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WrestleMania III

WrestleMania III was the third annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). The event was held on March 29, 1987, at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan. There were 12 matches, with the main event featuring Hulk Hogan successfully defending the WWF World Heavyweight Championship against André the Giant.

WWF claimed that paid attendance was 93,173, which would have made it the largest crowd for a WWF event as well as the largest recorded attendance of a live indoor event in North America at the time; however, retrospective analyses of the event have determined the actual attendance to be around 78,000. The event is considered to be the pinnacle of the 1980s wrestling boom, with almost one million fans watching the event at 160 closed-circuit locations in North America and the number of people watching via pay-per-view estimated at several million. The WWF generated $1.6 million in ticket sales, and pay-per-view revenue was estimated at $10.3 million, setting a record for the time. The promotion's only event with an official higher attendance was WrestleMania 32, held at AT&T Stadium in 2016. The record for the largest indoor event stood until January 27, 1999, when it was surpassed by the papal mass with Pope John Paul II at the TWA Dome in St. Louis, Missouri, which drew an audience of 104,000.

Background
WrestleMania is considered the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) flagship pay-per-view (PPV) event, having first been held in 1985. It is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. Unlike the previous year's WrestleMania 2, WrestleMania III was only scheduled to be held at one location. It was scheduled to be held on March 29, 1987, at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan.

Storylines
Like the previous WrestleMania events, WrestleMania III was promoted for several months in advance. The main feud stemmed from André the Giant's heel turn and betrayal of his friend, the WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan, which began on an episode of Piper's Pit when WWF President Jack Tunney presented Hogan with a trophy for being the WWF World Heavyweight Champion for three years, and André, his good friend, came out to congratulate him but cryptically remarked: "Three years to be a champion, it's a long time". A week later on another episode of Piper's Pit, Tunney presented André with a visibly smaller trophy for being "undefeated in the WWF for 15 years", and Hogan came out to congratulate André, but before The Giant could speak, Hogan ended up being the focal point of the interview. Annoyed by this, André walked out during Hogan's congratulation speech. A week later on yet another Piper's Pit segment, Jesse Ventura hinted he knew something about André, but wasn't telling. This infuriated Piper and the two nearly came to blows before Ventura asserted that he could produce André the next week, asking Piper, "Can you produce Hogan?". Piper agreed and nervously asked Hogan later on, who agreed. The following week, Hogan was on Piper's Pit first when André walked out with Bobby "The Brain" Heenan, a long-time adversary of Hogan and André. He announced himself to be André's new manager. André then challenged Hogan to a title match at WrestleMania III and attacked Hogan, ripping off Hogan's T-shirt and crucifix necklace.

Another main feud leading up to the event was between Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat and the Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion "Macho Man" Randy Savage. The feud began during a title match between the two when Savage attacked Steamboat as he greeted fans at ringside. Savage then pushed Steamboat over the security rail and delivered an elbow shot that thrust Steamboat's throat into the rail and dropped the ring bell onto his throat from the top rope, injuring his larynx and sending him to the hospital. This resulted in a long, bitter feud that lasted for six months, included several bloody match-ups, and finally culminated at WrestleMania. George "The Animal" Steele was in Steamboat's corner, having developed a crush on Savage's valet, Miss Elizabeth.

Billy Jack Haynes and Hercules' feud started when Bobby Heenan continuously taunted Haynes, telling him that Hercules was the real master of Haynes' finishing move, the full nelson; which came to a boiling point when Hercules attacked Haynes on an edition of Superstars of Wrestling, which led to their match at WrestleMania. This battle was advertised as the "Full Nelson Challenge."

Another heated feud leading up to this event was between "The King" Harley Race and the Junkyard Dog. When The WWF Wrestling Classic became the King of the Ring tournament, Harley Race went on to win the tournament and began referring to himself as "King" Harley Race, and coming to the ring in a royal crown and cape to the ceremonial accompaniment of the classical music piece, "Great Gates of Kiev" by Modest Mussorgsky. After each of his victories, Race forced his defeated opponent to "bow and kneel" before him. Usually, Race's manager, Bobby Heenan, forced the defeated opponent to "bow and kneel" by grabbing his hair. Junkyard Dog protested Race's self-proclaimed monarchy in the WWF and stated there would never be a complete ruler in the WWF, which led to a match on Saturday Night's Main Event IX, in which the King and his manager both tried to make Junkyard Dog bow for them. This set the stage for the WrestleMania match, which included the stipulation that the loser had to bow to the winner.

On January 26, 1987, The British Bulldogs lost the WWF Tag Team Championship to The Hart Foundation in a match that saw the Dynamite Kid so debilitated with a back injury that he was virtually carried to the ring by Davey Boy Smith and did not see any physical activity after being knocked out by the Harts' manager, "The Mouth of the South" Jimmy Hart, who had hit him with his megaphone as the match began. Danny Davis was the referee and allowed The Hart Foundation to use illegal double-team maneuvers. After being given some time off for Dynamite to recuperate, the Bulldogs continued their rivalry with The Hart Foundation when they teamed up with Tito Santana against the Foundation and the referee-turned-wrestler Danny Davis in a six-man tag team match at WrestleMania III. The match was billed as a revenge match with Santana's inclusion due to Davis being the referee in the Boston Garden in early 1986 when he had lost the Intercontinental title to the Macho Man who used a foreign object to get the win.

Rock singer and Detroit native Alice Cooper was in Jake "The Snake" Roberts' corner during his match with The Honky Tonk Man managed by "Colonel" Jimmy Hart. The Honky Tonk Man had attacked Roberts with a guitar on Roberts' interview segment, The Snake Pit, which legitimately injured Roberts' neck. This event began Roberts' turn into a babyface as well as the feud between the wrestlers, which culminated in their WrestleMania match.

The feud between "Adorable" Adrian Adonis and Rowdy Roddy Piper began when, following a leave of absence from the WWF in mid-1986, Piper returned to find his Piper's Pit segment replaced by The Flower Shop, a segment hosted by then-effeminate wrestler Adrian Adonis. Piper, who returned as a face, spent weeks crashing Adonis' show and trading insults, leading to a "showdown" between the two segments that ended with Piper being assaulted and humiliated by Adonis, Piper's former bodyguard Bob Orton, and Don Muraco. The trio left Piper with his face covered in red lipstick, lying in the middle of the remnants of the destroyed Piper's Pit set. In response, Piper stormed the set of Adonis' show and destroyed it with a baseball bat. This led to their Hair vs. Hair match at WrestleMania III, which was billed as Piper's retirement match from wrestling before becoming a full-time actor.

Event
WWF owner Vince McMahon claims that as he was about to announce "Welcome to WrestleMania III," he felt the spirit of his father Vincent J. McMahon, who had died three years earlier. After McMahon welcomed the audience, he introduced Aretha Franklin, who opened the show singing a rendition of "America the Beautiful."

The first match of the night was The Can-Am Connection (Rick Martel and Tom Zenk) versus Bob Orton Jr. and The Magnificent Muraco (with Mr. Fuji). This match ended when Martel gave Muraco a high cross-body with Zenk on his hands and knees giving Muraco what Gorilla Monsoon called "A little high school trip from behind" allowing Martel to get the win for his team.

The next match that aired was Hercules (with Bobby "The Brain" Heenan in his corner) against Billy Jack Haynes in the "Full Nelson Challenge." The match ended when Haynes locked Hercules in the full nelson outside the ring and both were counted out. After the match, Heenan assaulted Haynes by kneeing him in the back after Haynes had applied the full nelson to Hercules outside the ring. Haynes then chased Heenan into the ring, where Hercules then blindsided Haynes with his chain, hitting him a number of times with it before locking a bloodied Haynes into his own full nelson.

The Mixed Tag Team Match between King Kong Bundy and his professional wrestling midget team of Lord Littlebrook and Little Tokyo against Hillbilly Jim and his own team of The Haiti Kid and Little Beaver was next. The rules were that only midgets could fight midgets and that neither Bundy nor Hillbilly was allowed to attack the midgets, though at one point, Bundy tagged in and Little Beaver refused to tag out immediately, even hitting the 458 lb "Walking condominium" with a dropkick to no effect before bailing with a tag to Hillbilly Jim. King Kong Bundy's team was disqualified when Bundy attacked Little Beaver because Bundy was not supposed to be in the ring with the midgets. After Beaver had "attacked" Bundy on occasion during the match, he finally got caught and Bundy attacked Little Beaver, hitting him with a body slam before dropping an elbow across his chest.

The "Loser Must Bow" match between the Junkyard Dog and Harley Race (with Bobby Heenan and "The Queen of Wrestling", The Fabulous Moolah) followed. Prior to the match, "Mean" Gene Okerlund interviewed Heenan, Race, and Moolah backstage, where Moolah predicted that Junkyard Dog would have to bow to the King as he is supposed to do. Bobby then gave Moolah the crown and told her to put it on the King's head after the match, "As only the Queen of Wrestling can do". Junkyard Dog came out to the ring to a big ovation in the Silverdome. During the match, the two battled back and forth, with Race even trying unsuccessfully to give the prone Dog a falling headbutt which naturally failed. Following this, Race recovered enough to give the Junkyard Dog a belly to belly suplex when he was distracted by Bobby Heenan to get the win. Due to the pre-match stipulation, JYD did a little bow and then hit Race from the blindside with a steel chair to a rousing ovation from the crowd. After attacking Race, Junkyard Dog took the King's royal robe and left the ring with it in hand to a standing ovation.

