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Streets of Rage (video game)

Streets of Rage is a beat 'em up game developed and published by Sega for the Genesis in 1991. Players control one of three former police officers turned vigilantes who battle a crime syndicate. Streets of Rage establishes many conventions of the Streets of Rage series, such as two-player cooperative play and an acclaimed techno soundtrack from composer Yuzo Koshiro. It was ported for the Game Gear, Sega CD and Master System and has been rereleased as part of various compilations and on download services.

Gameplay
Streets of Rage is a beat 'em up featuring aspects of Double Dragon and Final Fight. Players act as Adam, Axel, or Blaze, who save Wood Oak City from being overtaken by a criminal syndicate led by Mr. X. The three traverse eight levels and all have a total of 40 moves, such as headbutts, backslams, and reverse kicks. Surrounding the landscape are weapons that can be used to attack enemies, such as knives, glass bottles, pipes, and baseball bats, and food items that increase energy, such as apples and chicken.

As in Sega's previous beat 'em up Golden Axe, enemies walk onto the screen from both sides as well as occasionally appearing from other locations. Foes include ninjas, punks, and women in bondage, and up to 12 can appear on a screen. The player must defeat each opponent to progress through eight locations, known as rounds. With the exception of round 7, there is a boss battle at the end of every round with a disproportionately large enemy. Unlike its sequels, none of the enemies are named within the game (they are named only in the Japanese version's manual) and only the bosses have a visible life bar.

Players also have a limited number of special attacks that allow them to call the police and summon a police car that fires explosives, damaging all enemies on screen. The player is given one special attack per life or per level and power-ups shaped like police cars supply additional specials.

Development
Lead designer Noriyoshi Oba broached the idea of doing a street fighting game along the lines of Final Fight and Double Dragon with Yuzo Koshiro. Oba was also influenced by action television shows such as Starsky & Hutch and The A-Team. The game was designed for players to focus on preventing enemies from swarming them, as well as to work with a second player using various cooperative team moves.

Collections
A signature title and franchise for Sega during the Mega Drive era, the title was collected often.
 * Mega Games II (compiled with Golden Axe and The Revenge of Shinobi) that was later bundled with the Mega Drive.
 * Sega Classics Arcade Collection (a Mega CD compilation with the two previously mentioned titles, plus Super Monaco GP and Columns, also available as in cartridge format for Mega Drive II). The voice effects for the characters in this version of the game were all redone.
 * Sega Genesis 6-PAK (composed of Streets of Rage, Sonic the Hedgehog, Columns, The Revenge of Shinobi, Golden Axe and Super Hang-On); and Mega 6 (composed of Streets of Rage, World Cup Italia '90, Columns, Super Monaco GP, The Revenge of Shinobi and Sonic the Hedgehog).
 * Streets of Rage, along with its two sequels, is included in the Japanese version of the Sonic Gems Collection for the GameCube and PlayStation 2, but was omitted from the North American GameCube version to avoid it gaining an E10+ rating, and also from the European GameCube and PlayStation 2 versions for unknown reasons. They were previously available on GameTap until the service shutdown in 2015.
 * Streets of Rage along with both of its sequels are included in Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.
 * AtGames had released several plug and plays of the Sega Genesis both in SD and HD that includes all three Streets of Rage titles along with other Sega Genesis hits like Golden Axe and Sonic the Hedgehog.
 * In 2012, Streets of Rage Collection, a package of all three Streets of Rage games, was released on Xbox Live Arcade as part of the Sega Vintage Collection range of titles.
 * On 26 January 2011, Streets of Rage was released on Valve's Steam platform, both as a standalone purchase and part of the SEGA Mega Drive Classics Pack 4.
 * On 21 August 2013, 3D Streets of Rage was released for Nintendo 3DS, both as an Nintendo eShop standalone purchase and later on 18 December 2014 as a part of the Sega 3D Fukkoku Archives.
 * On 29 May 2018, Sega released Sega Genesis Classics (known as Sega Mega Drive Classics in PAL regions) which includes Streets of Rage 1-3.

Reception
The game topped the UK Mega Drive charts upon release. Streets of Rage went on to be one of the best-selling Sega games,.

Streets of Rage was well received. Electronic Gaming Monthly claimed it was "a winner in a category that was lacking on the 16-bit Sega" and "a real version of Double Dragon for the Genesis". The magazine's critics were quick to call it the best fighting game of all time, making it superior to all other titles such as Final Fight; they highlighted its "superb graphics, terrific interaction", huge amount of attacks, and two-player mode, and called its music "funkadelic" and better than Sonic the Hedgehog. Mega Play's four reviewers also called it the best all-time fighting, praising the graphics, soundtrack, and described the gameplay as "street fighting action at its best!"

MegaTech magazine review said it had "excellent sprites, backdrops and brilliant music. Add in great gameplay and simultaneous two-player action and you've got an essential buy." Mega placed the game at Number 6 in its Top Mega Drive Games of All Time. Reviewing the game in Sega Arcade Classics for the Sega CD, Glenn Rubenstein wrote in 1993 it "still holds up well." Mega Zone's Brian Costelloe magazine cited the music, level backgrounds and boss fights. He called the music the "most hyped" of all-time, its shipyard graphics the best on the consoles. He and Electronic Gaming Monthly were also amazed by the large size of the boss.

Legacy
Streets of Rage was followed by three sequels, Streets of Rage 2, Streets of Rage 3 and Streets of Rage 4. There were plans for two further sequels, one of which was developed by Core Design for the Sega Saturn, but Sega pulled the Streets of Rage name during development after a disagreement with Core about porting it to rival formats; the game was eventually released as Fighting Force. A fourth true game in the series, Streets of Rage 4, was developed and released by Lizardcube, Guard Crush Games, and DotEmu on April 30, 2020.

Comics
Three six-part comic strip series based upon the games appeared in Sonic the Comic in the early 1990s (along with several other adaptations of popular Sega franchises). The first two of these were written by Mark Millar, who has since become popular writing The Authority for Wildstorm, and Ultimate X-Men and The Ultimates for Marvel, while the third (along with a Poster Mag story) was written by Nigel Kitching. Peter Richardson produced the artwork for all nineteen episodes. These three stories are based on Streets of Rage 2 and do not feature Adam. A graphic novel compilation of the original 5-part "Streets of Rage" strip was released as a book called "Streets of Rage: Bad City Fighters" in the UK in 1994.

The first story, entitled simply Streets of Rage, appeared in STC #7–12 and involved Axel, Blaze, and Max quitting the highly corrupt police force to do more good as vigilantes, taking down Max's ex-partner, the crime lord and martial artist Hawk.

The next serial, Skates' Story, appeared in STC #25–30 and introduced Skates, delinquent stepson of Murphy, a friend of Axel and his team and one of the few honest cops left on the force, who was unwillingly drawn into joining Axel's group after his parents were killed by Mr. X.

A special one-off story, called The Facts of Life, appeared in "Sonic the Poster Mag" #7 and involved the heroes causing a racket by fighting one of the many street gangs in a sleeping neighborhood. The police arrive and arrest the thugs, as well as take the heroes to a junkyard for execution. Along the way, Axel explains why he, Blaze, and Max quit the force to a young rookie officer. At the junkyard, just as the officers are about to shoot Max, the rookie officer unlocks Blaze's handcuffs, who proceeds to beat the stuffing out of the cops, with Axel, Skates, and Max following shortly. After the dust clears, the rookie officer says that he's seen the true colors of the police force and requests that Axel hit him. Axel does so until Blaze tells him to stop, and they and Max and Skates leave as dawn breaks.

The third and final serial, called The Only Game In Town, appeared in STC #41–46 and involved the Syndicate unleashing an army of street gangs on our heroes, with the event turned into a gambling event as Mr. X opened a book based on whether or not the heroes would reach the river without being killed first. This ploy was played against the villain when Blaze bet $20,000 on her team's survival at odds of a thousand to one. This third story was notable for revealing that, for his failure, the old Mr. X had been the victim of a "swimming accident" and had been replaced with a new one by the Syndicate at story's end. Like many non-Sonic stories in this magazine, the story had a cliff-hanger ending, with the new Mr. X promising that he would "recoup his losses" and kill the heroes.

Soundtrack
The game's soundtrack was acclaimed, with several soundtrack albums being released. The soundtracks were composed by Yuzo Koshiro. Another musician, Motohiro Kawashima, helped on the second, providing a few tracks, and making even more for the third. Three soundtrack CDs were released in all, each of which now sell for high prices at auction and in Japanese markets.

