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Pegasus Bay

Pegasus Bay, earlier known as Cook's Mistake, is a bay on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, to the north of Banks Peninsula.

Toponymy
Pegasus Bay takes its name from the brig Pegasus, a sealing ship that was sailing from Hobart to London via the sealing islands and was surveying this part of the South Island in 1809. Attempting to sail into Gore's Bay shown on Captain Cook's map between the supposed Island that Cook had named after Banks, the crew discovered a mistake in Cook's chart and found the island was a peninsula connected to the rest of the South Island mainland by a low-lying isthmus. Fortunately they discovered this before trying to pass between the supposed island and the mainland before dark while approaching from the north and were still in about 27 m of water. Captain Chace (or Chase) and his first officer William Stewart, who had also surveyed Stewart Island on the same journey, were reported in the Oriental Navigator in 1816. Charts made of this part of New Zealand from the 1809 survey give the names Cook's Mistake or Pegasus Bay to this large bay.

Maori do not divide this part of the coast in the same way, so there is no equivalent Maori name. However, the sandy beach on the shoreline between the Ashley River and Avon/Heathcote Estuary is known as Kairaki (which is an ancient name of unknown meaning for the Pacific). While a fishing ground to the east of Pegasus Bay is known as Komaka a Te KaiKai a Waro meaning the foodstore belonging to KaiKai a Waro.

Geography
Pegasus Bay lies on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, between the Motunau River and Motunau Island in the north and Banks Peninsula in the south. The bay is nearly 75 km across and 28 km deep, with 37 m of water that gradually shoals to about 11 m or 13 m about 2 km from shore. The northern part of the coast are mostly cliffs, with stony or sandy beaches at low tide. The bay has a sandy beach that runs for about 50 km from about the Waipara River mouth to the Christchurch suburbs of Sumner and Scarborough on Banks Peninsula.

Rivers
Rivers flowing into Pegasus Bay, from north to south, are:
 * Motunau River
 * Waipara River
 * Ashley River / Rakahuri
 * Waimakariri River
 * Avon River / Ōtākaro and Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River via the Avon Heathcote Estuary / Ihutai

Fauna
Other than dolphins including the endemic, endangered Hector's dolphins that regularly live or visit into the waters, whales such as southern right and humpback are known to migrate into the gulf.

Discovery
The Pegasus was the name of the sailing ship which surveyed part of the South Island in 1809. The brig Pegasus was the former Pegaso, captured at the Peruvian port of Trujillo on 28 July 1807 by the British frigate HMS Cornwallis (1805), commanded by Captain Charles James Johnston, during a cruise against Spanish shipping and ports along the coasts of Spanish America. Johnston dispatched Pegaso to Port Jackson, where she arrived at the end of October. Submitted to the Court of Admiralty in Sydney, Pegaso, was condemned as a prize on 24 January 1808 and sold off, renamed Pegasus. A few months later she was acquired by Thomas Moore and in May of that year she was made ready to go on the sealing trade to the southern part of New Zealand. This expedition took place between August 1808 and March 1809, when Pegasus was commanded by Captain Eber Bunker. Pegasus went on a second expedition under the command of Samuel Chase from Port Jackson to London by way of the sealing grounds in southern New Zealand from May 1809 to August 1810: William W. Stewart was first officer and made charts of the New Zealand coast, including Stewart Island, which was subsequently named after him. William Stewart gave Pegasus Bay its name. The captain of the ship, Captain Samuel Chase (not to be confused with his contemporary, Captain Samuel Rodman Chace), lays claim to correcting James Cook's charts by determining that "Banks Island" was in fact a peninsula. As late as 1843, the bay was referred to as Cook's Mistake.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pegasus Bay


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Fred Barnes (performer)

Frederick Jester Barnes (31 May 1885 – 23 October 1938) was an English music hall singer known for his signature song, "The Black Sheep of the Family", which he first performed in 1907. Although popular on stage, Barnes became infamous for his erratic private life and was often named in frequent controversies reported by the press. Openly gay, Barnes retired to Southend-on-Sea and performed in seaside pubs, notably The Cricketers Hotel, Westcliff-on-Sea. Suffering from terminal tuberculosis and alcoholism, Barnes died from coal gas poisoning at the age of 53.

Life and career
Barnes was born at 219 Great Lister Street, Saltley, Birmingham, England. The son of a butcher, Barnes became interested in performing as a result of going to see Vesta Tilley in 1895. Encouraged by the popular pantomime performer Dorothy Ward, he made his debut at the Gaiety Theatre, Birmingham in March 1906, and gave his first notable performance playing the Duke of Solihull in Cinderella at the Alexandra Theatre, Birmingham, the same year. It was while starring in the pantomime that Barnes acquired his first agent and attracted the attention of another Birmingham-born music hall artist, George Lashwood, who, in Fred's own words, 'took me in hand... [placed] at my disposal, free and unasked, the lessons of his long and brilliant career'.

It was following Cinderella's fourteen-week run that Barnes first performed in London, persuaded by fellow cast members, The Eight Lancashire Lads, to travel with them. Upon his arrival, Barnes played the hated first slot on the bills. However, this was to change when he decided to try out a new song which he had written, "The Black Sheep of the Family", at the Hackney Empire in 1907. It was a huge success and was to remain Barnes' most popular song. As Barnes said in his account of his life ('How success ruined me'), his name was 'made in a single night'. With this impressive start to his career he spent the next few years establishing himself. By 1911, he was top of the bill on all of the major circuits and principal boy in a number of pantomimes.

In 1913, his father committed suicide. Two weeks later, Barnes performed at the Birmingham Hippodrome, 'a place full of memories of my father. To this day I don't know how I got through that week'. The Birmingham Gazette of 30 August commented, 'Fred Barnes has this week proved the hollowness of the old saying that an artiste is never appreciated in his own town. He has gone a long way towards packing the house at every performance at the Hippodrome'. Following his father's death, Fred's career continued to improve, and he toured widely, including visits to Australia and South Africa. His other successful songs included "Give Me the Moonlight" (1917) and "On Mother Kelly's Doorstep".

Private life
Barnes was openly gay. In an interview with The Era in 1914, he stated that he had no vacant dates for the next three years and held contracts for the next ten. This was when his personal problems, namely spending and drinking too much, began. He attributed these to dealing with both the death of his father and his newfound success and popularity. The large sums of money he was earning and which he inherited led him to begin spending extravagantly – a habit he found hard to break when he was no longer earning any money. But it was drinking which was to ruin Barnes' career. He missed performances, went on stage incapable of singing or dancing and generally put less and less care into his performances. This led to his being moved to a less and less desirable position on the bill until he was finally back at first turn. Managers grew wary of him and soon his outstanding contracts were paid off and he was without work altogether. He experienced extremes of success and failure, and escaped to London from his father and his father's lifestyle as a young gay man.

Scandal and controversies
In 1924, Barnes was sentenced to a month in jail for driving in Hyde Park while drunk and in a dangerous manner and without a licence. Following the arrest, he was deemed a "menace to His Majesty's fighting forces" (because of the topless sailor who had been travelling with him at the time of the accident), and was banned from attending the Royal Tournament, an annual military tattoo. Despite this, he returned each year and successfully evaded discovery.

Later life and death
By the mid 1930s, Barnes was suffering from tuberculosis. His failing health led him and his lover and manager John Senior to move to Southend-on-Sea. By this time any work consisted of playing the piano in pubs while Senior collected tips. Barnes's rent was paid for by Charles Ashmead Watson, while also funding lighting and clothing costs, as well as giving them a weekly allowance of 30 shillings. Barnes made a number of attempts to return to the stage, most of which were unsuccessful; a final job in the summer of 1938, playing his songs in the Cricketers Inn, Westcliff-on-Sea, restored some of his confidence in his own ability. By the winter of that year, he was told that he had three months to live causing the comedian to commit suicide soon after.

Barnes died at his lodgings in St Ann's Road, Southend-on-Sea, on 23 October 1938. An inquest found that the cause of death was from the effects of coal gas poisoning, though the gas tap had been turned off, and suicide was ruled out.

When the jury at the inquest into Barnes's death commented that Watson had been "wonderful", he replied "He was a great man". Naomi Jacob shared the view, and opined that Watson "had one of the kindest hearts in the world and was a fine artist and no mean dancer". The Era commented on Barnes's "singularly pleasing popularity". His funeral on 2 November 1938, was attended by hundreds of people at St Saviour's Church, Saltley with nearby streets crowded with mourners.

Barnes was free with facts in interviews and in his own account of his life; his numerous publicity stunts which included announcements of his 'near-death' in a fire and a fake marriage. On occasion, he was known to walk around London at the height of his success with a marmoset perched on his shoulder (later, playing the pubs in Southend, he made do with a chicken).

On 18th October 2021 a blue plaque commemorating Fred Barnes was erected by the British Music Hall Society and unveiled by their then President Paul O'Grady, at Barnes' former home in Maida Vale.

title: Fred Barnes (performer)


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Henry John Andrews

Henry John Andrews (23 March 1871 – 22 October 1919) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Andrews was commissioned a temporary lieutenant in the Indian Medical Service as of 30 June 1917 and was promoted temporary captain as of 30 June 1918.

He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire as (temporary Lieutenant), Indian Medical Service; Medical Officer in charge of the Thomas Emery Hospital at Moradabad, United Provinces in the London Gazette of 7 June 1918.

He was 48 years old, and a temporary captain in the Indian Medical Service, British Indian Army during the Waziristan Campaign when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. The citation was published in a supplement to the London Gazette of 7 September 1920 (dated 9 September 1920):

His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the award of the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers: —

The late Temporary Captain Henry John Andrews, M.B.E., Indian Medical Service.

