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Ferdinand Stoliczka

Ferdinand Stoliczka (Czech written Stolička, 7 June 1838 – 19 June 1874) was a Moravian palaeontologist who worked in India on paleontology, geology and various aspects of zoology, including ornithology, malacology, and herpetology. He died of high altitude sickness in Murgo during an expedition across the Himalayas.

Early life
Stoliczka was born at the lodge Zámeček near Kroměříž in Moravia. Stoliczka, whose father was a forester who took care of the estate of the Archbishop of Olomouc, studied at a German Secondary school in Kroměříž. Although Stoliczka published 79 articles from 1859 to 1875, he never wrote anything in Czech. It is believed that he spoke German at home. In his Calcutta years he was an important figure in the German-speaking community there.

Stoliczka studied geology and palaeontology at Prague and the University of Vienna under Professor Eduard Suess and Dr Rudolf Hoernes. He graduated with a Ph D from the University of Tübingen on 14 November 1861. His early works were studies on some freshwater mollusca from the Cretaceous rocks of the north-eastern Alps about which he wrote to the Vienna Academy in 1859. His scientific career proper started in the Austrian Geological Survey, which he joined in 1861, and his first papers there were based on work in the Alps and Hungary.

Career in India
In 1862 Stoliczka joined the Geological Survey of India (GSI) under the British Government in India after being recruited by Dr Thomas Oldham (1816–1878). In Calcutta he was assigned the job of documenting the Cretaceous fossils of southern India and published them in the Palaeontologia indica, along with William Thomas Blanford. By May 1873 this work was completed with four volumes totalling nearly 1500 quarto size pages with 178 plates. Among these works was the osteological description of Oxyglossus pusillus, a fossil frog from the Deccan Traps of Bombay. He studied the geology of the western Himalayas and Tibet, and published numerous papers on many subjects including Indian zoology. He was also briefly (in 1868) the joint curator of the Indian Museum and also the Natural History Secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He was involved in editing the Society's journal.

Expeditions
He visited Burma, Malaya and Singapore, and made two trips to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Rann of Kutch. His first Himalayan trip was in 1864 with F. R. Mallet of the GSI. In 1865 he visited again with an artist friend and a dog to the Ladakh Valley. He visited Kutch in 1871–1872 but noted that his geology work kept him from making many observations. He noted wild cheetahs from the region and also what is now Stoliczka's bushchat. In 1873 he joined an expedition organized by Hume along with Valentine Ball to the Andaman and Nicobar islands.

Last expedition
His third and last expedition was the most important expedition (1873–1874) during the height of the "Great Game", the rivalry between the Russian and British empires. Eastern Turkestan (Kashgaria) was a buffer state of prime importance. The British launched an official diplomatic enterprise—the Second Yarkand Mission led by Thomas Douglas Forsyth and to Yakub Beg, the ruler of Chinese Turkestan. The mission included 350 support staff and 550 animals. The expedition also needed 6476 porters and 1621 horses and it is said that the Ladakh economy took four years to recover from the losses incurred. The seven sahibs on the mission, in addition to Forsyth and Stoliczka, were Thomas E. Gordon, John Biddulph, Henry Bellew, Henry Trotter, and R. A. Champman.

The mission set out from Rawalpindi to Leh via Murree. The mission travelled past the Pangong Lake, Changchenmo and Karakash Valley onto Shahidulla and finally to Yarkand. They reached Kashgar in December 1873. On 17 March 1874 they began the return journey. They were to visit the Pamir and Afghanistan areas but could not do so due to the political situation and returned to India via Ladakh. On 16 June 1874 he had severe headaches as they crossed the Karakoram pass (5580 m). That night, he wrote....
 * ...upon this followed massive dolomitic limestone and this was overlain with blue shales. I must have a ramble in these limestones tomorrow.

Captain Trotter reported that on the 18th "he started on horseback early in the morning to examine some rocks up the stream." He returned tired and complained of a headache. He breathed heavily and coughed all night. The native doctor diagnosed acute bronchitis and inflammation of the lungs and treated him with brandy mixed in a cough mixture. At 2 p.m. he drank some port wine and "his respiration grew slower and slower, and also did his pulse, and he finally breathed his last, dying so quietly that it was impossible to say at what precise instant he passed away".

Stoliczka died on 19 June 1874 at Murgo in Ladakh. His dying request was that the birds part of the scientific results of the expedition be published by Allan Octavian Hume. This work was finally, however, completed by Richard Bowdler-Sharpe seventeen years later. Dr. H. W. Bellew did the post-mortem and confirmed "spinal meningitis deteriorated by over-exertion in strenuous endeavours after information, and the great height." Today this is generally believed to have been Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), a condition well known to Himalayan travellers. It manifests as pulmonary or cerebral oedema. Above 5,000 m this is fatal in about 40% of the cases. Conditions that aggravate it include exertion, fast ascent and alcohol, all of which were present in his case.

In his report on the expedition, Thomas E. Gordon touched on the death of his "highly valued friend and talented companion."

A granite obelisk is erected in his memory at the Moravian mission cemetery in Leh. An obituary was published in Nature on 9 July 1874 by W. T. Blanford.

FERDINAND STOLICZKA, Ph D. Born in Moravia 7th June 1838 Died at Moorgo 19th June 1874 while returning from Yarkund with the British Mission to which he was attached as Naturalist. Though young when he fell a sacrifice to duty, he had already achieved eminence by his researches into the geology and natural history of India AND HIS EARLY DEATH is deeply regretted by the world of science and by the Government of India, who in recognition of his able and honourable services, have caused this monu- ment to be erected 1876

Ornithological contributions
Stoliczka's interest in birds started only in 1864 when in the Himalayas and he was greatly encouraged by Allan Octavian Hume, the "father of Indian Ornithology". His first ornithological work was making large collections of birds from the Sutlej Valley.

Arthur Viscount Walden recognized his contributions and welcomed the geologist Stoliczka to a high place among scientific ornithologists but disagreed with Stoliczka's idea of adding new species due to small differences in plumage. Hume however supported Stoliczka and wrote a note in the journal, Ibis, against the cabinet naturalists of London who knew nothing about the geography of India. Hume shortly afterwards started the journal Stray Feathers and persuaded ornithologists in India to publish there.

Some of Stoliczka's new species were later found to have been already described by the Russian zoologist N. A. Severtzov. A week before his death, Stoliczka wrote to Valentine Ball...
 * 'Please tell Waterhouse to order for the Asiatic, Severtzov's Turkestanskie Jevotnie immediately, if it is not at the Indian Museum. If they do not like ordering it, order it for myself through Truebner without delay. Do not forget, please.'

A partial list of his publications on birds includes:
 * Stoliczka, F. (1873): Letters to the Editor. Stray Feathers. 1(5):425-427.
 * Stoliczka, F. (1874): Letters to the Editor. Stray Feathers. 2(4&5):461-463.
 * Stoliczka, F. (1874): Letters to the Editor. Stray Feathers. 2(4&5):463-465.
 * Stoliczka, F. (1875): The avifauna of Kashgar in winter. Stray Feathers. 3(1,2&3):215-220.
 * Stoliczka, F. (1872): Notice of the mammals and birds inhabiting Kachh [Cutch]. Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 41(2):211-258.
 * Stoliczka, F. (1868): Ornithological observations in the Sutlej valley, N.W. Himalayas. Jour. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 37(2):1-70.

Herpetological contributions
In the scientific field of herpetology Stoliczka described many new species of amphibians and reptiles, and several species and a genus have been named in his honor by other herpetologists.

Taxon described by him

 * See Category:Taxa named by Ferdinand Stoliczka

Eponymous species and subspecies
Some of the species and subspecies named after Stoliczka are listed below. Not all names may be currently valid.

Taxa named in his honor

 * The ammonite genus Stoliczkaia

Arachnids
 * Stoliczka's crab spider, Thomisus stoliczka
 * The nursery web spider genus Stoliczka

Birds
 * Stoliczka's treecreeper, Certhia nipalensis
 * Stoliczka's bushchat, Saxicola macrorhyncha Stoliczka, 1872

Fish
 * Stoliczka's loach, Triplophysa stoliczkai (Steindachner, 1866)
 * Stoliczka's barb, Pethia stoliczkana

Insects
 * Ladakh banded apollo, Parnassius stoliczkanus C. & R. Felder 1864
 * Orange clouded yellow, Colias stoliczkana Moore, 1882

Mammals
 * Stoliczka's trident bat, Aselliscus stoliczkanus
 * Stoliczka's mountain vole, Alticola stoliczkanus

Reptiles
 * Mongolia rock agama, Paralaudakia stoliczkana (Blanford, 1875)
 * The snake genus Stoliczkia
 * Stoliczka's tawny cat snake, Boiga ochracea stoliczkae
 * Stoliczka's stripe-necked snake, Liopeltis stoliczkae
 * Frontier bow-fingered gecko, Altiphylax stoliczkai
 * Paraxenodermus borneensis (  Boulenger, 1899) with the common names: Borneo red snake, Stolickza's stream snake; is a species of snake in the family Xenodermatidae.

title: Ferdinand Stoliczka


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List of storms named Alex

The name Alex has been used for twelve tropical cyclones worldwide: five in the Atlantic Ocean, four in the Western Pacific Ocean and three in the South-West Indian Ocean. The name has also been used for one extratropical European windstorm.

In the North Atlantic:
 * Tropical Storm Alex (1998), a weak storm that never affected land.
 * Hurricane Alex (2004), a hurricane that came within 10 mi of the Outer Banks of North Carolina, then strengthened to Category 3 once clear of land.
 * Hurricane Alex (2010), a Category 2 hurricane that made landfall in Belize as a tropical storm and passed over the Yucatán Peninsula before making landfall in Tamaulipas, Mexico, at maximum intensity.
 * Hurricane Alex (2016), a rare Category 1 hurricane that formed in mid-January, made landfall in the Azores causing heavy rainfall and gusty winds.
 * Tropical Storm Alex (2022), a short-lived tropical storm that produced heavy rainfall in the Yucatán Peninsula, western Cuba and South Florida while developing.

