text:
David Del Tredici

David Walter Del Tredici (March 16, 1937 – November 18, 2023) was an American composer. He won a Pulitzer Prize for Music and was a Guggenheim and Woodrow Wilson fellow. Del Tredici is considered a pioneer of the Neo-Romantic movement. He was also described by the Los Angeles Times as "one of our most flamboyant outsider composers".

Early life and education
Del Tredici was born in Cloverdale, California, on March 16, 1937. He came from a non-musical family and began his musical life as an aspiring concert pianist at the age of twelve, taking piano lessons with German concert pianist Bernhard Abramovitch. If he had not been a pianist, he said, he would have become a florist.

Abramovitsch encouraged him to be "very creative" in his playing, which he later cited as prepared him for composing. "I was only interested in playing ... great sprawling things like the Schumann Fantasy, that the performer had to mold and shape", he reflected. Thus he learned how to "sustain a [musical] thread so that it was never broken".

He debuted with the San Francisco Symphony at age 16 and later performed Liszt and Tchaikovsky concertos under Arthur Fiedler. Then he attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he continued studying piano. He played primarily Romantic works. He also played "a lot of Schoenberg and Berg and loved their music".

While enrolled at Berkeley, he attended the Aspen Music Festival and School. The pianist he was going to study with was "mean" to him, so Del Tredici tried his hand at composing music instead. He wrote Opus 1 as his first piece and was invited to perform it for Milhaud, who complimented him. Thereafter Del Tredici concentrated on composition. His earliest works were his "own version of German expressionism". Finishing his studies with Seymour Shifrin at Berkeley, he graduated in 1959.

He then studied composition with Earl Kim and Roger Sessions for one year at Princeton University on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship. Princeton was then, Tim Page described, "the center for the American atonal avant-garde". "I was there at the height of the serial movement," Del Tredici said. He felt like an outsider: "[They] seemed to be trying to take the expressionist element out of German expressionism," he added.

Del Tredici left Princeton to work with Robert Helps in New York. He found a mentor in Helps, who supported his instincts. He returned to Princeton, earning his MFA in 1963.

Career
In 1964, Del Tredici met Aaron Copland at Tanglewood; they would be friends for the remainder of Copland's life, and his musical style remained an influence on Del Tredici.

Del Tredici taught at Harvard University, where he worked alongside Leon Kirchner and was a part of the modernist movement. He stated that "anything bad appeals to any young composer", including himself.

Much of Del Tredici's work was inspired by literature, including author and poet James Joyce. As a fellow lapsed Catholic, Del Tredici was attracted to Joyce's struggles with his own Catholic past and "tortured life", which found voice in Del Tredici's "dissonant and nearly atonal" style. He also found inspiration in Martin Gardner's The Annotated Alice and its commentary on the works of Lewis Carroll. During this period, he found himself moving back towards tonality, which he felt was more appropriate for works such as his Final Alice and Adventures Underground.

Del Tredici was Composer-In-Residence at the New York Philharmonic from 1988 until 1990. In 1999 and 2000 he taught at Yale University. He also taught at Boston University, Juilliard School, and the University of Buffalo. , he was a faculty member of the City College of New York.

Towards the end of his life, Del Tredici continued to draw on literature for his song cycles. His work continued to draw on Lewis Carroll (particularly Alice in Wonderland), but he was also inspired by contemporary American poets. He also created works celebrating "gayness", acknowledging that many great composers were gay and that "it's something to be celebrated". A reviewer noted that themes in his work examine "tormented relationships, personal transformations, and the joys and sorrows of gay life". He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and held additional residencies at Yaddo, the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts, and the MacDowell Colony.

Death
Del Tredici died of Parkinson's disease at his home in Manhattan on November 18, 2023, at the age of 86.

Works
Del Tredici composed work for Michael Tilson Thomas and the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra. His work Adventures Underground drew inspiration from the poem The Mouse's Tail. Del Tredici also composed works influenced by rock and folk music. He wrote works for Phyllis Bryn-Julson, the San Francisco Symphony, and the New York Philharmonic. He also composed an opera and song cycles. He wrote music using the work of, or as tribute to, Chana Bloch, Colette Inez, Allen Ginsberg, Thom Gunn, Paul Monette, and Alfred Corn.

His In Memory of a Summer Day (part one of Child Alice) won Del Tredici a Pulitzer Prize. That piece was developed into a ballet, which has been performed by the National Ballet of Canada and the Grand Théâtre de Genève. In 1988, his work Tattoo, commissioned by the Concertgebouw Orchestra, was debuted by Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic.

 * 1988, Tattoo, Concertgebouw Orchestra
 * 1990, Steps, New York Philharmonic
 * 1998, The Spider and the Fly, New York Philharmonic
 * 1998, Chana's Story, San Francisco Contemporary Players
 * 1999, Dracula, Eos Orchestra
 * 2003, In Wartime, University of Texas at Austin Wind Ensemble
 * 2004, Gotham Glory, fp. March 15, 2005, Anthony de Mare, piano
 * 2004, Syzygy, Asko Ensemble
 * 2013, Bullycide, La Jolla Music Society

Awards

 * Guggenheim Fellowship
 * Pulitzer Prize for Music
 * Woodrow Wilson Fellowship
 * Kennedy Center Friedheim Award

title: David Del Tredici


text:
Braviken Paper Mill

Braviken Paper Mill (or simply Braviken) is a paper mill located outside Bråviken, Norrköping, in Sweden. It is owned by Holmen Paper, which in turn is a subsidiary of Holmen.

Since the name is derived from the location, Bråviken, and since the name of the paper mill was to be internationally read and spoken, the ring diacritic above the a was dropped.

The current mill manager is Fredrik Hålgersson.

Introduction
Braviken mainly produces magazine, book and newsprint paper, both white and colored.

Three paper machines are located at the mill:

 * PM51, the oldest one, was built 1977 and production ended September 14, 2013. Produced mainly directory paper in different colors (white, yellow and pink). The width of the rolls leaving the paper machine was 8.50m. Produced 200.000 tons of paper per year.
 * PM52, built in 1986. Produces newsprint and book paper. Colors of the paper produced are white and what is referred to as baby pink, which is, as the name suggests, a variant of pink produced for Sportbladet. The width of a roll is 8.55m. Produces 250.000 tons of paper per year.
 * PM53, the latest, and obviously most modern of the machines produces magazine paper, at a rate of 300.000 tons per year.

Each machine goes in a distinctive color: PM51 is completely green, PM52 is blue, while the PM53 is blue with a touch of violet.

The name of the machines comes from the fact that the mill used to be the fifth when MoDo AB owned it. The company itself does not own fifty machines.

Technology
The mill has its own TMP factory which produces the pulp needed for the production.

History
The production began in central Norrköping during the 15th century. Since expansion was hindered by lack of area the production moved outside Norrköping to Bråviken. The construction began in 1977, and by 1986 the second machine was built. In 1986 the last machine in central Norrköping shut down, and all of the operations moved to the new location.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Braviken Paper Mill


text:
Talk:Cambridge Union

Grading
In order to bring this article up to a 'B' class:
 * More independent and verifiable citations needed
 * Reduce lead section to around 4 paragraphs. Scar ian  Talk  17:50, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Much of the article is focused around the details of how the organization is structured (something of little interest to the general reader) with compatibly less text focusing on the history of the organization (what most readers are likely looking to learn more about). Please focus on expanding these history sections (eg details of famous events) rather than just the current somewhat unexciting narrative that lists various people that once visited or were members/officers. SCP2292

Haven't all these requirements now been addressed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.184.92 (talk) 18:06, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

Conflicts of Interest - Please Read
There is a problem of this article being edited by lots of people with significant conflicts of interest. To that extent, can anyone involved in the society (e.g. current/former officers or current/former directors) please post changes here first. Regnus 11:30, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

General Article Comments
I've changed a few things. There was overemphasis on the society being 'private' which overshadowed the work it does to maintain its charitable status, and the extent to which it cooperates with the student body. I changed the facilities - which no longer include a movie theatre. I changed the job description of the trustees as they are constitutionally NOT superior to the officers. I improved the grammar in sections.