For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty on, the 22nd October, 1919, when as Senior Medical Officer in charge of Khajuri Post (Waziristan) he heard that a convoy had been attacked in the vicinity of the post, and that men had been wounded. He at once took out an Aid Post to the scene of action and, approaching under heavy fire, established an Aid Post under conditions which afforded some protection to the wounded but not to himself.

Subsequently he was compelled to move his Aid Post to another position, and continued most devotedly to attend to the wounded.

Finally, when a Ford van was available to remove, the wounded, he showed the utmost disregard of danger in collecting the wounded under fire and in placing them in the van, and was eventually killed whilst himself stepping into the van on the completion of his task.

He was buried in Bannu Cemetery, and is commemorated on the Delhi Memorial (India Gate).

title: Henry John Andrews


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CASCAR Super Series

The CASCAR Super Series was Canada's premier stock car touring division. It was sanctioned by CASCAR. The series ended after the 2006 season after NASCAR purchased CASCAR, and NASCAR used it as the basis for the NASCAR Pinty's Series.

General Tire served as the series' title sponsor from 1988 to 1990, followed by Budweiser in 1993. Castrol held the naming rights from 1994 to the final season in 2006. A western counterpart called the CASCAR West Super Series began racing in 1992, replacing CASCAR's Hobby Stock division. In addition to being its own championship, the West Super Series conducted combination races with the national series.

Past champions

 * * – All events held at Delaware Speedway

title: CASCAR Super Series


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Greyworld

Greyworld are a collective of London-based artists who create public-activated art, sculpture and interactive installations. Although often varied in their materials, their work is typically subtle and environmentally reflective, often allowing participants the opportunity to play through the work. The following descriptions are of a few selected artworks.

Beginnings
In 1993, Andrew Shoben founded art group Greyworld in Paris. Their goal was to create works that articulated public spaces, allowing some form of self-expression in areas of the city that people can see every day but would normally exclude and ignore. Greyworld are now based in London, with permanent works in many major cities around the world.

Railings (1996)
Their first public work of art was a series of temporary installations, Railings (1996), first created in Paris and widely copied. In each case greyworld took a set of ordinary street railings and tuned them so that when you run a stick or an umbrella along them, rather than making the 'clack-clack-clack' sound as expected, they played The Girl from Ipanema. Often created without permission, several instances of this installation have been removed.

Playground (1999)
Bridge 2, drew on ideas that Greyworld had explored in a previous work of art Playground, installed in the Yorkshire Sculpture Park in the UK. Visitors to the sculpture park stumbled across what looked like a deserted playground with faded markings for mysterious games and benches for spectators. All the elements of the installation, the floor of the playground and the accompanying benches, were sensitised with tiny sensors so that as people crossed the floor they triggered the sound of people playing a game whilst as others sitting on the bench found themselves immersed in the sound of spectators cheering and clapping. The installation is a permanent feature of the sculpture park.

Bridge 2 (2000)
Most of their early installations were sound based. In 2000, they took the Millennium Bridge which spans the Liffey River in Dublin, Ireland, and installed a bright blue carpet across its length. Embedded into the carpet were hundreds of tiny sensors that translated the motion of people crossing the bridge into a vibrant soundscape. One moment it sounded as if people were walking through crunchy snow, the next that they were sploshing through water, or walking across fallen leaves.

The Source (2004)
Although they have built up a rich history of acclaimed works since their formation in 1993, their most celebrated piece so far is probably The Source – a permanent installation for the new London Stock Exchange: A cube of 9×9×9 (729 in total) spherical balls are suspended on cables that run the full 32 metres height of the main atrium of the newly designed building. These spheres, controlled by a computer running Python scripts, can move themselves independently of each other, forming dynamic shapes, characters and fluid-like motions that reflects the nature of the stock market itself. The sculpture opens the market each morning at 8am, with the spheres breaking free from their default cube arrangement to form elegant patterns and shapes.

Throughout the day the sculpture responds to reputable news feed and displays snapshots of the current headlines, written in full height of the atrium. At the end of each day's trading the spheres return to their cubed arrangement, resting on the sculpture's base, and blue lights inside each sphere are illuminated to show the stock market's closing price with an arrow to indicate how the market performed on that particular day. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II unveiled the sculpture on 27 July 2004 and the opening was broadcast to a global audience. The installation is broadcast every morning on television to an estimated global audience of 80 million people. It was nominated for an Interactive BAFTA award in 2005.

Trace (2005)
Trace (2005) is a work created for the maze at Hampton Court Palace, UK. Drawing on its history and on the idea of a maze as a place of furtive conversation and flirtation, Greyworld have created a gentle soundwork that affects the visitors' experience of their journey from entrance to the centre and back again. As visitors pass through the many green corridors of the maze, they are tempted to follow tantalising sounds – a fragment of music, a snatch of laughter, the seductive rustle of fine silks or the whispers of an illicit conversation as it disappears around a corner and into a dead-end. Slowly the sounds weave together in the visitors mind to create a rich tapestry of the other people who have passed through the maze over the centuries and lost themselves in the seductive privacy of its secluded corners.

Bins and Benches (2005)
Later that year they also created Bins and Benches a permanent installation for a public square in Cambridge, UK. It features a group of animated street furniture that roam free, like buffalo, in the urban savannah of their square. When it rains the benches seek shelter under the nearby trees, inviting people to sit on them. As the temperature drops the bins start to shiver and when the sun shines the bins and benches break into song, singing in tight barbershop harmonies. Above all the bins and benches are still functional pieces of street furniture waiting for people to come and sit on them or deposit rubbish in their lids.

Worldbench (2005)
Worldbench (2005) is an installation that uses a park bench to link up locations across the world. It takes an ordinary wooden bench and places it up against a screen, attached to a wall in the school's playground. Reflected on the screen is the mirror image of the bench, disappearing into the distance; but whilst one side of the bench is in South London for example, the other could be in the north of England, or the other side of the world. Four Worldbenches have been created, with many more to be installed around the globe.

Monument to the Unknown Artist (2007)
In 2007, Greyworld launched Monument to the Unknown Artist beside the Tate Modern on London's Bankside. A permanent installation, it garnered the interest of the world's media. At first glance the installation would appear to be a simple bronze statue, dressed in a neck scarf and loose fitting suit. However, the 6 m monument seeks inspiration from passers-by, inviting them to strike poses which he copies, continually changing his form in a light-hearted and mischievous way. The unique sculpture offers an alternative and accessible creative experience for the public, allowing them to create a dialogue with the work of art.

Bloom (2007)
Their installation for a new Fosters and partners development in London's Spitalfields launched in 2007. Occupying the full height of the building's central 10-storey atrium it uses hundreds of flowers, hidden within a seemingly sober column suspended within the space, to allow the building to bloom into life. They respond to the motion of those passing by, opening and closing, thus allowing every viewer interaction and influence over their environment.

Invisible (2007)
In 2006 Channel 4 chose 7 sites across the United Kingdom to be part of The Big Art project. Burnley, East Lancashire was one of seven sites chosen to take part. 15 young people from throughout the region commissioned the artist group Greyworld to create a piece of public art in the town. The artwork, called "Invisible," is a series of nineteen ultraviolet paintings placed around the town center displaying "public heroes" – outstanding local citizens who have left their mark in the town. The glowing paintings are best seen at night time. They appear as the nights grow longer, throughout the year.

Clockwork Forest (2011)
A series of clockwork keys appeared throughout the Ridding Wood trail, in the Grizedale Forest, UK in October 2011. Each key, when turned, generated a music box melody, that can be heard coming from the branches. A permanent work, it was commissioned by the National Forestry Commission.

Trafalgar Sun (2012)
For their most recent artwork, greyworld created a large spherical self illuminated "Sun" which was installed in Trafalgar Square, London for one day only. Weighing 2.5 tons, and using 210,000 watts of power, the Sun illuminated the Square for three hours after sunset.

title: Greyworld


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Tremulant (EP)

Tremulant is the debut EP release by progressive rock band The Mars Volta, released on April 2, 2002, on Gold Standard Labs. Produced by Alex Newport, the EP marks the only appearance of founding bassist Eva Gardner until the release of The Mars Volta's self-titled album in 2022. A remastered version of the EP was released on April 16, 2014.

Recording
Regarding the EP's recording sessions, bassist Eva Gardner stated in 2009, "We were in Long Beach somewhere, and it was a really exciting time because it was just this new music. It was a new project for these guys, so they were almost really excited about it. It was great. We did three songs, and it was so fun for me too because it was the first time I had actually been in a more professional... I had done recordings before, but it was just home studios with friends and stuff. This was a more established group. It was fun to be in a professional studio, and to play with really, really great musicians."

Song information
"Concertina", often regarded as the centerpiece of the EP, is rumoured to be a brutal condemnation of Ben Rodriguez, a former bandmate of Cedric and Omar's from At the Drive-In, whom Cedric and Omar regarded as a sociopath. According to interviews conducted with the band, they held Rodriguez responsible for tormenting Julio Venegas to the point where he committed suicide. The band later re-recorded the song alongside "Eunuch Provocateur". (The re-recording of "Concertina" has yet to surface on an official release, however it can be listened to on YouTube).

The backwards vocals at the end of "Eunuch Provocateur" are the lyrics from the song "Itsy Bitsy Spider". Other backwards vocals in the same song can be heard saying "did mommy or daddy ever have to spank you?". These samples come from an old LP the band used that contained children's songs. Other notable lyrics in "Eunuch Provocateur" include the lines, "Dethroned by the comatorium... de-loused by the comatorium", which foreshadow the Mars Volta's debut full-length album, De-Loused in the Comatorium. Additionally, the title of the EP itself is drawn from the concept story of De-Loused in the Comatorium, referring to the "tremulants", creatures that dwell inside the mind of Cerpin Taxt, the main character.

