha>0$$, and consider the union of all the triangles $$T_{s,t} $$ subjected to the constraint $$\textstyle s^\alpha+t^\alpha=1 $$, that is the open set
 * $$\Delta_\alpha:=\bigcup_ {s^\alpha+t^\alpha=1} T_{s,t}.$$

To write a Cartesian representation for $$\textstyle\Delta_\alpha$$, start with any $$\textstyle s>0$$, $$\textstyle t>0$$ satisfying $$\textstyle s^\alpha+t^\alpha=1 $$ and any $$\textstyle(x,y)\in\R_+^2$$. The Hölder inequality in $$\textstyle\R^2$$ with respect to the conjugated exponents $$p:=1+\frac{1}{\alpha}$$ and $$\textstyle q:={1+\alpha}$$ gives:
 * $$x^\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}+y^\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}\leq \left(\frac{x}{s}+\frac{y}{t}\right)^\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}\Big(s^\alpha+t^\alpha\Big)^\frac{1}{\alpha+1}=\left(\frac{x}{s}+\frac{y}{t}\right)^\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}$$,

with equality if and only if $$\textstyle s:\,t=x^\frac{1}{1+\alpha}:\,y^\frac{1}{1+\alpha}$$. In terms of a union of sets the latter inequality reads: the point $$(x,y)\in\R_+^2$$ belongs to the set $$\textstyle\Delta_\alpha$$, that is, it belongs to some $$\textstyle T_{s,t}$$ with $$\textstyle s^\alpha+t^\alpha=1$$, if and only if it satisfies
 * $$x^\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}+y^\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}<1.$$

Moreover, the boundary in $$\R_+^2$$ of the set $$\textstyle \Delta_\alpha$$ is the envelope of the corresponding family of line segments
 * $$\left\{(x,y)\in\R_+^2:\ \frac{x}{s}+\frac{y}{t}=1\right\}\ ,\qquad s^\alpha+t^\alpha=1$$

(that is, the hypotenuses of the triangles), and has Cartesian equation
 * $$x^\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}+y^\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}=1.$$

Notice that, in particular, the value $$\alpha=1$$ gives the arc of parabola of the Example 2, and the value $$\alpha=2$$ (meaning that all hypotenuses are unit length segments) gives the astroid.

Example 5
We consider the following example of envelope in motion. Suppose at initial height 0, one casts a projectile into the air with constant initial velocity v but different elevation angles θ. Let x be the horizontal axis in the motion surface, and let y denote the vertical axis. Then the motion gives the following differential dynamical system:
 * $$\frac{d^2 y}{dt^2} = -g,\; \frac{d^2 x}{dt^2} = 0, $$

which satisfies four initial conditions:
 * $$\frac{dx}{dt}\bigg|_{t=0} = v \cos \theta,\; \frac{dy}{dt}\bigg|_{t=0} = v \sin \theta,\; x\bigg|_{t=0} = y\bigg|_{t=0} = 0.$$

Here t denotes motion time, θ is elevation angle, g denotes gravitational acceleration, and v is the constant initial speed (not velocity). The solution of the above system can take an implicit form:
 * $$F(x,y,\theta) = x\tan \theta - \frac{gx^2}{2v^2 \cos^2 \theta} - y = 0.$$

To find its envelope equation, one may compute the desired derivative:
 * $$\frac{\partial F}{\partial \theta} = \frac{x}{\cos^2 \theta} - \frac{gx^2 \tan \theta}{v^2 \cos^2 \theta} = 0.$$

By eliminating θ, one may reach the following envelope equation:
 * $$y = \frac{v^2}{2g} - \frac{g}{2v^2}x^2.$$

Clearly the resulted envelope is also a concave parabola.

Envelope of a family of surfaces
A one-parameter family of surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space is given by a set of equations

 * $$F(x,y,z,a)=0$$

depending on a real parameter a. For example, the tangent planes to a surface along a curve in the surface form such a family.

Two surfaces corresponding to different values a and a'  intersect in a common curve defined by

 * $$ F(x,y,z,a)=0,\,\,{F(x,y,z,a^\prime)-F(x,y,z,a)\over a^\prime -a}=0.$$

In the limit as a'  approaches a, this curve tends to a curve contained in the surface at a

 * $$ F(x,y,z,a)=0,\,\,{\partial F\over \partial a}(x,y,z,a)=0.$$

This curve is called the characteristic of the family at a. As a varies the locus of these characteristic curves defines a surface called the envelope of the family of surfaces.

Generalisations
The idea of an envelope of a family of smooth submanifolds follows naturally. In general, if we have a family of submanifolds with codimension c then we need to have at least a c-parameter family of such submanifolds. For example: a one-parameter family of curves in three-space (c = 2) does not, generically, have an envelope.

Ordinary differential equations
Envelopes are connected to the study of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and in particular singular solutions of ODEs. Consider, for example, the one-parameter family of tangent lines to the parabola y = x2. These are given by the generating family F(t,(x,y)) = t2 – 2tx + y. The zero level set F(t0,(x,y)) = 0 gives the equation of the tangent line to the parabola at the point (t0,t02). The equation t2 – 2tx + y = 0 can always be solved for y as a function of x and so, consider
 * $$ t^2 - 2tx + y(x) = 0. \ $$

Substituting
 * $$ t = \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)/2 $$

gives the ODE
 * $$ \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2 \!\! - 4x\frac{dy}{dx} + 4y = 0. $$

Not surprisingly y = 2tx − t2 are all solutions to this ODE. However, the envelope of this one-parameter family of lines, which is the parabola y = x2, is also a solution to this ODE. Another famous example is Clairaut's equation.

Partial differential equations
Envelopes can be used to construct more complicated solutions of first order partial differential equations (PDEs) from simpler ones. Let F(x,u,Du) = 0 be a first order PDE, where x is a variable with values in an open set Ω ⊂ Rn, u is an unknown real-valued function, Du is the gradient of u, and F is a continuously differentiable function that is regular in Du. Suppose that u(x;a) is an m-parameter family of solutions: that is, for each fixed a ∈ A ⊂ Rm, u(x;a) is a solution of the differential equation. A new solution of the differential equation can be constructed by first solving (if possible)
 * $$D_a u(x;a) = 0\,$$

for a = φ(x) as a function of x. The envelope of the family of functions {u(·,a)}a∈A is defined by
 * $$v(x) = u(x;\varphi(x)),\quad x\in\Omega,$$

and also solves the differential equation (provided that it exists as a continuously differentiable function).

Geometrically, the graph of v(x) is everywhere tangent to the graph of some member of the family u(x;a). Since the differential equation is first order, it only puts a condition on the tangent plane to the graph, so that any function everywhere tangent to a solution must also be a solution. The same idea underlies the solution of a first order equation as an integral of the Monge cone. The Monge cone is a cone field in the Rn+1 of the (x,u) variables cut out by the envelope of the tangent spaces to the first order PDE at each point. A solution of the PDE is then an envelope of the cone field.

In Riemannian geometry, if a smooth family of geodesics through a point P in a Riemannian manifold has an envelope, then P has a conjugate point where any geodesic of the family intersects the envelope. The same is true more generally in the calculus of variations: if a family of extremals to a functional through a given point P has an envelope, then a point where an extremal intersects the envelope is a conjugate point to P.

Caustics
In geometrical optics, a caustic is the envelope of a family of light rays. In this picture there is an arc of a circle. The light rays (shown in blue) are coming from a source at infinity, and so arrive parallel. When they hit the circular arc the light rays are scattered in different directions according to the law of reflection. When a light ray hits the arc at a point the light will be reflected as though it had been reflected by the arc's tangent line at that point. The reflected light rays give a one-parameter family of lines in the plane. The envelope of these lines is the reflective caustic. A reflective caustic will generically consist of smooth points and ordinary cusp points.

From the point of view of the calculus of variations, Fermat's principle (in its modern form) implies that light rays are the extremals for the length functional
 * $$L[\gamma] = \int_a^b |\gamma'(t)|\,dt$$

among smooth curves γ on [a,b] with fixed endpoints γ(a) and γ(b). The caustic determined by a given point P (in the image the point is at infinity) is the set of conjugate points to P.

