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Rick Dempsey

John Rikard Dempsey (born September 13, 1949) is an American former professional baseball player. He played for 24 seasons as a catcher in Major League Baseball from 1969 to 1992, most prominently for the Baltimore Orioles where he played for 10 years and was a member of the 1983 World Series winning team. Dempsey was known for being one of the best defensive catchers of his era. In 1997, he was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame.

Early career
Dempsey was selected by the Minnesota Twins in the 15th round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft out of Crespi Carmelite High School. He spent two seasons in the minor leagues.

Major league career
Dempsey made his major league debut late in the 1969 season for the division winning Twins managed by Billy Martin, however he didn't qualify for the postseason roster. Dempsey spent a few more seasons shuttling between the Twins and their minor league teams, before being traded to the New York Yankees for Danny Walton on October 31, 1972.

During his tenure with the Yankees, he served as a reserve catcher to Thurman Munson, and received tutoring from Yankees coach and former catching standout Jim Hegan. He was involved in a fight with teammate Bill Sudakis in the lobby of The Pfister Hotel while the ballclub was checking in on September 29, 1974. It was the culmination of an unpleasant conversation between the two players on a one-hour flight which was delayed for three hours at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. The Yankees had swept a four-game series from the Indians and were still in contention for the American League East title with two games remaining in the regular season.

After three and a half seasons with the Yankees, the Baltimore Orioles acquired Dempsey along with Scott McGregor, Tippy Martinez, Rudy May, and Dave Pagan for Ken Holtzman, Doyle Alexander, Elrod Hendricks, Grant Jackson. and Jimmy Freeman at the trade deadline on June 15, 1976. He, McGregor and Martinez became part of a nucleus that kept the Orioles as perennial contender for the next decade.

For the next ten and a half seasons, Dempsey was the Orioles' starting catcher. He became known for his exceptional ability to handle pitching staffs, his strong throwing arm, and for his agility behind home plate. In 1979, the Orioles defeated the California Angels in the 1979 American League Championship Series to reach the World Series. In the 1979 World Series, the Orioles won three of the first four games against the Pittsburgh Pirates and seemed to be on the verge of winning the championship, when the Pirates, led by Willie Stargell, rebounded to win the final three games. It was one of Dempsey's greatest disappointments of his playing career.

In 1983, the Orioles won the American League Eastern Division pennant, then defeated the Chicago White Sox in the 1983 American League Championship Series, before winning the 1983 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies. Dempsey posted a .385 batting average along with a .923 slugging percentage in the five-game series, and won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award, one of six catchers to have won the award.

In 1987, Dempsey became a free agent and signed a contract to play for the Cleveland Indians. After only one season with the Indians, he became a free agent once again and signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers, where he would be a member of another World Series-winning team in 1988, this time as a backup catcher to Mike Scioscia. When Scioscia was injured during Game 4 of the World Series, Dempsey took over behind the plate for the remainder of the Series, collecting an RBI double in Game 5. While playing for the Dodgers in 1990, he became involved in a brawl with Phillies' center fielder Lenny Dykstra, who took exception to Dempsey's fraternization with the home plate umpire. After three seasons with the Dodgers, he played one season with the Milwaukee Brewers, before returning to the Baltimore Orioles for his final season in 1992.

His sense of humor during his playing career was renowned, and he was famous for his "rain delay theatre" performances, in which he emerged from the dugout in stockinged feet onto the tarpaulin covering the infield during a rain delay and pantomimed hitting an inside-the-park home run, climaxed by his sliding into home plate on his belly on the wet tarp, all to the raucous delight of the soggy fans. He sometimes did this while wearing a pair of underpants over his uniform, making fun of teammate Jim Palmer's famous advertisements for Jockey brand briefs.

Career statistics
In a 24-year career, Dempsey played in 1,765 games, accumulating 1,093 hits in 4,692 at bats for a .233 career batting average along with 96 home runs and 471 runs batted in. He ended his career with a .988 fielding percentage. Dempsey led American League catchers twice in fielding percentage, twice in baserunners caught stealing and once in assists. He played more games as a catcher than any other player in Orioles history (1230). During his career, Dempsey caught ten different 20-game winning pitchers. He was a durable player, only going on the disabled list twice in his career. Dempsey fared well offensively in postseason play. In 14 World Series and 11 playoff games, he batted .303 (20-for-66) with 11 runs, 11 doubles, 1 home run, 7 RBI, 1 stolen base and 7 bases on balls.

While he was a light-hitting player, Dempsey's lengthy major league career was due in part to his excellent defensive skills, despite the fact that he never won a Gold Glove. He usually did not make a large contribution offensively. During his season with the Brewers, Dempsey made two relief pitching appearances, giving up three hits and one run in two innings pitched. Dempsey also won a Little League World Series in 1963 with the team from Canoga Park-Woodland Hills, California. He is the uncle of former major league catcher Gregg Zaun. Dempsey is one of only 29 players to play in four different calendar decades.

Coaching and broadcasting career
After his playing career ended, Dempsey became a minor league manager in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization, winning the 1994 Pacific Coast League championship with the Triple-A Albuquerque Dukes. He then joined the New York Mets organisation, managing the Norfolk Tides in 1997 and 1998. Dempsey also served as first base coach for the Orioles for several seasons, first as a third base coach in the 2005 season after bench coach Sam Perlozzo was promoted to interim manager. He assumed the bullpen coach position in the 2006 season, replacing Elrod Hendricks who the team intended to reassign to another position in the organization before his death. Later in 2006, he became the first base coach again when the team reassigned Dave Cash.

Dempsey has been a candidate for managerial openings with the Orioles in the past, as recently as 2003 when the Orioles interviewed him for the spot that eventually went to Lee Mazzilli. He was mentioned again as a possible candidate for the Baltimore manager's job in 2010, after the firing of Dave Trembley.

Dempsey also served as an Oriole color commentator in 2000 and began another stint in 2007, as the studio analyst for O's Xtra on MASN, the cable channel that carries Orioles games. In addition, he serves as a game analyst for occasional games on MASN. In 1985, Dick Enberg was in Toronto for Games 1 and 7 of the 1985 ALCS on NBC. Enberg hosted the pregame show alongside Dempsey (who was still active with Baltimore at the time). In 1995, Dempsey worked as a field reporter for ABC's coverage of the All-Star Game from Texas. Dempsey was among those laid off by MASN in 2021.

title: Rick Dempsey


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Marangu

Marangu is a town located in Moshi District of Kilimanjaro Region. it is divided into Marangu East and Marangu west, each with its own village. It is recognized as one of the main gates for climbing Mount Kilimanjaro. it is also famous for being the place where Mangi mkuu (Paramount chief) of the Chagga Thomas Lenana Marreale was born on June 15, 1915.

History
Before Independence in 1961, the town of Marangu used to be the headquarters of the Vunjo district led by Chief (Mangi Mwitori) Petro Itosi Marealle and Paramount Chief (Mangi Mkuu) Thomas Marealle, installed in 1951, who lived in Moshi itself.. The four and half day Marangu Route climb is considered the least arduous. It is believed that the first man in history to have climbed Kibo peak on Kilimanjaro was Kinyala Johannes Lauwo (1871–1996) of Ashira Marangu who allegedly died aged 125 years in May 1996.

Etymology
The word "Marangu" means a place with too many water streams. It is one of the most popular places in Tanzania. One of the proverbs of Chagga is "Ulamine kilahu ulyemkiwoa" (not from the Vunjo dialect) which means do not despise something/somebody from which you once received support. it is located 119 kilometers from Arusha city and 39 kilometers from Moshi municipality.

Economy
Many Marangu residents are farmers growing bananas, vegetables and coffee. However, the biggest source of income is tourism. The Marangu route is the most popular hiking route in Africa. The town has world class hotels like Babylon Lodge, Kilimanjaro Mountain resort, hosting local and international guests wanting to climb Mount Kilimanjaro. New Marangu residents are young men from all over Tanzania looking to work in the tourism industry as porters and guides.

Education
Marangu is home to The Marangu Teacher Training College and Ashira Girls High School and many other schools which provides education to not only marangu residents but to other residents from different places around Tanzania.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marangu


text:
Thomas Marealle

Chief Thomas Lenana Marealle II OBE (June 15, 1915 – February 14, 2007) was the Paramount Chief (Mangi Mkuu) of the Chagga people of Tanzania and a politician.

