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Erythromelalgia

Erythromelalgia or Mitchell's disease (after Silas Weir Mitchell) is a rare vascular peripheral pain disorder in which blood vessels, usually in the lower extremities or hands, are episodically blocked (frequently on and off daily), then become hyperemic and inflamed. There is severe burning pain (in the small fiber sensory nerves) and skin redness. The attacks are periodic and are commonly triggered by heat, pressure, mild activity, exertion, insomnia or stress. Erythromelalgia may occur either as a primary or secondary disorder (i.e. a disorder in and of itself or a symptom of another condition). Secondary erythromelalgia can result from small fiber peripheral neuropathy of any cause, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, hypercholesterolemia, mushroom or mercury poisoning, and some autoimmune disorders. Primary erythromelalgia is caused by mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene SCN9A.

In 2004 erythromelalgia became the first human disorder in which it has been possible to associate an ion channel mutation with chronic neuropathic pain, when its link to the SCN9A gene was initially published in the Journal of Medical Genetics. Later that year, in an article in The Journal of Neuroscience, Cummins et al., demonstrated, using voltage clamp recordings, that these mutations enhanced the function of NaV1.7 sodium channels, which are preferentially expressed within peripheral neurons. One year later, in an article in Brain, Dib-Hajj et al., demonstrated that NaV1.7 mutants channels, from families with inherited erythromelalgia (IEM), make dorsal root ganglion (DRG, peripheral and sensory), neurons hyper excitable, thereby demonstrating the mechanistic link between these mutations and pain, thereby firmly establishing NaV1.7 gain-of-function mutations as the molecular basis for IEM. Conversely, in December 2006 a University of Cambridge team reported an SCN9A mutation that resulted in a complete lack of pain sensation in a Pakistani street performer and some of his family members. He felt no pain, walked on hot coals and stabbed himself to entertain crowds. By 2013, nearly a dozen gain-of-function mutations of NaV1.7 had been linked to IEM. The multi-decades search which identified gene SCN9A as the cause of inherited erythomelalgia is documented in a book by Stephen Waxman, Chasing Men on Fire: The Story of the Search for a Pain Gene.

Classification
Primary erythromelalgia may be classified as either familial or sporadic, with the familial form inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Both of these may be further classified as either juvenile or adult onset. The juvenile onset form occurs prior to age 20 and frequently prior to age 10. While the genetic cause of the juvenile and sporadic adult onset forms is often known, this is not the case for the adult onset familial form.

In rural areas of southern China, outbreaks of erythromelalgia have occurred during winter and spring at 3-5 year intervals among secondary school students. This epidemic form of erythromelalgia has been viewed as a different form of non-inherited primary erythromelalgia and affects mainly teenage girls in middle schools. The disease is characterized by burning pain in the toes and soles of the feet, accompanied by foot redness, congestion, and edema; a few patients may have fever, palpitations, headache, and joint pain. In the 1987 epidemic in Hubei, 60.6% of patients had a common cold before the onset of erythromelalgia and 91.2% had pharyngitis.

Symptoms and signs
The most prominent symptoms of erythromelalgia are episodes of erythema, swelling, a painful deep-aching of the soft tissue (usually either radiating or shooting) and tenderness, along with a painful burning sensation primarily in the extremities. These symptoms are often symmetric and affect the lower extremities more frequently than the upper extremities. Symptoms may also affect the ears and face. For secondary erythromelalgia, attacks typically precede and are precipitated by the underlying primary condition. For primary erythromelalgia, attacks can last from an hour to months at a time and occur infrequently to frequently with multiple times daily. Attacks most frequently occur at night, thus having the potential to greatly interfere with sleep. Common triggers for daytime episodes are exertion, heating of the affected extremities, and alcohol or caffeine consumption, and any pressure applied to the limbs. In some patients sugar and even melon consumption have also been known to provoke attacks. Many of those with primary erythromelalgia avoid wearing shoes or socks as the heat this generates is known to produce erythromelalgia attacks. The coexistence of erythromelalgia and Raynaud's phenomenon is rare, but case studies of patients with both diagnoses have been reported in medical journals. Symptoms may present gradually and incrementally, sometimes taking years to become intense enough for patients to seek medical care. In other cases symptoms emerge full blown with onset.

Epidemic erythromelalgia is characterized by burning pain in the toes and soles of the feet, accompanied by foot redness, congestion, and edema; a few patients may have fever, palpitations, headache, and joint pain. In the 1987 epidemic in Hubei, 60.6% of patients had a common cold before the onset of erythromelalgia and 91.2% had pharyngitis.

Cause
In general, erythromelalgia seems to consist of neuropathological and microvascular alterations. How this occurs in secondary erythromelalgia is poorly understood and may be specific to the underlying primary condition. Primary conditions that have been shown to elicit erythromelalgia are listed in diagnosis, below.

Primary erythromelalgia is a better understood autosomal dominant disorder. The neuropathological symptoms of primary erythromelalgia arise from hyperexcitability of C-fibers in the dorsal root ganglion. Specifically, nociceptors (neurons responsible for the sensation and conduction of painful stimuli) appear to be the primarily affected neurons in these fibers. This hyperexcitability results in the severe burning pain experienced by patients. While the neuropathological symptoms are a result of hyperexcitability, microvascular alterations in erythromelalgia are due to hypoexcitability. The sympathetic nervous system controls cutaneous vascular tone and altered response of this system to stimuli such as heat likely results in the observed microvascular symptoms. In both cases, these changes in excitability are typically due to mutation of the sodium channel NaV1.7. These differences in excitability alterations between the sympathetic nervous system and nociceptors is due to different expression of sodium channels other than NaV1.7 in them.

What causes epidemic erythromelalgia in southern China remains unknown although several erythromelalgia-associated poxviruses were isolated from throat swabs of several patients at different counties and from two different seasons.

Side effect of medication
Several medications, including verapamil and nifedipine, as well as ergot derivatives such as bromocriptine and pergolide, have been associated with medication-induced erythromelalgia.

Mushroom poisoning
The consumption of two species of related fungi, Clitocybe acromelalga from Japan, and Clitocybe amoenolens from France, has led to several cases of mushroom-induced erythromelalgia which lasted from 8 days to 5 months.

Possible infectious cause
An epidemic form of this syndrome occurs in secondary school students in rural areas of China. A large epidemic erythromelalgia was occurred in Hubei province of China in 1987 and the disease was characterized by burning pain in the toes and soles of the feet, accompanied by foot redness, congestion, and edema; a few patients had fever, palpitations, headache, and joint pain. 60.6% of patients had a common cold before the onset of erythromelalgia and 91.2% had pharyngitis. Subsequently, a virus - erythromelalgia-related poxvirus (ERPV) - was repeatedly isolated from throat swabs of six separate patients from two different counties and Wuhan city in Hubei province. The genome of this virus has been sequenced and it appears that this virus is related to a strain of mousepox. Serological characterization can easily distinguish human ERPV from ectromelia virus and vaccinia virus by cross-neutralization and plaque reduction assays

Since this virus has not yet been isolated from other outbreaks in other parts of southern China to date this putative association needs to be further investigated. The finding of the specific antibody conversion to ATIs of ERPV in patients' paired sera strengthens the evidence for a possible aetiological role of human ERPV in epidemic erythromelalgia.

Pathophysiology
There are 10 known mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit NaV1.7 encoding gene, SCN9A. This channel is expressed primarily in nociceptors of the dorsal root ganglion and the sympathetic ganglion neurons. Nine of these mutations have received further study and they have all shown to result in similar biophysical alterations, Table 1. As can be seen from table 1, the primary effect of erythromelalgia mutations is NaV1.7 channels that activate at more hyperpolarized potentials. NaV1.7 channels act largely as threshold sensors and initiate action potentials. Consequently, this shift in their activation profile results in channels that open closer to the resting membrane potential. In many mutations, this shift of activation is accompanied by shifts in the voltage sensitivity of fast and/or slow inactivation, often in the depolarized direction. This results in channels that are open for a longer of period of time, producing larger and more prolonged changes in membrane potential.

Some of these mutant channels have been expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) or sympathetic neurons. In DRG neurons expressing the F1449V mutation, a lower threshold is required for action potential creation (93.1 ± 12.0 pA) than those expressing wild-type channels (124.1 ± 7.4 pA). Furthermore, while DRG neurons expressing wild-type channels only respond with a few action potentials, those expressing F1449V channels respond with a high-frequency train of action potentials. There is a similar effect in DRG neurons expressing the L858H and A863P mutants. Here, there is also a notable change in resting membrane potential, being depolarized by 4-7 mV versus wild-type channel expressing cells. The situation is different, however, in sympathetic neurons expressing the L858H mutation. While L858H expressing sympathetic ganglion are depolarized ~5mV relative to wild-type expressing neurons, their threshold for action potential initiation is notably higher. Furthermore, while current injection of 40pA for 950ms provokes an average of 6 action potentials in sympathetic neurons expressing wild-type channels this stimulation evokes only approximately 2 action potentials with reduced overshoots in sympathetic neurons expressing L858H mutant channels. Further investigation has demonstrated that the differences in response between DRG and sympathetic neurons is due to expression of NaV1.8 in the former. Consequently, expression of NaV1.8 channels in sympathetic neurons also expressing L858H mutant NaV1.7 results in neurons with a depolarized resting membrane potential that nevertheless have a normal action potential threshold and overshoot.

An effective, though not recommended, treatment for erythromelalgia symptoms is cooling of the affected area. Activation of wild-type channels is unaffected by cooling. L858F mutant channels, however, are activated at more depolarized potentials when cooled than at normal body temperature. At 16 °C the activation V½ of the mutant channel is only 4.6mV more hyperpolarized that wild-type versus 9.6mV more hyperpolarized at 35 °C. Fast inactivation is affected in a similar manner in both wild-type and L858F mutant channel and is, thus, unlikely to contribute to symptom resolution due to cooling. While such cooling is unlikely to affect neuronal cell bodies, axons and termini express NaV1.7 and are present in the skin.

