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Italian Republican Party

The Italian Republican Party (Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI) is a political party in Italy established in 1895, which makes it the oldest political party still active in the country. The PRI identifies with 19th-century classical radicalism, as well as Mazzinianism, and its modern incarnation is associated with liberalism,   social liberalism, and centrism. The PRI has old roots and a long history that began with a left-wing position, being the heir of the Historical Far Left and claiming descent from the political thought of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi. With the rise of the Italian Communist Party and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) to its left, it was associated with centre-left politics. The early PRI was also known for its anti-clerical, anti-monarchist, republican, and later anti-fascist stances. While maintaining those traits, during the second half of the 20th century the party moved towards the centre on the left–right political spectrum, becoming increasingly economically liberal.

After 1949, the PRI was a member of the pro-NATO alliance formed by Christian Democracy (DC), the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, and the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), enabling it to participate in most governments of the 1950s, a period later known as Centrism. In 1963, the party helped bring together DC and PSI in Italy's first centre-left government, the Organic centre-left. Although small in terms of voter support, the PRI was influential thanks to leaders like Eugenio Chiesa, Giovanni Conti, Cipriano Facchinetti, Randolfo Pacciardi, Oronzo Reale, Ugo La Malfa, Bruno Visentini, Oddo Biasini and Giovanni Spadolini. The latter served as Prime Minister of Italy in 1981–1982, the first non Christian Democrat since 1945. From 1976 to 2010, the PRI was a member of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR), along with the PLI, and the two parties usually ran together in European Parliament elections. After joining the centrist Segni Pact in 1994, the PRI was part of the centre-left coalition from 1996 to 2006, and then of the centre-right coalition from 2008 to 2013 (its leader Giorgio La Malfa was minister in 2005–2006). Afterwards, it ran alone until joining the centrist Action – Italia Viva in 2022.

Background and foundation
The PRI traces its origins from the time of Italian unification and more specifically to the democratic-republican wing represented by figures such as Giuseppe Mazzini, Carlo Cattaneo and Carlo Pisacane. They were against the so-called piemontesizzazione of Italy, meaning the conquest by war of the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) of the rest of Italy.

After the latter was unified under the Savoy kings, following the political lines of moderates such as Camillo Benso di Cavour, the Republicans remained aside from the political life of the new country, proclaiming their abstention from elections. They created several democratic movements, like the Brotherhood Pact of Workers' Societies, founded by Mazzini in 1871. However, Mazzini's death the following year and internationalism put the Republicans in a difficult position.

In the run-up of the 1880 Italian general election, the Republicans chose to abandon abstentionism. At the time, their ranks included both members of the middle class, such as Giovanni Bovio, Arcangelo Ghisleri and Napoleone Colajanni, as well as the working class, such as Valentino Armirotti. The PRI, whose power base was limited to Romagna, Umbria, Marche, the Tuscan littoral and Lazio, all but Tuscany former Papal States territories, was officially founded in 1895. By the end of the century, the party was allied with the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the Italian Radical Party in several local governments, including Milan, Florence and Rome.

Early 20th century
In 1904 the Republican Youth Federation was formed in Terni.

At the outbreak of World War I, the PRI sided with interventionists, aiming at supporting France (considered the motherland of human rights) and annexing Trento and Trieste (then part of Austria-Hungary). After the end of the conflict, the party tried to form an alliance with other left-wing parties, but the attempt failed as the PSI at was strongly influenced by its "maximalist" (radical) wing. In 1921, Pietro Nenni left the PRI to become one of the leaders of the PSI. In the 1920s, the rise of the National Fascist Party (PNF) caused the collapse of all Italian left-wing parties, including the PRI, which was banned in 1926.

Several Republicans were arrested, confined or exiled and the PRI collaborated to the anti-fascist struggle. In 1927, the party joined Anti-fascist Concentration. In the late 1930s, it also participated in the Spanish Civil War. In 1940, the German occupation of France, where many Republicans had taken refuge, put the party in jeopardy. During the armed resistance against the German occupation of Italy from 1943, PRI members were part of the provincial National Liberation Committees (CLN), but they did not participate to the national CLN as they did not want to collaborate with Italian monarchists, some of whom were active members of the committee.

Post-World War II
In 1946, the PRI gained 4.4% of the popular vote in the election for a Constituent Assembly, confirming its traditional strongholds. However, it was very weak if compared to Christian Democracy (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI). After that, a ballot on the same day abolished monarchy in Italy and the PRI declared itself available to take a role in the government of Italy, entering the second government of Alcide De Gasperi. In late 1946, Ugo La Malfa and Ferruccio Parri, formerly members of the Action Party (PdA), moved to the PRI. La Malfa would be appointed as minister in several of the following governments.

At the 19th congress of the party held in 1947, there were two main inner trends: one, represented by the national secretary Randolfo Pacciardi, supported an alliance with the PCI; the other, led by Giovanni Conti and Cipriano Facchinetti, considered the PCI the cause of the government's lack of efficiency. The latter was to prevail. Carlo Sforza, a Republican, was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the De Gasperi III Cabinet, although only as an independent. Sforza signed the treaty of peace and contributed to the entrance of Italy into the Marshall Plan, NATO and the Council of Europe. The exclusion of left-wing parties from the government in 1947 led the PRI to join the De Gasperi IV Cabinet. Pacciardi refused to take a position as minister. As the PCI became ever closer to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Pacciardi later changed his mind and became Deputy Prime Minister.

The 1948 Italian general election saw the PRI as a solid ally of the DC, but also a reduction of the party's share to 2.5%. In the following years, the strongest party faction was that of La Malfa, who refused to participate to the DC-led governments until 1962.

In 1963, the party voted in favour of the first centre-left government in Italy led by Aldo Moro. Pacciardi, who had voted against, was expelled and founded a separate movement, Democratic Union for the New Republic (UDNR), whose electoral result were disappointing and whose members had largely returned to the PRI by the late 1960s (although Pacciardi, who received much criticism at this time for his association with coup plotters and neo-fascists, did not come back until after the UDNR was disbanded in 1980). La Malfa was elected national secretary in 1965. The alliance with the DC ended in 1974 when the Republicans left over disagreements on budgetary policy.

Pentapartito age
In 1979, La Malfa received by President Sandro Pertini the mandate to form a new government. It was the first time for a non-DC member since the Italian Republic had been created. The attempt failed and a new government led by Giulio Andreotti was formed, with La Malfa as Deputy Prime Minister, but he suddenly died five days later. In September, the PRI chose Giovanni Spadolini as national secretary and Bruno Visentini as president. The following twelve years, first under Spadolini and then under La Malfa's son Giorgio, saw the PRI as a stable member of the so-called Pentapartito, an alliance between the DC, the PSI, the PRI, the Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) which governed Italy from 1983 to 1991. The PRI abandoned the coalition in 1991 in disagreement with the Mammì bill (named after Oscar Mammì, a Republican) on telecommunications.

In June 1981, Spadolini became Prime Minister of Italy (the first non-Christian Democrat to do so following 1945) and formed a five-party government, the Spadolini I Cabinet. Under Spadolini, an urgent decree outlawing all secret lodges, such as Propaganda Due (which included numerous members of previous governments and of military forces), was approved. The Spadolini II Cabinet fell in November 1983 due to a strife between Beniamino Andreatta (DC) and Rino Formica, Ministers of the Treasury and Finances respectively.

At the 1983 Italian general election, the PRI gained its best result ever (5.1%) thanks to Spadolini's popularity after his stint as Prime Minister and became the third largest party after the DC and the PCI in several Italian cities, notably including Turin. Spadolini was Minister of Defence from 1983 to 1987 under Bettino Craxi (PSI). Following the 1987 Italian general election, Spadolini was elected president of the Senate (an office he would retain until 1994) and was replaced by Giorgio La Malfa as party leader.

Diaspora and re-organisation
The early-1990s Tangentopoli scandals destroyed the party which fell under 1% of the vote, making it dependent on alliances with other parties to survive under the new electoral system based on plurality. In 1992–1994, the PRI lost most of its voters and members. The party was divided in three groups: one led by Giorgio La Malfa joined the Pact for Italy, a second one led by Luciana Sbarbati joined Democratic Alliance (AD) and a third group left the party and formed Republican Left (SR). At the 1994 Italian general election, some PRI members including Sbarbati were elected to the Italian Parliament from the list of AD while Carla Mazzuca were the sole elected with the Segni Pact. At that time, the party seemed quite finished.

Many Republicans, including Jas Gawronski, Guglielmo Castagnetti, Alberto Zorzoli, Luigi Casero, Denis Verdini, Piergiorgio Massidda and Mario Pescante, left the PRI in order to join Forza Italia. Others, mostly affiliated to SR, including Giorgio Bogi, Stefano Passigli, Giuseppe Ayala, Andrea Manzella and Adolfo Battaglia, approached with the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and finally merged into the Democrats of the Left (DS) in 1998. Others, notably including Enzo Bianco and Antonio Maccanico, joined Democratic Union (UD), The Democrats (Dem) and finally Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL). The party continued to exist under the leadership of La Malfa, who had been elected MEP for the ELDR Group at the 1994 European Parliament election in Italy and who worked hard to re-organise the party, welcoming back people such as Sbarbati who had left it in the wake of the 1994 general election.

From Prodi to Berlusconi
From 1996 to 2001, the PRI was part of The Olive Tree centre-left coalition led by Romano Prodi. At the 1996 Italian general election, the party elected two deputies (Giorgio La Malfa and Luciana Sbarbati) and two senators (Antonio Duva and Stelio De Carolis) thanks to the alliance with larger parties. Duva and De Carolis switched to the DS soon after the election, but during the legislature the PRI was joined by three more deputies elected with other parties: Gianantonio Mazzocchin, Giovanni Marongiu (both former DS members) and Luigi Negri (a former member of Lega Nord and Forza Italia). The Republicans were very disappointed by the five years of government of the centre-left and soon became critical supporters of the Prodi I Cabinet as part of The Clover, a centrist parliamentary alliance with the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI) and the Union for the Republic (UpR). The Clover was responsible for the fall of the D'Alema I Cabinet in December 1999.

At the 2001 Italian general election, the party formed an alliance with Silvio Berlusconi's House of Freedoms and got one deputy (Giorgio La Malfa) and one senator (Antonio Del Pennino) elected. This led two left-wing groups to secede from the party: the European Republicans Movement (MRE), led by Luciana Sbarbati; and the Democratic Republicans, led by Giuseppe Ossorio. The PRI took part to Berlusconi's governments and La Malfa was appointed Minister of European Affairs in the Berlusconi III Cabinet.