Production

 * Recorded in Long Beach, California from October to December 2001.
 * Produced by Alex Newport and The Mars Volta.
 * Album production design and layout by Sonny Kay and Omar Rodríguez-López.

Personnel

 * Omar Rodríguez-López – guitar, percussion, electronics
 * Cedric Bixler-Zavala – vocals, percussion
 * Ikey Owens – keyboards
 * Jeremy Ward – sound manipulation
 * Jon Theodore – drums
 * Eva Gardner – bass

title: Tremulant (EP)


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Talk:United Unionist Coalition

The Electoral Commission's Register of Political Parties entry uses the name United Unionist Coalition. If no-one has any objections I'll move the page to there. Timrollpickering 00:01, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:United Unionist Coalition


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Pi Kappa Phi

Pi Kappa Phi (ΠΚΦ), commonly known as Pi Kapp(s), is an American Greek Letter secret and social fraternity. It was founded by Andrew Alexander Kroeg Jr., Lawrence Harry Mixson, and Simon Fogarty Jr. on December 10, 1904 at the College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina. The fraternity has 187 active chapters (168 chartered chapters and 19 associate chapters), and more than 113,000 initiated members.

Pi Kappa Phi's mission statement is "To create an uncommon and lifelong brotherhood that develops leaders and encourages service to others for the betterment of our communities." The fraternity's vision statement is "A future where every Pi Kappa Phi embraces his role as a leader, puts service before self and improves the world around him."

Pi Kappa Phi operates in four entities: Pi Kappa Phi Fraternity, Pi Kappa Phi Foundation, The Ability Experience, and Pi Kappa Phi Properties. Pi Kappa Phi operates its own philanthropy, The Ability Experience (formerly known as Push America), which works with individual chapters to serve people with disabilities. Among the most notable members are Senator Lindsey Graham, former Wisconsin Governor and founder of Earth Day Gaylord Nelson, baseball hall of famer Joe Sewell, social media entrepreneur and actor Jimmy Tatro, politician George Wallace Jr., and several former governors of the states of Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania.

Nu Phi

Pi Kappa Phi was founded in 1904 by Andrew Alexander Kroeg Jr., a 19-year-old senior at the college; Simon Fogarty Jr., a 17-year-old junior; and Lawrence Harry Mixson, a 16-year-old sophomore. All three of the men were from Charleston.

In 1904, the College of Charleston was a small, municipal college. The all-male college was the first municipal college in the country, and the thirteenth oldest educational institution in the United States. The school had a campus literary society called the Chrestomathics, which held activities such as debates. The college's monthly magazine was staffed by the officers of the Chrestomathics, forming the equivalent of a modern-day student government.

The three men set a goal to obtain officer positions within the Chrestomathic Literary Society. At that time, the organization was dominated by the three chapters of national fraternities on campus. All fraternity men were sworn to vote for their candidates, making it virtually impossible for any non-fraternity men to win election.

Kroeg, Mixson, Fogarty, and a group of their friends, all non-fraternity men, began forming an opposition party. Several meetings were held at Mixson's home on Wentworth Street leading to the formation of Nu Phi, which stood for "non-fraternity." The group of 15 men developed an opposing slate and began campaigning. Nu Phi adopted the outline of a hand as its secret symbol. A sketched hand on a classroom chalkboard signified an upcoming meeting. Inside the hand was written the meeting time and the host's last name.

The Nu Phi group assigned a member to kidnap those who might vote for the fraternity ticket on election day. However, the Nu Phi ticket lost the elections. Later, it was revealed that several disloyal members cast their votes for the opposing fraternity slate. Kroeg, determined to see his friends have a chance at winning elections, decided that the only way to gain the influence of the fraternity men on campus was to begin his own fraternity.

Founding
On December 10, 1904, a meeting of the loyal Nu Phis was held at Fogarty's home at 90 Broad Street to establish a new fraternity. There were seven men in attendance at the meeting: Kroeg, Fogarty, Mixson, Anthony Pelzer Wagener, Thomas F. Mosimann, Theodore ("Teddy") Barnwell Kelley, and James Fogarty (Simon's younger brother). All of the original members were students at the college and had grown up together in Charleston.

Wagener, who was a student of Greek and Latin, recommended the letters Pi Kappa Phi and their secret meaning as the official new name of the group. Simon proposed the design of the fraternity's pin, a black enamel diamond with the Greek letters ΠΚΦ engraved in gold with a star and lamp as additional elements. Kroeg was selected as the new chapter's first president, which was termed "Archon", from the Greek term. He then began work on a constitution for chapter. The group quickly set out to recruit new members to its ranks.

On December 10, 1905, the first anniversary of the fraternity's founding, Mixson's mother cooked the men a special dinner in her home to celebrate a successful first year as a fraternity. The fraternity celebrate that date as "Founders Day" with a dinner or a similar ceremony. In 1906 Mixson and Wagener wrote the fraternity's initiation ritual as the "highest ideals of Christian manhood".

Expansion
That same year, the group was offered a charter from another U.S. fraternity. Instead, they chose to expand and create more Pi Kappa Phi chapters. A second chapter Beta chapter, was formed at Presbyterian College on March 9, 1907. Due to a state law banning fraternities at state supported schools, Presbyterian College and the College of Charleston were the only two South Carolina schools where fraternities were allowed. A third chapter was formed at the University of California, Berkeley, Gamma chapter, which was the first chapter of the Fraternity to obtain a house.

Kroeg developed "Articles of Incorporation" and the name Pi Kappa Phi became legally registered in the state of South Carolina on December 23, 1907.

The interest in Pi Kappa Phi within South Carolina was growing despite laws and policies banning fraternities. In 1909, Delta chapter at Furman University formed and operated in secret until state laws changed, allowing fraternal organizations. In 1910, a charter was granted to Sigma chapter at the University of South Carolina and the chapter was operated as the Sigma Club due to the laws banning fraternities.

In modern times, the fraternity is largely considered to be a "southern fraternity," as many of its more notable alumni and chapters are located in the southern states, however the fraternity is expanding and has a growing presence in the northeast, at schools such as Sacred Heart University, the University of Connecticut, the University of New Hampshire, and the University of Maine.

The Star and Lamp
The Pi Kappa Phi Fraternity Journal was begun in 1909, with Henry Wagener as editor. In 1911, the name was changed to The Star and Lamp.

Local chapter misconduct
In 2024, the chapter at the University of Arizona was kicked off campus for several violations. A thorough investigation found the chapter guilty of hazing, alcohol violations (including furnishing alcohol to minors), conduct endangering others, and other state or federal law violations.

In 2022, the chapter at Clemson University was suspended for four years mainly due to hazing. It was reported that pledges acted as servants to members of the fraternity and were often berated and humiliated for various reasons.

On February 11, 2022, members of the Beta Chapter of the fraternity at Presbyterian College were involved in what the school's president called "racist, misogynistic, and hateful behaviors" before a women's lacrosse game vs. Howard University, a HBCU, at the college. After a three month independent investigation, several students were expelled and the fraternity was permanently removed from campus.

In 2021, the chapter at Virginia Tech was removed from campus and lost its national charter after it was determined they were guilty of hazing and causing upwards of $18,000 worth of damage to their on-campus fraternity house.

In 2020, the fraternity at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was put on interim suspension after holding large parties linked to outbreaks of COVID-19 cases. The fraternity at the University of Pittsburgh was also suspended, along with several others, for violating the university’s health and safety guidelines related to COVID-19. Nine students from the fraternity at SUNY Plattsburgh were suspended for violating campus rules and local laws related to alcohol, nuisance, hazing, and endangerment, and the fraternity was issued a cease and desist order that ended its status as an officially recognized student organization.

In 2020, the University of Kansas chapter was shut down after university officials investigated repeated incidents of hazing and illicit drug use. The chapter was expelled from the university for 5 years, ending in the spring of 2026. Similarly, the Iota Psi chapter at Boise State University was suspended for five (5) years following "repeated violations," according to the school.

In 2019, the University of Texas at Austin chapter was shut down after university officials investigated submitted complaints of hazing. This was the second chapter to be shut down at UT, the fraternity having only been re-colonized there about 12 years prior; the first chapter was shut down in 2000 for similar reasons.

In 2019, several members of the fraternity at Texas State University brutally attacked a fellow student they mistakenly assumed was a member of their rival fraternity on campus Phi Kappa Psi, leaving him with a fractured skull and a traumatic brain injury. As a result, the fraternity was placed on suspension, some members faced criminal charges, and the attacked student filed a lawsuit against the fraternity.

In 2017, the chapter at Central Michigan University was suspended indefinitely by the university for failure to adhere to previous sanctions.

In July 2017, the Alpha chapter at the College of Charleston was suspended by the college following a probe investigating allegations of drug and alcohol use, hazing, and the alleged beating of a student. The fraternity is forbidden from recolonizing the campus until Fall 2019.

In November 2017, a Florida State University (FSU) student named Andrew Coffey was found unresponsive the morning after an unaffiliated off campus house party. Coffey, a Pi Kappa Phi fraternity pledge, was given medical treatment in an attempt to resuscitate, but died soon thereafter. After his death, FSU suspended all 58 fraternities and sororities on campus, and banned alcohol from student events.