In the Western Pacific:
 * Tropical Storm Alex (1980) (T8020, 24W), a short-lived tropical storm that formed to the north of Iwo Jima
 * Typhoon Alex (1984) (T8403, 03W, Biring), a Category 1 typhoon that passed north over Taiwan before dissipating over South Korea
 * Typhoon Alex (1987) (T8708, 08W, Etang), a minimal typhoon that brushed north Taiwan before striking mainland China; caused little damage from the typhoon, but its remnants contributed to some significant flooding in Korea
 * Tropical Depression/Storm Alex (1998) (19W), a weak tropical cyclone that formed to the east of the Philippines before it was absorbed by the more powerful Typhoon Zeb; Japan Meteorological Agency analyzed it as a tropical depression, not as a tropical storm, but the Joint tropical Weather Center did call it a storm.

In the South-West Indian:
 * Cyclone Alex (1981), a Category 2 cyclone that stayed well out to sea and did not approach any land
 * Cyclone Alex (1990), a Category 5 cyclone (on the Australian scale) that formed in the Timor Sea and moved to the southwest without approaching land
 * Cyclone Alex (2001), a tropical storm that formed to the north of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands before passing west of 90°E, when it was renamed Andre

In Europe:
 * Storm Alex (2020), a powerful non-tropical storm that caused widespread wind and flood damage across Europe

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of storms named Alex


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Concise List of Roman Emperors

From what I can see the three pages are serve different purposes in what they illustrate. There may be some overlap to be addressed, but this may or may not be addressed merely by deleting any of them.

Ultimately it should be up to the reader to determine the level of information they wish to see - not the author - so on this basis the more information available, the greater the choice available to the reader - as long as it is clearly indicated that the options are available - and available through proper indexing rather than merlely the availability of a search engine. --JohnArmagh 06:27, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Thurston Island

Thurston Island (-72.1°N, -99°W) is a largely ice-covered, glacially dissected island, 135 nmi long and 55 nmi wide, lying between Amundsen Sea and Bellingshausen Sea a short way off the northwest end of Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. The island is separated from the mainland by Peacock Sound, which is occupied by the west portion of Abbot Ice Shelf.

Geography
Thurston Island is separated from the mainland by Peacock Sound, which is occupied by the western portion of Abbot Ice Shelf. It lies off the Eights Coast. Bellingshausen Sea lies the east and Amundsen Sea to the west. Sherman Island, Carpenter Island and Dustin Island in Seraph Bay lie to the south of Thurston Island. The Walker Mountains form the spine of the island. Peaks in that range include, from west to east, Landfall Peak, Mount Lopez, Mount Caldwell, Mount Kazukaitis, Mount Simpson, Mount Noxon, Mount Leech, Mount Hubbard, Smith Peak, Mount Borgesen, Guy Peaks, Mount Hawthorne, Mount Bramhall, Zuhn Bluff and Parker Peak.

The northwest side of the island consists of a series of capes, peninsulas and inlets. From west to east they include Cape Flying Fish, Cape Petersen, Williams Island, Jones Peninsula, Dyer Point, Cape Davies, Hughes Peninsula, Henry Inlet, Tinglof Peninsula, Wagoner Inlet, Starr Peninsula, Potaka Inlet, Kearns Peninsula, Peale Inlet, Glacier Bight, Noville Peninsula, Porters Pinnacles and Mount Palmer. Features of the north of the island include Sikorski Glacier, Mount Feury, Frankenfield Glacier, Mulroy Island, Black Crag, Pelter Glacier, Murphy Inlet, Linsley Peninsula, Ball Peninsula, Edwards Peninsula, Mount Bubier, Koether Inlet, Evans Peninsula, Cape Walden and Cape Braathen.

Features of the east coast include from north to south Cadwalader Inlet, Deadmond Glacier, Lofgren Peninsula, Cape Menzel, Barret Island, Morgan Inlet, Tierney Peninsula and Cape Annawan. Features of the southwest coast include, from west to east, Kannheiser Glacier, Craft Glacier, Hendersin Knob, Rochray Glacier, Cox Glacier, Hale Glacier, Myers Glacier, Sherman Island,, Schwartz Cove, Williamson Peninsula, Trice Islands, O'Dowd Cove and Evans Point. Features of the southeast cost include, from west to east, Von der Wall Point, Boker Rocks, Mount Dowling, Belknap Nunatak, Prickly Ridge, Shelton Head, Long Glacier, Simpson Bluff, Baker Knob, Harrison Nunatak, Cape Walker and Savage Glacier.

History
Thurston Island island was discovered by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd and members of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) in a flight from the Bear on February 27, 1940. Byrd named it for W. Harris Thurston, a New York textile manufacturer, designer of the windproof "Byrd Cloth" and contributor to the expedition. Originally charted as a peninsula, the feature was found to be an island by the USN Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960.

On 30 December 1946, Thurston Island was the site of Antarctica's first fatal plane crash. A Martin PBM-5 Mariner (59098) of the US Navy with the Byrd expedition hit a ridge and burned on the island, killing 3 of the 9 occupants. The 6 survivors were rescued 13 days later.

Cape Flying Fish
-72.1°N, -102.48333°W. An ice-covered cape which forms the west extremity of Thurston Island. Discovered by R. Admiral Byrd and members of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) in a flight from the Bear, February 1940. Named by US-SCAN for the USEE ship Flying Fish, commanded by Lieutenant William M. Walker, United States Navy, which reached a point within 125 nmi of this cape; the ship's position on the morning of March 23, 1839 was 70|00|S|100|16|W

Cape Petersen
-71.93333°N, -101.76667°W. A rounded ice-covered cape on the north side of Thurston Island, about 18 nmi east-northeast of Cape Flying Fish. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Carl O. Petersen, radio engineer with the ByrdAE in 1928-30 and 1933-35.

Williams Island
-71.9°N, -101.43333°W. Ice-covered island about 1 nmi long, lying midway between Cape Petersen and Dyer Point and about 2 nmi off the north coast of Thurston Island. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Frederick W. Williams, aviation machinist's mate with United States Navy Operation Highjump, who lost his life in a seaplane crash at Thurston Island on December 30, 1946.

Jones Peninsula
-71.91667°N, -100.83333°W An ice-covered peninsula 5 nmi west of Hughes Peninsula in northwest Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Ensign Robert H. Jones, navigator and second pilot of PBM Mariner aircraft in the Eastern Group of United States Navy Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of this peninsula and coastal areas adjacent to Thurston Island, 1946-47.

Dyer Point
-71.86667°N, -100.91667°W. Ice-covered point just west of Hughes Peninsula on the north coast of Thurston Island. First plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for J.N. Dyer, radio engineer with the ByrdAE in 1933-35.

Cape Davies
-71.76667°N, -100.38333°W. Ice-covered cape at the northeast end of Hughes Peninsula. First delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Frank Davies, physicist with the ByrdAE in 1928-30.

Hughes Peninsula
-71.86667°N, -100.58333°W. Ice-covered peninsula about 18 nmi long, lying west of Henry Inlet. Plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Jerry Hughes, photographer's mate with the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960, who took aerial photographs of Thurston Island from helicopters.

Henry Inlet
-71.9°N, -100.33333°W. Narrow, ice-filled inlet about 12 nmi long, indenting the north coast of Thurston Island immediately east of Hughes Peninsula. First plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Robert Henry, photographer's mate with the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, who in February 1960 recorded features along Eights Coast from helicopters.

Tinglof Peninsula
-71.98333°N, -100.4°W. An ice-covered peninsula, 10 nmi long, between Henry and Wagoner Inlets on the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Ivor Tinglof, tractor mechanic of the ByrdAE in 1933-35, who built at Little America the first heavy cargo sleds for use in the Antarctic.

Smith Cliff
-71.98333°N, -100.13333°W. A rock cliff midway along the ice-covered northern shore of Tinglof Peninsula. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Aviation Radioman William F. Smith, aircrewman in the Eastern Group of U.S. Navy (USN) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of this cliff and coastal areas adjacent to Thurston Island, 1946-47.

Wagoner Inlet
-71.95°N, -100.03333°W. An ice-filled inlet between Tinglof and Starr Peninsulas on the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Charles Wagoner, seaman on the USS Glacier during the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, a member of the field party engaged in scientific work on Thurston Island in February 1960.

Starr Peninsula
-71.93333°N, -99.76667°W. An ice-covered peninsula about 10 nmi long, between Wagoner and Potaka Inlets on the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Robert B. Starr, oceanographer aboard the USS Glacier in this area during the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960.

Potaka Inlet
-71.95°N, -99.58333°W. Narrow ice-filled inlet about 8 nmi long, indenting the north side of Thurston Island immediately east of Starr Peninsula. First delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Doctor Louis H. Potaka, medical officer with the ByrdAE, 1933-35.

Kearns Peninsula
-72.05°N, -99.21667°W. A broad ice-covered peninsula between Potaka Inlet and Peale Inlet on the north side of Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Lieutenant (jg) William H. Kearns, United States Navy Reserve (United States Navy Reserve), co-pilot of the Operation Highjump PBM Mariner seaplane that crashed on adjacent Noville Peninsula, December 30, 1946. Kearns and five other survivors were rescued on January 12, 1947.