At the 2006 Italian general election, Nucara and La Malfa were elected on the Forza Italia's lists for the Chamber of Deputies while the party decided to run under its own banner for the Senate in some regions, obtaining little more than 0.1% of the vote. Del Pennino was elected senator on Forza Italia's list.

At the 2008 Italian general election, the PRI got two deputies elected in the list of The People of Freedom (PdL): La Malfa and Nucara. At time, the party had 12,000 members.

Re-unification and recent events
The common battle in Parliament against electoral reform favoured a reconciliation between the MRE and the PRI. During the third congress of the MRE in February 2009, the two parties signed a joint declaration under which despite their different coalition allegiances, the two parties pledged to join forces in Parliament on some key issues such as civil liberties and freedom of research. In October, a joint committee was installed in order to reach an agreement of re-unification between the two parties. By February 2011, the MRE and Ossorio's Democratic Republicans reunited with the PRI.

Another split loomed when La Malfa voted against the Berlusconi IV Cabinet and was suspended from the party in December 2010. Moreover, La Malfa along with Sbarbati (MRE) took part to the foundation of the New Pole for Italy (NPI) instead. In May 2011 La Malfa was finally expelled from the party. In June 2011, Del Pennino, who had been a PdL candidate in 2008, returned to the Senate after the death of a PdL senator. In January 2012, Ossorio replaced a Democrat in the Chamber and joined the PRI sub-group. In the 2013 Italian general election, the PRI contested the election locally as a stand-alone list and obtained negligible results.

In December 2013, Nucara resigned from secretary after more than twelve years at the top. He was replaced by two successive coordinators, Saverio Collura (from March 2014, when Nucara was contextually elected president, to December 2015) and Corrado Saponaro (from January 2016).

In the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy, the PRI supported the European Choice electoral list, which won 0.7% of the vote and failed to elect any MEPs. In April 2016, the party joined forces with Act!, a splinter group from Lega Nord led by Flavio Tosi, whose sub-group in the Mixed Group of the Chamber of Deputies was named Act!–PRI. After Enrico Costa's entry in August 2017, the sub-group was renamed Act!–PRI–Liberals.

In the run-up of the 2018 Italian general election, Saponaro was elected secretary and an alliance with the Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA) was formed. The PRI–ALA list, which was composed of only Republican candidates, presented its slates in one third of the constituencies and obtained 0.1% of the vote.

In 2019, Giorgio La Malfa was welcomed back into the party's fold. The PRI was part of More Europe (+E) at the 2019 European Parliament election. In 2020, the PRI formed a pact with Action (A), a political party led by Carlo Calenda. In the 2020 Marche regional election, the PRI allied with the centre-right; this caused the European Republicans Movement to again split away from the Party to pursue an alliance with the centre-left.

In 2021 Carlo Cottarelli, a former director of the International Monetary Fund, was chosen by the PRI, A, +E, the Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy (ALI), and The Liberals to head of a scientific committee designed to elaborate of a joint political program. On the occasion of the 2022 Italian general election, the PRI, after having joined Civic Commitment (an electoral list led by Luigi Di Maio within the centre-left coalition) for a few days, joined forces with the Action – Italia Viva, which ran outside the two main electoral coalitions. The splitaway MRE opted to join the Democratic and Progressive Italy coalition instead.

In 2024 the PRI formed a federative pact with Action.

Popular support
Throughout the Kingdom of Italy, the Republicans along with the other party of the far left, the Italian Radical Party, were strong especially among the rural workers in Romagna, in the Marche and around Rome. In the 1890s, they suffered from competition with the Italian Socialist Party for the single-seat constituencies of Emilia-Romagna, where both parties had their heartlands. However, at the 1900 Italian general election the PRI won 4.3% of the vote (7.3% in Lombardy, 9.6% in Emilia-Romagna, 15.0% in the Marche, 9.6% in Umbria and 7.2% in Apulia) and 29 seats from several regions of Italy, including also Veneto and Sicily, where they had some local strongholds. After that, the Republicans were reduced almost to their power base in Romagna and Northern Marche, where the party had more than 40% and where most of their deputies came from. That was why the party, which was little more than a regional party, lost many seats when proportional representation was introduced in 1919.

At the 1946 Italian general election, despite competition from the Action Party, which had a similar constituency and regional base, the PRI won 4.4% of the vote, with peaks in its traditional strongholds: around 21% in Romagna (32.5% in Forlì and 37.3% in Ravenna), 16.4% in the Marche (26.6% in Ancona and 32.9% in Jesi), 11.0% in Umbria and 15.2% in Lazio. However, the PRI soon lost its character as a mass party in those areas (although it retained some of its positions there), as the Italian Communist Party conquered many formerly Republican workers' votes and the party settled around 1–2% at the national level in the 1950s and 1960s.

In the 1970s, under the leadership of Giovanni Spadolini the Republicans gained support among educated middle-class voters, losing some ground in their traditional strongholds, but also increasing their share of vote elsewhere, notably in Piedmont, Lombardy and Liguria, where they became a strong competitor to the Italian Liberal Party for the votes of entrepreneurs and professionals. This led to a gradual recovery in the party's fortunes, which reached their highest peak at the 1983 Italian general election. Spadolini had been Prime Minister of Italy for two years by this point, and the party enjoyed a bounce which led it to the 5.1% of the vote. This time, the PRI did better in Piedmont (7.7%, 10.3% in Turin and 12.8% in Cuneo) and Lombardy (6.9%, 12.3% in Milan) than in Emilia-Romagna (5.1%) and the Marche (4.7%). The party did very well in its local strongholds, such as the Province of Forlì-Cesena (11.3%) and the Province of Ravenna (13.9%).

At the 1992 Italian general election, the last before the Tangentopoli scandals, the PRI won 4.4% of the vote (+0.7% from 1987) and increased its share of vote in the South. With the end of the First Republic, the party was severely diminished in term of votes and retreated to its traditional strongholds and in the South. After that, most Republicans from the Marche left the party to join the European Republicans Movement in 2001, and most Republicans from Campania switched to the Democratic Republicans. The PRI was left only with Romagna (where the local party is affiliated to the centre-left) and its new heartlands in Calabria and Sicily.

At the 2004 European Parliament election in Italy, the party formed a joint list with the new Italian Liberal Party and won 3.8% of the vote in Calabria, 1.0% in Sicily and 1.0% in Apulia. In 2008, the PRI gained a surprising 9.4% in the provincial election of Messina, Sicily. In Romagna, where it always retained its alliance with the centre-left, the party won the 4.2% of the vote in the provincial election of Forlì-Cesena in 2004 and 3.8% in Ravenna in 2006; and 6.1% in the Ravenna municipal election. In the 2011 local elections, the party was almost stable in Ravenna and its province (5.1% and 3.1%, respectively) and in Reggio Calabria and its province (3.1% and 4.1%), but it gained some ground in Naples (1.5%). In the 2012 municipal elections, the party won 6.5% in Brindisi. In 2016, the party won 4.4% in Ravenna.

The electoral results of the PRI in general elections (Chamber of Deputies) from 1897 to 1992 are shown in the chart below.
 * Kingdom of Italy

 * Italian Republic

Leadership (since 1945)

 * Secretary: Randolfo Pacciardi (1945–1949), Oronzo Reale (1949–1964), Oddo Biasini/Claudio Salmoni/Emanuele Terrana (1964–1965), Ugo La Malfa (1965–1975), Oddo Biasini (1975–1979), Giovanni Spadolini (1979–1987), Giorgio La Malfa (1987–1993), Giorgio Bogi (1993–1994), Giorgio La Malfa (1994–2001), Francesco Nucara (2001–2013), Saverio Collura (coordinator; 2014–2015), Corrado De Rinaldis Saponaro (2016–present; 2016–2017: coordinator)
 * President: Oronzo Reale (1965–1975), Ugo La Malfa (1975–1979), Bruno Visentini (1979–1992), Guglielmo Negri (1995–2000), Giorgio La Malfa (2001–2006), Francesco Nucara (2014–2016)
 * Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Randolfo Pacciardi (1946–1947), Cipriano Facchinetti (1947), Cino Macrelli (1947–1948), unknown (1948–1953), Cino Macrelli (1953–1962), Oronzo Reale (1962–1963), Ugo La Malfa (1963–1973), Oronzo Reale (1973–1974), Oddo Biasini (1974–1979), Oscar Mammì (1979–1981), Adolfo Battaglia (1981–1987), Antonio Del Pennino (1987–1993), Giuseppe Galasso (1993), Alfredo Bianchini (1993–1994), Luciana Sbarbati (1994–2001), Giorgio La Malfa (2001–2006), Francesco Nucara (2006–2013)

title: Italian Republican Party


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North River (Tennessee)

The North River of Tennessee is a major tributary of the Tellico River. It rises in the Unicoi Range, which are geologically related to the Smoky Mountains to the north, in Monroe County, Tennessee inside Cherokee National Forest. Its entire course is located in a very scenic, very isolated area; for the vast majority of its length it is parallel by Forest Road 217, also called North River Road, managed by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. It flows very roughly east to west. There is a Forest Service campground located near its confluence with the Tellico, which is located upstream and opposite that of the Tellico's other major tributary, the Bald River.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: North River (Tennessee)


text: User talk:70.240.180.215

title: User talk:70.240.180.215


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Corallus

Corallus, the neotropical tree boas, are a genus of boas found in Central America, South America and the West Indies. Nine extant species are recognized.

Description
All members of this genus are long, slightly flattened laterally and have thin bodies with large heads. They typically have relatively large eyes, although this is less pronounced in the larger species, such as the emerald tree boa, Corallus caninus. The anterior teeth are highly elongated, often being several times the length one would expect for snakes of their size. These are used for penetrating layers of feathers to get a firm grip on birds, their primary prey. All members of the genus are nocturnal and have large numbers of very pronounced thermoreceptive pits are located between the labial scales.

Distribution and habitat
Species in the genus Corallus are found in Central America, South America and the West Indies. In Central America they occur in Honduras, eastern Guatemala through Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. The range of the genus in South America includes Pacific Colombia and Ecuador, as well as the Amazon Basin from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and northern Bolivia through Brazil to Venezuela, Isla Margarita, Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. In the West Indies it is found on St. Vincent, the Grenadines (Bequia Island, Ile Quatre, Baliceaux, Mustique, Canouan, Maryeau, Union Island, Petit Martinique and Carriacou), Grenada and the Windward Islands (Lesser Antilles).