After winning a paramount chieftainship election, which he ran against Abdi Shangali of Hai, Jackson Kitali of Moshi, Petro Marealle of Vunjo and John Maluma of Rombo, Chief Mareale was inaugurated as chief in January 1952. Thomas Marealle ruled alongside Chief Mangi Mwitori. Petro Itosi Marealle consolidated power from the other 3 Chagga chieftains thus making the Chagga more powerful and in control of their affairs during colonial times. The government abolished the system of chieftainships in 1961, although Marealle, anticipating this, had voluntarily left his post the previous year. His tenure as Mangi Mkuu was regarded as a golden age, marked by major improvements in education, health, the cooperative movement, and communications in his area. In particular his court system and his equitable water allocation system are recalled with great nostalgia.

After working for the United Nations in the field of foreign aid for thirteen years, he retired as a diplomat. He died on 14 February 2007 at the age of 92, and buried at his homeplace in Marangu, Moshi.

title: Thomas Marealle


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Manuel Franquelo

Manuel Franquelo (1953 – 28 May 2024) was a Spanish painter and mixed media sculptor.

Biography
Franquelo was born in Málaga in 1953. He established his reputation as a hyper-realist painter. A common theme in his paintings is a collection of still life objects arranged on a shelf against a dark background.

From the late 1990s Franquelo worked and collaborated with Adam Lowe and engineer Sven Nebel. Lowe and Franquelo created the Factum Arte studio together in 2001, and Franquelo was involved with the studio until 2004. With the support of Factum Arte and Factum Foundation, Franquelo created the Lucida 3D Scanner, used to record three-dimensional images of low-relief surfaces such as those of paintings and frescoed wall surfaces, and still in use by Factum in 2020. Franquelo trained as an electronic engineer, and subsequently produced installations and sculptures often incorporating electronics or computer control.

In 2001, Franquelo and Lowe contributed to a project, along with the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, Ahmad Baghat and Michael Mallinson, to demonstrate that it was possible to laser-scan and replicate the tomb of Seti I in the Valley of the Kings. This led to the later recording by Factum Arte and Factum Foundation of the Tomb of Thutmose III, the tomb of Tutankhamun, and the tomb of Seti I.

Franquelo died in Madrid on 28 May 2024, at the age of 71.

title: Manuel Franquelo


text:
Talk:DéFI

Untitled
Some added to the article: "In practice, this boils down to massive discrimination of the Flemings in and around Brussels.

I suppose the fact that there is massive discrimination in the periphery by Flemings to French speakers is merely incidental.

Within, they are constantly pressured by FDF and affiliated french-speaking politicians. These favour overloading public services in brussels with unilingual French-speakers. In addition, they constantly try to turn the French-speaking numeric majority into an argument that wouyld justify eroding and abolishing the legally established protection for the Ducth-speaking minority in brussels (Flemings). At the same time however, they insist on maintaining the national, belgian protections and quota for Frech-speaking. These quota, to put things in perspective, result in nearly precisely as much french-speaking public servants for 4,2 million French-speakers, as for the 6 million Flemings, and nearly half as much as for the 1- million Dutchman!

Around Brussels, the FDF militantly defends the privileges for French-speakers who choose to live in Flanders (or whose parents or grandpetents did so). These people living in Flanders should have the right to vote for frendh-speaking candidates from Wallonia and Brussels. At the same time, they refuse even the slightest equivalent rights for Flemings living in Wallonia. Needless to say that such extra-territorial privileges don't exist anywhere else in the European Union, nor in other democratic and multi-ethnic states as Switzerland."

I removed this text from the article to discussion. As a Dutchman I sympathise with the text, since Brussels was originally a Flemish city, but I don't think Wikipedia is the place to have these kinds of discussions. Gangulf 09:34, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I can agree that detailled partisan elaborations are not appropriate in Wikipedia. However, one should not push this so far as to remove all information on one or more key elements of the nature of an organisation o its ideology.  E.g. oe cannot honestly descrbe nazism without referring to its racist ideology, nor to the huge bloosched it caused.
 * Therefore, I've tried to reformulate things more neutrally, using more objective facts. Feel free to suggest further improvements.--Rudi Dierick 16:37, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Title
Hi, under the terms of Naming conventions (political parties), can we move the article back to "Défi" please? —Brigade Piron (talk) 11:44, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Based on a reading of their website, I think the party's name is actually DéFI and that it isn't an acronym for a "real name". "Démocrate Federaliste Indépendant" is not a name as much as a series of words associated with the DéFI brand. I will remove it from the infobox. —Brigade Piron (talk) 11:52, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Disagree. I don't see why the party's acronym, not the real name, should be the article's title. --Checco (talk) 21:38, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I moved the article to "Democratic Federalist Independent". --Checco (talk) 21:40, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree, and I support the article move. The article title should be the party's name, not the acronym/abbreviation.--Autospark (talk) 23:47, 15 November 2015 (UTC)
 * , are the terms of Naming conventions (political parties) not clear? Whatever the title, it should be in French as the only language in which the party operates. Personally I think that WP:NCA applies here too - a glance at the website proves, to me at least, that "the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation"... —Brigade Piron (talk) 22:06, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

 * It seems to me too early to know what the common English name will be. We certainly shouldn't be inventing our own. For now the best thing would be to use the official French name. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 07:43, 17 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I support English names (this is en.Wiki!), but "Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendant" is still better than "DèFI". --Checco (talk) 22:00, 17 November 2015 (UTC)
 * With all respect, it's not up to any of us (a variation of WP:IDONTLIKEIT): we just follow the guidelines and use common sense to interpret them... Here, I think, it is pretty clear unless you can present more evidence to the contrary? —Brigade Piron (talk) 22:35, 17 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh yes, there is also WP:Use English and I am for applying it extensively. --Checco (talk) 08:27, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * So am I: "It can happen that an otherwise notable topic has not yet received much attention in the English-speaking world, so that there are too few English sources to constitute an established usage...if this happens, follow the conventions of the language in which this entity is most often talked about." —Brigade Piron (talk) 08:43, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * As I said, my preferred article's name is "Democratic Federalist Independent", I can live with "Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendant" and I strongly oppose "DèFI". As you can see, I am quite open toward a compromise. --Checco (talk) 08:58, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I too support English names. I disagree that we should only use French. Regardless of what language the party operates in, "use English" means we should use the name that English-speaking journalists and political scientists use to identify this party. But given that the name change has only just happened in French and we have no sources as yet to give a common English name we should be waiting to see what emerges, not trying to create an English name for ourselves (particularly one that only approximates to what the French name is said to stand for). This story (from Le Soir) states: "le nom choisi est « défi » (sans « s »), signifiant Démocrates fédéralistes et indépendants" — the name chosen is "défi" (without an "s"), signifying Federalist and Independent Democrats. This story (from La Libre Belgique) says the new name is "Défi", as does this one (from RTBF, the national broadcasting corporation). Some outlets use DéFI or DEFI. There seems not to be consensus even in French as to the capitalization of the name, and I cannot at present find any English sources for a name other than "FDF". At the same time I do not understand why there should be a strong objection to using the name the party has chosen for itself, which by most accounts is "Défi" (in some form — I would incline to give the agreement of the national broadcaster and La Libre Belgique on that form the most weight). --Andreas Philopater (talk) 17:40, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * So why also the fr.Wikipedia's article is named Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendant rather than DéFI? (Please note that, regardless what some news sources say, the party's symbol clearly reads DéFI and Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendant as well, thus Défi, DEFI, etc. are clearly wrong). My preferred article's name is still "Democratic Federalist Independent", but I can live with "Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendant". This said, it would be more important (and I'm sure both Andreas and Autospark agree with me on this) to find a consensus on moving all the articles on Belgian parties to English names (to have Mouvement Réformateur, Parti Socialiste (Belgium), Centre démocrate humaniste, Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams, Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten, Socialistische Partij Anders, etc. and New Flemish Alliance is just nonsense). --Checco (talk) 13:09, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree on both counts, we need to use a full party name rather than an acronym for the article title, whether Democratic Federalist Independent (my preferred choice) or Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendant. Also, we should be using English language titles for Belgian political party articles on en.wiki, all of them have accepted translations found in scholarly texts, and none of them have 'overlapping' names in their respective native languages.--Autospark (talk) 13:47, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
 * It makes no difference what the French Wikipedia article is called. That is not a reliable source. All the reputable media I linked to (and a few more I didn't) say "the party's new name is Défi", not "the acronym of the party's new name is Défi". Danny is short for Daniel, but that won't stop it being somebody's common name, and common name is what we use. That the party should put a slogan on their website is neither here nor there. The British Conservative Party puts "Together, we can Secure a Brighter Future" on their website in the same position. That doesn't make it their name. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 23:34, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
 * There seems to be a certain confusion about what "use English" actually means. It means use the name that reliable sources written in English use, and certainly not "if there's no translation, invent one". If English sources say "Mouvement Réformateur", then we use that, we don't translate it. If we have no English sources (and so far only Reddit seems to have reported on this in English), we stick with the name, not with our approximation of it. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 23:41, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

