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Toronto Blessing

The Toronto Blessing, a term coined by British newspapers, refers to the Christian revival and associated phenomena that began in January 1994 at the Toronto Airport Vineyard church (TAV), which was renamed in 1996 to Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship (TACF) and then later in 2010 renamed to Catch the Fire Toronto. It is categorized as a neo-charismatic Evangelical Christian church and is located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The revival impacted charismatic Christian culture through an increase in popularity and international reach and intensified criticism and denominational disputes. Criticism primarily centered around disagreements about charismatic doctrine, the Latter Rain Movement, and whether or not the physical manifestations people experienced were in line with biblical doctrine or were actually heretical practices.

The Toronto Blessing is also reported as having influenced the Brownsville Revival (1995 – c. 2000) and the Lakeland Revival (2008) that occurred later in Florida, and which included similar styles of worship, ministry and reputed supernatural manifestations.

Characteristics
The Toronto Blessing has become synonymous within charismatic Christian circles for terms and actions that include an increased awareness of God's love, religious ecstasy, external observances of ecstatic worship, being slain in the Spirit, uncontrollable laughter, emotional and/or physical euphoria, crying, healing from emotional wounds, healing of damaged relationships, and electric waves of the spirit. "Holy laughter", as a result of overwhelming joy, was a hallmark manifestation, and there were also some reports of instances of participants roaring like lions or making other animal noises. Leaders and participants present in these services claim that most of these manifestations, including some people roaring like lions, were physical manifestations of the Holy Spirit's presence and power, while some Pentecostal and charismatic leaders believe these were the counterfeits of the Spirit as is mentioned in the biblical passage of 2 Thessalonians 2:9. In December, 1994, Toronto Life Magazine declared TAV as Toronto's most notable tourist attraction for the year.

The events that occurred at the Toronto Blessing are not unique in Christian history; similar events were recorded as happening within the Azusa Street revival of the early 1900s as well as in other revival movements throughout the history of Christian church movements. The Bible also records supernatural events when people encountered God and describes lightning coming from the top of Mount Sinai in Exodus 20:18 when the 10 Commandments were given, Jewish soldiers and temple police falling down in the Garden of Gethsemane when encountering Jesus in John 18:6, Moses' face shining when descending Mount Sinai in Exodus 34:35, and a cloud of glory that appeared over the Hebrew tent of meeting in Exodus 40:34. Proponents of the Toronto Blessing point to these biblical examples as partial evidence of the activities in their meetings being legitimate.

The primary speaker at these meetings for the first few months was Randy Clark, a former Baptist pastor who left his denomination and joined the Association of Vineyard Churches after a team from the Vineyard denomination ministered in his church in 1984. Clark testified to being miraculously healed after a bad car accident while a teenager many years earlier. This event made him believe in supernatural healing, even though at the time he was part of a denomination that believed the gifts of the Spirit were no longer part of the way God operates in the lives of Christians.

Miracles and manifestations
A common element described by those in attendance at the meetings was the claim of miraculous events that occurred during the services. Some of these could be categorized as physical healings, while in other instances, people reported they had a new awareness of God's love, a new freedom from past fears, anger, and relationship problems. There were even claims of God putting gold fillings into people's teeth during the service. Some of the more common claims include the following:

 * More than 300 of the visitors claimed that they supernaturally received gold or silver fillings in their teeth during the meetings.
 * A study was conducted in 1995 that surveyed 1,000 people who visited TAV and approximately half of them reported that they felt spiritually refreshed after the meetings, close to 90% said they were "more in love with Jesus" than they had been in any other point in their lives, and 88% of married respondents stated that they were also more in love with their spouse. A follow-up study conducted in 1997 also yielded similar figures from the original survey respondents.

Similarities to other revival movements
The Toronto Blessing appears to share similarities with other past events where historical records report similar activities of laughter, crying, falling down, shaking and claims of miraculous healings. According to some, these events have been recorded as occurring throughout, not only the recent past, but for the approximate 2,000 years since the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ took place.

Some of the events in the past few hundred years that bear these similarities include, but are not limited to, the following:

 * Lakeland Revival
 * Brownsville Revival
 * Holiness Pentecostal Revivals in 1875-1907
 * Welsh Revival
 * Jotebeche Methodist Church Revival
 * Azusa Street Revival
 * Cane Ridge Revival
 * Second Great Awakening led by Charles Finney

Reaction and criticism
Some Christian leaders were enthusiastic about what they saw as a renewal in North American Christianity, while others saw it as heretical and spiritually dangerous. The laughter portion of these meetings was endorsed by Benny Hinn, Oral Roberts and Pat Robertson, who said in one interview that "The Bible says in the presence of the Lord there is fullness of joy."

Critics referred to it as self-centered and evil and claimed that the strange manifestations were warning signs for other Christian believers to stay away. Others defended the blessing as historically rooted in earlier revivals, such as those seen by pastor and theologian Jonathan Edwards, and as having positive effects in the lives of participants.

In his book, Counterfeit Revival, Hank Hanegraaff claimed that the revival has done more damage than good and that the Toronto blessing was a matter of people being enslaved into altered states of consciousness where they obscure reality and enshrine absurdity. Hank Hanegraaff also stated in a 1996 Washington Post interview that, "It's nice to feel all these things, but the fact is, these feelings will wear off, and then disappointment steps in. I call it post-Holy Laughter depression syndrome."

At the time of the renewal, B. J. Oropeza, then a researcher for the Christian Research Institute, compared phenomena from the Toronto meetings with phenomena from previous Western revivals. He concluded that while authentic signs of revival might be present at such meetings, ministerial leaders have a biblical responsibility to ensure that parishioners maintain orderly conduct at the gatherings and this seemed to be lacking at many of the meetings.

James Beverley, a critic of the Toronto Blessing and a professor at Toronto-based Tyndale Seminary, stated that these events were a "mixed blessing", but was later quoted in 2014 as saying, "whatever the weaknesses are, they are more than compensated for by thousands and thousands of people having had tremendous encounters with God, receiving inner healings, and being renewed." He also stated, "My concerns have changed a bit. I regret saying that they did not give enough attention to Jesus. I think that was too hard. The leaders and the people, they love Jesus. We all do not give enough attention to Jesus."

It is also important to note that other Vineyard churches, such as Harvest Rock in Pasadena, California experienced the same manifestations as those that occurred at TAV around the same time as the events of 1994.

Timeline of immediate and subsequently impacted events
1994: The Toronto Blessing began at the Toronto Airport Vineyard church, when pastors John and Carol Arnott were reportedly inspired by revivals in South Africa as well as those in Argentina that were led by Claudio Freidzon. They invited Randy Clark, a Vineyard pastor from St. Louis, Missouri, to minister at the church from January 20–23, 1994. Randy Clark had been influenced by his own personal life experiences of miracles happening in the church he pastored, as well as the ministry of Rodney Howard-Browne, a South African preacher, and founder of the Rodney Howard-Browne Evangelistic Association in Louisville, Kentucky. Clark preached at TAV church over the course of 60 days, starting January 20, and the meetings continued for 6 days each week for the next 12 1/2 years. He spent 42 of those first 60 days in Canada with a few in-between trips back home to see his family.

In that first revival service, there were about 120 people in attendance, and Arnott stated that most members fell on the floor "laughing, rolling, and carrying on". During that first year, the church's regular attendance size reportedly tripled to 1,000 members, and meetings were held every night except on Mondays, as the revival's influence continued to spread. Reports of similar revivals emerged from Atlanta, Anaheim, and St. Louis in the United States, and from Cambodia, and Albania. It became common for visitors to carry the influence of the revival back to their home congregations where the revival would then continue within their own churches; two notable British cases in point were Holy Trinity, Brompton and Holy Trinity, Cheltenham. Other worldwide locations that became known for a Toronto Blessing style of revival include Pensacola, Florida, home of the Brownsville Revival, Bath, England, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, and Abilene, Texas. A few months later, in May 1994, Eleanor Mumford, the wife of a Vineyard pastor who herself had attended the services at TAV, traveled to Holy Trinity Brompton (HTB) in London, England where, after sharing her testimony, manifestations and activities similar to those that occurred at TAV began to also occur at HTB. It was also recorded that members of the Newfrontiers group of churches visited Toronto, and upon their return home, revival began breaking out in their churches.

1995: Charisma Magazine reported that an estimated 4,000 churches in England and another 7,000 churches in North America had been impacted by this new revival movement. During this same year, Steve Hill, an Assemblies of God evangelist, who was recorded as being powerfully impacted when he attended Holy Trinity Brompton, was asked to preach at the Brownsville Assembly of God church in Pensacola, Florida. A handful of staff members of this church had also been to the services in Toronto, and had been praying for revival for several years. The Brownsville Revival started on Father's Day, and as a result, reportedly led to almost a quarter of a million people being converted to Christianity.

2000: The Guardian reported that 250,000 agnostics in the United Kingdom turned to a belief in Jesus through Nicky Gumbel's Alpha course." Nicky Gumbel was also later recorded as being in attendance at some of the Toronto Blessing meetings.

2014: 20-year anniversary conference - A special conference was held at Catch the Fire in January 2014 to commemorate the 20-year anniversary of the original Toronto Blessing. Attendees stated that apologies and forgiveness were offered during this conference that brought about a closing of the rift that formed between the Vineyard and TAV during the earlier times of the movement.