Is a text list the best way to list the Presidents or does it merit a standalone page? Would they also be better in tabular format? Mpntod 22:19, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've turned the list into a table and linked the colleges. I'll also link as many names as I recognise, starting shortly. I don't think it deserves a separate article. -- Avaragado 22:53, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Excellent. I've put as many links as I can into http://www.cix.co.uk/~mtod/CambridgeUnionSocietyPresidents.html.  Should we start earlier - there are some interesting Presidents earlier on. Mpntod 23:39, Aug 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've copied the data from your CIX page, including the surrounding commentary. I hope this isn't considered a copyvio, since it's your page... -- Avaragado 09:24, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The list is derived from the Percy Cradock book, plus some work of my own in the 1980s, followed by more recent lists generated by Union staff. Not sure where the copyright would rest - or even if the list is copyrightable? It's now a very long page (although I think there is sufficient interest in the list of famous names for it to be included) - should we have a page that only lists the presidents? Mpntod 10:51, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think a separate page is needed, but I don't feel strongly about it. It might, however, be worthwhile placing the individual presidents in a category, such as Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union (which could be a subcategory of Category:University of Cambridge). -- Avaragado 17:09, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not passionate about it either way - although I notice that quite a few lists of office holders are handled in a similar way. Should the category be Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union Society? Mpntod 23:43, Aug 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I guess so. -- Avaragado 18:03, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * We've just made number 93 on the Offline reports/This is one of the longest_articles page. Is this a good thing?  Should we fix it? Mpntod 22:56, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely sure how... Since the tables make up the majority of the content, moving those to a separate article would just make that article one of the longest. Many of the articles on that list are similar to this one: lists of names. They're never going to get any shorter, so I don't think there's any strong imperative to try to shorten this one. -- Avaragado 07:58, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * So shall we go for it? What does it take to add a category? Mpntod 11:07, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's easy. All you do is add to Joe Bloggs' article, assuming Mr Bloggs is a president. That categorises each president. You also need to categorise the category, since all categories are arranged in a hierarchy. You do this in exactly the same way: go to Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union Society and add  . See Categorization. -- Avaragado 16:36, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Off we go then! :-) Mpntod 18:01, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

Secretary and Vice President
I have just deleted from the 'Society's Leadership' the sentence about the SVP being able to appoint members to Director roles. The Directorship roles that the SVP appoints, not the ones appointed by the Standing Committee, are roles that are not leadership roles e.g. Director of proof reading is not a member of the 'Societies Leadership'. These roles are administrative roles.

I also indicated that the SVP has 'general control of the general business' of the society and not the 'business' of the society as a whole. To say otherwise would be ludicrous. To say that the SVP has general control of the 'business' of the society would mean that the SVP has 'general control' over such matters as events, finances, investments etc .. which is simply not true. (UNSIGNED)

I have changed this back and put in a quote from the Society's laws to make sure that there is no ambiguity. If any member has an issue with this the logical thing to do would be to attempt to change the Society's laws, rather than its wikipedia page. This is not a soap box. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.233.8 (talk) 16:40, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Union elections
The section on Union elections is getting a bit NPOV. Although there is no question that Union elections can be quite rough (the 'billiard ball' election of 1956 springs to mind), has anyone actually been disqualified for canvassing in recent times? While I accept that elections are frequently quite bitter, are they frequently dirty? The rulebook isn't particularly complex (perhaps that's the problem) and should be referred to as the Constitution. There's also no mention of the 'minimum number of speeches' rules which I understood was also used to shut out candidates from election. Mpntod 07:55, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Someone has now removed this bit (it's mostly boring details anyway not of much interest to the general interest reader). The 'rulebook' aka constitution is actually fairly complex in terms of what candidates can and can not do during an election period. There are quite complicated and strict requirments about what types of canvasing can occur (i.e. phone calls are ok but text messages or e-mail are not). The minimum speeches requirement is enforced although it is hardly ever a big problem for a potential candidate to meet as any main or floor speech in an emergency or main debate counts. The main purpose of the speech requirment is to stop someone from running at the last second who has never actively participated in any Union events. Also not all elected positions, i.e. house committee, have speech requirements and the most required for an office is 3. There have been some cases of electoral malpractice in recent elections and fines have been issued as appropriate. [X 11 Nov 2005]

Recent ex-Presidents
This could do with being a bit more analytical. Does anyone have sources for where recent ex-Presidents have gone? And how this has changed? Are there really fewer Presidents going into the law (for example)? And does Chris Kelly (17 years ago!) count as recent. Mpntod 08:01, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Over past 10 Presidents, none have gone into law. They have went into; Media, Politics, Medicine, Engineering, Management Consultancy, Academia, Civil Service, and Banking. (26 December 2007). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Acountnumber1189 (talk • contribs) 09:16, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

It seems like the destination of former officers these days (as well as the makeup of members) is much more widespread and there is no longer a 'typical' path for people to follow. It's safe to say many ex-officers go onto 'leadership' style careers, but I wouldn't say that law was a huge preference. As for the 17 years but, for a society nearly two centuries old 17 years is recent, but I see your point as it is a bit of an arbitrary cutoff. [X 11 Nov 2005]

Cambridge Arts and Sciences
Why has the section on this been deleted?

Article was shortened to comply with Wiki suggestions and non-core information removed. Om285 (talk) 13:15, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

Which NATO Secretary-General?
It says "Secretary-General of NATO". Yes, well..WHICH SG?

There have been more than a few, y'know.:-) --Penta 01:17, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Reference removed anyway. Om285 (talk) 13:14, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

Not to be confused with Cambridge University Students' Union
I notice that the Oxford Union page has "Not to be confused with Oxford University Student Union" written in italics along the top of the page. Ought this article not have a similar banner? 131.111.184.100 (talk) 22:36, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Done Om285 (talk) 13:14, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150928144651/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Protest-planned-Julian-Assange-appearance/story-22361683-detail/story.html to http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Protest-planned-Julian-Assange-appearance/story-22361683-detail/story.html

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"Logo"
The "logo" pictured in the infobox is no longer used by the Society, as of October last year. I can upload the CUS crest again, which was deleted from Wikimedia having been removed from this article. What are the site policies governing this? L.R. Wormwood (talk) 21:24, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I have uploaded the correct logo (with fair use rationale), and replaced the logo in the infobox. L.R. Wormwood (talk) 21:33, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 6 August 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved (non-admin closure) ~SS49~   {talk}  00:08, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

– Per WP:THE. Similar to the Oxford Union, the Eiffel Tower, the Middle East, the White House, and the United States, the "the" is often not capitalized in running text (even by the Union itself), and it appears rather strange when it is. —BarrelProof (talk) 23:41, 6 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The Cambridge Union → Cambridge Union
 * List of presidents of The Cambridge Union → List of presidents of the Cambridge Union
 * Support. Clearly unnecessary use of definite article. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:09, 7 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Aloneinthewild (talk) 20:18, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

What! No Women?
For most of its history the Cambridge Union was an all-male club. By the early 1960s this was perceived as an embarrassment and an anachronism. Votes were held to amend the constitution to allow women as members, but although a majority voted in favour, they failed to meet the two-thirds majority required by the constitution to make constitutional change. On one occasion a female student gate-crached a debate and was removed, the whole incident seen and reported in the national press. A few years later the amendment was passed and in 1967 Ann Mallalieu became the first female president.

None of this currently appears in the article; I haven't got written sources - I just remember when it all happened, but it should go in. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 18:59, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

I've added a paragraph. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 18:21, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

Not the oldest student debate society in the world
The oldest continuously running student debating society in the world is recognised as the Historical society at Trinity college Dublin. Its competitor society, the philosophical society at Trinity college Dublin, would have won, only that it was banned for a period before returning. This is verified by multiple sources and is recognised by the Guinness world records. 80.5.193.88 (talk) 19:05, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I would like to reference that I believe the University of St. Andrews actually has the longest continuniously running english speaking debate society in the world, finding its roots in 1794 (seen here University of St Andrews Union Debating Society). In addendum, they start every public debate by saying “the oldest and somewhat finest society of its kind.” Zikwn (talk) 15:42, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I will make this change, but if anyone feels strongly about this, or wants to make a better edit, please do so. I’m not an advanced wikipedia editor, but I do believe I am right about this (unless proven otherwise). Zikwn (talk) 15:46, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cambridge Union


text:
User:Baron von Chickenpants

Block quote Ahoy, I'm Baron von Chickenpants!

Nay I'm Baron von Chickenpants!

title: User:Baron von Chickenpants


text:
User talk:Zvikit

Fight Club
Thanks. Actually, I don't think you've contributed enough to vote for anything. And iirc, we didn't talk once for an entire year... But I appreciate the sentiment. So when are you going to start contributing to a python wikibook? +sj + 22:21, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zvikit


text:
Eastern Market, Washington, D.C.

The Eastern Market is a public market in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D.C., housed in a 19th-century brick building. Eastern Market was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It is located on 7th Street, S.E., a few blocks east of the U.S. Capitol between North Carolina Avenue SE and C Street SE. Badly damaged by an early-morning fire in 2007, the market building reopened in the summer of 2009 following an extensive renovation.

Eastern Market also marks a smaller community within the Capitol Hill neighborhood by serving as an anchor point for other nearby stores and restaurants. It is served by the nearby Washington Metro Eastern Market (station) on the Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines.

Overview
Eastern Market is part of ward 6 of DC's 8 wards. Nestled in what is known as the Capitol Hill neighborhood, this is the area bounded by North and South Capitol Streets on the west, 15th street on the east and H street on the north and by the Southeast southwest Freeway. Working adults, singles and families with young children largely populate the neighborhood of town houses. This is an old fashioned neighborhood where residents can do their shopping on a daily basis. Currently managed under the guidance of interim manager Barry Margeson. The flea market of Eastern Market has one of the most diverse markets in the nation. It hosts up to 100 exhibitors from five continents.

The market participates in a host of holiday and seasonal events to attract visitors, award prices and offer certificates and include those who live in the area into the community. Presently Eastern Market is being met with proposals for renovation. The goal of the renovation plan is to link 8th Street's Barracks Row and Eastern Market in order to create a community gathering space.

Beyond the Flea Market, Eastern Market is also known for its cultural attractions, which include the Folger Shakespeare Library and theater and the Library of Congress. Eastern Market's North Hall has been a premiere destination for hosting memorable events and can be rented for weddings and other occasions.

Eastern Market has been featured in scenes of movies including Body of Lies (2008) and Mercury Rising (1998).

