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Cres

Cres (Crepsa, Cherso, Cherso, Crepsa, Χέρσος) is an Adriatic island in Croatia. It is one of the northern islands in the Kvarner Gulf and can be reached via ferry from Rijeka, Krk island or from the Istrian peninsula (line Brestova-Porozina).

With an area of 405.78 km2, Cres has the same size as the neighbouring Krk island. In 2011, Cres had a population of 3,079 people.

In the past, Cres and the neighbouring island of Lošinj used to be one island, but now they are divided by a channel and connected by a bridge that starts from the town of Osor. Cres's only freshwater source is Lake Vrana.

History
Cres has been inhabited since the Paleolithic time period. In ancient times, Cres and Lošinj were called Apsyrtides. In the past, the two islands were connected, but due to the needs of trade, these islands were separated by an artificially dug canal near Osor. Its name predates classical antiquity and derives from Proto-Indo-European *(s)quer- ("cliff"). When the town was founded and inhabited by ancient Greeks, it was called Chersos (Χέρσος), which in Greek means "barren land", "uncultivated land" or "dry heaths". Later, "Chersos" was resounded to "Cresta", from which eventually the modern name "Cherso-Cres" came.

Cres was ruled by the Greeks until the first century B.C., when the Roman Empire made the island part of the province of Liburnia. After the fall of the Roman Empire the island became part of the Byzantine Empire as one of the Dalmatian city-states, and remained this way for centuries. Slavs first arrived on the island in the early 9th century (believed to be somewhere around 812).

Around 866, the inhabitants saw their first conflicts with the Republic of Venice. The Venetians eventually took control of Cres and the neighboring islands during the 10th and 11th centuries.

After Napoleon's victory over the Venetians, the control of the island was given to the Austrian Empire. After the defeat of Austria by Napoleon in 1809, the island became part of the French Empire.

After the fall of Napoleon, Austria took control of the island once again and kept it for a century. During this time the economy developed, thanks to the olive trees, sage, and other plants becoming a key part to the success of the island. At the end of World War I, with the Treaty of Rapallo signed in 1920, the island was handed over to the Kingdom of Italy.

Italian rule over the island did not last long. Because of Italy alliance with the Axis Powers during World War II, Cres was handed over to Yugoslavia in 1947 along with neighbouring islands and the Istrian Peninsula.

The island has gone through an agricultural downturn as many residents left the island for the mainland or abroad. This has resulted in many former agricultural areas becoming overgrown with local vegetation. Recently, people, primarily retirees, have been returning to live on the island. Tourism has become an increasingly important industry and the population experiences significant seasonal variation.

Towns of Cres
The island has several villages, all of them connected by a road that runs down the middle of the island. On one side is the ferry from Porozina to Brestova (in Istria). Another ferry runs from Merag to Valbiska (on the neighbouring island of Krk); on the other is the bridge to Lošinj, which was once connected by land, but is now separated by a waterway. A list of the villages with descriptions is below:
 * Belej
 * Beli – This small village, at the end of a long and very narrow road, is home to a famed bird species, the endangered Griffon vulture.
 * Cres
 * Lubenice (Lubenize) – An ancient mountain village with a great view of the sea and neighboring islands. A restaurant and bar operate during the warmer months. Weekly musical concerts take place during the peak tourist season.
 * Martinšćica (San Martino in Valle, lit. 'St. Martin in the Valley') – The home of a large vacation complex, Slatina, along with beaches and cafes. It also has an essential oils distillery. The town also has a small castle, known as "Kastel", which was once inhabited by a "Sforza" family of Italian nobility (apparently unrelated to the famous Milanese house) and by Napoleonic Imperial forces, before becoming a restaurant which recently closed.
 * Merag - with ferry connections.
 * Miholašćica (San Michele, lit. 'St. Michael')- A small village with a church which shares the same name as the community. Tourism has grown here since the arrival of the Zaglav community nearby.
 * Orlec – Another small village at the end of a narrow road, also home to the endangered vulture.
 * Osor (it.: Ossero) - A town on the "border" between two islands. Founded by the Romans who also dug the channel thus dividing what was then known as the Osor island into Cres and Lošinj. Then a major port and commercial centre started to fade with coming of larger ships that could not pass the narrow channel or dock in the shallow port.
 * Pernat – The westernmost village on Cape Pernat. A quaint and rustic village forming a gateway to numerous walking trails and secluded beaches.
 * Mali Podol – Between Lubenice and Valun. A tiny hamlet that resembles a large farmhouse. Its key feature is the mulberry tree located in the middle of the road.
 * Porozina – A small village comprising the ferry terminal and a few shops.
 * Punta Križa (it.: Punta Croce) – The southernmost part of Cres. FKK resort is here.
 * Stivan – On a side street this small hamlet of 16 people features a very private beach, old houses and a church, and is on the way to other villages.
 * Valun – Visible on the way to Lubenice (see below), this village does not permit cars. A fee is charged for parking.
 * Vidovići – A short distance uphill from Martinšćica. A village with an extraordinary view of the Istrian Peninsula and numerous islands including Zeča, Lošinj, and Unije forming part of the archipelago. A restaurant "Mali Raj" once operated in the evenings during the warmer months.

Lake Vrana
Cres has its own fresh water lake, which is very highly guarded and illegal to swim or fish in. It supplies water to neighboring Lošinj as well. It is the largest lake in Croatia by volume and one of the deepest fresh water lakes in Eastern Europe, going down 76 m at its deepest point (>50 m below sea-level).

Flora and fauna
Cres is home to many different types of nonvenomous snakes, including Elaphe quatuorlineata, Zamenis longissimus, Zamenis situla, and Natrix tessellata, a snake rare or absent on other Adriatic islands. The island has a relatively large breeding population of the endangered Eurasian griffon vulture, which can often be seen soaring over the island.

Climate
The main part of Cres features a mid-latitude humid subtropical climate (Köppen : Cfa) under the Köppen climate classification. Winters are cool and damp, punctuated by the Bora wind and summers are hot and quite dry, bordering on a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Csa). Further south, Lošinj island enjoys a true hot-summer mediterranean climate (Csa) with cool and damp winters and hot, distinctly dry summers.

title: Cres


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Minami-Uonuma District, Niigata

Niigata MinamiUonuma-gun.png:

]]
 * yellow - areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period
 * green - current borders

Minami-Uonuma (南魚沼郡) is a district located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of July 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 7,926 with a density of 22.2 persons per km2. The total area is 50.03 km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of only one town:

 * Yuzawa

Recent mergers

 * On November 1, 2004 - The towns of Muika and Yamato were merged to form the city of Minamiuonuma.
 * On October 1, 2005 - The town of Shiozawa was also merged into expanded city of Minamiuonuma.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Minami-Uonuma District, Niigata


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Kawanishi, Niigata

Kawanishi (川西町) was a town located in Nakauonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,829 and a density of 106.44 persons per km2. The total area was 73.55 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Kawanishi, along with the towns of Matsudai and Matsunoyama (both from Higashikubiki District), and the village of Nakasato (also from Nakauonuma District), was merged into the expanded city of Tōkamachi.

title: Kawanishi, Niigata


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Tsunan

Tsunan (津南町) is a town located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 9,349 in 3480 households, and a population density of 54.2 persons per km². The total area of the town was 170.21 sqkm.

Geography
Tsunan is located in southwestern Niigata Prefecture, in a mountainous area bordering northern Nagano Prefecture. The town is located on a river terrace of the Shinano River with the town hall at an elevation of 241 meters; however, much of the town area is mountainous, with Mount Naeba (2143 meters) is partly located within the town limits. Due to its geographical location between the Sea of Japan and the surrounding Japanese Alps, it has one of the highest annual snowfalls in Japan. There are numerous ski resorts within the region.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Niigata Prefecture
 * Tōkamachi
 * Yuzawa
 * Nagano Prefecture
 * Sakae

Climate
Tsunan has a Humid subtropical climate with continental influences (Köppen Cfa/Dfa) characterized by hot, wet summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Tsunan is 10.9 C. The average annual rainfall is 1954.0 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.8 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.2 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tsunan has declined steadily over the past 70 years and is now considerably less than it was a century ago.

History
The area of present-day Tsunan was part of ancient Echigo Province and was tenryō territory under the direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Edo period. Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organised into various villages within Nakauonuma District, Niigata The town of Tsunan was established on January 1, 1955 by the merger of the villages of Tomaru, Kamigō, Ashigasaki, Akinari, Nakafukami and Shimofunato.

Government
Tsunan has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 14 members. Tsunan, together with the city of Tōkamachi, collectively contributes two member to the Niigata Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Niigata 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The local economy is dominated by agriculture. The area is known for its rice, sake, tomatoes, sunflowers, and buckwheat noodles. The town is also within commuting distance of neighbouring Tōkamachi.

Education
Tsunan has three public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. There is one public high school operated by the Niigata Prefecture Board of Education.