In 2016, the fraternity at the University of South Florida (USF) was suspended after a 16 year old girl was raped while she was unconscious in the fraternity's house. The girl was visiting the campus and decided to attend the fraternity's house party. A fraternity member confessed to the rape and was arrested. A few months prior to the rape incident at USF, another rape allegation involving the fraternity at Purdue University was reported to the campus police department

In 2016, the fraternity at the Miami University was suspended for multiple hazing and alcohol violations.

In 2016, four fraternity members at Radford University were arrested for hazing.

In 2015, the chapter at Pennsylvania State University was shut down for hazing pledges, alcohol abuse, and disorderly conduct. It was re-colonized in the spring of 2018.

In Spring 2015, the fraternity at the Elon University was kicked off the campus until 2017 for hazing and hosting an unapproved event.

After the death of University of Missouri freshman Jack Lipp at a Pi Kappa Phi fraternity rush party in December 2014, his parents settled for $5 million with the property owner and future developers of the site. The lawsuit, initially filed for negligence in repairing a broken railing, alleged that the property owner was aware of the insecure railing before Lipp's fatal fall. Despite complaints about the balcony's safety, repairs were not scheduled as the property was slated for demolition. The incident occurred during an out-of-control rush party at Pi Kappa Phi fraternity, leading to Lipp's death.

An alleged pledge notebook of Pi Kappa Phi's North Carolina State University chapter was found in Raleigh. It contained numerous racist statements and comments about raping women and girls. The national organization placed the chapter on an interim suspension. NCSU suspended all social events at the chapter that involved alcohol.

A student pledging the California State University, Northridge chapter of Pi Kappa Phi died in the summer of 2014 during a mandatory 18-mile hike in what his family alleges was a hazing ritual. Nineteen-year-old Armando Villa died during the trip to the Angeles National Forest. Villa's family reported that other boys on the hike said they were "left barefoot with very little water to share between the boys, and no cellphones, and to find their way out of the forest." In September 2014, the University announced that the national and local chapters of the Pi Kappa Phi fraternity voted to withdraw permanently from the university. The fraternity is being sued by Villa's family.

In December 2013, two Pi Kappa Phi members were arrested and charged with harassment at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. The fraternity members were retaliating against a former pledge who reported to school officials physical and verbal abuse he experienced while he was seeking to join the fraternity.

In 2012, the fraternity at the University of North Florida was suspended after asking a pledge to vandalize the campus and offering him marijuana.

In 2010, the fraternity at the University of Georgia (UGA) was suspended after a father of a pledge wrote an anonymous letter to UGA's Greek Life Office detailing the abusive hazing rituals his son endured in order to be fully welcomed into the fraternity.

In 2000, the California State University, Chico chapter was dissolved and later permanently banned after the alcohol-related hazing death of freshman student Adrian Heideman. In response to Heideman's death the national chapter created an alcohol-awareness video for distribution to all members, "The Choice Is Yours."

Chapters

As of 2013 Pi Kappa Phi reports having over 113,000 members. Pi Kappa Phi has granted 231 charters, with an average chapter size of 55. There are 168 active chartered chapters plus 19 associate chapters (colonies).

title: Pi Kappa Phi


text:
Waipara River (Canterbury)

The Waipara River is a river in Canterbury in the South Island of New Zealand. The river is about 40 km long, and its catchment area is 726 km2.

The river passes through the small town of Waipara on its 45 km southeastward journey to the Pacific Ocean at the northern end of Pegasus Bay near Amberley.

title: Waipara River (Canterbury)


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Northern Ireland

Untitled
For the record he Electoral Commission Register of Political Parties for Northern Ireland has the following 41 names on it:

 * Alliance - Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
 * Children's Party [The]
 * Common Good [The]
 * Community Awareness Party/ Protecting Children
 * Conservative and Unionist Party [The]
 * Democratic Party [The]
 * Democratic Unionist Party - D.U.P.
 * Europe First
 * Flauntit.Net Internet Party [The]
 * Green Party
 * Labour (Federation of Labour Groups)
 * Liberal Unionist Party
 * National Front
 * New Party [The]
 * New World Socialist Green Party [The]
 * Newtownabbey Ratepayers Association
 * No Candidate Deserves My Vote!
 * Northern Ireland Unionist Party
 * Northern Ireland Women's Coalition
 * Official Monster Raving Loony Party [The]
 * Party for True Democracy
 * People's Progressive Party [The]
 * Progressive Unionist Party of Northern Ireland
 * Real Democracy Party
 * Renaissance Independent Party of Europe [The]
 * Respect - The Unity Coalition
 * SDLP (Social Democratic & Labour Party)
 * Sinn Féin
 * Socialist Environmental Alliance
 * Socialist Party (Northern Ireland)
 * Support The Ulster Hospital
 * Ulster Protestant League [The]
 * Ulster Third Way
 * Ulster Unionist Party
 * United Kingdom Independence Party
 * United Kingdom Unionist Party U.K.U.P.
 * United Unionist Coalition
 * Vote For Yourself
 * Workers Party [The]
 * World
 * Your Party

Timrollpickering 00:07, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Reform UK
This was recently removed by an IP editor without an edit summary. The claim was referenced solely by a Gab post by a random person, and I can find no evidence whatsoever Kathryn Owen or Glyn Hanna have anything to do with Reform UK. Obviously this should have been spotted when it was originally added, and it should definitely stay removed. FDW777 (talk) 21:51, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of political parties in Abkhazia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:24, 29 March 2024 (UTC)


text: User:Air luigi

title: User:Air luigi


text:
Saint John—Rothesay

Saint John—Rothesay (formerly Saint John) is a federal electoral district in southern New Brunswick, Canada. With its predecessor ridings, St. John—Albert and Saint John—Lancaster, the area has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1917.

The district has always included the city of Saint John, and various suburbs and bedroom communities have been added or removed from it over the years. Presently the district also includes the town of Rothesay, the Indian reserve of The Brothers 18, and part of Simonds Parish.

The neighbouring ridings are Fundy Royal and New Brunswick Southwest.

History
Originally, Saint John had a special setup for representation in Parliament. The "City of St. John"  returned one member, while the "City and County of St. John", which included the County of Saint John returned one as well. Between 1872 and 1896, the "City and County" riding elected two Members of Parliament. In effect, the city itself had two or even three Members of Parliament. This practice continued until 1914.

After 1914, the counties of Saint John and Albert were joined. The two existing ridings were merged into a new riding, called "St. John—Albert", that also incorporated parts of King's and Albert riding. The new riding returned two Members of Parliament until 1935.

In 1966, St. John—Albert was abolished when Albert County was moved to the Fundy—Royal riding. A new riding, "Saint John—Lancaster", was created.

Saint John—Lancaster was abolished in the 1976 redistribution, and a new riding with substantially the same boundaries was created and named "Saint John". The City of Lancaster had been amalgamated into Saint John.

In recent years, the Progressive Conservative Party has had the most success in the city: its members were elected in all but four elections since 1953: 1974, 1980, 2004, and 2006. Well-known Members of Parliament from the area include Father of Confederation Samuel Leonard Tilley, former Veterans Affairs Minister Gerald Merrithew and popular former mayor Elsie Wayne.

As per the 2012 federal electoral redistribution, this riding was renamed Saint John—Rothesay and lost a small portion of territory to Fundy Royal.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, the riding will largely be replaced by Saint John—Kennebecasis. It gains Quispamsis from Fundy Royal and loses all of the City of Saint John west of the Saint John River to the new riding of Saint John—St. Croix.

Members of Parliament
These ridings have elected the following members of Parliament:

St. John—Albert 1914–1966
Note: Conservative vote is compared to Government vote in 1917 election, and Liberal vote is compared to Opposition vote. Popular vote is compared to the party's total share of the popular vote in the 1917 general election.

title: Saint John—Rothesay


text:
Ernest McFarland

Ernest William McFarland (October 9, 1894 – June 8, 1984) was an American politician, jurist and, with Warren Atherton, one of the "Fathers of the G.I. Bill". He served in all three branches of government, two at the state level, one at the federal level. He was a Democratic U.S. senator from Arizona from 1941 to 1953 (Majority Leader from 1951 to 1953) before becoming the tenth governor of Arizona from 1955 to 1959. Finally, McFarland sat as chief justice on the Arizona Supreme Court in 1968.

Early life
McFarland was born to William Thomas and Keziah (Smith) McFarland on October 9, 1894, in a log cabin on his family's farm in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, near Earlsboro. When he was eight his family moved to Okemah for a year, before returning to Earlsboro. This had the effect of delaying McFarland's education for a year, for Okemah at that time had no schools. As a result, he graduated from Earlsburg High School in 1914.

After high school, McFarland enrolled at East Central State Normal School in Ada, Oklahoma. He completed the required work for a temporary teaching certificate after one quarter. In late 1914 and early 1915, McFarland taught in a one-room school in Schoolton, Oklahoma, to raise funds for his education. He then returned to East Central and taught mathematics at Ada High School to pay for his education. Meanwhile, he was active in his school's debating societies and began a friendship with Robert S. Kerr, who was a member of the same debate club. McFarland completed his studies at East Central in mid-1915, and left the school with a lifetime teaching certificate.

After East Central, McFarland enrolled at the University of Oklahoma. Working various part-time jobs, he initially studied mathematics with the intention of having a career in education. After a year he changed majors to pre-law. Studying at an accelerated rate, McFarland graduated with a bachelor's degree on June 5, 1917.