When the first game's development began in 1990, Koshiro was influenced by electronic dance music, specifically house and techno, and wanted to be among the first to introduce those sounds in video games. The soundtrack shows the influence of contemporary R&B and hip hop music. Koshiro said "the most important element in recreating club music sounds for the games was to emulate the timbre and percussion sounds of Roland's rhythm machines" (the most famous models being the TR-606, TR-707, TR-808, and TR-909), stating that "it wouldn't be an exaggeration to say that that sound defined the genre."

Animation
In 2014, Sega formed the production company Stories International and teamed up with film producer Evan Cholfin for animated projects based on its games, with Streets of Rage one of them.

title: Streets of Rage (video game)


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Modern Two

Modern Two, formerly the Dean Gallery, in Edinburgh, is one of the two buildings housing the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, one of Scotland's national art galleries. It is operated by National Galleries Scotland. It is twinned with Modern One which lies on the opposite side of Belford Road.

History
In 1727, Andrew Gairdner, an Edinburgh merchant, founded an Institution for the benefit of orphans. In 1734 a collection was made on behalf of the Institution which raised a sum of money which enabled the feuing of an area of ground at 'The Dingwall Park' adjoining the Trinity College Kirk, in the valley between the Netherbow and the Calton Hill in Edinburgh. In the same year, William Adam prepared a plan for an Orphan Hospital and the foundation stone was laid. Children were moved in the following year. At that time the location was largely undeveloped but over the years various developments such as a slaughterhouse and the North Bridge had encroached. Also, the physical condition of the Hospital had deteriorated. It was realised that this situation was affecting the health of the children and the decision was made in1828 to feu part of the lands of Dean conveniently located just to the west of the city, on higher ground above the Water of Leith Village (later the Dean Village). Plans for the replacement Orphan Hospital were drawn up by Thomas Hamilton with an original contract cost of £11,849 and the new Hospital was erected between 1831 and 1833. The managers of the Hospital endeavoured to balance the need to secure a suitable building in keeping with its elevated location at a reasonable cost but which did not resemble a workhouse or prison.

The building, known as the Dean Orphanage, which is the subject of a watercolour painting c.1830 by Thomas Hamilton, took three years to build. Built in Craigleith stone from the nearby quarry, it is in English Baroque style with classical detail. The towers over the staircases contain chimneys and contribute to the Edinburgh skyline in the west of the city centre. The clock above the entrance comes from the original Orphan Hospital and in turn from the 1764 demolition of the Netherbow Port on the High Street, which formerly separated the High Street from the Canongate.

The building, which is owned by the City of Edinburgh Council, served as the Dean Education Centre for many decades before conversion to a gallery.

The plot of allotment gardens at the main entrance dates from 1940 when many school grounds were used for such purposes.

Conversion to gallery
The conversion of the building into a gallery was designed by the architect Terry Farrell and Partners.

The gallery opened in 1999 opposite the existing Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art. In 2011, the buildings were rebranded Modern Two and Modern One, respectively.

Collection
Modern Two houses the Paolozzi Gift, a collection of works by Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, given by the artist to the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art in 1994. The gallery also contains a large collection of Dada and Surrealist art and literature, much of which was given by Gabrielle Keiller. Modern Two also houses temporary exhibitions.

Modern Two is surrounded by a sculpture garden with a number of modern and avant-garde works on display, including Gate (1972) by William Turnbull, Two Lines up Excentric VI (1977) by George Rickey, La Vierge d'Alsace (1919–1921) by Emile-Antoine Bourdelle, There will be no Miracles Here (2007–2009) by Nathan Coley, Master of the Universe (1989) by Eduardo Paolozzi, Two Two-Way Mirrored Parallelograms Joined with One Side Balanced Spiral Welded Mesh (1996) by Dan Graham, Macduff Circle (2002) by Richard Long, and Escaped Animals (2002) by Julian Opie.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Modern Two


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Talk:Insular area

Merger proposal
I propose merging Territories of the United States into Insular area given the overlap in content. Insular area includes fourteen territories of the United States, as well as three sovereign states each with a Compact of Free Association with the United States. --BlackBony (talk) 14:47, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose. While there is some overlap and room to clean up both articles, I don't think a merge is in the best interest of readers or the encyclopedia. Carter (Tcr25) (talk) 16:48, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * @Tcr25 why do you think so? Whether sources exist that treat territories of the United States and insular areas as separate topics? BlackBony (talk) 16:55, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * , not all insular areas are territories and the territories article covers territories that predate the establishment of the insular areas concept in the early 1900s. In addition, if everything in the territories article were included here (even with some cleanup) it would likely approach a size where WP:SPLIT should come into play. Outside of the lede and the lists, this article is currently focused more on the concept of insular areas and their position within the U.S. as a political entity; the territories article is more broadly descriptive of the current territories (while still including information about historic territories). I think there'd be more value in editing the two to ensure greater differentiation than merging them. Beyond all that, "Insular areas," while the legal classification of the territories and states in free association, isn't as obvious or common name as "Territories of the United States". —Carter (Tcr25) (talk) 17:49, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It seems reasonable to me that WP have a WP:SS summary article with the former name, one of a number of similarly-named Territory of X articles, where X is the name of a sovereign polity with territories. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill)

Hawaii
I have reverted this edit, which would have removed Hawaii from mention here. See Newlands Resolution, [] saying "House Joint Resolution 259, 55th Congress, 2nd session, known as the "Newlands Resolution," passed Congress and was signed into law by President McKinley on July 7, 1898 — the Hawaiian islands were officially annexed by the United States. Sanford Dole became the first Governor of the Territory of Hawaii.", and Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 08:04, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Insular area


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Real Betis

Real Betis Balompié, known as Real Betis or just Betis, is a Spanish professional football club based in Seville, Andalusia, Spain. Founded in 1907, it plays in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football. It plays home games at the 60,721-seat Estadio Benito Villamarín.

Real Betis won the league title in 1935 and the Copa del Rey in 1977, 2005 and 2022. Given the club's tumultuous history and many relegations, its motto is ¡Viva el Betis manque pierda! (Long live Betis even if they lose!).

History
The name "Betis" is derived from Baetis, the Roman name for the Guadalquivir river which passes through Seville and which the Roman province there was named after. Real ('Royal') was added in 1914 after the club received patronage from King Alfonso XIII.

Foundation
Betis' city rivals Sevilla FC were the first club in Seville, founded in October 1905, while a second club, España Balompié were established in September 1907. "Balompié" translates literally as "football", as opposed to the most commonly adopted anglicised version, "fútbol". Balompié was founded by students from the local Polytechnic Academy, and were in operation for one year before being officially recognised (in 1909) as Sevilla Balompié; despite this, 1907 remains the official foundation date of the club.

Following an internal split from Sevilla FC, another club was formed, Betis Football Club. In 1914, they merged with Sevilla Balompié. The club received its royal patronage in the same year, and therefore adopted the name Real Betis Balompié. Fans continued to refer to the club as Balompié and were themselves known as Los Balompedistas until the 1930s, when Betis and the adjective Béticos became common terminology when discussing the club and its followers.

Real Betis originally played in all blue jerseys and white shorts, for no other reason than the easy availability of such plain colours. But one of the founders and captain, Manuel Ramos Asensio, was keen to take advantage of his relationships made while studying in Scotland, contacted Celtic (whose green and white colours matched the Andalusian regional flag) and obtained the same fabric to make kits for his own club. Ramos had the lines re-orientated from horizontal 'hoops' into vertical stripes to make the shirts (no other Spanish club used the combination at the time). There is no mention of Celtic or Scotland in the history of Betis on the club's official website, but in 2017 the club officially acknowledged the link by producing a special hooped kit to coincide with Andalusia Day. The blue colour is still often used in away kit designs.

1930s: promotion, championship and relegation
During the Spanish Second Republic (1931–1939), royal patronage of all organisations was nullified, and thus the club was known as Betis Balompié until after the Spanish Civil War when it would revert to the full name. The club reached the Copa del Presidente de la República final for the first time on 21 June 1931, when it lost 3–1 to Athletic Bilbao in Madrid. Betis marked their 25th anniversary year by winning their first Segunda División title in 1932, finishing two points ahead of Oviedo FC, thus becoming the first club from Andalusia to play in La Liga.

Under the guidance of Irish coach Patrick O'Connell on 28 April 1935 Betis won La Liga, to date their only top division title. They topped the table by a single point over Madrid FC. A year later Betis went down to seventh. This was due to the dismantling of the championship-winning team because of the club's poor economic situation and the arrival of the Civil War, meaning that just 15 months after winning the league title only two players who won in 1935 were left: Peral and Saro. No official league was held during the Civil War between 1936 and 1939, until its resumption for the 1939–40 season and the first year back highlighted Betis' decline as exactly five years after winning the title the club was relegated.