Railway
JR East - Iiyama Line
 * Ashidaki - Echigo-Tanaka - Tsunan - Echigo-Shikawatari

Local attractions

 * Ryu-ga-kubo, one of the 100 Famous Springs of Japan
 * Nishiotaki Dam
 * Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennial
 * Okinohara Site, Jomon period ruins, a National Historic Site

title: Tsunan


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Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency)

Mid Ulster is a parliamentary constituency in the UK House of Commons. The current MP is Cathal Mallaghan, of Sinn Féin, who was first elected at the 2024 election.

Constituency profile
The seat covers a rural area to the west of Lough Neagh, including part of the Sperrins. Since 1997, the seat has been nationalist-leaning.

Boundaries
1950–1983: The Urban Districts of Cookstown, Omagh, and Strabane, the Rural Districts of Castlederg, Cookstown, Magherafelt, and Strabane, and that part of the Rural District of Omagh not contained within the constituency of Fermanagh and South Tyrone.

1983–1997: the Cookstown District Council; the Omagh District Council; the Magherafelt District Council wards of Ballymaguigan, Draperstown, and Lecumpher; and the Strabane District Council wards of Castlederg, Clare, Finn, Glenderg, Newtownstewart, Plumbridge, Sion Mills, and Victoria Bridge.

1997–present: the District of Cookstown; the District of Magherafelt; and the Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council wards of Altmore, Coalisland North, Coalisland South, Coalisland West and Newmills, Donaghmore, and Washing Bay.

The constituency was created in 1950 when the old two-seat constituency of Fermanagh and Tyrone was abolished as part of the final move to single-member seats. Originally, the seat primarily consisted of the northern, eastern and western parts of County Tyrone, with the south included in Fermanagh and South Tyrone. Of the post-1973 districts, it contained all of Omagh and Cookstown and part of Strabane and Magherafelt.

In boundary changes proposed by a review in 1995, the seat was split in two, with the name retained by the eastern half, even though it contained only 30% of the old seat. The western half became the nucleus of the new West Tyrone constituency. The new Mid Ulster also gained areas from East Londonderry and Fermanagh and South Tyrone, taking it deeper into County Londonderry.

History
For the history of the constituency prior to 1950, see Fermanagh and Tyrone.

In both its incarnations, Mid Ulster has seen a precarious balance between unionist and Irish nationalist voters, although in recent years the nationalists have advanced significantly to be in a clear majority. Many elections have seen a candidate from one side triumph due to candidates from the other side splitting the vote.

The seat was initially won by the Irish Nationalist Party in 1950 and 1951 then by Sinn Féin in 1955. However the Sinn Féin Member of Parliament (MP) was unseated on petition on the basis that his Irish Republican Army (IRA) convictions made him ineligible, and in subsequent by-elections the seat was won by the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP).

In a by-election in 1969, the seat was won by Bernadette Devlin standing as an independent socialist nationalist on the "Unity" ticket, which sought to unite nationalist voters behind a single candidate. At the age of 21, Devlin was the youngest person ever elected to the House of Commons in the era of universal suffrage. The by-election saw a 91.5% turnout, a record for any UK by-election.

Devlin held her seat in the 1970 general election but generated controversy when she had a child while still unmarried as well as for her fierce anti-clericalism. The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) stood a candidate against her in the February 1974 general election and the nationalist vote was strongly divided, allowing John Dunlop of the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party to win with the support of the UUP and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).

Dunlop held his seat for the next nine years, though in 1975 he was part of a large section of Vanguard that broke away to form the short-lived United Ulster Unionist Party. He held his seat in 1979 only owing to a unionist pact. He polled poorly in the 1982 Assembly election, taking 2.8% of the vote. Consequently, he did not stand again in 1983, and the following year the UUUP was wound up.

The 1983 general election saw a fierce contest for the seat, with the UUP, DUP, SDLP and Sinn Féin all polling strongly. The winner was the DUP's William McCrea, by a narrow majority of just 78 over Sinn Féin's Danny Morrison. In general elections from then to 2005 the UUP did not contest the seat.

Following the boundary changes, McCrea contested the new Mid Ulster in 1997 but, by then, Sinn Féin had established itself as the most likely party to outpoll a unionist and so drew votes from the SDLP, resulting in Martin McGuinness winning. He held the seat at the general elections of 2001, 2005 and 2010. During the 2001 general election, Mid Ulster had the highest turnout in any constituency in the United Kingdom.

On 11 June 2012, McGuinness announced his intention to resign from the House of Commons to concentrate on his position as Deputy First Minister and avoid so-called 'double jobbing' by which members of the Northern Ireland Assembly also work as councillors or MPs. This necessitated a by-election. On 30 December 2012, Martin McGuinness formally announced he would resign his Westminster seat with immediate effect. Sinn Féin's Francie Molloy won the resulting by-election in March 2013.

Elections in the 1990s
Between 1992 and 1996 there were significant boundary changes, creating the new seat of West Tyrone. This had a huge knock on effect on Mid Ulster, which lost all its areas in Omagh and Strabane district councils, and gained the Torrent LGD in Dungannon from Fermanagh and South Tyrone, and the parts of Magherafelt District Council previously in East Londonderry. Therefore, the implied 1992 election results are very different from the actual ones and are displayed above.

Elections in the 1950s
The seat was awarded to Beattie on petition on the grounds that Mitchell's conviction as a felon made him ineligible to sit in Parliament. However, Beattie in turn was also found ineligible to sit due to holding an office of profit under the crown, triggering a further by-election.

Mitchell was subsequently unseated by a resolution of the House of Commons, on the grounds that his terrorist convictions made him ineligible to sit in Parliament.

title: Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency)


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Talk:Aberdeen

Suggestion
Add to See also

Old Aberdeen

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Aberdeen Killoh (talk) 23:12, 21 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Personally I don't think we need a link to Old Aberdeen in the See also section, as it's crowded already and Old Aberdeen is mentioned and linked to in a few different places in the main article. That being said in general for such a small change, I suggest being WP:BOLD and just adding it in. You'll get things done a lot quicker that way! NemesisAT (talk) 23:16, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

Tag added
A bit too much puff in this one. Example: Aberdeen has long been famous for its 45[69] parks and gardens, and citywide floral displays which include two million roses, eleven million daffodils and three million crocuses. The city has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Britain in Bloom 'Best City' award ten times,[69] the overall Scotland in Bloom competition twenty times[69] and the large city category every year since 1968.[69] However, despite recent spurious reports, Aberdeen has never been banned from the Britain in Bloom competition.[70] The city won the 2006 Scotland in Bloom "Best City" award along with the International Cities in Bloom award. The suburb of Dyce also won the Small Towns award.[71][72] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pyrrho the Skipper (talk • contribs) 16:16, 19 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aberdeen


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Nakasato, Niigata

Nakasato (中里村) was a village located in Nakauonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 6,171 and a density of 47.85 persons per km2. The total area was 128.97 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Nakasato, along with the towns of Matsudai and Matsunoyama (both from Higashikubiki District), and the town of Kawanishi (also from Nakauonuma District), was merged into the expanded city of Tōkamachi.

Railway
JR East - Iiyama Line
 * Echigo-Tazawa

Local attractions
Nakasato is one of the sites of the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennial.

 * Kiyotsu Gorge (Kiyotsukyo, ja:清津峡)

title: Nakasato, Niigata


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Nakauonuma District, Niigata

Niigata NakaUonuma-gun.png:

]]
 * yellow – areas formerly within the district borders during the early Meiji period
 * green – current borders

Nakauonuma (中魚沼郡) is a district located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of July 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 9,218 with a density of 54.2 persons per km2. The total area is 170.21 km2.

Municipalities
The district consists of only one village:

 * Tsunan

History

 * In 1954 – The town of Tōkamachi gained city status after merging with three villages and later gained more land by merging surrounding villages. There were some villages from the northside of the district that were merged into the city of Ojiya.

Recent mergers

 * On April 1, 2005 – The town of Kawanishi, and the village of Nakasato were merged into the expanded city of Tōkamachi.

title: Nakauonuma District, Niigata


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Christian name

A Christian name, sometimes referred to as a baptismal name, is a religious personal name given on the occasion of a Christian baptism, though now most often given by parents at birth. In English-speaking cultures, a person's Christian name is commonly their first name and is typically the name by which the person is primarily known.

Traditionally, a Christian name was given on the occasion of Christian baptism, with the ubiquity of infant baptism in modern and medieval Christendom. In Elizabethan England, as suggested by William Camden, the term Christian name was not necessarily related to baptism, used merely in the sense of "given name": Christian names were imposed for the distinction of persons, surnames for the difference of families. In more modern times, the terms have been used interchangeably with given name, first name and forename in traditionally Christian countries, and are still common in day-to-day use.