So, do we have a consensus?—Brigade Piron (talk) 19:44, 19 December 2015 (UTC)
 * ? —Brigade Piron (talk) 09:01, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I say move it to Defi. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 09:58, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Nobody has objected in the past 6 months. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 14:48, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Done :) —Brigade Piron (talk) 14:53, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I would prefer that this article had not been removed or renamed.---Autospark (talk) 22:49, 14 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I also oppose the move, on which there is thus no consensus. It should be moved back. --Checco (talk) 12:32, 15 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I moved the article back to its original name. The fact that "DéFI" is spelled that way and not "Défi" is a clear evidence that it is not the party's name, but just its acronym (see also http://defi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Statuts-de-Defi_27-04-2016.pdf). --Checco (talk) 12:48, 15 July 2016 (UTC)

Seriously? As remarked, you've had six months to note your opposition to the changes here. As an aside, have a look on defi.eu - I challenge you to find the words "Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendant" together there, let alone as an alternative "party name". In fact, it seems that they've even deleted the terms from the main logo they seem to be using. I really do not see how anyone could consider this to be their name. As for the capitalisation, there's clearly no concensus about this - they use the "DéFI" version as a backronym - as is clear from this page, but the mainstream Belgian media continues to use "Défi" (example here). Either way, no-one uses the bizarre combination of adjectives currently as a title.—Brigade Piron (talk) 12:55, 15 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I made my point clear enough in November and I haven't changed my mind. So, no, we didn't have any consus on the move. Most party logos include only acronyms and most news sources use acronyms too, thus I'm not impressed by that. Obviously, I haven't anything against your boldness in moving the article (I'm often bold too): simply, there was no consensus on the move, so I moved the article back. Finally, the party uses "DéFI" not "Défi". --Checco (talk) 13:04, 15 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid this is turning into a case of WP:IDONTLIKEIT. I'd remind you that I originally moved the article from Democratic Front of Francophones to "Défi" back in November - the day the party was re-named I believe. It was who unilaterally moved my proposed title to "Independent Federalist Democrats". If we're talking about "no consensus to move", I think my original title would stand... —Brigade Piron (talk) 18:29, 15 July 2016 (UTC)
 * There is no justification for the current name except a misreading of Naming conventions (use English). It really should be moved. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 09:43, 17 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Naming an article on a party using its acronym is unreasonable, in my view. --Checco (talk) 12:04, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 7 August 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Those supporting the move offered arguments well-founded in the policy WP:COMMONNAME. The opponents offer no policy basis whatsoever for their arguments, let alone for their premise that an acronym is not a name. However, the opponents of the move offer no policy-based arguments whatsoever in support of their position; they don't even cite a single guideline. Since the policy-based argument are entirely in favour of moving, the closing instructions are clear that the page must be moved, unless a good case has been made to treat this page as an exception. In this case, the opponents make no attempt to justify making an exception; theirs is a general opposition to the policy. So the only possible valid close is "move". The anti-acronym tag-team of and  are advised to start a centralised discussion on whether the guidelines should be amended to suit their view. (I suggest that a WP:RFC would be suitable). It is long past time for the anti-acronym tag team to desist from abusing individual RM discussions to pursue a policy-change which should be discussed at a central location. Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 22:23, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

Democratic Federalist Independent → DéFI – Following out extensive discussion above, I thought starting a move discussion would be constructive. As described above, I think it's pretty clear that the party uses the term "Défi" as a backronym of the three adjectives in question, "Défi" meaning "challenge" in French. A quick glance at the party's official website (here) makes it pretty clear that Défi (or "DéFI") are the only names the party trades under.

Even if it is an acronym (which I reject), I also think there's a good WP:COMMONNAME argument for "DéFI". The following newspapers use the abbreviation only: Le Soir, La Libre etc. I can find no English language source that deals with Défi since its change of name, nor any French source that uses the three adjectives as a proper noun, rather than an extrapolation of the adjective. —Brigade Piron (talk) 19:52, 7 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Agree. As stated in the previous discussion, the name we use should be whatever the sources identify as the name. The sources say the name is "Défi" or "DéFI". There is in fact one English-language source that discusses the party, and that is The Brussels Times, which consistently uses DéFI (see here, for example). I'm frankly baffled as to why anyone would invest energy in keeping the article at a name invented for the purpose on Wikipedia, rather than simply apply the relevant policies and guidelines – especially when these agree with WP:COMMON. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 09:14, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't really care much whether it is moved or not. However, I would like to say that as far as I can see, the arguments do not really hold water. The party's statutes/articles begin with the first article "DéFI, Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendent, est une formation [...]", although it is true "DéFI" appears to be used exclusively throughout the rest of the statutes, but so is the case in statutes and on websites of other parties. It is very common in Belgium (and other countries) to almost exclusively refer to a party by their abbreviation. As such, WP:COMMONNAME does not apply here either (or it would have to apply to titles of other parties' name, e.g. New Flemish Alliance would have to be N-VA or Christian Democratic Union would have to be CDU and so on). DéFI may use their full name even less, but the situation doesn't seem to be that different from other parties. SPQRobin (talk) 20:21, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I see your point, but I don't think that's entirely fair. The difference between "DéFI" and N-VA, for example, is that "Défi" is a word in its own right. The adjectives were clearly chosen to create that particular series of letters, hence it is a backronym and thus should not be treated the same way as a "pure" political acronym.—Brigade Piron (talk) 16:37, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Per SPQRobin. The fact that "DéFI" is spelled that way and not "Défi" is a clear evidence that it is not a "word in its own right" and not the party's name, but just its acronym (see also http://defi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Statuts-de-Defi_27-04-2016.pdf). Most party logos include only acronyms and the latter are usually more used than full names by news sources (think of CDU for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, SPD for the Social Democratic Party of Germany, PS for Socialist Party, PP for People's Party, PSOE for Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, etc.). So what? --Checco (talk) 08:23, 11 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I think you're missing the fact that "DéFI" is actually often rendered "Défi" (see the press examples above) - the confusion is obviously deliberate. As we've discussed amply above this is not about making a COMMONNAME claim based on the letters appearing the "party logos" but based on what virtually everything on its official website, publicity material, and newspaper coverage uses. Beyond the constitution (which, in my reading, doesn't really support your argument anyway), the burden is on you to produce any evidence that the current title is actually used by anyone.—Brigade Piron (talk) 15:08, 11 August 2016 (UTC)
 * So to prove that the party is not called "DéFI", you send us to a document entitled "STATUTS GÉNÉRAUX DE DÉFI"? Good work that man. Not specious in the least. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 11:25, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Oppose for reasons of those cited by SPQRobin and Checco - DéFI is an acronym, not a name as such, and articles on political parties should not really be titled by the acronym.--Autospark (talk) 17:11, 11 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't much care what a minor party of linguistic bigots call themselves, but it bothers me slightly more that a small bunch of trolls can fixate on specious arguments to bugger up Wikipedia, and stymie any consensus over a period of a year by ignoring sources, rules and common sense in favour of what they would like and what they infer. Since no coverage ever anywhere refers to "Democratic Federalist Independent" as the name of this party, nobody anywhere ever is going to be looking for that headword in an encyclopedia. But yeah, I'm out. I don't care enough to invest time or the energy in these foolish games. --Andreas Philopater (talk) 11:25, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Side note for User:BrownHairedGirl: As far as I know, there is no single policy in Wikipedia stating that acronyms should be favored over names as article names. Moreover, 99.9% of the articles on political parties do not use acronyms as article names (think of all the examples Autospark and I cited above). Thus, an exception to the general custom/rule, as this one (which I strenuously opposed and I continue to oppose now) can be considered just as it is—an exception (very bad for constistency-enthusiasts like me, but just a small inconsitency and/or mistake in Wikipedia's general picture). As an exception, it had to be discussed in the individual article talk. To discuss about it was not an abuse—at all. This said, while disagreeing with you on just about everything else and considering your judgment here ill-considered, I thank you for your suggestion about opening a broader discussion. It might be a good idea, but, as long as 99.9% of articles on political parties do not use acronyms as article names, that could also be a worthless exercise. I will think about it. (What does User:Autospark think?). --Checco (talk) 06:49, 22 August 2016 (UTC)
 * there is indeed no single policy in Wikipedia stating that acronyms should be favored over names as article names. But that point is a classic straw man, because nobody in this discussion claimed that there is such a policy.
 * There is also no policy basis for your claim that an acronym is not a name.
 * The policy at WP:AT permits the use of an acronymn as a title in certain circumstances, and no policy-based argument was made by the opposers that this article falls outside those circumstances. I was surprised that none of those supporting the move pointed in the RM discussion to the guideline at Naming conventions (political parties), but that guideline was cited in the discussion above.  It says"'Where acronyms are far more commonly used than full names in international news media, the acronym should be preferred: Fatah instead of Palestinian National Liberation Movement, Golkar instead of Party of the Functional Groups'"
 * So there is no "general rule" against acronyms, and it is tendentious of you and to repeatedly disrupt RM discussions with the false claim that there is such a rule. I urge you both to open a centralised discussion and to accept its outcome, rather than to continue your campaign of disrupting RM discussions with false claims about existing policy and guidelines. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 07:38, 22 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree with you on everything but the last part of your argument. There is nothing disruptive in my behaviour and my claim that there is a "general custom" not to use acronomys with articles on parties is perfectly true. I will think about opening a discussion, but as 99.9% of the articles on parties favor names over acronyms, it could be a little bit pointless. In fact, despite the sentence you cited ("Where acronyms are far more commonly used than full names in international news media, the acronym should be preferred: Fatah instead of Palestinian National Liberation Movement, Golkar instead of Party of the Functional Groups"), no-one is proposing to adopt article names like SPD, CDU, PSOE, PS (France), etc. (in all those case, acronyms are definitely more commonly used in international news media!) and acronym-titled articles are a small minority among parties. --Checco (talk) 08:14, 22 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Checco, it is true that most political party articles do not use an acronym as the title. There are two possible explanations for that: a) that few political parties fit the policy on using acronyms as titles; or b) that there is consensus in principle against such usage in the case of political parties.
 * As already pointed out to you, the guideline at Naming conventions (political parties) is explicitly clear that an acronym may be used as the title of an article on a political party, so option b does not apply.
 * If you look more closely at SPD, CDU etc you will see they do not fit the guideline at WP:ACRONYMTITLE, which permits acronyms in titles if the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject. That is not the case for SPD, CDU, etc ... which is why they do not use an acronym.  Your attempt to drag those red herrings into RM discussions is part of your tendentious disruptiveness.
 * The core of the disruption lies in your repeated failure to accept WP:COMMONNAME, WP:ACRONYMTITLE, and Naming conventions (political parties). If you want to change Naming conventions (political parties), then feel free to open an RFC to do so.  However, unless and until there is a consensus to change that guideline, it applies unless there is good reason to treat a particular article on a party as an exception. In the meantime, your repeated abuse of RM discussions to pursue your desired guideline change amounts to a strategy of attrition, and it has now reached the stage where sanctions should be sought if you persist. (The same applies to Autospark). -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 10:44, 22 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I disagree with your interpretation of "If you look more closely at SPD, CDU etc you will see they do not fit the guideline at WP:ACRONYMTITLE, which permits acronyms in titles if the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject. That is not the case for SPD, CDU, etc ... which is why they do not use an acronym." I have taken part to only two RM discussions related to acronyms as article names, so it's very difficult to understand how that "has now reached the stage where sanctions should be sought if you persist". I'm just offering my opinion and I don't see how an opinion could be sanctioned. Wikipedia guidelines might be clear, but, as there are often RM diuscussions on their interpretationa and implementation, that means that guidelines have to be interpreted in individual cases: that is what I do and I would like to continue to do. I'm afraid you are biased and unfit to be an administrator. I have been a decent, constructive and regular contributor of en.Wikipedia for ten years. I usually don't avoid any discussion, but I feel that discussing with you is dangerous. I will respect you and be aware of you. --Checco (talk) 04:27, 23 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Indeed, as an admin I am firmly biased against people who repeatedly disrupt consensus-forming decisions by misrepresenting policy and guidelines. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 10:47, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:DéFI