Darkest period
Despite a brief return to the top division which lasted only one season, the club continued to decline and in 1947 the worst fears were reached when they were relegated to Tercera División. Many fans see the ten years they spent in the category as key to the "identity" and "soul" of the club. During this time, Betis earned a reputation for filling its stadium and having a massive support at away matches, known as the "Green March".

When the side returned to the second level in 1954, it gained the distinction of being the only club in Spain to have won all three major divisions' titles. Much of the credit for guiding Betis through this dark period and back into the Segunda lies with chairman Manuel Ruiz Rodríguez.

Benito Villamarín
In 1955, Manuel Ruiz Rodríguez stepped down from running the club believing he could not offer further economic growth, he was replaced by Betis most famous former president, Benito Villamarín. During his reign Betis returned to the top division in 1958–59 and finished in third place in 1964. His purchase of the Estadio Heliópolis in 1961 is seen as a key point in the history of the club – the grounds were called the Estadio Benito Villamarín until 1997. In 1965, Villamarín stepped down from his position after ten years at the helm of the club.

Just one year after Villamarín's departure, the club would again be relegated to division two, then rising and falling almost consecutively until consolidating their place in the top level in 1974–75.

First Copa del Rey Title and European Qualification
On 25 June 1977, Betis played Athletic Bilbao at the Vicente Calderón Stadium in the Copa del Rey final. The match finished 2–2, with Betis winning 8–7 after a staggering 21 penalties taken. This rounded off a solid season in which the club finished fifth in the league.

After that triumph, Betis competed in the European Cup Winners' Cup: after knocking out Milan 3–2 on aggregate in the first round, the side reached the quarter-finals, where they lost to Dynamo Moscow. Despite their strong performance in Europe, the team suffered league relegation.

The following year, Betis returned to the top flight and ushered in a period of "good times" for the club, with the next three seasons seeing three top-six finishes, as well as UEFA Cup qualification in 1982 and 1984.

During the summer of 1982, the Benito Villamarín hosted two matches as part of the 1982 FIFA World Cup, and also witnessed the Spain national team's famous 12–1 hammering of Malta to qualify for UEFA Euro 1984.

Economic crisis and Manuel Ruiz de Lopera
In 1992, Betis found itself subject to new league rules and regulations due to its restructuring as an autonomous sporting group (SAD), requiring the club to come up with 1,200 million pesetas, roughly double that of all the first and second division teams, despite being in level two at the time.

In just three months, the fans raised 400 million pesetas with then vice-president Manuel Ruiz de Lopera stepping in to provide an economic guarantee while himself becoming majority shareholder as the team narrowly avoided relegation.

On 11 September 1994, Real Betis played its 1,000th game in La Liga.

Serra Ferrer success
After another three seasons in the second division, with the club managed by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer, Betis returned to the top flight for the 1994–95 season, subsequently achieving a final third position, thus qualifying to the UEFA Cup.In the European campaign, Betis knocked out Fenerbahçe (4–1 on aggregate) and 1. FC Kaiserslautern (4–1) before losing to defeated finalists Bordeaux (3–2). In 1997, 20 years after winning the trophy for the first time, the club returned to the final of the Copa del Rey – again held in Madrid, although this time at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium – losing 2–3 against Barcelona after extra time.

Incidentally, Barça was the club Serra Ferrer would leave Betis for that summer, to be replaced by former player Luis Aragonés. Aragonés would only last one season with the club, leading the side to the eighth position and to the quarter-finals in the Cup Winners' Cup, where they would lose 2–5 on aggregate to eventual winners Chelsea.

Aragonés was followed by the controversial reign of Javier Clemente, who spat on a fan and implied Andalusia was "another country!". The team slipped down the table, finishing 11th and being knocked out of the UEFA Cup by Bologna in the third round. For the next couple of seasons, Betis went through numerous managers, a relegation and a promotion, after which the team finished sixth in the league with Juande Ramos at the helm.

Ramos was gone after just one season, however, being replaced by former Cup Winners' Cup-winning manager Víctor Fernández. He led the team to eighth and ninth in the league and the third round of the 2002–03 UEFA Cup, being knocked out by Auxerre (1–2 on aggregate), during his two-year reign.

For 2004, Fernández was replaced by the returning Serra Ferrer, who guided the team to the fourth position in the top flight. They also returned to the Vicente Calderón on 11 June 2005 for the Copa del Rey final, lifting the trophy for only the second time after an extra-time winner by youth graduate Dani in a 2–1 win against Osasuna.

The league finish meant Betis became the first Andalusian team to compete in the UEFA Champions League, and it reached the group stage after disposing of Monaco in the last qualifying round (3–2 on aggregate). Drawn in Group G, and in spite of a 1–0 home win against Chelsea, the club eventually finished third, being "demoted" to the UEFA Cup, where it would be ousted in the round of 16 by Romanian club Steaua București with a 0–3 home loss. Compared to the previous season, the league campaign was disappointing, with the club finishing in 14th place, just three points off the relegation zone.

Centenary celebrations
Betis celebrated their centenary year in 2007. The festivities included a special match against Milan, the reigning European Champions, on August 9, with the hosts winning 1–0 thanks to a Mark González penalty early in the second half. Seven days later, the club won the Ramón de Carranza Trophy held in neighbouring Cádiz, beating Real Zaragoza on penalties in the final, having defeated Real Madrid in the semi-finals.

Surrounding the celebration, it was a time of great change in terms of the playing and technical teams, with eight new signings replacing 14 departures. In the summer of 2006, Serra Ferrer was replaced by Luis Fernandez for the 2006–07 season. However, the two seasons that encompassed the centenary year (2006–07 and 2007–08) were disappointing, with the club having four different managers and barely avoiding relegation in both seasons.

Relegation
After many years of staving off relegation, Betis' 2008–09 season culminated with a 1–1 draw against Real Valladolid at home. As a result, the club finished 18th in the table and consequently was relegated to the second division on goal difference.

On 15 June 2009 over 65,000 Beticos, including icons such as Rafael Gordillo, Del Sol, Hipólito Rincón, Julio Cardeñosa and others, joined the protest march in Sevilla with the slogan "15-J Yo Voy Betis" to let the majority owner Ruiz de Lopera know that it was time to put his 54% share of the club on the market for someone, some entity or the Betis supporters to buy those shares and remove Lopera from the day-to-day operations of the club.

Despite the protests, no upper management changes were made during the season, which would ultimately see Betis fail to gain promotion back to the top level.

Lopera court action and sale
Seville judge Mercedes Alaya was investigating links between Betis and other Ruiz de Lopera-owned businesses, leading to him being formally charged with fraud. On 7 July 2010, one week before the start of preliminary court proceedings, Lopera sold 94% of the shares that he owned (51% of Betis total shares) to Bitton Sport, fronted by Luis Oliver, for the surprisingly low figure of €16 million, leaving Lopera with only minor shares; Oliver had already reportedly taken two football clubs, Cartagena and Xerez, to the brink of bankruptcy.

Before the sale could be officially sanctioned, however, Ayala froze Lopera shareholdings. Left with nothing, despite putting down a €1 million deposit, Oliver hastily bought a nominal number of shares from a third party and was voted onto the board of directors by the existing members (all former cohorts of Lopera), allowing him to carry on running the club. In response to this, the judge appointed well-respected former Betis, Real Madrid and Spain national team legend Rafael Gordillo to administer Lopera's shares to ensure Lopera was not still running the club and that decisions made were for the benefit of the club not individual board members.

La Liga return
Again under Pepe Mel, Betis started 2011–12 with four wins in as many games, with Rubén Castro retaining his goal scoring form from the previous season, where he scored 27 goals. Betis finished 13th in their first season since returning to La Liga.

In the 2012–13 season, Betis finished seventh in La Liga and qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League, the first European qualification for the club since the 2005–06 Champions League. This European campaign ended in the quarter-finals after losing on penalties to local rivals Sevilla. Betis were relegated from La Liga with three games still to play in the 2013–14 season, but returned immediately as champions with two games to spare.

Back into UEFA competitions
In the 2017–18 season, under Quique Setién, Betis finished sixth in La Liga and earned a spot in the Europa League. The 2018–19 campaign was very positive; the club reached the Copa del Rey semi-finals and topped their group in the Europa League, before eventually being knocked out by Stade Rennais in the round of 32.

On 23 April 2022 Betis won the Copa del Rey final against Valencia after drawing 1–1 after 120 minutes and winning 5–4 on penalties. It was the first trophy after 17 years, since they won their second Copa del Rey on 2005 against Osasuna (2–1).

