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Melksham

Melksham is a town and civil parish on the River Avon in Wiltshire, England, about 4.5 mi northeast of Trowbridge and 6 mi south of Chippenham. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 18,113.

Early history
Excavations in 2021 in the grounds of Melksham House found fragments of locally made pottery from the early Iron Age (7th to 4th centuries BC). There is evidence of settlement continuing into the later Iron Age and Roman periods, including Roman clay roof tiles.

Melksham developed at a ford across the River Avon. The name is presumed to derive from "meolc", the Old English for milk, and "ham", a village. On John Speed's map of Wiltshire (1611), the name is spelt both Melkesam (for the hundred) and Milsham (for the town itself).

Melksham is also the name of the Royal forest that occupied the surrounding of the area in the Middle Ages.

Landowners
In 1268, Henry III of England gave the manor of Melksham to Amesbury Abbey for the souls of his late cousins Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany and Arthur I, Duke of Brittany.

In 1539 the prioress and nuns of Amesbury surrendered to the king their Melksham estates, which they had held for some 250 years. This property, which consisted of the lordship of the manor and hundred, was in 1541 granted to Sir Thomas Seymour. He then sold it to Henry Brouncker, who also had lands nearby at Erlestoke. At some uncertain date, perhaps about 1550, Brouncker built a residence for himself near Melksham church on the site of an earlier mansion. This was known as Place House.

Three generations of the family lived here: Henry Brouncker the founder, (d.1569), his son, Sir William, and his grandson Henry. On the death of this last Henry, about 1600, it became manifest that the Brouncker estate was heavily encumbered, and in the course of the next twenty or thirty years, all the property was alienated with the exception of Erlestoke, where William Brouncker, the heir, retired with his wife Anne, daughter of Sir John Dauntesey. Meanwhile, Place House was occupied for ten or eleven years by Henry Brouncker's widow and her second husband, Ambrose Dauntesey. After their death, in 1612, the house apparently was occupied by the steward, and afterwards it was conveyed to Sir John Danvers, who married into the family, in 1634. Danvers died in 1655 and the lordship of Melksham passed to his son, who then conveyed the estate to Walter Long the Younger, of Whaddon. The lordship remained in the Long family, who were descended from the first Henry Brouncker, until the early part of the 20th century, having passed to the 1st Viscount Long of Wraxall.

Melksham Bank
An announcement was made in the Bath Chronicle in June 1792 of the establishment of the Melksham Bank by the firm of Awdry, Long & Bruges. In November 1813 the misquoting of part of an advertisement in two London newspapers caused panic amongst the bank customers, many of whom quickly withdrew their money, reportedly causing "some bustle" among the partners of the bank. There was further trouble in 1812, when the bank was listed on a Parliamentary Paper of the House of Commons under the title "Country Banks Becoming Bankrupt".

Moule's bank became the North Wilts Banking Company in 1835, which merged in 1877 to form Capital and Counties Bank. The latter developed a nationwide branch network and was taken over by Lloyds Bank in 1918.

Masonic Lodge
The Chaloner Lodge of Freemasons (no.2644) was named after its first Worshipful Master Richard Godolphin Walmesley Chaloner, 1st Baron Gisborough, who, when not in London, resided at Melksham House. He was the brother of the 1st Viscount Long. The lodge was consecrated on 27 February 1897, with the first meeting scheduled for 4 pm 19 March, held at the town hall. Writing from London while attending his Parliamentary duties as MP for Westbury, he complained that this date was inconvenient due to his having to be at Melton Mowbray to ride in the House of Commons point to point steeplechase the next day. Despite this, the meeting went ahead and Chaloner initiated 13 of the candidates, returning to London overnight by train, getting virtually no sleep before his ride in the steeplechase early the next morning, resulting in him twice falling heavily from his horse. Later while deciding what extra furniture the lodge required, he asked that he have a special footstool, as his chair was high and his feet "dangled unpleasantly".

The Spa
In 1815 the Melksham Spa Company was formed by a group of 'respectable gentlemen', with names such as Methuen, Long and others, all of whom had done very well from the now declining textile industry. Their aim was to promote a spa, after abortive attempts to find coal had uncovered two springs. As a consequence they built six large three-storeyed, semi-detached lodging houses forming a crescent, a pump room and hot and cold private baths. This suburban area at the southern end of the town is now known as The Spa, belonging to the civil parish of Melksham Without. A plan for a similar crescent on the north side never materialised. Simultaneously an Act was obtained to 'improve the pleasing town of Melksham' by paving and improving its footways and cleansing, lighting and watching the streets. The spa was not as successful as had been hoped, due in part to the popularity of the waters at nearby Bath.

Buildings and structures
There are two Grade II* listed structures in the parish: St Michael's Church and one of the chest tombs in its churchyard.

Pevsner wrote that "the only rewarding part of Melksham is by the church". Melksham House, south of the church, is early 18th century but largely rebuilt after a 1920 fire and adapted for use as a sports and social club. Southwest of the church, a 15th-century tithe barn was remodelled into a school by G. E. Street in 1878; the school left the premises in 1973 and the building is now residential.

The area around Canon Square, north of the church, has several Grade II listed houses and cottages, among them a former vicarage dating from the late 17th century, remodelled in 1877 by Street and now divided into two residences. There is also a small two-storey roundhouse, built in the late 18th century for the wool industry.

The town's four-span bridge over the Avon is from the late 18th century.

Religious sites
A church was recorded at Melksham in the Domesday Book of 1086. The parish church of St Michael and All Angels has 12th-century origins, and was enlarged in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries; in 1845 it was restored by T. H. Wyatt and is now a Grade II* listed building. As the town expanded, in 1876 St Andrew's church was built in Early English style to serve the Forest area to the northeast of the town.

A Baptist chapel was erected at Old Broughton Road in 1714, and replaced with a larger building on the same site in 1776 which was enlarged in 1839. In 1850 there were 165 members, and 340 children attended the Sunday School. In 1909, school buildings were completed on land in front of the chapel.

Ebenezer Baptist Church, Union Street, was built in 1835 by Particular Baptists. A Methodist chapel was built on the High Street in 1872, its two-storey front having four large Corinthian columns and a cornice with oculus. This became the United Church after the union of the Methodists and Congregationalists in 1976, and the Congregational church off the Market Place closed.

A Catholic church, St Anthony of Padua, was built in pale brick to the south of the town centre and opened in 1939. An independent congregation built Queensway Chapel in the eastern suburbs in 1967.

Melksham has a long history of Quakerism, beginning with meetings nearby at Shaw in the 17th century. A meeting-house was built in 1698 at what is now King Street, and rebuilt on the same site around 1777 (or 1734). Quakerism declined in the 19th century but the Melksham meeting continued until 1950. The meeting-house was sold in 1958 and was used as a Spiritualist church for a time; in 2015 the building was restored and converted into offices.

Governance
Until 1974 the town was managed by Melksham Urban District Council, based at Melksham Town Hall. It was then managed by West Wiltshire District Council, but since the abolition of West Wiltshire in 2009, the most significant local government functions (including schools, roads, social services, recycling, emergency planning, leisure services, housing, development control and waste disposal) have been carried out by Wiltshire Council, a unitary authority.

Melksham civil parish is divided into four electoral divisions, each electing one member to Wiltshire Council. These are Melksham Forest, Melksham East, Melksham South, and Melksham Without North & Shurnold; the latter extends north beyond the parish to include Whitley, Shaw and Beanacre.

The civil parish has a town council, with fifteen members elected by four wards: East, Forest, North and South. The councillors elect one of their number as Mayor of Melksham for a one-year term. As well as having a consultative role, the town council runs the Assembly Hall events venue. Since 2019–2020 it is responsible for the town's play areas and King George V playing field, after transfer of ownership from Wiltshire Council.

The outskirts of Melksham, and most of the surrounding rural communities, are administered by another parish council, Melksham Without.

For Westminster elections, Melksham is part of the Melksham and Devizes constituency, which was created following a boundary review and first contested at the 2024 general election, when it was won by Brian Mathew for the Liberal Democrats.

Geography
The civil parish of Melksham includes Melksham Forest, formerly a separate settlement 0.8 mi to the northeast and now a suburb of the town. It has an Anglican church (St Andrew's, 1876) and had a Methodist chapel (1905 to before 2010).

The parish of Melksham Without includes several villages and suburbs of Melksham:
 * Bowerhill, a large residential community generally considered as separate from Melksham, with a large industrial area
 * Hunter's Meadow, a 2020s development north of Bowerhill
 * Berryfield, a village south of and adjacent to Melksham, often considered part of the town
 * Beanacre, a village to the north, again often considered as a northern suburb of the town.

Demography
In the 19th century, the population of Melksham parish increased from 4,000 at the 1801 census to 5,800 in 1851, then declined to 2,100 in 1891. Numbers increased slowly in the first half of the 20th century and more rapidly in the second half, rising to 14,204 by 2001. The 2011 census saw a modest increase to 14,677.

The wider built-up area – which includes Berryfield and Bowerhill, both in Melksham Without parish – had a population of 19,357 at the 2011 census.

Economy

The Shell Guide to Wiltshire, published in 1968, characterised the town as "with the exception of Swindon the most industrialized in the county". Today, Melksham has varied industries including Avon Rubber, which previously owned the Avon Tyre plant on a riverside site in the town centre. The plant is now the home of Cooper Tire & Rubber (a subsidiary of the American Goodyear company) and is still a major employer in the town, producing Cooper Avon and Avon Tyres brands. The site is due to close as of 31st December 2023. In 2000, Avon Rubber plc moved to a large purpose-built facility 3 km to the south of the town near Semington, employing over 300 on products such as gasmasks. Melksham is also home to Knorr-Bremse, a designer and manufacturer of railway braking systems, at a purpose-built facility in south Bowerhill.

The town has a thriving business district, is close to the retail centres of Bath, Chippenham, Devizes and Trowbridge, and is surrounded by attractive villages such as Lacock, Holt, Seend and Semington. To cater for the growth in recent years there are new schools and improved infrastructure, although small pockets of Melksham town centre, including a 1960 shopping parade, await redevelopment.