Strictly speaking, the Christian name is not merely the forename distinctive of the individual member of a family, but the name given to the person (generally a child) at their christening or baptism. In pre-Reformation England, the laity was taught to administer baptism in case of necessity with the words: "I christen thee in the name of the Father" etc. To "christen" in this context is therefore to "baptise", and "Christian name" means "baptismal name".

Origin
In view of the Hebrew practice of giving a name to the male child at the time of his circumcision on the eighth day after birth (Luke 1:59), it has been maintained that the custom of conferring a name upon the newly baptised was of Apostolic origin. For instance, the apostle of the Gentiles was called Saul before his conversion and Paul afterwards. But modern scholars have rejected this contention, since the baptism of St. Paul is recorded in Acts 9:18, but the name Paul does not occur before Acts 13:9 while Saul is found several times in the interval. There is no more reason to connect the name Paul with the Apostle's baptism than there is to account in the same way for the giving of the name Cephas or Peter, which is due to another cause. In the inscriptions of the Catacombs of Rome and in early Christian literature, the names of Christians in the first three centuries did not distinctively differ from the names of the pagans around them. A reference to the Epistles of St. Paul indicates that the names of pre-Christian gods and goddesses were used by his converts after their conversion as before. Hermes occurs in Romans 16:14, with a number of other purely pagan names, Epaphroditus in Phil. 4:18, Phoebe, the deaconess, in Romans 16:1.

Similar names are found in the Christian inscriptions of the earlier period and in the signatories appended to such councils as Nicaea or Ancyra, or again in the lists of martyrs. At a later date the names are of a most miscellaneous character. The following classification is one that has been worked out by J. Bass Mullinger founded on Martigny.

Names without Christian origin and significance
This category may be divided as follows:

 * derived unchanged or but slightly modified from pagan mythology, e.g., Mercurius, Bacchus, Apollos (I Corinthians 16:12), Hermogenes (Romans 16:4), etc.
 * from religious rites or omens, e.g., Augustus, Auspicius, Augurius, Optatus;
 * from numbers, e.g., Primus, Primigenius, Secundinus, Quartus, Octavia, etc.
 * from colours, e.g., Albanus, Candidus, Rufus, etc.
 * from animals and birds, e.g., Agnes, Asellus, Columbia, Leo, Taurus, Ursula, etc.
 * from agriculture, e.g., Agricia, Armentarius, Palmatinus, Stereorius, etc.
 * from flowers, e.g., Balsamia, Flosculus, Narcissus, Rosula;
 * from jewels, e.g., Chrysanthus, Margarites, Smaragdus;
 * from military life or the sea, e.g., Emerentiana, Navigia, Pelagia, Seutarius, Thalassus;
 * from countries, cities, rivers etc.; Afra, Cydnus, Galla, Jordanis, Macedonius, Maurus, Sabina, Sebastianus, etc.
 * from the months e.g., Aprilis, Januaria, Junia, etc.
 * from personal qualities, etc., e.g., Aristo, Hilarius, Modestus, Pudens, etc.;
 * from servile condition, e.g., Servus, Servilianus, Vernacla;
 * names of historical celebrity, e.g., Caesarius, Cornelia, Pompeius, Ptolemaeus, Vergilius

Names with Christian origin and significance
These include the following:

 * apparently suggested by Christian dogmas, e.g. Anastasia, Athanasia, Christophorus, Redemptus, Restitutus, etc.
 * from festivals or rites, e.g., Epiphanius, Eulogia, Natalis, Pascasia, Sabbatius and the frequently recurring Martyrius;
 * from Christian virtues, e.g., Agape, Elpis, Fides, Irene, with such derivatives as Adelphius, Agapetus, Caritosa, etc.
 * pious sentiment, e.g., Adeodata, Ambrosius, Benedictus, Deogratias, etc., and possibly such names as Gaudentianus, Hilarius, Sozomen, Victorianus, Vincentius

Though the recurrence of such names as Agnes, Balbina, Cornelius, Felicitas, Irenaeus, Justinus, etc. may be due to veneration for the martyrs who first used these names, the names of the New Testament are rarely found while those of the Hebrew Bible are more common. Susanna, Daniel, Moyses, Tobias, occur frequently, but towards the end of the 4th century the name of the Blessed Lady becomes as familiar as those of the Apostles. Paulus may be an intentional reference to St. Paul, and Johannes, Andreas, and Petrus with derivatives such as Petronia, Petrius, Petronilla, etc. may also refer to the Apostles. The name of Mary occurs occasionally in the catacomb inscriptions towards the end of the 4th century, for example, in the form LIVIA MARIA IN PACE, and there is a martyr Maria assigned to the date AD 256.

Change of name at baptism
In the Acts of St. Balsamus, who died AD 331, there is an early example of the connection between baptism and the giving of a name. "By my paternal name", this martyr is said to have declared, "I am called Balsamus, but by the spiritual name which I received in baptism, I am known as Peter." The assumption of a new name was fairly common amongst Christians. Eusebius the historian took the name Pamphili from Pamphilus, the martyr whom he especially venerated. Earlier still St. Cyprian chose to be called Cyprianus Caecilius out of gratitude to the Caecilius to whom he owed his conversion. St. Dionysius of Alexandria (c. 260) declared, "I am of opinion that there were many of the same name as the Apostle John, who on account of their love for him, and because they admired and emulated him, and desired to be loved by the Lord as he was, took to themselves the same name, just as many of the children of the faithful are called Paul or Peter."

The assumption of any such new name would take place formally at baptism, in which the catechumen, then probably as now, had to be addressed by some distinctive appellation, and the imposition of a new name at baptism had become general. Every child had necessarily to receive some name or other, and when baptism followed soon after birth this allowed public recognition of the choice made.

In the thirtieth of the supposed Arabian Canons of Nicaea: "Of giving only names of Christians in baptism"; but the sermons of St. John Chrysostom assume in many different places that the conferring of a name, presumably at baptism, ought to be regulated by some idea of Christian edification, and he implies that such had been the practice of earlier generations. For example, he says: "When it comes to giving the infant a name, caring not to call it after the saints, as the ancients at first did, people light lamps and give them names and so name the child after the one which continues burning the longest, from thence conjecturing that he will live a long time" (Hom. in Cor., xii, 13).

Similarly he commends the practice of the parents of Antioch in calling their children after the martyr Meletius (P.G. 50, 515) and urges his hearers not to give their children the first name that occurs, nor to seek to gratify fathers or grandfathers or other family connections by giving their names, but rather to choose the names of holy men conspicuous for virtue and for their courage before God (P.G. 53, 179). There are other historic examples of such a change of name in adult converts.

Socrates (Hist. Eccl., VII, xxi) wrote of Athenais who married the Emperor Theodosius the Younger, and who previously to marriage was baptized (AD 421) receiving the name Eudoxia.

Bede wrote that King Caedwalla went to Rome and was baptized by the Pope Sergius who gave him the name of Peter. Dying soon afterwards he was buried in Rome and his epitaph beginning Hic depositus est Caedwalla qui est Petrus was pointed out (Bede, "Hist. Eccl.", V, vii).

Later Guthrum the Danish leader in England after his long contest with King Alfred was eventually defeated, and consenting to accept Christianity was baptized in 878, taking the name Æthelstan.

Practice regarding names
Various Fathers and spiritual writers and synodal decrees have exhorted Christians to give no names to their children in baptism but those of canonized saints or of the angels of God, but at no point in the history of the Church were these injunctions strictly attended to.

They were not observed during the early or the later Middle Ages. In extensive lists of medieval names, such as those found in the indexes of legal proceedings which have been edited in modern times, while ordinary names without religious associations, such as William, Robert, Roger, Geoffrey, Hugh, etc. are common (around the year 1200, William was by far the most common Christian name in England), there are also a number of exceptional names which have apparently no religious associations at all. These include Ademar, Ailma, Ailward, Albreza, Alditha, Almaury, Ascelina, Avice, Aystorius (these come from the lists of those cured at the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury). A rubric in the official "Rituale Romanum" mandates that the priest ought to see that names of deities or of godless pagans are not given in baptism (curet ne obscoena, fabulosa aut ridicula vel inanium deorum vel impiorum ethnicorum hominum nomina imponantur).

A pronouncement from Bourges (1666) addressing parents and godparents urges: "Let them give to boys the names of male saints and to girls those of women saints as right order requires, and let them avoid the names of festivals like Easter (Pâques), Christmas (Noël), All Saints (Toussaint) and others that are sometimes chosen." Despite such injunctions "Toussaint" has become a common French Christian name and "Noël" has also found popularity abroad. The addition of Marie, especially in the form Jean-Marie, for girls, and of Joseph for boys is common in present-day France.

In Spain and Italy Marian festivals have also created names for girls: Concepción, of which the diminutive is Concha, as well as Asunción, Encarnación, Mercedes, Dolores etc. in Spanish, and in Italian Assunta, Annunziata, Concetta, etc. The name Mary has not always been a favourite for girls. In England in the 12th century, Mary as a Christian name was rare. The name George, often given in recognition of the Saint George the patron saint of England, was not common in the 13th and 14th centuries, though it grew in popularity after the Protestant Reformation.