Seville derby

Betis have a long-standing rivalry with city neighbours Sevilla FC. The two have met 114 times in official competition, with Sevilla holding a 45% win ratio over Betis (31%).

The first match between the two clubs took place on 8 February 1915, with Sevilla winning 4–3. The match was not completed, as high tensions led an aggressive crowd to invade the pitch, forcing the referee to abandon the match.

In 1916, the first Copa Andalucía was held, this being the first official derby of the Sevilla area. Of the 17 runnings of the cup, Sevilla were victorious 14 times, to Betis' one sole conquest; this included a 22–0 routing after the latter sent their youth team, in 1918.

The first time the teams met in league, in Segunda, happened in 1928–29, with both teams winning their home matches (3–0 and 2–1). They played for the first time in the Spanish top division during the 1934–35 season, with a 0–3 home defeat for Sevilla and a 2–2 draw at Betis, with the latter winning the national championship.

On 17 January 1943, Betis lost 5–0 at Sevilla, eventually being relegated. In the first game held at the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium, on 21 September 1958, the Verdiblancos won it 4–2.

In later years, several matches were also marred by violence, including: a security guard attacked by a Sevilla fan with a crutch (that he did not require to walk), Betis goalkeeper Toni Prats being attacked and Sevilla manager Juande Ramos being struck by a bottle of water; the latter incident led to the 2007 Copa del Rey match being suspended, being played out three weeks later in Getafe with no spectators.

On 7 February 2009 Betis won 2–1 at the Pizjuán, but was eventually relegated from the top flight, while Sevilla finished in third position.

On 9 November 2019 more than 10,000 Betis fans visited the team training before the last derby in 2019.

History in European competitions

 * Accurate as of 22 February 2024

Source: UEFA.com Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal Difference.

Season to season

 * 59 seasons in La Liga
 * 28 seasons in Segunda División
 * 7 seasons in Tercera División (as third tier)
 * Participations in UEFA Champions League: 1
 * Participations in UEFA Cup: 7
 * Participations in UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 2

Recent La Liga seasons
Real Betis were relegated from La Liga in both the 1999–2000 and 2013–14 seasons but were promoted back on their first attempt each time.

Retired numbers
26 🇪🇸 Miki Roqué (deceased) (2009–12)

Board of directors

 * President: Ángel Haro García
 * Vice-president: José Miguel López Catalán
 * Board members: José Montoro Pizarro, Tomás Solano Franco, Ernesto Sanguino Gómez, José Maria Pagola Serra, Adrián Fernández Romero, María Victoria López Sánchez, Rafael Salas Garcia, Ramón Alarcón Rubiales, Cayetano García de la Borbolla Carrero
 * Ambassadors: Rafael Gordillo, Andrés Saavedra

Technical staff

 * Director of Football: Ramon Planes
 * Assistant Director of Football: Alexis Trujillo
 * Head Scout: Vasiliki Pappa
 * Scouting: Jakob Friis-Hansen, Vlada Stošić, Carlos Vargas, Adrian Espárraga and Paulo Meneses
 * Technical Analysis Department: Tino Luis Cabrera (Head) and Jaime Quesada
 * Scouting U20s: Juan José Cañas (Head) and Pedro Morilla

Coaching staff

 * Manager: Manuel Pellegrini
 * Assistant manager: Rubén Cousillas
 * Fitness coach: Fran Soto, Marcos Álvarez
 * Goalkeeper coach: Jon Pascua

Medical staff

 * Head of Medical Services: Tomás Calero
 * Physiotherapists: Fran Molano, José Manuel Pizarro, Manuel López, Manuel Alcantarilla
 * Nurse: José María Montiel

League

 * La Liga
 * Winners (1): 1934–35
 * Segunda División
 * Winners (7): 1931–32, 1941–42, 1957–58, 1970–71, 1973–74, 2010–11, 2014–15
 * Tercera División
 * Winners (1): 1953–54

Cups

 * Copa del Rey
 * Winners (3): 1976–77, 2004–05, 2021–22
 * Copa Federación de España
 * Winners (1): 1953–54

Others

 * Campeonato Regional Sur (defunct)
 * Winners (1): 1927–28

Pichichi Trophy

 * Hipólito Rincón (1982–83)

Zamora Trophy

 * Joaquín Urquiaga (1934–35)
 * Pedro Jaro (1994–95)

Presidents

 * SEVILLA BALOMPIÉ
 * Juan del Castillo Ochoa (1907–09)
 * Alfonso del Castillo Ochoa (1909–10)
 * José Gutiérrez Fernández (1910–11)
 * Juan del Castillo Ochoa (1912)
 * Herbert Richard Jones (1914)
 * BETIS FÚTBOL CLUB
 * Eladio García de la Borbolla (1909)
 * Manuel Gutiérrez Fernández (1910–11)
 * Miguel Folgado (1913–14)
 * Pedro Rodríguez de la Borbolla (1914)
 * REAL BETIS BALOMPIÉ
 * Herbert Richard Jones (1914–15)
 * Pedro Rodríguez de la Borbolla (1915–17)
 * Roberto Vicente de Mata (1917–18)
 * Eduardo Hernández Nalda (1918–19)
 * Carlos Alarcón de la Lastra (1919–20)
 * Jerónimo Pérez de Vargas (1920–21)
 * Carlos Alarcón de la Lastra (1921–22)
 * Gil Gómez Bajuelo (1922–23)
 * Ramón Navarro (1923–25)
 * Antonio Polo (1925–26)
 * Ramón Cortecero (1926–27)
 * Antonio de la Guardia (1927–28)
 * Ignacio Sánchez Mejías (1928–29)
 * Daniel Mezquita (1929–30)
 * Camilo Romero Sánchez (1930)
 * Adolfo Cuelliar Rodríguez (1930–31)

 * Jose Ignacio Mantecón (1931–33)
 * Antonio Moreno Sevillano (1933–39)
 * Ramón Poll (1940–42)
 * Alfonso Alarcón de Lastra (1942–43)
 * Francisco Cantalapiedra (1943–44)
 * Eduardo Benjumena (1944–45)
 * Manuel Romero Puerto (1945–46)
 * Filomeno de Aspe (1946–47)
 * Pascual Aparicio (1947–50)
 * Francisco de la Cerda (1950–52)
 * Manuel Ruiz Rodríguez (1952–55)
 * Benito Villamarín (1955–65)
 * Avelino Villamarín (1965–66)
 * Andrés Gaviño (1966–67)
 * Julio de la Puerta (1967–69)
 * José León (1969)
 * José Núñez Naranjo (1969–79)
 * Juan Manuel Mauduit (1979–83)
 * Gerardo Martínez Retamero (1983–89)
 * Hugo Galera (1989–92)
 * José León (1992–96)
 * Manuel Ruiz de Lopera (1996–2006)
 * José León (2006–10)
 * Rafael Gordillo (2010–11)
 * Miguel Guillén Vallejo (2011–2014)
 * Manuel Domínguez Platas (2014)
 * Juan Carlos Ollero Pina (2014–2016)
 * Ángel Haro García (2016–present)

Club records

 * Best La Liga position: 1st (1934–35)
 * Worst La Liga position: 20th (1990–91, 2013–14)
 * Biggest home win: Betis 7–0 Zaragoza (1958–59)
 * Biggest away win: Cádiz 0–5 Betis (1977–78)
 * Biggest home defeat: Betis 0–5 Real Madrid (1960–61, 2013–14), Betis 0–5 Osasuna (2006–07), Betis 0–5 Barcelona (2017–18)
 * Biggest away defeat: Athletic Bilbao 9–1 Betis (1932–33)
 * Biggest comeback for: Betis – Barcelona: 0–2 to 3–2 (2007–08), Betis – Alavés: 0–2 to 3–2 (2020–21), Celta Vigo – Betis: 2–0 to 2–3 (2020–21)
 * Biggest comeback against: Betis – Espanyol: 2–0 to 2–5 (1999–2000)

Player records

 * Most appearances: 🇪🇸 José Ramón Esnaola – 574
 * Most official appearances: 🇪🇸 José Ramón Esnaola – 460
 * Most appearances in La Liga: 🇪🇸 José Ramón Esnaola – 378
 * Most appearances in Copa del Rey: 🇪🇸 José Ramón Esnaola – 64
 * Most appearances in European competitions: 🇪🇸 Joaquín – 23
 * Top goalscorer (La Liga): 🇪🇸 Hipólito Rincón – 78
 * Top goalscorer (overall): Rubén Castro – 148
 * Top goalscorer (European competitions): 🇪🇸 Alfonso – 8
 * Most red cards: 🇪🇸 Jaime Quesada – 7
 * First to play for Spain: 🇪🇸 Simón Lecue – 1934
 * Most capped for Spain: 🇪🇸 Rafael Gordillo – 75
 * Spanish internationals: 27

Stadium

Upon Real Betis' formation, the club played at the Campo del Huerto de Mariana. In 1909, Betis moved to the Campo del Prado de Santa Justa, moving to the Campo del Prado de San Sebastián, sharing the site with rivals Sevilla two years later. In 1918, Real Betis moved to the Campo del Patronato Obrero, with the first game at the ground coming against rivals Sevilla on 1 November 1918, resulting in a 5–1 loss for Real Betis. During the 1920s, the ground was redeveloped numerous times by club president Ignacio Sánchez Mejías. After the construction of the Estadio de la Exposición, the former name of Betis' current home, in 1929, Real Betis moved into the site officially in 1936, after playing a number of games at the stadium since its construction.