Melksham has a number of pharmacies, high street clothes shops, charity shops and privately run individual stores. It has five supermarkets: Asda, Sainsbury's, Waitrose, Lidl and Aldi.

Culture and community
Melksham has an Assembly Hall and the Rachel Fowler Centre, while many of the surrounding villages have community halls which offer a wide variety of activities. Melksham Oak Community School offers a variety of sporting and cultural facilities to the community of Melksham.

The town has an annual 'Party in the Park' which usually takes place in July. It includes a fair with rides and amusements, a fireworks display, a stage hosting musical and dance acts and a carnival parade through the town with floats promoting local businesses and clubs and raising money for charity.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from the Mendip TV transmitter.

Melksham Independent News is the town's family-owned independent newspaper, established in 1981. Over 13,700 copies of the paper are distributed across the town and surrounding villages biweekly. The town is also served by the regional newspapers, Gazette and Herald and Wiltshire Times.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Wiltshire on 104.3 FM, Heart West on 102.2 FM, and Greatest Hits Radio South West on 107.5 FM.

Sport and leisure
Melksham has a non-League football club, Melksham Town F.C., who play at the Oakfield Stadium on Eastern Way, which opened in January 2017. In 2018 the club won promotion from the Western League to the Southern League. Melksham Rugby Union Club also play at the Oakfields complex, on separate pitches.

In the town there is a swimming pool and at Bowerhill is the Wiltshire School of Gymnastics. Melksham also has a cricket club who play their home matches at the Melksham House ground. The club has both youth and adult teams; in the 2019 season their Saturday side competes in Division 4 of the Wiltshire County Cricket League following promotion in 2018.

In November 2019, Wiltshire Council gave final planning permission for the much-delayed Community Campus on the grounds of Melksham House, which will provide a swimming pool, library, sports centre and council offices.

Transport
Melksham railway station, on the branch of the Wessex Main Line from Chippenham to Trowbridge, has services roughly every two hours in each direction on weekdays. Trains are operated by Great Western Railway, with services marketed as the 'TransWilts line' between Westbury and Swindon.

Melksham is served by bus companies including Faresaver and First West of England.

The town is on the north–south A350 primary route from the M4 motorway (Junction 17, near Chippenham) to Poole on the south coast. In February 2020, the central government gave approval for a £125m re-routing of the A350 to the east of Melksham.

Education
Primary schools within Melksham parish are:
 * Aloeric Primary School
 * Forest & Sandridge C of E Primary School
 * The Manor C of E VC Primary School (formerly Lowbourne Junior, St Michaels School)
 * River Mead School (formerly King's Park Primary School, Lowbourne Infants School)

Primary schools near the town include:

 * Bowerhill Primary School
 * Churchfields Primary School, Atworth
 * Seend C of E Primary School
 * Shaw C of E Primary School
 * St Mary's Broughton Gifford Primary School

There is one secondary school in the Melksham catchment area: Melksham Oak Community School opened in 2010 at Bowerhill, replacing The George Ward Technology College which served the community for over 50 years.

Stonar School, an all-ages independent day and boarding school, is nearby at Atworth.

Dinosaur
Melksham is the namesake for a prehistoric crocodile species discovered in the town. Ieldraan melkshamensis, or the Melksham Monster, was 10 ft long and was an apex predator in the waters around the UK during the Jurassic period. The fossil had been in the possession of the Natural History Museum since 1875, until a team from the University of Edinburgh led by Davide Foffa classified it in 2017 as a distinct species.

Notable people

 * Edward Barnwell (1813–1887), schoolmaster, archaeologist and antiquarian, owned Melksham House from 1866 and financed the building of St Andrew's church in the Forest area of the town
 * Matthew Bound, footballer
 * Edmund Wright Brooks (1834–1928), Quaker philanthropist
 * John Fowler (1826–1864), agricultural engineer
 * Ken Gill (1927–2009), trade union leader and caricaturist, born and brought up in Melksham
 * Sidney Goodwin (1910–1912), born in Melksham, child victim of the sinking of the Titanic together with his parents and five siblings
 * James Hurn, cricketer
 * Julia de Lacy Mann (1891–1985), economic historian, principal of St Hilda's College, Oxford; retired to Melksham, was president of the West Wilshire Historical Society
 * Robert Martineau, Anglican bishop; curate in Melksham from 1938
 * Phil McMullen, writer, music critic, events organiser
 * Henry Moule (1801–1880), pioneer of the earth closet
 * Horace Newte, writer, born in Melksham
 * Andy Park, known as "Mr. Christmas"
 * Diana Ross, children's author, lived at Shaw for many years
 * Brad Scott, MMA fighter
 * John Dunlop Southern, cricketer
 * George Thicknesse, 19th Baron Audley, died, and is buried, in Melksham
 * Ann Yearsley (ca. 1753–1806), poet; died in Melksham

title: Melksham


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Category:Dutch musicians

Category for musicians from the country of the Netherlands.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Dutch musicians


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Ebernoe Horn Fair

Ebernoe Horn Fair is held in the small Sussex village of Ebernoe, the location of which is about five miles north of Petworth. The fair is held annually on Saint James's Day, 25 July. The tradition is centuries old though it appears to have been revived in 1864 after a long lapse. The celebration is held on the village common and the main attraction is a cricket match between Ebernoe and a nearby village. Towards the end of the day the highest scoring batsman is presented with a set of horns. These are taken from a sheep which has been roasted during the day. It is thought the presentation of horns is associated with the custom of dressing up with horns as a symbol of cuckoldry (a cuckold is an old English term for a man whose wife has had an adulterous affair. It relates to the cuckoo, a bird which lays its eggs in another bird's nest). Centuries ago horn fairs were boisterous events where cuckoldry and seduction would not be unknown. The practice of dressing up with horns is alluded to in the traditional Horn Fair Song. The old saying All's fair at Horn Fair probably originates from such events. In days gone by it seems that Ebernoe Fair was often beset by thunderstorms. However, the storms were taken as a good luck sign and farmers would look forward to a good harvest. The absence of a storm would suggest the crops would fail. Ebernoe Horn Fair was also the day on which gardeners were reminded to sow their spring cabbages.

There was no fair in 1915–18, 1940–45 and 2020.

Horn Fair song

As I was a-walking one fine summer morn,

So soft was the wind and the waves on the corn.

I met a pretty damsel upon a grey mare,

And she was a-riding upon a grey mare.

"Now take me up behind you fair maid for to ride",

"Oh no and then, Oh no, for my mammy she would chide,

And then my dear old daddy would beat me full sore,

And never let me ride on his grey mare no more."

"If you would see Horn Fair you must walk on your way,

I will not let you ride on my grey mare today,

You'd rumple all my muslin and uncurl my hair,

And leave me all distrest to be seen at Horn Fair."

"O fairest of damsels, how can you say No?

With you I do intend to Horn Fair for to go,

We'll join the best of company when we do get there,

With horns on their heads, boys, the finest at the Fair.

They are the finest horns you did ever behold,

They are the finest horns and are gilded with gold.

So merrily, right merrily, to Horn Fair we did go,

A jolly brisk couple boys, and all in a row."

This song also seems to have been used at a Horn Fair at Charlton in Kent which, after a history dating at least from the 16th century, died out in 1872. In 1951 Mr Morrish of Great Allfields Farm, Balls Cross reintroduced the song. Mr Tom Stemp, then aged 75, said he could well remember it being sung by an old Ebernoe woodman, David Baker, who died in 1943 at the age of eighty. The folk duo Spiers and Boden also sing this version of the song.

title: Ebernoe Horn Fair


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Ali Abbasi (television host)

Ali Abbasi (علی عباسی) (6 August 1961 – 30 July 2004) was a Pakistani-born Scottish television presenter.

Biography
Born in Karachi, Abbasi moved from Pakistan to Glasgow in 1962, with his parents as a child and joined BBC Scotland as a travel presenter in the 1980s. He went on to publish numerous books and became a champion for the Gaelic language, appearing in the Gaelic children's series Dè a-nis? and the comedy series Air ais air an Ran Dan ("Back on the Ran Dan")

He joined BBC Scotland as a travel presenter in 1994 from Glasgow City Council, where he worked as an art gallery assistant. As well as presenting travel news at the BBC, Abbasi worked as an audio technician with outside broadcasts and radio cars.

Abbasi was appointed Gaelic reading champion by the Scottish Executive in 2003.

Abbasi died in Glasgow of lupus.

title: Ali Abbasi (television host)


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Country club

A country club is a privately owned club, often with a membership quota and admittance by invitation or sponsorship, that generally offers both a variety of recreational sports and facilities for dining and entertaining. Typical athletic offerings are golf, tennis, and swimming. Where golf is the principal or sole sporting activity, and especially outside of the United States and Canada, it is common for a country club to be referred to simply as a golf club. Many country clubs offer other new activities such as pickle ball, and platform tennis.

Country clubs are most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, due to the requirement of having substantial grounds for outdoor activities, which distinguishes them from an urban athletic club.

Country clubs originated in Scotland and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s. Country clubs had a profound effect on expanding suburbanization and are considered to be the precursor to gated community development.

United States and Canada
Country clubs can be exclusive organizations. In small towns, membership in the country club is often not as exclusive or expensive as in larger cities where there is competition for a limited number of memberships. In addition to the fees, some clubs have additional requirements to join. For example, membership can be limited to those who reside in a particular housing community. Early clubs focused primarily on equestrian-related sports: coaching, racing, jumping, polo, and foxhunting. In the 1980s, the nationwide interest shifted more towards golf.

Country clubs were founded by upper-class elites between 1880 and 1930. The Brookline Country Club was founded in 1882 and is esteemed to be the nation’s first by the Encyclopaedia of American Urban History. By 1907, country clubs were claimed to be “the very essence of American upper-class.” The number of country clubs increased greatly with industrialization, the rise in incomes, and suburbanization in the 1920s. During the 1920s, country clubs acted as community social centers. When people lost most of their income and net worth during the Great Depression, the number of country clubs decreased drastically for lack of membership funding.