Species
, nine species are recognized in this genus. C. annulatus was formerly treated as a subspecies of C. annulatus but is now treated as a species in its own right.

T ) Type species.
 * ) Not including the nominate subspecies.

Captivity
Two species of Corallus are frequently imported as pets, the Amazon tree boa, C. hortulanus, and the emerald tree boa, C. caninus. Most, if not all, have an aggressive demeanor and will strike readily. Their stunning coloration makes them popular, but their specialized habitat and feeding make them suitable only for advanced keepers. Captive bred specimens are much more docile than their wild caught counterparts.

Extinct species
A fossil species, Corallus priscus, was described in Brazil in 2001.

title: Corallus


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Royal Canadian Hussars

The Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal) (abbreviated as RCH) is an armoured reconnaissance regiment of the Primary Reserve in the Canadian Armed Forces. It is one of the oldest cavalry regiments in North America, tracing a direct history to the Montreal Volunteer Cavalry formed in the late eighteenth century. Its Colonel-in-Chief is Her Royal Highness, the Princess Royal, and its allied regiment is the Queen's Royal Hussars. Its mission consists of supporting the Regular Force in operational deployments, peacetime tasks, and supporting the civilian authorities.

Lineage

The Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal) derives from the Montreal Volunteer Cavalry (formed in the late eighteenth century). The present regiment perpetuates five cavalry units and one armoured unit: the Royal Montreal Cavalry, the 5th Dragoons, the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars (6th DCRCH), the 11th Argenteuil Rangers, the 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars (17th DYRCH), and the 1st Motor Machine Gun Brigade.

The Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal)

 * Originated on 14 November, 1879, in Montréal, Quebec, as the 6th Provisional Regiment of Cavalry.
 * Redesignated on 18 September, 1885, as the 6th Regiment of Cavalry.
 * Redesignated on 20 June, 1890, as the 6th Regiment of Cavalry “Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars”.
 * Redesignated on 1 January, 1893, as the 6th “Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars”.
 * Amalgamated on 1 June, 1901, with the 5th Dragoons and redesignated as the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars.
 * Amalgamated on 15 December, 1936, with the 1st Armoured Car Regiment and redesignated as the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars (Armoured Car).
 * Redesignated on 27 February, 1941, as the 2nd (Reserve) Regiment, 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars (Armoured Car).
 * Redesignated on 1 April, 1941, as the 15th (Reserve) Armoured Regiment, (6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars).
 * Redesignated on 4 February, 1949, as the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars (15th Armoured Regiment).
 * Redesignated on 19 May, 1958, as the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars.
 * Amalgamated on 16 September, 1958, with the 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars and redesignated as The Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal).

5th Dragoons

 * Originated on 30 November 1877, in Cookshire, Quebec, as the 5th Provisional Regiment of Cavalry.
 * Redesignated on 21 May 1886, as the 5th Regiment of Cavalry.
 * Redesignated on 1 January 1893, as the 5th Dragoons.
 * Amalgamated on 1 June 1901, with the 6th "Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars" and redesignated as the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars.

1st Armoured Car Regiment

 * Originated on 1 June, 1919, in Montréal, Quebec, as the 1st Motor Machine Gun Brigade, CMGC.
 * Redesignated on 1 October, 1936, as the 1st Armoured Car Regiment.
 * Amalgamated on 15 December, 1936, with the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars and redesignated as the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars (Armoured Car).

17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars

 * Originated on 1 March 1907, in Montréal, Quebec, as The 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars.
 * Redesignated on 15 July 1912, as The 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars "Argenteuil Rangers".
 * Redesignated on 15 March 1920, as the 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars.
 * Redesignated on 11 February 1941, as the 2nd (Reserve) Regiment, 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars.
 * Redesignated on 1 April 1941, as the 7th (Reserve) Reconnaissance Battalion, (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars).
 * Redesignated on 8 June 1942, as the 7th (Reserve) Reconnaissance Regiment (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars), CAC.
 * Redesignated on 2 August 1945, as the 7th (Reserve) Reconnaissance Regiment (17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars), RCAC.
 * Redesignated on 4 February 1949, as the 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars (7th Reconnaissance Regiment).
 * Redesignated on 19 May 1958, as the 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars.
 * Amalgamated on 16 September 1958, with the 6th Duke of Connaught's Royal Canadian Hussars and redesignated as The Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal).

11th Regiment Argenteuil Rangers

 * Originated on 14 June 1862, in Gore, Quebec, as the 11th Battalion Volunteer Militia Infantry of Canada or Argenteuil Rangers.
 * Later redesignated in the same year as the 11th Battalion of Infantry Argenteuil Rangers.
 * Redesignated on 8 May, 1900, as the 11th Regiment Argenteuil Rangers.
 * Disbanded on 15 April, 1912, and personnel absorbed by The 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars and redesignated as The 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars "Argenteuil Rangers".

War of 1812

 * Canadian Light Dragoons
 * Company of Guides
 * Royal Montreal Troop of Volunteer Cavalry
 * Argenteuil and Vaudreuil Divisions (1812-15)

Pre-Confederation

 * No. 1 Troop, Montreal Cavalry (1855)

Great War

 * 1st Canadian Motor Machine Gun Brigade, CEF

History
Since the amalgamation, the regiment itself has not been involved in any hostilities but has constantly provided individuals to augment the Regular Force in both NATO and United Nations peacekeeping duties as well as domestic operations such as Operation Recuperation during the Ice Storm of 1998.

The regiment received its second guidon on December 3, 1974, the 100th anniversary of regimental status and its 135th year as a Canadian cavalry unit.

From 1986 to 1990, the regiment won the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps Buchanan Trophy (the best armour unit in the Eastern and Atlantic Areas) a total of five times and the Worthington Trophy (the best armour unit in Canada) a total of three times.

In August 1990, the regiment commanded and formed the headquarters and one complete squadron for the first-of-its-kind Militia brigade-level exercise. Exercise En Guard was held at Canadian Forces Base Gagetown and included the four armoured units of Secteur de l'Est (RBSE). Shortly afterwards, in September 1990, the regiment sent a 21-man contingent to Cyprus augmenting the 12e Régiment blindé du Canada on its United Nations peacekeeping tour of duty.

Since 1990 the regiment has deployed troops on UN missions in both Haiti and Bosnia, as well as providing personnel during the Oka crisis and the ice storm of 1998. The unit has also continued to participate in the Noble Lion exercises as part of Land Force Quebec Area. On April 1, 1997, The Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal) became the establishment armoured regiment (tank) for the newly formed 34th Canadian Brigade Group (34 CBG). E organization falls under the command of 34 CBG.

In late 2003, the mission of the RCH was changed to fit the restructuring plan of the Canadian Forces Land Force Command. The troops were converted back to a role of armoured reconnaissance. The regiment comprises two squadrons: B Squadron (combat troops) and C&S Squadron (command and support). On May 1, 2005, the RCH received its third guidon.

In 2007 seven members of the RCH were deployed to Afghanistan as part of Joint Task Force Afghanistan (JTF AFG) Rotation 4, which included approximately 2330 Canadian Forces members from the Quebec region.

From November 2010 to July 2011, six members of the RCH were again deployed in the Kandahar region of Afghanistan as part of the Joint Task Force Afghanistan Rotation 10.

Alliances

 * 🇬🇧 - The Queen's Royal Hussars
 * 🇬🇧 - The Light Dragoons

War of 1812

 * Defence of Canada – 1812–1815 – Défense du Canada
 * The non-emblazonable honorary distinction Defence of Canada – 1812–1815 – Défense du Canada

South African War

 * South Africa, 1900

First World War

 * Mount Sorrel
 * Somme, 1916, '18
 * Flers–Courcelette
 * Thiepval
 * Arras, 1917,  '18
 * Vimy, 1917
 * Hill 70
 * Ypres, 1917
 * Passchendaele
 * Bapaume, 1918
 * Rosières
 * Avre
 * Amiens
 * Scarpe, 1918
 * Drocourt–Quéant
 * Hindenburg Line
 * Canal du Nord
 * Cambrai, 1918
 * Valenciennes
 * Sambre
 * France and Flanders 1915–18

Second World War

 * Italy, 1944–45
 * Caen
 * Falaise
 * The Laison
 * The Scheldt
 * Breskens Pocket
 * The Rhineland
 * The Rhine
 * Emmerich–Hoch Elten
 * Zutphen
 * Deventer
 * North-West Europe 1944–1945

War in Afghanistan

 * Afghanistan

Notable members

 * James Angus Ogilvy, retail store magnate. Donor of the Ogilvy sword, a trophy given yearly to the officer of the year.
 * James Ross (Canadian businessman), notable for his role in the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway; appointed Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of the 17th Duke of York's Royal Canadian Hussars in 1900; was also a governor of McGill University and president of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts.
 * Ben Weider,  businessman, bodybuilder and Napoleonic historian.
 * LGen ELM "Tommy" Burns, served in the regiment. He was Canada's military representative at the UN on disarmament for many years.
 * Lieutenant-Colonel (Retd) Roman Jarymowycz, O.M.M., C.D., Dean and Director of the Militia Command and Staff Course, serving as an instructor for 15 years.
 * Eric Barry

title: Royal Canadian Hussars


text:
1991 NHL entry draft

The 1991 NHL Entry Draft was the 29th NHL Entry Draft. It was held on June 22 at the Memorial Auditorium in Buffalo, New York. A total of 264 players were drafted. The worst team in the previous 1990–91 season, the Quebec Nordiques, was given the first overall pick while the expansion San Jose Sharks held the second overall pick.

The draft was famous for the controversy surrounding star first overall draft pick, touted by some observers to be The Next One, Eric Lindros, who was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques but immediately refused to sign a contract. What followed (in 1992) was one of the biggest trades in NHL history, which the Philadelphia Flyers used to acquire Lindros, in the process trading away future superstar Peter Forsberg.

The last active player in the NHL from this draft class was Ray Whitney, who retired after the 2013–14 season, he also led the entire draft in Games played (1330), as well as Points (1064).

Selections by round
Club teams in North America unless otherwise noted.

Round one

 * 1)  Toronto's first-round pick went to New Jersey as the result of a trade on October 16, 1989 that sent Tom Kurvers to Toronto in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Los Angeles' first-round pick went to Edmonton as the result of a trade on August 9, 1988 that sent Wayne Gretzky, Mike Krushelnyski and Marty McSorley to Los Angeles in exchange for Jimmy Carson, Martin Gelinas, cash, Los Angeles' first-round pick in the 1989 Entry Draft, first-round pick in the 1993 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 3)  Washington acquired this pick with first-round picks in the 1992 Entry Draft, 1993 Entry Draft, 1994 Entry Draft and 1995 Entry Draft as compensation on July 16, 1990 after St. Louis signed free agent Scott Stevens.