Original market
The first Eastern Market was one of three public marketplaces included in Pierre L'Enfant's plan for the city, to supplement existing markets in Alexandria and Georgetown. The plan also called for a Center Market and a Western Market. In 1805, Thomas Jefferson issued a proclamation calling for Eastern Market to be set up at 7th and L Streets SE, near the Navy Yard.

The original market received heavy fire damage during the British attack of 1814. It was repaired and remained active until the Civil War caused a disruption of supplies. During the war, farmers from southern Maryland set up their own marketplace on the opposite side of the Anacostia River. The market fell into disrepair, and was nearly abandoned. An 1871 newspaper account called it a "disgraceful shed."

1873 relocation

The current Eastern Market was designed by Adolf Cluss and was in continuous operation as a public market from 1873 until April 30, 2007. It was the first in a larger city-owned public market system, initiated to urbanize Washington, make orderly provision for the distribution of goods to its residents, and serve as a magnet to draw residents. The Market was expanded in 1908 with the addition of the Center and North Halls designed by Snowden Ashford. At the start of the 20th century, the Eastern Market was recognized as the unofficial "town center" of Capitol Hill. It is the last of the city's public markets still in operation.

The market nearly closed because of competition from grocery store chains and a decline in neighborhood investment. Local residents fought to keep it open, and the area has since been revitalized. Eastern Market continues to host a thriving farmers' market. Fresh meats, baked goods and cheeses are sold from indoor stalls, and fresh produce is sold outside along the tent-covered sidewalk. Artisans and antiques dealers also sell their goods outside the market on weekends, making Eastern Market a popular stop for locals as well as tourists. The Market 5 Gallery organizes art shows, music and theater performances, and craft sales at the Eastern Market.

2007 fire and aftermath
Eastern Market was badly damaged by an early-morning 3-alarm fire on April 30, 2007. The heaviest damage was in the South Hall of the market, the portion occupied by vendors' stalls, where the roof suffered a partial collapse. The Washington Post has described the South Hall as "gutted so badly that birds can now fly in through the front windows and out the back ones." Following the fire, Washington, D.C., Mayor Adrian Fenty promised to rebuild the market. The outdoor weekend market was disrupted but never closed. Many of the food vendors re-opened for business within weeks of the fire, selling their products outside of the building. In August 2007, the city completed a temporary market annex, known as the "East Hall," on the opposite side of 7th Street, on the grounds of Hine Junior High School. This housed the vendors until the reopening of the market building, with a ribbon-cutting on June 26, 2009. The Washington, D.C., Fire and Emergency Services Department determined officially that the fire originated outside of the Eastern Market between a dumpster and the exterior of the west wall, and that the fire was caused by an electrical failure on the electric supply wire for a nearby trash compactor. However, former D.C. fire investigators Gerald Pennington and Greg Bowyer have suggested the fire was deliberately set by suspect Joel Ramos.

Eastern Market reopened its doors on June 26, 2009, after two years of reconstruction work. On March 9, 2010 the renovation of the market received the Outstanding Project Award from the Structural Engineering Association of Metropolitan Washington in April. The Market has already received an "Honor Award" in the design category and has been recognized as a National Finalist by the American Counsel of Engineering Companies of Metropolitan Washington. The restoration process was a detailed and challenging effort to re-purpose and salvage various components of the critically damaged building. Among many innovative improvements, the historic roof was restored and state of the art equipment was installed. The design allowed the previously hidden historic skylight to be reintroduced as a prominent architectural feature of the new Eastern Market South Hall. Renovation was overseen by the Department of Real Estate Services and coordinated with Robert Silman Associates and Quinn Evans Architects. Mayor Adrian Fenty moved to have 7th Street, in front of the market, closed to vehicle traffic on the weekends to function as a "pedestrian plaza."

title: Eastern Market, Washington, D.C.


text:
Mantou

Mantou, often referred to as a Chinese steamed bun, is a white and soft type of steamed bread or bun popular in northern China. Folk etymology connects the name mantou to a tale about Zhuge Liang.

Description
Mantou are typically eaten as a staple food in northern parts of China where wheat, rather than rice, is grown. They are made with milled wheat flour, water and leavening agents. In size and texture, they range from 4 cm, soft and fluffy in the most elegant restaurants, to over 15 cm, firm and dense for the working man's lunch. As white flour, being more heavily processed, was once more expensive, white mantou were something of a luxury in preindustrial China.

Traditionally, mantou, bing, and wheat noodles were the staple carbohydrates of the northern Chinese diet, analogous to rice, which forms the mainstay of the southern Chinese diet. They are also known in the south but are often served as street food or in restaurants, rather than as a staple or home cooking. Restaurant mantou are often smaller and more delicate and can be further manipulated, for example, by deep frying and dipping in sweetened condensed milk. Colors or flavors may be added with other ingredients from brown sugar to food coloring in mantou making. For special occasions, mantou are sometimes kneaded into various shapes in Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Shandong.

Precooked mantou are commonly sold in the frozen section of Asian supermarkets, ready for preparation by steaming or heating in the microwave oven.

A similar food, but with a savory or sweet filling inside, is baozi. Mantou is the older word, and in some regions—such as the Jiangnan region of China, and Korea—mantou (or the equivalent local reading of the word) can describe both the filled and unfilled buns. In Japan, the equivalent local reading of the Chinese word (manjū) refers only to filled buns.

Etymology and history

Mantou may have originated in the Qin State of the Zhou dynasty during the reign of King Zhaoxiang (307 BCE – 250 BCE). Mantou as well as other wheat derived foodstuffs such as noodles, Shaobing and Baozi became popular during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 206 CE) and collectively were known as ; mantou was distinguished as or. During the Western Jin dynasty (265–316 CE), Shu Xi (束皙) wrote about steamed cakes in his "Ode to boiled cakes", written around 300 CE. He first called them mantou. In this book, it was advised to eat this in a banquet during the approach of spring.

The Mongols are thought to have taken the filled (baozi) style of mantou to many countries of Central and East Asia about the beginning of the Yuan dynasty in the 13th century. The name mantou is cognate to manty and mantı; these are filled dumplings in Turkish, Uzbek, (mantu) cuisines.

Folklore
A popular Chinese legend relates that the name mantou actually originated from the homophonous word 蠻頭 mántóu, which literally means "barbarian's head".

The legend was set in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE) when Zhuge Liang, the chancellor of the state of Shu Han, led the Shu army on a campaign against Nanman forces in the southern lands of Shu, which correspond to roughly present-day Yunnan, China, and northern Myanmar.

After subduing the Nanman king Meng Huo, Zhuge Liang led the army back to Shu, but met a swift-flowing river which defied all attempts to cross it. A barbarian lord informed him that in olden days, the barbarians would sacrifice 50 men and throw their heads into the river to appease the river deity and allow them to cross. As Zhuge Liang did not want to cause any more of his men to lose their lives, he ordered his men to slaughter the livestock the army brought along, and fill their meat into buns shaped roughly like human heads (round with a flat base). The buns were then thrown into the river. After a successful crossing, he named the bun "barbarian's head" (mántóu, 蠻頭, which evolved into the modern 饅頭). Another version of the story relates back to Zhuge Liang's southern campaign when he instructed that his soldiers who had fallen sick from diarrhea and other illnesses in the swampy region be fed with steamed buns with meat or sweet fillings.

Variations in meaning outside northern China
Prior to the Song dynasty (960–1279), the word mantou meant both filled and unfilled buns. The term baozi arose in the Song dynasty to indicate filled buns only. As a result, mantou gradually came to indicate only unfilled buns in Mandarin and some varieties of Chinese.

In many areas, however, mantou still retains its meaning of filled buns. In the Jiangnan region where Wu Chinese is spoken, it usually means both filled and unfilled buns. In Shanxi, where Jin Chinese is spoken, unfilled buns are often called momo (饃饃), which is simply the character for "steamed bun". The name momo spread to Tibet and Nepal and usually now refers to filled buns or dumplings.

The name mantou is cognate to manty and mantı; these are filled dumplings in Turkish, Persian, Uzbek, and Pakistani (mantu, originated from Turko-Mongol immigrants) cuisines. In Japan, manjū (饅頭) usually indicates filled buns, which traditionally contain bean paste or minced meat-vegetable mixture (nikuman 肉まん "meat manjū"). Filled mantou are called siyopaw in Philippine, ultimately derived from Chinese shāobāo (燒包). In Thailand they serve salapao (ซาลาเปา), a filled mantou. In Korea, mandu can refer to both baozi (飽子) or jiaozi (餃子). In Mongolian cuisine, the buuz and manty or mantu are steamed dumplings, a steamed variation is said to have led to the Korean mandu. In Singapore and Malaysia, chili crab is commonly served with a fried version of mantou. In Nauru and Papua New Guinea, mantou are known as mãju.

title: Mantou


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One-liner program

In computer programming, a one-liner program originally was textual input to the command line of an operating system shell that performed some function in just one line of input. In the present day, a one-liner can be Certain dynamic languages for scripting, such as AWK, sed, and Perl, have traditionally been adept at expressing one-liners. Shell interpreters such as Unix shells or Windows PowerShell allow for the construction of powerful one-liners.
 * an expression written in the language of the shell;
 * the invocation of an interpreter together with program source for the interpreter to run;
 * the invocation of a compiler together with source to compile and instructions for executing the compiled program.