Historically, many country clubs were "restricted" and refused to admit members of specific racial, ethnic or religious groups such as Jews, African Americans and Catholics. Beginning in the 1960s civil rights lawsuits forced clubs to drop exclusionary policies. In a 1990 landmark ruling at Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club, the PGA refused to hold tournaments at private clubs that practiced racial discrimination. This new regulation led to the admittance of black people at private clubs. The incident at Shoal Creek is comparable to the 1966 NCAA basketball tournament, which led to the end of racial discrimination in college basketball.

The Philadelphia Cricket Club is the oldest organized country club in the United States devoted to playing games, while The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts is the oldest club devoted to golf.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, many country clubs are smaller than those in the USA though examples similar in size and scope to the American country club also exist. Gentlemen’s clubs in Britain—many of which admit women while remaining socially exclusive—fill many roles of the United States' country clubs.

Spain
Similar to the United States, Spain has had a tradition of country clubs as a pillar of social life. This began during the reign of Alfonso XII and was consolidated during the reign of his son and successor Alfonso XIII, who granted royal status to a handful of country clubs. Most country clubs in Spain are typically associated with the upper classes, and were conceived around a central sport such as golf, polo or tennis, although some of them did eventually offer other sports. Examples include Real Club de la Puerta de Hierro, Club de Campo Villa de Madrid, Real Club de Polo de Barcelona, Real Sociedad de Golf de Neguri, Real Club Pineda etc. Many of them are also located in those cities or towns that hosted the summer vacations of the royal family. Such is the case of Real Sociedad de Tenis de la Magdalena, Real Golf de Pedreña or Real Golf Club de Zarauz for example. The most notable difference between Spanish and American country clubs is that the former are not normally located in the countryside but either within a city or town itself or in the outskirts at most.

Indian subcontinent
Many of the gentlemen's clubs established during the British Raj are still active in major cities, for example the Bangalore Club, Lahore Gymkhana, Karachi Gymkhana, Nizam Club, and Bengal Club.

Gymkhanas are sporting or social clubs across the subcontinent.

Australia
Country clubs exist in multiple forms, including athletic-based clubs and golf clubs. Examples are the Breakfast Point Country Club, Cumberland Grove Country Club and Terrey Hills Golf & Country Club in Sydney, the Castle Hill Country Club, the Gold Coast Polo & Country Club, The Heritage Golf and Country Club, Elanora Country Club, and the Sanctuary Cove Golf & Country Club.

Japan
In Japan, almost all golf clubs are called "Country Clubs" by their owners.

title: Country club


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Electro stimulation

Electro stimulation was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP but with a recommendation to convert this to a disambiguation page. Rossami 22:27, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This article was listed on Category:Pages_on_votes_for_deletion by another user, but not here. I am adding the entry here as a public service. Ground for deletion: not encylopedic? Stating the bleeding obvious (Warning: Under no circumstances, mains voltage (line voltage) should be used.) Sounds like an interesting way of going about Phreaking. Ianb 21:04, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC) PS. I'd appreciate it if you kept your negative POVs out of this, thank you - just because you choose not to do something doesn't mean it's not worthy of contribution to Wikipedia. To pick a topic as an example, there are more Formula One drivers listed in Wikipedia than there are BDSM topics, and I don't know *anyone* who is into Formula One racing...... Dlloyd 11:18, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * no vote; I'm just completing a vfd process here and have no experience with this particular leisure activity, although I did get an electric shock from a telephone socket once (though not to the genitals) --Ianb 03:33, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * There are other BDSM practices with their own articles, such as flagellation, medical fetishism, erotic spanking, and (ahem) figging :-(. I don't know why in God's name that they're in the Wikipedia, but so they are, and they're fairly complete.  Electro stimulation would be in good company if it were turned into more than a useless substub.  Keep?  --Ardonik 02:44, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would say its non-encyclopedic if it weren't for the tons of other crap we have articles on. Still, rewrite or delete. -R. fiend 05:16, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I would say so too. In fact I will. Delete, unworthy of a separate article - this topic needs, at most, a brief mention in BDSM or some other bizzare-sexual-act-related article. Rdsmith4 | Talk 05:29, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I'm on record as opposing all those tiny fetish activities getting primacy of namespace on their specialist articles. When I was a kid, I used to lick 9v batteries.  Now I know why, although I thought it was just because I didn't have any chile peppers.  Geogre 13:25, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but cleanup/re-write/expand. With reservations. Merge and redirect  to with Erotic electrostimulation. Ok, now that FZ has pointed out a third possible use of the meaning of Electro stimulation (Skeletomuscular electrostimulation), I think the most logical course of action is to make Electro stimulation into a disambig page. My thoughts on the validity of including the erotic/fetish subject of "electro stimulation" in Wikipedia: Looking at it from an anthropological point of view, this is a real practice of a BDSM/fetish subgoup, and there's an small industry built around selling sex toys that supply electrical shocks to the genitals. That in itself makes it notable. (And no, just in case anyone is wondering, I am not a participant in BDSM, nor do I engage in the practice that is being discussed here.). This subject may possibly be appropriate as a subsection of BDSM, in which case I will advocate a merge & redirect, but I adamantly oppose deletion on the grounds that in a NPOV publication like Wikipedia, the practices of significant human subgroups (including fetishists) belong. Why? Because they are legitimately part of the full spectrum of human behaviour, good, bad or kinky, regardless of whether or not some of the editors like or dislike them. (I admit I can't help but wonder... is the objection to this article because it is a kind of human behaviour that makes some people uncomfortable to know it goes on? Or, perhaps, are some people objecting because they disapprove of the behaviour?) Kevyn 11:17, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * WTF? Keep. Not liking or understanding it is not a reason to delete the article - David Gerard 12:28, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Uh, David, has anyone in this debate expressed even a vague disliking of the practice or a mystification of what it is? You and Kevyn both make that allegation, but I only see people objecting to solitary break outs of articles that concern, at most, a few thousand people.  From a marketing point of view, it's worth your money to make fetish gear.  From an encyclopedic point of view, it's not nice to have each permutation of the human imagination grab a break away article.  If it can't be discussed in BDSM or fetish, then it doesn't get discussed, IMO, because this name trips over non-fetish ones and because it's too minor.  What would we do if a book sold as few copies as there are self-shocking BDSM folks?  Would we include it? Geogre 13:14, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be a reason not to bother writing the article - rather than a reason to delete an existing article - David Gerard 17:52, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * And yet, David, it seems that someone went ahead and wrote the article anyway, and now it's on VfD. Perhaps that's because it shouldn't have been written as a stand-alone entity.  So far, everyone has been saying, essentially, "Discuss this in its logical place."  No one has been saying, "Don't tell the world the shocking truth of shocking."  Because a little foresight wasn't exercised, we now have a VfD debate.  So you can draw your own conclusion about my devious designs, but I think I'm in favor of authors carefully considering where their interests go before they begin detailing them. Geogre 14:27, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, Geogre, I do think that some editors have expressed a "vague disliking" of certain BDSM practices in this debate. Lucky 6.9 started his delete vote with "Eww," R.fiend described other, comparable articles as being "crap," and Rdsmith used the phrase "bizzare-sexual-act-related article" ... all of these are negatively loaded POV. Editors are, of course, entitled to their personal opinions about such practices, and I confess to having some negative opinions about BDSM of my own. But when it comes to deciding if an article deserves inclusion, I think it's important that we, as editors, remain dispassionately NPOV, despite our own personal likes or dislikes. As for your assertation that the name "Electro stimulation" trips over non-fetish uses, I think you may have a valid point. For instance, Cranial electrotherapy stimulation may be accurately covered by Electro stimulation. There may be others uses, as well.  Electro stimulation may indeed be more suited as a disambig page than as a redirect page to Erotic electrostimulation, which is what I am voting for now . Kevyn 11:51, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, Kevyn, I thought they were just being flip and trying to entertain others doing the voting. At any rate, I certainly haven't been against the information, and I don't think most have been, either.  I think it has been about a solitary article on a topic that doesn't rise to the level of interest or uniqueness to require it.  That's my view, anyway.  I think we need to think of books, albums, songs, movies, etc. as whether they will be searched, whether there is enough to say about them to exceed stub status, and whether those who search for them will not know to find them by their allied topics.  The reasons are both clutter and namespace concerns.  Apparently, my feelings mark out some dastardly, new, and dangerous clique of fuddy duddies. (shrug) Geogre 14:27, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Geogre, I never singled you out as being against the subject, but I do sense that it makes other editors uncomfortable, based on their comments (my perception, of course). I confess to being especially sensitive to the "whitewashing" of sexual minorities, as well as being especially attuned to the danger of we, as editors, losing our objectivity as dispassionate chroniclers of the universe (which is, essentially, what I believe the function of an encyclopedia like Wikipedia is) when it comes to "uncomfortable" subjects. We'll just have to agree to disagree on whether or not this particular topic will "rise to the level of interest or uniqueness" to be included -- the existence of the lengthier article on the same subject, Erotic electrostimulation, which Ianb alerted us to (thank you Ianb) suggests to me that, while it is indeed of "niche interest," it's still matters enough to several individuals who have taken the time to research and write about the topic -- and that itself inclines me to keep the subject. Your concerns about namespace clutter are well taken, and that is why I have changed my vote to merging the content of Electro stimulation into Erotic electrostimulation, and then re-wroking Electro stimulation into a disambig page, especially given that now there are at least three topics (and possibly more) that could fall under that heading. (I also happen to agree with you on the way we treat books, albums, songs, movies, etc., but I don't feel that discussion is relevant to this one). Kevyn 11:07, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I concur, there should be some kind of overarching article or disambiguation page- there's also skeletomuscular electrostimulation (whihc I'm going to get around to writing someday if someone else doesn't), used for treating injuries and neuomuscular disorders. -FZ 17:39, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Question: Isn't a form of "electro stimulation" also used in the field of animal husbandry for artificial insemination purposes? Kevyn 11:07, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, come to think of it. I'd forgotten that one. We definitely need to disambiguate here. -FZ 13:35, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: there is a lengthier article on the same subject at: Erotic electrostimulation--Ianb 12:51, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok that scares me, but redirect and merge with Erotic electrostimulation The Steve 19:25, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and disambiguate. Guanaco 05:49, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and disambiguate. I originally voted for deletion of this article. The information it contains is of no merit (see my erotic electrostimulation article). There needs to be a disambiguation page for the different types of electrostimulation (cranial, erotic, etc).