With a 60,720-seat capacity, the Estadio Benito Villamarín is the home ground of Real Betis. It was named Estadio Manuel Ruiz de Lopera during the 2000s after the club's owner, who decided to build a new stadium over the old one.

Despite much planning, the stadium's renovation plans were constantly postponed, and half of it remained unchanged. On 27 October 2010, it returned to its first denomination after a decision by the club's associates.

Evolution
In its initial years, Sevilla Balompié dressed in blue shirts with white shorts, which represented the infantry at the time. From late 1911, the team had adopted the shirts of Celtic, at that time vertical stripes of green and white, that were brought over from Glasgow by Manuel Asensio Ramos, who had studied in Scotland as a child. On 28 February 2017, on the 37th Andalusia Day, Real Betis wore Celtic-inspired hoops against Málaga CF.

When the team became Real Betis Balompié in 1914, various kits were used, including: yellow and black stripes; green T-shirts and a reversion to the blue top and white shorts uniform. By the end of the 1920s, Betis was once again sporting green and white stripes, around this time the Assembly of Ronda (1918) saw the Andalusian region formally adopt these colours, not being known how much the two are linked.

Since then, this remained Betis' shirt, despite several versions (including wider stripes).

Together with the basic green-and-white shirt, Betis has wore both black and green shorts in addition to white shorts.

Controversy
On the 4th July 2024 a 2 year sponsorship deal with the U.K. based train ticketing company Trainline was announced. This was considered controversial by some due to their links, via the chairman of their board, with the Confederation of British Industry (CBI). There have been multiple accusations of rape and sexual misconduct against members of the CBI

title: Real Betis


text:
User talk:Mina'

Hi, could you please keep jokes such as stocker off the wikipedia? Cheers. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:38, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Sure. sorry about that.  Could you also delete Baggage handler?  It was part of my joke set.  Thanks. Mina' 23:45, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. I see you're fairly new here, have you seen Welcome, newcomers?  Welcome to the 'pedia by the way. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 00:03, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mina'


text:
Talk:Trogdor

Merit?
Yeah, Homestar Runner is funny and all that, but it's debatable whether this topic merits its own article. Are we going to put an article on the Wikipedia for everything the Chapman Brothers make up? Left to me, I'd put all the major characters (and pictures of them) on a single page — Homestar Runner Characters, maybe. Terms like Trogdor would redirect to the appropriate section, where they'd get a cursory mention. --Ardonik 23:38, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, trogdor is somewhat of an internet phenominon, really. People who have never heard of Strongbad or Homestar Runner have heard of Trogdor. There is also a game called Sensible Erection, in which you can summon Trogdor to burninate your enemies, but it's not a commercial game; it's freeware.--Vercalos 04:31, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Vercalos, also the original email that Trogdor was in was rated in the top 10 of the most important flash cartoons ever.--Burn8tor1613:25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I also agree with Vercalos; I've met people who know of this only through the song on Guitar Hero and nothing else. It's spread beyond the "internet audience" into completely different types of media, and I think it has enough influence to have its own article.  *Vendetta* (whois talk edits) 07:10, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

leave it
Trogdor is a force not to be reckoned with.

first game that trogdor the dragon appear.
From what I know, there is at least 2 real games that use trogdor http://www.insane-games.com/games/trogdor/ and the other one was a flash RPG that I don't remember the address.

 * Ack, hack, cough, wheeze... please do not go to that URL.  It seems to just open up a pop-up, and also go to the official site.  Why not just go to the official site directly?  It is: Trogdor (official flash game)
 * The other game is probably Peasant's Quest: Official Peasant's Quest Trailer Peasant's Quest Third party trailer 63.231.28.164 (talk) 17:15, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

What's SB saying?
What is Strong Bad saying at the end of the game? Is he saying, "Oh, Trogdor, I'll fight them for you"?

 * "Oh, Trogdor! I pine for you." The Homestar Runner Wiki's TROGDOR! page is the place to go for that sort of trivia. -- Cyrius|✎ 09:09, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

A replacement Trogdor image
Thoughts on replacing the current image with ?

nah there's a big ugly urbandictionary stain on it. just draw one like stongbad shows in http://www.homestarrunner.com/sbemail58.html ;)

This is why Wikipedia is so much better than Encyclopɶdia Brittanica
They don't have an entry for Trogdot, nor for any other burninators of the countryside.

Teh internet is teh yay!

 * w1X1þ3ð1@ 15 ß3773® 7#@ñ 3ñ©¥©1øþ@3ð1@ ß®17@ñ1©@.Qwerasdfzxcvvcxz 00:51, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Or in English it reads^ "Wikipedia is better than Encyclopaedia Britanica."Qwerasdfzxcvvcxz 00:51, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * You forgot the @ symbol, leetsman.

References in other media
Trogdor seems to be mentioned as another name for Satan in 'The Impossible Planet' episode of Doctor Who.

The hydra is not a dragon.
Its a mythical snake like creature from greece with multiple heads. But the kh2 stragegy guide has a page on limit breaks called "everybody on the limit" -Anomynus contributor.

So, it's not like normal people are going to notice.Jesusinmysock 19:51, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Should be Homsar, not Homestar
Thanks for the entry.

The reference to Homestar in the outline of the email should be Homsar. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by JessStuart (talk • contribs) 19:41, 5 December 2006 (UTC).

History crap
Why is there a history page if it's not real? 24.20.76.33 18:16, 10 March 2007 (UTC) -Barton (signinated)
 * Maybe it should be called a historical fiction page then. DavidBailey 15:07, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Pronounciation
OK, is trogdor pronounced like trojdor or trogdor?
 * Like Trogdor. —BazookaJoe 00:59, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It can be like Trog-door. However, the official video game ( requires Flash, http://www.homestarrunner.com/trogdor.html ) also says "Trogga door", making that a second valid pronunciation (despite the fact that there is no letter for the middle syllable).  63.231.28.164 (talk) 16:53, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

Dan and Lily
Who are the Dan and Lily mentioned at the top of the article?

"Fictional dragon"
"TROGDOR the BURNiNATOR is a fictional dragon in the [...]"

Isn't 'fictional dragon' an oxymoron? no but its redundant Tyler9090 19:26, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Urninator?
I think this is really stretching it. Urninator is more likely a reference to Terminator. Seriously. Howa0082 23:06, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Trogdor was a man...
I edited the opening lines to follow the assertion of the original source material "Trogdor was a man, or maybe he was just a...". I've made this edit before and after having it deleted as vandalism, I am posting this to ensure there is no future tampering. Jimiisg00d 12:07, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Remake?
Okay, I admit the old article about Trogdor sucked (Guns and Roses? Pimp my Dragon? did someone just, like, make this up?) but I think if we remade it so it was about the craze (like the song, and all the video game sightings, and the whole burninate thing) It might actually be worth creating. C'mon guys. Trogdor is super notable. Imjustheretomakebonusstage (talk) 06:32, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trogdor


text:
65th Infantry Division (United States)

The 65th Infantry Division—nicknamed the "Battle-Axe Division"—was an infantry division of the United States Army that served in World War II. Its shoulder patch is a white halberd on a blue shield.

The entire length of Pennsylvania Route 65 is named the 65th Infantry Division Memorial Highway in its honor.

The home arena for the United States Military Academy at West Point's men's and women's basketball teams is named Christl Arena in honor of First Lieutenant Edward C. Christl, who served with the division during World War II and was killed in action in Austria on May 4, 1945.