Continual Services - Regular services continue to be held at Catch the Fire, and attendees continue to travel from around the world to visit the church.

The peak of the Toronto Blessing's prominence in the Christian community occurred in the mid- to late-1990s. Since that time it has faded from public view, although the proponents of Discernment Ministries have suggested that these kinds of events are simply part of a wider theological cycle that has existed continually throughout modern era charismatic Movements. Manifestations of the kind associated with the Toronto Blessing were also recorded in Colin Urquhart's earlier book, "When The Spirit Comes," which appeared during the 1970s and chronicled the renewals which occurred at the church in Luton, England where Urquhart was, for a time, incumbent. The phenomena associated with the charismatic renewal have been championed by such clergy as Urquhart and David Watson in Britain, as well as by countless preachers worldwide, but have also been criticized as dehumanizing and as being rooted in extreme aesthetic reactions to religious stimuli.

Impact on Christian culture
The events that started in 1994 spurred many Christians hungry for deeper encounters with God to visit the church in Toronto, or attend other events around the world that were also influenced by what occurred during the Toronto Blessing. Several highly successful missionaries, pastors, and itinerant ministers today attribute the growth of their organizations and their increased hunger for more of God's presence to the Toronto Blessing. These include Bill Johnson, Senior Pastor of Bethel Church in Redding, California, Heidi and Rolland Baker, Missionaries to Mozambique, Africa, and Che Ahn, Senior Pastor of Harvest Rock Church in Pasadena, California. Each of these leaders has also had a major impact on the 21st Century Charismatic Movement through regular conferences and revival meetings, including Azusa Now, Jesus Culture Conferences, The Call and The Send.

Positive impact
Many different ministers traveled to TAV, and later, Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship (TACF) to experience for themselves what was happening during the Toronto Blessing meetings, as well as in the years to follow. These ministers have stated in various books and public teachings that they were present in the meetings, had differing positive encounters, and reported the fruit of those encounters:

Harvest International Ministries (HIM): started nightly meetings after their pastor, Che Ahn, attended services at TAV. These meetings lasted for three years and, since that time, HIM has planted thousands of churches in over 60 nations.

IRIS Global: Heidi Baker, after attending the meetings in Toronto, went back to Mozambique, and in the years since, along with her husband, Rolland Baker, has planted more than 10,000 churches throughout Africa and Asia. Their organization, Iris Global, also provides food for 10,000 children each day, operates three primary schools, and five Bible schools; all of this success is attributed to what started in Toronto.

Bethel Church: One year after Bill Johnson, a pastor in Weaverville, California, visited TAV, he took over as the senior pastor of Bethel Church in Redding, California. Bethel has become known as a place of supernatural healing, impartation, and ministry training as a result of what occurred in Toronto.

Nicky Gumbel: Gumbel was the curate of Holy Trinity Brompton at the time of the Toronto Blessing and was later the vicar of the church, the biggest Anglican church in the United Kingdom. He has been quoted as saying that the Toronto Blessing was "the kick start that the Alpha course needed".

Negative impact
Alleged origins from outside of the Christian tradition - Andrew Strom claims that the spiritual phenomena witnessed during the Toronto Blessing were a result of what is known in the Hindu kundalini yoga tradition as shaktipat and "kundalini awakening". He makes these claims in reference to phenomena that occurred during the Toronto Blessing such as shaking, jerking, and writhing on the floor.

The claims of Strom have been directly disputed in a formal response by Randy Clark as well as in a book written by John Arnott with his explanation of the disputed events. Phenomena associated with "kundalini awakening" and the practice of shaktipat have appeared by those within the Toronto Blessing Movement to be similar to phenomena and/or spiritual practices mentioned in various New Testament texts, such as Acts 2:1-13, albeit under different names, in different terms, or with different purposes. For example, based on the testimony and specific evidence provided in Acts 2:1-13, what the Hindu spiritual traditions refer to as a "kundalini awakening" have been considered to carry a similarity to what occurred to Jesus' 12 Apostles - en masse - during the original Pentecost event. The Apostles' "baptism of the Holy Spirit" during Pentecost was accompanied by manifestations of "tongues of fire" and of speaking in other languages, which some present could understand, but others considered to be babbling in drunkenness. The accusation of drunkenness has been interpreted by practitioners of the Toronto Blessing to be actual drunken behavior. They believe that Andrew Strom has mistakenly confused manifestations within their movement to manifestations that occur within the New Age practice of Kundalini awakening. There continues to be a debate around whether or not such manifestations reflect what occurred within the biblical text of Acts 2:1-13.

Theological disagreement and reputation - Some organizations and writers have painted the Toronto Blessing in a negative light which has created a negative stigma or reputation regarding charismatic style services among other Christian denominations. Other theologians singled out TAV, and its associated leaders, John and Caroll Arnott, as part of a bigger criticism of the Charismatic Movement, arguing from the position that the gifts of the Spirit have ceased. One major voice in this dissent was John F. MacArthur who, in October 2013, led the "Strange Fire" Conference which was aimed at exposing excesses and doctrinal errors in the charismatic Christian movement. Pastor Alan Morrison is also quoted as referring to the Toronto Blessing as the "Toronto delusion" and a "plague on the land."

Denominational splits - In December 1995, the Toronto Airport Vineyard church was released from affiliation with the Vineyard movement. The reasons for the disaffiliation were for growing tension over the church's emphasis on extraordinary manifestations of the Holy Spirit, the methods used to logistically manage the ministry time during the services, a concern about leaders not abiding by established Association of Vineyard Churches guidelines, and the Vineyard leadership's inability to exercise oversight over the revival. Early in 1996, the leadership of TAV decided to rename the church to Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship. Randy Clark later stated that he was "grieved by the decision of the Vineyard's leadership" regarding this matter. Bethel Church, located in Redding, California, and other organizations also later detached themselves from the Assemblies of God to support their own spiritual practices and movements that had occurred during the revival meetings.

title: Toronto Blessing


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Category:Baseball equipment

Baseball equipment is equipment used in the game of baseball.

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title: Category:Baseball equipment


text: User:Raquel Sama

title: User:Raquel Sama


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Edward S. Morse

Edward Sylvester Morse (June 18, 1838 – December 20, 1925) was an American zoologist, archaeologist, and orientalist. He is considered the "Father of Japanese archaeology."

Early life
Morse was born in Portland, Maine to Jonathan Kimball Morse and Jane Seymour (Becket) Morse. His father was a Congregationalist deacon who held strict Calvinist beliefs. His mother, who did not share her husband's religious beliefs, encouraged her son's interest in the sciences. An unruly student, Morse was expelled from all but one of the schools he attended in his youth — the Portland village school, the academy at Conway, New Hampshire, in 1851, and Bridgton Academy in 1854 (for carving on desks). He also attended Gould Academy in Bethel, Maine. At Gould Academy, Morse came under the influence of Dr. Nathaniel True who encouraged Morse to pursue his interest in the study of nature.

He preferred to explore the Atlantic coast in search of shells and snails, or go to the field to study the fauna and flora. By the age of thirteen he had put together an impressive collection of shells. Despite his lack of formal education, his collections soon earned him the visit of eminent scientists from Boston, Washington and even the United Kingdom. He was noted for his work with land snails, and discovered two new species: Helix asteriscus, now known as Planogyra asteriscus, and H. Milium, now known as Striatura milium. These species were presented at meetings of the Boston Society of Natural History in 1857 and 1859.

He was a gifted draughtsman, a skill that served him well throughout his career. As a young man, it enabled him to be employed as a mechanical draughtsman at the Portland Locomotive Company and later preparing wood engravings for natural history publications. This relatively well-paid work enabled him to save enough money to support his further education. Morse was recommended by Philip Pearsall Carpenter to Louis Agassiz (1807–1873) at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University for his intellectual qualities and talent at drawing. After completing his studies he served as Agassiz's assistant in charge of conservation, documentation and drawing collections of mollusks and brachiopods until 1862. He became especially interested in brachiopods during this time, and his first paper on the topic was published in 1862.

During the American Civil War, Morse attempted to enlist in the 25th Maine Infantry, but was turned down due to a chronic tonsil infection. On June 18, 1863, Morse married Ellen (“Nellie”) Elizabeth Owen in Portland. The couple had two children, Edith Owen Morse and John Gould Morse (named after Morse's lifelong friend Major John Mead Gould).

Career
Morse rapidly became successful in the field of zoology, specializing in malacology or the study of molluscs. In 1864, he published his first work devoted to molluscs under the title Observations On The Terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine. Morse had been elected to the position of curator of the Portland Natural History Society, a position he hoped would become permanent. But in 1866 the Great Fire destroyed the buildings of the Society, along with much of Portland, and also the chance of a salaried position. An alternative opportunity arose with the foundation of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem. Morse returned to Massachusetts to work at the academy, along with Caleb Cooke, Alpheus Hyatt, Alpheus Spring Packard and Frederic Ward Putnam (director), all former students of Agassiz.

In 1867, along with Putnam, Hyatt and Packard, Morse co-founded the scientific journal The American Naturalist, and Morse became one of its editors. The establishment of the Journal was very important for American Natural History. It was written by experts in the field, but aimed to be accessible to a wide readership. This aim was greatly helped by the high quality of the illustrations, many of them provided by Morse himself. Morse's desire to bring natural history to a wider audience also led him to give lectures to a variety of audiences. His combination of broad knowledge, speaking skill, and ability to draw quickly on the blackboard with both hands made him a popular presenter.