The next match was The Dream Team (Brutus Beefcake and Greg "The Hammer" Valentine), with Luscious Johnny V and Canadian strong man Dino Bravo in their corner, against The Fabulous Rougeau Brothers (Jacques and Raymond). Ray Rougeau started off the match by locking up with Beefcake. The two men later tagged out, and Valentine brawled with Jacques Rougeau as Bravo looked on from the outside of the ring. Raymond performed a sleeper hold on Valentine and was followed by Beefcake jumping off the ropes and accidentally hitting The Hammer with a double axe handle. The Rougeau Brothers gave Valentine a double team move, but the referee was arguing with Beefcake. The match ended when Dino Bravo jumped off the top rope and hit Raymond while he was pinning Valentine, then rolling Valentine on top of him for the win. The Dream Team argued for most of the match, which led to Valentine, Bravo and Luscious Johnny departing together, without Beefcake.

Footage of an interview with Rowdy Roddy Piper was aired as Piper made his way to the ring to face "Adorable" Adrian Adonis, who was accompanied by "The Mouth of the South" Jimmy Hart, in Piper's retirement match. Piper and Adonis began the match by attacking each other with Piper's belt. Adonis put a sleeper hold on Piper in the middle of the ring and released the hold prior to Piper's arm going down for a 3rd time, thinking that he won the match. When Jimmy Hart got in the ring to celebrate with Adonis, Brutus Beefcake came to the ring to help Piper recover, and Piper attacked Adonis and performed a sleeper hold of his own. Piper got the victory, and after the match was over, Brutus got in the ring and cut Adrian Adonis' hair as Piper held Jimmy Hart down. After being woken by Beefcake and seeing himself in the mirror he had brought to the ring that Piper was holding, Adonis hit the mirror and chased Piper around the ring before leaving the ring in embarrassment with Hart using his jacket to cover Adonis' head.

Up next was a six-man tag team match featuring former referee Danny Davis (in his debut as a WWF wrestler) and the WWF Tag Team Champions, The Hart Foundation (Bret "Hitman" Hart and Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart), against The British Bulldogs (Dynamite Kid and Davey Boy Smith) and Tito Santana with Matilda the Bulldog in their corner. As a referee, Davis' bias towards heel wrestlers had led to the Bulldogs losing the tag titles to the Harts and also led to Santana losing the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship to "Macho Man" Randy Savage. The Bulldogs had many near-falls, yet Neidhart broke up most of them. After all three members of the Bulldogs/Santana team had got a measure of revenge on Davis, all six wrestlers ended up brawling in the ring. Danny Davis recovered and hit Davey Boy with Jimmy Hart's megaphone and pinned him for the win.

"The Natural" Butch Reed, making his pay-per-view debut, against Koko B. Ware, was the following match. Reed won the match with a rollup, (and a handful of tights), after a high cross-body from Koko. After the contest, Reed's manager Slick got in the ring and attacked Koko B. Ware with his cane, but Tito Santana quickly rushed to the ring and stopped Slick, and ripped some of his clothes off. Slick retreated as Reed got back in the ring, only for Reed to get a double drop kick from Koko and Santana. The next contest was a title match involving reigning WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion, Randy "Macho Man" Savage (with Miss Elizabeth) and Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat (with George "The Animal" Steele). The match itself lasted for nearly fifteen minutes. At one point, Savage was about to use the ring bell as a weapon, but was stopped by Steele, who knocked him off of the top rope. When Savage attempted to give Steamboat a scoop slam, Steamboat reversed it into a small package to get the win and become the new WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion, marking the first time in WrestleMania history that the Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship changed hands. This match is considered by many to be one of the greatest matches in WWE history.

The tenth match of the night was between The Honky Tonk Man (with "Colonel" Jimmy Hart) and Jake "The Snake" Roberts, who along with his pet Python "Damien", had Detroit native Alice Cooper in his corner. When Jake went for the DDT, Honky Tonk Man's manager Jimmy Hart pulled Roberts' legs, and the Honky Tonk Man rolled up Roberts from behind, held on to the ropes, and pinned him for the win. After the match, Roberts narrowly missed hitting Honky with his own guitar, smashing it against a ring post and causing Honky to run off down the aisle, leaving Hart alone in the ring. Alice Cooper got in the ring and, with Roberts' holding Hart in a Full Nelson, attacked him with Roberts' python Damien.

Ring announcer Howard Finkel then introduced "Mean" Gene Okerlund to the crowd. Okerlund then announced the reported attendance of the event, which set a new indoor-attendance record of 93,173.

The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff (with Slick) were in action next, against The Killer Bees ("Jumping" Jim Brunzell and B. Brian Blair). Slick asked all of the fans to rise to respect Nikolai Volkoff's singing of the Soviet National Anthem, and when Volkoff began singing, "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan came to the ring with his two-by-four, which had a tiny American flag attached to it, got on the microphone and said that Volkoff was not going to sing because America is the land of the free and the home of the brave. While the match ensued, Duggan stayed at ringside. When The Iron Sheik locked a camel clutch on Brunzell, Duggan, who was chasing Volkoff around the ring and finally into it, stopped and hit an unsuspecting Sheik across the back with his 2x4 in front of the referee, resulting in The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff winning the bout by disqualification.

Main event
In what has since been billed as the "biggest main event in sports entertainment," the final match pitted WWF World Heavyweight Champion, Hulk Hogan defending the title against André the Giant. Howard Finkel introduced the guest ring announcer, Bob Uecker, who in turn introduced the guest timekeeper, Entertainment Tonight host Mary Hart. The fans booed André heavily and pelted him and his manager Bobby Heenan with trash as they rode the cart to the ring. In contrast, Hogan, who walked to the ring, came out to a huge ovation. Approximately one minute into the match, Hogan attempted to body slam André, but he was unable to lift The Giant and nearly lost the match when Andre fell on him and almost pinned him. After the match had battled back and forth, André gave Hogan an Irish whip to the far side of the ring and attempted a big boot on Hogan, but Hogan ducked it and came off the ropes to give André a clothesline to take him off his feet for the first time in the match. Hogan then "Hulked up" and scoop slammed the 525 lb Giant before hitting the ropes and executing his leg drop pin to get the win and retain the championship.

Reception
The event has received positive reviews. In the years after WrestleMania III, the Savage vs. Steamboat match has been ranked by critics and other wrestlers as one of the greatest matches in professional wrestling. Pro Wrestling Illustrated and Wrestling Observer Newsletter named it 1987's Match of the Year. IGN ranked it at number 6 in their Top 20 Matches in WrestleMania History. Steamboat described the match as "the moment in time that defined me as a wrestler." Thomas Golianopoulos of Complex Sports ranked it at number two in his list of the 50 Greatest Matches in WrestleMania History, citing that "Both guys worked lightning fast and everything from Steamboat's aggressiveness to the involvement of George "The Animal" Steele played off their part." David Otunga picked it as WWE.com's Five-Star Match of the Week in December 19, 2012.

The main event between Hulk Hogan and André the Giant is regarded as one of the pivotal matches in the history of the WWE, with Hogan's body slam on André having become an iconic moment of both wrestlers' careers as well as of the 1980s professional wrestling boom overall. Despite its historic importance, the match was also criticized for its quality. At the time, it received a negative four star rating from Dave Meltzer and the Wrestling Observer Newsletter named it the "Worst Worked Match of the Year." Meltzer would later increase his rating to one star out of five. In 2020, 411Mania's Larry Csonka gave the match one star, stating "The match is not good in any way shape or form; but is one I completely appreciate for its historical importance." Kevin Pantoja, also a writer for 411Mania, gave the match two stars in 2019, stating "Technically, this isn't any good. However, I don't think it's nearly as bad as some people do".

There have been numerous claims since WrestleMania III that the quoted attendance figure of 93,173; which established a world record attendance for an indoor event was false and that the real attendance figure was only around 78,000. The record would be broken by WrestleMania 32 in 2016. Meltzer pointed that 78,000 is attributed to Zane Bresloff, the local promoter for the event.

Officially, WrestleMania III ranks as the second highest attended event in WWE history behind WrestleMania 32 at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas in 2016 with an official figure of just over 101,000 in attendance, although Meltzer claims the actual number was between 93–94,000.

In a YouTube segment, the Honky Tonk Man tells Billy Graham that he wasn't overly impressed with Wrestlemania III, and has dismissed it despite the size of the crowd. He stated that the wrestlers involved...'had been on the road for fifty days. Go back and look at the video. We were beat, we didn't care!'

Aftermath
Roddy Piper went on to film Hell Comes to Frogtown and They Live and made sporadic appearances on television before finally returning to host a Piper's Pit segment at WrestleMania V. Piper continued to be active in professional wrestling at various points for more than two decades. The first televised match between André and Hogan after WrestleMania III was on The Main Event I on NBC on February 5, 1988, drawing a record 33 million viewers, making it the most-watched match in North American professional wrestling history. The angle surrounding this match was that after winning the match, André ended Hogan's four-year reign as WWF champion with the help of a worked screwjob finish involving twin referees Earl and Dave Hebner. Their feud culminated in a rematch at WrestleMania IV as part of a tournament to crown a new champion (both ended up being disqualified during the match for using a steel chair in front of referee Joey Marella). The Hogan/Andre match at WrestleMania IV was the first-ever WrestleMania rematch.