World War II

 * Activated: 16 August 1943 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi
 * Overseas: 10 January 1945.
 * Campaigns: Rhineland, Central Europe.
 * Days of combat: 55.
 * Awards:
 * Medal of Honor - 1 Private First Class (Frederick C. Murphy), Medical Detachment, 259th Infantry, Siegfried Line at Saarlautern, Germany, 18 March 1945.
 * Distinguished Service Cross - 6
 * Distinguished Service Medal - 1
 * Silver Star Medal - 77
 * Legion of Merit - 14
 * Soldier's Medal - 4
 * Bronze Star Medal - 686
 * Air Medal - 19
 * Commanders: Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart (August 1943 – 1 August 1945) and Brig. Gen. John E. Copeland (1 August 1945 to disbandment).
 * Disbanded: 31 August 1945 in Germany.

Combat chronicle
The 65th Infantry Division landed at Le Havre, France, 21 January 1945, and proceeded to Camp Lucky Strike, where training continued until 1 March, when the division moved forward to relieve the 26th Infantry Division. First elements entered the line, 5 March 1945, and the division as a whole took over aggressive defense of the sector along the Saar, from Orscholz to Wadgassen, on 8 March 1945. On 17 March, the division attacked across the Saar, crossing the river at Dillingen and captured Saarlautern, 19 March, as Siegfried Line defenses cracked. Capturing Neunkirchen, 21 March 1945, the division raced to the Rhine, crossed the river at Oppenheim, 30 March, and ran into heavy German resistance and counterattacks. Langensalza fell on 5 April, Struth on the 7th, and Neumarkt on the 22nd.

Continuing its advance against crumbling German opposition, the division crossed the Danube 4 miles below Regensburg, 26 April, took the city, 27 April, seized Passau, cross the Inn River, 4 May, and occupied Linz, Austria, on the 5th. Germans surrendered en masse. On 9 May, as hostilities officially ended in Europe, the troops of the 65th made contact with the Russians at Erlauf.

Order of Battle

 * Headquarters, 65th Infantry Division
 * 259th Infantry Regiment
 * 260th Infantry Regiment
 * 261st Infantry Regiment
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 65th Infantry Division Artillery
 * 720th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
 * 867th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 868th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 869th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
 * 265th Engineer Combat Battalion
 * 365th Medical Battalion
 * 65th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
 * Headquarters, Special Troops, 65th Infantry Division
 * Headquarters Company, 65th Infantry Division
 * 765th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
 * 65th Quartermaster Company
 * 565th Signal Company
 * Military Police Platoon
 * Band
 * 65th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Attached Units

 * 707th Tank Battalion (attached 6 Apr 45 only)
 * 748th Tank Battalion (attached 7 Apr 45-past 9 May 45)
 * 749th Tank Battalion (attached 29 Mar 45-6 Apr 45)
 * 691st Tank Destroyer Battalion (attached 4 Mar 45-6 Apr 45)
 * 808th Tank Destroyer Battalion (attached 5 Apr 45-past 9 May 45)
 * 546th AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion (attached 4 Mar 45-past 9 May 45)

Source: Order of Battle: U.S. Army World War II by Shelby Stanton.

Casualties

 * Total battle casualties: 1,230
 * Killed in action: 233
 * Wounded in action: 927
 * Missing in action: 3
 * Prisoner of war: 67

Assignments in ETO

 * 25 January 1945: Fifteenth Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 1 March 1945: XX Corps, Third Army, 12th Army Group.
 * 4 April 1945: VIII Corps.
 * 17 April 1945: XX Corps.

title: 65th Infantry Division (United States)


text:
Málaga CF

Málaga Club de Fútbol (, Málaga Football Club), or simply Málaga is a club based in Málaga, Andalusia, Spain, who will compete in Segunda División, the second tier of the Spanish league system, following their promotion from the Primera Federación in 2023–24 Season.

They won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2002 and qualified for the following season's UEFA Cup, reaching the quarter-final stages. They also qualified for the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League, where they were quarter-finalists. Since June 2010, the owner of the club has been Qatari investor Abdullah ben Nasser Al Thani.

Club Atlético Malagueño
Málaga's history trace back to CD Málaga, a club founded in 1904. Club Atlético Malagueño was founded on 25 May 1948 as a former reserve team of CD Málaga, after the club absorbed CD Santo Tomás with the purpose of establishing a reserve team, took over as Málaga's main team.

Club Atlético Malagueño and CD Málaga had found themselves together in the 1959–60 Tercera División after CD Málaga was relegated at the end of the 1958–59 Segunda División. As a reserve team, the former should have been relegated to regional competition. To avoid this, they separated from their parent club and registered as an independent club within the Royal Spanish Football Federation. That move made it possible for CA Malagueño to survive after CD Málaga suspended operations.

The 1992–93 season saw CA Malagueño playing in Tercera División Group 9. After a successful campaign, the club was promoted to the Segunda División B. The following season, however, the club was relegated again and, facing financial difficulties, were in danger of folding.

Name change to Málaga CF
On 19 December 1993, in a referendum, the club's members voted in favour of changing names and, on 29 June 1994, CA Malagueño changed their name to Málaga Club de Fútbol S.A.D.

In the early 2000s, Málaga were a club rich in young and top quality players, and boasted a more modern and developed stadium. Although they never pushed for a Champions League place, Málaga were always successful under the popular Joaquín Peiró.

They made a solitary appearance in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2002, clinching their only official trophy by beating Gent, Willem II and Villarreal. Málaga's run in the UEFA Cup was something of an overachievement, and ended in a defeat on penalties in the quarter-finals to Boavista, after beating Željezničar Sarajevo (who had been eliminated from the Champions League by Newcastle United), Amica Wronki, Leeds United (after a 2–1 win at Elland Road, courtesy of two Julio Dely Valdés goals) and AEK Athens.

After Peiró's retirement, a mass exodus slowly started. Darío Silva, Kiki Musampa, Dely Valdés and Pedro Contreras all left the club. Juande Ramos took over as coach and oversaw a 5–1 home thrashing of Barcelona, the club's biggest victory against the Catalan giants, with a hat-trick from loanee Salva Ballesta, who would end up missing out on the Pichichi Trophy by just two goals. Ramos, however, left for the Sevilla and Gregorio Manzano took charge.

Slow decline and financial issues
Despite steering Málaga to their second consecutive tenth-placed finish, Manzano could not prevent a lackluster side from being relegated, and they finished at the bottom of the league with a paltry 24 points to their name.

Málaga began the new second division season well. However, their form dipped dramatically and for two of the remaining six weeks were in the relegation zone. Málaga managed to address this situation and survived their first Segunda season.

The 2007–08 Segunda División also began impressively, with seven straight victories. Málaga seemed to be on track for promotion but, after another slump in form, they were overtaken as leaders by Numancia. They needed a victory in their final game, at home to Tenerife, to assure promotion. Two goals from Antonio Hidalgo secured a 2–1 triumph and Málaga returned to the top flight as runners-up.

Abdullah Al Thani era (2010–present)
Due to the club's economic problems, then-president Fernando Sanz found investments at Doha in Qatar to launch an ambitious project, entering in conversations with sheikh Abdullah ben Nasser Al Thani. On 11 June 2010, after a week of negotiations, Al Thani became the entity's new owner, being named president on 28 July in the members' meeting.

On 28 June 2010, Jesualdo Ferreira was appointed as coach and Moayad Shatat was appointed as vice president and general manager. Following this was the signing of prominent players like Salomón Rondón and Eliseu. In November, however, Jesualdo was fired because he had not obtained the desired performance, positioning the club in the relegation places. Later, Shatat confirmed Manuel Pellegrini as coach.

With "The Caretaker" in charge, it was decided to discard players of the squad and strengthen with players like centre back Martín Demichelis and midfielder Júlio Baptista. A record five consecutive La Liga wins, alongside a draw against Athletic Bilbao at San Mamés at the start of January 2011, helped the team maintain momentum in the league, finishing the 2010–11 season in 11th place.

In preparation for the 2011–12 season, the club signed with Nike as supplier of the club's kits. Málaga also reached a collaboration agreement with UNESCO, which, in addition, became the principal sponsor of the club's kit. The more prominent signings of that season were the Dutchman Ruud van Nistelrooy, the ex-Lyon French midfielder, Jérémy Toulalan, and the most expensive signing in the club's history, Santi Cazorla, who arrived from the Villarreal in a €21 million deal. Other less prominent players like Isco, former Spanish international midfielder Joaquín and left back Nacho Monreal, were key in the successful season which followed for the Málaga. For the first time in its history, the club qualified for the Champions League after finishing the 2011–12 La Liga campaign in fourth. In their first ever participation in the Champions League, Málaga were paired with Italian giants Milan and reigning Belgian and Russian champions Anderlecht and Zenit Saint Petersburg, respectively. Málaga made it out of the group stage unbeaten, winning their matches against all three clubs. In the round of 16, the team drew Portuguese champions Porto, losing the first away game 1–0 while winning at home 2–0, advancing to the quarter-finals. In a highly anticipated tie against German champions Borussia Dortmund, the home game ended 0–0, leaving Malagauistas with a reasonable chance to advance on the back of a draw in the away fixture. In a second leg marked by controversial referee decisions, the scoreboard showed 1–2 at the full 90 minutes mark, seemingly ensuring Málaga's place in the semi-finals, but two late goals by Marco Reus (90+1st minute) and Felipe Santana (90+3rd minute) turned the table in favour of the home team. Immediately after the elimination, club president Abdullah ben Nasser Al Thani announced a formal complaint would be filed with UEFA and FIFA.