In the registers of Oxford University from 1560 to 1621, the more common names used by the students in order of popularity were: John, 3826; Thomas, 2777; William, 2546; Richard, 1691; Robert, 1222; Edward, 957; Henry, 908; George, 647; Francis, 447; James, 424; Nicholas, 326; Edmund, 298. In Italy and Spain it has been common practice to call a child after the saint upon whose feast they are born.

Confirmation names
The practice of adopting a new name was not limited to baptism. Many medieval examples show that any notable change of condition, especially in the spiritual order, was often accompanied by the reception of a new name. In the 8th century, the two Englishmen Winfrith and Willibald going on different occasions to Rome received from the Pope, along with a new commission to preach, the names respectively of Boniface and Clement. Emma of Normandy when she married King Ethelred in 1002 took the name Ælfgifu; while the reception of a new, monastic name upon entering a religious order remains almost universal.

At confirmation, in which the interposition of a godfather emphasizes the resemblance with baptism, it has been customary to take a new name, but usually, use made of it is infrequent. In the case of Henry III, King of France, godson of the English Edward VI had been christened Edouard Alexandre in 1551, the same French prince at confirmation received the name of Henri, and subsequently reigned under this name.

In England after the Reformation, the practice of adopting a new name at confirmation was still used, as Sir Edward Coke wrote that a man might validly buy land by his confirmation name, and he recalled the case of a Sir Francis Gawdye, late Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, whose name of baptism was Thomas and his name of confirmation Francis.

title: Christian name


text:
Takayanagi, Niigata

Takayanagi (高柳町) was a town located in Kariwa District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,293 and a density of 35.48 persons per km2. The total area was 64.63 km2.

On May 1, 2005, Takayanagi, along with the town of Nishiyama (also from Kariwa District), was merged into the expanded city of Kashiwazaki.

title: Takayanagi, Niigata


text:
Jet2.com

Jet2.com Limited is a British low-cost leisure airline based at Leeds Bradford Airport, England. It offers scheduled and charter flights from the United Kingdom. As of 2022, it is the third-largest scheduled airline in the UK, behind easyJet and British Airways. Jet2 is also officially the largest tour operator in the UK after overtaking TUI in 2023.

Further bases are at Belfast–International, Birmingham, Bristol, East Midlands, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London–Stansted, Manchester and Newcastle airports, with a base at Bournemouth starting in April 2025. The company holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. Jet2 also offers a charter service through its Jet2charters brand.

Origins
Jet2.com Limited is a subsidiary of Jet2 plc, an aviation services group. The airline began operating commercial aircraft in 1983 under the name Channel Express, when it was purchased by the Dart Group's current Executive Chairman, Philip Meeson. Initially a freight operator, from 2001 the airline also began operating passenger charter services using Boeing aircraft to international destinations on mainly short and medium-haul routes.

Formative years
In 2002, Channel Express established the Jet2.com brand from Leeds Bradford International Airport. The re-branded Jet2.com began operating as a leisure airline with its first flight from Leeds Bradford to Amsterdam on 12 February 2003, which operated a twice-daily rotation with two Boeing 737–300 aircraft. During 2003, further scheduled flights were launched to seven European sun and city break destinations.

In 2004, a second base was opened at Manchester Airport with the airline operating from Terminal 1. The airline also acquired further Boeing 737 and 757 aircraft and opened a base at Belfast International Airport. In 2005, Jet2.com opened a third base at Newcastle upon Tyne. Later in the year, the company acquired two Boeing 757–200 aircraft, enabling it to fly medium-long haul destinations as well as carrying more passengers on popular existing routes. These aircraft helped the company to open two more bases at Blackpool and Edinburgh. In 2006, the company relocated from Bournemouth to Leeds and was renamed Jet2.com Limited.

Expansion
In November 2008, Jet2.com changed its slogan from "The North's Low Cost Airline" to "Friendly Low Fares". This preceded the announcement of opening a hub at East Midlands Airport, the first of the airline's hubs outside the North of England and Scotland. The base at East Midlands Airport opened in May 2010.

During November and December 2008 the airline operated four direct flights from Leeds Bradford to Newark Liberty International Airport using Boeing 757-200s, with a series of flights also planned from both Leeds Bradford and Newcastle during December 2010. Once again, Jet2.com re-introduced seasonal Christmas flights to New York during the 2012 winter season, however, this time flights would operate from Glasgow, East Midlands and Newcastle, in addition to Leeds. The seasonal flights to New York continued annually until 2019 and ran from five of its UK bases. As an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, the airline cancelled their seasonal trips and they have not returned as of 2024. It is possible that they will not return as the airline are slowly retireing their Boeing 757 Aircraft, which were formerly used to run the trips and the Airbus A321neo aircraft replacing the Boeing 757s do not have enough reasonable range to cover the trips.

In 2010, the airline announced an eighth base at Glasgow Airport would be opened in April 2011, with an initial nine routes. The base was opened on 31 March, slightly earlier than scheduled. In January 2011, the airline introduced second-hand Boeing 737–800 aircraft into its fleet. This provided aircraft larger than its existing 737-300s yet smaller than its 757-200 aircraft.

Jet2.com carried over 600,000 passengers in its first year of operation and over nine million passengers during 2017; its highest recorded total.

On 17 September 2016, the airline received its first brand new Boeing 737–800 of the order for thirty made in 2015. In November 2016, Jet2.com opened its new maintenance hangar at Manchester Airport. In December 2016, Jet2.com announced that it had ordered a further four Boeing 737–800 aircraft, bringing the total on order to 34.

Recent years
In 2019, Jet2.com received delivery of its 34th new Boeing 737–800 aircraft, taking its permanent and leased fleet size to more than 100 aircraft. Also in 2019, Jet2.com carried a record 14.39 million passengers on 82,931 flights. This was an increase of over 18% over the year before.

Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on aviation, Jet2.com announced they were suspending flight operations until at least 15 July 2020. The airline continued to operate repatriation flights for British citizens overseas. On 17 August 2020, Jet2 announced via BALPA, that they would be laying off 102 pilots from various UK bases, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 11 November 2020, Jet2.com and Jet2holidays announced that they would open their tenth United Kingdom base at Bristol Airport on 1 July 2021, operating to 33 destinations.

In September 2021, Jet2.com announced an order for 36 Airbus A321neo aircraft, plus 24 options, totalling purchasing power for 60 planes. Although Jet2 has operated a small number of Airbus jets on lease to cope with summer demand, this is Airbus' first direct order from Jet2, and a shift away from the company's traditionally all-Boeing fleet.

Jet2.com celebrated its 20th birthday on 12 February 2023. On the same date it was revealed that Jet2holidays had become the UK's largest tour operator with an ATOL license to carry 5.8m passengers, surpassing TUI's 5.3m. On 16 May 2023, Jet2 announced they were opening their 11th United Kingdom base at Liverpool John Lennon Airport. In June 2023, Jet2 have announced an expansion to their 2024 summer season, with some destinations being made available from earlier months, and extra capacity for other destinations. This is to meet customer and travel agent demands. This includes additional services to Spain, Turkey, Italy and Greece destinations across all of their bases. In July 2023, Jet2 announced that its Chairman Philip Meeson was stepping down. Robin Terrell took over as chairman in September 2023. Robin joined Jet2 as a non-executive director in April 2020. Meeson has now moved to the position of founder and advisor to the board.

On 26 March 2024, Jet2.com announced they would open their twelfth United Kingdom base at Bournemouth Airport on 1 April 2025, operating to 16 destinations.

On 28 March 2024, Jet2 launched its first flight from Liverpool John Lennon Airport to Tenerife, marking the start of its new services to 20 different holiday destinations with plans for further expansion in summer 2025.

Head office
Jet2.com's Registered office, Low Fare Finder House, is located on the grounds of Leeds Bradford International Airport. Construction of the facility broke ground in 2006, in order to accommodate pilots, cabin crew, and back of house operations. In April 2013, Jet2.com moved its Customer Contact, Finance, IT, Human Resources, Commercial and Marketing departments to a new office, "Holiday House", located within the city centre of Leeds. In September 2014, the airline opened a new £9.5 million training academy at Euroway Industrial Estate in Bradford. In addition to the training centre located in Bradford, Jet2.com announced in February 2023 that they'd opened a new £8.5 million training centre in Cheadle. Both training centres will operate in parallel.

Senior leadership

 * Non-Executive Chairman: Robin Terrell (since September 2023)
 * Chief Executive: Steve Heapy (since January 2013)
 * Managing Director: Phil Ward (since January 2005)
 * Business Development Director: Ian Doubtfire (since February 2003)

List of former chief executives

 * 1) Philip Meeson (2003–2013)

Subsidiaries
In 2007, sister company Jet2holidays was launched offering package holidays. In 2011, Jet2 launched their new brand, indulgent escapes, providing some more luxurious getaways. On 29 April 2015, sister company Jet2CityBreaks was launched. In June 2017, Jet2.com launched Jet2Villas through its Jet2holidays brand.