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Platinum print

Platinum prints, also called platinotypes, are photographic prints made by a monochrome printing process involving platinum.

Platinum tones range from warm black, to reddish brown, to expanded mid-tone grays that are unobtainable in silver prints.

Unlike the silver print process, platinum lies on the paper surface, while silver lies in a gelatin or albumen emulsion that coats the paper. As a result, since no gelatin emulsion is used, the final platinum image is absolutely matte with a deposit of platinum (and/or palladium, its sister element which is also used in most platinum photographs) absorbed slightly into the paper.

Platinum prints are the most durable of all photographic processes. The platinum group metals are very stable against chemical reactions that might degrade the print—even more stable than gold. It is estimated that a platinum image, properly made, can last thousands of years. Some of the desirable characteristics of a platinum print include: Many practitioners have abandoned platinum and only use palladium. The process using palladium alone (sodium tetrachloropalladate) is similar to standard processes, but rather than using ferric oxalate plus potassium chlorate as the restrainer (which is ineffective for palladium), a weak solution of sodium chloroplatinate is used instead. Sodium chloroplatinate, in contrast to potassium chlorate, does not cause grain. This formula is generally referred to as the Na2 method. This somewhat misleading abbreviation was coined by Richard Sullivan of Bostick & Sullivan, one of the principal suppliers of chemistry and printing supplies, who popularized the process.
 * The reflective quality of the print is much more diffuse in nature compared to glossy prints that typically have specular reflections.
 * A very delicate, large tonal range.
 * Not being coated with gelatin, the prints do not exhibit the tendency to curl.
 * The darkest possible tones in the prints are lighter than silver-based prints. Recent studies have attributed this to an optical illusion produced by the gelatin coating on Resin Coated and fiber-based papers. However, platinotypes that have been waxed or varnished will produce images that appear to have greater maximum density than silver prints.
 * A decreased susceptibility to deterioration compared to silver-based prints due to the inherent stability of the process and also because they are commonly printed on 100% rag papers.

History
The first person to have recorded observing the action of light rays on platinum was Ferdinand Gehlen of Germany in 1830. The following year, his countryman, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner, determined that the action of light on platinum was quite weak, but that perhaps something could be combined with platinum to increase its sensitivity. Through experimentation, he eventually found that ferric oxalate was a highly-effective enhancer. The combination of these two metals remains the basis of the platinotype process in use today.

In 1832, Englishmen Sir John Herschel and Robert Hunt conducted their own experiments, further refining the chemistry of the process. In 1844, in his book Researches on Light, Hunt recorded the first known description of anyone employing platinum to make a photographic print. However, although he tried several different combinations of chemicals with platinum, none of them succeeded in producing any permanency in the image. All of his prints faded after several months.

Over the next decade, Hunt noted that platinum prints he had left in the dark faded very slowly but gradually resumed their original density, and had also shifted from a negative to a positive image, eventually becoming permanent.

By the early 1850s, however, other more reliable photographic processes, such as salt and albumen printing, had been developed and were beginning to be widely used. Those scientists who had previously conducted research on platinum lost interest in the process as other methods became more commercially viable. The only major advances in platinum research reported during that decade were made independently by C.J. Burnett and Lyonel Clark of Great Britain. In 1859, Burnett published an article in the British Journal of Photography describing his use of sodium chloroplatinate as a fixing agent. His modification of the platinum printing process resulted in prints that were permanent enough that he could exhibit them in public. That same year, Clark also exhibited prints made using a slightly different process.

Patents
William Willis was the first to patent the platinotype process in 1873 (British Patent No. 2011, June 8, 1873), and again in 1878 and 1880, which he leveraged to gain commercial success in the manufacture of platinum papers sold through his Platinotype Company for professional and amateur use. He also developed the palladium process requiring palladiotype paper and a silver-platinum paper, Satista.

Willis introduced the "hot bath" method where a mixture of ferric oxalate and potassium chloroplatinate are coated onto paper which is then exposed through a negative and developed in a warm solution of potassium oxalate.

Commercialization
While Willis had greatly advanced the chemistry of the platinum process, there was still no reliable method for the individual preparation of platinum paper by 1880. Two years, later two Austrian Army officers, Giuseppe Pizzighelli and Arthur Baron V. Hubl, published a dissertation describing a straightforward process for preparing the paper. They continued their research for several years, and in 1887, Pizzighelli patented a new process that made the commercial production of platinum paper viable for the first time. The new process was briefly known as a "Pizzitype" and was marketed under the name "Dr. Jacoby's Printing Out Paper."