Randy Savage continued to challenge Ricky Steamboat for the Intercontinental title in rematches at house shows across the country. Steamboat eventually lost the title to The Honky Tonk Man, and not long after, Savage became a face and feuded with Honky Tonk over the title. On September 4, 1987, Randy Savage won the King of the Ring by defeating King Kong Bundy.

Twenty years later, WrestleMania 23 celebrated WrestleMania III by returning to the Detroit metropolitan area, showing footage from WrestleMania III, having Aretha Franklin ("Who's Zoomin' Who?" by Franklin was the theme song to WrestleMania III) sing "America the Beautiful", and having Kane scoop slam The Great Khali. WrestleMania 23 had the highest buyrate of any WrestleMania in history, before getting beaten by WrestleMania XXVIII.

Also in 2007, WrestleMania III was re-released on DVD. The DVD included pre-WrestleMania interviews and matches, including the battle royal from Saturday Night's Main Event X that Hercules won, and optional pop-up trivia facts about the event.

WrestleMania III was re-released on DVD on March 12, 2013. Fox Sports 1 later rebroadcast the event on May 12, 2020.

title: WrestleMania III


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Bronze Tiger

Bronze Tiger is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Dennis O'Neil, Leopoldo Durañona, and Jim Berry, he first appeared in Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter #1 (May 1975) during the Bronze Age of Comics.

The character is often portrayed as an anti-hero or villain and is commonly depicted as an African-American grandmaster martial artist within the DC Universe alongside related character, Richard Dragon and Lady Shiva. They have gained recognition as one of the premier martial artists, assassins, and spies on Earth. Over time, the character has developed close associations with Batman, the League of Assassins, and various other titles and characters in the DC Universe. Notably, they have been involved with the Suicide Squad and have served as the love interest for the superheroine Vixen.

The character has made appearances in various forms of media, including animated features like Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay and Batman: The Brave and the Bold. Notably, Bronze Tiger became a recurring character in the television series Arrow, portrayed by Michael Jai White, who also provided the character's voice in other animated adaptations.

Publication history
Bronze Tiger first appeared in Dragon's Fists, a novel by Dennis O'Neil and Jim Berry which starred Richard Dragon.

Bronze Tiger's first DC Comics appearance was in Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter #1 (April/May 1975).

Early years
Born as Benjamin Turner, Ben comes from an upper-middle-class black neighborhood in Central City. When he was only 10 years old, he saw a burglar attacking his parents, and he proceeded to kill the man with a kitchen knife. In an effort to control the rage inside him, Turner turns to martial arts (and eventually, crime). After some time, Turner decides to travel to the far East to finally come to terms with his demons. There, he meets the O-Sensei, and studies under him, together with later recruit Richard Dragon. The meeting between Turner and Dragon starts the series Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter. Sometime after, they are approached by Barney Ling, from the organization known as G.O.O.D. (Global Organization of Organized Defense), and their (reluctant) working for Ling served as the basis for the Kung Fu Fighter series.

A flashback in DC Comics Presents #39 (1981) shows Richard Dragon discovering that Turner has been brainwashed into becoming the Bronze Tiger by Professor Ojo, then used by Barney Ling (who turns out to be a traitor). Dragon and Turner prove to be equals in the fight, which only ends when Ling is accidentally knocked out a window.

League of Assassins
Later, in Suicide Squad #38, Turner's further career is shown, wherein he and Dragon are hired by King Faraday to work for the C.B.I. (Central Bureau of Intelligence). Assigned to take down the League of Assassins, Dragon and Turner are discovered by the League, who kill Turner's fiancée, Myoshi, and proceed to brainwash Turner. Turner was rid of his demons by channeling them into the identity of the Bronze Tiger, a masked assassin working for the League.

During this time, he also trains the assassin David Cain's daughter, Cassandra, together with other members of the League. As the Bronze Tiger, Turner developed a fearsome reputation in the world, his identity remaining a secret to everyone but the League.

As the Bronze Tiger, Ben was feared worldwide, and the Sensei was smart enough to ensure that Ben hardly ever took off the mask, sending him on a new mission as soon as he finished another. For a time, his identity was secret, and he became one of the most wanted criminals, the Bronze Tiger being a professional assassin, killing on three continents.

Learning of Bronze Tiger's true identity, King Faraday set up a rescue squad of Rick Flag and Nightshade. They retrieved the Tiger, and he was deprogrammed by Amanda Waller, who would later run the Suicide Squad.

Suicide Squad

Waller recruits Turner for the Suicide Squad, setting him up to become the team's leader. Still, he ends up the team's second-in-command under Rick Flag. On the team's first mission, the Tiger faces Ravan, whom he cripples but refuses to kill. Turner develops a relationship with Vixen while a member of the Squad's support crew, Flo Crawley, nurses a crush on him. Meeting Ravan again later, Turner convinces him to join the Squad, and the two become an effective fighting duo.

The Suicide Squad was mostly populated by villains, but the Tiger is one of the Squad's 'good' members, meant to balance out the cast of characters. He often enforces Waller's rules, such as forcing various Squad members to wear devices designed to force good behavior. A Bronze Tiger solo story appeared as a Bonus Book in Suicide Squad #21 (December 1988).

The nigh-corrupting nature of the Squad eventually leads to Rick Flag's departure and seeming death in a nuclear explosion. Turner becomes the leader of the team, a role in which he excels, often disobeying direct orders to save the lives of his team (even if they were "expendable"). The Squad member Duchess, in reality, the Apokoliptian soldier Lashina, betrays the team and takes many, including Flo, to Apokolips. Flo does not survive the kidnapping.

Turner is eventually confronted by his superiors about his actions, and in the ensuing meeting, Turner's mind snaps. He flees, traveling back to the East (leaving Vixen in the process), where he spends some time as a janissary.

Eventually, Amanda Waller reforms the Squad and again recruits Turner. In the interim, Turner has become a deeply troubled man, one who distances himself from Vixen and was constantly egging on Ravan to confront him. In a mission shortly after the team had reformed, Vixen is hurt, which unlocks Turner's feelings for her once more. He mostly returns to his old state of mind. Vixen later leaves the team, telling Turner she no longer loves him but wishes him well.

In the team's last mission, the Squad struggles to free a small island nation from the tyranny of its seemingly immortal ruler. The team must pass through a forest known for causing hallucinations. While the others experience their own mind trips, Bronze Tiger faces himself. Defeating himself and thereby exorcising his demons, Turner once again becomes a complete person. The tyrant is later defeated by Waller.

Shortly after leaving the Squad, Turner is part of Bruce Wayne's search for Jack Drake (father of Tim Drake) and Shondra Kinsolving, who had been kidnapped. He teams up with Green Arrow and Gypsy, a member of the short-lived Justice League Task Force. Gypsy becomes romantically involved with Tiger. He later becomes her mentor in martial arts.

In a story arc of the Batgirl title in 2005, Cassandra Cain begins a search for her birth mother, who she believes is Lady Shiva. She tracks down Turner in Detroit, where he has opened the "Tiger Dojo". Both are able to come to terms with Turner's involvement in Cassandra's training, and he expresses his pride in her becoming a hero. Bronze Tiger meets with Batman shortly afterward. He has to stop a group of villains and avenge his master.

World War III and beyond
In the World War III event, Bronze Tiger is shown to have retired but is coaxed back into action by Amanda Waller.

In Checkmate (vol. 2) Bronze Tiger rescues Rick Flag from a secret Quraci prison, where Flag had been imprisoned for four years. Notably, he is seen wearing a variant of his costume while with the League of Assassins, complete with a tiger head mask (according to writer Nunzio DeFilippis he wears the mask to prove it no longer has any power over him ). Afterward, Amanda Waller appears at the Tiger Dojo, revealing to Ben that she leaked the information about Flag's whereabouts. She then enlists their aid in tracking down a supposedly rogue Suicide Squad team, a team which, in reality, was being run by Flag and Turner at Waller's behest.

In Countdown #39, Bronze Tiger is among the Suicide Squad members trying to bring in Pied Piper and The Trickster.

In a recent appearance in the mini-series Gotham Underground, Bronze Tiger is among the members of the Suicide Squad arresting Two-Face, Mad Hatter, Hugo Strange, and Scarecrow. While frisking Scarecrow, he is gassed by the escaping villain, revealing a previously undiscovered fear of insects.

Bronze Tiger appears in a Blackest Night-related one-shot entitled Blackest Night: Suicide Squad #67 (part of a series of one-shots operating as extra issues to long-since canceled ongoing series). He works with fellow Suicide Squad members Count Vertigo and Rick Flag to bring down a Mexican drug lord. When the Secret Six attempt to break into Belle Reve prison, Bronze Tiger squares off with Catman to see who is the superior feline-themed martial artist.

The New 52
In the New 52 reboot, Bronze Tiger is a high-ranking grandmaster within the League of Assassins. Alongside other assassins like Lady Shiva, Cheshire, Rictus, and December Graystone, he kidnaps Jason from the Outlaws. on account Talia al Ghul revealed to him years ago that Jason is the only one capable of stopping the Untitled, who seek the powerful Well of Sins in the League's sacred city. Bronze Tiger and the assassins battle Arsenal, who has been deceived by the Untitled, granting them entry. Although they are initially defeated, Ra's al Ghul absorbs their powers through the Well of Sins, becoming a powerful entity. Bronze Tiger allows Cheshire to aid the Outlaws due to her feelings for Arsenal, and when Ra's is depowered by Red Hood, he advises him to retreat.