Huygens's principle
Light may pass through anisotropic inhomogeneous media at different rates depending on the direction and starting position of a light ray. The boundary of the set of points to which light can travel from a given point q after a time t is known as the wave front after time t, denoted here by Φq(t). It consists of precisely the points that can be reached from q in time t by travelling at the speed of light. Huygens's principle asserts that the wave front set Φq 0 (s + t) is the envelope of the family of wave fronts Φq(s) for q ∈ Φq 0 (t). More generally, the point q0 could be replaced by any curve, surface or closed set in space.

title: Envelope (mathematics)


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Chevrolet Stovebolt engine

The Chevrolet Stovebolt engine is a straight-six engine made in two versions between 1929 and 1962 by the Chevrolet Division of General Motors. It replaced the company's 171 cuin inline-four as their sole engine offering from 1929 through 1954, and was the company's base engine starting in 1955 when it added the small block V8 to the lineup. It was completely phased out in North America by 1962, but GM continued to build it in Brazil until 1979. It was replaced by the Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine.

"A six for the price of a four"
The new six-cylinder engine was introduced in 1929 Chevrolet cars and trucks, replacing the company's first inline-four. The 1927 Chevrolet Series AA Capitol had sold very well—over a million units sold as compared to about 400,000 of Ford's Model T—but Ford had introduced a new model in the autumn of 1927: the Model A. The Model A, with its improved 40 hp four-cylinder, compared favourably to the 27 hp Series AA Capitol, and sales of the Model A surpassed Chevrolet by 1929. Chevrolet had been considering switching to a six-cylinder engine since 1925, and the ascendency of the Model A precipitated the switch. Chevrolet had long been known for its "valve-in-head" design in the previous four-cylinder engine, so General Manager William S. Knudsen and marketing executive Richard Grant insisted that the new six-cylinder design also use overhead valves. The new engine was mockingly called the "Cast-Iron Wonder" and "Stovebolt Six" for its seemingly old-fashioned design, but it was famously advertised as "a six for the price of a four" to great success: the Chevrolet was priced only $100 more than the Model A, and the brand regained the sales lead from Ford in 1931.

194
When introduced in 1929 the six-cylinder was 193.9 CID in size and produced 46 hp. This engine used a forged steel crankshaft with three main bearings and cast-iron pistons. Bore and stroke were 3+5/16x3+3/4 in.

A balanced crankshaft was introduced for 1932, while a higher (5.2:1) compression ratio increased output to 60 hp.

This engine was used in all Chevrolet passenger cars from 1929 through 1932.

Applications:
 * 1929 Chevrolet Series AC International - 46 hp @ 2600 rpm, 124 lbft @ 1000 rpm
 * 1930 Chevrolet Series AD Universal - 50 hp @ 2600 rpm, 124 lbft @ 900 rpm
 * 1931 Chevrolet Series AE Independence - 50 hp @ 2600 rpm, 124 lbft @ 800 rpm
 * 1932 Chevrolet Series BA Confederate - 60 hp @ 3000 rpm, 130 lbft @ 800-2000 rpm

207
The original 194 CID engine was replaced with an improved 206.8 CID variant (the stroke was increased to 4 in) in 1933, introduced in the Series CA Eagle. This newly revised engine put out 65 hp, and was produced until 1936, with compression rates between 5.2:1 to 6:1.

Toyota's first engine, the Type A, produced from 1935 to 1947, was a reverse engineered copy of the 207 Chevrolet engine, with 62 hp (46 kW) power output and 94 percent of the compression ratio of the Chevrolet original.

Applications:
 * 1933 Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master - 65 hp @ 2800 rpm, 146 lbft @ 1000-1800 rpm
 * 1933 Chevrolet Series CB/OA/OB/OC/OD Commercial Utility - 56 hp @ 2750 rpm, 146 lbft @ 1000 rpm
 * 1934 Chevrolet Series DA Master - 80 hp @ 3300 rpm, 150 lbft @ 800-2200 rpm
 * 1934 Chevrolet Series DB/PA/PB/PC/PD Commercial Utility - 60 hp @ 3000 rpm, 146 lbft @ 1000 rpm
 * 1935 Chevrolet Series EA/ED Master - 80 hp @ 3200 rpm, 155 lbft @ 1000-2000 rpm
 * 1935 Chevrolet Series EB/QA/QB/QC/QD Commercial Utility - 68.5 hp @ 3200 rpm, 150 lbft @ 1000-1400 rpm
 * 1935 Chevrolet Series EC Standard - 74 hp @ 3200 rpm, 150 lbft @ 1000-2000 rpm
 * 1936 Chevrolet passenger cars - 79 hp @ 3200 rpm, 156 lbft @ 900-2000 rpm
 * 1936 Chevrolet trucks - 72 hp @ 3200 rpm, 155 lbft @ 900-1500 rpm

181
A 181 CID version with a 3+5/16x3+1/2 in bore and stroke was also introduced in 1933, in the lower priced Series CC Standard, and used again in the 1934 Series DC Standard. It made a peak 60 hp at 2300 rpm, and peak torque of 125 lbft at 1200-2000 rpm. The compression ratio in the 1933 model was 5.2:1, and was increased to 5.35:1 in 1934. Production of this version ended after 1934, and the Standard used the 206.8 cubic inch engine thereafter.

Second generation: 1937–1962
The Stovebolt engine was significantly re-engineered for the 1937 model year, distinguished from the earlier 1929-1936 engines by having a redesigned crankcase with four main bearings in lieu of the older engine's three bearings. It is often known as the "Blue Flame" engine, although that name was only officially applied beginning in 1953, and then only for the 235ci version coupled to the Powerglide automatic transmission (including in the Corvette).

216
This engine had a 216.48 CID displacement with a bore and stroke of 3+1/2x3+3/4 in. A four-bearing crankshaft was added, along with 6.5:1 compression pistons, for 85 hp. A new cylinder head in 1941 increased output to 90 hp, and 6.6:1 compression gave the 1949 model 92 hp. This generation did not use a fully pressurized oiling system. The connecting rods were oiled using an "oil trough" built into the oil pan that had spray nozzles that squirted a stream of oil at the connecting rods (which were equipped with "dippers"), thus supplying oil to the rod bearings.

Rod bearings were made of babbitt cast integral with the rod. The bearing was adjustable for wear by removing copper shims placed between the rod cap and connecting rod. In this way specified oil clearance could be maintained. If the crankshaft were to be turned undersized, or if the bearing was damaged or worn out, rod and bearing were replaced as a unit, typically at the dealership.

This engine was also used in GM's British Bedford truck. In the late 1930s rival Austin decided to get into the 2-3 ton truck ("lorry") market and in a crash program based the design on the basic architecture of this "Stove Bolt" engine, except that they added detachable shell main and con-rod bearings and pressurized lubrication. That Austin engine, in six-cylinder form, post war known as the Austin D-Series, went on to power cars such as the Austin Sheerline and Princess, and the Jensen Interceptor and 541. Austin also lopped off two cylinders to create the BS1 engine and in that form various versions, with various capacities, powered cars such as the Austin 16, A70 Hampshire and Hereford, A90 Atlantic, the Austin-Healey 100-4 and the Austin Gipsy, a generation of commercial vans, as well as some models of the iconic London black taxi (FX3 and FX4).

235
In 1941 a 3859 cc version of the 216 engine was introduced for use in large trucks. Both the bore and stroke of 3+9/16x3+15/16 in were increased over the 216. This engine had the same oil "dipper system" as the 216.

The 235 was introduced to the Chevy passenger car line in 1950, coupled to the new Powerglide automatic transmission, and 3.55:1 rear differential. The new version used with the Powerglide transmission featured hydraulic lifters, a higher 7.5:1 compression ratio, and larger intake valves to produce more power. The pushrod cover on the side of the engine also no longer extended across the cylinder head, to eliminate oil leaks. In 1953 the 235 engine became standard equipment in all Chevrolet passenger cars except the sedan delivery body (which continued to use the older 216 until 1954), but when coupled to the standard three-speed manual transmission (called Thrift-King in that guise) it featured solid lifters, a 7.1:1 compression ratio, and correspondingly lower power output: 108 hp versus 115 hp with the Powerglide.

A fully pressurized lubrication system with shell type main bearings in lieu of poured babbitt and aluminum pistons were also introduced in 1953, but only in the higher-output Blue Flame version in cars ordered with the Powerglide transmission. The alleged benefits of a "blue flame" rather than yellow had been touted in Chevrolet advertising since 1934. The 1953 Corvette used a unique version of the high-pressure 235 engine with mechanical lifters, the same slightly higher-lift camshaft as used in the 261 truck engine and three single-barrel, side-draft Carter Model YH carburetors to produce 150 hp.

From 1954 to 1962, the high-pressure 235 engine with solid lifters was used in some trucks. From 1956 to 1962, all 235 engines used in cars had hydraulic lifters.

The 235 is known as one of the great Chevrolet engines, noted for its power and durability. It was replaced by the third generation 230 from 1962.

Canadian-production GMC trucks also used the 216 and 235 Chevrolet straight-six engines as their base light-duty truck powerplant in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The 216 was used from 1947 to 1953, and the 235 was used in 1954 light-duty trucks only. Medium-duty GMC trucks used US-built GMC engines in the 248, 270, and higher sizes prior to 1954.