Morse continued his work on brachiopods, often considered to be his most important scientific work. In 1869, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Between 1869 and 1873 he published a series of papers on the embryology and classification of the group. Whereas in 1865 he had accepted the majority view that placed brachiopoda within the molluscs, in 1870 largely on the basis of embryological observations, he proposed that the brachiopoda should be removed from the molluscs, and placed within the annelids, a group of segmented worms. Modern taxonomy agrees with the first of these propositions, but not the second, classifying molluscs, brachiopods and annelids as three separate phyla within the superphylum Lophotrochozoa. Helen Muir-Wood has given an account of the history of the classification of the brachiopods that places Morse's work in its historical context.

From 1871 to 1874, Morse was appointed to the chair of comparative anatomy and zoology at Bowdoin College. In 1873 and 1874 he was a teacher at the summer school established by Agassiz on Penikese Island. Though the school only operated for a few years, several of its students went on to distinguished careers, including David Starr Jordan. In 1874, he became a lecturer at Harvard University. In 1876, Morse was named a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1877, he provided the illustrations for a book by his friend John Mead Gould, entitled How to camp out.

During this period the issue of evolution caused much discussion and controversy. Agassiz was an opponent of evolution. He argued that the persistence of animals such as Lingula (a brachiopod) over immense periods of time, from the Silurian to the present day, with little change was "a fatal objection to the theory of gradual development". However all of his students subsequently adopted evolutionary theory in various forms. A clear statement of Morse's position on evolution is found in his address, as vice-president (Natural History) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at its Buffalo NY meeting in August 1876 (reprinted under the title of What American Zoologists have done for Evolution) He adopts a clear selectionist position, in contrast, for example, to Hyatt, who was a neo-Lamarckian. He addresses the issue of human origins, and finds the evidence for "the lowly origin of man", and common ancestry with apes, convincing. He did not only express these views in a western context, but was subsequently the first to bring Darwin's theory of evolution to Japan.

Japan
In June 1877 Morse first visited Japan in search of coastal brachiopods. His visit turned into a three-year stay when he was offered a post as the first professor of Zoology at the Tokyo Imperial University. He went on to recommend several fellow Americans as o-yatoi gaikokujin (foreign advisors) to support the modernization of Japan in the Meiji Era. To collect specimens, he established a marine biological laboratory at Enoshima in Kanagawa Prefecture.

While looking out of a window on a train between Yokohama and Tokyo, Morse discovered the Ōmori shell mound, the excavation of which opened the study in archaeology and anthropology in Japan and shed much light on the material culture of prehistoric Japan. He returned to Japan in 1882–3 to present a report of his findings to Tokyo Imperial University.

Morse had much interest in Japanese ceramics, making a collection of over 5,000 pieces of Japanese pottery. On his 1882-3 visit to Japan he collected clay samples as well as finished ceramics. He devised the term "cord-marked" for the sherds of Stone Age pottery, decorated by impressing cords into the wet clay. The Japanese translation, "Jōmon," now gives its name to the whole Jōmon period as well as Jōmon pottery. He brought back to Boston a collection amassed by government minister and amateur art collector Ōkuma Shigenobu, who donated it to Morse in recognition of his services to Japan. These now form part of the "Morse Collection" of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. The catalogue is a monumental work, and still the only major work of its kind in English. His collection of daily artifacts of the Japanese people is kept at the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts. The remainder of the collection was inherited by his granddaughter, Catharine Robb Whyte via her mother Edith Morse Robb and is housed at the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Banff, Alberta, Canada.

He travelled several times to the Far East which inspired several books, with his own illustrations. Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings was published in 1885; On the Older Forms of Terra-cotta Roofing Tiles in 1892; Latrines of the East in 1893; Glimpses of China and Chinese Homes in 1903; and Japan Day by Day in 1917.

Massachusetts
After leaving Japan, Morse traveled to Southeast Asia and Europe. In subsequent years, he returned to Europe, and Japan in quest of pottery.

In 1886 Morse became president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He became Keeper of Pottery at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1890. He was also a director of the Peabody Academy of Science (now part of and succeeded by the Peabody Essex Museum) in Salem from 1880 to 1914. In 1898, he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun (3rd class) by the Japanese government. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1898. He became chairman of the Boston Museum in 1914, and chairman of the Peabody Museum in 1915. He was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures (2nd class) by the Japanese government in 1922.

Morse was a friend of astronomer Percival Lowell, who inspired interest in the planet Mars. Morse would occasionally journey to the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, during optimal viewing times to observe the planet. In 1906, Morse published Mars and Its Mystery in defense of Lowell's controversial speculations regarding the possibility of life on Mars.

He donated over 10,000 books from his personal collection to the Tokyo Imperial University. On learning that the library of the Tokyo Imperial University was reduced to ashes by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, in his will he ordered that his entire remaining collection of books be donated to Tokyo Imperial University.

Morse's last paper, on shell-mounds, was published in 1925. He died at his home in Salem, Massachusetts in December of that year, of cerebral hemorrhage. He was buried at the Harmony Grove Cemetery.

Morse's Law
In 1872, Morse noticed that mammals and reptiles with reduced fingers lose them beginning from the sides: thumb the first and little finger the second. Later researchers revealed that this is a general pattern in tetrapods (except Theropoda and Urodela): digits are reduced in the order I → V → II → III → IV, the reverse order of their appearance in embryogenesis. This trend is known as Morse's Law.

Published works

 * 1875. First Book of Zoölogy New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street. Second Edition, 1886
 * 1885. Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 3050569
 * 1892 On the Older Forms of Terra-cotta Roofing Tiles Bulletin of the Essex Institute 24: 1-72
 * 1893 Latrines of the East The American Architect and Building News 39: 170-174
 * 1901. Catalogue of the Morse collection of Japanese pottery. Cambridge, Printed at the Riverside Press.
 * 1902. Glimpses of China and Chinese Homes. Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC 1116550
 * 1917. Japan Day by Day, 1877, 1878-79, 1882-83. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. OCLC 412843. Volume I.; Volume II.

title: Edward S. Morse


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Puto

Puto was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to delete.

Slang dicdef. blankfaze | (беседа!)  18:19, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * 18:39, 21 Jul 2004 Infrogmation deleted "Puto" (poor substub foreign language definition attempt)
 * -- Cyrius|✎ 21:47, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Haha, well, okay, that wasn't actually a speedy candidate, but... ok! blankfaze |  (беседа!)  23:14, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed, it was not a speedy candidate; it was short, but accurate. That said, it was a foreign language slang dicdef. I've never seen it in print in English nor heard it in conversation in English. I guess it would fall in the same category as chocha which was deleted a while back. My suggestion is to merge it into a gay slang page (don't know what's most appropriate). -- I've restored the article so people can look at it. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:48, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Is this really "slang"? It looks to me like it's just a regular gender change of puta, a word that seems to be attested in most Romance languages.  In which case it's just a definition of a regular Spanish word; delete as unencyclopedic if not expanded.  Smerdis of Tlön 15:15, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, puta is "female prostitute" but puto is not "male prostitute", so there is something other than regular gender change going on here. In any event, puta itself isn't exactly polite; "whore" is probably a more accurate translation. I guess I'm still in favor of a 1-liner in gay slang. Would any native speakers care to weigh in? Fwiw, Wile E. Heresiarch 05:36, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Puto


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Pussy Galore (band)

Pussy Galore was an American garage rock band formed by students at Brown University in 1984. They had a constantly fluid line-up until their demise in 1990, with vocalist-guitarist Jon Spencer as the sole member through the band's history. They took their name from the character in the James Bond film Goldfinger, and their sound was an irreverent experimental blues rock influenced by The Rolling Stones and Einstürzende Neubauten.

History
The band's earliest incarnation consisted of guitarist and vocalist Jon Spencer, guitarist and occasional vocalist Julia Cafritz and drummer John Hammill, though this line-up both changed and expanded in later years. Spencer and Cafritz were both students at Ivy League college Brown when the band formed in 1984. Following the self-released 7" Feel Good About Your Body, they added guitarist Neil Hagerty. The new line-up recorded the EP Groovy Hate Fuck. This EP, like all of their early releases, would be self-released on their own Shove Records label. After the band moved to New York City after graduation from Brown, they further expanded the line-up by taking on then 16-year-old Cristina Martinez as a guitarist. Martinez was not a musician and had simply taken the photograph for the 7". The band also replaced Hammill with former Sonic Youth drummer Bob Bert. Then, on a dare from Sonic Youth, they released a limited-edition cassette cover album of the Rolling Stones' Exile on Main St. They followed this up in January 1987 with another self-released mini-set, Pussy Gold 5000. Shortly after this, Martinez left the band and formed Boss Hog with Spencer a few years later.

In September 1987, Pussy Galore recorded their debut album and their first recording for another label, Right Now!, on Caroline Records. Shortly following the release of Right Now!, Hagerty left the band and was replaced by Kurt Wolf, but he was to return to the Pussy Galore line-up following the release of the Sugarshit Sharp EP with Wolf leaving to join Loudspeaker. Sugarshit Sharp is probably best known for the garage rock interpretation of Einstürzende Neubauten's industrial/dance classic from the mid-1980s "Yu-Gung". Pussy Galore used sampling in their music, drawing short samples from both the original track and the Public Enemy rap classic "Don't Believe The Hype". F.M. Einheit, a member of Neubauten, was said to have been quite impressed with the cover version. The EP also introduced Pussy Galore's new logo, which consisted of Neubauten's "Yu-Gung Man" emblem with a grainy, almost indecipherable photocopy of the Rolling Stones' trademark lips-and-tongue image superimposed over its head.