Diagnosis
Erythromelalgia is a difficult condition to diagnose as there are no specific tests available. However, reduced capillary density has been observed microscopically during flaring; and reduced capillary perfusion is noted in the patient. Another test that can be done is to have the patient elevate their legs, and note the reversal (from red to pale) in skin color. Tests done at universities include quantitative sensory nerve testing, laser evoked potentials, sweat testing and epidermal sensory nerve fiber density test (which is an objective test for small fiber sensory neuropathy). Due to the aforementioned factors, patients may face delays in diagnosis.

Once it has been established that it is not secondary erythromelalgia — see below — a programme of management can be put in place. Some diseases present with symptoms similar to erythromelalgia. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), for instance, presents with severe burning pain and redness except these symptoms are often unilateral (versus symmetric) and may be proximal instead of purely or primarily distal. Furthermore, attacks triggered by heat and resolved by cooling are less common with CRPS.

Erythromelalgia is sometimes caused by other disorders. A partial list of diseases known to precipitate erythromelalgia is below.
 * Myeloproliferative disease
 * Hypercholesterolemia
 * Autoimmune disorder
 * Small fiber peripheral neuropathy
 * Fabry's disease
 * Mercury poisoning
 * Mushroom poisoning
 * Obstructive Sleep Apnea
 * Sciatica
 * Some medications, such as fluoroquinolones, bromocriptine, pergolide, verapamil, and ticlopidine

Treatment
For secondary erythromelalgia, treatment of the underlying primary disorder is the most primary method of treatment. Although aspirin has been thought to reduce symptoms of erythromelalgia, it is rare to find evidence that this is effective. Mechanical cooling of the limbs by elevating them can help or managing the ambient environment frequently is often necessary constantly as flares occur due to sympathetic autonomic dysfunction of the capillaries. The pain that accompanies it is severe and treated separately (the pain is similar to CRPS, phantom limb or thalamic pain syndrome). Patients are strongly advised not to place the affected limbs in cold water to relieve symptoms when flaring occurs. It may seem a good idea, but it precipitates problems further down the line causing damage to the skin and ulceration often intractable due to the damaged skin. A possible reduction in skin damage may be accomplished by enclosing the flaring limb in a commonly available, thin, heat transparent, water impermeable, plastic food storage bag. The advice of a physician is advised depending on specific circumstances.

Primary erythromelalgia management is symptomatic, i.e. treating painful symptoms only. Specific management tactics include avoidance of attack triggers such as: heat, change in temperature, exercise or over exertion, alcohol and spicy foods. This list is by no means comprehensive as there are many triggers to set off a 'flaring' episode that are inexplicable. Whilst a cool environment is helpful in keeping the symptoms in control, the use of cold water baths is strongly discouraged. In pursuit of added relief sufferers can inadvertently cause tissue damage or death, i.e. necrosis. See comments at the end of the preceding paragraph regarding possible effectiveness of plastic food storage bags to avoid/reduce negative effects of submersion in cold water baths.

One clinical study has demonstrated the efficacy of IV lidocaine or oral mexilitine, though differences between the primary and secondary forms were not studied. Another trial has shown promise for misoprostol, while other have shown that gabapentin, venlafaxine and oral magnesium may also be effective, but no further testing was carried out as newer research superseded this combination.

Strong anecdotal evidence from EM patients shows that a combination of drugs such as duloxetine and pregabalin is an effective way of reducing the stabbing pains and burning sensation symptoms of erythromelalgia in conjunction with the appropriate analgesia. In some cases, antihistamines may give some relief. Most people with erythromelalgia never go into remission and the symptoms are ever present at some level, whilst others get worse, or the EM is eventually a symptom of another disease such as systemic scleroderma.

Some suffering with EM are prescribed ketamine topical creams as a way of managing pain on a long-term basis. Feedback from some EM patients has led to reduction in usage as they believe it is only effective for short periods.Living with erythromelalgia can result in a deterioration in quality of life resulting in the inability to function in a work place, lack of mobility, depression, and is socially alienating; much greater education of medical practitioners is needed. As with many rare diseases, many people with EM end up taking years to get a diagnosis and to receive appropriate treatment.Research into the genetic mutations continues but there is a paucity of clinical studies focusing on living with erythromelalgia. There is much urgency within pharmaceutical companies to provide a solution to those who suffer with pain such as that with erythromelalgia.

Pain relief
Patients find relief by cooling the skin. All patients must be notified to not apply ice directly on to the skin, since this can cause maceration of the skin, nonhealing ulcers, infection, necrosis, and even amputation in severe cases.

Mild sufferers may find sufficient pain relief with tramadol or amitriptyline. Sufferers of more severe and widespread EM symptoms, however, may obtain relief only from opioid drugs. Opana ER has been found to be effective for many in the US, whilst in the UK slow-release morphine has proved to be effective. These powerful and potentially-addictive drugs may be prescribed to patients only after they have tried almost every other type of analgesia to no avail. (This delay in appropriate pain management can be a result of insurer-mandated or legally-required step therapy, or merely overly-cautious prescribing on the part of sufferers' doctors.)

The combination of Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Lyrica (pregabalin) has also proven to be useful in controlling pain, but many EM patients have found this combination has side effects that they are unable to tolerate.

Epidemiology
Only a small number of studies that have investigated the prevalence of EM, with four studies conducted to date. The mean of all the studies combined results in an EM estimation incidence of 4.7/100,000 with a mean of 1 : 3.7 of the male to female ratio, respectively.

In 1997 there was a study conducted in Norway that estimated that the annual incidence of 2/100,000, with a 1 : 2.4 male to female ratio in this study population, respectively. In 2009 there was a population-based study of EM in the USA (Olmsted County, Minnesota), that reported that the annual incidence was 1.3/100,000, with a 1 : 5.6 male to female ratio in this study population, respectively. The incidence in this study of primary and secondary EM was 1.1 : 0.2 per 100 000 people per year, respectively. A study of a single centre in the south of Sweden in 2012, showed the overall annual population-based incidence was 0.36/100,000. In New Zealand (Dunedin) a study estimated that in 2013 the incidence of EM is 15/100,000, with a 1 : 3 male to female ratio in this study population, respectively. This last study has an estimation that is at least ten times higher than the prevalence previously reported. This study recruited individuals based on self-identification of symptoms (after self-identification, patients were invited for an assessment of an EM diagnosis), instead of participants that are identified through secondary and tertiary referrals as in the other studies.

Prevalence in China
Epidemic EM appears quite common in female middle school students of southern China, most likely due to a sharp decline in temperature following by a rapid increase of temperature. It has been postulated that epidemic erythromelalgia might be related to a poxvirus (ERPV) infection. The disease was characterized by burning pain in the toes and soles of the feet, accompanied by foot redness, congestion, and edema; a few patients had fever, palpitations, headache, and joint pain. 60.6% of patients had a common cold before the onset of erythromelalgia and 91.2% had pharyngitis. For temperature-related theory, the acral (foot and hand) small superficial arteries intensely constrict and dilate during the sharp decline of temperature, whereas a sharp increase of temperature, the intense expansion of capillaries irritate the nerve endings around, and thus lead to syndromes including (first and second degree) burning pain, increased temperature, erythema and swelling.

History
The first reported case was in 1878 by Silas Weir Mitchell who suggested the term erythromelalgia to describe a syndrome of red congestion and burning pain in the hands and feet. He distinguished it from the painful red limbs seen in some patients with gout or rheumatoid arthritis. It is derived from the Greek words erythros ("red"), melos ("limb") and algos ("pain"). Some confusion was introduced when Smith and Allen suggested changing the name to erythermalgia in order to emphasise the symptoms of painful inflammation and warmth. In their paper they showed for the first time that when their patients used aspirin, this promptly relieved the burning pain for about three days. They also suggested a distinction between primary (idiopathic) erythromelalgia and secondary erythromelalgia (due to underlying neurologic, hematologic, or vascular problems).

In 1994 Drenth, van Genderen and Michiels distinguished between erythromelalgia and erythermalgia on the basis of responsiveness to aspirin. They established three categories: erythromelalgia (platelet-mediated and aspirin-sensitive), primary erythermalgia, and secondary erythermalgia.

Because of the confusion in terminology, Norton and Zager and Grady classified erythromelalgia in 1998 as either: primary/idiopathic erythromelalgia or secondary erythromelalgia. The primary/idiopathic form of erythromelalgia is not associated with any other disease process and can be either early onset (in children) or adult onset. In their paper they described secondary erythromelalgia as being associated with another disease, often related to a myeloproliferative disorder and has also seen cases of: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, astrocytoma of the brain, vasculitis, and pernicious anemia.

The following table shows the history of the nomenclature of Erythromelalgia:

Amputation
Because of the severity of the pain in erythromelalgia, and the lack of good pain medication then, there have been reports dating back to 1903 of amputation of the affected limb. In 1903 H. Batty Shaw reported that in three cases the pain was so severe, and that the affected extremities so useless, that amputation was performed.

Differences with Raynaud's disease
Back in 1899 Thomas Barlow had already summarized with great detail the contrast between erythromelalgia and Raynaud's disease as following: Dependence produces considerable increase of the dusky red or violaceous tint of the extremity affected; the arteries in this position of the limb may pulsate forcibly; pain is common, sometimes constant, and more especially when the limb is dependent or parts pressed upon; in wintry weather, or on the application of cold, the conditions are relieved; on the other hand, warmth and summer weather increases pain; there is no loss of sensation, but there may be increased sensitiveness; the local temperature of the affected parts may be raised or lowered; gangrene does not occur; the affection is asymmetrical; there is a certain amount of swelling, sometimes allowing pitting on pressure, sometimes not; incisions over such swelling, even down to the bone, have proved useless; excessive pain on pressure upon the nerves supplying the parts affected is not found; muscular wasting is found, but explainable by the disuse of the limb, and is not at all as severe as in cases of disease of the peripheral nerves; a reaction of degeneration in the nerves of the affected parts has not been found; the deep reflexes, with few exceptions, are not reduced.

title: Erythromelalgia


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Mayor of Boston

The mayor of Boston is the head of the municipal government in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Boston has a mayor–council government. Boston's mayoral elections are nonpartisan (as are all municipal elections in Boston), and elect a mayor to a four-year term; there are no term limits. The mayor's office is in Boston City Hall, in Government Center.