Ownership
Jet2.com is wholly owned by Jet2 plc (formerly Dart Group PLC), a holding company based in Leeds, England.

Destinations
Jet2.com operates flights to 70 destinations in Europe, with a focus on Spain, the Mediterranean Sea, France, Greece, Italy and Turkey. Its main base is at Leeds Bradford Airport with nine additional operating bases across the United Kingdom with an eleventh base of Liverpool John Lennon Airport which commenced operations in 2024, and a twelfth base at Bournemouth Airport from April 2025, as well as, overseas bases at Alicante–Elche Airport, Palma de Mallorca Airport (seasonal) and Tenerife South Airport.

Current fleet
, the Jet2.com fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Short-term seasonal leasing
In addition to the above fleet, Jet2.com commonly wet-leases additional aircraft to support its operations during busy periods. For summer 2024, this includes Airbus A321s from Titan Airways, Airbus A330s from AirTanker Services and Boeing 737s from AirExplore and ETF Airways.

Fleet development
In October 2021, Jet2.com announced that they had placed an order with Airbus to purchase multiple Airbus A321neo aircraft. In July 2022, Jet2.com further announced that they had expanded their order with Airbus, ordering a total of 60 A321neo aircraft. In October 2022, Jet2.com announced an additional order for 35 Airbus A320neo aircraft. These aircraft are intended to increase fleet size and replace existing Boeing 757 and Boeing 737-300 aircraft, both of which are slowly being retired.

In 2024, Jet2 will retrofit 50 Boeing 737-800s with Split-Scimitar Winglets, making the aircraft more fuel efficient. These will include the 34 Boeing 737s that Jet2 took delivery new between 2016 and 2019.

Jet2 also had an order for 35 Airbus A320neos, however, in July 2024, this order was converted into Airbus A321neos meaning no A320s would be joining the fleet and taking the A321neos up to 110 airframes.

Historic fleet
The table shows a list of Jet2's historic fleet, many of which are leased aircraft previously used by the company.

title: Jet2.com


text:
Oguni, Niigata

Oguni (小国町) was a town located in Kariwa District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,044 and a density of 81.76 persons per km2. The total area was 86.15 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Oguni, along with the village of Yamakoshi (from Koshi District), the town of Nakanoshima (from Minamikanbara District), and the towns of Koshiji and Mishima (both from Santō District), was merged into the expanded city of Nagaoka.

title: Oguni, Niigata


text:
Kariwa

Kariwa (刈羽村) is a village located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 4,578 in 1613 households, and a population density of 174 persons per km². The total area of the village was 26.27 sqkm.

Geography
Kariwa is located in central Niigata Prefecture, sandwiched between the cities of Nagaoka and Kashiwazaki, and consists of two discontinuous areas. Kariwa is located near the Sea of Japan but has no coastline. It takes over 3 hours to reach Tokyo by train (using local trains and Jōetsu Shinkansen from Nagaoka), or by car on the Kan-Etsu Expressway.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Niigata Prefecture
 * Kashiwazaki
 * Nagaoka

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kariwa peaked at around the year 1990, and has declined steadily since.

History
The area of present-day Kariwa was part of ancient Echigo Province and was part of the tenryō holdings of the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo period. The village of Kariwa was established within Kariwa District, Niigata with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. On September 30, 1956 a part of the neighbouring village of Nakadori was absorbed into Kariwa. Likewise, on April 10, 1959 a part of neighbouring Futada village was absorbed into Kariwa

2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake hit off the coast of Kashiwazaki, killing 10 people, and injuring more than 1,200, causing massive power outages. Total over 340 houses were destroyed and thousands of people were forced to live at the shelters. The quake caused a fire at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant in an electrical transformer, a leak of water from the spent fuel pool, and a host of other safety related events.

Economy
Together with Kashiwazaki city, Kariwa is the home of the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant, once the largest nuclear generating station in the world by net electrical power rating. After the April 2011 earthquake, all restarted units were shut down and safety improvements are being carried out. no units have been restarted.

Education
Kariwa has three public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway
JR East - Echigo Line
 * Arahama - Kariwa

Highway

 * JP Expressway E8.svg Hokuriku Expressway

Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Half Moon Bay, California, United States

Local attractions

 * Kariwa Midden (Prehistoric site)
 * Tohuku-in (temple)
 * Joraku-ji (temple)
 * Hozo-ji (temple)
 * Katsuyama castle remains (Now used as hiking paths)
 * Akada castle remains (Now used as hiking paths)
 * Kariwa Village Life Learning Center "Rapika"

Festivals

 * Takiya Toro Oshiai Matsuri (Lantern Battle Festival) (April)
 * Peach Flower Festival (April)
 * Kariwa-mura Furusato Matsuri (Village Festival) (August)

title: Kariwa


text:
Canon Digital IXUS

The Digital IXUS (IXY Digital in Japan and PowerShot Digital ELPH in US and Canada) is a series of digital cameras released by Canon. It is a line of ultracompact cameras, originally based on the design of Canon's IXUS/IXY/ELPH line of APS cameras.

History
Canon's PowerShot A and S line of the time were being made as small as contemporary technology allowed, and demonstrated the demand for a small digital camera of good quality. Canon used its experience with small film cameras, particularly the APS IXUS, to mass-produce good digital cameras smaller than anyone else had managed up to the time (the first Digital IXUS was the smallest 2 MP then available ) and reused the popular IXUS/IXY/ELPH brand name with the tag line "The DIGITAL IXUS blends Canon's award-winning IXUS design with PowerShot digital technology."

The first Digital IXUS, released in June 2000 fitted the technology of the PowerShot S10 into a body similar to the APS IXUS II. Between 2003 and 2004, starting with the Digital IXUS II, Canon moved from the use of CF cards to SD cards to create thinner cameras.

Several models have found favor within the Kite Aerial Photography (KAP) community due to a unique combination of small size/ low weight, excellent image quality with stabilization, and the option of expanded manual control including intervalometer functionality available via 3rd party CHDK.

G-series in a compact body
The IXUS 900Ti was the first in a series of IXUS and S-series cameras that feature the Digic image processors and larger than average sensors as fitted to the advanced PowerShot G-series cameras. The IXUS / S-series and the equivalent G-series models are listed below:

 * IXUS 900 Ti (SD900)* / PowerShot G7 / Digic III / 10 MP 3648 × 2736 1/1.8″ CCD.
 * IXUS 960 IS (SD950IS)* / PowerShot G9 / Digic III / 12.1 MP 4000 × 3000 1/1.7″ CCD.
 * IXUS 980 IS (SD990IS) / PowerShot G10 / Digic 4 / 14.7 MP 4416 × 3312 1/1.7″ CCD.
 * PowerShot S90, S95, S200 / PowerShot G11, G12 / Digic 4 / 10 MP 3648 × 2736 1/1.7″ CCD (S200 features Digic 5).
 * PowerShot S100, S110 / PowerShot G15 / Digic 5 / 12.1 MP 4000×3000 1/1.7" CMOS.
 * Powershot S120 / PowerShot G16 / Digic 6 / 12.1 MP 4000×3000 1/1.7" CMOS.

(* The IXUS 900 Ti and 960 IS feature a titanium body.)

Models
The same camera models are released in Europe, the US, and Japan under different names. The cameras themselves are identical apart from the front fascia, according to the parts lists. The Canon model number on the bottom is consistent between marketing names. This article uses the Digital IXUS model names unless otherwise stated. The comparison tables in this article list equivalent IXY Digital and PowerShot Digital ELPH model names.

All models use lithium ion batteries of Canon proprietary design, though third-party equivalents are readily available.

All models introduced before 2010 use RGBG Bayer filter (except the original Digital IXUS, which uses a CYGM filter ) CCD sensors made by Sony. IXUS 300 HS/PowerShot Digital ELPH SD4000 IS/IXY 30S introduced in May 2010 and all following models have back-illuminated CMOS sensor. Images are recorded as JPEGs. Raw image files are not accessible without the use of third party firmware such as CHDK.

In 2010, Canon dropped the prefix "Digital" as well as suffix "IS" (Image Stabilization) from the names of the new models e.g. IXUS 105. A similar change was applied to the IXY-series names used in the Japanese market. The United States market naming was simplified in 2011: "Digital" and "IS" were removed as well as "SD" prefix. Newer US and European model carry "HS" suffix, that stands for "high sensitivity".

The Digital IXUS series slots above the PowerShot A in Canon's point-and-shoot lineup, with models in the Digital IXUS range commanding a considerable price premium. However, since the late 2000s, with the falling prices of Digital IXUS models in Canadian and U.S. markets, they have become among some of the lower-priced models available as PowerShot A models are gradually withdrawn from the market and not replaced.