Their second full-length set, Dial 'M' for Motherfucker, was released in 1989 and continued their formula of nihilistic guitar noise and punk rock provocation, with additional studio trickery filling out the material. Originally intended to be titled Make Them All Eat Shit Slowly, the name of the album was ultimately vetoed by Caroline Records. The album is sometimes wrongly referred to as New Album By Pussy Galore. This is largely due to the fact that the cover of the album has no text except for a sticker that appeared on the plastic shrink wrapping that bears those words. Dial M represents a move away from a simple noise formula to something more experimental. It is, for example, difficult to determine where some songs begin and end. Many sequences on the album appear to run in reverse, sometimes mid-song, seemingly for no apparent reason. Cafritz appears on some of this album but not the entirety. Dial M marks a point at which Cafritz and the band began fighting, ultimately leading to her leaving the band.

They released a split single in 1989, a cover of Black Flag's "Damaged II" with Tad covering "Damaged I" on the other side, for Sub Pop Records and another split single with Black Snakes for the Japanese indie label Supernatural Organization.

By now, Cafritz had quit the line-up. The trio of Spencer, Hagerty and Bert released one final album in 1990 called Historia de la Musica Rock for Caroline Records before calling it a day the same year. The album cover of Historia was a parody of a music compilation vinyl series from Spain called Historia de la Música Rock.

Aftermath
Spencer co-founded Boss Hog with former Pussy Galore guitarist Cristina Martinez in the late 1980s just prior to the dissolution of Pussy Galore itself. Spencer and Martinez had married in 1989 (and are still married today). He also went on to form the Blues Explosion. Neil Hagerty continued his 'noise-terrorist' career with his girlfriend, Jennifer Herrema, in blues-rock duo Royal Trux, which the pair had formed in Chicago during 1987. Cafritz and Bert joined forces briefly in the early 1990s to release a self-titled album under the name Action Swingers.

Two years after the breakup, their CD compilation Corpse Love: The First Year was released. It included four tracks from the Exile On Main Street cassette, as well as some previously released early material, including short interviews.

Cassettes

 * Exile on Main St Cassette (1986, Shove) (limited edition of 550 copies; four tracks from this appear on the Corpse Love CD) http://www.xtrmntr.com/pg/exile/

Albums

 * Right Now! LP (1987, Caroline; reissued 1998 Matador Records/Mute Records)
 * Dial 'M' for Motherfucker (a.k.a. Make Them All Eat Shit Slowly, a.k.a. New Album by Pussy Galore) LP (1989, Caroline; CD version contained five of the six tracks from Sugarshit Sharp, with a cover of Devo's "Penetration in the Centerfold" replacing "Yu-Gung"; reissued 1998 Matador Records/Mute Records with original vinyl contents only)
 * Historia de la Musica Rock LP (1990, Caroline)

EPs

 * Feel Good About Your Body 7", 1985
 * Groovy Hate Fuck EP (1986, Shove)
 * Pussy Gold 5000 EP (1986, Shove)
 * Sugarshit Sharp EP (1988, Caroline; reissued 1998 Matador Records/Mute Records with bonus track "Penetration in the Centerfold")

Compilations & live albums

 * 1 Yr Live CS (1986, Shove)
 * Groovy Hate Fuck (Feel Good About Your Body) LP (1987, Vinyl Drip) (UK collection of early releases)
 * Corpse Love: The First Year CD (1992, Caroline)
 * Live: In the Red LP last live show, recorded at CBGBs (1998, In the Red)

Videos

 * Maximum Penetration VHS (1987, Atavistic Video)

title: Pussy Galore (band)


text:
User talk:LizzieShupe

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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a thank-you
Hello Lizzie: In lieu of a thank-you card for your friendly editing of my Lee Lawrie article here is a shot I took in Rome many years ago. i hope that this is the Shelly that you are such a fan of. Carptrash 21:37, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps I should add it to the Shelly artice too?

title: User talk:LizzieShupe


text:
James Dudley

James Dudley (May 12, 1910 – June 1, 2004) was an American baseball player, professional wrestling manager, and professional wrestling executive. He played Negro league baseball for nine years but is best known for his time with the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Dudley was the first African-American to run a major United States arena (Turner's Arena in Washington, D.C.). He worked with four generations of wrestling's McMahon family and was particularly close with Vincent J. McMahon. At age 74, he was put back on the company's payroll to show appreciation for his work for the McMahons. He also managed several wrestlers in the WWWF and was inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame class of 1994.

Baseball career
Dudley was considered an "excellent athlete" and ran the 100-yard dash in under ten seconds on multiple occasions. Although he showed up for the trials for the 1924 United States Olympic team, he was not allowed to participate because African Americans were not permitted on the team. After playing semi-professional baseball in Baltimore, Maryland, Dudley signed with the Baltimore Elite Giants at age 27. Nicknamed "Big Train", he played catcher but started out helping pitchers warm up in the bullpen. Playing alongside two other talented catchers, Roy Campanella and Eggie Clarke, Dudley's playing time was limited. He remained with the Elite Giants until leaving professional baseball in 1945. In total, he played about 60 games in the Negro leagues.

Professional wrestling career
James Dudley began working for Jess McMahon in the 1950s, when McMahon was a co-owner of the Capitol Wrestling Corporation. When McMahon and his partners broke away from the National Wrestling Alliance to form the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) in 1963, Dudley continued to work for McMahon. Dudley performed many different jobs, from carrying buckets of water to counting ticket sales. Dudley was a close friend of Vincent J. McMahon and continued working for the family when the younger McMahon took over the business from his father; in particular, he drove McMahon's limousine and served as his bodyguard. He has said that he thought of McMahon as a father figure. McMahon later increased Dudley's responsibilities with the company several times, and eventually assigned him to manage Turner's Arena in Washington, D.C., which made Dudley the first African-American to hold such a position in the United States. His role required him to oversee several other events, including the Town and Country Jamboree television show. Dudley managed several wrestlers, including Bobo Brazil. Prior to Brazil's matches, Dudley excited the crowds by waving a towel while running to the ring. He also managed such wrestlers as Bearcat Wright, Sailor Art Thomas, and Sweet Daddy Siki. Over time, Dudley's role with the company diminished and he ceased working for them; the company's operations were moved to Connecticut, and Turner's Arena was demolished. Shortly before McMahon's death in 1984, he told his son, Vincent K. McMahon, who had taken over control of the promotion (then known as the WWF), "Whatever else you do, you take care of James Dudley." After Vincent J. McMahon's death, Dudley was put back on the company payroll at age 74 and subsequently received several gifts from Vincent K. McMahon to show appreciation for Dudley's contributions to the company. Dudley has been described as an "important cog" in the company, and McMahon once stated that "had there been no James Dudley, the WWF possibly wouldn't exist as it does today". Dudley continued to feel a sense of loyalty to the McMahons and their promotion. Dudley was inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame class of 1994 by Vincent K. McMahon.

Dudley's final appearance with the company came during the January 3, 2002, episode of SmackDown!. According to the storyline, Stephanie McMahon was banned from the MCI Center. In an attempt to get past security, she pushed Dudley in a wheelchair but was still refused entrance. Following the scene, Dudley left the wheelchair, walked to his seat, and watched the show.

Personal life
Dudley continued to live in Washington, D.C., after retiring from professional wrestling. He had 38 grandchildren, 34 great-grandchildren, and 16 great-great-grandchildren. Dudley died of natural causes on June 1, 2004, at the age of 94.

Awards and accomplishments

 * World Wrestling Federation
 * WWF Hall of Fame (Class of 1994)

title: James Dudley


text:
Winslow House (River Forest, Illinois)

The Winslow House is a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed house located at 515 Auvergne Place in River Forest, Illinois. A landmark building in Wright's career, the Winslow House, built in 1894–95, was his first major commission as an independent architect. While the design owes a debt to the earlier James Charnley House, Wright always considered the Winslow House extremely important to his career. Looking back on it in 1936, he described it as "the first 'prairie house'."

The original owner, William Winslow, was exemplary of Wright's Chicago clients, which the architect described as, "American men of business with unspoiled instincts and ideals." A manufacturer of decorative ironwork, Winslow later worked with Wright on a number of publishing projects, specifically for Keats's The Eve of St. Agnes (1896), and William C. Gannett's The House Beautiful (1896–97). The men were first introduced through Winslow's dealings with Adler and Sullivan, Wright's former employers. He was in the ornamental iron business and his firm had done the facade on the Carson Pirie Scott building for Wright's previous employer. Adler and Sullivan were not interested in performing residential architectural assignments so Winslow turned to Wright. The house's design is inspired by the works of Wright's mentor Louis Sullivan and anticipates Wright's mature Prairie School buildings of the next decade. Sheltered beneath a low-pitched roof with wide eaves, the home is symmetrical and horizontally divided into a stone section, a golden Roman brick section, and a terra cotta frieze of Sullivanesque ornament. In contrast to the calm and balanced front facade, the rear is a mass of irregular geometric forms. The interior echoes both Wright's own home and the Charnley House, with the fireplace at the center facing the entry with rooms on either side and a hidden main staircase.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 17, 1970.