The current mayor of Boston is Michelle Wu.

History
In Massachusetts, a town is typically governed by a town meeting, with a board of selectmen handling regular business. Boston was the first community in Massachusetts to receive a city charter, which was granted in 1822. Under the terms of the new charter, the mayor was elected annually. In June 1895, the charter was amended, and the mayor's term was increased to two years.

In 1909, the Republican-controlled state legislature enacted strong-mayor charter changes it hoped would dampen the rising power of Democratic Irish Americans. Adopted by public vote in the November 1909 general election, changes included extending the mayoral term to four years, and making the post formally non-partisan. The reforms did not have the intended effect; the first mayor elected under the new charter was Democrat John F. Fitzgerald ("Honey Fitz"), and every mayor since Republican Malcolm Nichols (1926–1930) has been known to be a Democrat.

In a bid to temper the rising power of James Michael Curley, the state legislature in 1918 passed legislation barring the Mayor of Boston from serving consecutive terms in office; Curley was prevented from running for re-election twice by this law (November 1925 and November 1933). The law was repealed in 1939, after Curley's political career appeared to be in decline.

Another charter change was enacted in 1949, partly in response to Curley's fourth term (1946–1950), during which he served prison time for crimes committed in an earlier term. Changes included adding a preliminary election to narrow the field to two mayoral candidates in advance of the general election, changing the Boston City Council from having 22 members (one from each city ward) to having nine members (elected at-large), and giving the council ability to override some mayoral vetoes. These changes went into effect in 1951, resulting in the first term of John B. Hynes being shortened to two years.

From 1951 through 1991, Boston mayoral elections were held the year before presidential elections (e.g. mayoral election in 1951, presidential election in 1952). Starting in 1993, due to the election held following Raymond Flynn's appointment as United States Ambassador to the Holy See, Boston mayoral elections are held the year following presidential elections (e.g. presidential election in 1992, mayoral election in 1993).

Salary
In June 2018, the Council voted to increase the salary of the mayor to $207,000, effective after the mayoral election of November 2021 (term starting in January 2022); this increased the salary of councillors to $103,500, effective after the council elections of November 2019 (terms starting in January 2020). In October 2022, the Council voted to increase the salary of the mayor to $250,000.

List
There is no official count of Boston's mayors. The City of Boston does not number its mayors and numbering has been inconsistent over time. For example, Thomas Menino was referred to as the 47th mayor at the time he was sworn in, yet his successor, Marty Walsh, was identified as the 54th. The Walsh administration cited Wikipedia for its use of 54. That numbering scheme counted persons who served as elected mayors and counted those who served non-consecutive terms more than once; James Michael Curley served four non-consecutive terms and was counted four times. Kim Janey, who became acting mayor in March 2021, referred to herself as the 55th mayor.

Use of in the below table denotes non-consecutive terms for a mayor.

Mayors serving non-consecutive terms
† died in office acting mayor only Native American Party and American Party were formal names of the "Know Nothing" movement.

Acting mayors

Boston's city charter stipulates that the City Council President serves as acting mayor whenever the mayor is absent from the city, unable to serve, or the office is vacant. An acting mayor cannot make permanent appointments, and can only perform urgent tasks "not admitting of delay" (which is somewhat open to interpretation).

The following individuals served as acting mayor during a vacancy in the office.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mayor of Boston


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USS Retaliation (1798)

USS Retaliation was the French privateer Croyable, built in Maryland, that then operated out of Santo Domingo. USS Delaware (1798) captured her on 7 July 1798 off New Jersey. She then served in the United States Navy during Quasi-War with France. Two French frigates recaptured her on 20 November 1798. The French Navy took her into service as Magicienne. However, USS Merrimack (1798) captured her on 28 June 1799. She served in the US Navy in the Caribbean briefly, before arriving in Philadelphia in August. She was paid off (decommissioned) there and sold on 29 November.

Career
The U.S. warship Delaware, commanded by Capt. Stephen Decatur Sr., was able to capture the French privateer, Croyable, off Great Egg Harbor Bay, New Jersey, on 7 July 1798. Before her capture, Croyable had been preying upon shipping off the Delaware Capes and had taken a British brigantine and a Philadelphia merchantman, Liberty. She had also boarded and robbed the coaster Alexander Hamilton, whose captain had informed Decatur of Croyable's whereabouts. Decatur brought Croyable to Fort Mifflin in the Delaware River. She was the first American capture of the undeclared war.

The U.S. Navy purchased Croyable on 30 July 1798, manned her at Philadelphia, renamed her Retaliation, and placed her under the command of Lt. William Bainbridge.

Retaliation departed Norfolk on 28 October 1798 with USS Montezuma (1798) and USS Norfolk (1798) and cruised in the West Indies protecting American commerce during the Quasi-War with France. On 20 November the squadron recaptured merchantman "Fair American", taken 5 days earlier by a French privateer, but before being able to make their escape with the merchantman a pair of French frigates, Insurgente and Volontaire, overtook Retaliation while her consorts were away on a chase and forced Bainbridge to surrender the hopelessly out-gunned schooner. However, even as a prisoner, Bainbridge managed to save both the Montezuma and Norfolk by convincing the senior French commander that those American warships were too powerful for his frigates and induced him to abandon their chase.

Renamed Magicienne by the French, the schooner again came into American hands on 28 June 1799, when a broadside from USS Merrimack forced her to haul down her colors. She performed convoy duty in the Caribbean before returning to Philadelphia in August. Her crew was then discharged and the schooner was sold on 29 November 1799 to Thomas and Peter Mackie.

title: USS Retaliation (1798)


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Liberal League (Japan)

The Liberal League; Japanese Jiyu Rengo (自由連合); was a liberal party in Japan. It was a minor party which held one seat in the House of Representatives in the Diet at its peak. The League, whose name can also be translated as "Freedom League" or "Libertarian Union" (even though its official English translation is Liberal League), had a liberal and free market political agenda.

The party was formed in 1994 and won a few seats in its first election; however, in the 2003 parliamentary elections, it won only one. It won no seats in the July 2004 Upper House Elections.

On domestic policy, the party supported privatization and smaller government, but also called for increasing the rights of women. It supported the government on most issues, and, despite being critical of Japan's close relationship with the United States, was supportive of the war in Iraq. It gained its base mostly from farmers. It supported the government (made up of the Liberal Democratic Party and New Kōmeitō) on most issues unofficially.

On domestic policy, the party was a liberal party.

In the 2005 lower house elections, the Liberal League's only sitting member of parliament declined to run for reelection. The party disbanded shortly afterwards.

title: Liberal League (Japan)


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Smithland

Smithland may refer to the following places in the United States:

 * Smithland, Indiana
 * Smithland, Iowa
 * Smithland, Kentucky
 * Smithland (Natchez, Mississippi), listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
 * Smithland Farm (Henderson, West Virginia), listed on the NRHP in West Virginia

title: Smithland


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USS Retaliation

USS Retaliation may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Retaliation (1778), was a brigantine which operated in the Continental Navy
 * USS Retaliation (1798), was a French privateer captured by the United States during the Quasi-War

title: USS Retaliation


text: Category:Google

title: Category:Google


text: Category:Villages in Belarus

title: Category:Villages in Belarus


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Regicides Trail

Regicides Trail is a Blue-Blazed hiking trail, about 7 miles (11 km) long, roughly following the edge of a diabase, or traprock, cliff northwest of New Haven, Connecticut. It is named for two regicides, Edward Whalley and his son-in-law William Goffe, who signed the death warrant of King Charles I of England. Upon the restoration of Charles II to the throne and the persecution of the regicides, the pair hid in Judges Cave near the south end of the trail in 1660. The Regicides is widely known to be one of the most technical trails within the CT Blue-Blazed trail system.

Description

The trail is a narrow footpath marked with blue blazes, sometimes rocky with difficult footing. It is roughly paralleled by Baldwin Drive, a paved road currently closed to motor vehicles, except for maintenance vehicles, named for New Haven native Simeon E. Baldwin, governor of Connecticut from 1911 to 1915. The trail is within the towns of New Haven, Hamden, Woodbridge, and Bethany, and entirely within West Rock Ridge State Park, but is maintained by a private organization, the Connecticut Forest and Park Association, in conjunction with the West Rock Ridge Park Association. At its southern end, the Regicides Trail terminates at the stone wall near a pavilion at the park's South Overlook, which has a panoramic view of South Central, Conn., including Sleeping Giant State Park, East Rock Park, New Haven Harbor, and the Long Island Sound. At its northern end, the Regicides Trail connects with the Quinnipiac Trail. Both trails are part of the state's system of "Blue-Blazed Trails" totaling more than 800 mi.

There are two connecting Blue-Blazed Trails to the Regicides Trail. The Westville Feeder, which starts at a footbridge over the West River off Blake Street in the Westville section of New Haven and extends for 0.7 miles, terminating with a junction at the Regicides Trail, just south of Judges Cave. The trail is blazed Blue-Yellow. The Sanford Feeder follows an abandoned town road, running from Brooks Road in Bethany to its junction with the Regicides Trail near Baldwin Drive. The Sanford Feeder is 0.6 miles and is blazed Blue-Red.