261
In 1954, a 260.9 CID truck engine was introduced as an optional Jobmaster engine for heavy-duty trucks. This engine was very similar to the 235 engine, except for a different block casting with a larger piston bore of 3+3/4 in, two extra coolant holes (in the block and head) between three paired (siamesed) cylinders, and a slightly higher lift camshaft. This engine was offered as a step up from the 235 starting in 1954. It was offered in parallel with the GMC V6 engine in 1960 until 1963, when it was discontinued. The 261 US truck engine had mechanical lifters and was available from 1954 to 1962.

The 235 and 261 truck engines were also used by GMC Truck of Canada (GMC truck 6-cylinder engines were also used in Canada). The 1955–1962 full-size Canadian Pontiac car had a standard 261-cubic-inch engine that had hydraulic lifters. This engine was not sold in the US, but was very similar to the US truck 261.

The 261 engines were also used in light trucks and the Chevrolet Veraneio from 1958 to 1979 in Brazil. Produced 148 hp.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chevrolet Stovebolt engine


text:
Nacho Novo

Ignacio Javier Gómez Novo (born 26 March 1979) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a forward. Novo was an assistant coach and served as the interim head coach for the final 5 matches of the 2023 season for USL League One side Lexington SC, as well as the head coach for the club's U23 team.

He transferred from Huesca to Scottish club Raith Rovers in 2001 and Dundee a year later. In July 2004, he moved to Rangers for £450,000. During his first season at the club he scored 25 goals and won a league and League Cup double. He had to wait four years before lifting the league championship again in the 2008–09 season, where he also scored the winning goal in the 2009 Scottish Cup Final which won him his second double with the Ibrox club.

Following his time at Rangers, he had several short spells at clubs in Spain, Poland, Scotland, England, the United States and Northern Ireland.

Early life
Novo was born in Ferrol, Galicia. His father, Ricardo Gómez Varela, was a centre half known as Richard who spent one year at Real Betis.

Raith Rovers
Novo joined Raith Rovers from Huesca in July 2001. He made a scoring debut against Airdrieonians on 4 August, and netted the winner during a Challenge Cup match against Alloa Athletic three days later. Novo saw himself sent off in only his third match for Raith, whilst playing against Partick Thistle.

Despite this setback he went on to score consistently in the Scottish First Division, netting doubles against St Mirren and twice against Falkirk. Novo accumulated a total of 22 goals in 38 appearances during his first season in Scotland.

Dundee
His goal scoring record attracted the attention of Scottish Premier League club Dundee who signed him for £100,000 in July 2002. He made his Scottish Premier League debut on 3 August 2002 in a 1–1 draw with Hearts. Novo scored his first and second goals for the club against Dunfermline Athletic on 17 August but was sent-off in the dying moments of the match for raising his foot at Pars defender Scott Wilson. He went on to score a further seven goals to end the season with a tally of nine.

His second season saw Novo return to form, scoring four goals in the UEFA Cup, including one against then Serie A outfit Perugia, helped him to an end of season tally of 25. This form attracted the interest of several clubs including Celtic and Rangers. Celtic had a £500,000 bid accepted but failed to agree terms the player, stating Novo didn't have the "necessary level of commitment" during signing talks.

Rangers
Novo signed for Rangers on 6 July 2004 for a reported fee of £450,000. He was allocated the number 10 shirt that had been vacated by Michael Mols. In his first season at the club he scored 25 goals, including the goal against Hibernian that won Rangers the league title. He made his debut for Rangers in a Scottish Premier League match away to Aberdeen on 7 August 2004. His first goal came in his second appearance, netting in Rangers' 2–1 loss to Russian side CSKA Moscow on 10 August.

Following his first goal, Novo failed to score in his next eight appearances and he was dropped from the starting eleven. He came on as a 66th-minute substitute in a league match against his former employers Dundee. Novo netted two goals in as many minutes which helped Rangers to a 2–0 victory, after which he was a regular in the side.

At the start of the 2005–06 season, Novo broke his fifth metatarsal, which ruled him out for several months. Upon his return from injury he failed to score in the twenty matches he played the rest of that season, being deployed more as a winger than a striker due to the form of Kris Boyd. His three goals had come against Celtic, Falkirk and Cypriot club Anorthosis Famagusta.

With the departure of Alex McLeish and the arrival of Frenchman Paul Le Guen, Novo looked set to leave Rangers. However, a proposed transfer to English First Division club Coventry City fell through on transfer deadline day. Novo initially found his appearances sporadic, featuring in the first game of the season then waiting seven weeks for his second but after a mixture of poor results, injuries and his good performances for the reserves Novo returned to the first team. His first goal of that season, and in over a year, was during a 3–2 UEFA Cup win over Livorno on 19 October 2006. The following match, Novo came off the bench to score a late winner against St Mirren in a 3–2 win. He then started the next game, Motherwell held Rangers to a 1–1 draw with Novo named Man of the Match. His rejuvenated form continued with goals against Heart of Midlothian, Maccabi Haifa and AJ Auxerre. Novo continued to be a regular when Le Guen was replaced with Walter Smith.

The signings of strikers in the summer of 2007 led to increased competition for attacking positions and most of Novo's appearances in the early months of the season were as a substitute. On 20 October, he started the first Old Firm derby match of the season and scored twice in a 3–0 victory for Rangers over Celtic. On 2 December 2007, it was reported that Rangers were willing to offer Novo a one-year extension to his current contract, which was to expire in July 2008. However, Novo said that he would leave the club if he was not offered a longer contract. He was later offered a two-year contract extension until the summer of 2010, and signed the deal on 21 December 2007.

On 1 May 2008, he scored the winning penalty in the semi-final shoot-out against Fiorentina which put Rangers through to the 2008 UEFA Cup Final. During the 2007–08 season Novo was sent off twice, both in league games before cup finals, meaning that he missed both the 2008 League Cup final and the 2008 Scottish Cup final through suspension.

The 2008–09 season saw Novo used almost exclusively as a substitute. He came off the bench in the 2009 Scottish Cup Final to score the winning goal after only being on the field for 28 seconds.

During what turned out to be his final season with Rangers, he won both the league and Scottish League Cup, scoring nine times, but was mainly used as a substitute, starting just 14 league games. Novo decided not to sign a new contract as he was not getting enough starting opportunities.

On 30 March 2014, Novo was inducted into the Rangers Hall of Fame along with Fernando Ricksen and Lee McCulloch

Sporting de Gijón
In May 2010, Novo moved to La Liga side Sporting de Gijón, on a two-year deal. After a difficult first season in Spain, Novo was offered to clubs in the summer of 2011 with a return to Scotland being mooted. Aberdeen boss Craig Brown said that he had turned down the chance to sign Novo, but this was later denied by the player's agent.

Sporting boss Javier Clemente, branded Novo "a coward", and of "showing no commitment to the club in their time of need", and tore up Novo's contract. Clemente then states he “Went into the dressing room and told the rest of the players that if we had any other cowards they could also leave.”

Legia Warsaw and Huesca
On 16 February 2012, Novo signed a 6-month contract with Legia Warsaw. He made his debut on 26 February against Śląsk Wrocław and was substituted in the 59th minute with his side leading 3–0, Legia eventually winning 4–0. Novo made 11 League and 3 Cup appearances for Legia, scoring once in a 2–1 win over Arka Gdynia in the semi-final of the Polish Cup.

In July 2012 Novo returned to Spain to rejoin Second division side Huesca with whom he spent a successful 2-year spell between 1999 and 2001. Novo's second spell at the club was less successful than his first, scoring only 6 league goals. In November 2012, Novo was sent off after scoring in a 2–1 win over Guadalajara for gestures made towards the crowd. Novo protested his innocence, stating that the 'gestures' were in fact a "dedication" towards his late mother. Huesca ended being relegated at the end of the season, and Novo became a free agent.

Later career
Novo signed a short-term contract with Scottish Championship club Greenock Morton in October 2013, in a deal that was scheduled to run until 12 January 2014. However, after a disappointing return of only one goal, and with Morton at the bottom of the Championship, Novo was released from his contract ahead of schedule on 24 December.

On 11 February 2014, Novo signed a short-term deal until the end of the 2013–14 season with Football League One side Carlisle United. He was released in May following their relegation, after appearing in only six matches.

On 11 September 2014, Novo signed for Carolina RailHawks of USL Pro.