Peale Inlet
-71.91667°N, -99.2°W. Ice-filled inlet about 16 nmi long, lying immediately west of Neville Peninsula and indenting the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Titian Ramsay Peale, noted artist−naturalist who served on the sloop of war Peacock of the USEE under Wilkes, 1838-42. The Peacock, accompanied by the tender Flying Fish, sailed along the edge of the pack ice to the north of Thurston Island for several days in March 1839.

Glacier Bight
-71.8°N, -99.75°W. An open embayment about 22 nmi wide, indenting the north coast of Thurston Island between Hughes and Noville Peninsulas. First delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for the icebreaker USS Glacier the first ship ever to make its way to this coastal area, in February 1960.

Noville Peninsula
-71.83333°N, -98.76667°W. High ice-covered peninsula about 30 nmi long, between Peale and Murphy Inlets on the north side of Thurston Island. Delineated from aerial photographs made by United States Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. Named for George O. Noville, executive officer of ByrdAE, 1933-35.

Mulroy Island
-71.75°N, -98.1°W. Small island which lies just off Black Crag, the east extremity of Noville Peninsula. Discovered by the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Thomas B. Mulroy, fuel engineer with ByrdAE in 1928-30.

Murphy Inlet
-71.93333°N, -98.05°W. Ice-filled inlet about 18 nmi long, with two parallel branches at the head, lying between Noville and Edwards Peninsulas. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Charles J.V. Murphy, assistant to R. Admiral Byrd after ByrdAE of 1928-30, and member of the wintering party of ByrdAE of 1933-35.

Linsley Peninsula
-72.05°N, -98.18333°W. A broad, roughly rectangular ice-covered peninsula which protrudes into the south part of Murphy Inlet, dividing the inlet into two arms at the head. The peninsula was first plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp, 1946-47. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Richard G. Linsley, United States Navy, pilot of LC-130 Hercules aircraft who made flights in support of the USARP geological party working at Thurston Island in the 1968-69 season.

Ball Peninsula
-72.13333°N, -98.05°W. A broad ice-covered peninsula. It extends into Murphy Inlet between Noville Peninsula and Edwards Peninsula. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Lieutenant (jg) James L. Ball, PBM Mariner pilot in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of this peninsula and adjacent coastal areas, 1946-47. Ball commanded the January 11, 1947 search plane which, after 12 days of uncertainty, found the burned wreck and survivors of the Mariner crash on Noville Peninsula.

Edwards Peninsula
-71.91667°N, -97.76667°W. Ice-covered peninsula about 20 nmi long, between Murphy and Koether Inlets. Delineated from aerial photographs made by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946 and by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Donald L. Edwards, navigator of USS Burton Island on the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition to this area in February 1960.

Mount Bubier
-71.85°N, -97.8°W. Mountain visible from seaward, its summit about 4 nmi south of the north tip of Edwards Peninsula. First delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Kennard F. Bubier, aviation mechanic on ByrdAE in 1928-30.

Koether Inlet
-71.93333°N, -97.33333°W. Ice-filled inlet about 18 nmi long, indenting the coast between Edwards Peninsula and Evans Peninsula. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Ens. Bernard Koether, navigator of USS Glacier on the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, who in February 1960 assisted in the charting of the Thurston Island coastline and in the accurate location of soundings.

Evans Peninsula
-71.96667°N, -96.7°W. Ice-covered peninsula about 30 nmi long, between Koether Inlet and Cadwalader Inlet. Discovered in flights from the USS Burton Island and Glacier by personnel of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Commander Griffith Evans, Jr., commander of the icebreaker Burton Island during this expedition.

Cape Walden
-71.73333°N, -96.91667°W. Ice-covered cape at the northwest termination of Evans Peninsula, marking the east entrance of Koether Inlet. Delineated from air photos taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Arthur T. Walden, dog driver and leader of the Queen Maud Mountains Supporting Party of the ByrdAE in 1928-30.

Cape Braathen
-71.8°N, -96.08333°W. Ice-covered cape at the northwest termination of Evans Peninsula. Delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Christoffer Braathen, ski expert and dog driver with the ByrdAE of 1928-30.

Cadwalader Inlet
-72.06667°N, -96.3°W. Ice-filled inlet about 22 nmi long, indenting the northeast coast of Thurston Island between Evans and Lofgren Peninsulas. Discovered on helicopter flights from the USS Burton Island and Glacier by personnel of United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Captain John Cadwalader, United States Navy, chief of staff to United States Antarctic Projects Officer and representative of Task Unit Commander aboard the Burton Island in February 1960.

Lofgren Peninsula
-72.13333°N, -96°W. An ice-covered peninsula about 22 nmi long, projecting between Cadwalader and Morgan Inlets on the northeast side of Thurston Island. Discovered in helicopter flights from the USS Glacier and Burton Island by personnel of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Charles E. Lofgren, personnel officer with the ByrdAE, 1928-30.

Morgan Inlet
-72.2°N, -96°W. Ice-filled inlet about 18 nmi long, with two branches, indenting the east end of Thurston Island between Lofgren and Tierney Peninsulas. Discovered in helicopter flights from USS Glacier and Burton Island by personnel of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Joseph R. Morgan, United States Navy, hydrographic and oceanographic officer of United States Navy Task Force 43 during this expedition.

Ryan Point
-72.3°N, -95.85°W. A bold coastal point in ice-filled Morgan Inlet at the east end of Thurston Island. The point forms the east extremity of the wedge-shaped promontory between Lofgren Peninsula and Tierney Peninsula. Named by US-ACAN after A.E. Ryan, Chief Photographer's Mate in the Eastern Group of U.S. Navy (USN) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of Thurston Island and adjacent coastal areas, 1946-47.

King Cliffs
-72.23333°N, -96.16667°W. Ice-covered cliffs, with numerous rock exposures, forming the south side of the larger north arm of Morgan Inlet, on Thurston Island. The cliffs were first investigated by geologists with the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Charles E. King, geologist, member of the Ellsworth Land Survey which worked at the cliffs in the 1968-69 season.

Tierney Peninsula
-72.33333°N, -95.75°W. An ice-covered peninsula about 14 nmi long, between Savage Glacier and Morgan Inlet in.the east end of Thurston Island. Discovered on helicopter flights from the USS Burton Island and Glacier of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for J.Q. Tierney, oceanographer aboard the Burton Island on this expedition.

Cape Annawan
-72.3°N, -95.4°W. An ice-covered cape which marks the east extremity of Thurston Island and the northwest entrance to Seraph Bay. Discovered in helicopter flights from the USS Burton Island and Glacier by personnel of the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for the ship Annawan, of the United States Expedition of 1829-31, which with the Penguin sailed west from the South Shetland Islands in February 1830, holding a course between 62°S and 58°S and exploring as far as 103°W, northward of this cape.

Pallid Crest
-72.38333°N, -96.21667°W. A solitary ice-covered ridge 2 nmi west of the base of Tierney Peninsula. The feature is visible from a considerable distance and various directions. So named by US-ACAN because of its whitish appearance.

Jordan Nunatak
-72.15°N, -101.26667°W. A nunatak standing between the heads of Rochray Glacier and Cox Glacier in the southwest part of Thurston Island. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Specialist 6 Joe Jordan, United States Army Aviation Detachment, a helicopter mechanic on the Ellsworth Land Survey, 1968-69 season.

Gould Knoll
-72.23333°N, -100.58333°W. A mostly ice-covered rock knoll that rises on the east margin of Hale Glacier at the point the glacier enters Abbot Ice Shelf. Named by US-ACAN after William G. Gould, NOAA specialist, 1960s to the mid 1990s, in the archiving of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite images of the world, including those used for AVHRR image maps of the Antarctic continent.

Schwartz Cove
-72.4°N, -99.46667°W. An ice-filled cove of Abbot Ice Shelf located west of Williamson Peninsula on the south side of Thurston Island. Trice Islands lie at the cove entrance. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Commander Isidor J. Schwartz, Executive Officer of the seaplane tender USS Pine Island in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

Williamson Peninsula
-72.45°N, -99.3°W. An ice-covered peninsula midway along the south side of Thurston Island. It extends southwest into Abbot Ice Shelf between Schwartz Cove and O'Dowd Cove. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Lieutenant Commander H. E. Williamson, Medical Officer of the seaplane tender Pine Island in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

O'Dowd Cove
-72.5°N, -98.91667°W. An ice-filled cove of Abbot Ice Shelf between Williamson Peninsula and Von der Wall Point on the south side of Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Commander William O'Dowd, Aviation Officer of the seaplane tender USS Pine Island in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

Evans Point
-72.43333°N, -99.65°W. An ice-covered point fronting on Peacock Sound, lying 15 nmi west-northwest of Von der Wall Point. First plotted from air photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for Richard Evans, an oceanographer on the USS Burton Island in this area during the United States Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition, February 1960.

Von der Wall Point
-72.48333°N, -98.83333°W. A low ice-covered point on the south side of Thurston Island. It extends into Peacock Sound toward the northeast extremity of Sherman Island. Delineated from aerial photos taken by United States Navy OpHjp in December 1946. Named by US-ACAN for J.H. Von der Wall, tractor driver and mechanic with the ByrdAE in 1933-35.

Boker Rocks
-72.41667°N, -98.66667°W. A rocky exposure located 5 nmi northeast of Von der Wall Point. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Helmut C. Boker, meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1964-65.

Mount Dowling
-72.45°N, -98.13333°W. Small mountain overlooking the south coast of Thurston Island, about 13 nmi east of Von der Wall Point. Mapped by USGS from surveys and USN air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for Forrest L. Dowling, geophysicist at Byrd Station, 1960-61.

Belknap Nunatak
-72.43333°N, -97.75°W. A nunatak about 6 nmi west-northwest of Shelton Head, surmounting an ice-covered spur on the south coast of Thurston Island. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for William Belknap, field assistant at Byrd Station, 1964-65.