In 2016 the house was sold for $1.375 million. It had been owned by the general manager of a local television station. His family had owned the house for 57 years.

title: Winslow House (River Forest, Illinois)


text:
User talk:Citymdw

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Not just links
Hi, thanks for contributing to wikipedia, but please don't make articles with no text but an external link, they can be speedy deleted. Kappa 11:24, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Ragbrai riders, Clintion, IA 2004.jpg
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title: User talk:Citymdw


text:
Mark Buckingham (comic book artist)

Mark Buckingham is a British comic book artist. He is best known for his work on Marvelman and Fables.

Career
Born as Mark John Buckingham, on 23 May 1966, in Clevedon, England, he initially started working professionally in 1987, on strips and illustrations for a British satire magazine called The Truth, where he first worked with Neil Gaiman illustrating some of his articles. His American debut came the following year as inker on DC Comics' Hellblazer, taking over as penciller from issue 18.

Some of Buckingham's earliest (non-professional) work appeared in early issues of the Clevedon Youth CND newsletter in the early 1980s (c. 1982/83), in which he satirised members of the group in a fun and amusing manner. Copies are now very hard to find, but a few are known to still be in existence.

He is most famous for his work on Marvelman (Miracleman in the USA), Hellblazer, and Fables, including a story in the original graphic novel 1001 Nights of Snowfall. His Marvel work includes inking Chris Bachalo's pencils on Generation X, Ghost Rider 2099, and penciling Paul Jenkins's run on Peter Parker: Spider-Man. For DC Comics, Buckingham has inked the two Death miniseries and was the original penciller on the Titans series. In the 1990s Mark shared a studio with The Beano and Marvel artist Kev F. Sutherland, working together on Marvel's Star Trek and Doctor Strange.

On the Vertigo Voices: Fables Forum panel at the 2009 San Diego Comic Con, Fables creator and writer Bill Willingham announced that he and Buckingham would switch roles in an up-coming one-off, for Fables issue #100: Buckingham would write and Willingham would illustrate.

In July 2012, as part of the San Diego Comic-Con, Buckingham was one of six artists who, along with DC co-publishers Jim Lee and Dan DiDio, participated in the production of "Heroic Proportions", an episode of the Syfy 'reality'-television competition series Face Off, in which special effects were tasked to create a new superhero, with Buckingham and the other DC artists on hand to help them develop their ideas. The winning entry's character, Infernal Core by Anthony Kosar, was featured in Justice League Dark #16 (March 2013), which was published 30 January 2013. The episode premiered on 22 January 2013, as the second episode of the fourth season.

Personal life
Buckingham was married in Gijón, Spain in August 2006 to journalist and TV newscaster Irma Page. His best man was Neil Gaiman.

Awards

 * 2003: Won Eisner Award for "Best New Series", for Fables #19–27: "March of the Wooden Soldiers" (with Willingham and Leialoha)
 * 2005: Won Eisner Award for "Best Serialized Story", for Fables #19–27: "March of the Wooden Soldiers" (with Willingham and Leialoha)
 * 2006: Won Eisner Award for "Best Serialized Story", for Fables #36–38, 40–41: "Return to the Homelands" (with Willingham and Leialoha)
 * 2007: Won Eisner Award for "Best Artist/Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team", for Fables (with Leialoha)

title: Mark Buckingham (comic book artist)


text: Category:Mower County, Minnesota

title: Category:Mower County, Minnesota


text:
Touching Evil

Touching Evil is a British television drama serial following the exploits of a crack squad on the Organised & Serial Crime Unit, a rapid response police force that serves the entire country.

The serial was produced by United Productions for Anglia Television, and screened on the ITV network in 1997. It was created by Paul Abbott. The first season consists of six 50-minute (one-hour with advertisements) episodes written by Abbott with Russell T Davies. The popularity of the serial led to two sequel serials in 1998 and 1999, although not written by Abbott or Davies. The first episode aired on 29 April 1997, and the last on 6 June 1999, after 16 episodes and 3 series.

The serial stars Robson Green as D.I. Dave Creegan, with Nicola Walker co-starring as his colleague D.I. Susan Taylor. The third series was co-produced by Green's own independent production company Coastal Productions.

Main cast

 * Robson Green as D.I. Dave Creegan (series 1–3; 16 episodes)
 * Nicola Walker as D.I. Susan Taylor (series 1–3; 16 episodes)
 * Shaun Dingwall as D.C. Mark Rivers (series 1–3; 14 episodes)
 * Michael Feast as Commander Stephen Enwright (series 1–3; 15 episodes)
 * Mary Cunningham as Police Psychologist Marion (series 1–2; 11 episodes)
 * Adam Kotz as D.C. Jonathan Kreitman (series 1; 6 episodes)
 * Andrew Scarborough as D.C. Martin Simmons (series 3; 2 episodes)

Recurring cast

 * Saskia Downes as Kerry Creegan (7 episodes)
 * Antony Byrne as Barry (7 episodes)
 * Holly Earl as Louise Creegan (7 episodes)
 * Molly Moloney as Ruby Creegan (7 episodes)
 * John Duttine as Michael Hawkins (4 episodes)
 * Kenneth MacDonald as Cyril (4 episodes)
 * Sean Gilder as Steve Carroll (4 episodes)

title: Touching Evil


text:
User talk:CoppBob

Rest in peace Twemoji 1f622.svg

 * Sad to have you go.. Rest in peac. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 06:24, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:CoppBob


text:
Andrea Doria-class cruiser

The Andrea Doria class were helicopter cruisers of the Italian Navy. Italy's first major new designs of the post–World War II era, these ships were primarily designed for anti-submarine warfare tasks. Initially planned for three ships, the two ships that were constructed, ITALIAN CRUISER Andrea Doria and ITALIAN CRUISER Caio Duilio served until 1991 in both active and training capacities. The Andrea Doria class formed the basis for the larger ITALIAN CRUISER Vittorio Veneto that followed them.

Design
Ordered in the 1957-58 Naval Programme, the Andrea Doria class were designed to operate the RIM-2 Terrier surface-to-air missile (SAM) system and Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopters as both a platform for anti-air and anti-submarine warfare. The hull was based on the Impavido-class destroyer, with a length of 149.3 m and an enlarged beam to allow for the installation of a flight deck and hangar, measuring 17.3 m. The vessels had a draught of 5.0 m and displaced 5,000 tons standard and 6,500 tons loaded.

The flight deck measured 30 by and was placed aft of the superstructure. It was cantilevered out at the stern to provide extra operational space.

Power and propulsion
The class was powered by four Foster Wheeler boilers. These provided the power to two double reduction geared steam-powered turbines creating 60000 hp which drove two shafts. This gave the cruisers a maximum speed of 31 kn and an operating range of 6,000 nmi at 20 kn.

Armament
For anti-air warfare the Andrea Dorias were equipped with one Mk 10 twin-arm launcher with 40 RIM-2 Terrier missiles placed forward. The ships were also provided with eight Oto Melara 76 mm/62 MMI guns to be used for point-blank anti-aircraft defence. The class was originally intended to be armed with the SMP 3 76 mm/62 gun found on the Albatros-class corvette, however that gun was rated poorly and was replaced. The choice to arm the cruisers with the 76 mm guns was based on a decision taken in 1958 that only guns of that size were adequate in point blank air defence. The guns were placed in six single turrets amidships abreast the funnel and the bridge.

The cruisers were also equipped with six 324 mm Mk32 torpedo tubes in two triple mounts. These were for use against submarines. In conjunction with the torpedo systems, the Andrea Dorias could embark up to four helicopters. The Sea Kings were found to be too large for the class and the Italians instead chose to use Agusta-Bell AB 212 helicopters modified for anti-submarine warfare.

Electronics
Initially, the Andrea Doria class was equipped with SPS-12 and SPS-39A radars for air search and surveillance and SPQ-2 for navigation. They also carried SQS-39 sonar. The guns were automatically controlled by the Italian-designed NA-9 Orion fire control system guided by the SPG-70 radar.

History
The class consisted of two vessels both commissioned in 1964 and in service into the late 1980s. A third, Enrico Dandolo (C555), was cancelled. Andrea Doria was modernised in 1976-78, exchanging the RIM-2 missiles for the SM-1ER surface-to-air missile. The ship received an updated electronics package, mounting SPS-40 2-D air search radar, SPG-55C fire control radar and SQS-23 sonar.

Caio Duilio received only a marginal modernisation in 1979-80 and instead was modified to become a training ship. Its aft hangar was removed and replaced with classrooms and two of its 76mm mounts were removed aft. In 1980 it replaced San Giorgio as the fleet's training vessel. Both ships mounted new electronic warfare packages, SPS-768 long-range search radars and SPR-4 intercept and SLQ-D jammers.

Similar ships

 * Moskva-class helicopter carrier
 * FRENCH CRUISER Jeanne d'Arc

title: Andrea Doria-class cruiser


text:
Dynamic dispatch

In computer science, dynamic dispatch is the process of selecting which implementation of a polymorphic operation (method or function) to call at run time. It is commonly employed in, and considered a prime characteristic of, object-oriented programming (OOP) languages and systems.