Following his graduation, McFarland enlisted in the U.S. Navy soon after the US entered World War I. He entered the military on December 11, 1917, as a seaman second class and was assigned to the Great Lakes Naval Training Station. The climate on the shore of Lake Michigan did not agree with him, and he was admitted to a naval hospital on March 3, 1918, as suffering from pneumonia. McFarland spent the next several months in the hospital dealing with a variety of problems, including pericarditis, emphysema, and pleurisy. It was not until early 1919 that he had recovered enough for a navy medical board to recommend he receive an honorable discharge, which became effective on January 31, 1919.

Early career
After leaving the navy, McFarland returned to Oklahoma for a short time before he decided to move to Arizona. He arrived in Phoenix on May 10, 1919, and after several days found employment at a local bank. Seeing little opportunity for advancement at the bank, he applied to the Stanford University Law School. Before leaving to begin classes, he filed for a 160 acre homestead near Casa Grande. McFarland would later refer to the land as his "jackrabbit farm".

McFarland attended law school for four quarters before he took a break. His parents and younger brother had moved to Arizona. At the time, Stanford recommended all law students to spend a quarter interning at a legal office. Feeling homesick after a year in California, McFarland worked at the Phoenix office of Phillips, Cox, and Phillips. He was legal clerk for future Arizona Governor John Calhoun Phillips.

McFarland was also introduced to a variety of figures within the Arizona political establishment. At the completion of his internship, he returned to Stanford. McFarland completed work on his Juris Doctor in the summer quarter in 1922. In addition, he had completed the class work for a Masters of Arts degree in political science. McFarland was admitted to the Arizona Bar later that year.

Upon graduation from law school, McFarland moved to Casa Grande to "prove up" his homestead claim and open his first legal practice. The Arizona economy was doing poorly, and he found little legal work. He dealt with the lack of work by becoming involved in politics. McFarland worked for George W. P. Hunt's campaign during the 1922 governor's race. After Hunt won the election, McFarland received an appointment as assistant attorney general.

In mid-1924, he returned to Stanford to complete work on his master's degree. Later that year he was elected county attorney for Pinal County. As state law required the county attorney to reside in the county seat, McFarland moved to Florence. He served three two-year terms in that position.

McFarland married Clair Collins on January 1, 1926. The couple had initially met at a Christmas party at Stanford in 1919. They had corresponded after their initial meeting, and by the time McFarland was elected, Collins was working at a teacher at Florence's high school. The couple had a son, William Ernest, in 1927 and a daughter, Jean Clair, in February 1929. William became ill and died several days before his sister's birth, and Jean died two days after her birth.

McFarland's wife suffered from depression following the loss of their two children. She showed signs of improvement in 1930 as the couple expected a third child. The third child, Juliette, was stillborn, and Clare McFarland developed postpartum complications, which led to her death on December 12, 1930.

By February 1930, McFarland represented the state during Eva Dugan's final appeal before her execution, a task that he found very unpleasant. Shortly afterwards, he decided that he was tired of being a prosecutor. Instead, McFarland ran for a seat on the Superior Court in Pinal County but lost the race to the incumbent, Judge E. L. Green, by 1464 to 1358.

Upon leaving office as county attorney, McFarland joined with his chief assistant, Tom Fulbright, to found the law office of McFarland and Fulbright. The practice gained public recognition when McFarland won an appeal that determined Winnie Ruth Judd to be insane, but its primary area of effort was water law.

Despite the success of his legal practice, McFarland still wished to become a judge. He ran a second time in 1934, defeated E. L. Green 2543 to 1542 in the primary, and was unopposed in the general election. In 1935, McFarland was sworn in, and he sat on the bench for the next six years.

As his workload in Pinal County was light, he accepted cases from other parts of the state, which allowed him to sit on the bench in every county in the state and to gain experience in issues in all parts of the state. As a judge, his rulings were well respected, and he was overturned on appeal only three times.

While on the bench, McFarland became romantically involved with a widow, Edna Eveland Smith, who had a young daughter, Jewell. She taught history and mathematics at Florence High School until the couple married in Tucson on June 1, 1939. McFarland also adopted his wife's daughter.

US Senator
McFarland considered a run for a seat in the US House of Representatives following the resignation of Isabella Greenway and was repeatedly encouraged to run for Arizona Attorney General. Realizing that he lacked the resources for a statewide campaign, he did not run for those offices.

During the Senate election of 1940, McFarland counted on voters in Phoenix and Tucson to oppose any candidate from the other city. He toured the state and reacquainted himself to various political leaders he had met during his time on the bench, but he waited to announce his intentions to run. McFarland's late entry did not hurt him, for he won the primary by nearly two-to-one and defeated the incumbent, Henry F. Ashurst. He went on to win the general election and took office in January 1941.

His initial committee assignments were to Indian Affairs, Interstate Commerce, Irrigation and Reclamation, Judiciary, and Pensions. Shortly after arriving in the Senate, Senator Gerald Nye convinced the Senate to create a committee looking into use of propaganda by the radio and motion picture industries. Senator Burton K. Wheeler recommended McFarland be placed on Nye's committee under the assumption the freshman senator "would keep his mouth shut".

Instead of remaining silent, McFarland became an outspoken critic of the committee and pointed out many accusations against films were being made by individuals who had not seen any of the films in question. McFarland gained national attention for his actions on the committee, with most of the nation viewing him favorably.

As a member of the Communications subcommittee, McFarland was involved in hearings dealing with the impact of developments in airmail, radio, telephones, and teletypes to the nation's telegraph services. The US telegraph market was dominated by Postal Telegraph and Western Union. Postal had been borrowing money from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to maintain its infrastructure even though it was becoming obvious that Postal would be unable to pay back the loans. Those dealings with the FCC led McFarland to develop an interest in communications.

McFarland's experience in World War I led him to take an interest in the welfare of the troops during World War II. Arguing that many members of the military had left jobs, families, and schools to fight during the war, McFarland sponsored the G.I. Bill as a means to assisting soldiers and sailors as they transitioned back into civilian life.

McFarland was re-elected to the Senate in 1946 and received an honorary L.L.D. from the University of Arizona in 1950.

In 1950, the Democratic membership of the Senate formed a 12-person team to ensure that at least one member of their party was on the floor of the Senate whenever the Senate was in session. That was done to ensure that the Democratic membership could be called to the floor if ever a vote was to be taken. McFarland was selected leader of the team and found it easier to remain on the floor himself than to find others to take the duty.

During the 1950 election, the two leading candidates for Democratic majority leader lost their re-election bids. With other members of his party appreciative of his efforts, McFarland was encouraged to run for a leadership position in January 1951.

McFarland was selected to be Senate Majority Leader for the 82nd Congress. As majority leader, McFarland hosted a monthly lunch meeting to which he invited all committee chairmen and all freshmen senators. He used the informal setting as a forum to conduct a variety of Senate business.

For two years, McFarland had sat next to Harry Truman while they were both in the Senate. Both men then friends during this time, a situation that made it easy for the Senate Majority Leader to work with Truman after he became president. McFarland believed it was part of his duty as majority leader to inform the president of an accurate view of what his fellow senators felt: "I never hesitated to present views contrary to those of the President in our conferences. As I've said before, I think that too frequently, the President is only told things people think he wants to hear. I would like to emphasize that it is not pleasant to present a view contrary to that of the President in such conferences." He felt that his duties as majority leader were separate from those of representing the interests of his constituents.

He spoke before Appropriations Committee to ask for funds to bring water from the Colorado River to central Arizona. He became an expert on water law because of his efforts on Irrigation and Reclamation Committee. He lost to Republican Barry Goldwater in the 1952 Senate elections. (This was the last time a Senate party leader lost a bid for reelection until 2004, when John Thune defeated Tom Daschle in South Dakota.)

Governor
McFarland was elected governor of Arizona in 1954 and re-elected in 1956. He worked with members of the Bureau of Reclamation to pick a location for the Glen Canyon Dam, and he emphasized education during his two terms in office.

Television venture
Shortly after he returned from the Senate, he bought a 40 percent stake in the Arizona Television Company, a group seeking to build the last VHF commercial television station in Phoenix. McFarland had long been intrigued by the still-new medium.

In 1955, shortly after he had become governor, McFarland and his group opened KTVK, Phoenix's fourth television station. He chose the call letters "because TV would be our middle name." He bought full control of the station in 1977. KTVK was the ABC affiliate for much of Arizona until 1995 and then became one of the nation's most successful independent stations. It remained in the hands of McFarland's family until 1999.

Return to law
McFarland tried unsuccessfully to unseat Goldwater in the Senate elections of 1958. After serving as governor, he returned to his law practice and was elected justice of the Arizona Supreme Court in 1964. He took part in Miranda v. Arizona and served as chief justice in 1968, thus completing a political "grand slam".

Later life
In his mid-1970s, McFarland served as director of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco and president of the Arizona Television Company. He died in Phoenix and is buried in that city's Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery.

Legacy
There is now a monument at the Arizona State Capitol honoring him as the "Father of the G.I. Bill." Also, the McFarland State Historic Park in Florence, Arizona, contains a preserved courthouse and other buildings from when Arizona was just a territory in 1878. McFarland purchased and donated them to the Arizona State Parks Board.

title: Ernest McFarland


text:
Edward Jennings (VC)

Edward Jennings VC (ca. 1820 – 10 May 1889) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
He was approximately 37 years old, and a Rough-Rider in the Bengal Artillery, Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deeds took place at the Relief of Lucknow for which he was awarded the VC: "Elected respectively, under the 13th clause of the Royal Warrant of the 29th of January, 1856, by the Officers and non-commissioned officers generally, and by the private soldiers of each troop or battery, for conspicuous gallantry at the relief of Lucknow, from the 14th to the 22nd of November, 1857."