Bronze Tiger also features prominently as a major antagonist in the 2014 Deathstroke comic book series. In the "Gods of War" storyline, it is revealed that Bronze Tiger shares a close friendship with the revised version of Slade Wilson, also known as Deathstroke. He is an ally of the covert team known as the Dead Bastards, composed of intelligence operatives believed to be deceased. The team carries out black ops missions for Interpol and the CIA, particularly those deemed ethically challenging. Within the storyline, Bronze Tiger assumes the role of a deep-cover sleeper agent, pledging his loyalty to a man who identifies himself as Odysseus. This individual is revealed to be Slade Wilson's metahuman father, who employs his powers to seize control of the League of Assassins. Alongside Shiva, Bronze Tiger serves as one of Odysseus' trusted lieutenants. Their objective is to locate Jericho and merge his powers with Odysseus', thereby granting him the ability to manipulate entire populations to his will. Ultimately, Odysseus is killed by his own son, Slade Wilson, and Bronze Tiger is freed from the mind control and sleeper agent programming that had influenced his actions.

Bronze Tiger also appears in the Grayson comic book series, where the character is a member of the Syndicate. The Syndicate is a clandestine group composed of the world's most skilled spies, dedicated to maintaining order among various intelligence agencies. In the series, Dick Grayson, known as Agent 37, is framed for the murder of Nemesis, and suspicions arise regarding Spyral's activities under the leadership of Helena Bertinelli, also known as Matron. The Syndicate intervenes to prevent a conflict between intelligence agencies. However, when Helena is left with no other choice when she believes that Grayson and Tiger (Agent 1 of Spyral and their top spy) have betrayed her, she forcibly enlists their aid. Consequently, the Syndicate hunts them down while working to prevent the resurrection of Otto Netz, the dangerous spymaster known as the original Agent Zero. As the Syndicate clashes with Grayson and Tiger at Spyral's headquarters, the true culprit behind Nemesis' murder is revealed to be Maxwell Lord and Checkmate. Lord had utilized double agents Alia (Agent Seven of Spyral) and Tiger to eliminate Nemesis, inciting a conflict that would eliminate Spyral. Lord also sought to obtain Spyral's Minos file, which contained the secret identities of Justice League members. Ultimately, the Syndicate is defeated by Midnighter.

Characterization
The character is widely regarded as one of the most highly skilled martial artists in the DC Universe. Within this fictional universe, Bronze Tiger's combat abilities are stated to be on par with esteemed martial artists such as Lady Shiva and Richard Dragon. Additionally, the character has been depicted and acknowledged to surpass Batman in the realm of hand-to-hand combat. Within various storylines throughout his pulication history, the character has prevailed and/or contended against various other adversaries of renown martial prowess, including Deathstroke, Black Canary, and Rick Flag Jr.

Allies and friends
Having collaborated with heroes and villains alike, Bronze Tiger has cultivated a network of allies spanning both sides of the alignment spectrum:

 * Deathstroke: Initially, the characters were portrayed as adversaries when Ben was a member of Task Force X. However, following the events of Flashpoint, it is indicated that Slade and Ben developed a friendship in the past prior to him becoming a more infamous assassin. Bronze Tiger affectionately refers to Slade as his "drinking buddy," and Slade often addresses him as "Tiggs".
 * Batman: In their initial encounters, Bronze Tiger found himself in conflict with Batman as he was brainwashed under the control of the League of Assassins. Their battles ensued, and Bronze Tiger held the upper hand in both instances. He was also responsible for the initial disappearance of Batwoman. However, as their interactions progressed, a profound respect developed between Batman and Bronze Tiger. They became sparring partners and friends, with Ben being aware of Batman's true identity. Batman affectionately refers to him as "Big Cat" and recognizes Bronze Tiger as a superior and swifter fighter during their training sessions.
 * Dick Grayson: Before the events of Flashpoint, Richard Dragon indicated that Ben had a familiarity with Nightwing. He spoke highly of Nightwing's combat abilities and vouched for his assistance in combating the Circle of Six. In subsequent appearances within the new continuity, the characters crossed paths again when Grayson was operating undercover as Agent 37 in Spyral. During this time, Ben found Grayson somewhat irritating due to his insistence on referring to him as "Bronze Tony the Tiger."
 * Cheshire: One of the most renowned assassins globally, the character was subordinate to Bronze Tiger in their respective histories within the League of Assassins following the New 52 reboot. Ben developed a sense of concern for Jade, which led him to allow her to covertly aid the Outlaws after she developed feelings for one of their members, Arsenal. Despite Jade's betrayal, which put her at odds with Ra's al Ghul and the League of Assassins, Ben's care for her persisted.

Bronze Tiger's students
As a premier martial artist, Bronze Tiger has trained several other fighters in the DC Universe:

 * Richard Dragon: In the 2004 Richard Dragon series, an alternative portrayal depicts Richard as Bronze Tiger's martial arts student during his formative years. They shared a close friendship, and it is suggested that Ben played a role in bestowing upon Richard the moniker of "Richard Dragon" and "The Dragon".
 * Cynthia Reynolds: Before the events of Flashpoint, Cynthia was a heroic figure known by her codename "Gypsy." She received martial arts training from Bronze Tiger and, over time, their relationship evolved into a romantic one.
 * Red Hood (Jason Todd): Bronze Tiger played a role as one of Jason's instructors during his training within the League of Assassins, alongside Lady Shiva. He imparted martial arts techniques and skills suitable for a mercenary to Jason. In contrast to Shiva, Jason expressed a deeper connection, considering himself not only a teacher but also his friend.
 * Batgirl (Cassandra Cain): Bronze Tiger was one of Cassandra's numerous trainers prior to her becoming Batgirl.

Powers and abilities
Bronze Tiger does not possess any inherent superhuman abilities but is highly proficient in various martial arts styles, renowned for his lightning-fast reflexes. Throughout his training, he has studied under esteemed martial arts masters such as Kirigi, O-Sensei, and Sensei. While specializing in Taekwondo, he has attained expertise in a diverse range of disciplines, including Boxing, Hapkido, Jeet Kune Do, Silat, Jujutsu, Judo, Karate, Kung Fu, Muay Thai, Wing Chun, and Vale Tudo. It is also worth noting that he has developed defensive techniques for each style, showcasing his comprehensive understanding of martial arts principles. Bronze Tiger also possesses knowledge in harnessing his own qi energy, which allows him to accelerate his healing process.

In addition to his combat skills, Bronze Tiger is recognized as an effective field leader within the Suicide Squad. He has the ability to gather and utilize available resources to his advantage, displaying his leadership prowess. Moreover, Bronze Tiger is regarded as an expert spy, having been a member of the Syndicate, a council composed of renowned spies. He serves as a valuable informant in the mercenary community, leveraging his extensive knowledge and experience in espionage.

Equipment

 * Magic talisman: In the New 52 and subsequent iterations, the character possesses a magical talisman that grants him the ability to transform between his human form and a humanoid, tiger-like form. This transformation gives him enhanced physical attributes and an immunity to pressure point strikes.
 * Tekkō-kagi: In the New 52 and subsequent iterations, Bronze Tiger is occasionally depicted wielding clawed gauntlets. These gauntlets serve a dual purpose, enabling him to both attack and defend. With natural hand motions, he can slash and block opponents, utilizing them for offensive and defensive maneuvers. Furthermore, when employed skillfully, the gauntlets can be used to ensnare and disarm weapons.

Amalgam Comics
In Amalgam Comics, Bronze Tiger is combined with Marvel's Black Panther to form B'Nchalla / Bronze Panther.

Television

 * Bronze Tiger appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Gary Anthony Sturgis. This version was a student of Wong Fei and protector of a small village who displays pride as a martial artist. In his most notable appearance in the episode "Return of the Fearsome Fangs!", he forms a reluctant partnership with Batman to battle the Terrible Trio after the three kill their Sensei. Following the fight, Bronze Tiger reopens Wong Fei's school.
 * Ben Turner / Bronze Tiger appears in Arrow, portrayed by Michael Jai White. This version has a son named Connor. Introduced in the second season episode "Identity", Turner forms an alliance with China White and a Chinese triad, who task him with fighting and killing Oliver Queen / Arrow to ensure he cannot foil their raids on a series of transports carrying medical supplies for Starling City's hospitals. While Turner is eventually incapacitated by Queen and incarcerated, in the episode "Tremors", Turner escapes from prison with the help of an arms dealer, who hires him to steal a prototype earthquake device. Turner retrieves it, but is defeated by Queen and Roy Harper. Upon his return to prison, Turner is approached by Amanda Waller with a proposal to work off part of his sentence. In the episode "Suicide Squad", A.R.G.U.S. releases Turner to participate in a mission with the eponymous team. As of the seventh season episode "Due Process", Turner has become an inmate of Slabside Maximum Security Prison. Initially an ally of Danny Brickwell and Derek Sampson, Turner betrays the former during a prison riot and aids Queen when he offers to give Turner a chance at redemption. In the episode "Training Day", Turner reveals that he witnessed the death of criminal Ricardo Diaz and, in exchange for seeing his son, reveals that Diaz's killer is Emiko Queen. As of the season finale "You Have Saved the City", Turner has been released from Slabside and helps Team Arrow battle Emiko and the Ninth Circle.