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Aeolipile

An aeolipile, aeolipyle, or eolipile, from the Greek "Αἰόλου πύλη", also known as a Hero's (or Heron's) engine, is a simple, bladeless radial steam turbine which spins when the central water container is heated. Torque is produced by steam jets exiting the turbine. The Greek-Egyptian mathematician and engineer Hero of Alexandria described the device in the 1st century AD, and many sources give him the credit for its invention. However, Vitruvius was the first to describe this appliance in his De architectura (ca. 30–20 BC).

The aeolipile is considered to be the first recorded steam engine or reaction steam turbine, but it is neither a practical source of power nor a direct predecessor of the type of steam engine invented during the Industrial Revolution.

The name – derived from the Greek word Αἴολος and Latin word pila – translates to "the ball of Aeolus", Aeolus being the Greek god of the air and wind.

Due to its use of steam as the medium for performing work, the Aeolipile (in profile view) was adopted as the symbol for the U.S. Navy's Boiler Technician Rate - which had formed out of the Watertender, Boilermaker, and Boilerman ratings (that used the same symbol).

Physics
The aeolipile usually consists of a spherical or cylindrical vessel with oppositely bent or curved nozzles projecting outwards. It is designed to rotate on its axis. When the vessel is pressurised with steam, the gas is expelled out of the nozzles, which generates thrust due to the rocket principle as a consequence of the 2nd and 3rd of Newton's laws of motion. When the nozzles, pointing in different directions, produce forces along different lines of action perpendicular to the axis of the bearings, the thrusts combine to result in a rotational moment (mechanical couple), or torque, causing the vessel to spin about its axis. Aerodynamic drag and frictional forces in the bearings build up quickly with increasing rotational speed (rpm) and consume the accelerating torque, eventually cancelling it and achieving a steady state speed.

Typically, and as Hero described the device, the water is heated in a simple boiler which forms part of a stand for the rotating vessel. Where this is the case, the boiler is connected to the rotating chamber by a pair of pipes that also serve as the pivots for the chamber. Alternatively the rotating chamber may itself serve as the boiler, and this arrangement greatly simplifies the pivot/bearing arrangements, as they then do not need to pass steam. This can be seen in the illustration of a classroom model shown here.

History
Both Hero and Vitruvius draw on the much earlier work by Ctesibius (285–222 BC), also known as Ktēsíbios or Tesibius, who was an inventor and mathematician in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. He wrote the first treatises on the science of compressed air and its uses in pumps.

Vitruvius's description
Vitruvius (c. 80 BC – c. 15 BC) mentions aeolipiles by name:

"Aeolipilae are hollow brazen vessels, which have an opening or mouth of small size, by means of which they can be filled with water. Prior to the water being heated over the fire, but little wind is emitted. As soon, however, as the water begins to boil, a violent wind issues forth."

Hero's description
Hero (c. 10–70 AD) takes a more practical approach, in that he gives instructions how to make one:

"No. 50. The Steam-Engine.

PLACE a cauldron over a fire: a ball shall revolve on a pivot. A fire is ignited under a cauldron, A B, (fig. 50), containing water, and covered at the mouth by the lid C D; with this the bent tube E F G communicates, the extremity of the tube being fitted into a hollow ball, H K. Opposite to the extremity G place a pivot, L M, resting on the lid C D; and let the ball contain two bent pipes, communicating with it at the opposite extremities of a diameter, and bent in opposite directions, the bends being at right angles and across the lines F G, L M. As the cauldron gets hot it will be found that the steam, entering the ball through E F G, passes out through the bent tubes towards the lid, and causes the ball to revolve, as in the case of the dancing figures."

Practical usage
It is not known whether the aeolipile was put to any practical use in ancient times, and if it was seen as a pragmatic device, a whimsical novelty, an object of reverence, or some other thing. A source described it as a mere curiosity for the ancient Greeks, or a "party trick". Hero's drawing shows a standalone device, and was presumably intended as a "temple wonder", like many of the other devices described in Pneumatica.

Vitruvius, on the other hand, mentions use of the aeolipile for demonstrating the physical properties of the weather. He describes them as: "brazen æolipylæ, which clearly shew that an attentive examination of human inventions often leads to a knowledge of the general laws of nature." After describing the device's construction (see above) he concludes: "Thus a simple experiment enables us to ascertain and determine the causes and effects of the great operations of the heavens and the winds."

In 1543, Blasco de Garay, a scientist and a captain in the Spanish navy, allegedly demonstrated before the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V and a committee of high officials an invention he claimed could propel large ships in the absence of wind using an apparatus consisted of copper boiler and moving wheels on either side of the ship. This account was preserved by the royal Spanish archives at Simancas. It is proposed that de Garay used Hero's aeolipile and combined it with the technology used in Roman boats and late medieval galleys. Here, de Garay's invention introduced an innovation where the aeolipile had practical usage, which was to generate motion to the paddlewheels, demonstrating the feasibility of steam-driven boats. This claim was denied by Spanish authorities.

title: Aeolipile


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Talk:Beijing cuisine

English Language Naming Conventions
On this page there are a lot of improvised "translations" of the unique Chinese food names. Most of these are what would be considered "Chinglish." I would propose that we remove the English "names" and instead append a short description on the end. The reasons I offer are as follows: 1. The content is not encyclopedic. Often these terms are coined by the user on the spot, rather than representing some common usage. Many phrases appear to be coined on the spot, such as "Mustardy," which I am fairly sure is not a word. 2. The content doesn't follow a consistent pattern. There are many mixed frames of reference here. For instance, sometimes we use antiquated American naming conventions, such as using Wade Gilles for Peking, while at other times we use Pin Yin, other times they are translated directly into English, or even given in Cantonese, such as Wontons. 3. The attempt to translate creates misleading correlations such as "Chinese Fajitas" or "Chinese Pancakes." Although these Chinese dishes may bear some extremely superficial resemblance to the foods mentioned, that is merely coincidental. The phrasing "Chinese Pancakes" establishes a POV frame of reference in which the bing is simply a Chinese version of the well known Euro-American dish. This implies some sort of cultural hegemony that does not in fact exist. 4. The creation of English names serves no functional purpose. If you were to order these dishes in China, then it is the Chinese names that would be important. In the event that there are some standard translations that appear in international Chinese restaurants, such as Peking Duck, that should be noted, but in no circumstance should we simply offer an awkward list of non-authoritative translations. It gives this entire article an extremely amateur feeling. Ouyangwulong (talk) 15:23, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Fajita
"Chinese fajitas (???? -- not to be confused with ??, which is fried)" Sounds to me like you're talking about bing (my character recognition no longer works) and I'm not sure calling them fajitas is appropriate - flatbread or pancakes with fillings seems to be more NPOV (fajitas is a very Tex-Mex term) to me.

I agree. Not only is this totally ridiculous and misleading, but all the other weird "translations" are not particularly respectable, and POV laden. I've posted my suggestion above. Ouyangwulong (talk) 15:23, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Manchurian cuisine
Is Mandarin cuisine a mixture of local Peking cuisine and Manchurian cuisine? — Instantnood 02:12, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

They are two completely different things. They are no exact definition of what are "the" absolute examples of mandarin cuisine since Beijing in imperial times was the showcase for cooks from all over China, and the styles of their food varies. Still not sure what you are asking though. --67.2.149.172 08:44, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Mandarin cuisine???
Never ever heard of it. Who named it? Should, IMO, be moved to Peking cusine. Mandarin can refer to an offical, or to Standard Chinese (Putonghua), or to the whole dialect group on which Standard Chinese is based (guanhua). But the capital cuisine cannot be referred to as Mandarin. What could be discussed is if a National cuisine, mixing freely dishes and influces from different regional schools, has emerged in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai etc, but this should then be called so, not "Mandarin". Especially since so much influence came from the so-called new Cantonese cuisine in the 1980-1990s. This new hybid should then be separated from a Peking cuisine, which until very recently included so very few of the things offered in Beijing today. Berox 23:18, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Mandarin is a misnomer. It is an artificial construction dividing Chinese people into two groups "Mandarins" and "Cantonese." This, of course, is totally ridiculous to anyone who knows China or the Chinese language. There is no group that is called the "mandarins" in Chinese, just as there is no place in China that is "Mandarin" and there is no cuisine that is "Mandarin." The term comes from the Portuguese word "Mandare" meaning "Commander" which they used to refer to the Manchu administrators they encountered in Macao, in contrast to the Cantonese-speaking locals. However, this became a catch all phrase for "Northern Chinese" during the 19th century, and finally during the Cold War, it came to refer to the "Mainland" (PRC) as opposed to Hong Kong and the Republic of China. Mandarin is further misleading because although China is a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic country, the term "Mandarin" implies that the people of China are divided by the "Mandarin" versus "Cantonese" dichotomy. In fact, the "Mandarins" and "Cantonese" are both Han, except for in the archaic sense in which Mandarin referred to Manchus. Furthermore, this overstates the significance of the Canotnese in Chinese society, because they are but one of five major groups among the Han. By suggesting that China is divided between the Cantonese and the other Chinese (mandarins?) then we have over essentialized the complex demographics of China, and have also over-stated the role that Guang Dong plays in China. It is more clearly a representation of the uninformed Western view of China, wherein there was Guangdong, where we had access to China, and the rest, which remained essentially closed.