The use of the phrase one-liner has been widened to also include program-source for any language that does something useful in one line.

History
The concept of a one-liner program has been known since the 1960s with the release of the APL programming language. With its terse syntax and powerful mathematical operators, APL allowed useful programs to be represented in a few symbols.

In the 1970s, one-liners became associated with the rise of the home computer and BASIC. Computer magazines published type-in programs in many dialects of BASIC. Some magazines devoted regular columns solely to impressive short and one-line programs.

The word One-liner also has two references in the index of the book The AWK Programming Language (the book is often referred to by the abbreviation TAPL). It explains the programming language AWK, which is part of the Unix operating system. The authors explain the birth of the one-liner paradigm with their daily work on early Unix machines: "The 1977 version had only a few built-in variables and predefined functions. It was designed for writing short programs […] Our model was that an invocation would be one or two lines long, typed in and used immediately. Defaults were chosen to match this style […] We, being the authors, knew how the language was supposed to be used, and so we only wrote one-liners."

Notice that this original definition of a one-liner implies immediate execution of the program without any compilation. So, in a strict sense, only source code for interpreted languages qualifies as a one-liner. But this strict understanding of a one-liner was broadened in 1985 when the IOCCC introduced the category of Best One Liner for C, which is a compiled language.

Examples
One-liners are also used to show off the differential expressive power of programming languages. Frequently, one-liners are used to demonstrate programming ability. Contests are often held to see who can create the most exceptional one-liner.

BASIC
A single line of BASIC can typically hold up to 255 characters, and one liners ranged from simple games to graphical demos. One of the better-known demo one-liners is colloquially known as 10PRINT, written for the Commodore 64:

C
The following example is a C program (a winning entry in the "Best one-liner" category of the IOCCC).

This one-liner program is a glob pattern matcher. It understands the glob characters *, meaning zero or more characters, and ?, meaning exactly one character, just like most Unix shells.

Run it with two args, the string and the glob pattern. The exit status is 0 (shell true) when the pattern matches, 1 otherwise. The glob pattern must match the whole string, so you may want to use * at the beginning and end of the pattern if you are looking for something in the middle. Examples:

AWK
The TAPL book contains 20 examples of one-liners at the end of the book's first chapter.

Here are the very first of them:
 * 1) Print the total number of input lines (like wc -l):
 * 2) Print the tenth input line:
 * 3) Print the last field of every input line:

J
Here are examples in J:
 * A function avg to return the average of a list of numbers:
 * Quicksort:

Perl
Here are examples in the Perl programming language: perl -0777 -ne ' ' perl -lne ' ' /usr/dict/words perl -p -i.bak -e ' ' *.c
 * Look for duplicate words
 * Find Palindromes in /usr/dict/words
 * in-place edit of *.c files changing all foo to bar

Many one-liners are practical. For example, the following Perl one-liner will reverse all the bytes in a file:

While most Perl one-liners are imperative, Perl's support for anonymous functions, closures, map, filter (grep) and fold (List::Util::reduce) allows the creation of 'functional' one-liners.

This one-liner creates a function that can be used to return a list of primes up to the value of the first parameter: It can be used on the command line, like this:

perl -e' ' number

to print out a comma-separated list of primes in the range 2 - number.

Haskell
The following Haskell program is a one-liner: it sorts its input lines ASCIIbetically.

An even shorter version:

Usable on the command line like:

Racket
The following Racket program is equivalent to the above Haskell example: and this can be used on the command line as follows: racket -e ' '

Python
Performing one-liners directly on the Unix command line can be accomplished by using Python's -cmd flag (-c for short), and typically requires the import of one or more modules. Statements are separated using ";" instead of newlines. For example, to print the last field of unix long listing: ls -l | python -c " "

Python wrappers
Several open-source scripts have been developed to facilitate the construction of Python one-liners. Scripts such as pyp or Pyline import commonly used modules and provide more human-readable variables in an attempt to make Python functionality more accessible on the command line. Here is a redo of the above example (printing the last field of a unix long listing):

Executable libraries
The Python CGIHTTPServer module for example is also an executable library that performs as a web server with CGI. To start the web server enter:

Tcl
Tcl (Tool Command Language) is a dynamic programming/scripting language based on concepts of Lisp, C, and Unix shells. It can be used interactively, or by running scripts (programs) which can use a package system for structuring.

Many strings are also well-formed lists. Every simple word is a list of length one, and elements of longer lists are separated by whitespace. For instance, a string that corresponds to a list of three elements:

Strings with unbalanced quotes or braces, or non-space characters directly following closing braces, cannot be parsed as lists directly. You can explicitly split them to make a list.

The "constructor" for lists is of course called list. It's recommended to use when elements come from variable or command substitution (braces won't do that). As Tcl commands are lists anyway, the following is a full substitute for the list command:

Windows PowerShell
Finding palindromes in file words.txt

Piping semantics in PowerShell help enable complex scenarios with one-liner programs. This one-liner in PowerShell script takes a list of names and counts from a comma-separated value file, and returns the sum of the counts for each name.

title: One-liner program


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Eanmund

Eanmund was a Swedish prince of the Scylfing dynasty, whose existence is alleged in Beowulf.

Life according to Beowulf
Unlike his relatives, Eanmund is only mentioned in Beowulf. Eanmund was the son of Ohthere, and was the brother of Eadgils. If he existed in real life, his real name was probably Proto-Norse *Aiwamunduz (Old East Norse Ēmund) or Āmunduz (Old East Norse Āmund). Ohthere died, and Ohthere's younger brother Onela, usurped the Swedish throne. Since their uncle had seized power, Eanmund and Eadgils sought refuge among the Geats. This caused Onela to attack the Geats, an attack which was also motivated by the fact that the Geatish king Heardred's father had killed Onela's father Ongentheow. During the battle, Eanmund was killed by Onela's champion Weohstan and Heardred was killed as well. Eadgils, however, survived and according to the poem Beowulf later helped him avenge Eanmund and Ohthere by slaying Onela, an event which also appears in Scandinavian sources.

In the tale, Weohstan took Eanmund's sword which was inherited by his son Wiglaf who used the sword when fighting the dragon together with Beowulf.

title: Eanmund


text: Category:Antipopes

title: Category:Antipopes


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User talk:Oneillg

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lst27 22:28, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Oneillg


text:
User talk:Netspy

grammar
Reasons for removing my recent addition to the reference list? Tony 01:23, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Spam
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. The links you added to the page A Christmas Carol have been removed. Please do not add commercial links—or links to your own private websites—to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. You are, however, encouraged to add content instead of links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Mwanner | Talk 00:52, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You mean, a commercial website like this with 2 big google ads, a donation button, a "Purchase on CD" request and a false link text (this version is not searchable) is ok but a special version of the "Christmas Carol" for easy reading is Spam? -- net 19:18, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

removing links from English language learning and teaching
Hi -

Can you explain why you removed two of the resource links from the English language learning and teaching page?

It's not a big deal to me, but I thought that an additional resource link for the "Non-Native English Speakers in TESOL Caucus" was far preferable to having a whole page for that topic, which is where it was before.

-- Tim Pierce 16:50, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

iOS 4.3 Beta 2
Apple confirmed that the multi touch gestures added for iPad will NOT be in iOS 4.3! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.65.155.132 (talk) 23:37, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Please add a source for such edits! --net (talk) 14:29, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Curly quotes
The main reason I've converted curly quotes to straight quotes is uniformity. In English as a second or foreign language there are over 75 pairs of double quotes (and one isolated one that was a curly quote — that needs further review), but only 4 or so pairs of curly quotes. (Occasionally curly quotes have been used to encapsulate straight quotes or vice versa, but not here.) Mark Hurd (talk) 08:23, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

Stop or else you'll get banned.
You have no right to hold dominion over the TEFL page. Either we get along or I contact wikipedia to point out your obvious conflict of interest in staking (false) claim to the page with your personal business of https://www.ego4u.com/. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Navie42 (talk • contribs) 16:52, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

removing links
can you please explain the reason behind removal of link avaamo.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ankeet2580 (talk • contribs) 11:31, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:EL. --net (talk) 12:52, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Netspy


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User talk:Texastame

This is my talk page leave it alone, I changed my name over a year ago to ShreveNewsMan
 * I apologize. I saw that the page was blanked by an anonymous IP and assumed vandalism.  :: mikm t  01:20, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Texastame


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Citizen Band (music band)

Citizen Band were a New Zealand band formed by the brothers Geoff and Mike Chunn, both of whom had previously been members of Split Enz.

Band members
Geoff Chunn played guitar, sang, and wrote most of the songs. Mike Chunn played bass guitar. Other members were guitarist Greg Clark and drummer Brent Eccles, both previously in New Zealand glam rock band Space Waltz. Formed in 1977 after Mike Chunn left Split Enz due to his struggles with agoraphobia, the band played concerts around Auckland including a free concert in Albert Park and a one-day rock festival. The band recorded their first album Citizen Band at Mandrill studios, produced by the band and Glyn Tucker.

Their second album Just Drove Thru Town was recorded at Mandrill Studios on 18–30 June 1979. It was produced by Jay Lewis and engineered by Glyn Tucker. Two singles were released from the album, "Rust in My Car"/"Dig That Tex" and "No Stereo"/"SOS".