Prickly Ridge
-72.51667°N, -97.56667°W. A rounded ice-covered ridge 4 nmi west of Shelton Head on the south side of Thurston Island. Belknap Nunatak is the largest outcrop on the ridge. The descriptive name was given by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN); small dispersed nunataks rise above the ice surface giving the feature a prickly appearance.

Shelton Head
-72.46667°N, -97.41667°W. A headland marked by exposed rock, located 12 nmi west of Long Glacier on the south coast of Thurston Island. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-66. Named by US-ACAN for John A. Shelton meteorologist at Byrd Station, 1963-64.

Long Bluff
-72.53333°N, -96.76667°W. A conspicuous rock bluff on the west side of Long Glacier in southeast Thurston Island. Named by US-ACAN after W.A. Long, Chief Pharmacist's Mate in the Eastern Group of U.S. Navy (USN) Operation Highjump, 1946-47. Assigned to the Jan. 11, 1947 search flight commanded by Lieutenant (jg) James L. Ball, Long was first to sight the wreck of PBM Mariner seaplane George One on Noville Peninsula, leading to the rescue of its survivors.

Simpson Bluff
-72.45°N, -96.1°W. A broad ice-covered bluff at the east end of Thurston Island. The bluff stands between Levko Glacier and Savage Glacier where they enter Seraph Bay. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Photographer's Mate R.M. Simpson, aircrewman in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of Thurston Island and adjacent coastal areas, 1946-47.

Baker Knob
-72.5°N, -96.01667°W. A small rounded coastal elevation which has an abrupt east face, standing 2 nmi north of Harrison Nunatak at the east  end of Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after T.W. Baker, Photographer's Mate in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, which obtained aerial photographs of Thurston Island and adjacent coastal areas, 1946-47.

Harrison Nunatak
-72.48333°N, -96.08333°W. A snow-covered nunatak, with rock exposure to the SE, located 4 nmi south of Savage Glacier in the extreme southeast part of Thurston Island. Discovered on helicopter flights from the USS Burton Island and Glacier during the United States Navy Bellinghausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named by US-ACAN for Henry T. Harrison, Jr., United States Weather Bureau meteorologist with the ByrdAE in 1928-30.

Cape Walker
-72.55°N, -95.95°W. An ice-covered cape which forms the southeast end of Thurston Island. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Captain Edward K. Walker, captain of the Canisteo, a tanker in the Eastern Group of United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

title: Thurston Island


text: File:Pladask photo.jpeg

title: File:Pladask photo.jpeg


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Talk:General Motors Epsilon platform

Isn't the Vectra the mid-size Holden? What is this refering to? -- stewacide

The new Opel/Vauxhall Vectra is an Epsilon car as of last year (see this page - looks just like a Malibu!). Holden may have a different Vectra - not sure. --Stephen 11:49, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

I can't imagine why they'd engineer an Australia-only Epsilon. Holden will either keep selling the Vecrta as their midsize or a North American Epsilon car (Malibu, etc.). Maybe you're confusing it with the next-gen' RWD Commadore? -- stewacide

People, the 2008 Malibu is still Epsilon I.

Does anyone know where the chassis for this platform is being made? I have also heard that a large program has been awarded to Martin Rea for production in China....

Isn't Cobalt a Delta, Cobalt is not a mid-size car, is a compact and even EPA considers it a sub-compact.

Does anyone know what the actual differences between the Epsilon platform used by Saab and the rest of GM are? Might be worth some information to the article to substantiate the claim. As far as I know the rear suspension has some differences though both are 4-link designs, is it just a slightly different bushing at the short link for the `reaxis' implementation or is there more to it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.252.128.18 (talk) 00:21, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Intellectual property rights
News roaming about Epsilon platform's sale to Turkish Government. Anyone knows about this?

http://www.dailysabah.com/automotive/2015/10/16/intellectual-property-rights-of-saab-9-3-purchased-for-turkish-domestic-car

Bisherbas (talk) 00:15, 16 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Motors Epsilon platform


text:
Desoldering

In electronics, desoldering is the removal of solder and components from a circuit board for troubleshooting, repair, replacement, and salvage.

Tools
Desoldering tools and materials include the following:

Terminology is not totally standardised. Anything with a base unit with provision to maintain a stable temperature, pump air in either direction, etc., is often called a "station" (preceded by rework, soldering, desoldering, hot air); one, or sometimes more, tools may be connected to a station, e.g., a rework station may accommodate a soldering iron and hot air head. A soldering iron with a hollow tip and a spring-, bulb-, or electrically-operated suction pump may be called a. Terms such as "suction pen" may be used; the meaning is usually clear from the context.
 * Solder wick
 * Heat guns, also called hot air guns
 * Desoldering pump
 * Removal alloys
 * Removal fluxes
 * Heated soldering tweezers
 * Various picks and tweezers for tasks such as pulling at, holding, removing, and scraping components.
 * Vacuum and pressure pumps with specialized heater tips and nozzles
 * Rework stations, used to repair printed circuit board assemblies that fail factory test.

Pumps
Electrically operated pumps are used for several purposes in conjunction with a hand-held head connected by a tube.

Suction pumps are used to suck away molten solder, leaving previously joined terminals disconnected. They are primarily used to release through-hole connections from a PCB. The desoldering head must be designed so that the extracted solder does not solidify so as to obstruct it, or enter the pump, and can be removed and discarded easily. It is not possible to remove a multi-pin part by melting solder on the pins sequentially, as one joint will solidify as the next is melted; pumps and solder wick are among methods to remove solder from all joints, leaving the part free to be removed.

Suction pumps are also used with a suction head appropriate for each part to pick up and remove tiny surface mount devices once solder has melted, and to place parts.

Hot air pumps blow air hot enough to melt all the solder around a small surface mounted part, and can be used for soldering parts in place, and for desoldering followed by removal before the solder solidifies by a vacuum pump or with tweezers. Hot air has a tendency to oxidise metals; a non-oxidising gas, usually nitrogen, can be used instead of air, at increased cost of equipment and consumables.

Desoldering pump

A desoldering pump, colloquially known as a solder sucker, is a manually-operated device which is used to remove solder from a printed circuit board. There are two types: the plunger style and bulb style. (An electrically-operated pump for this purpose would usually be called a vacuum pump.)

The plunger type has a cylinder with a spring-loaded piston which is pushed down and locks into place. When triggered by pressing a button, the piston springs up, creating suction that sucks the solder off the soldered connection. The bulb type creates suction by squeezing and releasing a rubber bulb.

The pump is applied to a heated solder connection, then operated to suck the solder away.

Desoldering braid
Desoldering braid, also known as desoldering wick or solder wick, is finely braided 18 to 42 AWG copper wire coated with rosin flux, usually supplied on a roll.

The end of a length of braid is placed over the soldered connections of a component being removed. The connections are heated with a soldering iron until the solder melts and is wicked into the braid by capillary action. The braid is removed while the solder is still molten, its used section cut off and discarded when cool. Short lengths of cut braid will prevent heat being carried away by the braid instead of heating the joint.

Technique
Desoldering requires application of heat to the solder joint and removing the molten solder so that the joint may be separated. Desoldering may be required to replace a defective component, to alter an existing circuit, or to salvage components for re-use. Use of too high a temperature or heating for too long may damage components or destroy the bond between a printed circuit trace and the board substrate. Techniques are different for through-hole and surface-mounted components.

Through-hole
A component with one or two connections to the PCB can usually be removed by heating one joint, pulling out an end of the component while the solder is molten (bending the other lead to do so), and repeating for the second joint. Solder filling the hole can be removed with a pump or with a pointed object made of a material which solder does not wet, such as stainless steel or wood.

If a multi-pin component need not be salvaged, it is often possible to cut the pins, then remove the residual ends one by one.

Components with more connections cannot be removed intact in the way described above unless the wire leads are long and flexible enough to be pulled out one by one. For a component such as a Dual-Inline Package (DIP), the pins are too short to pull out, and solder melted on one joint will solidify before another can be melted. A technique sometimes used is the use of a large soldering-iron tip designed to melt the solder on all pins at once; different tips are required for different packages. The component is removed while the solder is molten, most easily by a spring-loaded puller attached to it before heating.

Otherwise all joints must be freed from solder before the component can be removed. Each joint must be heated and the solder removed from it while molten using a vacuum pump, manual desoldering pump, or desoldering braid.

For through-hole technology on double-sided or multi-layer boards, special care must be taken not to remove the via connecting the layers, as this will ruin the entire board. Hard pulling on a lead which is not entirely free of solder (or with solder not thoroughly molten in the case of a soldering iron tip heating all pins) may pull out a via.

To remove and recover all components, both through-hole and surface-mount, from a board which itself is usually no longer needed, a flame or hot air gun can be used to rapidly heat all parts so they can be pulled off. Parts may be damaged, and toxic fumes emitted, if excessive temperature or prolonged heating is used.

Surface mount
If they do not need to be re-used, some surface-mount components can be removed by cutting their leads and desoldering the remnants with a soldering iron.

Otherwise, surface-mount components must be removed by heating the entire component to a temperature sufficient to melt the solder used, but not high or prolonged enough to damage the component. For most purposes, a temperature not exceeding 260 C for a time not exceeding 10 seconds is acceptable.

The entire board may be preheated to a temperature that all components can withstand indefinitely. Then localised heat is applied to the component to remove, with less heating required than from cold. Most frequently, a hot air (or hot gas) gun, with a nozzle of appropriate size and shape, is used to heat the component, with nearby components shielded from the heat if necessary, followed by removal with tweezers or a vacuum tool. Removal of multi-pin components with a soldering iron and solder removal tools is impractical, as the solder between the component and the pads remains in place, unlike solder which can be removed from a hole.