IXUS/ELPH/IXY cameras using CF storage
The PowerShot Digital ELPH using CF have Sxxx model number.

IXUS 400
The Canon Digital IXUS 400 (PowerShot ELPH S400 in North America and IXY Digital 400 in Japan) featured:
 * Maximum resolution: 2272 × 1704 (3.8 megapixels)
 * Image ratio 4:3
 * Memory Format Compact Flash
 * ISO 50–400
 * 35 mm equivalent: 36 mm–108 mm
 * Aperture –
 * Battery NB-1LH, 3.7 V 840 mAh lithium-ion rechargeable

The internal wiring of the CCD can become disconnected in high-temperature or high-humidity environments. Canon issued a recall in October 2006. The damaged CCD displays purple or blueish, distorted or possibly no image at all. The menu and pictures taken prior to the CCD disconnect will still display normally.

The camera also incorrectly reports a problem with the memory card (Memory Card Error message). This problem can be temporarily overcome by removing both the main battery as well as the small internal battery. Canon has acknowledged this issue, and formerly repaired free of charge.

IXUS 430
The Canon Digital IXUS 430 is (PowerShot ELPH S410 in North America and IXY Digital 450 in Japan) featured 4.0 megapixels, 3x zoom lens, and i3 minute videos with sound.

There has been a Service Notice by Canon stating that the vendor supplied CCD image sensor used in this camera can cause a malfunction. The affected cameras (s410) show the symptoms such as a corrupted image, lines going across the LCD screen, lack of color of the image produced, or no image produced. Shots by the camera will also display these symptoms. In Canon's service notice they also stated the following: "Effective immediately, and regardless of warranty status, Canon will repair, free of charge, products exhibiting the above-mentioned malfunction if the malfunction is caused by the CCD image sensor. Canon will also cover the cost of shipping and handling in connection with this repair."

IXUS/ELPH/IXY cameras using SD storage
The PowerShot Digital ELPH using SD had SDxxx or SDxxxx model number prior to 2011 models' introduction.

Accessories

 * IXUS: AW-PS200 all-weather enclosure
 * IXUS 330: WP-DC500 waterproof enclosure
 * IXUS 400/430/500: WP-DC800 waterproof enclosure
 * IXUS i: AW-DC10 all-weather enclosure
 * IXUS 50: AW-DC30 all-weather enclosure
 * IXUS 55: AW-DC50 all-weather enclosure
 * SD700 IS: WP-DC5 waterproof enclosure
 * External flash: High-Power Flash HF-DC1

Known problems
A firmware bug exists that can cause the IXUS 400 (and possibly other cameras with the same firmware) to display a "Memory card error" message after the camera has been in use for some time. Contrary to the message, there may not actually be anything wrong with the memory card. Descriptions of the fix recommend simultaneously removing the internal and external batteries to reset the camera. Canon has acknowledged this issue and formerly repaired it free of charge.

A number of camera models across several manufacturers used a Sony CCD that was prone to failure. Canon put out a general recall in late 2005 on affected models and serial numbers. Models from the IXUS range are the v3, II, and IIs. Canon has issued a support advisory stating it will repair affected cameras free of charge. This free repair service for Canon cameras with defective CCD image sensors is gradually being phased out; in the UK, the free service end date for IXUS II cameras was 31 January 2011.

Like all compacts with a zoom lens, cameras in the IXUS range are susceptible to the "lens error" message if the lens is physically unable to zoom in or out. On Canon cameras, this manifests as the E18 error or the message "Lens error, restart camera" on more recent models.

Sample shots
All images here are the original camera JPEG with original Exif information, unmodified except for lossless rotation.

title: Canon Digital IXUS


text:
Talk:Saint Louis Art Museum

Comments for July 27, 2004
Good job so far on beginning the Saint Louis Art Museum Wikipedia page. Here are some comments and suggestions for this page:

 * I removed the list of contact telephone numbers. Remember that the Wikipedia is accessed internationally for general information.  If people want phone numbers, they can click on an external link.
 * This page previously began with a general description of the Art Museum. Just below in the Introduction, some of the same information is repeated.  Someone needs to edit the page to consolidate the repeated information.
 * The first major heading on the page is External Links. External links should be included toward the bottom of the page, not the top.  Please note that further down on the page there are some external links (listed under "useful links.")  Please combine all external links together into one list with an appropriate heading.  The best place for external links is at the bottom of the Wikipedia page.
 * When combining these external links into one list, make certain that the links are consistent in format. Please also format them as a list and as links.  Review How_to_edit_a_page if you do not know how to do this.
 * Under Collection, the list of nine areas would look best formatted as an ordered (numbered) list. Review How_to_edit_a_page to see how to do this.
 * I don't see a single Wikipedia link in the text written by students for this project. Please go through and place words that can lead to other Wikipedia entries between brackets.  These are the types of words that should definitely have Wikipedia pages and need internal links:
 * Years: 1906, 1916, etc.
 * Georgraphic/Cultural Words: African, Oceania, etc.
 * Types of Art: Photographs, Sculpture, etc.
 * Names of Artists: Matisse, Picasso, etc.
 * Other Key Nouns: library, docent, etc.

 * Double check the text that you have entered into your sections for this page. You are not allowed to copy or use any form of plagiarism to create a Wikipedia page.  Plagiarism will result in the removal of your work from the Wikipedia.  If any portion of your text may be considered plagiarized, re-write it in your own words or ask for assistance from someone to help you re-write it.
 * One person needs to go through and re-format the entire Wikipedia page to make sure that it "looks good." Although this is a group effort (like most Wikipedia pages), the end result should look consistent and match the quality and format of other Wikipedia pages.

If you have any questions, please contact me and let me know.

 * DJKS 15:14, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Saint Louis Art Museum. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130630224202/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/A-quiet-and-reserved-new-wing-for-Saint-Louis-Art-Museum/29783 to http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/A-quiet-and-reserved-new-wing-for-Saint-Louis-Art-Museum/29783
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070203215902/http://www.stlouis.art.museum/modig/default.aspx to http://www.stlouis.art.museum/modig/default.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:53, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint Louis Art Museum


text:
169th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 169th Infantry Division (169. Infanterie-Division) was a German infantry division during World War II.

History
The division was formed in 1939. It took part in Operation Fall Gelb and stayed in France until being transferred to Finnish Lapland in 1941. The division was part of the German XXXVI Corps which also included SS Division Nord and the Finnish 6th Division. On 1 July the corps began its attack which was aimed at Kandalaksha on the White Sea coast. The division crossed the Finnish-Soviet Border just north of Salla. During the heavy fighting against the Soviet 122nd Division the SS Division Nord broke and fled. On 8 July the 169th occupied Salla. With the help of the Finnish 6th Division the Soviets were pushed back beyond the pre-Winter War borders.

In September the division had advanced to the River Verman (Vermanjoki), here the offensive finally stalled. During autumn 1941 AOK Norwegen decided to shifts its attack to the area held by the Finnish 3rd Division. The 169th Division stayed in the area around Salla until the beginning of hostilities between Finland and Germany in 1944. During 1944 the division withdrew back to Norway, then was transferred to Germany where it fought out the final few weeks of the war.

Commanders

 * Generalleutnant Philipp Müller-Gebhard (29 November 1939 - 1 December 1939)
 * Generalleutnant Heinrich Kirchheim (1 December 1939 - 1 February 1941)
 * Generalleutnant Kurt Dittmar (1 February 1941 - 29 September 1941)
 * Generalleutnant Hermann Tittel (29 September 1941 - 22 June 1943)
 * Generalleutnant Georg Radziej (22 June 1943 - N/A)

title: 169th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)


text:
User:Lachatdelarue

I joined Wikipedia on 22 July, 2004.

Random useful things:

CAT:CSD NPOV tutorial WP:VIP WP:RFC WP:VFD WP:NPA

AlleyCat AlleyCat

title: User:Lachatdelarue


text:
The Canary Trainer

The Canary Trainer: From the Memoirs of John H. Watson is a 1993 Sherlock Holmes pastiche by Nicholas Meyer. Like The Seven Percent Solution and The West End Horror, The Canary Trainer was published as a "lost manuscript" of the late Dr. John H. Watson. In "The Adventure of Black Peter", an original Arthur Conan Doyle Holmes story from 1904, Watson mentions that his companion recently arrested "Wilson, the notorious canary-trainer, which removed a plague-spot from the East-End of London." This Wilson (who figures prominently in the Adrian Conan Doyle pastiche "The Adventure of the Deptford Horror") is not related to the eponymous character of Meyer's novel. Meyer's "trainer" is Erik, the principal figure of Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel The Phantom of the Opera. It is from this unchronicled tale that The Notorious Canary Trainers (a Sherlockian scion in Madison, Wisconsin, founded in 1969) take their name.