Object-oriented systems model a problem as a set of interacting objects that enact operations referred to by name. Polymorphism is the phenomenon wherein somewhat interchangeable objects each expose an operation of the same name but possibly differing in behavior. As an example, a File object and a Database object both have a StoreRecord method that can be used to write a personnel record to storage. Their implementations differ. A program holds a reference to an object which may be either a File object or a Database object. Which it is may have been determined by a run-time setting, and at this stage, the program may not know or care which. When the program calls StoreRecord on the object, something needs to choose which behavior gets enacted. If one thinks of OOP as sending messages to objects, then in this example the program sends a StoreRecord message to an object of unknown type, leaving it to the run-time support system to dispatch the message to the right object. The object enacts whichever behavior it implements.

Dynamic dispatch contrasts with static dispatch, in which the implementation of a polymorphic operation is selected at compile time. The purpose of dynamic dispatch is to defer the selection of an appropriate implementation until the run time type of a parameter (or multiple parameters) is known.

Dynamic dispatch is different from late binding (also known as dynamic binding). Name binding associates a name with an operation. A polymorphic operation has several implementations, all associated with the same name. Bindings can be made at compile time or (with late binding) at run time. With dynamic dispatch, one particular implementation of an operation is chosen at run time. While dynamic dispatch does not imply late binding, late binding does imply dynamic dispatch, since the implementation of a late-bound operation is not known until run time.

Single and multiple dispatch
The choice of which version of a method to call may be based either on a single object, or on a combination of objects. The former is called single dispatch and is directly supported by common object-oriented languages such as Smalltalk, C++, Java, C#, Objective-C, Swift, JavaScript, and Python. In these and similar languages, one may call a method for division with syntax that resembles where the parameters are optional. This is thought of as sending a message named divide with parameter divisor to dividend. An implementation will be chosen based only on dividend's type (perhaps rational, floating point, matrix), disregarding the type or value of divisor.

By contrast, some languages dispatch methods or functions based on the combination of operands; in the division case, the types of the dividend and divisor together determine which divide operation will be performed. This is known as multiple dispatch. Examples of languages that support multiple dispatch are Common Lisp, Dylan, and Julia.

Dynamic dispatch mechanisms
A language may be implemented with different dynamic dispatch mechanisms. The choices of the dynamic dispatch mechanism offered by a language to a large extent alter the programming paradigms that are available or are most natural to use within a given language.

Normally, in a typed language, the dispatch mechanism will be performed based on the type of the arguments (most commonly based on the type of the receiver of a message). Languages with weak or no typing systems often carry a dispatch table as part of the object data for each object. This allows instance behaviour as each instance may map a given message to a separate method.

Some languages offer a hybrid approach.

Dynamic dispatch will always incur an overhead so some languages offer static dispatch for particular methods.

C++ implementation
C++ uses early binding and offers both dynamic and static dispatch. The default form of dispatch is static. To get dynamic dispatch the programmer must declare a method as virtual.

C++ compilers typically implement dynamic dispatch with a data structure called a virtual function table (vtable) that defines the name-to-implementation mapping for a given class as a set of member function pointers. This is purely an implementation detail, as the C++ specification does not mention vtables. Instances of that type will then store a pointer to this table as part of their instance data, complicating scenarios when multiple inheritance is used. Since C++ does not support late binding, the virtual table in a C++ object cannot be modified at runtime, which limits the potential set of dispatch targets to a finite set chosen at compile time.

Type overloading does not produce dynamic dispatch in C++ as the language considers the types of the message parameters part of the formal message name. This means that the message name the programmer sees is not the formal name used for binding.

Go, Rust and Nim implementation
In Go, Rust and Nim, a more versatile variation of early binding is used. Vtable pointers are carried with object references as 'fat pointers' ('interfaces' in Go, or 'trait objects' in Rust ).

This decouples the supported interfaces from the underlying data structures. Each compiled library needn't know the full range of interfaces supported in order to correctly use a type, just the specific vtable layout that they require. Code can pass around different interfaces to the same piece of data to different functions. This versatility comes at the expense of extra data with each object reference, which is problematic if many such references are stored persistently.

The term fat pointer simply refers to a pointer with additional associated information. The additional information may be a vtable pointer for dynamic dispatch described above, but is more commonly the associated object's size to describe e.g. a slice.

Smalltalk implementation
Smalltalk uses a type-based message dispatcher. Each instance has a single type whose definition contains the methods. When an instance receives a message, the dispatcher looks up the corresponding method in the message-to-method map for the type and then invokes the method.

Because a type can have a chain of base types, this look-up can be expensive. A naive implementation of Smalltalk's mechanism would seem to have a significantly higher overhead than that of C++ and this overhead would be incurred for every message that an object receives.

Real Smalltalk implementations often use a technique known as inline caching that makes method dispatch very fast. Inline caching basically stores the previous destination method address and object class of the call site (or multiple pairs for multi-way caching). The cached method is initialized with the most common target method (or just the cache miss handler), based on the method selector. When the method call site is reached during execution, it just calls the address in the cache. (In a dynamic code generator, this call is a direct call as the direct address is back patched by cache miss logic.) Prologue code in the called method then compares the cached class with the actual object class, and if they don't match, execution branches to a cache miss handler to find the correct method in the class. A fast implementation may have multiple cache entries and it often only takes a couple of instructions to get execution to the correct method on an initial cache miss. The common case will be a cached class match, and execution will just continue in the method.

Out-of-line caching can also be used in the method invocation logic, using the object class and method selector. In one design, the class and method selector are hashed, and used as an index into a method dispatch cache table.

As Smalltalk is a reflective language, many implementations allow mutating individual objects into objects with dynamically generated method lookup tables. This allows altering object behavior on a per object basis. A whole category of languages known as prototype-based languages has grown from this, the most famous of which are Self and JavaScript. Careful design of the method dispatch caching allows even prototype-based languages to have high-performance method dispatch.

Many other dynamically typed languages, including Python, Ruby, Objective-C and Groovy use similar approaches.

title: Dynamic dispatch


text:
Tag up

In baseball, to tag up is for a baserunner to retouch or remain on their starting base (the time-of-pitch base) until (after) the ball is first touched by a fielder. By rule, baserunners must tag up when a hit ball is caught before it bounces by a fielder, and in such situations, are out if any fielder with possession of the ball touches their starting base before they do. After a legal tag up, runners are free to attempt to advance, even if the ball was caught in foul territory. On long fly ball outs, runners can often gain a base; when a runner scores by these means, this is called a sacrifice fly. On short fly balls, runners seldom attempt to advance after tagging up, due to the high risk of being thrown out.

Putting out a runner who is required to tag up
When a baserunner fails to tag up on a caught fly ball (for instance, if they started running too early, thinking the ball would not be caught), they may be "doubled up/off", which results in them being called out. To double a runner off, a fielder must touch the runner's starting base while in possession of the ball, before the runner returns to the base. If the baserunner appeared to tag up, but a fielder suspects the baserunner may have left the base too early (thus failing to legally tag up), the fielder may attempt to double the runner off by touching the runner's starting base while controlling the ball, before the next pitch is thrown. This is considered a type of appeal play. If the umpire agrees that the runner did not retouch after the ball was touched by a fielder, the umpire will call the runner out, and anything else the runner did during the play (such as score a run) is negated. Doubling a runner off is considered a "time play" (as opposed to a force play), which means that even if the doubling-off is the third out of an inning, any runs which score before the double-off will count (unless the run was scored by the same runner that was doubled off, in which case the run will not count in any situation).

title: Tag up


text:
User talk:Rmcoxma

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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title: User talk:Rmcoxma


text:
Talk:Andrew Smith Hallidie

Cleanup recommended

 * References - conflict. I will provide two good source articles coming from museum type organizations.

 * Sentence syntax/composition. Let's simplify it. Ex.: In 1856, whilst working on the construction of a flume at a mine at American Bar, Hallidie was consulted over the rapid rate of wear on the ropes used to lower cars of rock from the mine to the mill. Could read: In 1856, while working on a mine's flume construction in/at American Bar, Hallidie was consulted about the rapid wear rate on ropes used to lower rock laden card from the mine to the mill.

 * Notes/References. Recommend going to the standard ref syntax that places a numerical superscript and then in the Reference section, numbered footnotes with linkable statements.

 * Sources. Going to the ref syntax would allow for this bio to have other online sources provided. Ronbo76 19:36, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Possible sources

 * Andrew Smith Hallidie

 * The Biography of Andrew Smith Hallidie

 * San Franciscan Andrew Smith Hallidie Patented the First Cable Car (short but sweet article)

 * Most of the facts agree with your article and one is your already sourced article.

 * Confusion in birthplace is solved by looking at first two referenced articles in this paragraph. The son was born in London; the father in Scotland (confusion maybe in other sources due to same name).

 * This individual is an important man in San Francisco, CA and state history. We need to get it right. Ronbo76 19:47, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Andrew Smith Hallidie


text:
Talk:List of Bohemian monarchs

The first two Habsburgs
Juro, I don't think that the rule of Albert and Ladislaus Posthumous can be described as dynastic Habsburg rule... the original writer separated them and it makes sense to me just after reading our articles. --Shallot 18:38, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I have the Czech book he used for this list now in front of me. For reasons of space they do not list the dynasties if they ruled for a too short time... And those two ARE members of the Habsburg dynasty, so I do not quite understand the problem. If you suggest that it was not a dynasty in relation to Bohemia, then the Jagiellons and Luxembourgs too are not dynasties. Or maybe dynasty has another special meaning for you that I do not get now... Juro 18:33, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It implies that the rule passed from one strong ruler to their next of kin who carries the royal family line, whereas in this case both rulers were reasonably successfully opposed by their adversaries and the succession barely managed to happen once, and failed the second time around. --Shallot 20:51, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, so you are suggesting that they should be at least 3 (fathe-son-grandson)but I do not see any difference as compared to the Jagiellons - they were only two in a line. But, in fact, there was an interregnum between 1439-1452, so maybe that could be a reason.