Films

 * An alternate universe incarnation of Bronze Tiger, with elements of the Cheetah, appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Arif S. Kinchen.
 * Bronze Tiger appears in Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay, voiced by Billy Brown. This version was a former CIA agent who became a vigilante after his fiancée was murdered by a former member of the League of Assassins and vowed never to take an innocent life. After being recruited by Amanda Waller's Task Force X program and tasked with retrieving a mystical "Get Out of Hell Free" card, Turner develops animosity towards the group's leader and assassin Deadshot. When the latter abandons the team to see his daughter, Waller appoints Turner as the squad's new leader. However, he is severely injured by an explosive trap set up by Professor Zoom. The squad drops off Turner at the hospital before Deadshot reassumes leadership and leads them in continuing the mission without him. Despite his injuries, Turner returns during the squad's final confrontation with Zoom, sacrificing himself to distract the speedster long enough for Deadshot to kill him. Before dying, Turner makes peace with Deadshot, who gives him the "Get Out of Hell Free" card in return.
 * Bronze Tiger appears in Batman: Soul of the Dragon, voiced by Michael Jai White. This version is a student of O-Sensei.

Video games

 * Bronze Tiger appears as a boss in Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate, voiced again by Gary Anthony Sturgis. This version is the champion of prison fights held in the titular prison. In a post-credits scene, Amanda Waller and Rick Flag recruit Bronze Tiger and Deadshot into the Suicide Squad.
 * Bronze Tiger appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Bronze Tiger appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Ike Amadi.
 * Bronze Tiger appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Kane Jungbluth-Murry. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.

Merchandise

 * Bronze Tiger received a figure in wave 18 of the DC Universe Classics line.

Miscellaneous

 * Bronze Tiger appears in The Batman Adventures as a member of Black Mask's gang.
 * Bronze Tiger makes a cameo appearance in a flashback in Batman: Arkham Unhinged.
 * The Arrowverse incarnation of Bronze Tiger appears in the non-canonical digital comic Arrow: Season 2.5. He and the Suicide Squad are tasked with eliminating the extremist sect, Onslaught. While fighting the group in Kahndaq, the squad captures one of the extremists and tortures them for information on Onslaught's leader, Khem-Adam. Once they get the information, the squad storm Khem-Adam's stronghold, though Bronze Tiger is killed by the Onslaught leader. Deadshot carries Bronze Tiger's body away to bury him in his home country.
 * Bronze Tiger makes a minor appearance in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic.
 * Bronze Tiger appears in Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons, voiced by Delbert Hunt. This version is an amoral mercenary who works for H.I.V.E. under the command of fellow mercenary Jackal.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bronze Tiger


text:
Talk:Dry dock

Largest drydock
Under Modern Times, there is a claim that a Newport News drydock is the largest in the Western Hemisphere. Later, there is a claim that a Portland drydock is the largest in North America. The two are both in the Western Hemisphere and North America, so one or the other is incorrect.

Totensiebush (talk) 22:33, 5 December 2014 (UTC)
 * They're both correct, just poorly expressed.
 * The Newport News dock is a graving dock. Vigor is a floating dry dock. Andy Dingley (talk) 23:28, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Unresolved point of interest
I'm aware of WP:NOTFAQ but an ex-navy friend asked me a question which I thought might be answered by this article, and it wasn't.

"When they dry-dock a ship, the bottom that is resting on the keel blocks can’t be painted. How do they paint the entire bottom? What does Wikipedia say?"

If anyone can answer this, I'll pass it on. If there's a citeable source for the information, perhaps it ought to be added to the article. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 06:32, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dry dock


text:
Phil Woods

Philip Wells Woods (November 2, 1931 – September 29, 2015) was an American jazz alto saxophonist, clarinetist, bandleader, and composer.

Biography
Woods was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. After inheriting a saxophone at age 12, he began taking lessons at a local music shop. His heroes on the alto saxophone included Benny Carter and Johnny Hodges. He studied music with Lennie Tristano at the Manhattan School of Music and at the Juilliard School. His friend, Joe Lopes, coached him on clarinet as there was no saxophone major at Juilliard at the time and received a bachelor’s degree in 1952. Although he did not copy Charlie Parker, Woods was known as the New Bird, a nickname also given to other alto saxophone players such as Sonny Stitt and Cannonball Adderley.

In the 1950s, Woods began to lead his own bands. Quincy Jones invited him to accompany Dizzy Gillespie on a world tour sponsored by the U.S. State Department. A few years later he toured Europe with Jones, and in 1962 he toured Russia with Benny Goodman.

After moving to France in 1968, Woods led the European Rhythm Machine, a group which tended toward avant-garde jazz. He returned to the United States in 1972 and, after an unsuccessful attempt to establish an electronic group, he formed a quintet which was still performing, with some changes of personnel, in 2004. As his theme, Woods used a piece titled "How's Your Mama?"

Woods earned the top alto sax player award almost 30 times in DownBeat magazine's annual readers' poll. His quintet was awarded the top small combo title several times.

In 1979, Woods recorded the album More Live at Armadillo World Headquarters in Austin, Texas. Perhaps his best known recorded work as a sideman is a pop piece, his alto sax solo on Billy Joel's 1977 "Just the Way You Are". He also played the alto sax solo on Steely Dan's "Doctor Wu" from their 1975 album Katy Lied, as well as Paul Simon's "Have a Good Time" from the 1975 album Still Crazy After All These Years. Although Woods was primarily a saxophonist, he was also a clarinet player and solos can be found scattered through his recordings. One particular example is his clarinet solo on "Misirlou" on the compilation album, Into the Woods.

Woods, along with Rick Chamberlain and Ed Joubert, founded the organization Celebration of the Arts (COTA) in 1978 late one night in the bar at the Deer Head Inn in Delaware Water Gap. The organization would eventually become the Delaware Water Gap Celebration of the Arts. Their initial goal was to help foster an appreciation of jazz and its relationship to other artistic disciplines. Each year, the organization hosts the Celebration of the Arts Festival in the town of Delaware Water Gap in September.

In 2005, Jazzed Media released the documentary Phil Woods: A Life in E Flat – Portrait of a Jazz Legend, directed by Rich Lerner and produced by Graham Carter.

Woods was married to Chan Parker, the common-law wife of Charlie Parker, for seventeen years and was the stepfather to Chan's daughter, Kim. On September 4, 2015, he performed a tribute to Charlie Parker with Strings at the Manchester Craftsmen's Guild and announced at the end of the show that he would be retiring. He died a little more than three weeks later of emphysema on September 29, 2015, at the age of 83.

Awards

 * Grammy Award, Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance: Images, 1975
 * Grammy Award, Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group: Live from the Show Boat (1977), More Live (1982), At the Vanguard (1983)
 * NEA Jazz Masters, 2007

As leader/co-leader
Compilation
 * Altology (Prestige, 1976)[2LP] – rec. 1956–57
 * Into the Woods (The Best of Phil Woods)  (Concord, 1996)
 * Moonlight In Vermont (CTI, 2005)[4CD]
 * Complete Quintet And Sextet Sessions 1956-1957 (Fresh Sound, 2007)[2CD]
 * Phil woods (Red, 2019)

As sideman
With Manny Albam
 * Jazz Goes to the Movies (Impulse!, 1962)
 * The Soul of the City (Solid State, 1966)

With Gary Burton
 * 1962: Who Is Gary Burton? (RCA, 1963)
 * 1964: The Groovy Sound of Music (RCA, 1965)

With Dizzy Gillespie
 * World Statesman (Norgran, 1956)
 * Dizzy in Greece (Verve, 1957)
 * The New Continent (Limelight, 1962)
 * Rhythmstick (CTI, 1990)

With Friedrich Gulda
 * Friedrich Gulda at Birdland (RCA Victor, 1957)
 * A Man of Letters (Decca, 1957)

With Quincy Jones
 * The Birth of a Band! (Mercury, 1959)
 * The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones (Mercury, 1959)
 * I Dig Dancers (Mercury, 1961) – rec. 1960
 * The Quintessence (Impulse!, 1962) – rec. 1961
 * Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury, 1964)
 * Golden Boy (Mercury, 1964)
 * I/We Had a Ball (Limelight, 1965) – rec. 1964-65
 * Quincy Plays for Pussycats (Mercury, 1965) – rec. 1959-65

With Michel Legrand
 * Legrand Jazz (Philips, 1958)
 * After the Rain (Pablo, 1982)
 * Michel Legrand and Friends  (RCA, 1975)

With Bryan Lynch
 * Simpático (The Brian Lynch/Eddie Palmieri Project) (ArtistShare, 2006)
 * Bolero Nights for Billie Holiday (Venus, 2008)

With Herbie Mann
 * The Jazz We Heard Last Summer (Savoy, 1957)
 * Yardbird Suite (Savoy, 1957)

With the Modern Jazz Quartet
 * Jazz Dialogue (Atlantic, 1965)
 * MJQ & Friends: A 40th Anniversary Celebration (Atlantic, 1994)

With Thelonious Monk
 * The Thelonious Monk Orchestra at Town Hall (Riverside, 1959) – live
 * Big Band and Quartet in Concert (Columbia, 1963) – live

With Oliver Nelson
 * Impressions of Phaedra (United Artists, 1962)
 * Full Nelson (Verve, 1963)
 * More Blues and the Abstract Truth (Impulse!, 1964)
 * Fantabulous (Argo, 1964)
 * Oliver Nelson Plays Michelle (Impulse!, 1966)
 * Happenings with Hank Jones (Impulse!, 1966)
 * The Sound of Feeling (Verve, 1966)
 * Encyclopedia of Jazz (Verve, 1966)
 * The Spirit of '67 with Pee Wee Russell (Impulse!, 1967)
 * The Kennedy Dream (Impulse!, 1967)
 * Jazzhattan Suite (Verve, 1968)