No respectable, contemporary and authoritative book on Chinese history and culture would use the term Mandarin, and neither should wikipedia use the word "Mandarin" because it is a mark of early Orientalist ignorance. As far as I know, the only thing that can be properly referred to as a "Mandarin" is the small, sweet variety of tangerine indigenous to China. Ouyangwulong (talk) 15:23, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Cecilia Chiang and the Invention of "Mandarin" Cuisine
Ouyangwulong, you are right on the money about how impossible it is to trace "Mandarin" cuisine back to China. (And thank you for that learned linguistic analysis.) As a professor/author who publishes on Asian America, I can tell you that what you're uncovering here is a typical feature of American ethnic culture-- an "invention of history." Cecilia Chiang's brilliant invention, and marketing (aided by her sister Sophie) of an upscale, expensive "Mandarin" cuisine for her San Francisco restaurant "The Mandarin"-- as an alternate to the inexpensive Cantonese fare that America had grown up on-- was a great success, documented in her two books. Here's some of the Amazon description. You should look this book up. Fascinating case study. If you get my point,  you'll see this entire article is methodologically naive, and has to be re-thought.

The Seventh Daughter: My Culinary Journey from Beijing to San Francisco (Hardcover) by Cecilia Chiang (Author), Lisa Weiss (Author), Leigh Beisch (Photographer), Alice Waters (Foreword)

Editorial Reviews From Publishers Weekly A foreword by legendary chef Alice Waters hints that this volume is filled with authentic recipes, cultural stories and food memories. And indeed, Chiang, the one-time proprietor of San Francisco's famed Mandarin restaurant—which is widely credited with introducing Americans to real regional Chinese cuisine—presents a rich, heartfelt volume filled with recipes and stories from her life. There are recipes from the original Mandarin, of course: its Pot Stickers, Sichuan Spicy Eggplant, and Beggar's Chicken, which Chiang says is a favorite of Williams-Sonoma founder Chuck Williams. There are also recipes from the Mandarin in Beverly Hills (such as Sesame Shrimp) and many recipes from Chiang's family. Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Product Description A pioneer in the food world, Cecilia Chiang introduced Americans to authentic northern Chinese cuisine at her San Francisco restaurant, the Mandarin, in 1961, earning the adoration of generations of diners, including local luminaries such as Marion Cunningham, Ruth Reichl, and Chuck Williams.

From the Publisher
 * The signature recipes and extraordinary story of Cecilia Chiang, the grande dame of Chinese cooking in America. *

About the Author In 1961 CECILIA CHIANG opened the Mandarin, which became a San Francisco institution. In 1974 she wrote the cookbook The Mandarin Way, and her career blossomed to include television appearances, cooking demonstrations, and contributions to international magazines and newspapers. She consults for popular Bay Area restaurants, including Betelnut and Shanghai 1930. Chiang lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. Profhum (talk) 08:34, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Tanghulu
Shouldn't tanghulu be added in the list of prominent Beijing dishes? Badagnani 04:50, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Fuling jiabing
Should Fuling jiabing be mentioned? Badagnani 04:44, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Classification of dishes
I feel very impelled to suggest the classification of the dishes listed in this page as they originate from different backgrounds, e.g., Ta Si Mi(它似蜜) and Bao Du are Muslim dishes(If i'm not wrong). This simple meat/veggie classification is not good enough considering the diversity of Beijing cuisine. Jing.t86 22:11, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This list is highly inaccurate. Many dishes here are considered Mandarine (or not), but not of Beijing origin. Ma hua, for example, is a famous Tianjin small dish. There are many such inaccuracies in this list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.251.2.225 (talk) 21:51, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Small Dishes
must be mentioned somewhere as they are exceedingly popular on the streets and are frequently marketed as 北京特产. ---何献龙4993 (talk) 01:44, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

"Ghosts fried in oil"
I don't know the name of this in Chinese, but it is supposedly a street dish made from peanut flour. Anyone?--Chris (クリス • フィッチ) (talk) 15:50, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Beggar's chicken
Isn't Beggar's Chicken a dish from southern China? Speaking as a native of Hangzhou. Woshiyiweizhongguoren (🇨🇳) 22:52, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA22 - Sect 201 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by Jaynean (talk) 05:54, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beijing cuisine


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Anti-authoritarianism

Anti-authoritarianism is opposition to authoritarianism, which is defined as "a form of social organisation characterised by submission to authority", "favoring complete obedience or subjection to authority as opposed to individual freedom" and to authoritarian government. Anti-authoritarians usually believe in full equality before the law and strong civil liberties. Sometimes the term is used interchangeably with anarchism, an ideology which entails opposing authority or hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations, including the state system.

Views and practice
Freethought is a philosophical viewpoint that holds opinions should be formed on the basis of logic, reason and empiricism, rather than authority, tradition, or other dogmas. The cognitive application of freethought is known as "freethinking" and practitioners of freethought are known as "freethinkers".

Argument from authority (argumentum ab auctoritate) is a common form of argument which leads to a logical fallacy when misused. In informal reasoning, the appeal to authority is a form of argument attempting to establish a statistical syllogism. The appeal to authority relies on an argument of the form:
 * A is an authority on a particular topic
 * A makes a statement about that topic
 * A is therefore correct

Fallacious examples of using the appeal include any appeal to authority used in the context of logical reasoning and appealing to the position of an authority or authorities to dismiss evidence as while authorities can be correct in judgments related to their area of expertise more often than laypersons, they can still come to the wrong judgments through error, bias, dishonesty, or falling prey to groupthink. Thus, the appeal to authority is not a generally reliable argument for establishing facts. Influential anarchist Mikhail Bakunin thought the following: "Does it follow that I reject all authority? Far from me such a thought. In the matter of boots, I refer to the authority of the bootmaker; concerning houses, canals, or railroads, I consult that of the architect or the engineer. For such or such special knowledge I apply to such or such a savant. But I allow neither the bootmaker nor the architect nor savant to impose his authority upon me. I listen to them freely and with all the respect merited by their intelligence, their character, their knowledge, reserving always my incontestable right of criticism and censure. I do not content myself with consulting a single authority in any special branch; I consult several; I compare their opinions, and choose that which seems to me the soundest. But I recognise no infallible authority, even in special questions; consequently, whatever respect I may have for the honesty and the sincerity of such or such individual, I have no absolute faith in any person". He saw that "there is no fixed and constant authority, but a continual exchange of mutual, temporary, and, above all, voluntary authority and subordination. This same reason forbids me, then, to recognise a fixed, constant and universal authority, because there is no universal man, no man capable of grasping in all that wealth of detail, without which the application of science to life is impossible, all the sciences, all the branches of social life".

After World War II, there was a strong sense of anti-authoritarianism based on anti-fascism in Europe. This was attributed to the active resistance from occupation and to fears arising from the development of superpowers. Anti-authoritarianism has also been associated with countercultural and bohemian movements. In the 1950s, the Beat Generation were politically radical and to some degree their anti-authoritarian attitudes were taken up by activists in the 1960s. The hippie and larger counterculture movements of the 1960s carried out a way of life and activism which was ideally carried through anti-authoritarian and non-violent means. It was observed as such: "The way of the hippie is antithetical to all repressive hierarchical power structures since they are adverse to the hippie goals of peace, love and freedom... Hippies don't impose their beliefs on others. Instead, hippies seek to change the world through reason and by living what they believe." In the 1970s, anti-authoritarianism became associated with the punk subculture.

In 1989, most of the countries from Eastern Europe, and some parts of Asia and Latin America, within the members of the Warsaw Pact, rose up from the communist government controlled by the Soviet Union in the aftermath of Poznań protests, the Hungarian Revolution, the Invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact, and the construction of the Berlin Wall, dividing the city of Berlin. One of the examples is either a peaceful demonstration like The fall of the Berlin Wall and Baltic Way, others were elections like 1988 Chilean national plebiscite and 1989 Polish legislative election, and others are coups and revolutions like the Velvet Revolution and Romanian Revolution.

title: Anti-authoritarianism


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LynxOS

The LynxOS RTOS is a Unix-like real-time operating system from Lynx Software Technologies (formerly "LynuxWorks"). Sometimes known as the Lynx Operating System, LynxOS features full POSIX conformance and, more recently, Linux compatibility. LynxOS is mostly used in real-time embedded systems, in applications for avionics, aerospace, the military, industrial process control and telecommunications.

History
The first versions of LynxOS were written in 1986 in Dallas, Texas, by Mitchell Bunnell and targeted at a custom-built Motorola 68010-based computer. The first platform LynxOS ran on was an Atari 1040ST with cross development done on an Integrated Solutions UNIX machine. In 1988-1989, LynxOS was ported to the Intel 80386 architecture. Around 1989, application binary interface (ABI) compatibility with UNIX System V.3 was added. Compatibility with other operating systems, including Linux, followed.

Full Memory Management Unit support has been included in the kernel since 1989, for the reliability of protected memory and the performance advantages of virtual addresses. The PowerPC architecture is also supported, and in February 2015 Lynx announced planned support for the ARM Cortex A-family.

LynxOS components are designed for absolute determinism (hard real-time performance), which means that they respond within a known period of time. Predictable response times are ensured even in the presence of heavy input/output (I/O) due to the kernel's unique threading model, which allows interrupt routines to be very short and fast.

Lynx holds an expired patent on the technology that LynxOS uses to maintain hard real-time performance. was granted to Lynx November 21, 1995: "Operating System Architecture using Multiple Priority Light Weight kernel Task-based Interrupt Handling."

In 2003, Lynx introduced a specialized version of LynxOS named LynxOS-178, especially for use in avionics applications that require certification to industry standards such as DO-178B.

In late 2022, support for the programming language Rust was added to the certified toolchain for LynxOS-178 and LynxElement unikernel.

The Usenet newsgroup comp.os.lynx is devoted to discussion of LynxOS.

title: LynxOS


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Narrator (Windows)

Narrator is a screen reader in Microsoft Windows. Developed by Professor Paul Blenkhorn in 2000, the utility made the Windows operating system more accessible for blind and visually impaired users.

Overview
Narrator is included with every copy of Microsoft Windows, providing a measure of access to Windows without the need to install additional software as long as the computer in use includes a sound card and speakers or headphones. Windows 2000 was the first Microsoft operating system released with some degree of accessibility for the blind built in, permitting a blind person to walk up to any such computer and make some use of it immediately.

The Windows 2000 version of Narrator uses SAPI 4 and allows the use of other SAPI 4 voices. The Windows XP version uses the newer SAPI 5. However, it only allows the use of the default voice, Microsoft Sam, even if other voices have been installed.