On 26 July 2016, it was announced Novo would join Northern Ireland Football League team Glentoran. A few weeks after his arrival in Belfast, Novo was warned by police that he was under a death threat from dissident republicans. The latter part of his season was marred by a six-game ban for a headbutt against Crusaders in January. After scoring a total of 4 goals in 28 games, he was released in May 2017.

After leaving Glentoran, it was reported that Novo hoped to move into a coaching role, however by the end of 2017 Novo had instead announced plans to open a Rangers-themed bar in Glasgow.

International career
Novo was never selected for the Spain national team but has played for Galicia – his debut was in a 2008 friendly against Iran, arriving in his homeland just an hour before the match started after playing for Rangers against Celtic earlier in the day. He scored two goals and left to the acclaim of the Galician fans.

On 24 October 2008, it was reported that Novo could be selected by the Scotland national team as he was eligible to acquire a British passport, having lived in Scotland for eight years. This led to much debate amongst the Scottish media as to whether Novo, who was born in Spain and has no Scottish parents or grandparents, should be selected by Scotland. It eventually became clear, however, that the Home Nations would continue to honour a deal whereby that any player selected by England, Northern Ireland, Scotland or Wales would be required to have a blood tie to that country, or have had five years compulsory education within it. This deal would rule out the prospect of Novo playing for Scotland.

Coaching
On 15 November 2022, Novo was named as an assistant coach for USL League One club Lexington SC, where he will also serve as the head coach of the club's U-23 team. The move reunites Novo with Sam Stockley, who was Novo's teammate at Carolina Railhawks.

Novo joined the coaching team at Drumchapel United in June 2024.

Personal life
Novo met Donna Clark in 2004 when playing in Scotland, and the couple were engaged a year later. During a lengthy engagement, they had a son together, Javier, before finally marrying in February 2015 where Novo's ex-Rangers team-mate, Marvin Andrews, acted as pastor. He resides in Scotland.

In January 2018, 38-year-old Novo suffered a heart attack while playing for a team of Rangers legends at the AOK Masters in Berlin. He was immediately rushed to hospital and underwent emergency surgery.

Honours
Rangers
 * Scottish Premier League: 2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10
 * Scottish Cup: 2008–09
 * Scottish League Cup: 2004–05, 2009–10
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 2007–08

Legia Warsaw
 * Polish Cup: 2011–12

Individual
 * Rangers Hall of Fame Inductee: 2014

title: Nacho Novo


text:
User:April kathleen

Hello and welcome to my Wikipedia page!

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title: User:April kathleen


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title: User:PS~enwiki


text: User talk:24.210.184.127

title: User talk:24.210.184.127


text:
Neuenrade

Neuenrade is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the hills of the Sauerland in the Märkischer Kreis.

Geography
The highest elevation in the town area is the Kohlberg with an altitude of 514 m above sea level. The lowest elevation is at Hölmecke with 190 m. The town covers an area of 54.12 km², most of which is forests (29.41 km²) and farm land (18.18 km²).

The municipal territory includes the villages of Affeln, Berentrop, Blintrop and Küntrop.

History
Around 1220 the place was first mentioned in a document, then named Rode. The village consisted of about 12 farms. In 1353 the city was fortified. In 1355 it received the cityrights from count Engelbert III.

By 1890/91 the municipalities Werdohl and Ohle had grown so much that they left the Amt Neuenrade, the local administrative unit. The Amt thereafter was composed of only Neuenrade and Dahle.

The Amt Neuenrade was dissolved, effective on January 1, 1969. The municipality Dahle was incorporated into Altena, while the municipality Küntrop from the Amt Balve was incorporated into the city Neuenrade. In 1975 the city was further enlarged with the municipalities Affeln, Altenaffeln and Blintrop from the Amt Balve.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms is based on the coat of arms of the counts of the Mark, showing a chequered red-white bar on a yellow shield. The oldest version of the coat of arms is known from a wood carving in the city church dated from the 16th century; it showed Saint Mary on top of the coat of arms of the Mark. Later the Mary picture was moved inside the shield. It was officially granted on November 25, 1912.

After the communal reform of 1975 the city changed their coat of arms. In the bottom of the shield the black cross of the bishops of Cologne was added, representing the municipalities of the former Amt Balve which historically belonged to Kurköln. The new coat of arms was granted on March 23, 1979, based on a design by Professor Hußmann.

The Amt Neuenrade also had a coat of arms. It was granted on January 13, 1938, and was designed by Waldemar Mallek based on an idea of Dr. Fritz Thomée. It resembled the coat of arms of the city Neuenrade, the bottom part showed a mill wheel. As a municipality Dahle had no traditional heraldic symbol. The mill wheel was chosen symbolizing the traditional industries at the Nette River.

Population development
The numbers from 1800, 1900 and 1955 are estimates. From 1975 the data come from the Statistical Office in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Mayors
Since the 2014 elections, Antonius Wiesemann (CDU) is the mayor of Neuenrade.
 * 1964-1999: Hans Schmerbeck
 * 1999-2014: Klaus-Peter Sasse

International relations
Since 1978 Neuenrade has a city friendship with the Dutch municipality Dinxperlo. In 1984 it was converted into a town twinning. The partnership was reaffirmed in 2005 by the municipality Aalten, of which Dinxperlo had become part that year. Since 1990 it is also twinned with Klingenthal in Saxony.

Personalities

 * Hermann Wilken (1522-1603), humanist and mathematician, he died in Heidelberg
 * Esther Riecke-Volkmann (born 1969, artist)

title: Neuenrade


text:
Battle of Dungeness

The naval Battle of Dungeness took place on 30 November 1652 (10 December in the Gregorian calendar) during the First Anglo-Dutch War near the cape of Dungeness in Kent.

Background
In September 1652 the government of the Commonwealth of England, the Council of State, mistakenly believing that the United Provinces after their defeat at the Battle of the Kentish Knock would desist from bringing out a fleet so late in the season, sent away ships to the Mediterranean and the Baltic. At the same time the largest English vessels remained in repair and active ships were undermanned as sailors deserted or rioted because their wages were in arrears. This left the English weakened and badly outnumbered in home waters. Meanwhile, the Dutch were making every effort to reinforce their fleet. Dutch trade interests demanded that their navy would make a final effort to convoy merchantmen to the south.

Battle
On 21 November 1652 Old Style, 1 December New Style, Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp, again (unofficial) supreme commander after his successor Vice-Admiral Witte de With had suffered a breakdown because of his defeat at the Battle of the Kentish Knock, set sail from the naval port of Hellevoetsluis with 88 men of war and five fireships, escorting a vast convoy of 270 merchantmen bound for France, the Mediterranean and the Indies. At first, unfavourable southwestern gales forced him to return but on 23 November he again sailed south. With the convoy, accompanied by sixteen warships, safely delivered through the Straits of Dover, Tromp turned to the west in search of the English, and on 29 November 1652 he discovered the English fleet of 42 capital ships and ten smaller vessels anchored in the Downs, between the landheads of North Foreland and South Foreland, commanded by General at Sea Robert Blake. After a council of war in which it was decided to avoid battle, the English promptly left their anchorage, sailing south. Blake may not have realised how large the Dutch fleet was, or he may have feared to become trapped like the Spanish had been some years earlier in the Battle of the Downs. The wind was now strong from the northwest, so the English could not return to the Downs in any case, having to settle for Dover. The English fleet swiftly rounded South Foreland while the Dutch were unable to reach them, both fleets anchoring in the evening at about five miles distance. During the night a storm dispersed some Dutch vessels. Next morning, at noon the two fleets began to move southwest, with the English hugging the coast and the Dutch keeping some distance. The forces were separated by the Rip-Raps and the Varne Shoal and therefore unable to engage. Ultimately the curve of the shoreline, the cape of Dungeness or the "Hook of the Shingles" jutting out, forced the English to turn on a southerly course. Between the Varne Shoal and Dungeness a narrow exit exists. Blake had hoped to escape through it but when he arrived about seventeen Dutch ships were already waiting for him. Nevertheless, he continued his manoeuvre. At about 15:00, the leading ships of both fleets met in what a contemporary account called a "bounteous rhetoric of powder and bullet".