Hot air (or gas) may be applied with tools ranging from some portable gas soldering irons such as the Weller Portasol Professional which can be fitted with a narrow hot-air nozzle, set to a temperature not controlled but approximately correct, to an industrial rework station with many facilities including hot-gas blowing, vacuum part holding, soldering iron head, and nozzles and fitting specific to particular component packages.

Quad flat packages

Quad Flat Package (QFP) chips have thin leads closely packed together protruding from the four sides of the integrated circuit (IC); usually a square IC. Removal of these chips can be problematic as it is impossible to heat all of the leads at once with a standard soldering iron. It is possible to remove them with the use of a razor blade or a high-rpm craft tool, simply by cutting off the leads. The stubs are then easy to melt off and clean with a soldering iron. Obviously this technique entails the destruction of the IC. Another method is to use a heat gun or pencil butane torch and heat up a corner, and gently pry it off, working the torch down the leads. This method often leads to traces getting lifted off the PCB where a lead did not get heated enough to cause the solder to flow.

Several vendors offer systems that use heat shields to concentrate hot air where it needs to be, protecting nearby components and avoiding damage to the board or the QFP. The extractor uses a spring system that gently pulls the IC upward when the liquid stage of solder has been reached. The IC is held by a vacuum nozzle similar to the ones used in pick & place machines. This system prevents damage to the pads on the PCB, the IC, avoids overheating surrounding components and blowing them off and also reduces the risk of operator error when using tweezers or other tools that can damage the PCB or IC.

Another way to remove these devices is to use Field's metal, an alloy which melts at around 140 °F (62 °C), lower than the boiling point of water. The metal is melted into the solder joints of the device, where it remains liquid even once cooled down to room temperature, and the chip can simply be lifted off the board. This has the advantage of not damaging the PCB or the IC, although the solder joints must be carefully cleaned of any remaining Field's metal to maintain solder joint strength after resoldering.

title: Desoldering


text:
Jean Terrell

Velma Jean Terrell (born November 26, 1944) is an American R&B and jazz singer. She replaced Diana Ross as the lead singer of The Supremes in 1970.

Early life and career
She is the sister of the former WBA heavyweight boxing champion Ernie Terrell, who fought Muhammad Ali.

Before her career with the Supremes, she sang with her brother Ernie in the group Ernie Terrell and the Knockouts (sometimes the Heavyweights).

The Supremes (1970–1973)
Motown president Berry Gordy discovered Terrell in 1969 in Miami, where she was performing with her brother at a club. Looking for a replacement for Diana Ross, who was leaving the group she had fronted during most of the 1960s, the Supremes, for a solo career, Gordy first signed Terrell to Motown as a solo artist, but decided to join her with the Supremes as Ross's replacement alongside Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong, as announced in 1969.

After Ross's farewell show with the group at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas on January 14, 1970, Terrell joined the group on stage to be presented to the press and public. After this introduction, according to Mary Wilson, Gordy changed his mind about Terrell leading the group and suggested replacing her with Syreeta Wright. Gordy said:"I don't like Jean. I want to replace her with Syreeta." Wilson vetoed this move, instead wanting to continue the group with Terrell.

The group scored more chart success at the beginning of the new decade, scoring hits in the United Kingdom, while having several pop and soul hits in the United States, including "Up the Ladder to the Roof", "Everybody's Got the Right to Love", "Stoned Love", "River Deep – Mountain High" (with the Four Tops), "Nathan Jones", and "Floy Joy".

After the success of "Floy Joy," Birdsong quit after getting pregnant and was replaced by Lynda Laurence. Despite the success towards the end of 1973, Terrell and Laurence decided that it would be best for the Supremes to leave Motown and seek another record label, however, Motown owned the name "Supremes", and both Terrell and Laurence left the group that year. All three Supremes were not interested with Motown's seeming lack of interest in promoting this line-up of the group, in addition, Laurence was expecting a child at the time. Scherrie Payne, sister of Freda Payne, replaced Terrell and Cindy Birdsong returned to replace Laurence in 1973.

Solo career
Signing a contract with A&M Records, A&M issued a solo album by Terrell, I Had to Fall in Love, in 1978, which did not make impact on any charts. She did have a minor hit with "Don't Stop Reaching for the Top", which peaked at #72 on the R&B charts. In the early 1980s, Terrell put together a one-woman show, and did limited touring throughout the United States, and her act consisted of several Supremes songs, songs from her solo album and cover versions of songs by Bette Midler and Lionel Richie. Laurence would often perform background vocals for Terrell throughout the shows in the tour. Another who performed backing vocals for Terrell during these tours was Freddi Poole, later a member of Payne and Laurence's group the Former Ladies of the Supremes.

Former Ladies of the Supremes
In 1985, eight years after the Supremes officially broke up in 1977, Payne was signed to SuperStar International Records, a Los Angeles-based record label. Her then-partner Ronnie Phillips approached her with the idea of reforming the Supremes, to which she agreed, and asked Wilson and Birdsong to join the group. Wilson declined, instead opting to continue her solo career, while Birdsong agreed and persuaded Terrell to join the new group.

The grouping of Terrell, Payne and Birdsong set about forming a spinoff group of the Supremes, although due to contractual difficulties over the ownership of the name. They decided to create an entirely new group using the abbreviation "FLOS", for the name the Former Ladies of the Supremes. Before the group began their career, Birdsong left for a solo career, and Laurence joined the lineup alongside Terrell and Payne, replacing Birdsong just as she had in 1972, and the group released the song "We're Back", released on SuperStar International Records. However, the label did not have national distribution, the song failed to chart and the label folded after. The group began touring and performing in shows around this time, making their debut at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre in Los Angeles in 1987. By then, they recorded several singles for the United Kingdom-based Motorcity Records label for Ian Levine throughout 1989 and 1990, joining a roster of former Motown artists.

Recent years
In December 1992, Terrell left the group and was replaced by Sundray Tucker. Terrell released a biographical DVD, "Through the Eyes of a Supreme", and today she has continued to sing onstage with various jazz musicians. She made an occasional appearance onstage (along with Poole and Mary Flowers), singing Supremes hits.

Personal life
Jean was married to Juan Thompson. The union produced two sons, Jason and Jonathan.

Albums

 * With The Supremes

title: Jean Terrell


text:
Talk:General Motors Sigma platform

If I'm not mistaken the LaCrosse is based on the FWD Pontiac GrandPrix (W-body) - not the RWD Sigma. -- stewacide

You're right - the Sigma LaCrosse was cancelled and the new one is just a renamed Regal. --Stephen 11:54, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

The STS and SRX aren't going to be on Sigma II
The STS replacement is going to be on Zeta where it would merge with the DTS and the SRX replacement is going to be the CTS Wagon and the BRX crossover. CamaroMike2009 01:58, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Corvette engines
There should be listings for the CTSV and the STSV which both have the Corvette engine.

title: Talk:General Motors Sigma platform


text:
Royal British Legion

The Royal British Legion (RBL), formerly the British Legion, is a British charity providing financial, social and emotional support to members and veterans of the British Armed Forces, their families and dependants.

Membership
Service in the armed forces is no longer a requirement of Legion membership. The Legion has an official membership magazine, Legion, which is free to all Legion members as part of their annual subscription.

History
The British Legion was founded on 15 May 1921 as a voice for the ex-service community as a bringing together of four organisations: the Comrades of the Great War, the National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers and the National Federation of Discharged and Demobilised Sailors and Soldiers, and incorporated the fundraising department of the Officers' Association.

Field Marshal The 1st Earl Haig (1861–1928), British commander at the Battle of the Somme and Passchendaele, was one of the founders of the Legion. Lord Haig served as the president of the British Legion until his death. According to Mark Garnett and Richard Weight, it was established and run by Britain's upper class, but gained a broad membership. They argue: "It was a product of the First World War and the combination of altruism towards, and fear of, the working class. ... The social dislocation caused by veterans' mental and physical trauma, coupled with the industrial unrest and disillusionment with war as an instrument of foreign policy, made the need to bring officers and men together in one body seem more pressing."

A royal charter was granted in 1925, accompanied by invaluable patronage from royal circles. During the Second World War, it was active in civil defence, providing officers to the Home Guard. Its membership grew rapidly from veterans of the Second World War, reaching 3 million in 1950. It declined to a half million elderly survivors by 2003.

Functions
Perhaps best known for the yearly Poppy Appeal and Remembrance services, the Legion is a campaigning organisation that promotes the welfare and interests of current and former members of the British Armed Forces.

The Legion support nearly 36,000 War Disablement Pension cases for war veterans and make around 300,000 welfare and friendship visits every year.

Legion campaigns include calls for more research into: Gulf War syndrome and compensation for its victims; upgrading of War Pensions; the extension of endowment mortgage compensation for British military personnel serving overseas; and better support for British military personnel resettling into civilian life.

Poppy Appeal
The Legion holds a fund-raising drive each year in the weeks before Remembrance Sunday, during which artificial Remembrance poppy red poppies, meant to be worn on clothing, are offered to the public in return for a donation to the Legion. The Poppy is the trademark of The Royal British Legion, RBL states "The red poppy is our registered mark and its only lawful use is to raise funds for the Poppy Appeal". The paper poppies are manufactured at the Poppy Factory in Richmond. Other products bearing the Poppy, the Trademark of The Royal British Legion  are sold throughout the year as part of the ongoing fundraising.

Festival of Remembrance
The Legion organises 'The Festival of Remembrance' in Royal Albert Hall, London on the Saturday before Remembrance Sunday. Originally featuring composer John Foulds's World Requiem it now includes military displays by current members of the armed forces, choral works, and prayers. It culminates with Servicemen and Women, with representatives from youth uniformed organizations and uniformed public security services of the City of London, parading down the aisles and onto the floor of the hall. There is a release of poppy petals from the roof of the hall.