Round two

 * 1)  Quebec's second-round pick went to Washington as the result of a trade on June 22, 1991, that sent Mikhail Tatarinov to Quebec in exchange for this pick.
 * Quebec previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on November 17, 1990 that sent Aaron Broten, Lucien DeBlois and Michel Petit to Toronto in exchange for Scott Pearson, Toronto's second-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 1)  Winnipeg's' second-round pick went to St. Louis as the result of a trade on June 17, 1989 that sent Greg Paslawski and St. Louis's third-round pick in 1989 Entry Draft to Winnipeg in exchange for Winnipeg's third-round pick in 1989 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 2)  Philadelphia's' second-round pick went to Montreal as the result of a trade on March 5, 1991 that sent Mark Pederson to Philadelphia in exchange for this pick.
 * 3)  Minnesota's' second-round pick went to San Jose as the result of a trade on May 31, 1991 that sent future considerations (San Jose's promised to Minnesota not to draft Mike Craig in the 1991 NHL Dispersal Draft) to Minnesota in exchange for Minnesota's first-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 4)  Montreal's' second-round pick went to Chicago as the result of a trade on June 29, 1990 that sent Denis Savard to Montreal in exchange for Chris Chelios and this pick.
 * 5)  Vancouver's second-round pick went to Montreal as the result of a trade on March 6, 1990 that sent Jyrki Lumme to Vancouver in exchange for this pick.
 * Vancouver previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade with St. Louis on March 6, 1990 that sent that sent Harold Snepsts, Rich Sutter and Vancouver's second-round pick in the 1990 Entry Draft to St. Louis in exchange for Adrien Plavsic, St. Louis' first-round pick in the 1990 Entry Draft and this pick.

Round three

 * 1)  Minnesota's third-round pick went to Calgary as the result of a trade on March 5, 1991, that sent Marc Bureau to Minnesota in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  The Rangers' third-round pick went to Hartford as the result of a trade on July 7, 1990, that sent Jody Hull to the Rangers in exchange for Carey Wilson and this pick.
 * 3)  Los Angeles' third-round pick went to St. Louis as the result of a trade on November 10, 1989, that sent Brian Benning to Los Angeles in exchange for this pick.
 * 4)  St. Louis' third-round pick was re-acquired as the result of a trade on December 12, 1989 that sent Todd Ewen to Montreal in exchange for future considerations (this pick).
 * Montreal previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade with St. Louis on January 16, 1989 that sent that sent Mike Lalor and Montreal's 1st-rd pick in the 1990 Entry Draft in exchange for St. Louis' 1st-rd pick - 1990 Entry Draft and this pick.

Round four

 * 1)  Winnipeg's fourth-round pick went to Chicago as the result of a trade on December 14, 1990 that sent Mike Eagles to Winnipeg in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Philadelphia's fourth-round pick went to Buffalo as the result of a trade on March 5, 1990 that sent Kevin Maguire and Buffalo's second-round pick in the 1990 Entry Draft to Philadelphia in exchange for Jay Wells and this pick.
 * 3)  Vancouver's fourth-round pick went to Montreal as the result of a trade on January 12, 1990 that sent Gerald Diduck to Vancouver in exchange for this pick.
 * 4)  Buffalo's fourth-round pick went to Los Angeles as the result of a trade on October 4, 1989 that sent Dean Kennedy to Buffalo in exchange for this pick.
 * 5)  Minnesota's fourth-round pick went to Los Angeles as the result of a trade on June 22, 1991 that sent Todd Elik to Minnesota in exchange for Randy Gilhen, Charlie Huddy, Jim Thomson and this pick.
 * Minnesota previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on March 6, 1990 that sent Mike Gartner to the Rangers in exchange for Ulf Dahlen, the Rangers' fourth-round pick in the 1990 Entry Draft and future considerations (this pick).
 * 1)  Los Angeles' fourth-round pick went to Philadelphia as the result of a trade on May 30, 1991 that sent Jeff Chychrun and Jari Kurri to Los Angeles in exchange for Steve Duchesne, Steve Kasper and this pick.

Round five

 * 1)  Philadelphia's fifth-round pick went to Winnipeg as the result of a trade on October 3, 1989, that sent Keith Acton and Pete Peeters to Philadelphia in exchange for future considerations and this pick.
 * Philadelphia previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on September 8, 1989 that sent Mark Laforest to Toronto in exchange for Toronto's seventh-round pick in the 1991 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 1)  Winnipeg's fifth-round pick went to Edmonton as the result of a trade on June 12, 1991 that sent John LeBlanc and Edmonton's tenth-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft to Winnipeg in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Hartford's fifth-round pick went to Minnesota as the result of a trade on June 22, 1991 that sent future considerations (rights to Jukka Suomalainen) to Hartford in exchange for this pick.
 * 3)  New Jersey's fifth-round pick went to Winnipeg as compensation after a trade on September 6, 1990, that sent Laurie Boschman to New Jersey in exchange for Bob Brooke.  However, Bob Brooke refused to report to Winnipeg and retired from hockey.  The trade was changed to this pick.
 * 4)  Detroit's fifth-round pick went to Montreal as the result of a trade on June 15, 1990, that sent Rick Green to Detroit in exchange for this pick.
 * Detroit previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on November 2, 1989 that sent Adam Graves, Petr Klima, Joe Murphy and Jeff Sharples to Edmonton in exchange for Jimmy Carson, Kevin McClelland and this pick.
 * 1)  Washington's fifth-round pick went to Toronto as the result of a trade on January 24, 1991, that sent Paul Fenton and John Kordic to Washington in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  The Rangers' fifth-round pick went to Quebec as the result of a trade on January 17, 1991, that sent Joe Cirella to the Rangers in exchange for Aaron Miller and this pick.

Round six

 * 1)  Detroit's sixth-round pick went to Toronto as the result of a trade on March 5, 1991 that sent Allan Bester to Detroit in exchange for this pick.
 * 2)  Edmonton's sixth-round pick went to Philadelphia as the result of a trade on February 7, 1989 that sent Dave Brown to Edmonton in exchange for Keith Acton and this pick.
 * 3)  Washington's sixth-round pick went to Buffalo as the result of a trade on March 6, 1989 that sent Calle Johansson and Buffalo's second-round picks in 1989 to Washington in exchange for Grant Ledyard, Clint Malarchuk and this pick.

Round seven

 * 1) Winnipeg's seventh-round pick went to Minnesota as the result of a trade on May 30, 1991 that sent Rob Murray and future considerations to Winnipeg in exchange for this pick.
 * 2) Philadelphia's seventh-round pick was re-acquired as the result of a trade on September 8, 1989 that sent Mark Laforest to Toronto in exchange for Toronto's sixth-round pick in the 1991 Entry Draft (later upgraded to a fifth- round) and this pick.
 * Toronto previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on August 28, 1989 that sent the rights to Jiri Latal to Philadelphia in exchange for this pick.
 * 1) Minnesota's seventh-round pick went to Calgary as the result of a trade on May 30, 1991 that sent Steve Guenette to Minnesota in exchange for this pick.

Round eight

 * 1)  Philadelphia's eighth-round pick went to Toronto as the result of a trade on June 16, 1990 that sent Toronto's third-round pick in the 1990 Entry Draft to Philadelphia in exchange for Kevin Maguire and this pick.
 * 2)  Minnesota's eighth-round pick went to Buffalo as the result of a trade on May 26, 1991 that sent Darcy Wakaluk to Minnesota in exchange for Buffalo's fifth-round pick in the 1992 Entry Draft and this pick.
 * 3)  Detroit's eighth-round pick went to Toronto as the result of a trade on February 4, 1991 that sent Brad Marsh to Detroit in exchange for this pick.
 * 4)  Buffalo's eighth-round pick went to Toronto as the result of a trade on December 17, 1990 that sent Brian Curran and Lou Franceschetti to Buffalo in exchange for Mike Foligno and this pick.
 * 5)  Los Angeles' eighth-round pick went to Minnesota as the result of a trade on March 5, 1991 that sent Ilkka Sinisalo to Los Angeles in exchange for this pick.

Round nine

 * 1)  Edmonton's ninth-round pick went to Quebec as the result of a trade on November 10, 1990, that sent Max Middendorf to Edmonton in exchange for this pick.

Round ten

 * 1)  New Jersey's tenth-round pick went to Washington as the result of a trade on June 19, 1989 that sent Peter Sundstrom to New Jersey in exchange for this pick.

title: 1991 NHL entry draft


text:
Little Sequatchie River

The Little Sequatchie River is a 19.6 mi tributary of the Sequatchie River in Tennessee. Unlike its larger namesake, it does not have a spectacular large spring source but is the result of the confluence of many smaller streams in a very remote, scenic area of the Cumberland Plateau along the line between Grundy County and Marion County. It flows down a narrow valley, basically south. Its mouth is near the community of Sequatchie (also rendered "Sequachee").

title: Little Sequatchie River


text:
Talk:CORDIC

Value of K in implentations
The value in the implentation section should really be what it was before someone changed it, 0.607. My comment wasn't correct which may have led to the confusion. The inverse of K is needed to get the true magnitude because all the shifts result in a gain of K = 1.647 which then must be removed to get the true magnitude.

See the article in the references section: http://www.dspguru.com/info/faqs/cordic2.htm
 * "Now, having rotated our complex number to have a phase of zero, we end up with "C = Ic + j0". The magnitude of this complex value is just "Ic" (since "Qc" is zero.) However, in the rotation process, C has been multiplied by a CO

RDIC Gain (cumulative magnitude) of about 1.647. Therefore, to get the true value of magnitude we must multiply by the reciprocal of 1.647, which is 0.607. (Remember, the exact CORDIC Gain is a function of the how many iterations you do."