The Regicides Trail also connects to a series of other trails within the park that are not part of the Blue-Blazed system. These trails include the Red Trail that creates a trail loop within the park; the Green Trail, connecting down to the park's main entrance on Wintergreen Avenue; the Orange Trail, connecting to the south end of Lake Wintergreen; the Blue-White Trail, connecting to the northern end of Lake Wintergreen; the Purple Trail, connecting to Main Street in Hamden, and the Yellow Trail, connecting to Mountain Road in Hamden. The Regicides Trail has a connection to the Woodbridge trail system via the blue-yellow-blazed North Summit Trail, which intersects the Regicides, just west of Baldwin Drive near a U-shaped overlook. The North Summit Trail extends for 0.8 miles and intersects with the Bishop Estate and Darling House Trails, off Connecticut Route 69 in Woodbridge.

title: Regicides Trail


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KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas

Almost Acoustic Christmas is an annual concert run by the Los Angeles radio station KROQ-FM. Like the radio station's other festivals (including the Weenie Roast, LA Invasion and Epicenter), it is a festival organized by KROQ-FM to raise money for a charity, and promotes a variety of rock music from the radio station's format, including alternative, indie, punk, pop, dance and hard rock/heavy metal. Since its first show in 1989, the Acoustic Christmas has traditionally been held either the second or third weekend of December, with the exception of a three-year hiatus between 2019 and 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Overview
The festival's origins trace back to a December 1989 concert that was called the KROQ Xmas Bash. By the mid-1990s, the festival had become bigger and attracted increasingly popular alternative rock bands and singers. The Almost Acoustic Christmas takes place over a weekend in mid-December, and has in recent years been broadcast for free on KROQ-FM's website. The festival started off as a one-day event, and every year between 1992 and 2019 (with the exception of 1999, which was a one-day event), it was held as a two-day festival. Since its return in 2022 after a three-year hiatus, the Almost Acoustic Christmas has been held as a one-day event.

From 1989 through 2012 the show took place at the Universal Amphitheatre in Universal City, except for 1998 where it was held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, and in 1999 where it was held at the Arrowhead Pond in Anaheim. After the Universal Amphitheatre closed in September 2013, the show performed again at the Shrine Auditorium in December 2013. In 2014 the event was moved to Kia Forum (then-The Forum) in Inglewood. In 2019, the show took place at the Honda Center in Anaheim and returned to the Kia Forum in 2022.

KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas concerts benefit Para Los Ninos and the Al Wooten Jr Heritage Center, plus other local charities.

In 1999, a compilation of live recordings, The Best of KROQ's Almost Acoustic Christmas, was released.

On December 18, 2009, KROQ-FM released a compilation called KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas 2009, a benefit album with proceeds benefiting Para Los Ninos and the Al Wooten Heritage Center.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas did not take place in 2020 and 2021.

KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas returned to the Kia Forum on December 10, 2022.

Line-ups
Bands listed in alphabetical order (or, if known, in reverse order of night's performance).

title: KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas


text:
User:Pangguan

I am not going to come back. Bye

title: User:Pangguan


text:
Meander River

Meander River may refer to:

 * Meander River (also Maeander), a historical name for the Büyük Menderes River in Turkey
 * Küçük Menderes ("Little Meander"), a river located south of İzmir, Turkey
 * Meander River (Tasmania), a river of Tasmania, Australia
 * Meander River, Alberta, a settlement in Alberta, Canada

title: Meander River


text:
Talk:Palo Alto, California

article split - notable people?
Hi, with almost 100 notables, is it time to have a separate list article? Coolabahapple (talk) 03:25, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I've split and added to the Palo Alto template. I suspect the only people who should be listed in this article should be those who can be included in the running text. --Erp (talk) 03:22, 1 July 2017 (UTC)
 * thanks. Coolabahapple (talk) 13:03, 2 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Delete Bike Arc
The references to Bike Arc are shameless advertisement for a minor and largely unsuccessful product. Hundreds of important and historically significant items originated in Palo Alto, and they are (properly) not mentioned in this article about a municipality. The reference and photographs should be deleted. Jds13 (talk) 23:24, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

Highest point
I would guess that the highest point in Palo Alto would be Black Mountain at 2,812 ft (857 m) but does anyone have a good reference for this? There also seems to be a story about how the land got annexed by Palo Alto but the reference isn't as reliable as I would like (https://theland.wikispaces.com/ though backed up by the legal documents https://www.leagle.com/decision/19821043136CalApp3d907_1964/ELDRIDGE%20v.%20BURNS). --Erp (talk) 03:03, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

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California historic landmarks in Palo Alto
Acquired from ; some of this could be researched and incorporated into the article. Also The National Registry has though most don't seem important enough to include Any other sources to mine? --Erp (talk) 05:32, 11 August 2018 (UTC)
 * NO. 524 SITE OF JUANA BRIONES DE MIRANDA HOME ON RANCHO LA PURÍSIMA CONCEPCIÓN
 * NO. 836 PIONEER ELECTRONICS RESEARCH LABORATORY
 * NO. 857 JOHN ADAMS SQUIRE HOUSE
 * NO. 895 HOSTESS HOUSE (already mentioned in article)
 * NO. 969 HOME SITE OF SARAH WALLIS
 * NO. 976 BIRTHPLACE OF SILICON VALLEY (Packard Garage, already mentioned in article)
 * NO. 1000 SITE OF INVENTION OF THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY PRACTICABLE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
 * PALO ALTO SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD DEPOT (covered in the Palo Alto station article)
 * Allen, Theophilus, House https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=b6ab8b8f-0d3b-4c63-ab0f-b7516fcbeff5
 * de Lemos, Pedro, House https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=5f460801-7cb6-4cfa-9e33-ec47b5e80f4d
 * Downing, T. B., House https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=087d83e3-5fde-44ac-be7e-80c57a9a897d
 * Dunker House https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=b01cb307-49cc-413f-aa72-2c191982743b
 * Fraternal Hall Building https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=df95f717-4f0a-4380-816f-1000d0a2051d
 * Green Gables https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=8cadffeb-522c-4f1e-a9f2-824faa37df70
 * Greenmeadow https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=9045e8b8-559b-43ce-8546-12bb24f49aab
 * Kee House https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=3bcd1e24-9411-4c55-b5bc-7cdb12f133f9
 * Professorville Historic District
 * Ramona Street Architectural District
 * U.S. Post Office (downtown post office)
 * Wilson House https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=273cce82-f30e-4e0c-be57-32f87417c8e2

Palo Alto Networks
How about Palo Alto Networks? Why nothing about it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.192.161.196 (talk) 21:29, 19 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Palo Alto Networks is not located in the city; furthermore the company's Wikipedia article lists no connection with the city. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.225.17.141 (talk) 16:03, 16 August 2021 (UTC)

Foothills Park
I've started a draft article on Foothills Park. Could do with some pictures and some more info.--Erp (talk) 01:34, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The Foothills Park, Palo Alto article is now official but still lacks pictures. --Erp (talk) 01:15, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

Proposal: Update the climate table to include more data (calculate more attributes and include more years in base data)
The current climate table includes three attributes: average high and low temperature and average precipitation. The current table uses data from 1981-2010 as the basis for the presented values.

I'd like to update this table along two dimensions: add four additional attributes (record high, average record high, average record low, record low) and use a larger data set (spans more years, 1953-2017) to calculate the values.

Here's the proposed new table:

Please let me know your thoughts-- thanks. Absent advice to the contrary, I'll replace the existing table in about a month. Count3r (talk) 22:59, 27 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I think this could be confusing between average record high and average high (same for lows). More useful might be to indicate what year the record high/low for each month was recorded. --Erp (talk) 05:25, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree that the difference is subtle-- if it were me I'd work on the language in the first column. But this is an issue with the Weather Box template, which is where the language is defined. For purposes of this article the choice is to include/exclude those rows. My preference is to include them (I guess obviously since I did :) ). Certainly other pages (see, for example, San Francisco, Los Angeles or New York City) have included them. Thanks-- Count3r (talk) 17:05, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Installed the above table earlier today. Next step is to update the prose above it to accurately reflect the new data-- for example the prose and table now disagree on the average annual rainfall. Count3r (talk) 23:56, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Economy section, list of companies
I've added a see also to the List: Category:Companies based in Palo Alto, California which means we can delete the bulleted list in the article. Companies mentioned in the article should include a description of why they are important vis a vis Palo Alto (e.g., the largest employer boxes or significance in the history section). We may want to set up a category of former companies based in Palo Alto, California --Erp (talk) 13:58, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I've set up Category:Non-profit organizations based in Palo Alto, California and Category:Companies formerly based in Palo Alto, California to make it a bit easier to organize things. --Erp (talk) 14:44, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

History of Housing in Palo Alto
I have removed two paragraphs with misinformation related to blockbusting and redlining due to both citations (websites) not existing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.119.126.139 (talk) 19:03, 25 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I provided citations. Content is restored. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 19:13, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 18 July 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Speedy close. Not going to happen unless WP:USPLACE is overturned. King of ♥ ♦ ♣ ♠ 05:31, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

Palo Alto, California → Palo Alto – Qualifier not required (page is the primary topic) and make consistent with the related disambiguation page. Sean Stephens (talk) 06:20, 18 July 2021 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 23:07, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