Blake's Triumph was the first larger ship to sail through the exit. At that moment Tromp's Brederode arrived and the Dutch commander immediately hoisted the red "bloodflag" as a sign to attack. Blake, noticing this, tacked to cross the bow of the Brederode, giving his opponent a broadside. In response, Tromp also tacked and fired a salvo. The next English ship, the Garland, then moved between the Triumph and the Brederode in an attempt to cross the latter's bow also. This failed however, the Garland ramming the bow of the Brederode at starboard with such force that both ships remained entangled. The snout and bowsprit of the Brederode broke off. The larger crew of the Brederode swiftly boarded the Garland. Tromp encouraged his men by promising a reward of five hundred guilders to the first who would strike the English flag. One sailor climbed into the main mast of the Garland and replaced the St George's Cross with the Prince's Flag. In despair, captain Richard Batten blew up his own upper deck to drive away the Dutch. Meanwhile, the third English ship to arrive, the Anthony Bonaventure, grappled the port of the Brederode. Covering the deck of the Dutch ship with canister shot, it soon forced its crew below deck. Noticing the plight of his commander, Vice-Admiral Johan Evertsen in turn boarded the port of the Anthony Bonaventure with his Hollandia, so that four ships were now attached. In ferocious fighting his men, losing sixty, killed the entire crew of the Anthony Bonaventure, including Captain Walter Hoxton. When Tromp's secretary, standing next to him, was killed by a musket ball, he exhorted the combined crews of the Brederode and the Hollandia to assault the Garland, exclaiming "Children, things cannot go on this way. It's them or us!". The Garland was taken, with sixty killed out of a crew of one-hundred fifty, including Captain Batten. At this point the Garland was in a bad condition, her rudder largely having been shot away.

Blake tried to assist the Garland and the Anthony Bonaventure but was constantly attacked by Dutch flagships such as the Princes Louise of Johan de Liefde and the Monnickendam of Pieter Florisse. The Triumph nearly avoided being grappled at both sides, by the Princes Louise and the Gulden Beer of Captain Jan de Haes. Blake received little support from the remainder of the English fleet. When the Happy Entrance entered the channel, she was at once assaulted and only with difficulty managed to extract herself. The other English ships began to understand the tactical situation: the exit functioned as a bottleneck and trying to force it would only allow the Dutch to overpower the English ships one by one. On the other hand, most Dutch ships did not engage either. Annoyed, Commodore Michiel de Ruyter on the Witte Lam entered the exit in the opposite direction to attack the mass of the English ships but no one followed him and he was forced to withdraw. He complained in his journal: "If we had had any help, yea of but ten or twelve ships, we would have beaten the entire fleet". Despite the tactical difficulties, it was unacceptable to leave Blake to his fate. The two most heavily armed English vessels apart from the Triumph, the Vanguard and the Victory, used their superior firepower to break the Dutch opposition and allowed Blake to retreat and join the English main force. The Triumph had lost her fore-topmast and Blake had been wounded.

Around 17:00, the onset of darkness ended the battle. A large part of the Dutch fleet had not even arrived yet. The English fleet by nightfall had lost five ships. These included the captured Garland and Anthony Bonaventure that would be taken into Dutch service as the Rozenkrans and the Bonaventura. Two smaller vessels were burnt, one of them perhaps the light frigate Acorn, and one sunk. In the evening, the Dutch lost the Schiedam, also known as the Gelderland because the States of Gueldres had paid for her, through fire and subsequent explosion. Captain Dirk Juinbol died from his wounds the next day. Blake that night retreated under cover of darkness to his anchorage in the Downs. The Dutch did not follow but used this time to repair the ships, especially the Brederode. The next morning the Dutch intercepted a group of three merchantmen sailing from the west. Their guard ship, the Merlin, managed to escape, but they themselves were taken and their cargo of figs and lemons were distributed among the Dutch crews. Tromp could not be satisfied with the result however as the Dutch had missed an opportunity to annihilate the English. On 1 December, he pursued Blake who, however, had already rounded South Foreland again. The wind turned east, which allowed Blake to quickly reach the Thames but slowed the Dutch. A group of English ships was encountered, that had been sent to reinforce Blake but had sailed past him in the darkness. Two new frigates, the Ruby and the Sapphire, managed to escape, but the Hercules, an armed merchantman, was run ashore by her captain, Zachary Browne. Most of the crew fled inland and the Hercules, and Browne, were captured by the Haes in 't Veld of Bastiaan Centsen, who managed to refloat the vessel.

Returning to the Strait of Dover, Tromp allowed his merchant convoy to split up, each group of merchantmen continuing its way towards their individual destination together with their protecting warships. Tromp considered attacking Blake in the Medway, but despite offering a reward of fifty Flemish pounds, in the entire Dutch fleet not a single pilot could be found who dared to navigate these dangerous waters. Not until 1667 did De Ruyter manage to execute such an attack, in the Raid on the Medway.

Aftermath
The battle resulted in several reforms in the English Fleet. Part of Blake's force consisted of impressed merchant vessels that retained their civilian captains/owners. Many of them refused to participate in the battle. Some naval captains insisted on their traditional right to enter and leave the battle at times of their choosing, and to leave formation in order to secure any prize. Blake threatened to resign if something was not done. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty responded by requiring all impressed vessels to be under the command of naval captains, and issuing Sailing and Fighting Instructions which significantly enhanced an admiral's authority over his fleet.

The victory gave the Dutch temporary control of the English Channel and so control of merchant shipping. A legend says that Tromp attached a broom to his mast as a sign that he had swept the sea clean of his enemies, but in his book The Command of the Ocean, N.A.M. Roger doubts the legend as such a boasting action would have been out of character for Tromp. Additionally, at the time, a broom attached to a mast was the way of showing that a ship was for sale. Also, Dutch contemporaneous sources make no mention of it.

England (Blake)
• Triumph 60 (flag)

• Victory 60 (Lionel Lane)

• Vanguard 58 (John Mildmay)

• Fairfax 56 (John Lawson)

• Speaker 54 (John Gilson)

• Laurel 50 (John Taylor)

• Worcester 44 (Anthony Young)

• HMS Garland (1620) 44 (Robert Batten) – Captured

• Entrance 43 (Edmund Chapman)

• Lion 42 (Charles Saltonsall)

• Convertine 42

• Foresight 42

• Dragon 40

• ENGLISH SHIP Fortune 36

• Hound 35

• Sapphire 34

• Princess Maria 33

• Mary flyboat 32

• Waterhound 30

• Dolphin 30 (William Badiley)

• Advantage 26 (William Beck)

• Swan 22

• Greyhound 20

• Hannibal 44 (Francis Barham)

• Anthony Bonaventure 36 (Walter Hoxon) – Captured

• Lisbon Merchant 34

• Loyalty 34

• Culpepper 30

• Cullen 28

• Prudent Mary 26

• Samuel 26

• Martha 25

• Katherine 24

• Exchange 24

• Acorn 22

Tromp squadron

 * Brederode 56 (flag, Admiralty of the Maze)
 * Vrede 44, (flag of acting Vice-Admiral Gideon de Wildt, Admiralty of Amsterdam)
 * Campen 40 (A)
 * Wapen van Holland 39 (M)
 * Prins 38 (flag of Rear-Admiral Corstiaen Corstiaenszoon de Munnick, Rotterdam Directors)
 * Groote Liefde 38 (Amsterdam Directors)
 * Engel Gabriel 36 (A)
 * Burgh 34 (AD)
 * Gideon 34 (AD)
 * Hollandia 32 (A)
 * Hoorn 32 (Admiralty of the Northern Quarter)
 * Rotterdam 30 (M)
 * Amsterdam 30 (A)
 * Sint Pieter 28 (RD)
 * Star 28 (A)
 * Gouda 28 (A)
 * Vergulde Pelicaen 28 (Harlingen Directors)
 * Sint Maria 28 (AD)
 * Hollandia 26 (RD)

De Ruyter squadron

 * Vrijheid 46 (Amsterdam, flag of acting Vice-Admiral Augustijn Balck)
 * Witte Lam 38 (Admiralty of Zealand, flag of Commodore Michiel de Ruyter, acting squadron commander replacing Vice-Admiral Witte de With)
 * Sint Mattheeus 34 (AD)
 * Croon Imperiael 34 (AD)
 * Meerman 32 (RD)
 * Zeelandia 32 (A)
 * Schiedam (= Gelderland) 30 (R)
 * Graaf Hendrick 30 (F)
 * Leyden 28 (A)
 * Achilles 28 (A)
 * Arke Troyane 28 (AD)
 * Frisia 28 (F)
 * Breda 28 (F)
 * Sphera Mundi 26 (R)
 * Gulden Beer 24 (R)
 * Overijssel 22 (R)