Addps4cat 19:56, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, the value of K in the implentation is indeed correct. However, the equation for K given in previous edition was wrong, which led to my confusion and my changing of K in the implentation before. K is defined as cos(arctan(2^(-i))), you can simply check that K should be 1/sqrt(1+2^(-2i)), instead of sqrt(1+2^(-2i)) as given before. And by this definition, lim(K)=0.6073, again not 1.647 as given before. I've corrected it and removed the "inv" in the implentation to avoid further confusion. Cdpango 11:16, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I hate to belabor this but I think the definition of K = 1.647 is correct. The 1.647 is a result of the 2^-i shifts (I think). Then you must undo this gain by dividing by K at the end to remove this gain. I've done the algorithm on my computer and you do indeed up with a value K times greater than it should be. For example, if I ignore K, a 90 deg. shift of (1, 0) becomes (0, 1.647). So you indeed must either multiply by inv. K or divide by K to obtain the true result. I'll wait until you respond to this so we don't end up reverting each other's edits. Addps4cat 21:08, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Maybe I've not expressed myself clearly. You indeed needs to multiply 0.6073(or divide 1.647) after the iterations. But the problem is we define K as "product of cos(arctan(2^(-i)))", so its value should be "product of 1/sqrt(1+2^(-2i))", instead of "product of sqrt(1+2^(-2i))", and it approaches 0.6073 when n approaches infinite. On the other hand, the system gain is A="product of sqrt(1+2^(-2i))"=1.647=1/K. I think that you just mixed up A and K. You can check the beignning part of section 3 of the following article, which explains this issue quite clearly. http://www.andraka.com/files/crdcsrvy.pdf It's nice to have a discussion. Best wishes! Cdpango 04:59, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Ahh I see. You are right on all accounts. Thanks for the clarification. Addps4cat 07:03, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

It seems interesting that the gain for the hyperbolic mode (m=-1)
 * $$ K(n) = \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} \sqrt{1 - 2^{-2i}} $$

is quoted in J.S. Walther's paper and in many other places as
 * $$ K = \lim_{n \to \infty}K(n) \approx 0.80 $$

If you run it it seems to converge to :
 * $$ K = \lim_{n \to \infty}K(n) \approx 0.828 $$

Has anyone else ran into this discrepency? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.228.178.91 (talk) 04:35, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

There is no sense to say of the limit of K
 * $$ K = \lim_{n \to \infty}K(n) \approx 0.6072529350088812561694 $$. It is well known, that number of iterations n should be equal the wordlength of the computer. Unlimited n corresponds to unlimited wordlength. But it is very hard to imagine a computer with the unlimited the length of word. Modern computers have 32, 64, 128 bits. Can you imagine the weight and the size of the computer with : $$ \_{n \to \infty}$$ ?

Nonsense!

On the other side, when if the number of iterations is, for example, 32, then the value of K should necessary to evaluate just for n=32. If instead of that we use suggested K=0.6072529350088812561694 (for : $$ \_{n \to \infty}$$) then error would be very big. By the way, coefficient K is not  the Number $\pi$!! For Number $\pi$ the more digits you use, the more precisely result you get. But for K the number n should be exactly equal to the number of iterations. Not more and not less!

--

Mixing i and n
The article mixes in n and i for subscripts and superscripts and it is confusing. n should be used to refer to the total number of iterations while i should refer to the current iteration. This pops up in the beta(n+1) equation. I don't know if I am right so I am hesitant to change it. Maybe someone with a little more experience w/the algorithm can edit it. Addps4cat 20:01, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * *takes a second look at what actually is written*. Hm. You are absolutely correct, it is very unclear and confusing right now. If no one else beats me to it, I'll fix it tomorrow. Henrik 01:59, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Decimal CORDIC
Decimal CORDIC was first suggested by J. E. Meggitt, "Pseudo Division and Pseudo Multiplication Processes", IBM Journal, April 1962

Hermann Schmid and Anthony Bogacki described decimal CORDIC only in 1973.[6]Vladimir Baykov (talk) 19:29, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * And Hewlett-Packard is known to have had decimal CORDIC implemented in 1966 internally.
 * At least the 1983 reprint edition of Schmid's 1974 "Decimal Computation" contains the following sentence on page 162: "So far CORDIC has been known to be implemented only in binary form. But, as will be demonstrated here, the algorithm can be easily modified for a decimal system." with a footnote added reading "In the meantime it has been learned that Hewlett Packard and other calculator manufacturers employ the decimal CORDIC techniques in their scientific calculators." It is unclear, if this footnote was added in the 1983 reprint edition only, or if it is already present in the 1974 edition.
 * Quite interesting, even Jean-Michel Muller's "Elementary Functions - Algorithms and Implementations" (2nd edition, 2006, page 156) can be read as if Hermann Schmid & Anthony Bogacki were the first to suggest decimal CORDIC in their 1973 paper, although he doesn't say so explicitly.
 * I have clarified the WP article accordingly.
 * --Matthiaspaul (talk) 23:24, 20 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Small update: Even the original 1974 edition of Schmid's book contains the above-mentioned footnote, so it must have been a "last-minute" correction in 1974. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 17:58, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Strange statement
Somebody has written: "For most ordinary purposes, 40 iterations (n = 40) is sufficient to obtain the correct result to the 10th decimal place."

Actually the number of iterations for CORDIC must be equal to the wordlength. For example, if the wordlength is 16 there is no sense to do 40 iterations, as said unknown author. In this case the number of iterations must be 16. Not more and not less! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vladimir Baikov (talk • contribs) 08:28, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

I don't fully agree with this. It would be true, if for each iteration the angle adjustment was half the previous adjustment. As anyone can see from the angle table in the article, this is not so. Though the number of bits required can be used as an indication of the number of iterations needed, it is not exact. --89.146.28.90 (talk) 10:52, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

Disputed
I can't figure out who developed it, and the articles creator left us with two choices, hence the "dispute" — siro  χ  o  21:49, Jul 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * I presume by 'it', you mean who is credited with the original development of the algorithm? Andraka says the original work is credited to Volder.
 * Andraka is right, Jack Volder was the first (1959), to say nothing about Henry Briggs (1624).

accuracy
any idea of the accuracy of this algorithm and connections with the number of iterations ? any comparison between this algorithm an some others ? --bloublou 10:58, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

found also in DSP forum from Andraka "Sounds about right. THe worst case angular error after each iteration is the rotation angle of that iteration (which happens if the previous iteration landed exactly on your target angle), so the max error angle is atan(2^-i) after iteration i. Iterations start at 0. The last iteration needed to get an error of less than 0.1 degrees is therefore log2(tan(0.1)) rounded away from zero => 10, and counting from 0 you have 11 iterations to complete not counting your angle reduction." --bloublou 17:23, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

about accuracy

you can have a look at: on page 13 you can see the table contained the formulae of the CORDIC errors. naturally you cant read russian but the formulaes language is international. in this table: n - word length (number of iterations equals to n for sin, cos, OR equals to 2n                            for asin, acos, ln, exp) r - the number of additional bits of the words

and here we say about root mean square errors.

you can find many other ideas incl. cordic accuracy in

Vladimir Baykov

vladimir@baykov.de

Python
Just for the record, here is the souce code in Python programming language

Here is a sample run $ python cordic.py 30 40 K[      39] = 0.607252935009 Sin(30.0) = 0.500000000000 and Cos(30.0) = 0.866025403785

JavaScript
The python code above seems a little complex given that a port of the C implementation to JS can be written like this: var AG_CONST = 0.6072529350; function FIXED(X) { return X * 65536.0; } function FLOAT(X) { return X / 65536.0; } function DEG2RAD(X) { return 0.017453 * (X); } var Angles = [ FIXED(45.0), FIXED(26.565), FIXED(14.0362), FIXED(7.12502), FIXED(3.57633), FIXED(1.78991), FIXED(0.895174), FIXED(0.447614), FIXED(0.223811), FIXED(0.111906), FIXED(0.055953), FIXED(0.027977) ]; var X; var Y; var TargetAngle; var CurrAngle; var Step; X = FIXED(AG_CONST);        /* AG_CONST * cos(0) */ Y = 0;                      /* AG_CONST * sin(0) */ TargetAngle = FIXED(28.027); CurrAngle = 0; for (Step = 0; Step < 12; Step++) { var NewX; if (TargetAngle > CurrAngle) { NewX = X - (Y >> Step); Y = (X >> Step) + Y;     X = NewX; CurrAngle += Angles[Step]; } else { NewX = X + (Y >> Step); Y = -(X >> Step) + Y;     X = NewX; CurrAngle -= Angles[Step]; } } print('CORDIC: ' + FLOAT(TargetAngle) + ' ' + FLOAT(Y) + ' ' + FLOAT(X) + '\n' ); print('FP: ' + FLOAT(TargetAngle) + ' ' + Math.sin(DEG2RAD(FLOAT(TargetAngle))) + ' ' + Math.cos(DEG2RAD(FLOAT(TargetAngle))) + '\n' );

86.152.208.199 00:55, 19 February 2007 (UTC)richmoore44@gmail.com86.152.208.199 00:55, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Strange
It seems a little strange that Volder should publish his first paper describing the CORDIC in the IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, September 1959 and in the very same journal Daggett publishes his work on CORDIC. I reckon Daggett was peer reviewing for the journal and stole some ideas!! But seriously had Volder written an earlier or paper or were the two actually working together? Graemec2 07:46, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Both... ;-)
 * Volder conceived and wrote about CORDIC in 1956 already, but this was an internal report only. Daggett was a co-worker of Volder.
 * --Matthiaspaul (talk) 01:05, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

Numerical value
A note regarding numerical approximation: Since this is an reference work, it is foolish to assume a few digits would suite everyone. In fact, the first digits are listed on J. M. Muller, page 134. -- Ylai 08:49, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Additional note: It is even more strange to ask for source for the additional digits, while the initial approximation is technically. unsourced itself. Not everybody calculates with single or double precision hardware only. -- Ylai 08:51, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Not so strange, since almost anybody can easily verify up to about 14 digits. More than that requires much more specialized skill, or a good reference.  However, also note that having more digits will not enable one to implement a CORDIC that accurate; one would also have to have trig functions that accurate to generate the needed angles.  So the additional digits are really quite pointless, aren't they? Dicklyon 08:56, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopedia, not a implementation manual. Constants are interesting themselves just for their mathematical interest.

 * In the other issue of precision, it is true, but not the reason you gave. Higher precision arithmetics usually are implemented on hardware with multipliers and square root circuitry, and then the quadratically converging AGM becomes more efficient. -- Ylai 08:59, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * About verifying, just type in Mathematica:

 * gives you the result on J.-M. Mueller, "Elementary functions", p. 134. The author probably used Maple, but it is certainly not difficult. Most commercial Fortran Compiler also supports REAL*16. -- Ylai 09:03, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't happen to have Mathematica nor a Fortran compiler handy, but I take your point. If you'd like to put the number back again, please do add the reference. Dicklyon 09:05, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Implementation in C
About the following edit:

01:00, 2 January 2007 Dicklyon (Talk | contribs) (→Implementation in C - remove section, as the algorithm is not useful either pedagogically or practically in this form)

C is more known than MATLAB. Please allow the example at least here. Thanks. :) 130.83.161.82 08:39, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

This is copied from history:

The following is a C implementation of CORDIC using floats. Beta is the input angle in radians. We start with vector v = (1,0).