In Windows Vista and Windows 7, Narrator has been updated to use SAPI 5.3 and the Microsoft Anna voice for English. In Windows Ultimate and Windows editions for China, the Microsoft Lili voice for Mandarin Chinese is included.

In Windows 10, Narrator is available in English (United States, United Kingdom, and India), French, Italian, German, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin (Chinese Simplified and Chinese Traditional), Cantonese (Chinese Traditional), Spanish (Spain and Mexico), Polish, Russian, and Portuguese (Brazil).

A version of Narrator is also included in all Windows Phones, though with far fewer settings than the Narrator for the desktop. Narrator for Windows Phones previously only worked if the phone's language is set to "English (United States)".

There are numerous voices included in the narrator pack, such as Microsoft David, Microsoft Zira, Microsoft Mark, and in earlier editions, Microsoft Hazel.

In Windows 11, the Narrator app was redesigned and new natural voices were added. The app is available in both Dark and Contrast Themes.

title: Narrator (Windows)


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Kevin Carter

Kevin Carter (13 September 1960 – 27 July 1994) was a South African photojournalist and member of the Bang-Bang Club. He was the recipient in 1994 of a Pulitzer Prize for his photograph depicting the 1993 famine in Sudan; he died by suicide the same year at the age of 33. His story is depicted in the book The Bang-Bang Club, written by Greg Marinovich and João Silva and published in 2000.

Early life
Kevin Carter was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, and grew up in a middle-class, whites-only neighbourhood. As a child, he occasionally saw police raids to arrest black people who were illegally living in the area. He said later that he questioned how his parents, a Catholic, "liberal" family, could be what he described as "lackadaisical" about fighting against apartheid.

After high school, Carter dropped out of his studies to become a pharmacist and was drafted into the army. To escape from the infantry, he enlisted in the Air Force in which he served four years. In 1980, he witnessed a black mess-hall waiter being insulted. Carter defended the man, resulting in him being badly beaten by the other servicemen. He then went absent without leave, attempting to start a new life as a radio disc-jockey named "David". This, however, proved more difficult than he had anticipated. Soon after, he decided to serve out the rest of his required military service. After witnessing the Church Street bombing in Pretoria in 1983, he decided to become a news photographer and journalist.

Early work
Carter had started to work as a weekend sports photographer in 1983. In 1984, he moved on to work for the Johannesburg Star, exposing the brutality of apartheid.

Carter was the first to photograph a public "necklacing" execution by black Africans in South Africa in the mid-1980s. Carter later spoke of the images: "I was appalled at what they were doing. But then people started talking about those pictures... then I felt that maybe my actions hadn't been at all bad. Being a witness to something this horrible wasn't necessarily such a bad thing to do."

In Sudan
In March 1993, Robert Hadley of the UN Operation Lifeline Sudan offered João Silva the opportunity to travel to Sudan and report about the famine in South Sudan embedding with the rebels in that area's civil war. Silva told Carter, who felt it was an opportunity to expand his freelance career and use work as a way to address personal problems. Operation Lifeline Sudan had been having funding difficulties, and the UN believed that publicising the area's famine and needs would help aid organisations sustain funding. Silva and Carter were apolitical and desiring only to photograph.

After flying to Nairobi, the two found out that new fighting in Sudan would force them to wait in that city indefinitely. During this time, Carter made a day trip with the UN to Juba in the south Sudan to photograph a barge with food aid for the region. Soon afterwards, the UN received permission from a rebel group to fly food aid to Ayod. Hadley invited Silva and Carter to fly there with him. Once in Ayod, Silva and Carter separated to shoot photos of famine victims, discussing between themselves the shocking situations they were witnessing. Silva found rebel soldiers who could take him to someone in authority. Carter joined him. One of the soldiers, who did not speak English, was interested in Carter's wristwatch. Carter gave him the cheap watch as a gift. The soldiers served as their bodyguards.

Pulitzer Prize photograph in Sudan
Carter shot an image of a child who appeared to be a little girl, fallen to the ground from hunger, while a vulture lurked on the ground nearby. He told Silva he was shocked by the situation he had just photographed, and had chased the vulture away. A few minutes later, Carter and Silva boarded a small UN plane and left Ayod for Kongor.

Sold to The New York Times, the photograph first appeared on 26 March 1993, and syndicated worldwide. Hundreds of people contacted the newspaper to ask the fate of the girl. The paper said that according to Carter, "she recovered enough to resume her trek after the vulture was chased away" but that it was unknown whether she reached the UN food center. In April 1994, the photograph won the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography.

In 2011, the child's father revealed the child was actually a boy, Kong Nyong, and had been taken care of by the UN food aid station. Nyong had died four years prior, c. 2007, of "fevers", according to his family.

The photo, and its associated moral and political implications, have appeared in sociological academic journals. Scholars like Kleinman have posited Carter's work as an "appropriation of suffering" and as a greater example of colonial discourses.

Other work
In March 1994, Carter took a photograph of the three Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging members being shot during their abortive invasion of Bophuthatswana just before the South African election. Carter ran out of film halfway through the incident. Eamonn McCabe of The Guardian said: "It was a picture that made nearly every front page in the world, the one real photograph of the whole campaign."

Death
Four months after being awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography, Carter died of suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning on 27 July 1994 at age 33. Desmond Tutu, Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town, South Africa, wrote of Carter, "And we know a little about the cost of being traumatized that drove some to suicide, that, yes, these people were human beings operating under the most demanding of conditions."

"I'm really, really sorry. The pain of life overrides the joy to the point that joy does not exist. …depressed … without phone … money for rent … money for child support … money for debts … money!!! … I am haunted by the vivid memories of killings & corpses & anger & pain … of starving or wounded children, of trigger-happy madmen, often police, of killer executioners … I have gone to join Ken if I am that lucky."

The final line is a reference to his recently deceased colleague Ken Oosterbroek.

In popular culture
The 1996 song "Kevin Carter" by rock band Manic Street Preachers, from their fourth album Everything Must Go, was inspired by Carter's life and suicide. The lyrics were written by Richey Edwards shortly before his own disappearance.

A main character in the book House of Leaves, Will Navidson, is a photojournalist who is tormented by guilt over winning a Pulitzer Prize for a photo of a starving Sudanese girl but not helping her. In Footnote 336 it is mentioned that this is "clearly based on Kevin Carter's [...] photograph".

The 2001 album Poets and Madmen, by American heavy metal band Savatage, is inspired by the life and death of Carter.

In the 2010 film The Bang Bang Club, Carter was played by Taylor Kitsch.

title: Kevin Carter


text:
Phreatic eruption

A phreatic eruption, also called a phreatic explosion, ultravulcanian eruption or steam-blast eruption, occurs when magma heats ground water or surface water. The extreme temperature of the magma (anywhere from 500 to 1170 C) causes near-instantaneous evaporation of water to steam, resulting in an explosion of steam, water, ash, rock, and volcanic bombs. At Mount St. Helens in Washington state, hundreds of steam explosions preceded the 1980 Plinian eruption of the volcano. A less intense geothermal event may result in a mud volcano.

Phreatic eruptions typically include steam and rock fragments; the inclusion of liquid lava is unusual. The temperature of the fragments can range from cold to incandescent. If molten magma is included, volcanologists classify the event as a phreatomagmatic eruption. These eruptions occasionally create broad, low-relief craters called maars. Phreatic explosions can be accompanied by carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide gas-emissions. Carbon dioxide can asphyxiate at sufficient concentration; hydrogen sulfide acts as a broad-spectrum poison. A 1979 phreatic eruption on the island of Java killed 140 people, most of whom were overcome by poisonous gases.

Examples of phreatic eruptions

 * Cumbre Vieja - In the 2021 La Palma eruption, new eruptive vents tended to announce themselves with a phreatic explosion, followed soon after by the opening of a new fissure vent in the same location.
 * Krakatoa – Indonesia, 1883 (see 1883 eruption of Krakatoa) – it is believed that the eruption, which obliterated most of the volcanic island and created the loudest sound in recorded history, was a phreatomagmatic event.
 * Ritter Island – Papua New Guinea, 1888 (see 1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami) – Resulted in the largest lateral spreading of a volcanic cone in human history.
 * Kilauea – Hawaii, United States – the volcano has a long record of phreatic explosions; a 1924 phreatic eruption hurled rocks estimated at eight tons up to a distance of one kilometer.
 * Surtsey – Iceland, 1963–65
 * Taal Volcano – Philippines, 1965, 1977, 2020
 * Mount Ontake – Japan, 2014 (see 2014 Mount Ontake eruption)
 * Mayon Volcano – Philippines, 2013
 * Whakaari/White Island – New Zealand, 2019 (see 2019 Whakaari/White Island eruption)
 * Mount Bulusan – Philippines, 2022

title: Phreatic eruption


text:
Talk:Victoria, British Columbia

...and is about 100 km (60 mi) from British Columbia's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland.
It should say which direction it is 60 miles from. East?South?West?North?