After the band moved to Australia, Mike Chunn left the band, and was replaced by Roland Killeen. The band broke up in 1982.

Citizen Band's original lineup could be regarded as a New Zealand supergroup, as both Chunn brothers were previously in Split Enz, and Clark and Eccles were in glam rock band Space Waltz.

Concerts
In 2012, Citizen Band, along with other NZ bands who played at The Gluepot in the 1970s: Dragon, Hello Sailor, and Street Talk, reunited for a 'Gluepot Reunion' concert.

On 27 May 2016, Citizen Band reformed for a one-off concert at the inaugural Sounds Session organised by The Sound radio station at the Tuning Fork in Auckland. Tickets could only be obtained by winning them from the radio station via a TXT message sent when an earlier named New Zealand song was played (May is New Zealand Music Month).

The play list was: and then an encore of "Hold Tight" a cover of a Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich song.
 * 1) Good Morning Citizen
 * 2) The Man's A Wonder
 * 3) Dig That Tex
 * 4) Julia
 * 5) Rust in My Car
 * 6) I Feel Good

title: Citizen Band (music band)


text:
Michael Brown (writer)

Michael Brown (December 14, 1920 – June 11, 2014) was an American composer, lyricist, writer, director, producer, and performer. He was born in Mexia, Texas. His musical career began in New York cabaret, performing first at Le Ruban Bleu. In the 1960s, he was a producer of industrial musicals for major American corporations such as J.C. Penney and DuPont. For the DuPont pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair, Brown wrote and produced a musical revue, The Wonderful World of Chemistry staged 48 times a day by two simultaneous casts in adjacent theaters. For years, he maintained a reunion directory of the cast and crew, which included Robert Downey, Sr. as a stage manager. 2005 mailing: “After all, it was a remarkable time in all of our lives. We can be fairly certain nothing like it will be seen again. Love all round, Mike.” Several of his songs have entered the American repertoire, including "Lizzie Borden" and "The John Birch Society," which were popularized by the Chad Mitchell Trio. Children know him best as the author of three Christmas books about Santa's helper, Santa Mouse.

Cabaret and off-Broadway
His off-Broadway and cabaret contributions of music and lyrics were myriad. In 1948, performing his own music and lyrics, he auditioned for Julius Monk. His engagement at Le Ruban Bleu lasted a record 54 weeks. Returning to cabaret every ten years or so, he performed at The Blue Angel, the Ballroom, Plaza 9, Upstairs at the Downstairs, and The Savoy in London. He wrote the words and music for songs that were featured in all of Julius Monk's cabaret revues, including Four Below, 1956; Take Five, 1957; Four Below Strikes Back, 1959; Dressed to the Nines, 1960; Seven Come Eleven, 1961; Dime a Dozen, 1962; Baker's Dozen, 1964; and Bits and Pieces XIV, 1964. His songs for these revues included "Lola Montez," “Won't You Come Home, Judge Crater," “Love Letters Written to My Mother," “Don't Let Them Take the Paramount," and "The Third Avenue El.” Dan Dietz wrote about "The Third Avenue El": "This sweetly nostalgic song about the passing of a New York City landmark resonates more than ever today, and is particularly touching in its wish that vanished New York sites might always be with us, if not in concrete and steel, then at least in memory."

His musical, Is There Intelligent Life on Earth? was produced in Bristol, UK, in 1964. Songs in that production included "Blue-Green Planet," “Communicate with Me," “Serene Morning in Jersey," and "Goodbye, Old World.”

Broadway
His first work on Broadway was the song "Lizzie Borden" in Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1952 filmed as New Faces. It was later recorded by the Chad Mitchell Trio, who also recorded his "John Birch Society." In 2004, he wrote to Julie Harris: "There was never any objection—at least none that I heard—that the number was about a brutal double murder. Time seemed to tidy up all the blood. Even so, Leonard Sillman asked me to replace the original final chorus."

New Faces of 1952 was revived in 1982.

He wrote the lyrics to Harold Arlen’s music for Pearl Bailey’s show-stopping number "Indoor Girl" in House of Flowers. In 1956 he contributed the song "The Washingtons are Doing OK" for Leonard Sillman's New Faces of 1956. He also wrote a production number for the Carol Channing company of Sugar Babies.

Michael Brown wrote the book, lyrics, and music for the nineteen-day run of Different Times, and directed the production. The story followed multiple generations of one family, and was presented at the ANTA Theater, opening on May 1, 1972. The cast album was recorded in 1987.

One-man show
In the 1970s, he wrote and extensively toured Out of Step: The Great American Nut Show in which he presented the results of his lifelong fascination with such people as John Dillinger, Starr Faithfull, Judge Crater, Aimee Semple McPherson, and the original Siamese twins, Chang and Eng. He shared his years of researching letters, rare photographs, newsreel footage, and examples of signs-of-the-times, through the use of slides, film, and song and dance. His songs to accompany the tale of each of his special people ranged from satirical comment, such as an unemotional campaign song for Calvin "Silent Cal" Coolidge, to sensitive ballads revealing a particular tragedy or grief in a person's life, such as Baby Doe Tabor. One of the most touching songs was his musical setting of "Starr Faithfull's Last Letter." She was a beautiful, young playgirl in the 1930s whose death remains a mystery to this day.

Personal life
Brown started reading at age 4 and playing piano at age 6. In 1940, at the age of 19, he was a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the Plan II program at the University of Texas, Austin. After attending Harvard University and the University of Iowa, he defended his master's thesis in English Literature, on the writer Wilkie Collins, at the University of Virginia. During World War II he enlisted in the Army Air Forces on April 6, 1944. He attended Officers’ Candidate School at Yale, where Glenn Miller played in the mess hall. He served with the 723rd Army Air Forces Base Unit as a Cryptographic Officer (0224). The bulk of his time was spent in the Caribbean where he wrote and performed songs when not deciphering phantom enemy submarine signals. Up to the time of his discharge on June 4, 1946, he used his name given at birth, Marion Martin Brown, II. He moved to New York City in 1947. Thereafter, he used the name Michael. In 1950 he married Joy Williams Brown, a former ballerina who trained at the School of American Ballet and joined Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in New York at the invitation of George Balanchine. She also danced in Europe as a principal with Roland Petit's Les Ballets de Paris. Michael Brown became friends with Margot Fonteyn through his wife, Joy, and was thus introduced to the ballet world.

With his wife Joy, he had three children, Michael Martin Brown, Jr. of Hoboken, New Jersey, born in 1951; Kelly Kennedy Brown of Portland, Oregon, born in 1954; and Adam Anderson Brown born in 1964. Adam died in 1994.

Michael Brown died June 11, 2014, at the age of 93 New York City.

On November 4, 2014, a Memorial Celebration was held at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts and speakers included Michael Feinstein, Jefferson Mays, and Charles Strouse.

Harper Lee
The couple was instrumental in the career of Harper Lee, whom Michael met through his friend Truman Capote. The Browns made it possible for Lee to work on To Kill a Mockingbird by giving her the gift of a year's financial support in 1956 with the note: "You have one year off from your job to write whatever you please. Merry Christmas." Harper Lee wrote about this Christmas gift in McCalls magazine in December 1961. However, neither she nor the Browns ever disclosed their names, which led to years of speculation in literary circles until the 2006 publication of Charles J. Shields’ unauthorized biography Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee. Confirmation of the story occurred when the Browns broke their silence in interviews they gave for Mary Murphy’s documentary "Harper Lee: Hey, Boo" presented by PBS in the American Masters series in 2012.

Santa Mouse
In 1966, as the result of a casual inquiry, he wrote the children's Christmas story Santa Mouse. That book was followed in 1968 by Santa Mouse Where Are You? and, in 1969, by Santa Mouse Meets Marmaduke. To avoid confusion with the Marmaduke comic strip, this was re-titled Santa Mouse Meets Montague when a compilation of all three books was republished under the title Santa Mouse Stories.
 * Santa Mouse (1966, ISBN 0-448-10215-3)
 * Santa Mouse, Where Are You (1968, ISBN 0-448-19109-1)
 * Santa Mouse Meets Marmaduke (1969, ISBN 0-448-01859-4)
 * Santa Mouse Treasury (1970, ISBN 0-448-34280-4)
 * Santa Mouse Stories (2011, ISBN 978-1-4351-3684-7)

Discography
Published LP Albums
 * Michael Brown Sings his Own Songs, 1956
 * Michael Brown: Alarums & Excursions, 1963

Industrial Musical LP Recordings
 * Fall Fashion Forecast, 1957, for E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
 * It’s Holiday Time!, for Holiday Magazine
 * Lead the Carefree Life... In the Holiday Mood, 1957, for E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, and Holiday Magazine
 * Paris Affair, 1958, for Andrew Arkin Fashions
 * Sing A Song of Sewing, 1960, for Donahue Sales Corporation
 * Just Wear a Smile – and a Jantzen, 1960, for Jantzen, Inc
 * A Birthday Garland, 1960, for J.C. Penney Company
 * Penney Proud, 1962, for J.C. Penney Company
 * The Wonderful World of Chemistry, 1964, for E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
 * Mr. Woolworth had a Notion, 1965, for F.W. Woolworth Corporation
 * Spirit of 66; An Evening with Michael Brown and his Friends, 1966, for J.C. Penney Company
 * Big Belk Country, 1967, for Donahue Sales Corporation
 * Big D Country, 1967, for Donahue Sales Corporation
 * Seven Sons on a Seesaw, Brown’s ninth show for E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
 * Music to Sell Dodges Buy, 1964, for Dodge Motor Company

title: Michael Brown (writer)


text:
User talk:Jkocich

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lst27 22:31, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Jkocich


text:
Category:Ghost towns

Articles about ghost towns: former communities that have been abandoned, usually because the economic activity which supported the town has failed, or because of economic decline, natural or human-caused disasters.

title: Category:Ghost towns


text:
Tokenism

Tokenism is the practice of making only a perfunctory or symbolic effort to be inclusive to members of minority groups, especially by recruiting people from underrepresented groups in order to give the appearance of racial or gender equality within a workplace or educational context. The effort of including a token individual in work or school is usually intended to create the impression of social inclusiveness and diversity (racial, religious, sexual, etc.).