External Link Removed
I have removed the following external link as it appears to be broken: http://www.dspguru.com/info/faqs/cordic2.htm If it comes back or someone can find the new URL (if there is one) - please update it.194.72.120.131 (talk) 11:20, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I removed five dead links from "external links":
 * CORDIC information
 * The CORDIC Algorithm
 * USENET discussion
 * Another USENET discussion
 * Usenet discussion about CORDIC
 * --Matthiaspaul (talk) 23:05, 20 January 2016 (UTC)

What is the difference between NOTES and REFERENCES?
I don`t understand what is the difference between NOTES and REFERENCES? I guess it would be better ALL LITERATURE state in the chronological order! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.99.136.28 (talk) 13:41, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

 * The distinction is not universally followed, but ideally Notes are clarifications and References are sources. —Tamfang (talk) 23:48, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

(Co)Processors using Cordic
The Motorola 68000 Floating Point Coprocessor, the MC68881, internally uses CORDIC. The MC68882 does as well and improves on its predecessor by generating a result step on each clock edge (doubling the speed). I think the 6809's Floating Point ROM M6839 also uses CORDIC as it was developed by the same engineers, before they worked on the 68000's co-processor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.107.147.56 (talk) 20:28, 8 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Of course, this can be included, but we need reliable references. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 01:06, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

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inefficient implementation
This is not the main purpose of the page (although the main reason of existence of CORDIC is efficient computation of tric functions), but IMHO it's unreasonable to do "beta = beta mod pi" by recursively adding or subtracting pi! It requires a recursion of depth > 1000 if you call it with beta = 5000 which is not an extremely large value! (In addition, you get rounding errors from performing more than 1000 additions of pi.) A simple "mod" instruction should really be preferred. — MFH:Talk 13:42, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree. It gets even worse than that: the main purpose of CORDIC is to avoid multiplications and divisions in the main loop, while all implementations so far that I seen do several of these in each iteration, they do 2**-i in main loop instead of precomputing it, etc. The implementations provided suck way more than you realize. :)
 * WhyYouAskMe (talk) 17:18, 8 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I came here to mention this - the article discusses a lot how the algorithm avoids the need for hardware multiply, but all the implementations use multiplication to more closely match the maths. I would prefer to see them use the appropriate shifts or ldexp and remove all uses of multiplication (with comments showing what the now somewhat obscured code is is doing).  -- Axman6 (talk) 06:19, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

Bury the lede
CORDIC
 * and closely related methods
 * known as:
 * pseudo-multiplication
 * and
 * pseudo-division
 * or
 * factor combining''

As such, they all belong to the class of shift-and-add algorithms. In computer science, CORDIC is often used to implement floating-point arithmetic when the target platform lacks hardware multiply for cost or space reasons.
 * are commonly used
 * when no hardware multiplier is available
 * (e.g. in simple microcontrollers and FPGAs).
 * as the only operations it requires are
 * additions, subtractions, bitshift and lookup tables.

I just added the last sentence quoted above. It partially duplicates the first sentence above (grammatically exploded), but 95% of readers will barely notice this, as their parse recursion is already busy dropping the factoids embedded in the first sentence into the buffer-overrun bit bucket. — MaxEnt 13:25, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

More Formalized can't be the algorithm
The More Formalized section of this article uses sin and cos in the rotation matrix to develop the ability to calculate sin and cos. 174.63.44.188 (talk) 02:28, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

 * oh nvm I didn't read the bitshift implementation >.< 174.63.44.188 (talk) 02:34, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:CORDIC


text:
Talk:Halo (optical phenomenon)

Wanna use my photo?
We had a full moon + halo last night, and I managed to capture a couple of pretty good photos of it: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrseb/6489285591/in/photostream/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrseb/6489238209/in/photostream/

I have no idea if anyone wants to use them for this section -- but by all means, if you do, tell me and I'll go ahead and upload them. MrSeb (talk) 15:55, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Solar halo in the sky of Guwahati,Assam on 15th June 2021 Rinmonta (talk) 14:43, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

Deletion of section on 'airplane glory'
In the version I'm looking at, there is a section on the "airplane glory", with the following explanation: "The second component is a halo which is created by the body of the airplane refracting the different wavelengths of light from the Sun before they strike the water droplets in the cloud below and are reflected back to the observer creating the illusion of a rainbow halo around the shadow." Unfortunately, this is nonsense. The glory is the result of preferential backscattering of light by small cloud droplets in the direction close to (but not at) 180 degrees from the light source. It would be present even without the body of aircraft. It depends on wave properties of light and can't be explained by refraction and internal reflection alone (unlike the rainbow). In any case, because 'airplane glory' is not a distinct phenomenon from 'glory', for which a reasonably correct and self-contained page already exists, I have deleted the section on 'airplane glory' and referred readers to the main 'glory' page Gpetty 19:35, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

I've replaced the original image with one from the same NOAA collection that has a much clearer halo. I hope I'm not stepping on any toes by doing this. Also, the original image wasn't properly thumbnailed (probably due to the linking to the NOAA photo library). I've thumbed this one and put the links in the full image, with a "(NOAA)" in the caption. The images are public domain works of the US Government but according to the photo library site, credit is required/requested. Finally, I can't find if there is a prohibition against showing people on Wikipedia (the identity of the individual used to block the sun's glare isn't listed with the image) -- if so, please go ahead and delete. --Neurophyre 21:49, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Halo types
A while back sun dog and sun pillar were merged into this page and made redirects (or in the case of sun dog, a disambiguation page with text that didn't make it obvious that there was more information at this page). Recently a user came along and started adding new information about sun dogs to the disambiguation page.

Because there are so many types of halos, eventually if people start adding more information about them and pictures, this page is going to get rather unwieldy and it would be better for each distinct type of halo to have its own page and this page be a general description of a halo with wikilinks to the various types, sort of like what is done on optical phenomenon. I'm not going to revert the merging now because it's not bad as it stands, but I wanted to post this note here for future reference. Neurophyre 22:03, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

---

This page should perhaps describe the generalities of ice halo formation. I.e. Sunlight refracted and reflected through atmospheric ice crystals of hexagonal prism or pyramidal shape, the importance of crystal alignment, clouds and ice fog harbouring such crystals, frequency of occurrence and halo types.

Individual halos can then have separate entries where their properties may be described in more detail and with a link to the general entry. 24 Nov 2006

Isn't Selene a Greek name rather than Latin?

Is Halo Really Greek? just wondering because Im taking a greek class and I never heard it or saw it ina dictionary. maybe you should recheck that. --Harlequin12 14:40, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Objectless Halo
Is it possible for there to be a Halo without any kind of object in the center?

For some reason, when I was around ten or 12 (I forget.), there was a giant halo in the night sky, but there was no Moon with it. (There might of been stars, I don't remember.)

So I'm just wondering. - Jigsy 18:29, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

I checked out the etymology of the word Halo. Halo is actually an English word derived the Latin word halo meaning "radiant or golden circle," it also has other etymological roots from both the Greek and Hebrew language meaning "illumination", but also "radiance".--Infopro101 02:02, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Double Cartwheel, 6 Sundogs & 360° Kern Arc
In the autumn of 1964, on the campus of the University of Richmond, VA, as the sun set, I observed the following: a 22° halo from horizon to horizon; a 46° halo from horizon to horizon; a light pillar extending about 60° above the sun; a parhelic circle extending at least 60° north and 60° south from the sun; six sundogs where the spokes of the double cartwheel crossed the two halos; and a complete 360° degree Kern arc. Each of the six sundogs was nearly as bright as the sun, itself; I recall them as circular and compact with distinct edges. The halos were nearly as colorful as the best rainbows; they were uniform in thickness and brightness from horizon to horizon. The Kern arc, likewise, had good color saturation; it was uniform, to my eyes, all the way around; the sky in the middle of the Kern arc was dark blue.

A photograph posted at http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/kern.htm comes close illustrating what I saw. I do not recall the Kern arc being brighter on the western side, as shown in the photo; so perhaps I did not witness a CZA at that time. The light pillar that I saw was much more distinct, with sharp edges, extending beyond the 46° halo.

Onerock (talk) 22:41, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Gallery cleanup
The gallery should be replaced with real article text (since WP is an encyclopedia, not a gallery). Quite a few of the images are really interesting, but only if the accompanying text explains what optic features they exhibit, and possibly also why. The images that are added for beauty only shouldn't be here: a link to wikimedia commons with such a gallery should be a sufficient replacement, commons is the proper place for beauty without explaining texts. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 14:27, 9 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I cleaned. The remaining ones have features that are interesting and needs elaborate descriptions. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 14:35, 9 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Removed due to lack of descriptions. Once pertinent descriptions are available, they may be reinserted into the article, instead of a gallery. Andreba (talk) 05:55, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

"Halo" vs "Corona"
The final section "Circular halo" claims that a 22 degree halo is known as a corona. However, according to the corona page coronas are caused by diffraction and change colour blue to red radially, whereas the 22 degree halo page says that halos are caused by refraction and proceed red to blue radially. It seems unlikely to me then that 22 degree halos should be "also known as coronas". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.189.188.213 (talk) 15:50, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

 * You are correct: this is absolutely wrong. Halos and coronas are two completely different atmospheric phenomena. I will change it. Drabkikker (talk) 15:27, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

"Halo" Can Also Be a Sign of Degenerative Eye Disease
Halos, as an "optical phenomenon", as the article is titled, can also occur when an individual is experiencing a degeneration of their eye or eyes due to disease or injury. A disambiguation link at the top of the article (to a new article on "medical halos" or a title like that) should be added, or instead a section could also be added to this article about "medically caused halos". 76.89.69.224 (talk) 17:47, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

Gallery
At the moment there is quite some redundancy in the gallery, containing several pictures that are more or less the same in appearance. I don't think any more should be added, at least not of the 22° halo. Drabkikker (talk) 09:44, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