Willis quickly countered this advance by obtaining two more patents in 1888 for cold-bath processes. By adding more platinum to the developing process, he produced prints that had dense brown-black shadows rather than the lighter browns that were the best that previous processes could produce. While much more aesthetically pleasing, prints developed by this process were difficult to produce reliably.

Four years later, Willis began manufacturing a platinum paper that was designed for the cold-bath process, and this became the standard for the rest of the decade. The business he started in 1880, called the Platinotype Company, rapidly expanded, and soon he was selling his paper throughout Europe and in the United States. By 1906, his company had sales totaling US $273,715 ($0 in 2009 dollars), a significant amount at that time.

Seeing the skyrocketing demand for platinum paper, the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York, tried to develop its own line of paper starting in 1901, but they could not duplicate the quality of Willis's product. Kodak then tried to buy Willis's company but was not able to come to an agreement. Kodak instead bought the relatively new company of Joseph Di Nunzio who had recently developed his own brand of platinum paper comparable to Willis's, which he sold under the name of "Angelo". Kodak continued to sell this paper for several years before it was eventually discontinued.

When Willis began marketing his paper, platinum was relatively cheap. By 1907, platinum had become 52 times more expensive than silver. Eastman Kodak and most other producers stopped fabrication of the paper in 1916. Russia controlled 90% of the world platinum supply in World War I and all available platinum was used in the war effort. Nevertheless, platinum paper has continued in use until the present, interrupted only by the world wars.

Beginning in 1964, Irving Penn began experimenting with platinum printing. Penn had spent his career up to that point making photographs that were seen almost exclusively in reproduction within the glossy pages of magazines and in his pivotal 1960 book Moments Preserved. Penn set himself the challenge of producing photographic prints that would surpass the technical limitations of reprographic media and deliver a deeper visual experience. He was drawn to the antiquated platinum process for its long grayscale – its ability to display a seemingly infinite array of gradations between pure white and absolute black.

The platinum process requires direct contact with the negative, without enlargement, so Penn first needed to create flawless negatives the same size as the desired print. He then hand-coated paper with platinum emulsion. When dry, the paper was sandwiched with the negative and exposed to light before processing. Rigorous experimentation revealed that recoating a print with a secondary emulsion and making a second or third exposure of the same image on a single sheet of paper yielded prints of greater depth and subtlety. Penn solved the problem of aligning and re-aligning the negative and the print surface over multiple exposures by borrowing a technique from the graphic arts: he mounted his paper on a sheet of aluminum with a series of registration guides along the top edge. Penn was guarded about the preparation of his emulsions and his precise formulations varied considerably. He frequently introduced palladium and iron salts into his coatings to achieve desired effects.

Palladium
In photography, the palladiotype is a less-common variant of the platinotype. The process came into greater use after World War I because the platinum used in the more-common platinotype quickly became too expensive. Due to the rising cost and the consequent shortage of commercial platinum paper, photographers tried to replace the platinum with the much cheaper palladium which gave similar effects. The cost of this metal, however, also started to rise and eventually around 1930 the process was abandoned in favor of more economical alternatives. In recent years, a handful of photographers have taken up the art of mixing platinum and palladium and printing fine art prints with those chemicals, despite its cost.

Characteristics of a palladium print, compared to a platinum print:
 * A warmer tone
 * Easier to solarize (see the Sabatier Effect)
 * Large tonal range, up to D= 2.1, thus requiring a contrast-rich negative for printing
 * Deeper blacks, with a higher maximum density
 * A softer image, with delicate highlights

Chemistry
Platinum printing is based on the light sensitivity of ferric oxalate. Ferric oxalate is reduced to ferrous oxalate by UV-light. The ferrous oxalate then reacts with platinum(II) or palladium(II) reducing it to elemental platinum (or palladium), which builds up the image.

By varying the amount of platinum versus palladium and the addition of oxidizing chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium dichromate or potassium chlorate, the contrast and "color" of the final image can be modified. Because of the non-uniformity of the coating and mixing phases of the process, no two prints are exactly the same.

In 2002, working from research done by Howard Efner and Richard Sullivan, Dick Arentz formulated the methodology for using sodium chloroplatinate as a contrast control agent. Richard Sullivan coined the term Na2 and began to sell a 20% solution through Bostick and Sullivan. Arentz found that, since it is a platinum compound (sodium chloroplatinATE), it does not work with platinum prints (potassium chloroplatinITE). It does, however, shorten the scale of a pure palladium print. When minute quantities of sodium chloroplatinate are added to the palladium salt/ferric oxalate emulsion it produces the high-contrast prints needed for thin negatives, but does not exhibit the granularity found when using traditional chlorates. A palladium print made with potassium chlorate will take on a warm, sepia tone. The same print using sodium chloroplatinate will have cooler tones similar to those of a platinum/palladium print. The inherent low sensitivity of the process occurs because the ferric oxalate is sensitive to ultraviolet light only, thus specialized light sources must be used and exposure times are many times greater than those used in silver-based photographic processes. Due to the unavailability of pre-coated sensitized paper, all platinum/palladium printing is done on paper coated by the printer. The light sensitive chemicals are mixed from powdered basic chemicals, or some commercially available solutions, then hand applied with a brush or a cylindrical "pusher". Many artists achieve varying effects by choosing different papers for different surface characteristics, including vellum, 100% cotton rag, silk, and rice, among others. On the collecting market, platinum prints often sell for many times what a similar silver-gelatin print would bring.

Notable photographers using the technique

 * Dick Arentz
 * David Bailey
 * George Charles Beresford
 * Manuel Álvarez Bravo
 * Alvin Langdon Coburn
 * Lois Conner
 * Imogen Cunningham
 * Edward S. Curtis
 * F. Holland Day
 * Dazeley
 * Olive Edis
 * Frederick H. Evans
 * Laura Gilpin
 * Naohisa Hara
 * Frederick Hollyer
 * Gertrude Kasebier
 * David Michael Kennedy
 * Marc Lagrange
 * Sal Lopes
 * Robert Mapplethorpe
 * Andrea Modica
 * Tina Modotti
 * Isabel Muñoz
 * Irving Penn
 * Ted Preuss
 * Sebastiao Salgado
 * Tom Sandberg
 * Ian Sanderson
 * J. Shimon & J. Lindemann
 * Edward Steichen
 * Alfred Stieglitz
 * Paul Strand
 * George A. Tice
 * Robert Vano
 * Edward Weston
 * Clarence H. White

 * Trevor and Faye Yerbury

title: Platinum print


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Template talk:To do

"Template:WP-Todo" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Template:WP-Todo. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 16 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Elli (talk | contribs) 05:08, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

Display error
See Talk:List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area. Apparently due to the long name of the article, the display of the to do list goes a little nuts. Heading links drop down and push the to do list to the left. Stefen Towers among the rest!  Gab • Gruntwerk 22:38, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Nice catch. I have added clear before the dotted box to resolve this problem. I tested it in the sandbox and on the testcases page before deploying it. Please ping me if there are any problems related to this change. – Jonesey95 (talk) 00:24, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Cool, thanks for the quick fix! Stefen Towers among the rest!   Gab • Gruntwerk 00:29, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:To do


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Khanbaliq

Khanbaliq or Dadu of Yuan (ᠻᠠᠨᠪᠠᠯᠢᠺ) was the winter capital of the Yuan dynasty of China in what is now Beijing, the capital of China today. It was located at the center of modern Beijing. The Secretariat directly administered the Central Region of the Yuan dynasty (comprising present-day Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, and parts of Henan and Inner Mongolia) and dictated policies for the other provinces. As emperors of the Yuan dynasty, Kublai Khan and his successors also claimed supremacy over the entire Mongol Empire following the death of Möngke (Kublai's brother and predecessor) in 1259. Over time the unified empire gradually fragmented into a number of khanates.

Khanbaliq is the direct predecessor to modern Beijing. Several stations of Line 10 and Line 13 are named after the gates of Dadu.

Name
The name Khanbaliq comes from the Mongolian and Old Uyghur words khan and balik ("town", "permanent settlement"): "City of the Khan". It was actually in use among the Turks and Mongols before the fall of Zhongdu, in reference to the Jin emperors of Manchuria. It is traditionally written as Cambaluc in English, after its spelling in Rustichello's retelling of Marco Polo's travels. The Travels also uses the spellings Cambuluc and Kanbalu.

The name Dadu is the pinyin transcription of the Chinese name 大都, meaning "Grand Capital". The Mongols also called the city Daidu, which was a transliteration directly from the Chinese. In modern Chinese, it is referred to as Yuan Dadu to distinguish it from other cities which have similar names.