The Canary Trainer describes Holmes's adventures during "The Great Hiatus" of 1891–1894, when (according to the Sherlockian Canon) he was traveling the world, trying to escape the minions of Professor Moriarty; in Meyer's The Seven-Per-Cent Solution, however, a different impetus is given for this period, and this alternate scenario is maintained here. The bulk of the novel is a first-person narrative, in which Holmes recounts a visit to Paris, where he played violin for the Palais Garnier and became entangled with a mysterious "Phantom". Although Dr. Watson appears only in the novel's 1912 bookend scenes, a significant sub-plot concerns Holmes' efforts to (temporarily) replace the former with a young Parisian, who, while useful, is not nearly as brave or devoted as Holmes' usual companion.

This novel takes place before Meyer's second Holmes pastiche, The West End Horror.

Plot summary
In 1912, Dr. Watson visits the retired Sherlock Holmes, who is happily cultivating bees on the Sussex Downs. Holmes seems mostly concerned about interesting Watson in his new hobby, but Watson prefers to interrogate Holmes and fill some of the gaps in previous Sherlockian history. For example, Watson says, Holmes's account of how he spent the "Lost Years" (1891 to 1895) was laden with contradictions. Finally, he persuades Holmes to retell one episode of his adventures.

The narration switches to Holmes. He describes how, following the events of The Seven Percent Solution, he traveled Europe and slowly realized that the entire world believed him dead. Wandering aimlessly, he finds himself in Paris, where after a short-lived stint as a violin instructor, he obtains a position at the Paris Opéra. From the very beginning, his job has ominous undertones. For example, the vacancy only appeared because the previous violinist ran into the street, swearing that he would never work in the place again. This does not daunt Holmes, who interviews with and favourably impresses the conductor, Maître Gaston Leroux.

Holmes gradually becomes accustomed to the Opera's distinctive culture. He learns that all minor mishaps are attributed to the Ghost, a spectral personage who haunts the Opera's labyrinthine passageways, sometimes appearing to ballet dancers wearing an evening suit but without a head. All goes well until the prima donna soprano, La Sorelli, falls ill and is replaced by Irene Adler, a past adversary known for her ability to outwit Holmes. His admiration for her provokes uncertain emotions, largely foreign to his calculating nature—but he soon realizes that torment is secondary, when the opera rehearsals subject him to her incomparably beautiful singing. He suffers in silence until Adler sees his profile in a Degas painting, whereupon she realizes that he is alive, and enlists his help. She has taken the young coloratura Christine Daaé "under her wing", and is fearful that the innocent singer may fall prey to intrigue once Adler has left.

Irene Adler blackmails Holmes into assisting her, promising that she will remain silent about his survival. While investigating the intrigues that surround Christine, Holmes appears to run afoul of the Opera Ghost.

Characters
Note: Bolded characters are based upon characters from The Phantom of the Opera. Italicized characters are based on existing Sherlock Holmes stories.
 * Sherlock Holmes – the detective, protagonist
 * Dr. Watson – initial narrator
 * La Sorelli – the prima donna soprano
 * Irene Adler – also a singer (previously appeared in "A Scandal in Bohemia")
 * Christine Daaé – the young coloratura
 * Maître Gaston Leroux – the conductor
 * The Phantom of the Opera/Nobody: identified in the original novel as Erik, but never named in Meyer's version.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews found the book lacking, calling the finale "anticlimactic" and summing the review up by saying "Should appeal to those fans (and there will be plenty) who can overlook the undistinguished stylistic pastiche--Holmes rather unwisely narrates this lost adventure himself--the footnotes that explain every last Holmesian reference, and the unfortunate poverty of the plot." Matthew Bunson in Encyclopedia Sherlockiana said the plot worked nicely within Leroux's original novel but found the climax "unequal to the reputations of both characters" and found Watson to be "acutely missed." Publishers Weekly said that "Meyer's casual plotting (piggybacking on the over-familiar Phantom outline) sinks on occasion into travelogue and affords Holmes little opportunity to flex his deductive muscles" but "overall, Meyer treats his readers to a lively and entertaining, if undemanding ride."

Allusions to other works
In the prologue, Meyer refers to the "Baring-Gould papers" as having caused a resumption of interest in Holmes' life, and Meyer includes several allusions to William S. Baring-Gould's works. At the end of the novel, Holmes implies that he and Adler consummated their relationship in Montenegro; this seems to be a reference to Baring-Gould's theory that Nero Wolfe was the love child of Holmes and Adler from an affair they had in Montenegro in 1892. Holmes' undercover name, Sigerson, is both a reference to Conan Doyle's story "The Adventure of the Empty House" where Holmes uses that name, and Baring-Gould's Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street, where Holmes' father's name was Siger.

Raoul compares Holmes to Auguste Dupin, a comparison which causes Holmes some offense. Watson had also compared Holmes to Dupin in A Study in Scarlet, with similar results.

The Marquis de St.-Evremonde, the descendant of Charles Darnay and Lucie Manette from A Tale of Two Cities, is among the guests of the Paris Opera.

In the novel's afterword, Meyer acknowledges the two most obvious influences, Conan Doyle's vast Sherlockian opus and Gaston Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera, which Meyer terms an "absurdist masterpiece".

Release details

 * 1993, USA, W W Norton ISBN 0-393-03608-1, Pub date 20 September 1993, hardback (First edition)
 * 1995, USA, W W Norton ISBN 0-393-31241-0, Pub date ? March 1995, paperback

title: The Canary Trainer


text:
User talk:Randomuser0101

September 2014
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title: User talk:Randomuser0101


text:
List of Old Etonians born before the 18th century

The following notable old boys of Eton College were born in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.

15th century

 * Thomas Rotherham (1423–1500), Keeper of the Privy Seal, 1467–1474, Bishop of Rochester, 1468–1472, Bishop of Lincoln, 1472–1480, Lord Chancellor, 1474–1483, and Archbishop of York, 1480–1500
 * Oliver King (c.1432–1503), Bishop of Exeter, 1492–1495, and Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1495–1503
 * John Doget (c.1434–1501), humanist scholar
 * Robert Wydow (c.1446–1505), poet and church musician
 * Walter Lambe (c.1450-c.1504), composer and church musician
 * John Browne (1453-c.1500) composer
 * Robert Hacomblen (c.1455-1528) classical scholar and composer, Provost of King's College, Cambridge
 * John Barker (fl. c.1471–1482), logician
 * Nicholas West (c.1461–1533), Bishop of Ely, 1535–1538, and diplomat
 * John Kite (died 1537), Archbishop of Armagh, 1513–1521, and Bishop of Carlisle, 1521–1537
 * Richard Croke (or Crocus) (c.1489–1558), classical scholar
 * Edward Fox (c.1496–1538), Bishop of Hereford, 1535–1538

16th century

 * John Frith (1503–1533), Protestant clergyman and martyr
 * Sir Thomas Pope (1507–1558), founder of Trinity College, Oxford
 * Edward Aglionby (1520–c.1587), poet
 * Thomas Tusser (1524–1580), poet and farmer
 * Robert Glover (died 1555), Protestant martyr
 * Laurence Saunders (died 1555), Protestant preacher and martyr
 * Sir Thomas Sutton (c.1532–1611), founder of Charterhouse School
 * Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c.1539–1583), coloniser of Newfoundland
 * Ralph Sherwin (1550–1581), Jesuit priest, martyr and Catholic saint
 * Thomas Aufield (1552–1585), Roman Catholic priest and beatified martyr
 * John Cowell (1554–1611), Regius Professor of Civil Law, University of Cambridge, 1594–1611
 * Sir John Harington (1561–1612), author and inventor of the water closet
 * Sir Thomas Posthumous Hoby (1566–1640), Member of Parliament, claimed as the inspiration for Malvolio in Twelfth Night.
 * William Oughtred (1575–1660), mathematician
 * Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex (1591–1646), General, Parliamentarian Army, 1642–1645
 * Méric Casaubon (1599–1671), classical scholar

17th century

 * Henry Hammond (1605–1660), clergyman
 * Bulstrode Whitelocke (1605–1675), lawyer and politician, prominent Parliamentarian during the Civil War
 * Edmund Waller (1606–1687), poet and anti-Parliamentarian conspirator
 * John Pearson (1613–1686), Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity, University of Cambridge, 1661–1672, and Bishop of Chester, 1673–1686
 * Henry More (1614–1687), theologian and philosopher
 * George Fane (c.1616–1663), Royalist commander
 * Antony Ascham (died 1650), Parliamentarian Ambassador to Spain, 1650, and murder victim
 * Robert Boyle (1627–1691), natural philosopher and chemist
 * Henry Godolphin (1648–1733), Provost of Eton, 1695–1707, 1726–1733, and Dean of St Paul's, 1707–1726
 * George Stanhope (1660–1728), Dean of Canterbury, 1704–1728
 * John Rosewell Headmaster (1671–1682)
 * James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope (1673–1721), Secretary of State for the Southern Department, 1714–1717, 1718–1721, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1717–1718, and soldier
 * Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend (1674–1738), Secretary of State for the Northern Department, 1714–1717, 1721–1730
 * Anthony Collins (1676–1729), deist
 * Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (1676–1745), Secretary at War, 1708–1710, Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1721–1742
 * John Weldon (1676–1736), organist and composer
 * Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678–1751), Secretary at War, 1704–1708
 * Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot of Hensol (1685–1737), Solicitor General, 1726–1733, and Lord Chancellor, 1733–1737
 * Sir William Wyndham (1687–1740), Secretary at War, 1712–1713, and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1713–1714
 * Thomas Thackeray, 1693–1760, an 18th-century Head Master of Harrow
 * William George (c.1698 – 1756) Dean of Lincoln, Provost of King's College, Cambridge, Head Master of Eton


text:
List of commissioners of Bechuanaland

This is a list of the commissioners of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, which gained full independence as Botswana in 1966. From 1885 to 1891 the post was known as Deputy Commissioner; from 1891 to 1964 as Resident Commissioner; and from 1964 to independence as Queen's Commissioner.