Legacy
For most of his life Edward Jennings was employed by the local council as a road sweeper and must have fallen on hard times as he sold his Victoria Cross to a private collector. His Victoria Cross is owned by the Royal Artillery and is not on public display.

Edward Jennings VC died on 10 May 1889 and was buried in an unmarked pauper's grave, one of 190,000 bodies interred in Preston Cemetery, North Shields, North East England. In 1997 an appeal was launched to raise the necessary £2000 to place a headstone on Edward Jennings grave. A memorial service at graveside took place on 10 September 1997 to dedicate the new headstone.

title: Edward Jennings (VC)


text:
User:Adrianward

Ade is a creative software developer, and is one third of Clay Interactive Ltd, a young and dynamic design-led company specialising in innovative and exciting interactive software for the heritage, entertainment and commercial sectors.

title: User:Adrianward


text: User:Dpbsmith/sockpuppet

title: User:Dpbsmith/sockpuppet


text: Talk:Wheaton College (Illinois)

title: Talk:Wheaton College (Illinois)


text:
Lake Wakatipu

Lake Wakatipu (Whakatipu Waimāori) is an inland lake (finger lake) in the South Island of New Zealand. It is in the southwest corner of the Otago region, near its boundary with Southland. Lake Wakatipu comes from the original Māori name Whakatipu wai-māori.

With a length of 80 km, it is New Zealand's longest lake, and, at 289 km2, its third largest. The lake is also very deep, its floor being below sea level (−110 metres), with a maximum depth of 420 m. It is at an altitude of 310 m, towards the southern end of the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. The general topography is a reversed "N" shape or "dog leg". The Dart River / Te Awa Whakatipu flows into the northern end, the lake then runs south for 30 kilometres before turning abruptly to the east. Twenty kilometres (12.4 mi) further along, it turns sharply to the south, reaching its southern end 30 km further south, near Kingston. At the north end of the lake is the settlement of Glenorchy, in the north-east corner, and the smaller isolated locality of Kinloch in the north-west corner.

The lake is drained by the Kawarau River, which flows out from the lake's only arm, the Frankton Arm, 8 km east of Queenstown. Until about 18,000 years ago the Mataura River drained Lake Wakatipu. The Kingston Flyer follows part of the former river bed now blocked by glacial moraine. Queenstown is on the northern shore of the lake close to the eastern end of its middle section. It has a seiche period of 26.7 minutes which, in Queenstown Bay, causes the water level to rise and fall some 200 mm.

Lake Wakatipu is known for its scenery and is surrounded by mountains. Two mountain ranges, the Remarkables and the Tapuae-o-Uenuku / Hector Mountains, lie along its southeastern edge. It is a common venue for adventure tourism, with skifields, paragliding, bungy jumping and tramping tracks within easy reach. A vintage steamboat, the TSS Earnslaw regularly plies its waters. Several vineyards are nearby in Gibbston.

Etymology
The full original name of the lake is Whakatipu-wai-Māori. While the lake lacks an official name, it is generally referred to as "Lake Wakatipu".

The name is believed to originate from the Waitaha people, who were later displaced by Kāti Māmoe. Elders from the modern iwi Ngāi Tahu say that while the name Whakatipu is archaic and its original meaning is a mystery, whaka means causative and tipu means growth. Wakatipu could mean "growing bay" if the original was Whakatipu and the h elided as a result of the Southern Māori dialect. The dialect is also known for dropping final vowels. Waka can also mean 'hollow'. Wakatipua or Whakatipua (Canoe/Bay of spirits) have been recorded historically, as has Wakatapu (sacred vessel).

A legend says that the lake bed was formed when a giant ogre, Kopu-wai, was burned while lying asleep, leaving only his heart behind, which according to the same legend is the cause of the rhythmic rise and fall of the lake's seiche. A variation on that is that Wakatipu is a contraction of Waka (trough) and tipua (enchanted giant), the giant was burnt when the surrounding bush was lit and his breathing causes the seiche. Another possibility, if the name was Whakatipu (make grow), is that a defeated group regrew their strength here.

Whakatipu is also the name of another six unrelated geographical features in the South Island, including Tarahaka Whakatipu, the Harris Saddle at the head of the Routeburn Track; Te Awa Whakatipu, the main Dart River / Te Awa Whakatipu flowing into the lake; Whakatipu Katuka, the Hollyford River and Valley; and Whakatipu Kohurangi, Māori Bay in Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere, Marlborough.

Flooding
Lake Wakatipu has experienced periodic flooding affecting the lakeside communities of Kingston, Glenorchy and Queenstown. Notable flooding events include the 1878 Queenstown floods, which affected a large part of the outlying Queenstown and Otago areas, the 1995 Queenstown floods, and most notably the 1999 Queenstown floods, which significantly damaged the Queenstown CBD and road infrastructure resulting in approximately $50 million worth of damage.

Wildlife
Lake Wakatipu is a habitat for the longfin eel (a specimen caught in 1886 is the largest known of this species ), and for introduced brown trout, salmon and rainbow trout. These and other fish support predators such as the pied shag. The black-billed gull is often found around the lake while the most common birds are the black-billed gull and the introduced mallard. A smaller bird often not noticed because of its size is the New Zealand scaup.

Film
Lake Wakatipu doubled as the Scottish Loch Ness in the 2007 film The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep.

The lake was a backdrop for several scenes in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, including Amon Hen.

Television
Lake Wakatipu is the eponymous lake in the murder mystery television series Top of the Lake (2013).

Swimming
The first person to swim the length of the lake was Ben Campbell-Macdonald in 2012. The 81 km solo wetsuit swim from Kingston on the lake's southern point to Glenorchy took 18.5 hours.

title: Lake Wakatipu


text:
File:The Blob (1958) theatrical poster.jpg

Fair use in The Blob
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promote a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.


text:
Talk:Englog

Talk:Englog/Archive 1

Creole
I do not believe it would be right to classify Englog as a creole. Englog, or coño as we call it, is still basically English at its very core, and has shown no signs of structural simplification nor independent innovation.
 * What about the sentence "I'm so init na, make paypay to me naman o." or "I'm so asar na talaga because he did not make punta kasi." 23prootie 21:12, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It could be argued that the second is a case of code-switching rather than of simplification or innovation, as the structures employed in such sentences are fluid and not really fixed or set. As for interjections, referring to the first sentence, these too are used in Chilean Spanish and Canadian English, which still remain dialects of Spanish and English, respectively.
 * I’m removing references to Coño being a creole. According to the Creole language article, a creole:
 * is a well-defined and stable language that originated from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many distinctive features that are not inherited from either parent. All creole languages evolved from pidgins, usually those that have become the native language of a community,
 * and a pidgin, in turn, according to the Pidgin article, has a “simple [grammatical structure],” which Coño doesn’t, apart from it not even having a stable structure to begin with.

Swardspeak section
I have deleted the Gay Lingo section - it is a totally unrelated subject. --Gilgal1 (talk) 03:43, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Hi Gilgal1! andito ka rin pala! - Ertai15 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.60.241.242 (talk) 14:40, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Englog


text:
Brandon University

Brandon University is a university located in the city of Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, with an enrolment of approximately 3,375 (2020) full-time and part-time undergraduate and graduate students. The current location was founded on July 13, 1899, as Brandon College as a Baptist institution. It was chartered as a university by then President John E. Robbins on June 5, 1967. The enabling legislation is the Brandon University Act. Brandon University is one of several predominantly undergraduate liberal arts and sciences institutions in Canada.

The university is a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) and the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU), the Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate (CUSID) and a member of U Sports. Brandon University has a student-to-faculty ratio of 11 to 1 and sixty percent of all classes have fewer than 20 students. The university press, The Quill, is a member of CUP.

History
The university has its origins in the McKee’s Academy, founded in 1890 by the Canadian Baptists of Western Canada (member of the Canadian Baptists of Western Canada).

In 1899, the school was renamed Brandon College. The first principal of the college was A. P. McDiarmid. McKee's Academy, including its building on Rosser Avenue, was merged into the new institution. On July 13, 1900, the cornerstone was laid by Mrs. Davies for the first building of the present campus, at the corner of 18th Street and Lorne Avenue. This and the adjoining Clarke Hall later became Brandon University's administration buildings.

Brandon College, built 1900-01 and the adjoining Clark Hall (1905–06) designed by architect William Alexander Elliott, a 3½-storey brick and stone complex are on the Registry of Historic Places of Canada. At this point Brandon College was a liberal arts college and offered some training in theology, secondary school classes, and a commercial department. A school of music was added in 1906.

The college remained affiliated with McMaster University between 1911 and 1938, and during this time the School of Music granted graduate diplomas in voice and piano.

Class enrolments were reduced during World War I as potential students signed up for military service. More than 200 Brandon College students served in the war; two of these won the Victoria Cross. A platoon from the college joined the Western Universities Battalion in France in 1916.

In 1922 college added a Science Building, and ceased offering commercial courses. Religious studies were integrated into the arts curriculum in 1928. After 1931, the college no longer taught Grade 9, 10, and 11 courses, but Grade 12 Department of Education courses were introduced and continued until 1955.

The Baptist Church ceased financing the institution in 1938 and the college became non-denominational. Funding to keep the college functioning was raised through public subscriptions, by an endowment from A. E. McKenzie, by tax levy from the City of Brandon, and through an annual grant from the government of Manitoba. The college became affiliated with the University of Manitoba; music courses as a credit to BA and BSc degrees were offered, and a Bachelor of Science program was implemented in 1939.

The COTC program was revived at the onset of World War II; once again enrolment dropped, as 234 Brandon College students joined Canada's armed forces. New bursaries and scholarships were introduced. At this point, the college had 14 faculty members and about 100 students. During the late 1940s, the social sciences were introduced.