Victoria’s climate
@Uness232 I think it’s important to highlight that Victoria is the warmest city on average. דולב חולב (talk) 08:37, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Sure, but not everything belongs in the first sentence. Also please see MOS:OVERLINK; "city in Canada" does not need a link. Uness232 (talk) 16:07, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I can agree with you on the Canadian cities.
 * so can we mention that Victoria is the warmest city on average? דולב חולב (talk) 04:39, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * With a source, yes. Uness232 (talk) 18:58, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.canadim.com/blog/the-warmest-place-in-canada/
 * you can go down to the section of Victoria, where it mentioned as the warmest city in Canada, and here https://www.planetware.com/canada/warmest-places-in-canada-in-winter-for-travelers-cdn-1-223.htm mentioned in the beginning. דולב חולב (talk) 19:52, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/hottest-cities-winter.php And here with stats. דולב חולב (talk) 19:53, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The second source seems the best. Uness232 (talk) 20:04, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Great
 * So you’ve added it? דולב חולב (talk) 16:20, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victoria, British Columbia


text:
Talk:Jōseki

Stub?
Is this still considered a stub? The information seems to be relevant to the specific topic. bojo 21:17, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

diagrams
the diagram in the basic joseki section of the article (full board position) is very hard to read because the white stones lack contrast against the background. Please try [| sgf2misc] to see examples of diagrams with good contrast between the white stones and the board. Funkyj 01:48, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Shogi link is not relevant to this article
In the external links there's a link to "Internet Shogi Joseki in Japanese". I'm removing it. Linking from this Go-specific article to a page in Japanese about Shogi (Japanese chess) openings makes as little sense as linking to a page about Western chess openings. Shogi is a type of chess and is an entirely different game from Go.--216.165.122.183 (talk) 01:19, 8 February 2008 (UTC)
 * yes this seems to have been added in combination with a spam link.--ZincBelief (talk) 13:47, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, in shogi, we call openings "joseki" as well, although it's spelled differently (定跡 as opposed to 定石). I think at least a mention of its use in shogi would be useful. 68.191.84.156 (talk) 20:04, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

 * It's the same word just with different character spellings. Recalls of examples like adviser vs advisor in English. – ishwar  (speak)  18:10, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Corner areas alone
I believe joseki is a balanced sequence of moves in any small-scale situation? 90.212.241.163 (talk) 12:09, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually, no - the article is correct that joseki refer to corners alone. Your own ref supports this too. Notice in your ref that there's a diagram entitled Reference Diagram. That shows that all 8 joseki (a to h) start in the corner of the board. I've added a reference to the article, too. --Trafford09 (talk) 00:15, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

 * My mistake. Cheers! 90.212.241.163 (talk) 00:27, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Judo tradition?
I know that the founder of Judo, Dr. Jigoro Kano, used some of what he'd learned from the game Go as he was developing judo. Now I just read in the USA Judo protocol for bowing at the opening of a competition that if there is no picture of Dr. Kano and "no Joseki," then there is "no need to bow to Joseki." (Caps & italics in original quote.) This is official protocol from the American governing body of judo. Does anyone know the meaning of this use of Joseki? Thanks! Dcs002 (talk) 05:36, 15 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Follow-up: I just learned that the "joseki" (lowercase "j") in judo seems to refer to the "Timekeeper/Jury Table" (caps in original). However, there is something they refer to as a true "Joseki" (always capitalized), which all contestants and officials must bow to, if one is present. Dcs002 (talk) 06:08, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

Jōseki vs Joseki
I believe it would be better to use "joseki" throughout the article as that is how it is spelled in most English speaking settings. Of course, we would still show the proper romanization at the top.

This is in line with the style guidance: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles#English_words_of_Japanese_origin 2601:647:5E00:84E0:CDE8:54E3:3ECA:6F21 (talk) 15:48, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jōseki


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Marguerite Moreau

Marguerite Moreau (born April 25, 1977 ) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jesse Reeves in the fantasy horror film Queen of the Damned, Katie in the comedy Wet Hot American Summer, and her role as Connie in The Mighty Ducks series of films. She has also made appearances on the television series Smallville, Lost, Cupid and The O.C.

Life and Career
Moreau was born on 25 April, 1977, in Riverside, California. As a child actress, she appeared in the Mighty Ducks films playing Connie Moreau. Her first break-out role was playing the recurring part of Melanie on Blossom in 1994 and 1995. She guest starred in several TV series such as Boy Meets World and 3rd Rock from the Sun. After graduating from Vassar College with her B.A. in political science in 1999, she landed some of her most prominent roles.

In 2001, she starred as Katie in Wet Hot American Summer. She reprised the role in the prequel Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp (2015) and the sequel Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later (2017), both eight-part series produced by Netflix.

Moreau played the role of Jesse in the 2002 film Queen of the Damned, based on the Anne Rice novels. She played the lead role in the TV miniseries Firestarter: Rekindled, succeeding Drew Barrymore in the role of Charlie McGee. In 2003's Runaway Jury she played opposite Gene Hackman. Moreau also starred in the 2003 independent film Easy, which has also been broadcast on the Showtime cable television network.

Personal life
Moreau married actor Christopher Redman in May 2010. In July 2015, Moreau gave birth to a son.

title: Marguerite Moreau


text:
The Summons (Grisham novel)

The Summons is a legal thriller novel by noted American author John Grisham which was released in February 2002.

Plot summary
The main character, Ray Atlee, is a law professor with a good salary at the University of Virginia. He has a brother, Forrest, and a father, known to many as Judge Reuben V. Atlee. Ray is sent to his father's house in Clanton, Mississippi, to discuss issues regarding the old man's will and estate. To do this, Ray has to go to fictional Ford County, Mississippi, the setting for four of John Grisham's other books including A Time To Kill. When he finds his father dead in the study, Ray discovers a sum of over $3 million in the house, money which is not part of Judge Atlee's will. Ray immediately thinks the money is "dirty" because his father could not possibly have made so much money in his career.

Assuming that he is the only one who knows about the money, Ray decides to take it without making it officially part of the estate, and does not tell anyone about it: he knows that if he made it a part of the estate, taxes would take most of the money. But later reality proves otherwise. Ray is being followed; someone else knows about the money. After his own investigations into the roots of the money and the identity of his shadow—including trips to casinos and shady meetings with prominent southern lawyers—he eventually discovers that Forrest has the money. He finds Forrest in a drug rehab compound and confronts him. At the end both part, with Forrest telling Ray that he will contact him in a year.

title: The Summons (Grisham novel)


text:
Andrea Jung

Andrea Jung (born 1959) is a Canadian-American executive, non-profit leader, and prominent women's-issues supporter based in New York City. In April 2014, she became president and CEO of Grameen America, a nonprofit microfinance organization founded by Nobel Peace Prize winner, Muhammad Yunus. From 1999 until 2012, she served as the first female CEO and chairman of Avon Products, Inc., a multi-level marketing company. Jung was also the first woman to serve as Chairman of the Cosmetic, Toiletry & Fragrance Association, and Chairman of the World Federation of Direct Selling Associations.

Jung received the 2010 Clinton Global Citizen Award for her leadership of the Avon Foundation for Women and other public-private partnerships to end violence against women and to stem the breast cancer epidemic. Under her leadership, the Avon Foundation for Women raised and awarded nearly US$1 billion to support health and empowerment causes, becoming the largest women-focused corporate philanthropy around the world.

After resigning her CEO role at Avon, Jung continued as chair of Avon's board of directors through the end of 2012 and then as a senior advisor to Avon's board through April 2014.

Early life
Jung was born in Toronto, Ontario in 1958 and raised in Wellesley, Massachusetts. As a child, she studied the piano and took lessons in Mandarin on Saturday mornings.

Her mother is a Shanghai-born amateur pianist. Jung's father is a Hong Kong-born retired architect, formerly a partner at TRO Jung Brannen, who also taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Jung graduated magna cum laude with an A.B. in English from Princeton University in 1979 after completing a senior thesis titled "The Fiction of Katherine Mansfield: Reconciliation of Duality." She is fluent in Mandarin. Her brother, Mark Jung, also graduated from Princeton University and went on to become co-founder and CEO of IGN which he continued to run after its acquisition by NewsCorp.

Career
Jung was executive vice president of Neiman Marcus, responsible for all of women's apparel, accessories, and cosmetics. Before that, she was senior vice president, general merchandising manager, for I. Magnin.

Jung joined Avon Products, Inc. in 1994 as the company's president in its product marketing group. She became president of global marketing in 1996 and executive vice president/president of global marketing and new business in 1997. Her responsibilities at that time centered primarily around market research, joint ventures and strategic planning. She then became president and chief operating officer, with responsibility for all business units of Avon worldwide. She has been on the company's board of directors since 1998. In November 1999, Jung was promoted to chairman of the board and chief executive officer.

In December 2011, Avon announced that it had initiated a search for a new chief executive with Jung helping to choose her replacement and continuing as chairman of the board for the next two years. Avon faced several controversies at the time of her resignation. The company's stock had dropped 45 percent in 2011. Avon's third quarter earnings report stated that sales targets would be unattainable and disclosed that there were two ongoing SEC inquiries. Net income in the third quarter fell to $164.2 million, or 38 cents a share (below analysts' estimates of 46 cents a share), from $166.7 million, or 38 cents, a year earlier. The results marked the fourth time in five-quarters that profit trailed analysts' projections. There was also a three-year probe into an alleged bribery of foreign officials has already caused the dismissal of four Avon executives.

Jung was named one of Forbes magazine's 100 Most powerful women in 2004. In 2009, Forbes ranked her the 25th most powerful woman. In 2012, she was named in the list of the worst 5 CEOs of 2012 by Bloomberg Businessweek.

In 2014, Andrea Jung became president and chief executive officer of a non-profit organization, Grameen America. This organization, founded by Muhammad Yunus, a Bangladeshi economist, "provided assistance, often in the form of microloans, to women looking to start small businesses."

Boards

 * Jung has been on the board of directors of General Electric since 1998.
 * Jung was on Apple's board of directors in 2008 and 2009, and rejoined the board in 2011, where she remains.
 * In 2013, Jung became co-founder and chair of the board for Venly, a Cambridge, Massachusetts distributed resource software and services firm that trains recent graduates and returning veterans to be community social media consultants for local businesses.
 * In February 2013, Jung was nominated as a member of the supervisory board of Daimler AG, part of the company's plan to increase female representation.
 * In May 2018, Jung joined the board for Wayfair, an American e-commerce company that sells industrial cabinets, furniture and home-goods.
 * In February 2021, Jung joined the New Jersey Council on the Green Economy.
 * Jung has been the Vice Chair, Senior Independent Director, and Chair of the Compensation Committee at the global consumer goods giant Unilever since 2021, three years after she first joined its board.

Personal life
Jung has been married twice. Jung's second ex-husband, Michael Gould, was the CEO of Bloomingdale's, the first company she worked for after college.

Jung has two children, an adopted son James "Jamie" Gould with her ex-husband Gould, and a daughter Lauren Christensen from her first marriage.

title: Andrea Jung


text:
George Reisman

George Gerald Reisman (born January 13, 1937) is an American economist. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics at Pepperdine University and the author of The Government Against the Economy (1979), which was praised by both F. A. Hayek and Henry Hazlitt, and Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics (1996). He is known as an advocate of free market or laissez-faire capitalism.