History
The social concept and the employment practice of tokenism became understood in the popular culture of the United States in the late 1950s. In the face of racial segregation, tokenism emerged as a solution that though earnest in effort, only acknowledged an issue without actually solving it. In the book Why We Can't Wait (1964), civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. discussed the subject of tokenism, and how it constitutes a minimal acceptance of black people to the mainstream of U.S. society.

When asked about the gains of the Civil Rights Movement in 1963, human rights activist Malcolm X answered: "Tokenism is hypocrisy. One little student in the University of Mississippi, that's hypocrisy. A handful of students in Little Rock, Arkansas, is hypocrisy. A couple of students going to school in Georgia is hypocrisy. Integration in America is hypocrisy in the rawest form. And the whole world can see it. All this little tokenism that is dangled in front of the Negro and then he's told, 'See what we're doing for you, Tom.' Why the whole world can see that this is nothing but hypocrisy. All you do is make your image worse; you don't make it better." Malcolm X highlights that tokenism is used as a tool by America to improve its image but fails in its attempts. For instance, in 1954, the United States ruled segregation in public school unconstitutional through the Brown v. Board of Education case. Malcolm X references Little Rock, Arkansas, where nine students sought to fight for their rights to attend school. On September 4, 1957, Arkansas National Guard troops were sent around Central High School to prevent the entry of nine African American students into an all-white school, defying federal law. President Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard and enforced federal troops to uphold the law. While this marked the day that ignited change within Arkansas' school system for African-American children, desegregation did not constitute equality. All nine of the students were brutally bullied by white students and this behaviour was encouraged by the school's administration. Malcolm X's example of Little Rock exemplifies how tokenism can be intended to create the impression of social inclusiveness and diversity without bringing about any significant changes to the inclusion of underrepresented groups.

In psychology
In the field of psychology, the broader definition of tokenism is a situation in which a member of a distinctive category is treated differently from other people. The characteristics that make the person of interest a token can be perceived as either a handicap or an advantage, as supported by Václav Linkov. In a positive light, these distinct people can be seen as experts in their racial/cultural category, valued skills, or a different perspective on a project. In contrast, tokenism is most often seen as a handicap due to the ostracism of a selected sample of a minority group. Linkov also attributes drawbacks in psychology to Cultural and Numerical Tokenism, instances that have shifted where value of expertise is placed and its effect on proliferating information that is not representative of all the possible facts.

In the workplace
A Harvard Business School professor, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, asserted back in 1977 that a token employee is usually part of a "socially-skewed group" of employees who belong to a minority group that constitutes less than 15% of the total employee population of the workplace.

By definition, token employees in a workplace are known to be few; hence, their alleged high visibility among the staff subjects them to greater pressure to perform their work at higher production standards of quality and volume and to behave in the expected, stereotypical manner. Given the smallness of the group of token employees in a workplace, the individual identity of each token person is usually disrespected by the dominant group, who apply a stereotype role to them as a means of social control in the workplace. In order to avoid tokenism within the workplace, diversity and inclusion must be integrated to foster an environment where people feel connected and included. Employees must be hired on the basis of their capabilities rather than their gender, ethnicity, race, and sexuality.

Tokenism can also have an impact on mental health in the workplace. According to one study, racial minorities also experience heightened performance pressures related to their race and gender; however, many reported that racial problems were more common than gender problems. Being a token makes one appear more visible within the workplace, placing more scrutiny and pressure for them to represent an entire group. Anxiety, stress, exhaustion, guilt, shame and burnout can arise from overworking in efforts to become a good representative of their identity group.

In professor Kanter's work on tokenism and gender, she found that the problems experienced by women in typically male-dominated occupations were due solely to the skewed proportions of men and women in these occupations. For example, women are often underrepresented within the STEM field, where women also sometimes face more hostile working environments where discrimination and sexual harassment are more frequent. Women in STEM may experience greater performance pressure to work harder in a male-dominated field while also experiencing social isolation from the males within their workplace. The pressure to perform better can be influenced by the stereotype of women being less competent in mathematics and science. These non-inclusive measures contribute to the lack of women in STEM.

Professor Kanter found that being a token evoked three behaviour consequences of visibility, polarization, and assimilation. Firstly, tokens often felt that they were being watched all the time, leading to the feeling of more pressure to perform well. In attempts to perform well, tokens will feel the need to work harder and strive for perfection. Secondly, polarization implies that the dominant group are uncomfortable around tokens or feel threatened by them due to their differences. As a result, tokens may experience social isolation from the exclusion of the majority group. Finally, tokens will feel the need to assimilate to the stereotyped caricature of their roles. For instance, women will feel forced to perform the “suitable behaviour" of a woman in reinforcing the behaviour of stereotypes attached to which they are associated with.

There has been much debate surrounding the concept of tokenism behind women directors on corporate boards. Since men disproportionately occupy the majority of board seats globally, governments and corporations have attempted to address this inequitable distribution of seats through reform measures. Reform measures include legislation mandating gender representation on corporate boards of directors, which has been the focus of societal and political debates. All-male boards typically recruit women to improve specialized skills and to bring different values to decision making. In particular, women introduce useful female leadership qualities and skills like risk averseness, less radical decision-making, and more sustainable investment strategies. However, the mandate of gender diversity may also harm women. Some critics of the mandate believe that it makes women seem like "space fillers," which undermines the qualifications that women can bring to their jobs.

In politics
In politics, allegations of tokenism may occur when a political party puts forward candidates from under-represented groups, such as women or racial minorities, in races that the party has little or no chance of winning, while making limited or no effort to ensure that such candidates have similar opportunity to win the nomination in races where the party is safe or favoured. The "token" candidates are frequently submitted as paper candidates, while nominations in competitive or safe seats continue to favor members of the majority group.

The end result of such an approach is that the party's slate of candidates maintains the appearance of diversity, but members of the majority group remain overrepresented in the party's caucus after the election — and thus little to no substantive progress toward greater inclusion of underrepresented groups has actually occurred.

In fiction
In fiction, token characters represent groups which vary from the norm (usually defined as a white, heterosexual male) and are otherwise excluded from the story. The token character can be based on ethnicity (e.g. black, Hispanic, Asian), religion (e.g. Jewish, Muslim), sexual orientation (e.g., gay), gender (typically a female character in a predominantly male cast) or disability. Token characters are usually background characters, and, as such, are usually disposable and are eliminated from the narrative early in the story, in order to enhance the drama, while conserving the main characters.

In television
Tokenism, in a television setting, can be any act of putting a minority into the mix to create some sort of publicly viewed diversity. A racial divide in TV has been present since the first television show that hired minorities, Amos 'n' Andy (1928–1960), in 1943. Regardless of whether a token character may be stereotypical or not, tokenism can initiate a whole biased perception that may conflict with how people see a specific race, culture, gender or ethnicity. From The Huffington Post, America Ferrera states: “Tokenism is about inserting diverse characters because you feel you have to; true diversity means writing characters that aren't just defined by the color of their skin, and casting the right actor for the role".

Ethnic and racial representation in television has been proven as an educational basis to inform mass audiences. However, tokenism leads to a narrow representation of minority groups, and this trend often leads to minority characters being exposed in negative or stereotypical fashions. Research done as early as the 1970s suggests an early recognition and disapproval of tokenism and its effects on perceptions of minority groups—specifically, perceptions of African Americans. Tokenism seemed to be used as a quick fix for the complete void of major/recurring minority roles in television, but its skewed representation lacked room for thoroughly independent and positive roles. Throughout that decade, major broadcast networks including NBC and ABC held a collective 10:1 ratio of white characters to black characters, a much smaller margin of which had recurring African American characters. At that, the representation of African American women was much slimmer. The use of these token characters often portrayed African American people to stand in sidekick positions to their white counterparts. Research completed on token ethnic characters into the new millennium has found that the representation of males has grown in numbers, but has not improved in negative portrayal. Statistics on token ethnic characters still suggest toxic masculinity in African American males; threateningly powerful stereotypes of African American women; hyper-sexuality of African American and Asian women; and effeminate characteristics in Asian men and men of other racial minorities.

In the media
Just like television, tokenism in the media has changed over time to coincide with real-life events. During the years of 1946-87, The New Yorker was analyzed to determine how often and in what situations black people were being portrayed in the magazine's cartoon section. Over the 42 years of research, there was only one U.S. black main character in a cartoon where race was not the main theme, race was actually completely irrelevant. All cartoons from the earliest times depicted black people in the U.S. in stereotypical roles. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, cartoons were mostly racially themed, and depicted black people in "token" roles where they are only there to create a sense of inclusion.