The following season, Málaga was banned by UEFA, along with other clubs for its debts. In a statement the agency declared that the club would be excluded from a subsequent competition, for which it would otherwise qualify, in the next four seasons. However, the ban was eventually downgraded to one season and the club was excluded from the 2013–14 Europa League. In the summer of 2013, Isco was sold to Real Madrid, Joaquín to Fiorentina and midfielder Jérémy Toulalan to Monaco. The managerial position also changed, with Bernd Schuster taking over from Manuel Pellegrini. Following 2013, Málaga encountered a steady decline that would result in them finishing in a lower position in the league each year. On 19 April 2018, Málaga faced Levante U.D. hoping to end their run of ten consecutive defeats that left them placed 20th in LaLiga. However, fate took a turn for the worse and Málaga conceded a goal to Levante's Emmanuel Boateng in stoppage time to see the final score at 0–1. This loss meant that Málaga would be relegated to the Segunda División, ending a run of ten consecutive seasons in the top flight.

In 2019, Málaga came close to being promoted to La Liga, finishing third in the Segunda División, but was eliminated in the first round of the play-offs by Deportivo de La Coruña. For the 2019–20 Segunda División season, Víctor Sánchez del Amo continued as coach.

In early 2020, reports emerged that club owner Sheikh Abdullah Al Thani and his family who owe Málaga €7.3m in loans and credit lines, were buying out shares from smaller shareholders to be directed to their personal expenses and business interests, yet up to February 2022 no evidence has proven any misconduct to allow the courts to rule that a criminal case is justified. In August 2020, the court appointed administrator issued a statement that he would lay off the entire first-team squad to save the club from oblivion.

In May 2023, Málaga fell into the third tier for the first time since 1998. In the first season back in Primera Federación, The team ended in 3rd position. Twelve points behind the promoted CD Castellón and seven points behind the 2nd ranked Córdoba CF. In the first round of the play-off they knocked out Celta B by 4-3 on aggregate. The final was against Gimnàstic de Tarragona (Who ended 2nd in the Regular Season). Málaga won the first leg at home 2-1. In the second leg Gimnàstic scored early and forced extra time. After going 2-0 down, the Albiazules scored two goals in the second half of extra time to draw the game 2-2, winning 3-4 on aggregate and winning promotion back to the second tier of Spanish football.

Domestic

 * Segunda División
 * Winners (1): 1998–99
 * Segunda División B
 * Winners (1): 1997–98
 * Tercera División
 * Winners (3): 1963–64, 1992–93, 1994–95

International

 * UEFA Champions League
 * Quarter-finals (1): 2012–13
 * UEFA Europa League
 * Quarter-finals (1): 2002–03
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup:
 * Winners (1): 2002

Friendly

 * Trofeo Costa del Sol
 * Winners (8): 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2023
 * Schalke 04 Cup
 * Winners (1): 2014
 * Copa EuroAmericana
 * Runner-up (1): 2015

Trofeo Costa del Sol
Between 1961 and 1983, the club organised its own summer tournament, the Trofeo Costa del Sol. In this first age of the tournament, the club won this competition themselves on three occasions, beating Real Madrid, Red Star Belgrade and  Derby County in the finals. After a long time of inactivity from 1983 onwards, the competition was revived in 2003. Since then, the club has won the competition on seven occasions, beating Newcastle United, Real Betis, Parma, Peñarol, Everton, Lekhwiya and Sampdoria in the finals. All ten trophies are currently placed together in the Museo Malaguista in La Rosaleda.

Eastern Andalusia Derby
Málaga's main rivalry is with Granada CF, known as the Derby of eastern Andalusia. The two clubs are located approximately 90 kilometers apart.

Season to season

 * As Club Atlético Malagueño

 * As an independent team
 * As Málaga Club de Fútbol

 * 17 seasons in La Liga
 * 9 seasons in Segunda División
 * 1 season in Primera Federación
 * 4 seasons in Segunda División B
 * 39 seasons in Tercera División

Stadium information

 * La Rosaleda Stadium

Notable players

 * Argentina

 * 🇦🇷 Willy Caballero
 * 🇦🇷 Martín Demichelis
 * 🇦🇷 Javier Saviola
 * 🇦🇷 Ariel Zárate

 * Brazil

 * 🇧🇷 Júlio Baptista

 * Cameroon

 * 🇨🇲 Carlos Kameni

 * Chile

 * 🇨🇱 Manuel Iturra

 * Costa Rica

 * 🇨🇷  Paulo Wanchope

 * Denmark
 * 🇩🇰 Patrick Mtiliga

 * France

 * 🇫🇷 Jérémy Toulalan

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 * 🇲🇽 Guillermo Ochoa

 * Morocco

 * 🇲🇦 Nordin Amrabat
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 * 🇲🇦 Munir Mohamedi
 * 🇲🇦 Nabil Baha

 * Netherlands

 * 🇳🇱 Joris Mathijsen
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 * Panama

 * 🇵🇦 Julio Dely Valdes

 * Paraguay

 * 🇵🇾 Roque Santa Cruz

 * Portugal

 * 🇵🇹 Duda
 * 🇵🇹 Edgar
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 * Serbia

 * 🇷🇸 Zdravko Kuzmanovic

 * Spain

 * 🇪🇸 Apoño
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Previous coaches

 * 🇲🇦 Abdallah Ben Barek (1969–70)
 * 🇪🇸 Antonio Benítez (1976–979)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Albis (1994)
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 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Guede (2 April 2022 – 21 September 2022)
 * 🇪🇸 Pepe Mel (21 September 2022 – 25 January 2023)
 * 🇪🇸 Sergio Pellicer (25 January 2023 – today)

title: Málaga CF


text:
Talk:Writ

Untitled
yeah, hi, how about a pronunciation..?! stick to what you preach, "intellectuals"! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.152.2.107 (talk) 06:39, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism
There's vandalism on the front page in line 1, in Thai characters I think. Also, I'm assuming that the first paragraph of user-created text is not meant to be there, but I'm not sure. Obviously vandalism has been here before, as shown in a post below from 2007 (Wow!) I also think due to a lack of clarification and lack of quality that a moderator would like to come in here. AWwikipedia "Eat more nachos!" (talk) 11:09, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

Vandalism
Removed graffiti with a reference to n*****mania dot com CatCube —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.192.196.109 (talk) 17:33, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Court orders
I have twice reverted an attempt to make the definition of a writ point to "court order". This is because, in general, writs are not court orders as defined in the court order article. The best example -- and one referred to in the article -- is a writ of summons to Parliament, which is not an "official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges)" in any sense. Its true that historically most writs originate from what might be described as a court, but that would be a mis-analysis in the modern sense of the word. So, many writs came from the chancery, but they were not made as proclamations of judges, they were administrative actions of clerks in chancery. Some writs that still exist (or existed until very recently in England and Wales) were of that kind. So many writs of execution could be obtained administratively from a court without intervention of a judge. Please do not revert again without discussion here. Francis Davey 08:18, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Dropping the Writ
Help me here, I have never heard of "dropping the writ" or the need for a "writ of election" in UK general elections. The phrase never appeared in our constitutional law lectures. Does anyone have a source for it? Francis Davey 23:42, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Parliament did not necessarily meet regularly before the English Civil War. Instead, it met at the call of the sovereign.  When the sovereign needed/wanted to summon parliament, he/she issued two writs: the writ of summons to the lords spiritual and temporal, which commanded them to appear in parliament, and the writ of election, which commanded the sherrifs of the counties to hold an election for members of the commons.

 * Nowadays, if the prime minister wants to dissolve parliament, he/she will ask the Queen after determining a date for elections. After proclaiming the dissolution, the Queen then issues the writ of election to the constituencies, which is the formal ordering of an election for MPs.  The election authorities in each constituency after conducting the election make a return on the writ specifying who the MP is for the consitutency.  Up until the House of Lords Act, the Queen would also issue the writ of summons to the lords spiritual and temporal, just like in the past.  Today, they are only issued to the life peers, the bishops, the Earl Marshal, the Lord Great Chamberlain, and the 90 peers which actually sit.