Brandon College began training high school teachers in 1952, and elementary teachers three years later. The first graduates of the new Bachelor of Training program received degrees in 1971.

As part of a national program to expand universities and colleges, in the 1950s Brandon College increased its enrolment and by 1962 the Arts and Library Building, later named the A. E. McKenzie Building, the J. R. C. Evans Lecture Theatre, the steam plant, Darrach Hall (men's residence), and the dining hall were all completed.

In 1963 the college offered the first B.Mus. program in Manitoba, and the Music Building and Flora Cowan Hall (women's residence) were built. The School of Music developed a conservatory department and offered private tutoring. The Brandon University Gymnasium was opened in 1965.

A Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected in Brandon, Manitoba by the province to commemorate Brandon College's role in Manitoba's heritage.

Brandon University
In 1967 the college attained university status through the Brandon University Act. Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra and the Honourable Angus Ogilvy were present at the presentation of the charter on June 5, 1967, That year The Education Building was opened, and in 1969 the Western Manitoba Centennial Auditorium was opened. McMaster Hall, a ten-storey co-ed residence, was completed in 1971, along with the Jeff Umphrey Memorial Centre for Mental Retardation, which housed a bookstore, bank, and a day centre as well as the research centre on mental disability.

The J. R. Brodie Science Centre began holding classes in 1971, and was opened officially in May 1972, providing facilities for a number of departments: chemistry, physics, botany, zoology, geology, geography, mathematics and computer science, and psychology. In early 1980, the Master of Music Degree Program was set up and in September 1980, the Applied Program began. A Master of Music (Education) program was implemented in 1981. A new music building, officially named in 1984 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as the "Queen Elizabeth II Music Building", was completed in 1985.

In September 1986, Brandon University began offering classes in the Department of Nursing and Health Studies program, providing 2-Year Post-Diploma Baccalaureate Degrees in Nursing and Mental Health. In 1990, the university also offered a major in Business Administration through the Faculty of Arts. A Masters of Education program was set up in 1990, and in 1991 the college offered a minor in Women's Studies in the Faculty of Arts. In 1993, a minor in Aboriginal Art was approved, and in 1996, the 4-Year Bachelor of Science in Psychiatric Nursing was initiated.

Between 1994 and 1997 Clark Hall and the Brandon College Building underwent renovation and reconstruction, with the retention of the original façade; these buildings house faculty and administration as well as classes. In 1997, the college initiated the School of Health Studies and a 4-Year Bachelor of Business Administration. In 1998, a Masters program in Rural Development and a bachelor's program in First Nations and Aboriginal Counselling were launched.

In 1999, the university celebrated its centennial. To mark the occasion, an excavation of the original Prairie College school site was carried out with the help of community members. The Applied Disaster and Emergency Studies program was initiated in the fall of 2001. The Health Studies Complex was opened in September 2003, to house the School of Health Studies and the First Nations and Aboriginal Counselling program. The complex includes a large round room equipped for holding traditional ceremonies performed by First Nations and Métis students.

By 2002, Brandon University had enrolment of 3,098 and a faculty of 220. The next year the Bachelor of Environmental Science program was implemented and a four-year Creative Arts program and the Bachelor of Fine Arts Program were begun. In September 2005 Brandon University's Rural and Community Studies Program expanded from its existing three-year BA program to include four-year honours, four-year major, and four-year minor Bachelor of Arts degrees.

In September 2008, a 17-day strike of the university's faculty took place. Contract negotiations broke down again in the fall of 2011, and a 45-day strike by university faculty members ensued.

In 2013, the university opened a Healthy Living Centre athletics facility, on the site of the former Kinsmen Memorial Stadium. The centre, which includes an indoor walking track, hosts the Bobcats and provides fitness facilities for students, faculty, staff, and the community.

Faculties, schools, departments, and research centres

 * Faculty of Arts
 * Aboriginal and Visual Arts, Anthropology, Business Administration, Drama, Economics, English, Gender and Women's Studies, History, Classical and Modern Languages, Native Studies, Philosophy, Political Science, Religion, Rural Development, Sociology
 * Faculty of Education
 * Administration and Educational Services, Curriculum & Instruction: Humanities, Curriculum & Instruction: Math/Science, Department of Educational Psychology and Foundations, Physical Education, Music Education, Graduate Studies
 * Faculty of Graduate Studies
 * Graduate Diploma in Education, Master in Education, Music Graduate Program, Master of Psychiatric Nursing, Master in Rural Development, Graduate Diploma in Rural Development
 * Faculty of Science
 * Applied Disaster & Emergency Studies, Biology (Botany & Zoology discontinued in 2009), Chemistry, Environmental Science, Geography and Environment, Geology, Mathematics and Computer Science, Physics and Astronomy, Psychology
 * Faculty of Health Studies
 * Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing, Mental Health, Indigenous Health, and Human Services, First Nations and Aboriginal Counselling
 * School of Music
 * Honours (General Studies), Performance, Education, Jazz Studies, Graduate Studies in Performance, Music Education and Composition
 * Research Centres
 * Rural Development Institute (RDI)
 * Environmental Science Laboratories
 * Micro Analytical Facility
 * Study of Cultural Adaptations in the Prairie Ecozone (SCAPE)
 * Brandon University Centre for Aboriginal and Rural Education (BU CARES)

Undergraduate

 * Bachelor of Arts (BA)
 * Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
 * Bachelor of Education (BEd)
 * Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA)
 * Bachelor of First Nations and Aboriginal Counselling (BFNAC)
 * Bachelor of Music (BMus)
 * Bachelor of Nursing (BN)
 * Bachelor of Science (BSc)
 * Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science (BSES)
 * Bachelor of Science in Psychiatric Nursing (BScPN)

Graduate

 * Master of Education (MEd)
 * Master of Music (MMus)
 * Master of Rural Development (MRD)
 * Master in Psychiatric Nursing
 * Master of Science in Environmental and Life Sciences (Msc)

Diplomas

 * Graduate Diploma in Rural Development (GRD)
 * Post Diploma in Mental Health (BScMN)

Programs

 * Brandon University Hutterite Education Program (BUHEP)
 * Program for the Education of Native Teachers (PENT)
 * Community Based Education (CBE)

Defunct programs

 * Brandon University Northern Teacher Education Program (BUNTEP)

Athletics
The university's sports teams in U Sports are called the Brandon Bobcats. Brandon University competes in basketball (men/women) and volleyball (men/women). Brandon University used to field a men's hockey team in the CIAU, however, that ceased in 2000.

In the 2006–2007 academic year, the Bobcats advanced to the Canadian Basketball Finals. They placed second to Carleton University, in a hard-fought 52–49 game.

In 2016, the Bobcats hosted the CIS National Women's Volleyball Championship.

Music
Music students can join the Brandon University Orchestra.

Indigenous
Brandon University provides services in more remote communities. Indigenous Elders are present on campus at Brandon University to provide social support.

Administration

 * Chancellor – Mary Jane McCallum
 * President and Vice Chancellor – David Docherty
 * Provost and Vice President (Academic) – Kofi Campbell
 * Vice President (Administration & Finance) – Scott Lamont

Deans

 * Arts – Balfour Spence (Acting)
 * Education – Heather Duncan
 * Health Studies – Linda Ross (Acting)
 * Music – Greg Gatien
 * Science – Bernadette Ardelli

Student governance
Brandon University students are represented by the Brandon University Students' Union (BUSU). BUSU represents undergraduate, graduate, and distance students. BUSU is a member of the Canadian Federation of Students, local 37.

The current BUSU executive is:
 * President – Olufunke Adeleye
 * Vice President Internal – Vacant
 * Vice President External – Similouwa Omoteye

University chancellors

 * Mary Jane McCallum (2021–Present)
 * Michael Decter (2013–2021)
 * Henry Champ (2009–2012)
 * Edward Schreyer (2002–2008)
 * Kevin Kavanagh (1996–2002)
 * Ronald D. Bell (1991–1996)
 * Stanley Knowles (1970–1990)
 * Maitland Steinkopf (1967–1970)

University presidents

 * David Docherty (2019 –present)
 * Steve Robinson (2017–2019)
 * Gervan Fearon (2014–2017)
 * Deborah Poff (2009–2014)
 * Louis Visentin (2000–2009)
 * Dennis Anderson (1990–2000)
 * John Mallea (1985–1990)
 * E. J. Tyler (1984–1985)
 * Harold J. Perkins (1977–1984)
 * Lloyd Dulmage (1970–1977)
 * R. F. B. King (1969–1970, acting president)
 * John E. Robbins (1967–1969, president Brandon University)
 * John E. Robbins (1960–1967, president Brandon College)
 * H. S. Perdue (1959–1960, acting president)
 * Dr. J. R. C. Evans

Notable alumni

 * Marjorie Beaucage, Métis filmmaker
 * Henry Champ, Canadian broadcast journalist
 * Tommy Douglas, father of medicare and The Greatest Canadian (as voted on by CBC viewers)
 * Stanley Knowles, New Democratic Party Member of Parliament
 * Branden Leslie, Conservative Member of Parliament
 * Frank McKinnon, sports executive and Member of Order of Canada
 * Andy Murray, NHL and Team Canada Head Coach
 * Brian Pallister, Conservative Party of Canada Member of Parliament, Manitoba MLA and Premier of Manitoba
 * Mike Pellicciotti, American politician and Washington State Treasurer
 * H. Clare Pentland, historian at the University of Manitoba
 * Neil Robertson, mathematician known for the Robertson–Seymour theorem
 * John W. M. Thompson, Manitoba MLA and provincial cabinet minister

Scholarships
The university joined Project Hero, a scholarship program cofounded by General (Ret'd) Rick Hillier, for the families of fallen Canadian Forces members.