 * Yes, it's not just an issue of bare numbers, it's how it all went on. The second Jagiello didn't seem to have any trouble acceeding to power which makes the period dynastic, although in a rather minor manner given that it ended so soon. --Shallot 12:25, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * But generally, (1) your definition (if there is a definition at all) of "dynastic rule" is not in the article Dynasty and (2) then you should call also the periods 1306-1310 and other in the list "non-dynastic". Juro 21:51, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That's perfectly possible. I was merely concentrating on the exact matter at hand... The list of Hungarian rulers has the issue of dynasties solved in a more vague manner that avoids this problem, there are native dynasties listed for each ruler but it's not implied that the rule was dynastic in there too. --Shallot 12:25, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The Hungarian list is better, of course, because I think people are primarily interested in the name of the rulers family and not whether one would define their rule as dynastic or not...Juro 15:03, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Shouldn't dukes Vladislav I, II and Jindrich be renamed to Duke Ladislaus I of Bohemia, Duke Ladislaus II of Bohemia (to disambiguate them from Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary and Ladislaus II of Bohemia) and Ladislaus Jindrich of Bohemia? The Wikipedia/English language convention for the name  Władysław/Vladislav for monarchs is Ladislaus. Currently the list uses latin names for some dukes, and czech names for others. Ausir 02:33, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Title of Article
This article was once called List of Dukes and Kings of Bohemia, which seems preferable to List of Czech monarchs to me. What is the rationale underlying its move? - Nunh-huh 06:54, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The new title is more convenient, understandable for non-historians, and better corresponds with its counterparts (List of French monarchs, List of British monarchs, List of Danish monarchs etc.) Qertis 07:00, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The list contains non-monarchs, such a presidents, and suggests a historical continuity (based simply on geography) that is misleading. Are non-historians more or less likely than historians to come to a list of Czech monarchs looking for a Duke of Bohemia?!?!? - Nunh-huh 07:06, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The list contains NO presidents (sic!) and the continuity is factual (sic!). King of Bohemia = Czech King (both Česky´ král in Czech)! The only difference is in English language. Present-day English use Czech instead of Bohemian, otherwise it is the same country which has only replaced monarchy with republic. Dont confuse Bohemian (Czech) Kingdom and Bohemian (Czech) Crown! The article on the first one is here: Bohemia, the second one corresponds with Czech lands and present-day Czech Republic. King of Bohemia ruled not only over the Kingdom (present-day Bohemia), but the whole Crown (present-day Czech Republic)! Qertis 07:40, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The list contains two "lists of presidents"; these might be moved to a "see also" and avoid the problem of seeming to label them as monarchs. As this is an English encyclopedia, English terms should be used, and no one would refer to any of the historical dukes or kings of Bohemia as "Czech Dukes" or "Czech Kings" in English. - Nunh-huh

 * The list only says: "The chronology continues on with non-monarchs", which is perfectly the same as here: List of French monarchs. I don't think it is confusing at all. "Czech King" (Česky´ král) is perfectly English term at least as well as "Czech President" (Česky´ prezident) since "Česky´" is no longer translated as "Bohemian", but "Czech". Both terms are equivalent in English, but the second one is much more common (Google: Bohemian - 447.000 results, Czech - 11.900.000 results). Qertis 06:26, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

If we're to change "Dukes and Kings", I'd prefer the simple and ambiguous term "rulers" instead. --Shallot 00:17, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I am game, but then also presidents must be listed here. Qertis 06:26, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Not really, if they already have their own pages, and they do. --Shallot 17:28, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

There is not, was not, and has never been such a thing as a "Czech monarch". While the Duchy, later Kingdom, of Bohemia (as well as the Margraviate of Moravia) was largely inhabited by Czechs, the word "Czech" was never in its name, and from 1310-1918, every single monarch (with the exception of George Podiebrad) was not Czech at all. List of rulers of Bohemia would be the appropriate place for a list of dukes and kings of Bohemia. I've never heard them referred to as "Czech monarchs" before. The analogy to list of French monarchs is inaccurate - the parallel would be List of Bohemian monarchs, since the adjective for Bohemia is "Bohemian" not "Czech". Presidents of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic ought to be listed separately. - John k

Just to add that I wasn't aware that the term "Czech Crown" is used in Czech - but this is irrelevant, since it is not used in English. As to the Bohemian Crown, it was only identical to the present day Czech Republic between 1742 and 1918. Between 1620 and 1742 it also included most of Silesia, and before that, going back to the 14th century, it also included Lusatia. Before the 14th century, the small piece of Silesia now in the Czech Republic was, I believe, Polish. - John K

 * You are completely wrong. "Czech monarch" is nothing else than "Bohemian monarch", in Czech language both "Český panovník". As I stated before, Czech and Bohemian are equivalent terms, the first one replaced the latter when the First republic of Czechoslovakia emerged in 1918. The aim of Czech (and Slovak) politicians was to underline the new constitutional character of the state after almost 300 years within Habsburg monarchy. It is on par with such notorious renaming like Siam-Thailand or Persia-Iran. The Duchy and Kingdom and Crown was not only inhabited by Czechs, it was also created by Czechs and they (not very surprisingly) also named the country. The name is "Čechy" or "Czechy" (see http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechy) from its very begining. This "native" form is widespread among other Eastern languages (Slovak, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian etc.), while the Western (Germanic and Romance) used the ancient latin name derived from the Celtic tribe Boii that inhabited the territory hundreds of years before Czechs. All this dispute is about the English language, not the Czech (Bohemian) history, and as I said before: "Czech King" (Český král) is perfectly English term at least as well as "Czech President" (Český prezident) since "Český" is no longer translated as "Bohemian", but "Czech". Both terms are equivalent in English, but the second one is much more common (Google: Bohemian - 447.000 results, Czech - 11.900.000 results).

 * I would agree with this, but it seems somewhat anachronistic to use Czech/Czechia when the standard old English term in this context seems to be Bohemian/Bohemia. --Joy [shallot]

 * Notes: 1) The ethnicity of European monarchs is very interesting topic on its own, but has nothing to do with the names of the European countries. 2) Every European country suffered some border-shifting (see Poland, Hungary, Russia etc.) and Bohemia/Czechia is no exception. 3) The adjective for Bohemia is "Bohemian" not "Czech", the adjective for the Netherlands is "Netherlandic" not "Dutch"...hmmm. Qertis 17:48, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hey, what happened to discussion? - John K - 11 August 2004

 * In the absence of further objection, perhaps it is time to move the article to List of rulers of Bohemia? - Nunh-huh 22:25, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I did that now. Of course, this doesn't have to be final, others are welcome to submit further information regarding other possible names (though it was the Bohemian crown, one could also use the title "List of rulers of the Czech lands", for example). --Joy [shallot]   23:07, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Qertis, in terms of border shifting, you were yourself saying that the Bohemian crown was identical to the current Czech Republic. I was just pointing out that this is only true for a limited period of time. As to your Netherlandic not Dutch thing, in certain contexts, it would certainly be incorrect to use "Dutch" in English. I'd suggest that the term "Dutch" should only be used with respect to the United Provinces and its successor states. Before that, when you have a united Habsburg or Burgundian Netherlands, one should use "Netherlandish". But that's beside the point. The basic point is that the Czech word "Cesky" is translated in different ways in English depending on context. When referring to the lands of the Crown of St. Wenceslas, in particular, the term "Bohemia" is always used. By the way, what is the Czech word for "Bohemia", i.e. the Czech region of Bohemia, as distinct from Moravia and Silesia? john k 18:30, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I'd add that the other nationality which inhabited the region for much of its history (that is, the Germans), clearly had completely different words for the geographic region (Böhmen) and the Slavic people who were the majority of its inhabitants (Tchechische). This distinction was carried into English, since it is through the German that this area is most familiar to English-speakers. As always, this may be unfortunate, but it is nevertheless the case. john k 18:34, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Charles IV.
One of most famous czech king is missing?