History
Zhongdu, the "Central Capital" of the Jurchen Jin dynasty, was located at a nearby site now part of Xicheng District. It was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1215 when the Jin court began contemplating a move south to a more defensible capital such as Kaifeng. The Imperial Mint (诸路交钞提举司) established in 1260 and responsible for the printing of jiaochao, the Yuan fiat paper money, was probably located at nearby Yanjing even before the establishment of the new capital.

In 1264, Kublai Khan visited the Daning Palace on Jade Island in Taiye Lake and was so enchanted with the site that he directed his capital to be constructed around the garden. The chief architect and planner of the capital was Liu Bingzhong, who also served as supervisor of its construction. His student Guo Shoujing and the Muslim Ikhtiyar al-Din were also involved.

The construction of the walls of the city began in the same year, while the main imperial palace was built from 1274 onwards. The design of Khanbaliq followed several rules laid down in the Confucian classic The Rites of Zhou, including "9 vertical and horizontal axes", "palaces in front, markets in back", "ancestral worship to the left, divine worship to the right". It was broad in scale, strict in planning and execution, and complete in equipment.

A year after the 1271 establishment of the Yuan dynasty, Kublai Khan proclaimed the city his capital under the name Dadu as it is interpreted capital city in Hanzi and named Khanbaliq as referred in the state diplomatic letters in Mongolian. The construction was not fully completed until 1293. His previous seat at Shangdu (Xanadu) became the summer capital.

As part of the Great Khans' policy of religious tolerance, Khanbaliq had various houses of worship. Almost every major religious tradition and sect in China and the wider world had a presence in the city. Orders of rabbi, Taoist sects, Mongol shamans, and various kinds of Hindu religious groups were some of the most well-known religious minorities in the city. Buddhists, Muslims, Church of the East Christians, Catholics, and Confucianists were more common.

Confucians and Taoists were extremely well-regarded by most Mongol nobles, and "some of the Mongols' most esteemed advisors were Taoists and Confucians."

It even was the seat of a Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khanbaliq from 1307 until its 1357 suppression. It was restored in 1609 as (then) Diocese of Peking.

The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty sent an army to Dadu in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to Shangdu while the Ming razed the palaces of their capital to the ground. The former capital was renamed Beiping (北平 "Pacified North") and Shuntian Prefecture was established in the area around the city.

The Hongwu Emperor was succeeded by his young grandson the Jianwen Emperor. His attempts to rein in the fiefs of his powerful uncles provoked the Jingnan Rebellion and ultimately his usurpation by his uncle, the Prince of Yan. Yan's powerbase lay in Shuntian and he quickly resolved to move his capital north from Yingtian (Nanjing) to the ruins at Beiping. He shortened the northern boundaries of the city and added a new and separately walled southern district. Upon the southern extension of the Taiye Lake (the present Nanhai), the raising of Wansui Hill over Yuan ruins, and the completion of the Forbidden City to its south, he declared the city his northern capital Beijing. With one brief interruption, it has borne the name ever since.

Legacy
Ruins of the Yuan-era walls of Khanbaliq are still extant and are known as the Tucheng, lit. "earth wall". Tucheng Park preserves part of the old northern walls, along with some modern statues.

Despite the capture and renaming of the city by the Ming, the name Daidu remained in use among the Mongols of the Mongolia-based Northern Yuan dynasty. The lament of the last Yuan emperor, Toghon Temür, concerning the loss of Khanbaliq and Shangdu, is recorded in many Mongolian historical chronicles such as the Altan Tobchi and the Asarayci Neretu-yin Teuke.

Khanbaliq remained the standard name for Beijing in Persian and the Turkic languages of Central Asia and the Middle East for quite a long time. It was, for instance, the name used in both the Persian and Turkic versions of Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh's account of the 1419–22 mission of Shah Rukh's envoys to the Ming capital. The account remained one of the most detailed and widely read accounts of China in these languages for centuries.

When European travelers reached China by sea via Malacca and the Philippines in the 16th century, they were not initially aware that China was the same country as the "Cathay" about which they had read in Marco Polo nor that his "Cambaluc" was the city known to the southern Chinese as Pekin. It was not until the Jesuit Matteo Ricci's first visit to Beijing in 1598 that he encountered Central Asian visitors ("Arabian Turks, or Mohammedans" in his description ) who confirmed that the city they were in was "Cambaluc." The publication of his journals by his aide announced to Europe that "Cathay" was China and "Cambaluc" Beijing. The journal then fancifully explained that name was "partly of Chinese and partly of Tartar origin", from "Tartar" cam ("great"), Chinese ba ("north"), and Chinese Lu (used for nomads in Chinese literature). Many European maps continued to show "Cathay" and its capital "Cambaluc" somewhere in northeast China for much of the 17th century.

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Marton Csokas

Marton Paul Csokas (, Csókás Márton Pál; born 30 June 1966) is a New Zealand actor of film, stage, and television. A graduate of the Toi Whakaari drama school, he has worked extensively in Australia and Hollywood, along with his native country, and often portrays villainous roles.

His notable roles include Celeborn in the Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–2003), Yorgi in XXX (2002), Guy de Lusignan in Kingdom of Heaven (2005), Trevor Goodchild in Æon Flux (2005), Hora in Romulus, My Father (2007), Nico in Dead Europe (2012), Jack Barts in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012), Nicolai Itchenko A.K.A. Teddy Rensen in The Equalizer (2014), and Quinn on the U.S. television series Into the Badlands. Earlier in his career, he played Leonard Dodds on the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street.

Csokas is a three-time AACTA Award nominee, winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance in Romulus My Father. He was also nominated for Best Male Actor in a Play at the 2008 Helpmann Awards, for his portrayal of George in Belvoir's revival of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Early life
Csokas was born in Invercargill, the son of Margaret Christine (née Rayner), a nurse, and Márton Csókás I, who worked as a mechanical engineer for E. Hayes & Sons. His father was Hungarian and his mother had English, Irish, and Danish ancestry. Csokas graduated from Toi Whakaari: New Zealand Drama School in 1989 with a Diploma in Acting.

Career
Csokas made his acting debut in 1990 on the New Zealand drama series Shark in the Park, as Terry Mercer in the episode "Technical K.O.". He also portrayed Leonard Rossi-Dodds in the long-running soap opera Shortland Street from 1993 until 1995. In 1996, he starred in the romantic drama film Broken English; and from 1997 to 2001, he had a recurring role on Xena: Warrior Princess, portraying the character Borias. Csokas also portrayed Lord Celeborn in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), Yorgi in XXX (2002), Mr. Smith in Kangaroo Jack (2003), Jarda in The Bourne Supremacy (2004), Trevor Goodchild in Æon Flux (2005), and Guy de Lusignan in Kingdom of Heaven (2005).

Csokas' stage credits include plays by Tom Stoppard and William Shakespeare in the 1990s in New Zealand, and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (2007) and Peribáñez (2006) with Company B in Australia.

In 2007, he portrayed Hora in the drama film Romulus, My Father, for which he won an AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and a Film Critics Circle of Australia Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2012, he appeared in the drama film Dead Europe. For his role in Dead Europe, he was again nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.

In 2013, Csokas co-starred in the crime-thriller Pawn with Forest Whitaker and Michael Chiklis, and portrayed Jimmy Laszlo in the DirecTV police drama Rogue, starring opposite Thandie Newton. In 2014, he had roles in the films Noah, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, and Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, and as Nicolai Itchenko in The Equalizer. Also in 2014, he starred as the superintendent in the Discovery Channel's scripted miniseries Klondike. Csokas then portrayed General Thomas Gage in History Channel's three-part miniseries Sons of Liberty in 2015.

In May 2015, Csokas joined the cast of AMC's martial arts drama Into the Badlands, playing the role of Quinn, the most powerful baron in the badlands. The show was canceled in 2019 after three seasons. In 2016, he co-starred with Joel Edgerton and Ruth Negga in the Jeff Nichols-directed drama film Loving, and starred alongside Vera Farmiga in the comedy-drama Burn Your Maps. Csokas starred alongside Emilia Clarke in the supernatural thriller Voice from the Stone released in April 2017. He also starred in Mark Felt The Man Who Brought Down the White House with Liam Neeson. In 2021 Csokas appeared in Juniper with Charlotte Rampling and in the historical drama film The Last Duel directed by Ridley Scott.

Personal life
Csokas holds dual New Zealand and Hungarian citizenship. From 2005 to 2009, he was in a romantic relationship with his Kingdom of Heaven co-star Eva Green.