With Lalo Schifrin
 * Samba Para Dos with Bob Brookmeyer (Verve, 1963)
 * Once a Thief and Other Themes (Verve, 1965)

With Jimmy Smith
 * Monster (Verve, 1965)
 * Hoochie Coochie Man (Verve, 1966)
 * Got My Mojo Workin' (Verve, 1966) – rec. 1965

With Clark Terry
 * The Happy Horns of Clark Terry (Impulse!, 1964)
 * Squeeze Me! (Chiaroscuro, 1989)

With George Wallington
 * Jazz for the Carriage Trade (Prestige, 1956)
 * The New York Scene (Prestige, 1957)
 * Jazz at Hotchkiss (Savoy, 1957)

With others
 * Greg Abate, Kindred Spirits: Live at Chan's (Whaling City Sound, 2016)[2CD] – live rec. 2014
 * Franco Ambrosetti, Heartbop (Enja, 1981)
 * Benny Bailey, Big Brass (Candid, 1960)
 * Louis Bellson and Gene Krupa, The Mighty Two (Roulette, 1963)
 * Bob Brookmeyer, Gloomy Sunday and Other Bright Moments (Verve, 1961)
 * Kenny Burrell, A Generation Ago Today (Verve, 1967)
 * Richie Cole, Side by Side (Muse, 1981) – live rec. 1980
 * Benny Carter, Further Definitions (Impulse!, 1961)
 * Ron Carter, Anything Goes (Kudu, 1975)
 * the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band, Latin Kaleidoscope (MPS, 1968)
 * Al Cohn, Jazz Mission to Moscow (Colpix, 1962)
 * Eddie Costa, Eddie Costa Quintet (Interlude, 1957)
 * Lou Donaldson, Rough House Blues (Cadet, 1964)
 * Bill Evans, Symbiosis (MPS, 1974)
 * Gil Evans, The Individualism of Gil Evans (Verve, 1964)
 * Art Farmer, Listen to Art Farmer and the Orchestra (Mercury, 1962)
 * Stephane Grappelli, Classic Sessions: Stephane Grappelli (Who's Who In Jazz, 1987)
 * Kenyon Hopkins, The Hustler (soundtrack) (Kapp, 1961)
 * Milt Jackson, Ray Brown / Milt Jackson with Ray Brown (Verve, 1965)
 * Billy Joel, Just The Way You Are on album The Stranger CBS, 1977)
 * Benjamin Koppel, Pass the Bebop (Cowbell, 2006)
 * John Lewis, Essence (Atlantic, 1962)
 * Mundell Lowe, Satan in High Heels (soundtrack) (Charlie Parker, 1961)
 * Gary McFarland, The Jazz Version of "How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying" (Verve, 1962)
 * Nellie McKay, Obligatory Villagers (Hungry Mouse, 2007)
 * Carmen McRae, Something to Swing About (Kapp, 1959)
 * Joe Newman, Salute to Satch (RCA Victor, 1956)
 * Anita O'Day, All the Sad Young Men (Verve, 1962)
 * Pony Poindexter, Pony's Express (Epic, 1962)
 * Jimmy Raney, Jimmy Raney Quintet (Prestige, 1954)[10"]
 * Jimmy Raney and Dick Hyman, Early Quintets (Prestige, 1969) – compilation
 * Shirley Scott, Roll 'Em: Shirley Scott Plays the Big Bands (Impulse!, 1966)
 * Sahib Shihab, Jazz Sahib (Savoy, 1957)
 * Paul Simon, Still Crazy After All These Years (Columbia, 1975) - 1 track “Have a Good Time”
 * Steely Dan, Katy Lied (ABC, 1975) – 1 track "Dr. Wu"
 * Chris Swansen, Crazy Horse (Atlas, 1979)
 * Billy Taylor, Kwamina (Mercury, 1961)
 * Kai Winding, Kai Olé (Verve, 1961)

title: Phil Woods


text:
User talk:NickGorton~enwiki

Vandalism
If you do not sign your posts to my talk page, they will be deleted. Though with the initials AR... could it be? She's baaack. NickGorton 15:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Hi there
Could the two of you please take your flamewar elsewhere? Wikipedia talk pages are really supposed to be for stuff relating to editing Wikipedia. The above "discussion" looks like something off a bad message board. You'll both be happier if you restrict yourselves to actually talking about articles rather than going back and forth with personal attacks. Isomorphic 05:32, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and the "lay off the personal attacks" goes double for Angela. Isomorphic 05:34, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Hmm, let's see, Nicki claimed that female sexuality is like "puttering around in a Yugo." As a female with intense sexual urges (who knows countless other perfectly normal women who are the same), I resent that stereotype. It is stupid, spurious, and disgusting. If that bigot has the right to poison Wiki articles with such spurious views, why don't I have the right to counter that bigotry? -- Angela

 * Question for you, Isomorphic, would you have the same problem with a person of color who flamed someone in response to being called a 'nigger'? If not then perhaps you need to reconsider your response. For someone who is transgender, being referred to by an inappropriate pronoun, or gendered name, or as a 'pretend' male (or female as the case may be) is the equivalent of being referred to by that racial epithet. Of course Angela's inane comments do about as much harm to me as someone calling my partner a 'nigger' (that is nada. To be honest, she's kind of amusing.) However, I believe you may be judging this by a double standard. I would be interested, however, to hear your comments about the appropriate response in the case of racial rather than gender identity bigotry. -Nick

LGBT
Hi Nick! Could you have a look at Talk:LGBT - seems before this debate goes on and on and on, a word from an MD might really help there. Thanks a lot, AlexR 23:27, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

OK, I will have a look at it tonight. NickGorton 16:17, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Hormone replacement therapy (trans)
Hi Nick. I was struggling for an alternative to 'non-trans' women as it didn't read very well. Cisgender is a whole lot better than 'natal'. Thanks for the correction! - Pete C ✍ 20:27, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Re: "Decency" project
Don't worry about that too much - it is hardly the first time that this kind of crusaders try to change the way WP works (although it is the first time they made up a "project" for it), and so far, they have not been exactly successfull. Might make for an interesting round of debates, though ;-) – AlexR 08:58, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Category
Placed category physician on your user page.--Nomen Nescio 10:34, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Paid Editing Project
Hi: My name is Tess and I work for a global independent research firm in New York. I am interested in hiring you for a Wikipedia editing project, based on your technology and medical experience and expertise. I attempted to email you through your user page. If you received it, please read it over and contact me with any questions. If you did not receive this email, please let me know and I would be more than happy to tell you more about this project. (You can call 512-651-1797 or email tfurman@glgroup.com). Thank you and I hope to hear from you soon! Tess - Gerson Lehrman Group 19:37, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

New Emergency Physician category and collaboration
I've started a new category of emergency physicians to encourage greater interest in related articles. Please help me to expand and improve the article on emergency department and perhaps later Emergency Medicine - perhaps we will eventually reach featured article status for these subjects.--File Éireann 18:05, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

The article Emergency department has now been nominated for an Article Improvement Drive. I would be very pleased if you could go to the Article Improvement link above and back the nomination. Its near the bottom of the page--File Éireann 19:39, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

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Wikipedia_talk:Censorship
A watered-down version of the proposed policy against censorship is now open for voting. Will you knidly review the policy and make your opinions known? Thank you very much. Loom91 10:16, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

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WP:LGBT
Hi, Nick! Would you be interested in joining the LGBT Studies Wikiproject? It's been around for a while, but there's been a recent push to start assessing articles and getting things moving. Your help would be appreciated! Thanks, – SatyrTN (talk | contribs) 20:43, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:NickGorton~enwiki


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Talk:El Guapo

For an August 2004 deletion debate over this page see [[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/El Guapo

I'd suggest moving this article to "El Guapo (CAT TOWN)", as use of the name is not limited to that character. Though actually the information on El Guapo alone is little enough that it could probably be included in the CAT TOWN article itself, rendering this unnecessary, and thus it should probably be redirected to CAT TOWN. -- Ian Maxwell 2004 Aug 13 01:57 (UTC)

title: Talk:El Guapo


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Talk:Mormonism and Nicene Christianity/Archive 6

A Different Jesus
Many modern Christians feel Mormons believe in "a different Jesus" than traditional Christianity. Framed in many ways, often including that the Mormon Jesus "is the Brother of Lucifer," this accusation likely has its root in the rejection of the traditional Christian creeds that marked the birth of Mormonism. Latter Day Saints believe that these creeds were departures from the teachings of Christ and his apostles. But many of the Christian creeds have enjoyed a general consensus among Christians for many centuries, and for those who believe what they teach, they have come to represent a litmus test for recognizing genuine and false Christianity.

Also, while Mormonism is based on a biblical belief in Jesus as the Christ, the teachings of Mormonism concerning God and Man (expounded first circa 1840 near the end of Smith's life) extend far beyond the biblical narrative in ways rejected by most traditional Christian churches, including that God the Father is completely separate from Jesus Christ; that God the Father is the father of us all, and of his son, Jesus Christ, and of all the evil spirits, including Satan.