 * queried move request Anthony Appleyard (talk) 23:10, 18 July 2021 (UTC)
 * This goes against WP:USPLACE: except for a select few cities, places in the US always have a state qualifier even if they're the primary topic. Lennart97 (talk) 08:58, 18 July 2021 (UTC)
 * This should be simply refused not placed in RM queue. In ictu oculi (talk) 09:02, 18 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I think this raises a question about how the 'contested' section should actually work. Per the instructions above, If your technical request is contested, or if a contested request is left untouched without reply, create a requested move... What I'm seeing is that regulars here often convert contested requests into RMs without giving the filer of the request any time to respond, apparently without considering if the filer wants to go through with it at all. In this case, for example, I moved the request here just to let Sean know the reason for contesting the move, expecting him to most likely withdraw it or to start an RM himself if he insists. If he were to not respond to this anytime soon, I agree this request shouldn't default to an RM. Maybe we should have a wider discussion about this elsewhere. Lennart97 (talk) 09:26, 18 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This U.S. placename falls under the WP:USPLACE guideline, and does not qualify under the so-called AP Stylebook exception rule like San Francisco or Los Angeles. See also Perennial proposals for the rationale for WP:USPLACE. (As for Lennart97's question regarding specific procedures for contested technical requests, and whether the OP should primarily be the one to start the RM, probably the best place to discuss it is back on WT:RM. This is likely a case where an editor was not aware of a specific guideline -- particularly one that has been heavily debated in the past, once had a moratorium placed on its discussions, and has been listed on Wikipedia:Perennial proposals. Once learning about such a guideline, some editors might not feel that it is worth it to go through an RM). Zzyzx11 (talk) 02:43, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Housing paragraph is quite dated - can it be updated using reputable sources?
Many of the facts in this area are actually incorrect, just in the Bay Area, Palo Alto is not in the top 5 most expensive cities but the article cites small real estate web sites that parse data to make points rather than being accurate. In any case, the numbers references are from 15 years ago. Can US Census, more reputable sources be used when making claims about Palo Alto's current housing? Also, the rate of new construction for affordable housing is cited but used as if it is referring to the total amount of affordable housing. Palo Alto has more affordable housing than almost all the cities in Santa Clara county and has agressively developed affordable housing over a long number of years. THe article referes to new development recently which is subject to market variations, inflation, etc. 126.253.142.102 (talk) 07:26, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Further reading section
Hi! I just removed the following sources from the further reading section since they seem very specific. Maybe they can be used as references for the Utilities section of this article?

 * John Jenks, David Crimp, C. Michael Hogan et al., Engineering and Environmental Evaluations of Discharge to the Coast Casey Canal and Charleston Slough, prepared by Kennedy Jenks Engineers and Earth Metrics Inc. (1976)
 * Santa Clara County Heritage Resource Inventory, Santa Clara County Historical Heritage Commission, published by Santa Clara County, San Jose, Ca., June 1979

 * Coleman, Charles M., P. G. and E. of California: The Centennial Story of Pacific Gas and Electric Company 1852–1952, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1952).
 * Hanson, Warren D., San Francisco Water and Power: A History of the Municipal Water Department and Hetch Hetchy System, (San Francisco: San Francisco Public Utilities Communications Group, 2002).
 * Map: PG&E Backbone Gas Transmission System, (San Francisco: Pacific Gas and Electric Co., undated).
 * Map: Water Conveyance, Treatment, and Distribution System, (San Jose: Santa Clara Valley Water District, 1978).
 * Earthquake Planning Scenario Special Publication #61, (Sacramento, California: State of California, Division of Mines and Geology, 1981).
 * $117,730,000 Bond Offering: Transmission Agency of Northern California, (Sacramento, California: Transmission Agency of Northern California, 1992).

Aap1890 (talk) 22:08, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palo Alto, California


text:
Judith Malina

Judith Malina (June 4, 1926 – April 10, 2015) was a German-born American actress, director and writer. With her husband Julian Beck, Malina co-founded The Living Theatre, a radical political theatre troupe that rose to prominence in New York City and Paris during the 1950s and 1960s. The Living Theatre and its founders were the subject of the 1983 documentary Signals Through The Flames.

Early life and education
Malina was born in Kiel, Germany, the daughter of Polish Jewish parents: her mother, Rosel (née Zamora), was a former actress, and her father, Max Malina, a rabbi in the conservative denomination. In 1929, at the age of 3, she immigrated with her parents to New York City.

Malina's parents influenced her deeply, leading her to find an interest in political theatre, as her father left Germany with his family, largely due to the rise of antisemitism in the late 1920s, after attempting to warn people of the threat posed by the Nazi regime.

While not on tour, Malina lived in New York City until she moved to the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey in 2013. From 1943 until 1945, Malina worked for Valeska Gert at the Beggar Bar. There she observed many of Gert's performances which influenced her later artistic approach. Interested in acting from an early age, she began attending the New School for Social Research in 1945 to study theatre under Erwin Piscator. Malina was greatly influenced by Piscator's philosophy of theatre. Piscator saw theatre as a form of political communication or agitprop ("Theatre interests me only when it is a matter of interest to society." ); though Malina, unlike Piscator, was committed to nonviolence and anarchism.

Career
In 1947, Malina and her husband Julian Beck opened The Living Theatre, an experimental theatre company that focused on producing unconventional works by both American and European authors. By 1963, all three of the Living Theatre venues in New York had been shut down by authorities, in one instance by the IRS due to a tax dispute. The organization attributes this to "the difficulty of operating a unique, experimental enterprise within a cultural establishment ill-equipped to accept it", though the group returned to The United States in 1968.

Malina appeared occasionally in films, beginning in 1975, when she played Al Pacino's mother in Dog Day Afternoon. Using her for the role was Pacino's idea, said its director Sidney Lumet. Lumet recalled that contacting her was difficult because she had moved to Vermont. "I had no idea of what to expect," said Lumet. "I didn't even know whether she'd want to do a 'commercial' film. Well, let me tell you, she is an actress. Totally professional. She also had no money, and we had to pay her fare from Vermont, but she walked in and was perfect."

She also appeared in Pacino's Looking for Richard. Malina's other roles in cinema include Rose in Awakenings (1990) and Granny in The Addams Family (1991). She had major roles in Household Saints (1993) and the low-budget film Nothing Really Happens (2003). She appeared in an episode of the TV series The Sopranos in 2006 as a nun, the secret mother of Paulie "Walnuts" Gualtieri. Malina took part in Rosa von Praunheim's documentary New York Memories (2010) and in the documentary Love and Politics (2012) by Azad Jafarian. Von Praunheim's film premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2010 and Azad's film premiered in 2012 at the Tribeca Film Festival. Malina also has a significant supporting role in the well-received film Enemies, A Love Story (1989). Some of Malina's artistic qualities were described by theater scholar Richard Schechner: "The thing about Judith Malina is that she is indefatigable, unstoppable, erupting with ideas. Malina is long-living, long-working, optimistic, and by the second decade of the 21st century girlish and old womanish at the same time. She survives and she bubbles, both."

Personal life and death
Malina met her long-time collaborator and husband Julian Beck in 1943 when she was 17 and he was a student at Yale University. Beck, originally a painter, came to share her interest in political theatre. In 1947, the couple founded The Living Theatre, which they directed together until Beck's death in 1985. Beck and Malina had "two offstage children", Garrick and Isha.

Malina's and Beck's marriage was non-monogamous. The bisexual Beck had a long-term male partner as did Malina. In 1988, she married her long-term partner Hanon Reznikov. They co-directed the Living Theatre's activity in the Middle East, Europe and the United States, until Reznikov's unexpected death in 2008.

Malina died in Englewood, New Jersey, on April 10, 2015.

Awards and honors
In 1996, Malina was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Whittier College. In 2007, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from Lehman College. In 2008 she received the Ordem do Mérito Cultural from the government of Brazil.

Selected bibliography

 * Entretiens avec le Living Théâtre (with Julian Beck and Jean-Jaques Lebel) (1969)
 * We, The Living Theatre (with Julian Beck and Aldo Lastagmo) (1970)
 * Paradise Now (with Julian Beck) (1971)
 * The Enormous Despair, Diaries 1968–89 (New York: Random House, 1972)
 * Le Legs de Cain: trois projets pilotes (with Julian Beck) (1972)
 * Frankenstein (Venice Version) (with Julian Beck) (1972)
 * Sette meditazioni sul sadomachismo politico (with Julian Beck) (1977)
 * Living Heist Leben Theater (with Imke Buchholz) (1978)
 * Diary excerpts Brazil 1970, Diary of Bologna 1977 (1979)
 * Poems of a Wandering Jewess (book of poetry; Paris: Handshake Editions, 1982)
 * The Diaries of Judith Malina: 1947–1957 (New York: Grove Press, 1984)
 * Love & Politics (book of poetry; Detroit: Black & Red, 2001)
 * The Piscator Notebook (London/NYC: Routledge, 2012)
 * Full Moon Stages: Personal Notes from 50 Years in the Living Theatre (book of poetry; New York: Three Rooms Press, 2015)

Selected filmography

 * The Bachelor Party (1957) - Long-hair Village intellectual (uncredited)
 * Narcissus (1958) - Narration (voice)
 * Flaming Creatures (1963) - The Fascinating Woman
 * Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man (1963)
 * Après la Passion selon Sade (1968)
 * Wheel of Ashes (1968) - Crazy Woman Preaching
 * Candy (1968) - Bit Part
 * Love and Anger (1969) - (segment "Agonia")
 * Dog Day Afternoon (1975) - Mother
 * No Picnic (1986)
 * Radio Days (1987) - Mrs. Waldbaum
 * The Secret of My Success (1987) - Mrs. Meacham
 * China Girl (1987) - Mrs. Monte
 * American Stories, Food, Family and Philosophy (1989)
 * Enemies, A Love Story (1989) - Masha's Mother
 * Awakenings (1990) - Rose
 * The Addams Family (1991) - Grandmama
 * Household Saints (1993) - Carmela Santangelo
 * Men Lie (1994)
 * The Deli (1997) - Vincenza Amico
 * Music from Another Room (1998) - Clara Klammer
 * Snow Day (2000) - Grammy
 * Nothing Really Happens: Memories of Aging Strippers (2003) - Tillie Hirsch
 * When in Rome (2010) - Umberto's Grandma
 * New York Memories (2010) by Rosa von Praunheim
 * The Forgiveness of Judith Malina (2019)