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Wakhan

Wakhan, or "the Wakhan" (also spelt Vakhan; Persian and واخان, Vâxân and Wāxān respectively; Вахон, Vaxon), is a rugged, mountainous part of the Pamir, Hindu Kush and Karakoram regions of Afghanistan. Wakhan District is a district in Badakshan Province.

Geography
The Wakhan is located in the extreme north-east of Afghanistan. It contains the headwaters of the Amu Darya (Oxus) River, and was an ancient corridor for travellers from the Tarim Basin to Badakshan. The geographic position of Wakhan between China, India, and Bactria allowed it to play a major role in trade in the ancient world.

Until 1883, the Wakhan included the whole valley of the Panj River and the Pamir River, as well as the upper flow of the Panj River known as the Wakhan River. An 1873 agreement between UK and Russia split the Wakhan by delimiting spheres of influence for the two countries at the Panj and Pamir rivers. Since then, the name Wakhan is now generally used to refer to the Afghan area south of the two rivers. The northern part of the historic Wakhan is now part of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in Tajikistan.

The only road into the Wakhan is a rough track from Ishkashim past Qila-e Panja to Sarhad-e Broghil. Paths lead from the end of the road to the Wakhjir Pass, a mountain pass leading to China which is closed to travellers.

The western part of the Wakhan, between Ishkashim and Qila-e Panja, is known as Lower Wakhan, which includes the valley of the Panj River. The valleys of the Wakhan River, the Pamir River and their tributaries, and the terrain between, are known as Upper Wakhan.

The eastern extremity of Upper Wakhan is known as the Pamir Knot, the area where the Himalayas, Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges meet. West of the Pamir Knot is the Little Pamir, a broad U-shaped grassy valley 100 km long and 10 km wide, which contains Chaqmaqtin Lake, the headwaters of the Aksu or Murghab River. At the eastern end of the Little Pamir is the Tegermansu Valley, from where the closed Tegermansu Pass (4,827 m) leads to China. The Great Pamir or Big Pamir, a 60 km long valley south of Zorkol lake, drained by the Pamir River, lies to the northwest of the Little Pamir.

The mountain range that divides the two Pamirs is known as the Nicholas Range. West of the Nicholas Range, between the Great Pamir and the lower valley of the Wakhan River, is the Wakhan Range, which culminates in the Koh-e Pamir (6,320 m).

The roads in the region have small shrines to Ismaili Muslim pirs and are adorned with "special stones and curled ibex and sheep horns", which are symbols of purity in the Zoroastrian faiths, once present in the region before the arrival of Islam.

Wakhan Corridor

The Wakhan is connected to Tashkurgan Tajik County, China, by a long, narrow strip called the Wakhan Corridor, which separates the Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan and Gilgit-Baltistan.

The Wakhan River flows through the corridor from the east to Qila-e Panja where it joins the Pamir River to become the Panj River which then forms the border.

In the south the corridor is bordered by the high mountains of the Hindu Kush, crossed by the Broghol pass, the Irshad Pass and the disused Dilisang Pass to Pakistan.

History
Historically the Wakhan has been an important region for thousands of years as it is where the western and eastern portions of Central Asia meet.

Ancient history
Western Wakhan (休密 Xiumi) was conquered in the early part of the 1st century CE by Kujula Kadphises, the first "Great Kushan," and was one of the five xihou or principalities that formed the nucleus of the original Kushan kingdom. Wakhan was administered by the Kushan indirectly through semi-independent rulers who oversaw trade on the Buddhist Route of the Silk Road.

Wakhan Mirdom
Until 1883 Wakhan was a semi-independent principality on both sides of the Panj and Pamir Rivers, ruled by a hereditary ruler (mir) with its capital at Qila-e Panja. It was a tributary to Badakhshan, which itself was a tributary state of Qing China. However, in the 1750s when the Qing dynasty conquered the Dzungar Khanate, Wakhan and Shighnan were incorporated into the Qing dynasty. The Khanate of Kokand eventually annexed Wakhan and Shighnan from Qing China by the 1830s.

Conquest by Afghanistan
Agreements between Britain and Russia in 1873 and between Britain and Afghanistan in 1893 effectively split the historic area of Wakhan by making the Panj and Pamir Rivers the border between Afghanistan and the Russian Empire. On its south side, the Durand Line agreement of 1893 marked the boundary between British India and Afghanistan. This left a narrow strip of land as a buffer between the two empires. In the 1880s (1880-1895 ), under pressure from Britain, Abdur Rahman Khan, the Emir of Afghanistan, imposed Afghan rule on the Wakhan. The last Mir of Wakhan, Ali Mardan Khan fled to Chitral, where he was allotted land in Ishkoman Valley.

Modern history
In 1949, when Mao Zedong completed the Communist takeover of China, the borders were permanently closed, sealing off the 2,000-year-old caravan route and turning the corridor into a cul-de-sac. When the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in December 1979, they occupied the Wakhan and built strong military posts at Sarhad-e Broghil and elsewhere. To facilitate access they built a bridge across the Pamir River at Prip, near Gaz Khan. However, the area did not see fighting.

In 2010 the Wakhan was reported to be peaceful and unaffected by the war in the rest of Afghanistan.

Demographics
Wakhan is sparsely populated. The total population is estimated at 10,600. Wakhi and Kyrgyz are the major ethnic groups of Wakhan. Most of its inhabitants speak the Vakhi or Wakhi language (x̌ik zik), and belong to an ethnic group known as Vakhi or Wakhi. Nomadic Kyrgyz herders live at the higher altitudes.

According to a 2003 report by the United Nations Environment Programme and Food and Agriculture Organization, the population of Wakhan suffers from lack of education, poverty, ill health, food insecurity and opium addiction.

Wakhi
The Wakhi population of Wakhan was 9,444 in 2003. Almost all of them adhere to the Shia Ismaili faith and some of them speak Wakhi language. Wakhi people also inhabit several areas adjacent to the Wakhan in Tajikistan, Pakistan and China.

The Wakhi practice agriculture in the river valleys, and herd animals in the summer pastures at higher elevations.

The dominant sect of Islam in the region is Ismaili, much milder than the strict form of Islam generally practiced in the country. In Ishkashim, the city at the western mouth of the Wakhan, stricter observance is demanded. The area has been long neglected by the central government of Afghanistan. People are poor, many being traditional pastoralists living in yurts and lacking basic services. Non-governmental organizations such as the Aga Khan Development Network foundation have taken an interest in the area. The Central Asia Institute, founded by Greg Mortenson, has built 11 schools in the region.

There is a trickle of tourists who engage in trekking and mountaineering.

Alastair Leithead of BBC News 24 on 26 December 2007, presented a half-hour feature about Wakhan, focusing particularly on the work of the expatriate British doctor Alexander Duncan, which provided a significant piece of extended media reporting from this inaccessible area. He has also covered the Pamir Festival in the area.

Kyrgyz
The Kyrgyz population of Wakhan was 1,130 in 2003, all in the eastern part of Wakhan. The Kyrgyz are Sunni Hanafi Muslims.

The suppression of the 1916 rebellion against Russian rule in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz to later migrate to China and Afghanistan. Most Kyrgyz refugees settled in Wakhan region of Afghanistan.

Until 1978, the northeastern portion of Wakhan (the Great Pamir and the Little Pamir) was home to about 3,000-5,000 ethnic Kyrgyz. In 1978 almost all the Kyrgyz inhabitants fled to Pakistan in the aftermath of the Saur Revolution. They requested 5,000 visas from the United States Consulate in Peshawar for resettlement in Alaska (a region that shares a similar climate and temperature with the Wakhan Corridor). Their request was denied. In the meantime, the heat and the unsanitary conditions of the refugee camp were killing the Kyrgyz refugees at an alarming rate. Turkey, which was then under the military coup rule of General Kenan Evren, stepped in, and resettled the entire group in the Lake Van region of Turkey in 1982. The village of Ulupamir (or "Great Pamir" in Kyrgyz) in Erciş on Lake Van was given to them, and more than 5,000 of them still reside today. The documentary film "37 Uses for a Dead Sheep – the story of the Pamir Kirghiz" was based on the life of these Kyrgyz/Kirgiz in their new home.

Kyrgyz from Wakhan region of Afghanistan moved to Pakistan in the 1970s. Nearly 1,100 of them were accepted by Turkey to settle in Ulupamir (or "Great Pamir" in Kyrgyz), their resettlement village in Van Province.