Evertsen squadron

 * Hollandia 38 (Zealand Admiralty, flag of Vice-Admiral Johan Evertsen, flag captain Adriaan Banckert)
 * Wapen van Veere 38 (Veeren Directors)
 * Princes Louise 36 (acting Vice-Admiral Johan de Liefde, former flag of De With)
 * Gulden Haen 36 (Middelburg Directors)
 * Wapen van Zierikzee 34 (Zierikzee Directors)
 * Faam 30 (Z)
 * Gouden Leeuw 30 (MD)
 * Gouden Leeuwin 30 (MD)
 * Haes 30 (Flushing Directors)
 * Zeeuwsche Leeuw 28 (Zealand Admiralty, flag of Commodore Cornelis Evertsen the Elder)
 * Zeeridder 28 (Z)
 * Neptunus 28 (Z)
 * West Capelle 28 (Zealand Admiralty, captain Cornelis Evertsen the Younger)
 * Goes 26 (Z)
 * Liefde 26 (Z)
 * Eendraght 24 (Z)
 * Sint Joris 23 (Z)
 * Liefde 23 (Z)
 * Eendraght 18 (Z)

Florisse squadron

 * Monnickendam 36 (Northern Quarter, flag of Rear-Admiral Pieter Florisse Blom)
 * Wapen van Nassau 36 (Admiralty of Friesland)
 * Tobias 30 (NQ)
 * Casteel van Medemblick 30 (NQ)
 * Sampson 30 (Hoorn Directors)
 * Wapen van Monnickendam 28 (NQ)
 * Prins Maurits 28 (NQ)
 * Eenhoorn 28 (NQ)
 * Lastdrager 28 (NQ)
 * Prinses Albertina 26 (F)
 * Peereboom 24 (NQ)
 * Vergulde Schel 24 (NQ)

title: Battle of Dungeness


text:
James Couzens

James Joseph Couzens (August 26, 1872 – October 22, 1936) was an American businessman, politician and philanthropist. He served as mayor of Detroit (1919–1922) and U.S. Senator from Michigan (1922–1936). Prior to entering politics he served as vice president and general manager of the Ford Motor Company.

Early life and career
Couzens was born in Chatham, Ontario, Canada in 1872, the son of soapmaker James and Emma Clift Couzens. He attended the public schools of Chatham and spent time at a business college. He moved to Detroit, Michigan in 1890 and worked as a railroad car checker for the New York Central Railroad from 1890 to 1897. Couzens' diligence at the railroad was noticed by Alexander Y. Malcomson, who hired the young man as a clerk in his coal business. Couzens worked for Malcomson from 1897 to 1903.

In 1898, Couzens married Margaret Manning. The couple had six children: a son born in 1899 who died in infancy; Homer Couzens, born in 1900; Frank Couzens (later mayor of Detroit), born in 1902; Madeline, born in 1904; Margo, born in 1910, and Edith, born in 1911.

Association with Henry Ford
In 1902, Henry Ford was organizing the Ford Motor Company; Alexander Malcomson was a major stakeholder in the company. The two were seeking additional stockholders; Couzens borrowed heavily and invested $2,500 in the new firm. Ford Motor Company was founded in 1903 with John S. Gray as president, Ford as vice-president, Malcomson as treasurer, and Couzens as secretary. Couzens took over the business management of the new firm for an annual salary of $2,400. In 1906, Gray died and Malcomson was eased out of the business, and Couzens became vice president and general manager of the company. The company made both Ford and Couzens wealthy, due in no small part to Couzens's business acumen. However, the two men gradually grew apart, and in 1915 Couzens resigned his position as general manager, although he retained a seat on the board. In 1919, Ford purchased Couzens's shares in the company for $30,000,000.

He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2012.

Detroit work and political career
James Couzens was president of the Bank of Detroit and director of the Detroit Trust Company. He was commissioner of street railways 1913-1915 and commissioner of the metropolitan police department 1916–1918. He was mayor of Detroit 1919–1922. As mayor, Couzens installed municipal street railways.

Senatorial career
Couzens was appointed November 29, 1922, as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Truman H. Newberry. This appointment was confirmed by his special election on November 4, 1924 to serve the remainder of Newberry's term, at which time he was also elected to a full term commencing March 4, 1925. He was reelected in 1930, serving in total from November 29, 1922, until his death on October 22, 1936. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1936, the loss generally attributed to Couzens's support for Roosevelt's New Deal programs. He was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Civil Service in the Sixty-ninth Congress, the U.S. Senate Committee on Education and Labor in the Sixty-ninth and Seventieth Congresses, the U.S. Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce in the Seventy-first and Seventy-second Congresses. Couzens' actions in Congress generally followed those of the Progressive Republicans, advocating acts such as high graduated income tax and public ownership of utilities.

Couzens died in Detroit and is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery there.

Philanthropy
Couzens established the Children's Fund of Michigan with a $10,000,000 grant. He also gave $1,000,000 for relief in Detroit and began a fund to make loans to the physically handicapped. Under Dr Frank Norton, Dr Kenneth Richard Gibson and their secretary, Kathryn Hutchison, the Children's Fund, among other things, provided free health and dental work for indigent Detroit children. The Fund was set up with a 25-year life span, and the project ended in the mid-1950s.

In response to the Bath School Disaster, in which Andrew Kehoe, an embittered school board member and treasurer, killed 38 children by blowing up explosives he had planted in the basement of the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Township, Michigan, Couzens gave $75,000 to fund rebuilding. The new school was dedicated as the "James Couzens Agricultural School". He donated $600,000 to the University of Michigan for the building of a residence hall for female nursing students. It was to be named Couzens Hall in his honor, but at his request, the Board of Trustees named the new home McLaughlin Hall in honor of Emily A. McLaughlin, Principal of the Farrand Training School. In the 1930s, Couzens donated $1 million to Children's Hospital of Michigan, in response to a birthday request from his wife for "a simple box in which to keep my pearls". Couzens complied, including a note within the box describing the $1 million gift, stating "My dear, your new pearls will be all the children who are eventually treated there". Today, Children's Hospital of Michigan is part of the Detroit Medical Center.

Disturbed by the failures of low-income housing projects that came out of the depression, he funded an alternative. He contributed $550,000 of his own personal money, combined with $300,000 from Oakland Housing, to create a managed low-income housing project called Westacres, in West Bloomfield, Michigan. The project gave the low-income factory working man a chance to own a home. The homes were located on 1 acre of land and the owners were required to farm the land to provide food for their families when seasonal layoffs took place.

Miscellaneous
Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest: "Pronounced exactly as cousins."

The middle section of the Lodge Freeway in Detroit was originally named for him. After the entire freeway was renamed to The Lodge, only the service drive retains the Couzens name.

title: James Couzens


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User:JeffreyRea

A young Pup.

title: User:JeffreyRea


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Rodolphe Lemieux

Rodolphe Lemieux (November 1, 1866 – September 28, 1937) was a Canadian parliamentarian and long time Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (1922–1930).

Biography
He was born in Montreal as the son of a Customs officer. After a career as a journalist, lawyer and law professor he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1896 election as a Liberal. He was a loyal follower of Sir Wilfrid Laurier and, in 1904 became Solicitor General of Canada in Laurier's Cabinet. He subsequently served as Postmaster General of Canada, Minister of Labour and Minister of Marine and Fisheries. His Deputy Minister in the Department of Labour was future Prime Minister of Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie King.

As Minister of Labour he started a system in which no strike or lockout in a public utility or mine could be legal until the differences had been referred to a three-man board of conciliation representing the employer, the employees and the public.

In 1907, Laurier sent Lemieux to Japan to defend Canadian immigration policies which were discriminatory against the Japanese. He succeeded in obtaining an agreement from Japan to curtail emigration of its citizens to Canada.

He also continued in his academic pursuits, becoming a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1908 and President of the Society in 1918.

In the 1911 election, Lemieux engaged in a series of public debates before audiences of several thousands with nationalist leader Henri Bourassa who was threatening the Liberal's base in Quebec. The Liberals retained a majority of seats in the province but lost government because of its loss of seats in Ontario.

Lemieux was a sharp critic of the Conservative government of Robert Borden accusing it of putting the interests of the British Empire ahead of those of Canada.

During World War I, Lemieux opposed conscription and supported Laurier during the Conscription Crisis of 1917.

When Mackenzie King led the Liberals back to power in the 1921 election, he chose Ernest Lapointe as his Quebec lieutenant rather than Lemieux. Instead, he nominated Lemieux as Speaker of the House of Commons. Lemieux presided over the House during several minority governments.

He was Speaker during the King-Byng Affair of 1926. He remained Speaker when Governor General Byng appointed Arthur Meighen as Prime Minister rather than call an election.

He attempted to rule in a neutral manner despite the highly charged atmosphere, and all but one of his rulings were sustained by the House. Instead Lord Byng invited the Conservatives to form a government. In spite of assurances of support from the Progressive Party, the Conservatives were unable to maintain control of the House. Lemieux had to make several crucial rulings. Five were appealed and one was overturned.

Lemieux presided over three successive Parliaments and was the longest serving Speaker until Lucien Lamoureux broke the record in 1974.