The Government of Canada sponsors an Aboriginal Bursaries Search Tool that lists over 680 scholarships, bursaries, and other incentives offered by governments, universities, and industry to support Aboriginal post-secondary participation. Brandon University scholarships for Aboriginal, First Nations and Métis students include: Maria Ross Scholarship; Isabelle Douglas Estate Scholarships; Manitoba Blue Cross George J. Strang Scholarship; Gerdau MRM Steel Inc. Annual Scholarship; Donna and Bill Parrish Scholarship for Aboriginal Students; Scotiabank Scholarships for Aboriginal students in financial need; Manitoba Industry, Economic Development and Mines Bursaries in Geology; First Nations Teacher Education Scholarships; Manitoba Citizens' Bursary Fund for Aboriginal Peoples; Louis Riel Institute Bursaries; Manitoba Hydro Employment Equity Bursary.

title: Brandon University


text:
Talk:Esperanto pronunciation

Phonology vs. Pronunciation
A linguistic article on Esperanto phonology would be good. Should we move/retitle this one and edit it further, or start from scratch? --Jim Henry 00:17, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Personally, I think we should have two articles: a quick pronunciation chart (maybe we could rename this article a "chart"), for people who just want the basics, and a true phonology article. For example,  and  behave very much like single consonants in Esperanto, perhaps due to the fact that // and // are single consonants in several of the source languages for Esperanto vocabulary, but this would be unnecessarily confusing for a pronunciation chart. kwami 22:53, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and created a short article, and corrected (some of?) the links. --kwami 22:14, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I saw this after setting up the merge tag, but in any case I don't agree. "Pronunciation" means phonetics and should be under phonology, and phonology can easily include orthography in the case of Esperanto. --Pablo D. Flores 18:16, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I would keep at least two articles. For someone wanting to read the main article to get the gist of Esperanto, but without enough interest (or comfort with linguistics) to read the grammar or three pages of phonology, we should have a quick & easy guide to pronunciation. Perhaps we could add it to the orthography article instead.

 * Yeah, pronunciation means phonetics, but phonetics doesn't necessarily belong under phonology. In any case, the phonology article is getting too long, and there are lots of cases where sub-topics are split off to their own articles.

 * Besides ease of access, the various ASCII schemes in the orthography article have no relevance to phonology or phonetics. But both they and the pronunciation guide are relevant to the basic practicalities of using the language, so I can see lumping them together. --kwami 18:46, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

/v/
Orthographic  isn't necessarily pronounced [v]. It's instead ambiguous, or intermediate between [v] and [w], and often. Many languages have only a single phoneme in this range, and  is intended to accomodate this. Slavs and Germans who don't control [w] may pronounce it [v]; Spaniards and Japanese who don't control [v] may pronounce it [w]. --kwami

diphthongs
The IPA pronunciations of the diphthongs were based on English. I added a little allophony, but since I'm a native English speaker, someone else might want to modify or add to it.

Orthographic , as in ekzemple, is the one place where Esperanto orthography is not phonemic. This is because most people find it difficult to change voicing in the middle of a consonant cluster. Russian <футбол> "futbol" is [fudbol], for example, and <водка> "vodka" is [votka]. Many Esperantists try to pronounce  as [kz], but in practice it usually ends up being a fully voiced [gz].

(The other solution, a fully voiceless [ks], would cause confusion because the sequence /ks/ is already highly frequent. In fact, it was precisely in order to avoid homographs with  in prefixed and compounded words that Zamenhof started using . Evidently he decided that spelling this as  would be too alien to people used to seeing these words with  or  in their native languages, even if they pronounced them [gz] as the Spaniards do.)

Anyway,  is one of those irregular details that throws people first starting out on the language (I know it puzzled me), and I think should be included in the chart. --kwami 23:07, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * We should also note that some people consider egzismo to be substandard usage. I'm not sure I agree with them; it seems like acceptable allophony to me.  But there are a fair number of people who think that way. --Jim Henry | Talk 19:47, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm. The egzismo article states that [kz] in non-compounds isn't habitial for non-Slavs, implying that it is habital for Slavs. However, Russian (and if I remember correctly, Polish and Czech) have complete regressive voicing assimilation of obstruant clusters even in polymorphemic words. [I just changed my examples above.] I can only think that Zamenhof expected  to be pronounced [gz]! --kwami 00:20, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, Polish is the same.  "how" is pronounced [jagʒe]. There are other bits of Polish phonology that show through in Esperanto, such as -ĉj- (Polish <ć>). --kwami 11:48, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

ŭ
Since ŭ doesn't behave like English w, I took out the English equivalent. It's adequately covered in the section on diphthongs. True, it is found as a consonant in a couple words (ŭato "Watt" vs. vato, for example), onomatopoeia, and in foreign names, but v was intended to cover both [v] and [w] in normal vocabulary. --kwami 02:22, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It's a pronunciation guide...
This article in its current form is a very obvious usage guide. Please merge it with any article on Esperanto orthography or redirect it to Esperanto phonology.

Peter Isotalo 14:28, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The ref. you link to doesn't seem to have anything to do with this article. Wikipedia is not:
 * A usage guide, or slang and idiom guide. Wikipedia is not in the business of saying how words, idioms, etc., are used. We aren't teaching people how to talk like a leet cracker or a Cockney chimney-sweep. However, it may be important in the context of an encyclopedia article to describe just how a word is used in order to distinguish among similar, easily-confused ideas, as at Nation or Freedom. In some special cases an article about an essential piece of slang may be appropriate.
 * I fail to see how that's relevant. If pronunciation guides are inappropriate to Wikipedia, then they should be removed from all languages articles. If they are appropriate, then I don't see how it matters whether or not they're split off on their own, except that this makes it easier for the reader. kwami 22:49, 2005 July 14 (UTC)

 * It's telling people how to pronounce Esperanto. Should "usage guide" only apply to vocabulary just because the policy doesn't explicitly say otherwise? Is it that hard to replace "leet cracker or a Cockney chimey-sweep" with "Finnish steelworker or an Arab school teacher"? As far as I can interpret it, the policy supports the idea that we do describe how something is used ("/a/ is usually pronounced [a] but sometimes also [au]"), but does not allow for pronunciation guides (" is pronounced [a]"). What basic difference is there between this and writing cooking instructions in an article on dumplings? And please let's try to stay above "it's useful"-argumentation...
 * Having articles called XXX pronunciation also leaves confusion as to what to include in the article (is it orthography or phonetics?) and of course tends to result in both. It has so far been dealt with by redirecting or moving to proper phonology and orthography articles. I've noticed that a lot of editors working with XXX pronunciation-articles tend to give the impression to the reader that spoken language is bound to writing instead of the other way around.
 * Peter Isotalo 11:27, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * But if a usage guide is moved to Orthography, it's still a usage guide, so I don't follow your point. I'm not trying to be difficult, but don't see how this is different from dozens of other pronunciation guides scattered throughout Wikipedia, both in phonology sections and alphabet articles. You seem to be saying that <x> = /y/ is okay, and /y/ = [z] is okay, but that <x> = [z] is not okay. kwami 11:53, 2005 July 16 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I wasn't too clear on that. I meant that it should be moved and rephrased. Grapheme to phoneme correspondance in an orthography article is nothing I would object to and seems very relevant to me as long as it's kept fairly general in scope. It's also a matter of avoiding very unnecessary (and potentially endless) discussions and lists of the merits of dialectal variations.
 * I know there are plenty of pronunciation guides to be found, but I couldn't possible keep track of all of them, let alone fix them all by myself and all at once. My intention is to get them all divvied up into phonology and orthography eventually.
 * Peter Isotalo 13:28, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, merged with phonology. kwami 13:58, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Esperanto pronunciation


text:
American Merchant Marine Veterans Memorial

The American Merchant Marine Veterans Memorial in John S. Gibson Park, San Pedro, California, was commissioned to honor American merchant marine veterans from all wars. It contains the bronze sculpture Jacob's Ladder by Jasper D'Ambrosi as its centerpiece, and includes a black polished granite memorial wall engraved with the names of merchant seaman lost at sea during time of war. D'Ambrosi designed the memorial in 1986 and it was cast at Arizona Bronze in Tempe, Arizona in 1987. The public art work was dedicated in 1989.

A bronze plaque at the memorial states: "The United States Merchant Marine has faithfully served our country in times of war and peace hauling cargo to every corner of the world. This Memorial is dedicated to those brave men and women of all races, creeds and colors who answered that call to serve."

The sculpture depicts a merchant seaman helping another during a rescue at sea as they climb "a Jacob's Ladder symbolizing the dedication and sacrifices of American merchant marines. It was designed by Jasper D'Ambrosi of Wilmington, California, and cast by his family foundry (Arizona Bronze). Soon after his original design was accepted and before he began the final model, D'Ambrosi died.  In tribute to their father, his two sons, Marc D'Ambrosi and Michael D'Ambrosi, finished the sculpture's model, casting, and installation in 1987.


text:
Talk:Somalian Civil War

NPOV tag
I added the NPOV tag because the article seems a little too matter of fact about using terms such as "failed state" and "no functioning government" with little to no qualifiers. I hope the tag gets someone's attention hopefully the orginal author and this can be fixed, if not I'll come back later and try to help. Arminius 00:27, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It remained broken for two months after this so I redirected it to the history page. --Joy [shallot]

title: Talk:Somalian Civil War