Some Kyrgyz returned to the Wakhan in October 1979, following the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.

Tourism
In recent years the Wakhan has become a destination for adventurous trekkers, and several tour companies offer trips to the area. BBC correspondent John Simpson has recommended the area as a place to take a wonderful, and relatively safe, holiday. Kate Humble, a BBC television presenter, reports that the area is beautiful and the people friendly. The entire Wakhan was designated as the protected Wakhan National Park in 2014.

Popular culture
The Wakhan plays a large role in Greg Mortenson's book, Stones into Schools. This book tells the story of the building of a school in the Kyrgyz village of Bozai Gumbaz. The factual accuracy of this account is strongly disputed in Jon Krakauer's ebook Three Cups of Deceit.

title: Wakhan


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Category:Installation artists

Installation artists create "installations", sometimes seen as mixed media sculptures, which typically remodel a room in an art gallery or an exterior space.

title: Category:Installation artists


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John Maclellan, 3rd Lord Kirkcudbright

John Maclellan, 3rd Lord Kirkcudbright (died 1664) was a Scottish nobleman and royalist.

History
Maclellan, like his father Lord Kirkcudbright (whose titles he inherited in 1647), was an ardent Covenanter; he raised levies for the king which he used in the raid on Whigamore in 1648.

A zealous Royalist, John Maclellan insisted his vassals take up arms in the cause of the King, during the course of which from 1640 the villages of Dunrod and Galtway were much depleted.

Lord Kirkcudbright, along with Major General James Holburn, was appointed as a deputation from the Committee of Estates to meet with Oliver Cromwell at Seaton and accompany him to Edinburgh.

Lord Kirkcudbright's regiment, which had been sent to Ireland, was on 6 December attacked by the English Parliamentary forces, nearly being cut to pieces.

The lands to which this Lord Kirkcudbright succeeded were extensive, but his loyalty in raising and furnishing forces during the English Civil War, for which he, like so many other royalists, received no remuneration, impoverished his estate.

title: John Maclellan, 3rd Lord Kirkcudbright


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Shewa

Shewa (ሸዋ; Shawaa; Somali: Shawa; شيوا), formerly romanized as Shua, Shoa, Showa, Shuwa (Scioà in Italian ), is a historical region of Ethiopia which was formerly an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire. The modern Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa is located at its center.

The towns of Debre Berhan, Antsokia, Ankober, Entoto and, after Shewa became a province of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa have all served as the capital of Shewa at various times. Most of northern Shewa, made up of the districts of Menz, Tegulet, Yifat, Menjar and Bulga, is populated by Christian Amharas, while southern Shewa is inhabited by the Gurages and eastern Shewa has large Oromo and Argobba Muslim populations. The monastery of Debre Libanos, founded by Saint Tekle Haymanot, is located in the district of Selale, Oromia Modern Shewa includes the historical Endagabatan province.

History
Shewa first appears in the historical record as part of a Muslim state (Makhzumi dynasty), which G. W. B. Huntingford believed was founded in 896, and had its capital at Walalah. In a recent discovery, a team of French archaeologists uncovered three urban centers believed to have been remnants of the former Sultanate of Ifat, with the Nora site in eastern Shewa being the most notable among them.

Yekuno Amlak based his uprising against the Zagwe dynasty from an enclave in Shewa. He claimed Solomonic forebears, direct descendants of the pre-Zagwe Axumite emperors, who had used Shewa as their safe haven when their survival was threatened by Gudit and other enemies. This is the reason why the region got the name "Shewa" which means 'rescue' or 'save'. This claim is supported by the Kebra Nagast, a book written under one of the descendants of Yekuno Amlak, which mentions Shewa as part of the realm of Menelik I. Aksum and its predecessor Dʿmt were mostly limited to Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea during the 1st millennium BCE. However, Shewa eventually became a part of Abyssinia upon the rise of the Amhara Solomonic dynasty. Dawit I and his successors stayed in Fatagar (part of Shewa) for a long time in Tobya (Yifat, Fatagar). The province served as the birthplace of the future emperors Zara Yaqob and Dawit II. Zara Yaqob and Na'od would then make Debre Berhan and Zway their capitals respectively. In 1528 Shewa was overrun by Muslim invaders from the Sultanate of Adal to the east, and its ancient cities were destroyed.

Most of Shewa was overrun by the Oromos during the late 16th century. Its eastern fringe was reportedly inhabited by the Harla people according to the Karrayyu Oromo. According to oral traditions, Shewa had a powerful king named Sarako, who prevented the people from bearing arms. A certain giant arose against Sarako, and his children, and destroyed them. When the clans of the Borana, Gombichu and Ada, entered Shewa, they found no-one to stop them, since the children of Sarako had been killed. Enrico Cerulli believes that this tradition is related to the Amhara tradition of an arrogant king, which is attributed to Emperor Dawit II. However, he also notes that Sarako is the Gurage name for Emperor Zara Yaqob, from this he concludes that the Oromo acquired the Sarako tradition through their contact with the Gurage.

The Amhara Shewan ruling family was founded in the late 17th century by Negasi Krestos, who consolidated his control around Yifat and extended his territory to the south by conquering Menz, Tegulet and Merhabete from the Oromos. Upon rising to power, Sahle Selassie aligned himself to the Abichu Oromo and turn his attention to the Tulama Oromo, whom he defeated in the early 1820s. He followed this victory by rebuilding Debre Berhan, which had been burned in an Oromo raid, as well as a number of other towns and consolidated his hold by founding a number of fortified villages, like Angolalla, in the Abichu territory. He extended the frontier of Shewa into Bulga and Karayu, to the southeast into Arsi, and as far south as the territories of the Gurage. After a few years, Sahle Selassie felt his position secure enough that he proclaimed himself Negus, or king, of Shewa, Ifat, the Oromo and the Gurage peoples, without the authority of the Emperor of Ethiopia in Gondar.

After the death of Sahle Selassie in 1847, Shewa fell under the rule of his son, Haile Melekot. Shewa soon attracted the attention of Emperor Tewodros II, who mobilized his army in Wollo and advanced into Shewa on October 1855. The Emperor advanced into Tegulet and around the same time the Oromo seized the opportunity to rebel and burnt Ankober to the ground. Haile Melekot, decided to prevent Debre Berhan from falling into the hands of his enemy and had the town put to flames, he then fled to a nearby hill where he hoped to hide but soon died of an illness on November 10. After Haile Melekot' death, Tewdoros' opponents rallied behind the late king's son, Menelik II. Tewdoros left his camp at Debre Berhan and pursued the boy to Bakarat where he was captured and imprisoned at his mountain stronghold in Amba Mariam. After crushing the Amhara opposition in the province, Tewdoros then turned his attention towards the Oromo and according to Zanab "exterminated all the Gallas, from Debre Berhan to Ankober so that their corpses covered the ground like a carpet."

Menelik II, who escaped from Amba Mariam at the end of June 1865 when he was twenty one years old, quickly returned to war-ravaged Shewa. During the first part of his reign, he ordered the reconstruction of various fortified towns such as Ankober, Debre Berhan and Warra Ilu. These sites had the advantage of being in the center of his realm, enabling him to remain in contact with the Christians to the south and the Muslim Oromos in the northeast. The area around these town moreover had rich pastures capable of feeding numerous cavalry and other livestock. After the Egyptian-Ethiopian War, Emperor Yohannes IV, who was angered over Menelik's claim to be the Emperor, marched into Shewa and ravaged the towns. Menelik, realizing that resistance was futile, was forced to submit to Yohannes.

Escaping influence from Yohannes, Menelik moved his capital south from Ankober to Mount Entoto in 1884. There, his wife Taytu Betul was attracted to a nearby spring known as Finfinne by the local Oromo inhabitants. In the spring of 1886, Menelik chose the site for Addis Ababa, his future capital. Building began at once, and, when Menelik became emperor of the whole country in 1889, Addis Ababa became the capital of Ethiopia.

Notable people

 * Meridazmatch and Negus of Shewa
 * People from Addis Ababa

title: Shewa


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Sussexite

Sussexite is a manganese borate mineral MnBO2(OH). Crystals are monoclinic prismatic and typically fibrous in occurrence. Colour is white, pink, yellowish white with a pearly lustre. It has a Mohs hardness of 3 and a specific gravity of 3.12.

It is named after the Franklin Mining District in Sussex County, New Jersey, US where it was first discovered in 1868.

Sussexite also occurs in France, Italy, Namibia, North Korea, South Africa, Switzerland, and the US states of Michigan, New Jersey, Utah and Virginia.

title: Sussexite