Biography
Reisman was born in New York City and graduated from Columbia College in 1957. As a sophomore in 1954, he was a supporter of Sen. Joseph McCarthy and spoke at a testimonial dinner to McCarthy's chief aide, Roy Cohn, following the latter's resignation. At the dinner, according to Time magazine, Reisman, representing the Students for America, called Cohn "the American Dreyfus," adding: "Roy Cohn and Joe McCarthy will be redeemed when the people have taken back their government from the criminal alliance of Communists, Socialists, New Dealers and the Eisenhower-Dewey Republicans."

He earned his PhD from New York University under the direction of Ludwig von Mises, whose methodological work The Epistemological Problems of Economics Reisman translated from the German original to English.

In the 1980s, with his wife, psychologist Edith Packer, he organized the Jefferson School of Philosophy, Economics, and Psychology, which held several conferences and seminars, the first being held at University of California, San Diego. Its lecturers included Leonard Peikoff, Edward Teller, Petr Beckmann, Hans Sennholz, Bernard Siegan, Anne Wortham, Robert Hessen, Allan Gotthelf, David Kelley, John Ridpath, Harry Binswanger, Edwin Locke, Walter E. Williams, Mary Ann Sures, Andrew Bernstein and Peter Schwartz. Attendees of these conferences include later Objectivist writers Tara Smith and Lindsay Perigo.

Reisman was a student of Ayn Rand, whose influence on his thought and work he described as being as great as that of his mentor, Mises.

title: George Reisman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mel Cocha

Yet another unlisted vfd brought to you as a public service by my humble self. This Spanish one-liner possibly involves Mel Gibson and an unreconciled iguana, but I am not entirely sure. --Ianb 21:19, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I can read Spanish to some degree, but this was such a mess that I didn't dare attempt it. The machine translation:  Mel Cocha is the atheistic brother done not recognize of Mel Gibson. if, have equal names but different surnames.  This was speedy deleted once before. - Lucky 6.9 21:59, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I can't read or write Spanish without Babelfish assistance. Suprima el "Mel Cocha" ¡artículo!  --Ardonik 02:31, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Aha! That I understand! :^P - Lucky 6.9 02:40, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems like a speedy deletion to me -R. fiend 05:12, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Este articulo no debe estar en Wikipedia. Nonsense. Delete. Rdsmith4 | Talk 05:24, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * That's a speedy delete, all right. Did the deed. Administrator privileges rawk! Bearcat 06:29, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Que extraño. Rough non-machine translation: "Mel Cocha is the unknown atheist brother of Mel Gibson. Yes, they have the same first name, but they have different last names." Delete. Isomorphic 06:31, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Linda Lee Thomas

Linda Lee Thomas (November 17, 1883 – May 20, 1954) was an American socialite and the wife of musical theatre composer Cole Porter.

First marriage
She was born Linda Belle Lee to the prominent Lee family of Virginia. Her father was Louisville banker William Paca Lee and her mother Lily Lee (née Hill). Friends introduced her to Edward Russell Thomas, a son of Union Army general Samuel Thomas and owner of the New York Morning Telegraph (and who later became the first American to kill someone in a car accident). They married on June 29, 1901, at Newport, Rhode Island. She was 17. They lived a life of luxury, with houses in Palm Beach, Manhattan, and Newport. It was said that her favorite "department store" was Van Cleef & Arpels. They divorced on October 26, 1912, reportedly due to his abuse.

Marriage to Porter
Thomas and Cole Porter met on January 30, 1918, at the wedding of Henry Potter Russell to heiress Ethel Borden Harriman, daughter of railroad and investment banking tycoon J. Borden Harriman and his wife, née Florence "Daisy" Hurst, at the Hôtel Ritz Paris.

Linda and Cole were married on December 18, 1919, in the city hall of the 8ème arrondissement of Paris.

From 1930 to 1939, the Porters lived at 13 rue Monsieur, a house next door to Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, and with a garden adjoining the future residence of Nancy Mitford. They were married 34 years, and although they had no children born of their marriage, Linda conceived and miscarried.

Linda died from emphysema in 1954. aged 70, in the couple's apartment in the Waldorf Towers. She left an estate of over $1.5 million (over $ million today) in which Cole inherited a lifetime interest. Her jewelry collection included pieces by Paul Flato. She was buried in the Porter family plot at Mount Hope Cemetery in Peru, Indiana.

Portrayals
Thomas is portrayed by Alexis Smith in the 1946 film Night and Day and by Ashley Judd in the 2004 film De-Lovely. A one-woman show about her life with Porter, titled Love, Linda: The Life of Mrs. Cole Porter, starring jazz vocalist Stevie Holland, ran Off-Broadway at the York Theatre in 2013.

title: Linda Lee Thomas


text:
Moody

Moody may refer to:

Places

 * Moody, Alabama, U.S.
 * Moody, Indiana, U.S.
 * Moody, Missouri, U.S.
 * Moody, Texas, U.S.
 * Moody County, South Dakota, U.S.
 * Port Moody, British Columbia, Canada
 * Hundred of Moody, a cadastral division in South Australia
 * Moody, South Australia, a locality
 * Moody Railway Station
 * Moody Tank Conservation Park, a protected area in South Australia

Business

 * Moody Bible Institute
 * Moody Radio
 * Moody Broadcasting Network, based in Chicago, USA
 * Moody Publishers, based in Chicago, USA
 * Moody Yachts, a British boatbuilder

Other

 * Moody (album), by saxophonist James Moody
 * Moody (Sajjad Ali album)
 * Moody (crater), an impact crater on Mercury
 * Moody (surname), people and characters with the name
 * Moody Air Force Base, Lowndes County, USA
 * Moody chart, used for computing friction losses in pipes
 * Moody Church, based in Chicago, USA
 * "Moody", a 1981 song from ESG's ESG EP
 * "Moody", a 2006 song from Bitter:Sweet's The Mating Game

title: Moody


text:
User talk:Sdwood

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Sdwood


text: User talk:65.138.118.251

title: User talk:65.138.118.251


text:
Trunk shot

The trunk shot is a cinematic camera angle which captures film from inside the trunk of a car. Though the trunk shot can be produced by placing the camera inside the trunk, the considerable bulk of a conventional movie camera and camera operator makes this difficult. Therefore, the shot is usually "cheated" by having the art department place a trunk door and some of the trunk frame close enough to the camera to make it appear to be shot from within a car. The trunk shot is a specialized type of low-angle shot.

In film
This camera angle is often noted to be the trademark of filmmaker Quentin Tarantino. Although he did not invent it, Tarantino popularized the trunk shot, which is featured in Reservoir Dogs, Pulp Fiction, Jackie Brown, From Dusk Till Dawn, Kill Bill: Volume 1 and Inglourious Basterds. In Death Proof, Tarantino's traditional shot looking up at the actors from the trunk of a car is replaced by one looking up from under the hood.

The earliest trunk shot can be noted in the 1948 movie by Anthony Mann (though credited to Alfred L. Werker), He Walked by Night, when the police are inspecting the contents of a murder suspect's trunk. Another use of the shot is in 1967 film In Cold Blood (directed by Richard Brooks) after the two outlaws cross the borders to Mexico in a stolen car. In the thriller Spasmo, directed by Umberto Lenzi in 1974, this shot can be seen when the main character opens the trunk and a dead man appears. A trunk shot appears also in George Miller's 1985 movie Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome when Max, Master and the savage children are following Jedediah's son while escaping from their chasers guided by Entity. It is also used in the John Hughes film Uncle Buck (1989), wherein Buck (John Candy) opens his trunk to reveal a tied up teenager who cheated on Buck's niece. Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead has a trunk shot where the kids are discussing whether the babysitter's body will fit. The 1992 film Sneakers contains a trunk shot when Robert Redford's character is kidnapped. There is also a trunk shot used in A Good Day to Die Hard, when John McClane and his son Jack find a trunk full of guns and ammo in a car they are about to steal. Paul Thomas Anderson used the shot in his short film Cigarettes & Coffee (1993) and Jonathan Mostow in Breakdown (1997). In Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006), there is a scene with a similar perspective, where Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth and Norrington find a buried chest and the camera looks up to them from inside the hole in the ground that the chest is in. This shot was also featured in a south Indian film named Aavesham (2024) in a song sequence which features the lead character’s birthday celebration.

In television
In episode 11 of the first season of Parker Lewis Can't Lose, a series of trunk shots are used during the episode's intro. In the CW's Supernatural TV series, trunk shots can be seen looking up at the protagonists, Dean Winchester and Sam Winchester, in both the pilot episode and the second season's finale. In the Amazon Prime Video series The Boys, a trunk shot is used many times throughout the show. Both Supernatural and The Boys were developed by Eric Kripke. The trunk shot is also used several times in AMC's Breaking Bad. A trunk shot can be seen in the episode 18 Miles Out (episode 10) from the second season of The Walking Dead. On The Andy Griffith Show season 8 episode 18, "Emmett's Brother-In-Law", Andy, Howard, and Goober are seen looking under the hood of Emmett's brother-in-law's car. In the Netflix series The Umbrella Academy, season 1 episode 3, a trunk shot is seen when the two hitmen open the car to reveal Klaus in the trunk.

In music videos

 * In Colombian pop-singer Shakira's music video "Objection (Tango)", Shakira is shown from a trunk shot, smiling sadistically at her ex-boyfriend and his mistress, who are bound and gagged in the trunk of her car, which she then slams shut.
 * In Axelle Red's 1998 music video "Rester Femme", Axelle is shown from a trunk shot looking at her husband, who is bound and gagged in the trunk of her car, which she then slams shut and blasts off.

Other uses
The trunk shot was used in the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, in a scene resembling the trunk shot scene of Tarantino's Pulp Fiction. In it, Tommy Vercetti and Lance Vance pull weaponry from a car's trunk before storming in on Ricardo Diaz's mansion.

title: Trunk shot