Accolades

 * 2003, induction into the American Theater Hall of Fame.
 * 2008, annual Artistic Achievement Award from the New York Innovative Theatre Awards. This honor was presented to Malina by Olympia Dukakis on behalf of her peers and fellow artists of the Off-Off-Broadway community "in recognition of her unabashed pioneering spirit and unyielding dedication to her craft and the Off-Off-Broadway community".
 * 2009, the Edwin Booth Award from the Doctoral Theatre Students Association of the City University of New York.
 * Other awards include the Lola d'Annunzio award (1959); Page One Award (1960); Obie Award (1960, 1964, 1969, 1975, 1987, 1989, and 2007); Creative Arts Citation, Brandeis University (1961); Grand Prix du Théâtre des Nations (1961); Paris Critics Circle medallion (1961); Prix de L'Université de Paris (1961); New England Theater Conference Award (1962); Olympio Prize (1967); and a Guggenheim fellowship (1985).

title: Judith Malina


text: Category:Theatre directors

title: Category:Theatre directors


text:
Talk:Thus Spoke Zarathustra

but, according to Benjamin A. Elman, "[w]hen understood on its own terms, Buddhism cannot be dismissed as pessimistic or nihilistic". [...]
but, according to Benjamin A. Elman, "[w]hen understood on its own terms, Buddhism cannot be dismissed as pessimistic or nihilistic".[18] Moreover, answers which Nietzsche assembled to the questions he was asking, not only generally but also in Zarathustra, put him "very close to some basic doctrines found in Buddhism".[18] An example is when Zarathustra says that "the soul is only a word for something about the body".[18]

Is it just me or does this part appear very misplaced or contrived and probably suffering from undue weight too? If anything, it should be put into reception. It doesn't fit here. Nietzhe talks about eternal reoccurence too which is the opposite of what Buddhism preaches where the goal is to get out of the life cycle. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.22.160.62 (talk) 09:44, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

"TSZ" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TSZ&redirect=no TSZ] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 21:48, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

"Zarathustra (fictional philosopher)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zarathustra_(fictional_philosopher)&redirect=no Zarathustra (fictional philosopher)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 21:50, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

introduction is a bit early for in-universe phrasing
The introduction states,

 * The style of Zarathustra has facilitated varied and often incompatible ideas about what Zarathustra says. Zarathustra's "[e]xplanations and claims are almost always analogical and figurative"

This "in-universe" way of writing about Zarathustra as a real person should not be one of the first (and possibly, only) things a reader gleans. Even if the reader has noticed the link to "philosophical fiction", they may still reasonably presume that Nietzsche is merely retelling a historical figure's beliefs. These sentences should make extra clear that the ideas properly belong to Nietzsche. B9 (talk) 15:34, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I have tried my best to clarify things up. Is it better now? Veverve (talk) 16:12, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you, that is better. However, at the end of the introductory paragraph, the phrasing slips again into talking about "Zarathustra" as a person:
 *  ... there is no consensus about what Zarathustra means when he speaks...
 * Perhaps it would be better if the introduction prepared the reader for the in-universe way of speaking in which the article is written. For example, a preface like this:
 * Nota bene: Do not confuse Nietzsche's Zarathustra with the real Zarathustra whose actual philosophy disagrees with Thus Spake Zarathustra. In the following text the reader is advised that “Zarathustra says X” is merely shorthand for “Nietzsche says X using the literary device of Socratic Dialogue which puts Nietzsche's thoughts in the mouth of a fictional character named Zarathustra.”
 * Would this, or something like it, be acceptable? B9 (talk) 17:32, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * We do not do prefaces such as these on WP. Veverve (talk) 06:06, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks, @Veverve. Is that WP policy or merely accepted custom? What solution do you suggest? It may be a difficult task to remove every instance of in-universe point of view from this article as there are philosophical writings which use the same "Zarathustra says X" phrasing. But, it is important for the article to somehow address the confusion since obscuring exactly who "spoke" was part of Nietzsche's goal:
 * “Zarathustra is not so much a mouthpiece for Nietzsche’s views, but a mask he wears with mischievous intent, with the dual aim both of using Zarathustra to express himself and to hide behind.”
 * B9 (talk) 17:58, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
 * it is important for the article to somehow address the confusion since obscuring exactly who "spoke" was part of Nietzsche's goal: this is adressed in the section Thus Spoke Zarathustra which is the very first section. Veverve (talk) 18:21, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Nietzsche almost certainly did not know Sanskrit
There are some reddit-level preposterous statements regarding this in the article. German-language internet, however, makes no mention of any Sanskrit studying by Nietzsche at all, and one German article bluntly states that "Nietzsche did not have language access to the original Buddhist texts". Also, personally, as a person who has studied Latin and Greek, the ancient languages are s**t hard and you can't just learn them in your free time and not even tell anybody. 86.63.168.150 (talk) 02:53, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

 * What you are referring to in the WP article is sourced by a RS. Veverve (talk) 08:26, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Quotes from a paper written by somebody called Benjamin Elman who is a specialist on China. Not on Nietzsche or Sanskrit. And both of the quotes contain the word "probably". And the second quote "was probably one of the best read and most solidly grounded in Buddhism for his time among Europeans" - how the hell would Mr. Elman know that?!? Does he have data on Sanskrit knowledge among 19th century Europeans? This is just fantasy history. 86.63.168.150 (talk) 11:03, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thus Spoke Zarathustra


text:
415 Records

415 Records was a San Francisco record label created in 1978. The label focused its efforts on local punk rock and new wave music acts of the late 1970s through the late 1980s, including The Offs, The Nuns, The Units, Romeo Void, and Wire Train. Its name, pronounced four-one-five (not four-fifteen), was a play on both the telephone area code for the San Francisco area and the California penal code section for disturbing the peace (indeed, in some promotional material, the phrase "disturbing the peace" was written underneath the 415 logo). The label had a productive partnership with Columbia Records from 1981 until shortly before it was sold in 1989 to Sandy Pearlman, who retitled the label Popular Metaphysics.

History
415 Records was founded in San Francisco in 1978 by entrepreneurs Howie Klein, Chris Knab, and Butch Bridges. Klein was a writer and entertainment promoter, Knab owned an eclectic record store in the Noe Valley section of San Francisco Aquarius Records, and Bridges was a music collector and retailer. Klein and Knab had become friends when Klein did some photography for his friend Harvey Milk, whose camera store was next door to Knab's Aquarius Records on Castro Street. They worked together on various radio shows around the Bay Area, including an alternative radio show on KSAN, and they started recording and promoting local musicians out of Knab's record store.

Klein ran the label from a tiny office on 16th Street in the Mission, a district of San Francisco, where he kept a pushpin-covered United States map on his wall, bearing a sign that read, "All Bands on Tour All the Time." Klein used his own late-night weekend radio shows to showcase his artist's records and he promoted them all over the country to nightclubs, record stores, and a newly blossoming array of other alternative radio stations. His artists were part of the 1980s San Francisco rock underground, though Klein leaned more toward the accessible, fun, new wave bands than the thrash metal and hard-core punk bands who were also part of that scene. 415 was the first North American record label to focus on punk and new wave music and they featured mostly musicians from the San Francisco region, though the label eventually also included artists from other areas. The British label Stiff Records had done similarly two years earlier; marketing England's emergent 1970s pub rock scene as punk and new wave and releasing their first record in August 1976.

415 Records enjoyed early and sustained support from Bill Graham and from David Rubinson, owner of The Automatt recording studio on Folsom Street. Bill Graham managed many top-name acts through his management and promotion agency, Bill Graham Presents, and from the start of the label he booked 415's artists as opening acts for major headlining bands to help them gain broader exposure. Queenie Taylor, long an employee of Bill Graham Presents, purchased Butch Bridges' share of 415 Records in 1979.

Rubinson discounted fees for 415 label bands to record at San Francisco's The Automatt studios; sometimes recording them on speculation, such that the studio would share in the profits from those record sales. David Kahne, operating out of a closet-sized office upstairs at The Automatt, worked as 415's A&R director, performing artist development and in-house production and engineering there for 415 until 1982, when he left Automatt and went to work in Los Angeles as Vice President of A&R for Columbia Records. Even so, he continued to produce records for artists on the 415 label.

415's first release was a 1978 single by The Offs, entitled Everyone's a Bigot, with 0° on the B-side (cat#911-39, 1978). Subsequent early releases included 7-inch EPs by SVT (cat#S0005, 1979), The Nuns (cat#SUB01, 1979), and Pearl Harbor and the Explosions Drivin' (uncatalogued, 1979). Later records included a 7-inch by The Mutants (cat#34859, 1980), an album by The Units (cat#A0003, 1980), a 12-inch $33 1/3$ rpm album by Romeo Void (cat# 415A-0007, 1981), a mini-album by New Math (cat#A0008, 1981), and various other releases for many other bands.

In 1981, 415 released Romeo Void's successful first LP, It's a Condition and then they built on that success by signing a co-branding contract with Columbia Records that gave Columbia first rights of refusal to produce, manufacture, and promote their artists' recordings. Many other independent labels would form similar alliances with major labels over the coming decades. 415 retained (nearly) full artistic control over which artists to sign, all recording, and the selection of songs and artwork. Columbia co-branded albums for Romeo Void, Translator, Wire Train, Until December and the Red Rockers under this arrangement; while outside the Columbia deal, Monkey Rhythm, the Pop-O-Pies, and The Uptones all recorded albums that were released and promoted independently by 415 Records. Like many other independent labels, 415 had struggled to reach a national market, but by partnering with Columbia's knowledge and its established connections with radio, television, and retailers, they were able to bring their records to a much broader audience.