Some Latter Day Saint churches such as the Community of Christ have chosen to adopt some of the creeds of orthodox Christianity. Most others, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, teach some of the unique doctrines taught by Joseph Smith toward the end of his life. See Godhead (Mormonism).

A Different Salvation
In the eyes of many modern Christians, Mormonism extends hope in a different salvation. Mormonism contrasts with the Calvinistic tradition in teaching a "Man-based salvation" rather than a "God-based salvation". Mormonism teaches strongly that God has given humans the freedom to act and not to be acted on. This teaching puts the responsibility to accept the grace of God squarely on humans, while modern Calvinistic tradition makes God ultimately responsible for who is saved and who is not saved.

Calvinism, a type of evangelicalism, teaches that salvation is based on God's granting to some the gift of faith, and of good works. Their ability to believe, and to do works that are acceptable to God, is not at all of themselves, but wholly from the Spirit of Christ. The gift of the Spirit is not granted because of their first believing, or because of the performance of any ritual, or because of their good works meriting God's acceptance. In other words, salvation is God's rescue of sinners from the penalty and the power of sin, not the reward due to righteous actions, according to Calvinism.

Although Calvinists and Evangelical Protestants do not deny the need for works, most adhere to the belief that grace alone will save man (sola gratia). That is, they teach that good works are not the basis of their acceptance by God, but rather the product of his acceptance. Faith, not works, is the instrument by which salvation is received; and works proceeding from faith do not make the person worthy of salvation, but rather are the outworking of salvation already received by faith, according to the evangelical understanding.

Many evangelicals, especially dispensationalist Protestants, teach that sola fide, "salvation by faith alone", means that if only a person professes belief in Jesus Christ, they are Christians and they are saved. These evangelicals are particularly distrustful of any form of doctrine which speaks of the necessity of good works. Nevertheless, many of those who adopt this view do not believe that Latter Day Saints who profess belief in Jesus Christ are Christians. This is because their understanding of salvation rests on the eternal deity of Christ, according to the trinitarian conception.

While Mormonism is certainly not alone among organizations which practice symbolic rituals in the name of Jesus Christ, some Christian organizations exclude Mormonism from Christianity because of the it seems Latter Day Saint believe that God's gracious salvation is obtained by means of certain rituals as well as a virtuous life. In fact, Mormonism teaches that while salvation is through Christ, humans are free to accept or reject that salvation by their own will, desires, thoughts, words, and deeds.

Authoritarianism
Some Christians, American evangelical Christians in particular, contend that the LDS Church is an excessively authoritarian organization with overly zealous followers, conducting its affairs in particularly secretive ways and engaging in uncritical dogmatism. See Authoritarianism and Mormonism.

Different Meanings
Many Christians accuse Mormons of co-opting their language, distorting the intent by creating different meanings for the words. Even those favorable toward Mormonism have sincere difficulty because through years of separation from mainstream Christianity, Mormonism has indeed evolved a different dialect of Christian terminology. The glossary below will facilitate dialogue between mainstream Christians and Mormons.


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James Miller (filmmaker)

James Henry Dominic Miller (18 December 1968 – 2 May 2003) was a Welsh cameraman, producer, and director, and recipient of numerous awards, including five Emmy Awards. He was killed by Israel Defense Forces (IDF) gunfire while filming a documentary in the Gaza Strip. Miller worked regularly with Saira Shah for several years, and they formed a business partnership to operate an independent production company called Frostbite Productions in 2001.

The Israeli Military Police investigation into Miller's death closed on 9 March 2005 with an announcement that the soldier suspected of firing the shot would not be indicted as they could not establish that his shot was responsible, though he would be disciplined for violating the rules of engagement and for changing his account of the incident. On 6 April 2006, the inquest jury at St Pancras Coroner's Court in London returned a verdict of unlawful killing, finding that Miller had been "murdered." Forensic experts from London Metropolitan Police concluded that the bullets were consistent with those used by the IDF. After meetings with the Miller family, the Attorney General, Lord Goldsmith, sent a formal request to his Israeli counterpart in June 2007 for prosecution proceedings to be enacted within six weeks against the soldier responsible for firing the shot. The requests were ignored by the Israeli government and prosecution proceedings have never been held.

Early life and family
James Miller was born in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales the younger son of Geoffrey Miller, an army officer who later rose to the rank of colonel, and his wife, Eileen, a headmistress. He grew up in the West Country, but from ages six to eight lived in the Outer Hebrides, where his father was posted. Raised as a Roman Catholic, he maintained that faith for the whole of his life. He was educated at Downside and later at the London College of Printing, where within a few weeks his tutors promoted him to the postgraduate course in photo-journalism. He worked as a photographer before moving to television.

In 1997, he married Sophy Warren-Knott, with whom he had a son, Alexander, and a daughter, Charlotte.

Career
Miller started his working life as a freelance cameraman, and in 1995 joined the Frontline News collective as cameraman, producer, and director. He reported from the civil war in Algeria and from most of the world's major trouble spots from 1995 onwards, working for CNN, and for all the leading news broadcasters in Britain.

In 1999 he made his first film for Hardcash Productions, Prime Suspects, about a massacre in Kosovo for Channel 4's Dispatches programme. This film won the Royal Television Society (RTS) award for International Current Affairs in 1999. Almost every film he made for Hardcash won major awards. Prime Suspects was followed by Dying for the President about the Second Chechen War and Children of the Secret State about Korea, both also for Dispatches.

Miller then formed a professional association with television reporter Saira Shah, to make Beneath the Veil, about the life of women in Taliban-run Afghanistan. This film, shown on Dispatches and CNN, repeated the success of Prime Suspects by again winning the RTS International Current Affairs award. It also won an Emmy Award, a BAFTA, and the RTS "Programme of the Year" award. In addition, Miller won the RTS craft award for his outstanding photography. Miller and Shah's second film, Unholy War, shot at the height of the Afghanistan war in 2001, won Miller his first Emmy as director and (together with Beneath the Veil) also the prestigious Peabody award. Miller and Shah almost died of sub-zero temperatures while crossing the Hindu Kush during the making of this film. Frostbite Films was the name of the independent film production company set up by Miller and Shah in 2001 after this experience.

Miller and Shah were working on a documentary for the American cable network HBO at the time of his death. The resulting film, Death in Gaza, was released in 2004, and won three Emmys and one BAFTA TV award in 2005. Miller received posthumously the Rory Peck Award for Features in 2004 for Death in Gaza, having been a finalist on three previous occasions.

After Miller's death, his friend Fergal Keane wrote: "James Miller was one of the finest journalistic talents I have ever known. Had he lived he would undoubtedly have come to be recognised as one of the greatest documentary makers of his generation. As it is he leaves a journalistic legacy of immense worth."

Death
The documentary which Miller was making on the day of his death (Death in Gaza, released by HBO in 2004) depicts Miller and his colleagues leaving the home of a Palestinian family in the Rafah refugee camp after dark, carrying a white flag, towards two IDF armored personnel carriers manned by nine soldiers of the Desert Reconnaissance Battalion, a unit of Bedouin Arab-Israeli soldiers. They had walked about 20 metres from the veranda when the first shot rang out. For 13 seconds, there was silence broken only by Shah's cry: "We are British journalists." Then came the second shot, which killed Miller. He was shot in the front of his neck. The soldier who shot him was identified as First Lieutenant Hib al-Heib. According to a forensic expert, the fatal shot was fired from less than 200 metres away. Immediately after the shooting, the IDF said that Miller had been shot in the back during crossfire. It later retracted the assertion that he had been shot in the back. According to witnesses there was no crossfire and none can be heard on the APTN tape.

An IDF spokesperson made the following statement after Miller's death: "The IDF expresses sorrow at the death of the cameraman who entered a combat zone. Cameramen who knowingly enter a combat zone endanger themselves as well as the troops, and clearly run the risk of being caught in the crossfire." An IDF spokesperson described the circumstances of his death as occurring during "an operation taking place at night, in which the [Israeli] force was under fire and in which the force returned fire with light weapons."

IDF spokesman, Captain Jacob Dallal said, "Our forces found a tunnel at the house in question, when an anti-tank missile was fired on them. They shot back at the source of the attack ... James Miller was apparently hit during that exchange. The Israeli military expresses sorrow at a civilian death, but it must be stressed that a cameraman who knowingly enters a combat zone, especially at night, endangers himself."

Aftermath
On 9 March 2005, the IDF closed the Miller case, announcing that the soldier believed responsible for the shooting would not be indicted. Military Advocate General Avichai Mandelblit ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute. The army said Military Police had carefully investigated the incident but had been unable to establish the soldier's guilt. "The findings of the military police show that an Israel Defense Forces lieutenant, the commanding officer of the IDF force at the site, allegedly fired his weapon in breach of IDF Rules of engagement," a statement said. "However, it is not legally possible to link this shooting to the gunshot sustained by Mr. Miller." The army did say that the soldier would be disciplined for violating the rules of engagement and for changing his account of the incident. It did not elaborate. Heib was subjected to a disciplinary hearing before Brigadier General Guy Tzur, head of the IDF Southern Command. Despite advice from the Israeli Military Advocate General that he be disciplined for breaching the rules of engagement, illegal use of weapons, and misconduct during the investigation, he was cleared of wrongdoing. Military prosecutors appealed the acquittal, but he was cleared in a second hearing as well. Heib was subsequently promoted from First Lieutenant to Captain.