Tokenism appears in advertising as well as other subdivisions of major media. Tokenism is interpreted as reinforcing subtle representations of minorities in commercials. Studies have shown that, among other racial minorities, Asian Americans are targeted by advertising companies to fulfill casting diversity, but are the most likely ethnic minority to be placed in the backgrounds of advertisements.

Black characters being the first characters to die was first identified in Hollywood horror movies of the 1930s, notes writer Renee Cozier. The Oscars ceremonies have received criticism over a lack of representation of people of color, as critics have pointed towards a lack of minorities nominated for awards, particularly in 2015 and 2016, when not a single actor of color was nominated. Around this time, minorities accounted for 12.9% of lead roles in 163 films surveyed in 2014, according to the 2016 Hollywood Diversity Report.

Film examples
Since the release of the original three Star Wars films and the later three prequels, there has been much discussion, on Twitter and Reddit especially, of this use of tokenism. The character of Lando Calrissian (portrayed by Billy Dee Williams) and Mace Windu (portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson) have been cited as two human characters of a racial minority that appear on screen. Lando was one of the first developed black characters in a science-fiction film at the time. Loyola Marymount University Professor of African American Studies, Adilifu Nama, has stated that this character is "a form of tokenism that placed one of the most optimistic faces on racial inclusion in a genre that had historically excluded Black representation."

When the first film of the newest installment of the franchise, The Force Awakens, was released in 2015, the conversation shifted. Where in the past two trilogies the main three characters were two white men and a white woman, in the new trilogy the main trio consists of a black man (John Boyega), a Hispanic man (Oscar Isaac), and a white woman (Daisy Ridley).

Directed by Ryan Coogler, the film Black Panther portrays the heroes of the fictional African kingdom of Wakanda as godlike. They possess otherworldly sophistication by virtue of their blackness, in contrast to longstanding tendencies in mainstream film toward tokenism, stereotyping, and victimhood in depictions of people of African descent. The superhero the Black Panther, a.k.a. King T’Challa, learns to stand in solidarity with the oppressed, even those in whose oppression he has been unwittingly complicit, such as the children of the African diaspora. As a result, the film can function as catalyst for reflection on the part of viewers in terms of how they might perceive more clearly the complexity, variety, and ambiguity represented by blackness, whether others’ or their own, and how they, too, might identify with the Other.

In G.B.F., directed by Darren Stein, the film tells the journey of two closeted gay teens, Tanner and Brent, on their quest to popularity in high school. The film explores the theme of tokenism through demonstrating the desire of a homosexual male best friend by typically heterosexual women. The three most popular girls in school: Fawcett Brooks, Caprice Winters, and 'Shley Osgood believe that the key to winning the prom queen title is through acquiring a gay best friend. In media, gay best friends are displayed as sassy, effeminate, fashionable, and flamboyant, making them act as a stock character accessory to the main character. While Tanner and Brent plan to become popular through exposing their sexuality, the girls are disappointed to find out that Tanner contradicts the stereotypical gay men they have seen in television. The film shows how harmful it can be to associate gay stereotypes with gay characters.

Film critic Armond White cited the Sight and Sound Greatest Films of All Time poll in 2022 as an example of tokenism. He wrote that the poll had become "a referendum on political correctness" which "prefers feminist, black, queer politics — not cinephilia.

title: Tokenism


text:
Bailer (hydrogeology)

A bailer in hydrogeology is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. The wells are typically built out of PVC casing which is slotted to allow groundwater to flow freely through the well. Bailers are tied to a piece of rope (usually made from nylon or polypropylene) or a piece of wire (composed of Teflon or stainless steel) and lowered into the water column. Once lowered, the bailer uses a simple ball check valve to seal at the bottom in order to pull up a sample of the groundwater table. Bailers can be disposable or reusable, and they are made out of polyethylene, PVC, FEP or stainless steel.

There are advantages and disadvantages to using bailers for groundwater sampling. Bailers are simple devices to use and are relatively inexpensive. Disposable bailers are usually cleaned to United States Environmental Protection Agency specifications and individually packaged to protect sample integrity. In addition, bailers can be lowered to any depth while pumps have sharp limitations on the depth of the well. The main drawback of using bailers is aeration of the water as the sample is obtained, which could release volatile organic compounds that need to be tested. Also, if there is a high amount of sediment or turbidity, this may interfere with the ball check valve seating correctly.

A basic disposable bailer can also be used as the slug in a Slug test to remove water from the well. This is sometimes referred to more specifically as the bail-down test. A disposable bailer is light and easy to carry in field conditions in comparison to a heavy solid slug. On the other hand, bailers cannot be used to do falling head tests (i.e. where the slug is quickly dropped below the water table). Bailers' check valve not seating properly and water potentially splashing off from the top of the bailer are other issues which might compromise test results.

title: Bailer (hydrogeology)


text:
User talk:Igable

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title: User talk:Igable


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Category:Ghost towns in Florida

Ghost towns in the U.S. state of Florida.

title: Category:Ghost towns in Florida


text:
Ray system

In planetary geology, a ray system comprises radial streaks of fine ejecta thrown out during the formation of an impact crater, looking somewhat like many thin spokes coming from the hub of a wheel. The rays may extend for lengths up to several times the diameter of their originating crater, and are often accompanied by small secondary craters formed by larger chunks of ejecta. Ray systems have been identified on the Moon, Earth (Kamil Crater), Mercury, and some moons of the outer planets. Originally it was thought that they existed only on planets or moons lacking an atmosphere, but more recently they have been identified on Mars in infrared images taken from orbit by 2001 Mars Odyssey's thermal imager.

Rays appear at visible, and in some cases infrared wavelengths, when ejecta are made of material with different reflectivity (i.e., albedo) or thermal properties from the surface on which they are deposited. Typically, visible rays have a higher albedo than the surrounding surface. More rarely an impact will excavate low albedo material, for example basaltic-lava deposits on the lunar maria. Thermal rays, as seen on Mars, are especially apparent at night when slopes and shadows do not influence the infrared energy emitted by the Martian surface.

The layering of rays across other surface features can be useful as an indicator of the relative age of the impact crater, because over time various processes obliterate the rays. On non-atmosphered bodies such as the Moon, space weathering from exposure to cosmic rays and micrometeorites causes a steady reduction of the differential between the ejecta's albedo and that of the underlying material. Micrometeorites in particular produce a glassy melt in the regolith that lowers the albedo. Rays can also become covered by lava flows (such as those of Lichtenberg on the moon), or by other impact craters or ejecta.

Lunar rays
The physical nature of lunar rays has historically been a subject of speculation. Early hypotheses suggested that they were deposits of salt from evaporated water. Later they were thought to be deposits of volcanic ash or streaks of dust. After the impact origin of craters became accepted, Eugene Shoemaker suggested during the 1960s that the rays were the result of fragmented ejecta material.

Recent studies suggest that the relative brightness of a lunar ray system is not always a reliable indicator of the age of a ray system. Instead the albedo also depends on the portion of iron oxide (FeO). Low portions of FeO result in brighter materials, so such a ray system can retain its lighter appearance for longer periods. Thus the material composition needs to be factored into the albedo analysis to determine age.

Among the lunar craters on the near side with pronounced ray systems are Aristarchus, Copernicus, Kepler, Proclus, Dionysius, Glushko, and Tycho. Smaller examples include Censorinus, Stella, and Linné. Similar ray systems also occur on the far side of the Moon, such as the rays radiating from the craters Giordano Bruno, Necho, Ohm, Jackson, King, and the small but prominent Pierazzo.

Most lateral transport of primary ejecta from impact craters is limited to a distance of a few crater radii, but some larger impacts, such as the impacts that made the Copernicus and Tycho craters, launched primary ejecta halfway around the moon.

North Ray and South Ray craters, each with a clear ray system, were observed from the ground by the astronauts of Apollo 16 in 1972.

title: Ray system


text:
User talk:Hawryluka

Welcome!

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Froude number
Hello, you suggested another form, using the Froude-number squared, but not the left-hand side squared. If you have reasons to do so, then perhaps another symbol than Fr should be used. Otherwise this may be confusing. Crowsnest (talk) 20:39, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. It is totally confusing. I'm not sure what the best course of action would be for the article, since both forms appear in literature, and the form I added is not called 'Fr^2' when it is used. (The preferred equation seems to depend on the field of study.)
 * --Hawryluka (talk) 19:37, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I re-instated the Froude number, as you have put it in, but with a "hat" on the Fr. If you have information on when which definition is used: that might reduce the possible confusion. — Crowsnest (talk) 20:03, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hawryluka


text:
Category:Regions of Italy

This category groups articles on the official administrative Regions of Italy.

See also Category:Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy.

title: Category:Regions of Italy


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Talk:Language of thought hypothesis

Untitled
This article seems to be a very bad abstraction and rewrite of the article on the SEP. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.194.160.123 (talk) 14:56, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

should we have a link to lojban here?