Following Kahne's departure in 1982, local musician and producer Daniel Levitin began working in the A&R department and in 1984, he became Director of A&R, serving as staff engineer and handling in-house production as well as development of new artists. In the early 1980s, Queenie Taylor had begun managing Wolfgang's nightclub in San Francisco, and later, in the early 1990s, Slim's nightclub, owned by Boz Scaggs. Christopher Knab sold his share of the label in 1985 and he moved to Seattle, Washington to manage the University of Washington's alternative radio station KCMU, now KEXP 90.3 fm. Klein joined Sire Records in 1987 and he was named general manager of Reprise Records in 1989.

Five artists that Levitin was supervising at 415 were turned down by Columbia for the 415/Columbia partnership: The Stir-Ups, The Big Race, The Scene, The Afflicted and Rhythm Riot. With Howie's blessing, Levitin completed the production for the latter two and sold the distribution rights to a different independent label, San Francisco's Infrasonic Records.

In 1989, Howie Klein was named general manager of Reprise Records in Burbank, California and Levitin stayed to help run the label after Klein left. Three months later, Sandy Pearlman and Steve Schenck bought 415. By this time, Al Teller, who had been president of Columbia Records when the 415 partnership began, was now president of MCA Records. Pearlman changed the record label's name to Popular Metaphysics and formed a co-branding alliance with MCA, ending the 415 label.

Post-closing activities

 * Howie Klein became president of Reprise and executive vice president of Warner Bros. Records in 1995 which he remained until retiring in 2001. Klein is now active in politics, writes a blog, downwithtyranny.com, and is working on a novel.
 * Queenie Taylor had begun managing Wolfgang's nightclub in San Francisco in the early 1980s and later, in the early 1990s, managed Slims nightclub, owned by Boz Scaggs.
 * Daniel Levitin worked as an A&R representative for Columbia, RCA, Warner Bros., Miramax and other companies before returning to college, and is currently a professor of psychology, neuroscience, education, and music at McGill University in Montreal.
 * David Kahne is currently Vice President of A&R at Warner Bros. Records.
 * Romeo Void's album, Benefactor, first released on 415 records in 1982, was recompiled by Sony BMG Music Entertainment and released as a CD on Wounded Bird Records in 2006, with 4 bonus tracks taken from their original "Never Say Never" 12-inch EP release, also on 415 Records.
 * A reunion concert was held at Slim's in San Francisco in September 2009, celebrating 415 Records and featuring several of its recording artists, including Wire Train, Translator and Debora Iyall of Romeo Void.

Artists released on 415
Although closely associated with punk rock and new wave, 415 Records hosted a diverse group of artists, including:

title: 415 Records


text:
Meander River (Tasmania)

The Meander River is a major perennial river located in the central northern region of Tasmania, Australia. Until the founding of Westbury in the early 1820s, the river was known as The Western River.

Location and features
The Meander River rises in the Great Western Tiers and flows past its namesake town, Meander, through the major regional town of Deloraine, then eastward, where it flows into the South Esk River near Hadspen. From source to mouth, the river is joined by fourteen tributaries including the Liffey River and descends 930 m over its 112 km course.

The damming of the river in 2007 created the artificial reservoir Lake Huntsman. The Meander Hydro Dam provides both electricity and water to the region and is the second dam on the Meander River.

Recreation
The Meander is a popular trout fishing stream holding brown trout. The World Fly Fishing Championships organized by the International Confederation of Sport Fishing has selected the Meander as one of its venues for the 2019 championships to be held in Tasmania.

title: Meander River (Tasmania)


text:
List of Chinese dissidents

This list consists of activists who are known as Chinese dissidents. The label is primarily applied to intellectuals and other high-profile individuals from China who are known for their criticism of the Chinese government or its policies.

Detained and jailed people
Many Chinese political activists have been detained or jailed or exiled for their pro-democracy or rights defending activities. They include the following notable activists.

Others

 * Michael Anti (journalist), proponent of freedom of the press in China
 * Chai Ling
 * Chang Ping
 * Chaohua Wang
 * Chen Guangcheng
 * Dong Yaoqiong
 * Fang Lizhi
 * Feng Congde
 * Feng Zhenghu
 * Gao Xingjian, recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Literature
 * Gao Yu (journalist)
 * Gao Zhisheng
 * Gui Minhai, publisher and writer of books on Chinese politics
 * Guo Wengui, also known as Miles Guo
 * Han Dongfang
 * Jiao Guobiao, former professor of Peking University and the author of Denouncing the Central Propaganda Department (of the Communist Party of China)
 * Li Hongkuan
 * Li Lu
 * Li Qiaochu
 * Li Zehou, scholar of philosophy and intellectual history
 * Liu Binyan
 * Alex Liu (Yongchuan Liu), data scientist
 * Lu Jinghua, former merchant who became involved in the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation in 1989. She later lived in New York. Attempted to return to Beijing in June 1993 but was refused entry and sent back to US.
 * Murong Xuecun, writer and critic of censorship
 * Shen Tong
 * Su Changlan
 * Su Xiaokang
 * Tang Baiqiao
 * Tashi Wangchuk, sentenced to 5 years in prison in May 2018 for "inciting separatism" after speaking to The New York Times about his concerns over the current state of Tibetan culture and language in China.
 * Wang Bingzhang
 * Wang Meiyu (王美雨), democracy activist who died in police custody under suspicious circumstances in September 2019 after having been arrested for "picking quarrels and provoking trouble" in July 2019 when he was protesting for universal suffrage and calling for the resignation of Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang
 * Wang Ruowang
 * Harry Wu
 * Wu'erkaixi
 * Xie Wanjun, founding member of the Democracy Party of China
 * Xiong Yan (dissident)
 * Xu Jiatun
 * Xue Fei (host)
 * Yan Jiaqi
 * Yang Jianli
 * Youming Che
 * Yu Jie, dissident writer
 * Zhang Boli
 * Zheng Yi (writer)
 * Zhou Fengsuo

title: List of Chinese dissidents


text:
Eagle Junction railway station

Eagle Junction railway station is located on the North Coast line in Queensland, Australia. It is one of two railway stations serving the Brisbane suburb of Clayfield, the other being Clayfield railway station. North of the station, the Pinkenba and Airport lines branch off.

History
The station opened as Eagle Farm Junction, being renamed Eagle Junction in January 1888. The original name reflects that this station was the junction at which the line to Eagle Farm branched off.

The station was rebuilt in 1963. In 2011, the station was upgraded.

Services
Eagle Junction station is served by Airport, Caboolture, Doomben, Redcliffe Peninsula, Shorncliffe and Sunshine Coast line services.

title: Eagle Junction railway station


text:
Wang Bingzhang (dissident)

Wang Bingzhang (born December 30, 1947) is a Chinese human rights activist and founder of two Chinese pro-democracy movements. He was abducted in Vietnam in June 2002 and detained by Chinese secret police. The Chinese government announced his detention in December 2002, charging him with espionage and terrorism. He was sentenced to life in prison and is considered a political prisoner of China.

Biography
Wang Bingzhang was born on December 30, 1947, in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China. He graduated from Beijing Medical University and served as a doctor for eight years. In 1979, he was sponsored by the Chinese government to study abroad in McGill University, Canada where he obtained his Ph.D. degree in pathology in 1982. Wang Bingzhang is the first citizen of the People's Republic of China to get a doctorate degree in North America.

In 1982, Wang established China Spring, the first pro-democracy Chinese magazine overseas. The next year, he launched the 中国民主团结联盟 (translated variously as "Alliance for Democratic China"/"China Alliance for Democracy"/"Union of Chinese Democracy Movement"), publicly denouncing the one-party rule in China. He later traveled back to China and co-founded two opposition parties, the Chinese Freedom Democracy Party and Chinese Democracy Justice Party in 1989 and 1998, respectively. The latter led to his arrest in China. He was expelled from the country, but was not sentenced.

In June 2002, Wang went to Vietnam with Yue Wu and Zhang Qi where they were captured. In December 2002, the Chinese government announced his arrest after six months in custody.

In March 2006, Wang was punished for misbehaving when he went on hunger strike to plead for release to pay a final respect to his father at his funeral; but he was handcuffed by and locked with a jail guard in his jail cell. This resulted in prolonged punishment. Visitation rights were restored in November 2006. According to Dr. Bing Wu Wang, Wang's younger brother, his physical health had deteriorated rapidly since the last visitation. This was due, according to Wang, to a new prison warden who served much lower food quality, harsher physical abuse and intense political study sessions.

Various international organizations, including the United Nations, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Worldrights, and the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights have voiced their opposition to Dr. Wang's imprisonment, saying China is arbitrarily detaining him. The United States and Canadian legislatures have both passed legislative bills in support of Wang and in denunciation of the CCP's actions. Freedom House awarded Dr Wang the 2024 Freedom Award.

title: Wang Bingzhang (dissident)


text:
Absaroka (proposed state)

Absaroka was a proposed state in the United States that would have comprised parts of the states of Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming, which contemplated secession in 1939. The movement began in 1935, during the Great Depression, as a form of protest against their respective state governments, who were criticized for failing to provide New Deal federal aid to rural ranchers and farmers.

A. R. Swickard, a local street commissioner, served as a leader of the movement and later declared himself governor. Swickard hosted a series of public hearings regarding grievances levied against the Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming state governments, receiving substantial media coverage and prompting the respective governments to act. This led to broader distribution of federal aid to rural regions, resulting in the secessionist movement dying out by the start of World War II. It has been debated whether the movement was a serious attempt to form a new state.

Background
In 1933, the New Deal was signed into law during the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency. This legislation was designed to alleviate the economic downturn resultant from the Great Depression. This legislation was generally considered favorable amongst the citizens of southern Wyoming, resulting in Joseph C. O'Mahoney and other Democrats winning elections in the State and Federal elections, ultimately resulting in Wyoming's legislature being controlled by the Democratic Party. Residents of rural Northern Wyoming, as well as Southern Montana and Western South Dakota, felt discontent with the lack of federal aid they were receiving, believing that the more urban parts of their respective states were being prioritized by the New Deal.