On the day there are two performances. The matinee is open to any member of the public. The evening event is open only to members of the Legion and their families, and is attended by senior members of the Royal Family; starting and ending with the British National Anthem, God Save the King, and includes the three cheers led by the army's London District Garrison Sergeant Major at the finale. In 2007, the second half of the evening event was aired live on BBC Radio 2. BBC One showed the event an hour later.

Most parts of the Festival are of a formal, thought-provoking, and solemn nature. In recent years, the items have included more contemporary performers to attract a younger audience. They have included family members of serving military personnel (e.g. The Poppy Girls and the Military Wives choir); singers Gregory Porter, Joss Stone, Jim Radford and James Blunt, the latter two of whom being both military veterans; and the animatronic horse used in the war film War Horse.

Musical accompaniment for the event is provided by a military band from the Household Division together with The Countess of Wessex's String Orchestra, joined by musicians of the Royal Air Force (via the RAF Music Services through the RAF Salon Orchestra) and representatives of the Royal Marines Band Service.

Honour the Covenant campaign
Honour the Covenant is a campaign launched by The Royal British Legion in September 2007, which calls on the UK Government to honour the Military Covenant. The campaign aims to seek public support for the issues identified by the Legion and to encourage their Members of Parliament to act to ensure that Government policy is changed.

The campaign accuses the Government of failing to meet its commitments under the Covenant. The Legion highlighted the case of a 23-year-old paratrooper, injured in battle, who was awarded £152,150 despite injuries requiring care for the rest of his life. It also criticised the practice of treating soldiers in wards alongside civilian patients. In his conference speech that October, Conservative Party leader David Cameron referred to the Covenant and said "Mr. Brown, I believe your government has broken it."

Medical care
Responding to the Royal British Legion's campaign, the former Secretary of State for Health Alan Johnson announced in November 2007 that armed forces veterans would get priority treatment on the National Health Service, and those injured would be treated immediately in hospital rather than go through waiting lists. Prescription charges would also be waived.

Online assistance
The Legion sponsors a website, CivvyStreet.org, which assists Service leavers and members of the ex-Service community and their dependents with information, advice and guidance (IAG) on resettlement, learning and work. Specialist services are provided by partner organisations. Opportunities for funding may also be available to those who qualify for assistance. The website has been designed to give a single gateway to the services and support that partners provide for resettlement, learning and work.

Donations
In September 2009, the Legion accepted a donation from Rachel Firth, a member of the British National Party (BNP). She raised money by spending 24 hours in a cardboard box, giving half to the BNP and half to the Legion. Initially, the donation was rejected, but, after Firth gave an assurance that its giving would not be "exploited politically", it was accepted.

In August 2010, Tony Blair pledged the proceeds of his memoirs, A Journey, to the Legion, "as a way of marking the enormous sacrifice [the armed forces] make for the security of our people and the world". This included a £4.6 million advance, making it the largest single donation in the charity's history. Chris Simpkins, the Legion's Director General, said he was delighted with what he called "this very generous" offer and the Legion announced that it would be used to help fund its planned "Battle Back" challenge, a project to provide state-of-the-art rehabilitation services for troops returning from the frontline with serious injuries. Amongst the generally favourable reaction to the news, some anti war campaigners and families of soldiers killed during the wars in Iraq and in Afghanistan claimed the donation was "blood money" and a public relations stunt.

Subscriptions
In 2015, the administration office announced that the practice of subscriptions being paid informally within clubs by cash would cease, and that in future all subscriptions would need to be paid either via online payment, direct debit, cheque or in cash at PayPoint. In North Wales this prompted a number of associated clubs to leave the Legion, including Colwyn Bay and Conwy, with others voting on also doing so.

Royal British Legion Women's Section
The Royal British Legion Women's Section (RBLWS) was founded in 1921 and operated independently for some 96 years, with its own branches, standards and standard bearers, county branches, income and expenditure, national central committee, and annual conference. In mid-December 2015, with minimal consultation with the RBLWS, the Royal British Legion wrote to all RBLWS branches announcing its decision to integrate the Women's Section into itself by October 2016, when the RBLWS would become a "district" of the RBL, no longer operating as a separate organisation. Its national standard would no longer appear at the Cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday and would be “laid up”, never to be used again. The RBLWS national officers had been told about this in advance, but they were also told to treat the information as confidential, so that they could not fore-warn their members. This speedily led to mass protests and branch closures. By September 2016, public perception of the RBL had fallen to its lowest level in four years. In December, long-serving members accused the RBL of acting in a dictatorial fashion, and one member commented "It is definitely like the pre-Suffragette era. Men are ordering the women around." By the beginning of 2017, membership of the RBLWS had fallen from about 32,000 to fewer than 16,000. The integration of the RBLWS into the RBL was completed in November 2017.

The RBLWS was still in existence in 2019, with a central committee of seven members and with its chairman having a seat on the RBL Board of Trustees. By then its substantial funds had been integrated into the accounts of the RBL.

Bands
There are over 50 Legion bands around the world, each run and funded independently. They include full concert show bands, brass ensembles, pipe and drum bands, marching bands and youth bands.

The Central Band of the Royal British Legion is the Legion's flagship band. In existence since 1944, the band was recognised as the Legion's premier band in 1983 and gained its title of "The Central Band of the Royal British Legion" three years later.

Clubs
The Royal British Legion has an extensive network of Social Clubs called Legion Clubs throughout the United Kingdom. The Royal British Legion also has branches in the Republic of Ireland. Other branches are spread around the world, mostly in mainland Europe, but also in the United States, Thailand, Belize, the Falkland Islands and Hong Kong.

The Royal British Legion Riders Branch (RBLR) is a specialist worldwide branch of The Royal British Legion for motorcyclists. Its members hold events such as Weston Bike Night in Weston-super-Mare and rallies such as the RBLR 1000, a 1,000 mile in 24 hours sponsored ride, all to raise money for the Poppy Appeal. Many RBLR members attended the repatriation ceremonies in Royal Wootton Bassett. Ex-services members of the RBLR often wear medals and head-dress with their leathers and motorcycle kit.

Scotland
Within Scotland, a sister organisation to the RBL, the Royal British Legion Scotland, operates on the same basis as the RBL functions elsewhere within the UK, and is a Registered Charity within Scotland, (SC003323).

"In June 1921, Field Marshal Earl Haig formed the Royal British Legion Scotland (Legion Scotland) as it is now known, by bringing together several charities that had been established to assist those returning from the horrors of the First World War and residing in Scotland.

Around the same time the Royal British Legion, as it is now known, was also formed to assist those returning and living south of the border.

Earl Haig also established two poppy appeal funds. One was organised and delivered by the Royal British Legion in all areas other than Scotland. The second was delivered by the Earl Haig Fund Scotland, now commonly known as Poppyscotland. Whilst the Scottish Poppy Appeal is heavily supported by Legion Scotland with about one third of the annual can collection raised by its members, the appeal is owned by Poppyscotland not Legion Scotland."

Freedoms
The Royal British Legion has received the freedom of several UK local government areas.

title: Royal British Legion


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carl Bridgewater

Carl Bridgewater was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Non-notable murder victim. RickK 06:39, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Would disagree. In the UK, this remains arguably the most famous (and infamous) child murder of recent years for reasons three fold: a) its very nature (a gun being used on a minor was previously unheard of); b) the national outcry it prompted; and c) the miscarriage of justice it caused. The Bridgewater Four are placed on a level par with the men wrongly imprisoned for the 1970s pub bombs planted by the IRA. This piece is worthy, not too long and contains reasonable detail. Oystercatcher
 * Keep. Notable by association, as those convicted (wrongly) of his murder are well known as the Bridgewater Four. See, for comparison, the page on rapist Ernesto Miranda, whose case established the Miranda Warning/ -- orthogonal 08:07, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Although the young man himself is non-notable, the associated events are very notable indeed in the UK. Noisy 08:16, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Quite a famous case in British legal history. Darksun 09:49, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The case is still in the news -- only last week the Hickey cousins lost an appeal against losing 25% of their compensation payments for 18 years' wrongful imprisonment, in order to pay the living expenses they didn't pay because they were in prison. A bizarre piece of legal reasoning. -- Arwel 11:40, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, the circumstances surrounding and events following the murder are notable, and this article serves to link them. - TB 13:16, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a household name in the UK.    — Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 10:08, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ajou University

Untitled
For an August 2004 deletion debate over this page see: Votes for deletion/Ajou University

This page needs a lot more work.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.95.165.85 (talk) 05:10, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

I got these contents from the website of Ajou University.

www.ajou.ac.kr

I think it's not a copyright problem.

Article Title
I have moved Ajou University/Temp to Ajou University. It needs to be cleaned up, but it might as well not be a subpage. --Sewing 04:48, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ajou img logo.gif
Image:Ajou img logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 19:19, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ajou img logo.gif
Image:Ajou img logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:29, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Revision deletion request
Probably not doing this exactly right but these look like the right diffs. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 19:27, 15 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Done, thanks for spotting.  Hut 8.5  21:39, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ajou University


text:
University of Puerto Rico at Humacao

The University of Puerto Rico, Humacao (UPRH or UPR-Humacao) is a public college in Humacao, Puerto Rico. It is part of the University of Puerto Rico. Its campus is home to the UPRH Astronomical Observatory and the college graduates more majors in chemistry, physics, and mathematics than any other higher education institution on the island. UPRH has been accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) since 1965.