Nimbus, icebow, gloriole?
It's been on this page for ages, but what sources do we actually have stating that a halo is "also known as a nimbus, icebow or gloriole"? "Nimbus" and "gloriole" may be synonyms of a saint's halo, but I've never come across those terms in relation to atmospheric halos. Any suggestions? Drabkikker (talk) 21:21, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I have been wondering the same thing, and no sources in my know refer to "atmospheric halo" by any of these alternate names. I think it's better if we just remove the outlandish (yet unsourced) claims for now. And if someone does come up with a reliable reference and backs it up (though it's rather unlikely), we know what to do. But as for icebow, there is this Dailymail reference, especially to 22 degree halo. The name seems to be a portmanteau (correct me if I am incorrectly using this linguistic jargon) of ice and rainbow. Inimesh (talk) 02:12, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the backup! Okay, I'll remove the passage then. As for "icebow": yup, that's exactly what a portmanteau is.:) It's understandable how someone would come up with that term, but apart from being unsourced, it would seem a bit misleading as it implies a close connection to rainbows. Drabkikker (talk) 05:12, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. Yeah, the word "icebow" is quite of a misnomer. Inimesh (talk) 05:25, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

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Who was Bottlinger?
Who was Bottlinger of the Bottlinger rings? (full name, date of birth, etcetera...). DannyCaes (talk) 09:38, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

"Halo (optical phenomenon" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halo_(optical_phenomenon&redirect=no Halo (optical phenomenon] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 04:36, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Halo (optical phenomenon)


text:
Howick house

The Howick house is a Mesolithic site located in Northumberland, England. It was found when an amateur archaeologist noticed flint tools eroding out of a sandy cliff face near the village of Howick. Investigations found a circle of substantial post holes with charcoal stains in their bases, a number of smaller stake holes, some angled in from outside a hollow, and inside the house a number of shallow hearths filled with charcoal, burnt nutshells and some fragments of bone. Radiocarbon dating of the charred hazelnut shells established that the building was constructed about 7600 BC and occupied for about 100 years, which led to the find being called "Britain's oldest house". This title was disputed in 2010 when the discovery of the even older 'house-structure' at Star Carr in North Yorkshire was announced. Some of the hearths showed signs only of nut roasting, and the numbers of shells suggested that food was cooked here in quantity, perhaps to preserve it for times of scarcity. Together with the very substantial construction shown by the size of post holes, this led to the view that the house was occupied permanently rather than being used on a transient or seasonal basis as expected during the Mesolithic period. Charred hazelnut shells have been found at several other sites from this period, including Cramond, but their smaller stake holes were interpreted as remains of a temporary encampment.

The interpretation that this was a permanent residence for hunter-gatherers is supported by analysis that Howick is a place where natural resources would have allowed all-year-round occupation. Its coastal position provided animals, flint for tools, wood for construction and fuel, fish, seals, sea birds and their eggs, shellfish and a nearby source of fresh water that was available at the time of occupation. Many sites from this time are coastal, but the particular circumstances found here and the evidence of ceremonial ritual from the site at Star Carr in Yorkshire, only 100 miles away, are interpreted as indicating that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were capable of establishing permanent settlements.

title: Howick house


text:
Pushkinskaya Square

Pushkinskaya Square or Pushkin Square (Пу́шкинская пло́щадь) is a pedestrian open space in the Tverskoy District in central Moscow. Historically, it was known as Strastnaya Square (Страстная площадь) before being renamed for Alexander Pushkin in 1937.

It is located at the junction of the Boulevard Ring (Tverskoy Boulevard to the southwest and Strastnoy Boulevard to the northeast) and Tverskaya Street, 2 km northwest of the Kremlin. It is not only one of the busiest city squares in Moscow, but also one of the busiest in the world.

The former Strastnaya Square name originates from the Passion Monastery (Страстной монастырь, Strastnoy Monastery), which was demolished in the 1930s by the Soviet regime.

At the center of the square is a statue of Pushkin, funded by public subscription and unveiled by Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoyevsky in 1880. In 1950, Joseph Stalin had the statue moved to the other side of the Tverskaya Street, where the historic Passion Monastery had formerly stood. On 5 December 1965, Glasnost Meeting, the first spontaneous public political demonstration in the Soviet Union after the Second World War, took place here. In January 1990, the first McDonald's restaurant in Soviet Union and largest one in the world at that time opened here.

title: Pushkinskaya Square


title: File:Beatles19671970.jpg


text:
HMS Knaresborough Castle (K389)

HMS Knaresborough Castle (K389) was a Castle-class corvette of the Royal Navy, built under the 1943 War Programme, and named after Knaresborough Castle in Yorkshire, England.

She was ordered on 19 January 1943, launched at Blyth Shipyard in Blyth, Northumberland on 29 September 1943 and completed on 5 April 1944. She was scrapped at Glasgow in March 1956. The ship's bell hangs in St John's Church of England Primary school in Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, England.

In World War II she served as a convoy escort.

In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.

title: HMS Knaresborough Castle (K389)


text: Category:Elections in Hungary

title: Category:Elections in Hungary


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Vampyr

Vampyr (Vampyr – Der Traum des Allan Gray) is a 1932 gothic horror film directed by Danish director Carl Theodor Dreyer. The film was written by Dreyer and Christen Jul based on elements from J. Sheridan Le Fanu's 1872 collection of supernatural stories In a Glass Darkly. Vampyr was funded by Nicolas de Gunzburg who starred in the film under the name of Julian West among a mostly non-professional cast. Gunzburg plays the role of Allan Gray, a student of the occult who enters the village of Courtempierre, which is under the curse of a vampire.

Vampyr was challenging for Dreyer to make as it was his first sound film and was required to be recorded in three languages. To overcome this, very little dialogue was used in the film and much of the story is told with title cards like a silent film. The film was shot entirely on location and to enhance the atmospheric content, Dreyer opted for a washed out, soft focus photographic technique. The soundtrack was created in Berlin where the characters’ voices, sound effects, and score were recorded.

Vampyr had a delayed release in Germany and opened to a generally negative reception from audiences and critics. Dreyer edited the film after its German premiere and it opened to more mixed opinions at its French debut. The film was long considered a low point in Dreyer's career, but modern critical reception to the film has become much more favorable with critics praising the film's disorienting visual effects and atmosphere.

Plot
On a late evening, Allan Gray arrives at an inn close to the village of Courtempierre and he rents a room to sleep. Gray is awakened suddenly by an old man, who enters the room and leaves a square packet on Gray's table; "To be opened upon my death" is written on the wrapping paper. Gray takes the package and walks outside. Shadows guide him to an old castle, where he sees the shadows dancing and wandering on their own. Gray also sees an elderly woman (later identified as Marguerite Chopin) and encounters another old man (later identified as the village doctor). Gray leaves the castle and walks to a manor. Looking through one of the windows, Gray sees the lord of the manor, the same man who gave him the package earlier. The man is suddenly murdered by gunshot. Gray is let into the house by servants, who rush to the aid of the fallen man but it is too late to save him. The servants ask Gray to stay the night. Gisèle, the younger daughter of the now deceased lord of the manor, takes Gray to the library and tells him that her sister, Léone, is gravely ill. Just then they see Léone walking outside. They follow her, and find her unconscious on the ground with fresh bite wounds. They have her carried inside. Gray remembers the parcel and opens it. Inside is a book about horrific demons called vampyrs, who can force humans into submission. By reading the book, Gray realizes that Léone is the victim of a vampyr.

The village doctor visits Léone at the manor, and Gray recognizes him as the old man he saw in the castle. The doctor tells Gray that a blood transfusion is needed and Gray agrees to donate his blood to save Léone. Exhausted from blood loss, Gray falls asleep. Meanwhile, the oldest of the servants of the manor also reads the book and learns that a vampyr can be defeated by driving an iron bar through its heart. Gray wakes up sensing danger and rushes to Léone's bedside, where he surprises the doctor as he is attempting to poison the girl. The doctor flees the manor, and Gray finds that Gisèle is gone. Gray follows the doctor back to the castle, but before reaching it he has an out-of-body experience and sees himself being dead and buried by Marguerite Chopin and the doctor. After he returns to his own body, he sees the old servant heading to Marguerite Chopin's grave. They open the grave and find the old woman perfectly preserved. They hammer a large metal bar through her heart, killing her. The curse of the vampyr is lifted and Léone suddenly recovers.

The ghost of the lord of the manor appears to the doctor, chasing him away from his house and killing the soldier who was helping him. Gray rescues Gisèle, who was held tied up. The doctor hides in an old mill, but finds himself locked in a chamber where flour sacks are filled. The old servant arrives and activates the mill's machinery, filling the chamber with flour and suffocating the doctor. Gisèle and Gray cross a foggy river by boat and find themselves in a bright clearing.

Cast

 * Nicolas de Gunzburg (credited as Julian West ) as Allan Gray, a young wanderer whose studies of occult matters have made him a dreamer. Gray's view of the world in the film is described as a blur of the real and unreal.
 * Rena Mandel as Giséle, Léone's younger sister and the daughter of the Lord of the Manor. Giséle is kidnapped by the Village Doctor late in the film.
 * Sybille Schmitz as Léone, Giséle's older sister, who is in thrall to the vampire and finds her strength dwindling day by day.
 * Jan Hieronimko as the Village Doctor, a pawn of the vampire, Marguerite Chopin. He kidnaps Giséle late in the film.
 * Henriette Gérard as Marguerite Chopin, the vampire, an elderly woman whose hold extends beyond her immediate victims. Many villagers, including the village doctor, are her minions.
 * Maurice Schutz as the Lord of the Manor, Giséle and Léone's father who offers Gray a book about vampirism to help Gray save his daughters. After his murder, he returns briefly as a spirit and takes revenge on the village doctor and a soldier who had helped Marguerite Chopin.
 * Albert Bras as an Old Servant, a servant at the manor house. After the death of his master, he finds Gray's book on vampirism and, aided by Gray, ends the vampire's reign of terror.
 * N. Babanini as his Wife
 * Jane Mora as a Nurse
 * Georges Boidin as the Limping Soldier

Development
Director Carl Theodor Dreyer began planning Vampyr in late 1929, a year after the release of his previous film The Passion of Joan of Arc. The production company behind Dreyer's previous film had plans for Dreyer to make another film, but the project was dropped which led to Dreyer deciding to go outside the studio system to make his next film. Being Dreyer's first sound film, it was made under difficult circumstances as the arrival of sound put the European film industry in turmoil. In France, film studios lagged behind technologically with the first French sound films being shot on sound stages in England. Dreyer went to England to study sound film, where he got together with Danish writer Christen Jul who was living in London at the time. Dreyer decided to create a story based on the supernatural and read over thirty mystery stories and found a number of re-occurring elements including doors opening mysteriously and door handles moving with no one knowing why. Dreyer decided that "We can jolly well make this stuff too". In London and New York, the stage version of Dracula had been a large hit in 1927. Dreyer and Jul created a story based on vampires which Dreyer considered to be "fashionable things at the time". Vampyr is based on elements from J. Sheridan Le Fanu's In a Glass Darkly, a collection of five stories first published in 1872. Dreyer draws from two of the stories for Vampyr, one being Carmilla, a lesbian vampire story and the other being The Room in the Dragon Volant about a live burial. Dreyer found it difficult to decide on a title for the film. It may have initially been titled Destiny and then Shadows of Hell. When the film was presented in the film journal Close Up it was titled The Strange Adventure of David Gray.