First person is generally not accepted in Encyclopedias. I figure we should either choose a gendered singular pronoun, or use the "one" phrasing. Posiduck 04:50, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * We could use you, as in "you might believe X". One seems too formal and rather pedantic. Perhaps we could use "a person", e.g. "a person might believe X, or they might simply suspect X" (assuming you have no objection to singular "they"). Cadr 18:05, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer any solution that does not make use of the first or second person. Those both seem less than suited for an encyclopedia. Posiduck 16:08, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Shouldnt we just delete a dead link. IFixThings (talk) 15:59, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

?* IFixThings (talk) 15:59, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

Article name question
Isn't 'Language of Thought Hypothesis' (LOTH) more standard than LOT? There is already a redirect from Language of thought hypothesis (and I added one from LOTH) but should the main page be there?

Ncsaint 23:24, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

The Connectionism/Classicism Debate
The conclusion that "Mary loves John" is a sentence that can be constructed 'if' the sentence "John loves Mary" can be constructed is based on the fallacy of ignorance. i.e., My brother went off to college,when he returned for the holidays he was madly in love with a girl whom he had met at school.

I can observe my brothers behavior, and through intimate discussions, can deduce he is in love with this girl. But having that knowledge does not allow me to conclude that the girl is in love with him. The girl may very well be repulsed by my brothers infatuation.

The article also fails to raise the LOT inflections, and reflexivity. This goes to Fodor's three tier theory. Take for example comedy, more specifically satire. It is not the actual languge that external subjects would find humorous, but the inflection of that language. An effective satirist in the United States may be a total flop in Germany. Inflection is determined by the subjective environment. Lot, on the three tier level, can assimulate that distinction in cultural norms and how then to ridicule such. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.77.176.100 (talk) 11:26, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

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Having an opinion while listening to someone talk
If you listen to a youtuber, for example, and find that you increasingly disagree with him - seems like the only way you could do that is if you form an opinion in "mentalese". If we thought in language, then it would follow that a speaker (at least a RAPID speaker) would entirely fill our mind and we could only form our own opinion once he stopped talking. I think everyone will agree that the human brain can't process two running "strings" of language at the same time - if you disagree, try writing an e-mail while the TV is on (if you can do it, it simply means you tuned out the TV mentally and could not repeat a single word that was said while you were writing). So if the person is talking and you're having an opinion about what he's saying, your opinion is non-verbal - and yet it can be intelligent, not merely "emotional" or "irrational". (I don't know if this argument has been made by someone, I would love to know.) 2A03:EC00:B17B:4CCE:2562:A980:BBAD:2429 (talk) 23:33, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Language of thought hypothesis


text: File:Catwoman poster.jpg

title: File:Catwoman poster.jpg


text: Category:Ghost towns in the United States


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Bench language

Bench (Bencnon, Shenon or Mernon, formerly called Gimira ) is a Northern Omotic language of the "Gimojan" subgroup, spoken by about 174,000 people (in 1998) in the Bench Maji Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, in southern Ethiopia, around the towns of Mizan Teferi and Shewa Gimira. In a 2006 dissertation, Christian Rapold described three varieties of Bench (Benchnon, Shenon, and Mernon) as "...mutually intelligible...varieties of one and the same language". Bench is the ancestral language of the Bench people.

In unusual variance from most of the other languages in Africa, Bench has retroflex consonant phonemes. The language is also noteworthy in that it has six phonemic tones, one of only a handful of languages in the world that have this many. Bench has a whistled form used primarily by male speakers, which permits communication over greater distances than spoken Bench. The whistle can be created using the lips or made from a hollow created with both hands. Additionally, this form of the language may be communicated via the 5-stringed krar.

Phonology
The phonemic vowels of Bench are.

There are six phonemic tones: five level tones (numbered 1 to 5 in the literature, with 1 being the lowest) and one rising tone 23. The top tone is sometimes realized as a high rising 45. On the vowel o, they are

The consonants are:

All of these can occur palatalized, but only before, suggesting an alternate analysis of a sixth phonemic vowel. Labialized consonants are reported for and, but their phonemic status is unclear; they only occur after.

For the phoneme the realizations of  and [f] are in free variation;  has the allophone  before back vowels.

The syllable structure is (C)V(C)(C)(C) + tone or (C) N (C), where C represents any consonant, V any vowel, N any nasal, and brackets an optional element. CC clusters consist of a continuant followed by a plosive, fricative, or affricate; in CCC clusters, the first consonant must be one of  or , the second either   or a voiceless fricative, and the third   or.

Nouns
Plurals may optionally be formed by adding the suffix ; however, these are rarely used except with definite nouns. E.g.: "her relatives";  "all the people".

Personal pronouns
The word goes slightly beyond being a reflexive pronoun; it can mark any third person that refers to the subject of the sentence, e.g.:

[jȉsī bá dōr ɡȍtùē]

he.SUBJ own sheep sell.he.FIN

"he sold his (own) sheep"

[bȍdám hāŋkʼá bājístāɡùʂn̄ pāntsʼà ěz]

road.ABL go.self self.be.STAT.DET.when leopard-NPMk {big see.he.FIN}

"when he was going along the road, he saw a big leopard"

The oblique form is basic, and serves as object, possessive, and adverbial. The subject form has three variants: normal (given above), emphatic - used when the subject is particularly prominent in the sentence, especially sentence-initially - and reduced, used as part of a verb phrase. The "locative" term means "to, at, or for one's own place or house", e.g.:

[kȁrtá tȁtʼn̄ tā hāŋkʼùē]

return.I to.my.house I go.I.FIN

"I went home"

Determiners
The main determiners are "that, the" (masc., fem. , pl. ) and "this" (masc. , fem. , pl. ). As suffixes on a verb or an ablative or locative phrase, they indicate a relative clause. E.g.:

[ātsn̄dà hàndīs hǎrám bād átsn̄dȁ?]

person.PL.NPMk these.OBJ what.ABL separate make.FUT.INTL

"how can I separate these people?"

[átsín kétn̋ jískèn]

woman house.LOC be.that

"the woman who is in the house"

Demonstratives
The demonstratives include "here",  "there (nearby)",  "there (far away)",  "down there",  "up there". Alone, or with the determiner suffixes or  added, these function as demonstrative pronouns "this person", "that person", etc. With the noun phrase marker, they become demonstrative adjectives. E.g.:

[hàŋ nás dȁdn̄ àtāɡùʂn̄]

here man near reach.STAT.DET.when

"when he came near to the man..."

[njāʔà nēɡà hàndī]

boy.NPMk down.there.NPMk DET.SUBJ

"these boys down there"

Numbers
The numbers are:

20, 30, etc. are formed by adding "ten" (with tone change) to the unit. In compound numbers, is added to each 'figure, thus:

 * 13
 * 236

When a cardinal number functions as an adjective, the suffix can be added (e.g.  "three children"). Ordinal numbers are formed by suffixing to the cardinal, e.g.:  "fourth".

Adjectives
Adjectives are sometimes intensified by changing the tone to top; e.g. "big" →  "very big".

Verbs
Verbs with monosyllabic roots can have three different forms of their active stems: the singular imperative, which is just the root; the past stem, usually identical to the root but sometimes formed by adding -k (with changes to the preceding consonant); and the future stem, usually identical to the root but sometimes formed by changing the tone from mid 3 to high 4 or from bottom 1 to top 5. Some have causative (formed by adding or, and changing mid tone to high) and passive (formed by adding , , or  to the causative) forms. Verbal nouns are formed from the stem, sometimes with tone change or addition or.

Verbs with polysyllabic roots have at least two forms, one with an intransitive or passive meaning and one with a transitive or causative meaning; the former ends in, the latter in. A passive may be formed by ending in. Verbal nouns are formed by taking the bare stem without or.

Compound verbs are formed with "say" or  "cause to say", a formation common among Ethiopian languages.

The primary tenses are simple past (formed from the past stem), future (future stem plus ), present perfect (from present participle stem); negative (future stem plus .) E.g.:  →  "he went";  "he will go";  "he has gone".

There are four corresponding participles: past (formed from the past stem), present perfect (formed from the past stem with the suffix, , or ), imperfect (formed from the future stem with the stative suffix ), and negative (formed from the future stem with the negative suffix or  or a person/number marker.) The order of affixes is: root-(tense)-(negative)-(foc. pn.)-person/number-marker.

Orthography and literature
A Latin-based orthography was adopted in 2008. Previously, the New Testament had been published in the Bench language using an orthography based on the Ethiopian syllabary. Tones were not indicated. Retroflex consonants were indicated by such techniques as using extra symbols from the syllabary (the "nigus s") and forming new symbols (the addition of an extra arm on the left side for "t").

title: Bench language


text:
User:VishalB

Greetings, fellow traveller!

If you wish to discuss something, feel free to leave a comment on the Talk page. I am not a daily visitor here and may not immediately respond to queries.

I've been on Wikipedia since a while (August 2004), but have been intermittent in editing articles. Early edits were usually related to the themes of Yoga, Hinduism, and the Himalaya.

There was a long phase of reduced activity, when real-world commitments and undiscovered problems with an overzealous firewall (Sygate) conspired against editing. Spend somewhat more time contributing now. Within the recent past, most edits have tended to revolve around the culture and history of India, and the game of Cricket.

This in addition to the usual copy-editing, and adding eclectic tidbits of information to the article treasure trove one encounters in travels through Wikipedia.

Enjoy your voyage on this ocean of knowledge :)

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User talk:Odin-

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lst27 22:50, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
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text: File:Hellboy poster.jpg

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text: User talk:81.192.168.187

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