Formation (1935–1938)
While the exact date of origin for the Absaroka movement is not known, individuals formally began organizing behind it in 1935. This began following a series of chamber of commerce hearings in which, primarily, ranchers and independent farmers in rural parts of northern Wyoming, southern Montana, and western South Dakota levied their complainants with the state and organized a secessionist movement. In these meetings, complainants from Wyoming would claim "All of the state money and attention goes to the southern part of the state", and they felt "short-changed" by their respective state governments. This sentiment was reflected further in local papers, including Queen City Mail in South Dakota, which stated in an editorial:

"The difficulties of western South Dakota are well known. We are never given a square deal by the state legislature which is dominated by eastern South Dakotans. The last straw came when an ore tax was recently proposed which is aimed at Homestake Mining Company, the largest industry in western South Dakota."

Residents of Wyoming were particularly upset by the Democratic control of the state legislature, believing that their needs were being ignored, and the state was too focused on the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad. This discontent led to rural farmers, primarily Republican-leaning regions, calling for secession from Wyoming. The initial movement began as a petition for Sheridan County, Wyoming to secede and join Montana, and was filed by A. R. Swickard, the street commissioner of Sheridan, Wyoming. The movement quickly changed to petition the formation of a new state. The Absaroka movement also began directly following another secession movement that sought to have a portion of the Black Hills secede from South Dakota and join Wyoming. Indeed, historian Watson Parker has linked the Absaroka movement, in terms of economic and geographic identity, back to an 1870s attempt to form a Black Hills-based territory out of three adjacent existing territories.

The name "Absaroka" is derived from the Hidatsa name for the Crow people, meaning "children of the large-beaked bird" and shares a similar name to the nearby Absaroka Range.

Height and dissolution (1939)
In 1939, supporters for the movement crowned Dorothy Fellows as Miss Absaroka, emulating the Miss America beauty pageant, wherein a winner is declared from each state as part of a larger national competition. Images of Miss Absaroka, alongside state automobile license plates and state coins for Absaroka, were issued soon after. A prominent supporter of the movement was C. M. Rowe, a professor at the South Dakota School of Mines. That same year, the King of Norway toured southeast Montana and Wyoming, and supporters of the secessionist movement claimed this event as official recognition of the new state. Swickard also met with the Governor of Wyoming, Nels H. Smith, on May 12, 1939, to discuss the formation of a new state. Swickard said after leaving the meeting:

"It was just a friendly chat. I told the Governor of our sister state to the south of Buffalo that we had no warlike designs, and that rumors we might try to secede by force were erroneous. We Absarokans are a peace-loving lot and while we think that we really need the state of Absaroka we are not inclined to revolution."

Around this time, Samuel W. King, a congressional representative for the Hawaii territory, stated during a session of Congress, "Hawaii is entitled by prior claim to be the 49th state. Let Absaroka be the 50th but Hawaii has claim to the 49th!" Following the Miss Absaroka pageant, A. R. Swickard appointed himself "governor" and held a series of grievance hearings covering the perceived wrongs committed by the state of Wyoming.

A. R. Swickard also criticized the now Republican-led Wyoming state government, which took office following the 1938 Wyoming state elections, for not providing his movement with what the Associated Press called political patronage jobs. These hearings led to increased media attention on the secessionist movement and its criticisms of the state government, prompting Wyoming, South Dakota, and Montana to spread state revenues more broadly to rural communities. This effort, ultimately, rendered the secessionist movement largely defunct by the end of 1939. The secessionists' activities ceased entirely following the onset of World War II and were largely considered forgotten by the time of the Eisenhower presidency.

Geography and attractions
Swickard, alongside his supporters, drew the initial borders for the state in the basement of the Sheridan Rotary Club, which became the de facto headquarters for the movement. The boundaries of the proposed state changed a number of times, and at one point contained 10 Wyoming counties, 4 Montana counties, and 12 South Dakota counties. This proposed state is estimated to have included approximately half of Wyoming's territory. The state's territory would have featured a coal-rich landscape with a large number of pre-established mines, including The Black Thunder, Coal Creek, and Cordero Rojo mines.

Increasing tourism to the region was another motivation for the proposed state because Mount Rushmore (constructed 1927–1941) would be within Absaroka according to some plans. Additionally, that region would have contained the Black Hills, Devils Tower, the Bighorn Mountains, the Teton Mountains, and Yellowstone National Park. This resulted in residents of the proposed state calling Absaroka the "Nation's Playground".

Reception and legacy
The secessionist movement never achieved widespread popularity, nor pursued legal means of secession. In a 1941 publication by the Federal Writers' Project, the story of Absaroka was published as an example of Western eccentricity. The formation of Absaroka has been assessed to have been only "half serious" and some historians have argued that the attempt to secede was a tall tale. Another historian has stated that the movement fell "into oblivion after having provided a modicum of excitement and entertainment for its participants." Contemporary coverage of the event is likewise uncertain if the secession movement was meant to be serious or started as a joke, and the press compared it to the similar Texlahoma secession movement. It has also been proposed that the movement was a "fun way for cowboys to distract themselves during tough economic times". In an interview with Helen Graham, a librarian at the Sheridan Public Library and a resident of Sheridan during the 1930s, she claimed that the movement was not widely known, nor perceived to be serious. Regarding the Absaroka movement, U.S. Senator Alan Simpson stated in a 2008 interview that he had an uncle who participated in the movement. Senator Simpson went on to recount, "They're weren't fooling around; a lot of people thought it was silliness, but to them, it wasn't."

It has been proposed by Kirk Johnson, an expert on the American West, that the effort to secede was largely brought about by cultural and geographical differences. The region Absaroka would have occupied was settled later than most regions of the United States. Due to the American Indian Wars, the region was not safely settled till the late 1800s to early 1900s, resulting in "frontier spirit of experimentation still (being) fresh" during the 1930s.

The series Walt Longmire Mysteries, written by Craig Johnson, takes place in the fictional Absaroka county of Wyoming. This county was created as a reference to the Absaroka secession movement, with Johnson claiming the name choice was to "make this place emblematic of the rural West and maybe of rural areas all over the world." This same county was later featured in the A&E and Netflix television adaptation Longmire.

title: Absaroka (proposed state)


text:
20th hijacker

The 20th hijacker is a possible additional terrorist in the September 11 attacks of 2001 who, for unknown reasons, was unable to participate. The 20th hijacker, though not present during the actual attacks, is said to have been deeply involved in the preparations. There were many variations of the 9/11 plot, with the number of terrorists fluctuating with available resources and changing circumstances. In the end, there were 19 hijackers: three of the planes were taken over by five members each and the fourth was hijacked by four people. The latter plane, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, due to the resistance from passengers before it could reach its target in Washington, D.C.

Hijackers
Ramzi bin al-Shibh allegedly meant to take part in the attacks and may have been the intended hijacker-pilot of American Airlines Flight 77, but he was repeatedly denied a visa for entry into the US. His role as one of the four hijacker-pilots preceded Hani Hanjour.

Zacarias Moussaoui, a French citizen of Moroccan origin, has widely been referred to as the 20th hijacker. Moussaoui may have been considered as a replacement for Ziad Jarrah, who at one point threatened to withdraw from the scheme because of tensions amongst the plotters. Plans to include Moussaoui were never finalized, as the al-Qaeda hierarchy had doubts about his reliability. Ultimately, Moussaoui did not play a role in the hijacking scheme. He was arrested about four weeks before the attacks. Moussaoui is now serving a life sentence for his involvement in the 9/11 attacks. He pleaded guilty in 2005 to collaborating with the other hijackers.

Mohammed al-Qahtani, a Saudi Arabian citizen, is often referred to as the 20th hijacker. It's believed that he was sent to the U.S. to replace Moussaoui's role in the attacks after Moussaoui's arrest. José Meléndez-Pérez, a U.S. Immigration inspector at Orlando International Airport, refused his entry into the U.S. in August 2001. He was later captured in Afghanistan and imprisoned at the U.S. military prison known as Camp X-Ray at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. In January 2009, Susan J. Crawford asserted that Qahtani's interrogation at Camp X-Ray amounted to torture.

According to the BBC, Fawaz al-Nashimi claimed to have been the "20th hijacker". An al-Qaeda video has been released from a US intelligence organization, showing al-Nashimi justifying attacks on the west. The U.S dismissed al-Nashimi's claims as propaganda. He was also known as Turki bin Fuheid al-Muteiry and took part in a May 29, 2004, attack on oil facilities in Khobar, Saudi Arabia. He was killed in a June 2004 shootout with Saudi Arabian security forces.

The other al-Qaeda members who allegedly attempted, but were not able, to take part in the attacks were Saeed al-Ghamdi (not to be confused with the successful hijacker of the same name), Tawfiq bin Attash, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, Mushabib al-Hamlan, Abderraouf Jdey, Zakariya Essabar, Khalid Saeed Ahmad al-Zahrani, Ali Abd al-Rahman al-Faqasi al-Ghamdi, Saeed al-Baluchi, Qutaybah al-Najdi, Zuhair al-Thubaiti, and Saud al-Rashi. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the attack's alleged mastermind, had wanted to remove at least one member – Khalid al-Mihdhar – from the operation, but he was overruled by Osama bin Laden.

In popular culture
The Saudi Arabian novelist Abdullah Thabit wrote a 2006 novel titled Terrorist Number 20 that became a bestseller. The book recalls his teenage years as a religious extremist and was inspired in part by Ahmed al-Nami, one of the 9/11 hijackers and a fellow resident of Abha who was vaguely familiar to Thabit. In April 2006, three months after the release of the book, Thabit was forced to move from Abha to Jeddah with his family after receiving death threats.

title: 20th hijacker


text: Category:Carboxamides

title: Category:Carboxamides