Pre-production
Dreyer returned to France to begin casting and location scouting. At the time in France, there was a small movement of artistic independently financed films, including Luis Buñuel's L'Âge d'Or and Jean Cocteau's The Blood of a Poet which were both released in 1930. Through Valentine Hugo, Dreyer met Nicolas de Gunzburg, an aristocrat who agreed to finance Dreyer's next film in return for playing the lead role in it. Gunzberg had arguments with his family about becoming an actor, so he created the pseudonym Julian West, a name that would be the same in all three languages that the film was going to be shot in.

Most of the cast in Vampyr were not professional actors. Jan Hieronimko, who plays the village doctor, was found on a late night metro train in Paris. When approached to act in the film, Hieronimko stared blankly and did not reply. Hieronimko later contacted Dreyer's crew and agreed to join the film. Many of the other non-professional actors in the film were found in similar fashion in shops and cafés. The only professional actors in the film were Maurice Schutz, who plays the Lord of the Manor, and Sybille Schmitz, who plays his daughter Léone. Many crew members of Vampyr had worked with Dreyer on his previous film The Passion of Joan of Arc. Returning crew members included cinematographer Rudolph Maté and art director Hermann Warm.

The entire film was shot on location with many scenes shot in Courtempierre, France. Dreyer and his cinematographer Rudolph Maté contributed to the location scouting for Vampyr. Dreyer left most of his scouting to an assistant, who Dreyer instructed to find "a factory in ruins, a chopped up phantom, worthy of the imagination of Edgar Allan Poe. Somewhere in Paris. We can't travel far." In the original script, the village doctor was intended to flee the village and get trapped in a swamp. On looking for a suitable mire, the crew found a mill where they saw white shadows around the windows and doors. After seeing this place, they changed the film's ending to take place at this mill where the doctor dies by suffocating under the milled plaster (the mill is a Plaster Mill).

Filming
Vampyr was filmed between 1930 and 1931. By having everything be shot on location, Dreyer believed it would be beneficial to lending the film the feel of a dream-like ghost world as well as allowing them to save money by not having to rent studio space. Dreyer originally wanted Vampyr to be a silent film, as it uses many elements of the silent era such as title cards to explain the story. Dialogue in the film was kept to a minimum. For the scenes with dialogue, the actors mouthed their lines in French, German and English so their lip movements would correspond to the voices that were going to be recorded in post-production. There is no record of the English version being completed. The scenes in the chateau were shot in April and May 1930. The chateau also acted as housing for the cast and crew during the filming. Life in the chateau was unpleasant for them as it was cold and infested with rats. The church yard scenes were shot in August 1930. The church was not an actual church, but a barn with a number of tombstones placed around it. This set was designed by the art director Hermann Warm.

Critic and writer Kim Newman described Vampyr's style as closer to the experimental features such as Un Chien Andalou (1929) than a "quickie horror film" made after the release of Dracula (1931). Dreyer originally was going to film Vampyr in what he described as a "heavy style" but changed direction after cinematographer Maté showed him one shot that came out fuzzy and blurred. This washed out look was an effect Dreyer desired, and he had Maté shoot the film through a piece of gauze held three feet (.9 m) away from the camera to re-create this look. For other visuals in the film, Dreyer found inspiration from the fine arts. Actress Rena Mandel, who plays Gisèle, said that Dreyer showed her reproductions of paintings of Francisco Goya during filming. In Denmark, a journalist and friend of Dreyer, Henry Hellsen wrote in detail about the film and the artworks it appeared to draw on. When being asked about the intention of the film at the Berlin premiere, Dreyer replied that he "had not any particular intention. I just wanted to make a film different from all other films. I wanted, if you will, to break new ground for the cinema. That is all. And do you think this intention has succeeded? Yes, I have broken new ground". The filming of Vampyr was completed in the middle of 1931.

Post-production
Dreyer shot and edited the film in France and then brought it to Berlin where it was post-synchronized in both German and French. Dreyer did the audio work at Universum Film AG, as they had the best sound equipment available to him at the time. Most of the actors did not dub their own voices. The only voices of the actors that are their own in the film are of Schmitz and Gunzburg. The sounds of dogs, parrots, and other animals in the film were fake and were created by professional imitators. Wolfgang Zeller composed the film's score and worked with Dreyer to develop the music.

There are differences between the German and French releases of the film. The character Allan Grey is named David Gray for the German release, which Dreyer attributed to a mistake. The German censors ordered cuts to the film that still exist today in some prints. The scenes which had to be toned down include the doctor's death under the milled flour and the vampire's death from the stake. There are other scenes that were included in the script and shot that do not exist in any current prints of Vampyr. These scenes reveal the vampire in the factory recoiling against a shadow of a Christian cross as well as a ferryman guiding Gray and Gisèle by getting young children to build a fire and sing a hymn to guide them back to the shore.

Dreyer had prepared a Danish version of the film which was based on the German version with Danish subtitles and title cards. The distributor could not afford to have the title cards completed in the manner they appear in the German version, which were instead finished with a more simple style. The distributor also wanted to make the pages in the book shown in the film as plain title cards which Dreyer did not allow, saying that "the old book is not an text in the ordinary sense, but an actor. Just as much as the others."

Release
The premiere of Vampyr in Germany was delayed by UFA, as the studio wanted the American films Dracula and Frankenstein to be released first. The Berlin premiere was on 6 May 1932. Here, the audience booed the film, which led to Dreyer removing several scenes following the first showing. The film was distributed in France by Société Générale de Cinema, who previously distributed Dreyer's 1928 film The Passion of Joan of Arc. The Paris premiere was in September 1932 where Vampyr was the opening attraction of a new cinema on the Boulevard Raspail. At a showing of the film in Vienna, audiences demanded their money back. When this was denied, a riot broke out that led to police having to restore order with night sticks. When the film premiered in Copenhagen, Denmark in March 1933, Dreyer did not attend.

In the United States, the film premiered with English subtitles under the title Not Against the Flesh. Castle of Doom, an English-dubbed version, edited severely as to both the film continuity and the music track, appeared a few years later on the roadshow circuit. Dreyer soon had a nervous breakdown and went to a mental hospital in France. The film was a financial failure.

Critical reception
Andrei Tarkovsky considered it a masterpiece and named it one of the 77 essential works of cinema.

Press in Europe ranged from mixed to negative. The press in Germany did not like the film. At the Berlin premiere, a film critic from The New York Times wrote: "Whatever you think of the director Charles [sic] Theodor Dreyer, there is no denying that he is 'different'. He does things that make people talk about him. You may find his films ridiculous—but you won't forget them...Although in many ways [Vampyr] was one of the worst films I have ever attended, there were some scenes in it that gripped with brutal directness". Press reaction to the film in Paris was mixed. Reporter Herbert Matthews of The New York Times wrote that Vampyr was "a hallucinating film", that "either held the spectators spellbound as in a long nightmare or else moved them to hysterical laughter". For many years after Vampyr's initial release, the film was viewed by critics as one of Dreyer's weaker works.

More modern reception for Vampyr has been more positive. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 98% based upon a sample of 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Full of disorienting visual effects, Carl Theodor Dreyer's Vampyr is as theoretically unsettling as it is conceptually disturbing." Todd Kristel of the online film database AllMovie gave the film four and a half stars out of five, stating that "Vampyr isn't the easiest classic film to enjoy, even if you are a fan of 1930s horror movies...If you're patient with the slow pacing and ambiguous story line of Vampyr, you'll find that this film offers many striking images" and that although the film is "not exciting in terms of pacing, it's a good choice if you want to see a film that establishes a compelling mood". Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader wrote, "The greatness of Carl Dreyer's [Vampyr] derives partly from its handling of the vampire theme in terms of sexuality and eroticism and partly from its highly distinctive, dreamy look, but it also has something to do with Dreyer's radical recasting of narrative form". J. Hoberman of the Village Voice wrote that "Vampyr is Dreyer's most radical film—maybe one of my dozen favorite movies by any director". Anton Bitel of Channel 4 awarded the film four and a half stars out of five, comparing it to the silent vampire film Nosferatu, stating that it is "lesser known (but in many ways superior)" and that the film is "a triumph of the irrational, Dreyer's eerie memento mori never allows either protagonist or viewer fully to wake up from its surreal nightmare".

In the early 2010s, the London edition of Time Out conducted a poll with several authors, directors, actors and critics who have worked within the horror genre to vote for their top horror films. Vampyr placed at number 50 on their top 100 list.

Home media
Vampyr has been released with imperfect image and sound as the original German and French sound and film negatives are lost. Prints of the French and German versions of the film exist but most of them are either incomplete or damaged. Vampyr was released in the United States under the titles of The Vampire, and Castle of Doom and in the United Kingdom under the title of The Strange Adventures of David Gray. Many of these prints are severely cut, such as the re-dubbed 60-minute English-language Castle of Doom print.

Vampyr was originally released on DVD on 13 May 1998 by Image Entertainment which ran at an abridged 72-minute running time. Image's release of Vampyr is a straight port of the Laserdisc that film restorer David Shepard produced in 1991. The subtitles are large and ingrained due to the source print having Danish subtitles which have been blacked out and covered. This DVD also included the short film The Mascot as a bonus feature. The Criterion Collection released a two-disc edition of Vampyr on 22 July 2008. This edition of the DVD includes the original German version of the film, along with a book featuring Dreyer and Christen Jul's original screenplay and Sheridan Le Fanu's 1872 story "Carmilla". A Region 2 DVD of the film was released by Eureka Films on 25 August 2008. The Eureka release contains the same bonus material as the Criterion Collection discs, but also includes a commentary from director Guillermo del Toro.

In October 2017, Criterion released the film on Blu-ray. This version was made from a new HD digital transfer of the 1998 restoration.

title: Vampyr