In the table below, dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office.

For continuation after independence see: Heads of State of Botswana

title: List of commissioners of Bechuanaland


text:
User talk:Kaisershatner

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Introduction to contentious topics
– Muboshgu (talk) 17:45, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi - thanks. You may have seen my talk page, indicating nearly 20 years of tenure, 16,000 edits, etc.  I am also a former admin.  I appreciate the "introduction" to contentious topics.  Do you have a more specific response to my point about NPOV on the relevant article, though?
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title: User talk:Kaisershatner


text:
Talk:Hervé Villechaize

DE Plane! DE Plane!
Would someone who knows how to do such things, please change the name of the article called "Ze Plane! Ze Plane!" to "De Plane! De Plane!"? De Plane, De Plane! is what he actually said, but some know-nothing created the page and called it "Ze Plane!" Until that is changed, the Wiki police will keep undoing my (or anyone else's) attempts to correct his famous Fantasy Island exclamation in his Wiki article. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.65.76.189 (talk) 23:07, 22 January 2016

"Ze plane! Ze plane!"
Herve Villechaize did not say "Ze plane! Ze plane!" Nor could he, even if he wanted to. In addition to a thick French accent, he had an irrepressible lisp, which made itself plain when he talked about a guest's "fantathy" on "Fantasy Island." Because of his particular speech impediment, his opening line came out, "The plane! The plane!" 65.33.153.122 (talk) 18:26, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

Agreed - he audibly says, "De plane! De plane!" ("The plane! The plane!") - definitely not "Ze plane". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.157.5.186 (talk) 15:38, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I've changed it, and cited a source. GA-RT-22 (talk) 20:27, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

Additionally, he did not "chant" the phrase, as the lead currently states. This is an incorrect term to describe how the actor delivered the line atop the bell tower. Suggest inserting a different word to better describe the action. Maineartists (talk) 20:50, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

Not 1978... 1977!
The first Serie started/ is filmed in 1977, not 1978. You can clearly see that at the begining of every episode. Even more, the first episode (Pilot) was broadcast on 14 January 1977, so probably even filmed in 1976. 5.132.53.188 (talk) 21:13, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

 * You're right; both the Filmography subsection and the Fantasy Island article used the correct date (1977), so I've edited the lead paragraph to match. With non-controversial edits like this you can be bold and make the correction yourself, remembering to add an explanation in the edit summary. It's as easy as editing a talk page. Thanks for your contribution. nagualdesign 21:17, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

Edit re: ethnicity
I noticed that this page is inaccurate by saying Hervé is of Filipino descent. This podcast (Soundtracking with Edith Bowman) discusses Hervé's ethnicity:

https://audioboom.com/posts/6975107-episode-102-sacha-gervasi-on-the-music-of-anvil-danny-elfman-more

At the 55 minute mark, you'll hear that according to Hervé's brother Patrick, Hervé was English/French/Italian/German. Let me know if anyone has any disagreements - otherwise this should be enacted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Adamspond (talk • contribs) 22:28, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

 * My question would be this: are third-hand sources adequate enough to be considered factual? If I say in a podcast or an interview that Madonna's brother told me that she's from Nigeria, is that adequate enough of a source? I would have to say no. Peter Dinklage saying Villachaize's family told him he was not Filipinio; or a person in a podcast saying that Villachaize's brother said he was not Filipino, are simply not reliable enough pieces of information to consider it a fact. CouplandForever (talk) 08:51, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Here's an article where Roger Moore claims Villachaize was a sex addict. Should we add it to the article because a famous person says it's true?

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3980648/Nick-Nack-tiny-lothario-Roger-Moore-reveals-3ft-11in-actor-played-villain-Man-Golden-Gun-unnatural-lust-women.html CouplandForever (talk) 08:55, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Seems like both the claim that he was and he wasn't Filipino aren't well-sourced so the fact should just be omitted. Also, this note from his girlfriend, Kathy Self, indicates that nobody knows who his biological father was. http://reelreviews.com/shorttakes/tattoo/tattoo.htm "Only Jean Paul and Phillippe are from Andre Villechaize. He and his older brother were born to his mother ad another father, and she would never tell him who that was. Andre married his mother when Herve was about 2, and adopted both boys, although not legally, and he did give them both his last name." RotJ (talk) 15:57, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

If statements made by the actual family themselves are not being accepted as factual, then my advice is to purge any references to the man's ethnicity from the article, full stop. Say he was French-born and leave it at that. If he was still alive we'd probably have to do that under WP:BLP, just as there are many biographical articles of living persons that omit birth dates due to lack of reliable - or, should I say, acceptable-to-Wikipedia-sourced - information. 136.159.160.8 (talk) 18:31, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

Someone has started a bogus Tumblr blog claiming Villechaize has Filipino ancestry. Make sure it is not cited as a reliable source. The Tumblr, titled "FAMOUS FILIPINOS / ASIANS," is located at http://famousfilipinos.tumblr.com/post/74855984/herve-villechaize-filipino. Michaelopolis (talk) 02:23, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

 * If there are better sources for him being a stepson of André Villechaize, that should be included. There don't seem to be any sources that he had Filipino ancestry, unless it was in something ephemeral and unreliable like a television documentary from decades ago, and quite possibly it is impossible to know.--Pharos (talk) 15:21, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

Regarding the audio recording Herve left re: suicide
LAPD never has and never will release this audio. There is a youtube that his girlfriend tells what he supposedly said on the recording but the LAPD have this audiotape archived somewhere within their system and never ever will let the public hear it. I find that unfortunate. He is dead now for decades. Why not allow the public hear it? Just my opinion I guess. Ciao. Photolarry (talk)photolarry — Preceding undated comment added 06:44, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

Suicide
The sources cited for this article do not coincide with what is presented within its content. The article states: "Villechaize, aged 50, is believed to have first fired a shot through the sliding-glass patio door to awaken his longtime girlfriend, Kathy Self, before shooting himself."

But the RADAR source claims: Villechaize snuck "outside in the early morning to pump a bullet into his chest. He then squeezed off two more shots."

The article then goes on to state: "Self found Villechaize in his backyard, and he was pronounced dead at the Medical Center of North Hollywood."

But the sources claim: "Self ... found 50-year-old Villechaize alive — but bleeding heavily." "He was in pain, but he was still talking," she recalled. "There was a tape recorder in a potted plant right next to where he fired," Self noted. "He said, 'Well, I just have to do this, and everything will be fine. Kathy, it's not your fault, so don't worry. I love you. OK, I just need to pull this little trigger,'" she continued of Villechaize's last moments. "Then it goes pop. And he says, 'Whoa, well, I guess I just have to wait.'

Another source claims: "In the early morning hours of September 4, 1993 his common-law wife (even though she didn't live in the same house) would find his body." It seems Herve had written a suicide note, grabbed his tape recorder and proceeded to his cluttered backyard. He turned on the tape recorder and spoke into the microphone, "Kathy, I can't live like this anymore. I've always been a proud man and always wanted to make you proud of me. You know you made me feel like a giant and that's how I want you to remember me" After a bit more rambling he said "I'm doing what I have to do...I want everything to go to Kathy...I want everyone to know that I love them."

In a sitting position, Herve leaned back against the sliding glass patio door*, placed a pillow against his chest, and fired the pistol into the pillow. The bullet would travel through Herve's chest shattering the glass door, pass through a kitchen cabinet, and eventually end up lodged in a wall. The tape recorder caught the sound of Herve cocking the pistol just before the deadly shots rang out. As he lay slumped against the glass door he mumbled, "it hurts, it hurts...Im dying, I'm dying."

Either the article isn't citing the events correctly, or Self is not getting her facts straight. Either way, there are major inconsistencies in the sources. The NYT does not corroborate either. The content of his suicide cannot stand as written with these sources stating completely different facts and events. Maineartists (talk) 22:23, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hervé Villechaize