History
In 1962, the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao was founded as the first UPR Regional College providing students from the eastern region of the country access to the University of Puerto Rico and facilitating the transfer to other UPR units with higher levels of academic offerings. The Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools gave the Regional College its first accreditation in 1965. From 1967 to 1972, the institution established around 8 associate degrees in Administrative Sciences, Health Sciences, and Arts. Pedro González Ramos was the second Dean of the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao from 1960 to 1972. In 1973, the Regional College was renamed as the Humacao University College (also known as CUH) approved by the Legislature of Puerto Rico, and started offering bachelor's degrees in Arts and Sciences. Between 1973 and 1987 over 18 bachelor's degrees were established and offered. The Council for Higher Education Accreditation gave the CUH its autonomy permitting the designation of the first rector (chancellor) and directive bodies.

The University of Puerto Rico Board of Trustees changed the institution's name in 1999 to the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao. Nowadays, the UPRH is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and offers over 26 undergraduate programs, including 5 associate degrees.

In 2010 the campus went on strike as part of the 2010–2011 University of Puerto Rico strikes. In 2017 in response to budget cuts to the university system by the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico the campus students voted to join the University of Puerto Rico strikes, 2017.

Academics
The UPR Humacao campus offers more than 26 undergraduate major programs, through 10 departments in Natural Sciences, Administrative Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences, and Arts. Based on a semester system, the UPRH academic calendar is composed of three academic semesters each year. The academic year begins in the fall, running from August to December. The spring semester begins in January and ends in May. The summer semester is optional to the students that generally span around six weeks, from either late in May or early in June until July.

Demographics
More than 4,000 students were enrolled at the UPR Humacao campus in the 2016–17 academic year, including approximately 3,628 undergraduate students. The Fall 2016 Freshman class of approximately 990 students earned admission to the university campus with an average SAT score of 1458 – 1809 (out of 2400). UPRH is the most powerful campus in the eastern region of the Island, with students representing every east municipality, including the municipality-islands of Vieques and Culebra; and also students from all around the Island, US, and other countries.

As of the Fall 2016 semester, the student diversity profile of the university consisted of: 86.5% Hispanic/Latino, 13.1% Unknown Ethnicity, 0.2% White, 0.2% Black/African-American, and 0.1% Asian. Also, the campus had 63.9 percent female students and 36.1 percent male students.

Accredited programs
Twelve of the UPRH undergraduate programs are accredited by the following professional agencies:
 * The Nursing undergraduate program – National League for Nursing (NLN)
 * The bachelor's degree in Social Work – Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)
 * The associate degree in Physical Therapy – Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE)
 * The four bachelor's degree in Business Administration and the bachelor's degree in Office Systems Administration – Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP)
 * The bachelor's degrees in Education K-3 and the bachelor's degree in Elementary and Secondary English – National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)
 * The associate degree in Electronics Technology – Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).

Natural Sciences

 * Department of Biology
 * Department of Physics and Electronics
 * Department of Mathematics
 * Department of Chemistry

Administrative Sciences

 * Department of Business Administration
 * Department of Office Systems Administration

Health Sciences

 * Department of Nursing
 * Department of Physical Therapy
 * Department of Occupational Therapy

Social Sciences

 * Department of Social Sciences

Arts
The Academic Honors Program (PAH, by its Spanish acronym) from the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao was established in 1989. The Program enrolls students from all faculties of the UPRH who are prepared to comply with the requirements of it (a total of 11 credits): a research seminar, an independent study, an undergraduate thesis, and a third language; and its objective is to complement and enrich, within an interdisciplinary framework, the actual curriculum of students whose desires are to pursue graduated studies. The Academic Honors Program of the UPR Humacao campus is a member of the National Collegiate Honors Council and of the Puerto Rico University Association of Honor Programs.
 * Department of Communication Technologies
 * Department of English
 * Department of Humanities
 * Department of Social Work
 * Department of Spanish

Unique programs
UPRH lies in the east of the island, highlighting the chemical-pharmaceutical and electronics as well as several areas of ecological and tourist value. To meet the demand for labor in that region UPRH offers unique baccalaureate programs in the UPR system and Puerto Rico in:

Also, other unique major programs that UPRH offers are: This campus has been the scene of the Dove Project Sabanera, native species threatened with extinction, Project Moonbuggy for designing lunar vehicles, and maintains the Microbial Observatory of the Salinas in Cabo Rojo sponsored by the National Science Foundation. In April 2017, the UPR Humacao team won the first place in the university category during the fourth competition of NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge which was held at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
 * Industrial Chemistry
 * Computational Mathematics
 * Applied Physics to Electronics
 * Coastal Marine Biology
 * Wild Life Management
 * Social Action Research
 * International Commerce
 * Occupational Therapy

Faculty
The faculty is composed of the Chancellor, the Dean of Academic Affairs, the academic department directors, and the teaching staff of the university. As of Fall 2016, the student to faculty ratio for the UPRH 16:1, and there was more than 223 instructional faculty at the campus. Fifty percent of the faculty has doctoral degree and forty percent has mastery. Thirty-nine percent of the teaching staff held the rank of University Full Professor. In the same way, 359 non-teaching employees worked in the institution, of which fifty percent were female; fifteen of these employees had a master's degree, forty percent had baccalaureate, ten percent had an associate degree, and thirty-five percent had non-university education.

UPRH faculty continue to be recognized on the academic stage constantly by many national agencies and associations as the Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American Biography, the Partnership for Research and Education in Materials, National Science Foundation, Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students, the Puerto Rico Board of Accountacy, and the Emeritus Professor award. In June 2017, the International Astronomical Union assigned the name (11456) Cotto-Figueroa to the asteroid previously known as 1981 EK9 in recognition of the scientific researches executed by the Professor Desireé Cotto Figueroa, Director of the Astronomical Observatory of the University of Puerto Rico in Humacao.

Graduation
The first UPRH Commencement ceremony was held in 1968, where 4 associate degrees were conferred (Accounting, Management, Nursing, and Secretarial Sciences). In the 2016–2017 academic year, the UPR Humacao campus awarded more than 574 undergraduate degrees, having 31 summa cum laude, 127 magna cum laude, and 80 cum laude academic distinctions. Commencement ceremonies are held once a year, at the end of the second semester of the academic year. Students that complete graduation requirements at the end of the summer session or in the first academic year, may request a Graduation Certificate at the Registrar's Office on which will be reflected that they have completed their studies.

Library
The UPR Humacao library (or Águedo Mojica Marrero Library) is one the largest and most comprehensive library in the UPR System. In addition to creating active collections, the library keeps 99,774 volumes in its book collection, 66,230 journal titles, and it is subscribed to 2 newspapers. The Library is located in a three-story building that has 88,000 square feet. It has six (6) reading rooms, more than 56 computers, two (2) microfiche readers, eleven (11) individual study rooms, and 148 cubicles. The library can accommodate 589 users. The integration of the IT infrastructure with the bibliographic infrastructure facilitates the creation of skill development information programs that supplements those of the classrooms and the training of users in the handling of electronic resources applied to the academic work. The library personnel and professional librarians have managed to turn the Institution into the home of very important biblio-technological projects, such as CONUCO (Puerto Rican journals database) and EMEUPR (authorities’ Spanish database of the UPR).

The UPRH's Library uses the University of Puerto Rico automated system known as Horizon and is connected to the Internet through various means. This IT infrastructure facilitates the sharing within the UPR libraries and the sharing with other academic entities around the world. Also, since 2008 the Águedo Mojica Marrero Library is a member of the Association of Colleges and Research Libraries (ACRL).

Research
Recently, the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao received a 3 million grant from the National Science Foundation for the Partnership for Research and Education in Materials (PREM) program in collaboration with the University of Pensilvania (PENN). Research conducted through the collaboration will focus on two nanotechnology-related topics: multi-functional nanodevices from optoelectronic materials and nanoscale interactions of macromolecules at soft and hard interfaces.

The UPRH is part of the Space-Grant Consortium by NASA that is focused in the research, education, and workforce development of Puerto Rico in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Also, UPR Humacao have the Sea-Grant program dedicated to the scientific research in marine and coastal resources, and its conservation in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean region.

Public Health Relevance
The Maximizing Access to Research Careers Undergraduate Student Training in Academic Research (MARC U-STAR) Program of the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao increases the number of underrepresented minority students that will pursue graduate studies in the Biomedical Sciences and complete a Ph.D., Ph.D./D.V.M. or M.D./Ph.D. degree in disciplines relevant to biomedical research. The MARC U-STAR program provides intensive research training, critical thinking development, communication skills development, interpersonal skills development, and preparation for entrance to graduate school.

Student life
The UPR Humacao campus provides multiple services and necessary resources for students to be successful both in the classroom and in their personal lives. Under the Division of Student Affairs, UPRH students have access to involvement opportunities, dining facilities, recreational outlets, health and wellness services, fitness center, and more.

Also, the campus provides:
 * internet access
 * computers in libraries, student center and labs
 * email account provided by school
 * career counseling, interest Inventory, and resume assistance
 * birth control, personal, academic, and psychological counseling
 * library on campus, and non-remedial tutoring
 * hospital on campus

UPRH Astronomical Observatory
The Astronomical Observatory is in the Physics (Science) building on the campus. Donated by NASA to the UPR in the late 60's, the UPR Humacao Astronomical Observatory was founded in 1985 being a major island-wide resource in astronomy. The observatory also serves the Astronomical Society of Puerto Rico, school teachers, science fair students, radio and television stations. The sun and moon Eclipses are broadcast live from the observatory, making it one of the best known facilities in the university and the best attraction of the campus.

Also, it is located on top of the fourth floor of the Science Building; and has a dark/storage room, computers room, and visitors room underneath. The UPR Humacao Astronomical Observatory is open to the entire University community and general public in the island free of any charges on most Thursday nights and the talks can be in Spanish, English or both (depending on the audience), always welcoming questions during the presentation.