On June 30, 1930, King appointed Lemieux to the Senate of Canada, where he served until his death in 1937. He was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

Archives
There is a Rodolphe Lemieux fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: Rodolphe Lemieux


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Bylot Island

Bylot Island lies off the northern end of Baffin Island in Nunavut Territory, Canada. Eclipse Sound to the southeast and Navy Board Inlet to the southwest separate it from Baffin Island. Parry Channel lies to its northwest. At 11067 km2 it is ranked 71st largest island in the world and Canada's 17th largest island. The island measures 180 km east to west and 110 km north to south and is one of the largest uninhabited islands in the world. While there are no permanent settlements on this Canadian Arctic island, Inuit from Pond Inlet and elsewhere regularly travel to Bylot Island. An Inuit seasonal hunting camp is located southwest of Cape Graham Moore.

The island's mountains are part of the Byam Martin Mountains, which is part of the Baffin Mountains of the Arctic Cordillera. In addition to Angilaaq Mountain, Malik Mountain, Mount St. Hans, and Mount Thule are notable. Tay Bay is on the west coast. Vertical cliffs along the coastline are made up of Precambrian dolomite. There are numerous glaciers. The western shore faces Navy Board Inlet. The island's north shore, facing Lancaster Sound, is a polar bear maternity den area. Beluga, bowhead whale, harp seal, narwhal, and ringed seal frequent the area.

The island is named for the Arctic explorer Robert Bylot, who was the first European to sight it in 1616. The whaling captain William Adams was the first to prove the island's insular nature in 1872.

In the 2000s, Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation, began to develop a tote road from its Mary River Mine, and harbour infrastructure in Milne Bay—a small, shallow arm of at the confluence of Eclipse Sound and Navy Board Inlet which separates Bylot Island from Baffin Island. Milne Inlet flows in a southerly direction from Navy Board Inlet at the confluence of Eclipse Sound.

Protected areas
Almost all of the island is located within Sirmilik National Park, harbouring large populations of thick-billed murres, black-legged kittiwakes and greater snow geese. The eastern area of the island is federally designated as the Bylot Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary. Three areas are classified as Canadian Important Bird Areas: Cape Graham Moore, Cape Hay, and the Southwest Bylot plain.

Cultural references
In 2010, a painting of Bylot Island titled "Bylot Island I" by Lawren Harris, one of the Group of Seven mid-century Canadian artists, was sold at auction for $2.8 million, one of the highest prices ever paid for a work by a Canadian artist.

title: Bylot Island


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Alex Karras

Alexander George Karras (July 15, 1935 – October 10, 2012) was an American professional football player, professional wrestler, sportscaster, and actor. He was a four-time Pro Bowl selection playing defensive tackle for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL), where he played from 1958 to 1970. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in the Centennial class.

As an actor, Karras played Mongo in the 1974 comedy film Blazing Saddles. He starred as George Papadopolis, the adoptive father of Webster Long (Emmanuel Lewis), in the ABC sitcom Webster (1983–1989) alongside his wife Susan Clark. Karras also had a prominent role in Victor/Victoria, starring Julie Andrews and James Garner.

Early life
Born and raised in Gary, Indiana, Karras was the son of Dr. George Karras, a Greek immigrant (from Chios) who graduated from the University of Chicago and pursued his medical degree in Canada. There, George Karras met and married a Canadian woman, Alex's mother, Emmeline (née Wilson), a registered nurse. George Karras opened a medical practice in Gary, but he died when Alex was thirteen years old. By that time, Alex Karras had learned to play football in a parking lot near his home, with and against his athletically inclined brothers, and he blossomed into a four-time Indiana all-state selection at Gary's Emerson High School. Karras also excelled in numerous other sports in high school, including baseball, track, wrestling, and basketball. He graduated in 1954.

College career
His older brothers, Lou (a future member of the Redskins) and Ted (who later played with the Bears and Lions), had played at Purdue but later Ted transferred to Indiana. Because of it, Alex said, "Indiana had the inside track" on recruiting him. Shortly after he graduated from high school, three coaches from the Iowa Hawkeyes met Karras at his brother Louie's house with an airplane and flew him to Spencer, Iowa, where he remained incommunicado through the summer. Writing in the Detroit Free Press in 1971 (as reprinted in the Iowa City Press-Citizen), Karras said that "nobody knew where I was, not even my mom, although Louie told her not to worry. Obviously, Iowa came up with something, I have no intention of stirring up any mess. I'll only say that, as Louie explained it, some accommodations were made by the people at Iowa that would make things easier for the family, and so away I went.  It was the beginning of some awful years."

Karras struggled in the beginning at Iowa, with classwork, homesickness, and with his coach, Forest Evashevski. He was a pledge at Sigma Nu fraternity during his first year in school. Karras probably would have left Iowa had he not befriended a Greek theater owner, Ernie Pannos, as well as fellow players Cal Jones and Bob Commings. Karras's sophomore year with Iowa in 1955 got off to a rocky start when he showed up for practice 40 lb overweight.

Karras had been (dubiously) advised that year that he would need to gain substantial weight to have a chance at success in pro football, prompting him to report to camp at 260-270 pounds, in contrast to the 225-230 the Iowa coaching staff expected.

Karras was also hampered that season by a cracked anklebone. After being disappointed at not getting to play in the season finale, Karras threw a shoe at Evashevski and quit the team. Karras did not earn a football letter for the 1955 season.

Karras went to summer classes, lost the excess weight, and rejoined the football team, but a strained relationship resurfaced. Evashevski promised to start Karras in the 1956 season opener against Indiana, when he would square off against his brother, Ted.

But Evashevski played Karras off the bench instead, and Karras quit the team again. This time, Karras agreed to return only after making Evashevski promise he would not talk to him other than in a coaching capacity. (Evashevski always denied any special agreement with Karras.) Iowa took the lead in the 1956 Big Ten title race with a 7–0 victory over Minnesota. The Hawkeyes then clinched the Big Ten title and Iowa's first-ever Rose Bowl berth by defeating Ohio State 6–0. Karras sealed the game with a sack on the game's final play.

Iowa's final regular-season game in 1956 was 48–8 win at home over a struggling Notre Dame team. Karras called it his biggest college win, saying, "The Karrases have always had a rivalry with Notre Dame. The school was just 60 mi down the road from our home and we wanted to beat 'em at anything." However, after the game, Karras got into a physical battle with Evashevski. Karras did not enjoy his trip to the Rose Bowl, either. "Pasadena was the most boring town I've ever been in," said Karras. Karras helped the Hawkeyes win the Rose Bowl over Oregon State, 35–19. He was a first-team All-American in 1956.

Karras spent the summer of 1957 with an American track team of Greek descent. He participated in the shot put, throwing a respectable 52 ft. In his senior season in 1957, Karras was the most dominant lineman in the nation, won the Outland Trophy, and was the runner-up in the voting for the Heisman Trophy. Karras, Ohio State tackle John Hicks (in 1973), and Aidan Hutchinson, a Michigan edge rusher (2021), are three of only four linemen to finish so high in the Heisman Trophy voting. (Leon Hart, a Notre Dame end, was the only lineman ever to win the Heisman Trophy in 1949.) In addition, Karras was a consensus first-team All-American in 1957. Hawkeye teammate Randy Duncan said,

"Karras hated Evashevski, and he still does. I think Karras hated Evy for a lot of reasons. Evy was on everybody's back, and he was on Karras' back big time. Karras was a great football player, but he didn't really like offense and, in those days, you had to go both ways. So he didn't block anybody. What he wanted to do was chase down quarterbacks and play defense."

Professional football
Before his NFL career got underway, Karras signed a contract as a professional wrestler on December 13, 1957, earning $25,000 during the six-month off-season. Karras was the tenth selection of the 1958 NFL draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. He signed with the Lions, spurning an offer from the Canadian Football League's Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He quickly became one of the dominant defensive tackles in the NFL, playing for 12 seasons (1958–1962, 1964–1970) all with the Lions.

As a rookie in 1958, joining the championship-contending Lions, Karras was adopted in training camp as an off-field flunky, chauffeur, and wingman by superstar quarterback Bobby Layne for his legendary late-night party activities.

By many accounts Karras would marvel at Layne's ability to recover from heavy drinking sessions at night and being able to function effectively at practices or games the next day. Karras himself admitted he was frequently heavily hung over as a result of late night bar-hopping.

Layne was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers early in the 1958 season and Karras eventually assumed a veteran leadership position himself.

On January 7, 1963, Karras's ownership share in Detroit's Lindell AC Bar became a source of controversy when league officials urged him to sell his financial interests in the place because of reports of gambling and organized crime influence.