Miller's family expressed disappointment at the decision. His widow Sophy said, "Nothing can express our outrage that, waiting for two years and putting our faith in a system which has now failed to deliver, we still have prosecutors who suspect and continue to suspect a commanding officer and who will only bring disciplinary measures because of an initial flawed investigative process. The truth will come out and we hope the Israeli judicial system will mete out justice. This investigation does not serve the IDF, decent Israeli citizens, us, his family, and, above all, James."

British Foreign Office Minister Baroness Symons said she was "dismayed" by the decision. "I deeply sympathize with James' family, who have worked so hard to secure justice for James. The British government will continue to raise James's case with the government of Israel."

The Metropolitan Police opened an investigation into Miller's death which was led by Detective Rob Anderson of the Specialist Crime Directorate. Anderson later told the inquest that the investigation was hampered by Israel's unwillingness to cooperate. The Metropolitan Police was refused permission to send officers to Israel and the Gaza Strip in order to visit the site of the shooting and interview soldiers and witnesses to the incident and the Israeli government did not release vital documents to the Coroner. Based on the evidence available to the investigation, Anderson concluded that Miller could only have been killed by gunfire from Israeli soldiers.

Legal action against Israeli government
On 2 May 2005, the second anniversary of Miller's death, his family initiated a lawsuit against the Israeli government. The family charge that the Israeli army did not act with reasonable caution when troops opened fire on Miller, who was holding a white flag. Miller's widow Sophy said the family was determined to find justice and put an end to the "culture of impunity" within the Israeli army. "It is our hope that as well as accountability for James' death a successful civil case will go some way towards changing this and in doing so may make Israeli soldiers think twice about shooting innocent civilians," she told The Guardian.

More than two years later, on 5 August 2007, the family's lawyer, Michael Sfard, said, "The family demands justice, both criminal and civil. They deserve that the man who shot their loved one for no reason whatsoever should be indicted and get what he deserves. As he left a widow and two children, they deserve to be compensated by the State of Israel. This is something the political and military echelons have promised time and again, but they have not fulfilled their promise so far."

On 1 February 2009 it was reported that James Miller's family had accepted a £1.5 million payout from Israel. In a statement, the family did not confirm the amount paid but did say that it was "probably the closest we'll get to an admission of guilt on the part of the Israelis".

Coroner's inquest
The inquest into Miller's death opened at the St Pancras Coroner's Court in London on 3 April 2006.

Giving evidence at the inquest, Miller's wife Sophy named the Israeli soldier who shot her husband as First Lieutenant Heib from the Bedouin Desert Reconnaissance Battalion, who was commanding a unit at the time of the killing on 2 May 2003. She said that the IDF had given out misleading information from the moment her husband was shot, and that Lt. Heib had given six testimonies, all of which were conflicting.

Footage of Miller's death was shown to an unnamed Israeli soldier who was quoted as saying that members of the IDF should not fire unless they felt they were under threat. He was quoted as saying: "There is no chance that it was an accident – the soldier could clearly see him, it was a perfect shot. I do not know what to say, it looks like murder, it looks like he wants to kill him."

The court heard that an autopsy proved that Miller died from a "classic sniper's shot", and that the bullet was consistent with that used by the IDF. Independent investigator Chris Cobb-Smith, who had previously served in the British Army and as an Iraq weapons inspector, found there was no way the soldier fired by accident. He told the court, "This was calculated and cold-blooded murder, without a shadow of a doubt." He added, "These shots were not fired by a soldier who was frightened, not fired by a soldier facing incoming fire – these were slow, deliberate, calculated and aimed shots ... It is a soldier aiming and firing deliberately. He should not have been firing anywhere near a lit building, anywhere near where he knew there were women, children or foreign journalists."

Daniel Edge, Miller's assistant producer, (who narrowly escaped being shot himself during the same incident) said Israeli soldiers put pressure on him to say that the shot came from Palestinians. He told the inquest: "They personally tried to get me to say the sentence 'James could have been shot by a Palestinian', which I refused to say."

On 6 April 2006, the jury returned a verdict of unlawful killing, finding that he had been "murdered". Miller's family asked that the British government ensure his killer is prosecuted, accusing the Israeli authorities of "an abject failure to uphold the fundamental and unequivocal standards of international humanitarian and human rights law."

Request for prosecution
In June 2007, Lord Goldsmith, the then outgoing Attorney General for England and Wales, sent a request to his Israeli counterpart, Attorney General Menachem Mazuz, for legal proceedings to be enacted within six weeks to prosecute the soldier responsible for the killing, which included new analysis of audio evidence which confirmed that the shot that killed Miller was fired from an Israeli armored personnel carrier. The request stipulated that if Israel failed to respond within six weeks, British authorities would consider prosecuting Captain al-Heib in the UK.

Miller's sister, Anne Waddington, was interviewed by the BBC on the morning of 7 August 2007, the day the six-week deadline was due to expire. She said, "Unfortunately, we have had four and a half extremely painful years of experiencing the Israeli tactics, and they are the masters of delay – they have always played for time, and they have always failed to deliver." She added, "The Israelis put out a lot of false and misleading statements immediately after my brother was murdered, and they did try to suggest he was killed by a Palestinian in the back and as a result of crossfire, but they put out many, many lies and false stories, which of course have been shown not only on the APTN video footage of the actual murder, but also through eyewitness testimony and the additional evidence which was very, very clear at the time." Asked whether she used the word "murder" very deliberately, she replied, "Yes I do, and of course the jury in the inquest last year found, very unusually, that it wasn't just unlawful killing, it was actually murder."

On 7 August 2007, Mazuz requested more information on the new analysis. After being informed of his response, Miller's family issued a statement:

We are very pleased that General [sic] Mazuz has replied within the time limit set out in Lord Goldsmith's letter. This information has for the most part been in the possession of the Israeli investigators for more than four years. We will look on with interest to see whether Israel will seek to undermine the expertise of the Metropolitan Police's acoustic examination, or perhaps this will be the first significant step towards Israel pursuing justice.

At the request of Miller's family, Lord Goldsmith agreed to ask the UK Crown Prosecution Service to advise "on whether there is enough evidence for a prosecution in the UK under the Geneva Conventions Act in which case the UK government could request extradition." Eventually, the Israeli government agreed to pay the Miller family £1.75 million, if the British government agreed to close the case, and not demand the extradition of the Israeli soldiers involved in his killing.

Filmography

 * Prime Suspects (1999)
 * Dying for the President (2000)
 * Children of the Secret State (2000)
 * Beneath the Veil (2001)
 * Unholy War (2001)
 * The Tramp and the Dictator (2002)
 * The Road from Rio (2002)
 * The Trade Trap (2002)
 * The Perfect Famine (2002)
 * Armenia: The Betrayed (2002)
 * Death in Gaza (2004)

title: James Miller (filmmaker)


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Castle Geyser

Castle Geyser is a cone geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. It is noted for the particularly large geyserite sinter deposits, which form its cone. These deposits have been likened in appearance to a castle.

When the geyser was given this name in 1870, the top edges of the structure resembled the typical profile associated with the modern concept of a castle, having the appearance of a large keep, multiple turrets, and especially because of the crenellation along the top edges of what resembled its towers. As the drawing below shows the cone had distinctive appearance at the time. Over time the cone's shape changes because of the layers of mineral deposited in successive eruptions.

History
On September 18, 1870, the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition entered the Upper Geyser Basin. Eventually, members of the expedition named seven geysers they observed in the basin. The appearance of this geyser led Lieutenant Gustavus Cheyney Doane to name it Castle Geyser. Nathaniel P. Langford gave this account in his 1871 Scribner's article: "The Castle," situated on the summit of an incrusted mound, has a turreted crater through which a large volume of water is expelled at intervals of two or three hours to the height of 50 ft, from a discharging orifice about 3 ft in diameter. The architectural features of the silicious sinter surrounding it, which is very massive and compact, indicating that at some former period the flow of water must have been much greater than at present, suggested its name. A vent near it is constantly discharging a large stream of boiling water, and when the geyser is in action the water in this vent boils and bubbles with great fierceness.

Eruption
The Castle Geyser has a 16- to 17-hour eruption cycle. The geyser erupts hot water for about 20 minutes in a vertical column that reaches a height of 90 ft before changing to a noisy steam phase that issues for 30 to 40 minutes.

The sinter cone for Castle Geyser has been dated to around 1022 using carbon-14 dating. This date is much younger than the originally-presumed age of 5,000 to 15,000 years. A 3-D laser scan made of the cone reveals evidence that this geyser has evolved through four to five distinct stages to reach its current configuration.

In November 2002, the Denali earthquake in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska caused Castle Geyser, as well as other geysers in Yellowstone, to decrease in eruption frequency. The affected geysers have returned to their previous pattern since that time, however.

title: Castle Geyser


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2001 São Toméan presidential election

Presidential elections were held in São Tomé and Príncipe on 29 July 2001. They were the nation's third presidential elections since the introduction of multi-party politics in 1990. Incumbent Miguel Trovoada was constitutionally barred from participating in the election having served the maximum of two five year terms. The two top contenders for the position were Fradique de Menezes, a wealthy businessman, and Manuel Pinto da Costa, former President and founder of the former single-party, the MLSTP/PSD. The elections, deemed free and fair by international observers, were won in the first round by Menezes. He was sworn in as the third president of São Tomé and Príncipe on 3 September 2001. Voter turnout was 70.7%.

title: 2001 São Toméan presidential election