Cultural activities
UPRH stimulates literary, musical and theatrical creation in the university community, through various events to present the art-works, such as contests, festivals and recitals. Also, provides the opportunity to the talent of the university community through the creation of projects, exhibitions and presentations that serve as artistic experiences that reinforce their learning process in our Institution.

Student associations
There are a wide variety of registered student organizations at UPRH, including academic, professional, special interest, and multicultural groups. UPR Humacao students are welcome to join existing organizations or create their own.

Fraternity
The UPR Humacao campus has a chapter of Nu Sigma Beta fraternity (ΝΣΒ).

Casa Roig Museum
Casa Roig Museum was donated by the Roig family to the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao and opened its doors to the public on 1989. Since then, it has been a historical footprint and testimony of the prairie style adapted to the tropic, and a cultural dissemination center.

Athletics
The university currently sponsors 17 varsity men's and women's sports, including:

title: University of Puerto Rico at Humacao


text:
Aleksander Fredro

Aleksander Fredro (20 June 1793 – 15 July 1876) was a Polish poet, playwright and author active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions by neighboring empires. His works including plays written in the octosyllabic verse (Zemsta) and in prose (Damy i Huzary) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polish literature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of his contemporaries for light-hearted humor or even alleged immorality (Seweryn Goszczyński, 1835) which led to years of his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of plays were published and popularized only after his death. His best-known works have been translated into English, French, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, Hungarian and Slovak.

Biography
Count Aleksander Fredro, of the Bończa coat of arms, was born in the village of Surochów near Jarosław, then a crown territory of Austria. A landowner's son, he was educated at home. He entered the Polish army at age 16 and saw action in the Napoleonic wars, including the Moscow campaign. His memoir Topsy Turvy Talk, which echoes the style of Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy, recounts his military experiences during Bonaparte's last campaign. While in France in 1814, he took an active interest in French drama. After leaving the army he settled on his estate and began as a writer.

Fredro made his literary debut in 1817, but he was not interested in the problems of Romanticism. His first work was "Mąż i żona”. He wrote social comedies about the lifestyle of the Polish nobility and is known for his skill in characterization and plot, as well as the flexibility of his language. His work also features humor typical of folk theatre from the Romantic period, and a fast-paced farce with varying degrees of sophistication.

Two of Fredro's fables, The Monkey in the Bath (Małpa w kąpieli) and Paul and Gawel (Paweł i Gaweł), belong to the most popular children's stories in the country. His best-known comedy, Zemsta (The Revenge), was adapted for the screen in Poland by eminent film director Andrzej Wajda in 2002.

Fredro was the maternal grandfather of the head of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky. He was commemorated on a Polish postage stamp issued in 1978.

He died on 15 July 1876 in Lviv and was buried in a family grave in Catholic Church of the Assumption of Rudky.

Comedies

 * Mr. Geldhab (Pan Geldhab, written in 1818 and first performed in 1821)
 * Man and Wife (Mąż i żona, performed 1812 or 1822)
 * Ladies and Husars (Damy i Huzary, written in 1825)
 * Mr. Jovial (Pan Jowialski, written and performed in 1832)
 * Maidens' Vows, or the Magnetism of the Heart (Śluby panieńskie, czyli magnetyzm serca, performed 1833)
 * The Revenge (Zemsta, written in 1833, first performed in 1834)
 * The Annuity (Dożywocie, written and performed in 1835)

title: Aleksander Fredro


text:
Yeap Cheng Eng

Yeap Cheng Eng (1915 – 14 January 1994) was a Chinese footballer. He was the first Malayan ever to participate in the Olympic Games, when he was a member of the football team which represented the China as a guest players in the 1948 Olympic Games in London.

In Malayan domestic football, he represented Penang for a record 24 years and was their captain for many years, winning the Malaya Cup in 1953, 1954, and 1958 (at the age of 42).

title: Yeap Cheng Eng


text:
Epidamnos

The city of Epidamnos (Επίδαμνος), later the Roman Dyrrachium  (Δυρράχιον; modern Durrës, Albania), was founded in 627 BC in Illyria by Greeks from Corinth and Corcyra (modern Corfu).

Etymology
Etymologically, Epidamnos may be related to or derived from Proto-Albanian *dami (cub).

Illyrian period
Aristotle's Politics several times draws for examples on the internal government of Epidamnos, which was run as a tight oligarchy that appointed a ruling magistrate; tradesmen and craftsmen were excluded from power, until internal strife produced a more democratic government. The exiled oligarchs appealed to Corcyra while the democrats enlisted the help of Corinth, initiating a struggle between the two mother cities described by Thucydides as a cause of the Peloponnesian War. Individual trading with the local Illyrians was forbidden at Epidamnos: all traffic was through the authorized city agent or poletes. In the fourth century BC the city-state was part of the kingdoms of Cassander and Pyrrhus. The general vicinity of Epidamnos was called Epidamnia.

Roman period
In 229 BC, when the Romans seized the city the "-damnus" part of the name was inauspicious to Latin ears (it resembles the Latin word damnum, meaning 'damage' or 'loss'), and its name, as it was refounded, became Dyrrhachium. Pausanias (6.x.8) says "the modern Roman city is not the ancient one, being at a short distance from it. The modern city is called Dyrrhachium from its founder." The name Dyrrachion is found on coins of the fifth century BC; in the Roman period Dyrrachium was more common. However, the city maintained a semi-autonomy and was turned into a Roman colony.

Dyrrachium was the landing place for Roman passengers crossing the Ionian Sea from Brundisium, which made it a fairly busy way-station. Here commenced the Via Egnatia, the Roman military road to Thessalonica that connected Roman Illyria with Macedonia and Thrace. The city itself was part of Macedonia, more specifically Epirus Nova. In 48 BC Pompey was based at Dyrrachium and beat off an attack by Julius Caesar. In AD 345 the city was levelled by an earthquake and rebuilt on its old foundations.

In the 4th century AD, Dyrrachium was made the capital of the Roman province of Epirus nova. Thus its Archbishopric became the Metropolitan of all dioceses in the province. In the early 9th century, the province was reorganized as the Theme of Dyrrachium by Emperor Nikephoros I

The name "Epidamnus" was still used by the Byzantines, as for example in the 13th-century Synopsis Chronike, referring to contemporary events.

title: Epidamnos


text:
Yau Ma Tei station

Yau Ma Tei, formerly named Waterloo after Waterloo Road, is an MTR station located in Yau Ma Tei, Kowloon. It lays straightly like a long box under thoroughfare Nathan Road, ending north under Pitt Street and south near Man Ming Lane. It is served by the and the. The station opened on 22 December 1979 and was renamed as Yau Ma Tei on 31 May 1985 along with Argyle (Mong Kok) and Chater (Central).

Yau Ma Tei is an interchange station, even though the platforms are not designed for cross-platform interchange. After the Kwun Tong line has been extended to Whampoa, it is used by northbound passengers on one line to change to southbound trains on the other line. This station is used by many students during commuting hours, since it is in the vicinity of many large schools.

The station's livery colour is a light grey. Red, white, and blue stripes, which prominently adorned the station walls until they were removed as part of renovation works in 2005 which also saw the original Helvetica typeface, used in station name signs, replaced by Myriad.

History
In 1967, the station was proposed as Waterloo, a double station with Tsuen Wan Line on the east side of Nathan Road, and Kwun Tong Line the west, linking with pedestrian tunnels, in Hong Kong Mass Transport Study. The design was later scaled down when the projected population was recalculated based on new census data.

Contract 101 includes the construction of this station, along with Argyle (now Mong Kok) and Prince Edward stations. It was awarded to a joint venture between Gammon, Kier International, and Lilley Construction. The station, along with other sections under Nathan Road, was built with cut-and-cover. This inevitably brought much trouble on Nathan Road, the thoroughfare in Kowloon Peninsular. The construction induced serious traffic congestion in Kowloon, produced quite amount of dust to the environment, and affected the business on both side of the road.

On 16 December 1979, The Kwun Tong line was extended from Shek Kip Mei to Tsim Sha Tsui station. However, Yau Ma Tei station was opened on 22nd of that month as an infill station. When the station was first opened, only upper level platform was in use. Three weeks before Tsuen Wan line opened, on 26 April 1982, MTR Corporation split the Modified Initial System into Kwun Tong line and Tsuen Wan line, in order to let passengers to get used to transfer at Mong Kok station. On the same day, the lower level platform was put into use.

Kwun Tong line was extended to Whampoa station on 23 October 2016.

Station layout
From the scissor crossing after Whampoa terminus to north of Yau Ma Tei, the Kwun Tong line drives on the right side of the tunnel, as opposed to almost everywhere else in the MTR, where the driving direction is usually on the left (except for the ). The difference in driving directionality is due to the track layout between Yau Ma Tei and Mong Kok stations.

The Kwun Tong line extension towards Whampoa station via Ho Man Tin opened on 23 October 2016. In preparation, the numbers of the Kwun Tong line platforms were swapped starting on 11 June 2016, and platform 4 became alighting-only (and platform 3 boarding-only) from 21 August 2016. After the opening of the Kwun Tong line extension, Yau Ma Tei became an interchange station between the Kwun Tong line and the Tsuen Wan line, with each line using platforms on a different level.

Livery
The station's livery is light grey and red in concourse and exits

Entrances/exits

 * A1: Pitt Street
 * A2: Pitt Street, YMCA Kowloon Centre, Kwong Wah Hospital
 * B1: Nathan Road
 * B2: Portland Street
 * C: Man Ming Lane (for Temple Street)
 * D: Waterloo Road

title: Yau Ma Tei station


text:
List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali

This is a list of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali, located in present-day Burkina Faso.

List of Rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali
Territory located in present-day Burkina Faso.

Boopo = Ruler