After first threatening to retire rather than give up the bar ownership, Karras admitted placing bets on NFL games and was suspended by the league, along with Green Bay Packers running back Paul Hornung, for one season (1963). During his exile, Karras returned to pro wrestling, taking on such memorable characters as Dick the Bruiser. He was reinstated, along with Hornung, on March 16, 1964, by NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle. Upon returning to action in 1964, Karras once refused when an official asked him to call the pregame coin toss. "I'm sorry, sir," Karras replied. "I'm not permitted to gamble." During his first year back, player discontent with head coach George Wilson resulted in Karras asking to be traded. However, the Lions settled the issue when they fired Wilson after the season.

From 1960 to 1966, except for his suspension in 1963, he played next to Roger Brown, forming a formidable pair of defensive tackles, until Brown was traded to the Los Angeles Rams. After another season of controversy under new head coach Harry Gilmer, Karras was rumored to be ready to play out his option and sign with the expansion Miami Dolphins of the American Football League under his former coach Wilson. Instead, Karras signed a seven-year contract with the Lions on May 20, 1966, with Wilson stating that Karras had used the threat of signing with Miami to garner a large deal with Detroit. Despite the new contract, controversy remained, as Karras and Gilmer sparred in midseason, with the coach reportedly ready to release the veteran defensive tackle. As before, it would be the coach who would depart, with Karras's former teammate Joe Schmidt taking over for Gilmer. On June 4, 1967, Karras once again hinted he would retire to work at a new business venture; once training camp began, though, Karras was back with the Lions. During that preseason, he jokingly commented that he would walk back from Denver if the AFL Broncos defeated the Lions. When it actually happened, Karras backtracked and flew home on the team plane. He was still an All-Pro selection from 1967 to 1969. Despite not allowing a touchdown in the divisional round of the 1970 NFL playoffs, the Lions lost to the Dallas Cowboys 5–0, his first playoff game and his final game. After the 1971 preseason, while rehabilitating a knee injury suffered the previous year, Karras was released in mid-September, ending his playing career at age 36.

From 1958 to 1970, the Lions were over .500 in six of the 13 years, making the playoffs only once, in 1970, with a 10–4 record in Karras's final year. Aside from 1970, their best years were 1962 (11–3) and 1969 (9–4–1). In 1962, the Lion defense allowed 177 points (12.6 points/game), 188 (13.4 ppg) in 1969, and 202 (14.4 ppg) in 1970; for all three years they were second-least in the NFL, thanks in large part to a tough and rugged defensive line led by Karras. He was called an "iron man" and also nicknamed "Twinkletoes" by his fans, and missed only one game due to injury in his 12 NFL seasons and his 161 games played are the fifteenth-most in Lions history. He made the Pro Bowl four times, and the Hall of Fame named him a member of the 1960s All-Decade team. The Professional Football Researchers Association named Karras to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2006.

On January 15, 2020, Karras was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as a Centennial Member.

Film and television
Karras's sense of humor came to the attention of writer George Plimpton, who heard many stories about Karras while training with the Lions for his book Paper Lion during the summer of 1963.

Karras himself was under suspension and thus absent during Plimpton's training camp tenure with the Lions, making him a constant topic of tall-tale discussion among his past (and future) teammates.

When the film version of the book was made in 1968, Karras made his film debut playing himself.

Following his release by the Lions in 1971, he made several appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and also played a bit part in The Mary Tyler Moore Show, appearing in the farewell party scene where Rhoda moves back to New York. Karras soon began acting on a full-time basis, playing a Tennessee boy turned Olympic weightlifter named Hugh Ray Feather in 1973's The 500 Pound Jerk. He played a hulking villain who menaced Clint Walker in the ABC TV film Hardcase. A minor but memorable role came one year later in the western parody Blazing Saddles (1974): the very strong and slow-witted thug Mongo, who rode into town on a huge brahman (marked with "yes" and "no" passing signals), and knocked out a horse with one punch. (Mongo was also surprisingly philosophical, stating that he was "only pawn in game of life." This line was much-quoted upon Karras's death.) In 1974, he also played the part of Lyle, a Marine saved by Hawkeye Pierce in M*A*S*H. That same year, he was quickly brought in by ABC in September to replace fellow Gary, Indiana native Fred Williamson (who had replaced Don Meredith) as a commentator for Monday Night Football. He served three years in that role until leaving after the season, with his most memorable comment coming in his first game, when he joked that bald Oakland Raiders lineman Otis Sistrunk, who never attended college, was from "the University of Mars", after seeing steam coming off his head.

In 1972, Karras hosted a local weekly football program for Windsor, Ontario CBC affiliate CKLW-TV, The Alex Karras Football Show; his program generally preceded the CBC's Wednesday night CFL telecasts. In 1973, Karras made several cameo appearances on the January 8 broadcast of Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In.

Karras returned to acting with roles that included playing Sheriff Wallace in Porky's (in which his wife, Susan Clark, also starred), and as western settler Hans Brumbaugh in Centennial. He played James Garner's closeted gay bodyguard in the 1982 Blake Edwards film Victor/Victoria. Karras played a darker role as Hank Sully, the right-hand man of villain Jake Wise (played by James Woods) in the 1984 film Against All Odds.

In 1975, Karras appeared on MNF colleague Howard Cosell's ill-fated variety show Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell wearing a wig (a la Mongo) and performing "Already Gone" on the beach with The Eagles who were dubbed the "Alex Karras Blues Band" due to t-shirts the band members wore bearing that moniker. Karras would later host NBC’s Saturday Night Live in 1985.

Karras's television appearances included guest roles on Daniel Boone in the episode "The Cache", M*A*S*H in the episode "Springtime", The Odd Couple, and a brief run on Match Game '75. He also signed on to play the character "Super Jock" in commercials for a line of sports action toys named Super Jock, produced by Schaper (1975). In 1977, he was cast in the lead of the TV movie Mad Bull.

In 1979, he had the role of Hans "Potato" Brumbaugh, a potato farmer, on the TV miniseries Centennial. He was known for his humorous endorsement of La-Z-Boy recliners, in an ad campaign which also featured NFL greats such as Miami Dolphins Coach Don Shula, and New York Jets legend Joe Namath. In the 1980s, Karras had memorable success in the TV sitcom Webster, playing George Papadapolis, the title character's (Emmanuel Lewis) adoptive father, in a role that showcased his softer side. His real-life wife, Susan Clark, played his fictional wife in the series; Karras and Clark produced the series through their Georgian Bay Entertainment production company. The two met in 1975 while filming the made-for-television biopic Babe for CBS.

Writing
Besides being one of the subjects of George Plimpton's nonfiction book Paper Lion (published in 1966), he was one of the two principal subjects of Plimpton's follow-up book, Mad Ducks and Bears (1973), in which fellow Detroit Lion John Gordy was the "bear" to Karras's "mad duck". Karras named one of his sons after Plimpton. During his last years as a Detroit Lion, Karras wrote a journal of his experiences that was published in the Detroit Free Press. He subsequently wrote a memoir, Even Big Guys Cry (1978), and a novel, Tuesday Night Football (1991).

Honors
In conjunction with the 100 Years of Hawkeye Football celebration in 1989, Iowa Hawkeye fans selected an all-time team. The squad featured 11 players on offense and defense, two kickers, and 15 special-mention players who received strong fan support. Karras was voted to the team as a defensive lineman. He was elected to the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in 1977 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1991.

On December 12, 2014, the Big Ten Network included Karras on "The Mount Rushmore of Iowa Football", as chosen by online fan voting. Karras was joined in the honor by Nile Kinnick, Chuck Long, and Tim Dwight.

On October 28, 2018, the Detroit Lions enshrined Karras in the franchise ring of honor along with former Detroit Lions Herman Moore and Roger Brown.

On January 15, 2020, the NFL announced that Karras had been selected for enshrinement in Canton.

Later activities
Karras also worked briefly as a football coach in 2007 and 2008. He worked for the SIL as an assistant coach to Bob Lombardi. He owned an ice cream parlor in Surfside Beach, South Carolina, called The Cow.

Personal life
Karras was married twice. In 1958, he married Joan Jurgensen, with whom he had five children. The marriage ended in divorce in 1975. He married actress Susan Clark on March 21, 1980, and they had a daughter together.

Illness and death
In his later years, Karras suffered from serious health problems, including dementia, heart disease, and cancer.

Karras was among 3,500 former NFL players who filed lawsuits against the NFL in early 2012, over the long-term damage caused by concussions and repeated hits to the head.

On October 8, 2012, it was revealed by friend Tom McInerney that Karras had been diagnosed with kidney failure. He was treated at the Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California, before being released into hospice care. After returning to his Los Angeles home with family, Karras died in the morning hours of October 10.

title: Alex Karras