 * Emperor Charles IV was King Charles I of Bohemia. john k 12:49, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Maria Theresa and Charles VII
Did not Maria Theresa succeed her father without incident upon his death? Were there not Austrian garrisons that had to be conquered before the Duke of Bavaria could be proclaimed King of Bohemia? How is Charles's claim to being King of Bohemia any more credible than, say, Maria Theresa's father's claims to be King of Spain? At the very least, it seems to me that Maria Theresa should be listed for the whole 1740-1780 period, with Charles VII listed as a rival. john k 12:53, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Inaccurate edit summary
User:Jklamo provided the following edit summary on 18:43, 2 May 2007:

 * see discussion, presidents were removed first on 18 april by RandomCritic without notice

This is quite false, and transparently so for anyone who will bother checking the history. I made no changes involving the list of Presidents on April 18 or any other date. The list of Presidents was removed on 17:47, 27 April 2007 by an anonymous editor using IP 89.216.210.117. That is not my IP. I do not know why User:Jklamo wishes to blame me for this change, but I object to it regardless of the reason. RandomCritic 13:42, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

joint rulers
Most of the Habsburg rulers were elected as king prior to their predecessors death, and were referred to as "Kings of Bohemia" (and often Hungary as well) at this time. Should this not be indicated somewhere? For instance, Maximilian became King of Bohemia in 1548; Rudolf II in 1575, Ferdinand II in 1617, Ferdinand III in 1627, Leopold I in 1656, and Ferdinand V in 1830. I notice that we do list Ferdinand IV, in spite of his situation being identical to that of these other rulers. Shouldn't this be noted? john k (talk) 19:03, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Elective?
Different articles have said diffent things. One article once said that the throne of Bohemia became hereditary in the 1100's, but the House of Habsburg artice says that it was elective since the 1300's. Did the kingdom flip-flop on rules? Emperor001 (talk) 14:00, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

It was elective after the extinction of the Premyslid Dynasty, I think, and stayed elective until the Thirty Years War. I believe that at that point it was made hereditary in the Habsburg family. john k (talk) 14:57, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * From the 9th century till 1306 (extinction of male line of the Přemyslids) the throne automatically belonged to the members of this house. After this, the Czech noblemans usurped the right to vote the royal dynasty – and applied this right every time the next dynasty extincted "by the sword" (although king Karel IV. enacted in April 7, 1348 (and over again in January 10, 1356 in the Golden Bull) that Bohemian throne is hereditary also in female line) – i.e. in 1439, 1453, 1458, 1471 and 1526 – or when Zikmund Lucemburský or Habsburgs were dethronized (1421, 1618).

 * After the defeat of Bohemian estates in the battle of White Mountain (1st phase of the Thirty Years' War), Habsburgs – as the victorious dynasty – ended up the independence of the Czech lands and established themselves as hereditary rulers of Bohemia "for perpetuity". --Iaroslavvs (talk) 22:09, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Why use Czech instead of English on en.wiki?
This Wikipedia is in English. Therefore, the principal names under which these people should be listed are the names used to refer to them in English language literature. It makes no sense whatsoever to mention a Marie Terezie when the woman is universally known in English as Maria Theresa. It makes no sense to say that a man reigned as II. Ulászló, for that is not the common English name for him nor the name he himself used (that being Ladislaus Secundus or something similar), not to mention that putting the ordinal with the full stop before the name can only severely confuse the reader. Furthermore, to see Ladislaus the Posthumous and John the Blind listed under the names Ladislav Pohrobek and Jan Lucemburský, with their proper names given in parentheses as if they were some kind of trivia, is ridiculous. Surtsicna (talk) 13:41, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
 * You should routed your categorical appeals mainly to another direction. Try apply them for example in the article List of Polish monarchs (and not only there but at all the names of Poland-related rulers, nobles and historical places). I would like to see how quickly you will collide with local united front of Polish nationalists - eh, sorry, our dear patriotic colleagues, I mean. :)
 * Yes, such Polonized form of name like e.g. "Świętosława of Poland" (instead of proper and more friendly "Swatawa") – it is a real delicacy for English-speaking reader... (How to pronounce it rightly?) In this perspective, I think it is not so great offense, that one list will be contain indigenous (in this case Czech) forms of the names. --Iaroslavvs (talk) 22:06, 16 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I am fully aware of the existence of the "local united front of Polish nationalists". I am also aware of how they managed to remain so united. What I don't understand is their persistence in advocating policies that obviously and undisputably hurt this project - including the EEML affair. Anyway, I have nothing against the inclusion of Czech names - in fact, they ought to be included, but not as primary names. The primary name should be Maria Theresa, with Marie Terezie as the alternative. Surtsicna (talk) 23:29, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

Monarchical ordinals
Maybe some of Monarchical ordinals are strange for someone, but regnal numbers in Bohemia followed line of Holy Roman Emperors, as highest dignity. Charles I was first Emperor of Austria with this name, and himself used number I. References were added.--Yopie (talk) 22:54, 17 December 2012 (UTC)
 * While I myself am not very convinced by those sources, I do not feel like disputing them. However, I do object to listing kings named Charles simply as Charles IV, Charles II and Charles I. A reader is bound to ask how on Earth Charles I came after Charles II who came after Charles IV. If they are truly never referred to as Charles I, Charles II and Charles III, then the article should list them as Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Emperor Charles I of Austria to make it clear that the ordinals were derived from their imperial titles. Surtsicna (talk) 23:00, 17 December 2012 (UTC)
 * By the way, here are a few English language sources which refer to Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV as Charles I of Bohemia: Thus, referring to Charles I of Austria as Charles I of Bohemia can only severely confuse and mislead the readers. Surtsicna (talk) 23:07, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I know, that these ordinals are strange. I agree with your proposal to list them as "Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV" etc. for clarity. Some books - Rough Guide to Czech Slovak Republics, Czechs by Hugh LeCaine Agnew--Yopie (talk) 23:20, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

Should the Carolingians be listed?
This article has recently seen the Carolingian dynasty listed as rulers of Bohemia, as has at least one related article (Charles the Younger). This appears to be largely the work of. I applaud the initiative and the effort that has been put into this, and I would hate to discourage it, but I do wonder: is it accurate? From what I've read across several articles, it appears that Charles the Younger subdued the Slavic tribes in the region, but did not conquer or establish Carolingian rule over them. (If he did, how then did the region emerge as a unified polity under Bořivoj, tied to Great Moravia rather than Francia?) -- Perey (talk) 16:30, 12 July 2016 (UTC)

I removed this:

Bohemian tribal rulers

 * Lech (fl. 805), defeated by Charles the Younger.

Carolingian rulers
Reason: There was neither historically documented duke Lech nor direct Carolingian reign between 806 - 911. Actually there are not know any historically documented rulers between 805 - 911. NOTE: Originally added by, reformatted. - Ryk72 'c.s.n.s.' 19:01, 26 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Charles the Younger (806 - 811)
 * Louis the Pious (811 - 817)
 * Louis the German (817 - 840)
 * Arnulf of Carinthia (888 - 899)
 * Louis the Child (900 - 911)".

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:37, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * JCKV Karel I.JPG

title: Talk:List of Bohemian monarchs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cry.on.my.console

Cry.on.my.console was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to delete.

vanity spam. chocolateboy 18:38, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete: Sure looks like DJSpam & his Adsteady Beats. N.b. all those blue links in the article? Geogre 20:34, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Fo'shizzle, mah nizzle. Delete as vanity, yo!  Peace...out. - Lucky 6.9 20:57, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I tried a little background research on this and my head is frizzling from da soundz, or at least descriptions thereof. I deem this tentatively adspam but welcome qualified contributions from persons more in the groove than myself is. Ianb 21:07, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Sun Tzu

I have one more question--did you create that image of the Scarlet Spider? If not, you don't own the rights, and cannot release it under the GFDL. Thanks again, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 19:21, 2004 Jul 21 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you mean by "no actual copyright". Unless you created the images yourself, they are copyrighted by someone else, and thus we're not allowed to use them here. Sorry. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 22:51, 2004 Jul 21 (UTC)

 * Well, if you got them off of Google image search, someone else created them, and that person owns the copyright. In order for us to use them, they would have to release them under the GFDL, our licence, and I don't think they'd be willing to do that. We're probably going to have to delete them. Sorry about that.

 * To avoid this in the future, you can make sure that any images you upload are either in the public domain, or were created by yourself. Any photo that is a work of the US Federal government would be OK. Thanks. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:46, 2004 Jul 22 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sun Tzu


text:
User:Prisonblues/Colleges/Churchill College, Cambridge

Churchill College, Cambridge


text:
Physicians' Desk Reference

The Prescriber's Digital Reference (PDR) is a compilation of manufacturers' prescribing information (package insert) on prescription drugs, updated regularly and published by ConnectiveRx.

History
The original PDR was titled "Physician's Desk Reference" but was renamed because not all prescribers are physicians and the reference is no longer a hardback book stored on a desk. While designed to provide physicians with the full legally mandated information relevant to writing prescriptions (just as its name suggests), it is widely available in libraries and bookstores, widely used by other medical specialists, and sometimes valuable to the layman. The compilation is financially supported in part by pharmaceutical manufacturing corporations which create drugs listed within its pages. The 71st Edition, published in 2017, was the final hardcover edition. It weighed in at 4.6 lb and contained information on over 1,000 drugs.

Since then, the PDR has been available online (PDR.net) for free, and has been integrated into some electronic health record (EHR) systems. PDR.net also links to a free mobile app.

The Physicians' Desk Reference was first published in 1947 by Medical Economics Inc., a magazine publisher founded by Lansing Chapman. Medical Economics Inc. merged with Reinhold Publishing in 1966 to form Chapman-Reinhold. Litton Industries, which owned the American Book Company, acquired Chapman-Reinhold in 1968. Litton sold its publishing business to the International Thomson Organization (ITO) in 1981.

Since the late 20th century, a consumer edition has been offered at a much reduced price. Electronic editions are available on CD-ROM and the World Wide Web to subscribers. In 1984, Paul C. Kranz and Michael Grondin travelled to Oradell, New Jersey, and presented to Medical Economics (then-publisher of the PDR) a prototype developed by Grondin on a TI 99/4A computer of how a digital copy of the PDR would work and benefit clinicians. The idea originally conceived by Kranz was well received by the president and vice-president of IT and an agreement was struck to investigate. The result was the PDR on CD-ROM. The main edition is usable by determined laypeople in conjunction with a medical dictionary.

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 * PDR for Herbal Medicines

title: Physicians' Desk Reference