 * When vacancies occur in the commons during the parliament, writs of election to fill them are issued under the advice of the Speaker of the House of Commons.

 * Dropping the writ may not actually mean the issue of these writs but may refer to something else. However, these writs are issued each time parliament restructures itself.  If you check out the news articles discussing the upcoming parliamentary elections in Canada, they use drop the writ all the time.  It has precedent, though what it really means may be different then these legal formalities. Pmadrid 09:24, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Thank you, that is most interesting. I have had a trawl around Halsbury's Laws on the subject and when I have time will transfer some of the learning to the main article. However I am now pretty sure that "dropping the writ" isn't used in the UK any more. Google's first few pages of hits seem to be mostly colonial parliaments. As I said, it was a phrase never used in constitution lectures, so I suspect its now obsolete in the UK, albeit not in Canada. What does anyone else think? Francis Davey 22:16, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Disuse in England

 * The term 'writ' has now largely passed into disuse in English law.

True enough, but what might be worth mentioning is that it certainly hasn't passed into informal disuse, and nor has it disappeared from the media - partly for fairly obvious reason that "writ" is much shorter for headline-writers, but it's still seen in body text as well. This BBC story, dated 2006-05-30, is a good example. Loganberry (Talk) 12:31, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

What is a writ
the wiki wording sort of assumes you already know what a writ is which is unfortunate. start the US law section with a brief definition of what a writ is. I deduced that it was a court order of sorts but it was not clearly stated 85.83.19.103 (talk) 22:25, 11 June 2009 (UTC)Dan Frederiksen

Moved to talk
This sounds like a joke to me (a cute one) but I moved it to talk unless someone can find a citation that this rewording was attempted RJFJR (talk) 18:46, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Early efforts to replace writ of habeas corpus with writ of have the body never caught on.

Other writs
There is a section 'other writs' but it isn't clear which jurisdictions use these. RJFJR (talk) 18:57, 16 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I moved them under US because the section on English law says they have eliminated the profusion of writs and the other section is Indian law which has its won list (and several of the types of writs listed are ones I've seen mentioned in reading WP articles on US court proceedings.) RJFJR (talk) 20:40, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * A few of them remain usable in the English court system. The main clean up was of original writs, although others have also been tidied up. Many of these writs are historic though and have their origin in English law so some more reorganisation (or explanation) may be helpful. I nearly fell of my chair reading about Ne exeat republica though. Americans can be so cutely quaint. Francis Davey (talk) 09:27, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

United States Law
There appears to by an omission or typo in the 5th bullet point of this section.

The United States district courts normally follow state- in the United States federal courts but are almost never used in practice. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rdyornot (talk • contribs) 22:35, 31 October 2014 (UTC)

Images
All three images on this page are of the same writ, one of which is used twice. It would be nice if additional documents were added, in particular to make the redundant use of one image unnecessary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.30.126.28 (talk) 02:12, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

This article is a mess
It goes way too deep too fast into specific examples on what is a notoriously difficult topic. It needs to start with the high-level, big picture overview: A writ is a formal written order, historically issued pursuant to the authority of the English sovereign. It was originally developed as an instrument of the English administrative state. However, the Crown also allowed private litigants to purchase writs to use against each other--that is, allowing private parties to invoke the authority of the King to summon others to the royal courts to face justice--thereby giving rise to the use of writs as a core component of English procedural law. Thus, any discussion of writs must distinguish between writs issued in the course of government administration and writs issued in litigation in the courts.

At some point this article needs to be drastically revised but I don't have the time to do that right now. Coolcaesar (talk) 19:17, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Writ


text:
Talk:List of One Day International cricket records

Did multiple clean-ups
In the spirit of WP:BOLD, I made multiple clean-ups to this article:

 * Standardized the "updated" label to "Last updated" in all tables
 * notes where applicable, which appear at the bottom of each related table

Placing a note here as a summary since I did not fill in the Edit summary for each of my clean-ups.

Thanks,

Kvwiki1234 (talk) 07:59, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

A change in Highest Match aggregate
4th of the list should be england vs netherlands where england score 498 223.230.67.121 (talk) 19:59, 26 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Henschel Hs 117

Untitled
I took a picture of this at the U.S National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. Some of the stats don't match what was listed on the page. often this is because there were multiple versions. In this case, I have updated the main page with them, and moved the original stats to this talk page.

air and space museum stats

 * Length: 4.2m (13 ft 9 in)
 * Weight, loaded: 420 kg (924 lb)
 * Weight, warhead: 100 kg (220 lb)
 * Range: 32 km (20 mi)
 * Thrust: 3,683 N (828 lb)
 * Propellants: nitric acid, Tonka (mixed hydrocarbon fuel)
 * Manufactuerer: Henschel Flugzeugwerke

stats from original page that were different

 * Length: 4.29 m
 * Launch Weight: 420 kg (presumably excluding boosters which weighed a total of 170 kg)
 * Warhead: 100 or 250 kg explosive (different sources give different figures here)
 * Range: 16 km

External links modified
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title: Talk:Henschel Hs 117


text:
Gutbrod

Gutbrod was a German manufacturer of cars, motorcycles and small agricultural machinery. The firm was founded in Ludwigsburg, Germany by Wilhelm Gutbrod in 1926. It originally built "Standard" branded motorcycles. In 1933 the company relocated to the nearby Stuttgart suburb of Feuerbach, and from 1933 to 1935, Standard Superior cars were built with rear-mounted engines.

An updated version of the Gutbrod Superior introduced in 1953 benefited from developments towards fuel injection undertaken by Mercedes-Benz dating initially from 1935: this Gutbrod was the first car in the world to be offered with fuel injection, some three years before fuel injection appeared in a production engine offered by Mercedes themselves.

The small Gutbrod Superior model was produced from 1950 to 1954 using the company's own, front-mounted twin-cylinder two-stroke engines initially of 593cc. In April 1953 the engine size was increased to 663 cc for more expensive 'Luxus 700' versions of the car, while the standard model continued to be offered with the original smaller engine. Claimed power output was 20 hp for the base version, while for the larger engine 26 hp or 30 hp was claimed according to whether fuel feed came via a carburettor or a form of fuel injection. Press reports commended the speed and secure handling of the cars but indicated that the sporty handling came in return for sacrificing some comfort. It was also noted that normal conversation became impossible at speeds above about 80 km/h (50 mph) due to the noise.

7726 cars were produced before the factory was forced to close. The car was developed at the company's small factory at Plochingen am Neckar by Technical Director Dr. Hans Scherenberg during the time of Walter Gutbrod who had taken over the firm in 1948 on the death of his father, Wilhelm Gutbrod (26 February 1890 - 9 August 1948). Scherenberg arrived at Gutbrod from Mercedes where the victorious war-time allies had enforced a pause in engine fuel-injection development, and in 1952 he would return to that firm.

A Gutbrod injection engine can still be seen in the Deutsches Museum in Munich.

It was a small two seater car, the overall length was 3.5 m, width 1.4 m and the total weight 650 kg, max speed 90 km/h. The car was offered as standard version for a price of DM 3990, and as Superior Luxus for DM 4380. Recently, a restoration project of an injection model was sold in Geneva for CHF 3000.

In 1956, the Norwegian Troll car was built on a Gutbrod chassis. pioneering the use of fibreglass in automobile coachwork along with the Chevrolet Corvette as well as some other small scale car manufacturers.

Vehicles
Threewheeler
 * Progress 200
 * Standard Hermes
 * Standard P203 and P503
 * Standard E1

Vans and pickup trucks
 * Standard Merkur
 * Standard Progress
 * Standard H204, H504, HV504, H254
 * Standard Heck 504, 604
 * Gutbrod Atlas 800, 1000, 1000/3, 800/H, 700

Passenger cars
 * Standard Superior 500
 * Gutbrod Superior, Superior Sport-Roadster, Superior Kombinationswagen (Stationwagon), SuperiorLuxus 700
 * Gutbrod Superior Viersitzer 600 (Fourseater)
 * Gutbrod Farmax

Tractors
 * Gutbrod ND 15
 * Gutbrod ND 25
 * Gutbrod ND 36

title: Gutbrod


text:
Uriah A. Boyden

Uriah Atherton Boyden (February 17, 1804 – October 17, 1879) was an American civil and mechanical engineer and inventor from Foxborough, Massachusetts best known for the development of a water turbine, that later became known as the Boyden Turbine around 1844, while working for the Appleton Company in Lowell, Massachusetts. Boyden improved upon a turbine developed by French engineer Fourneyron by adding a conical approach passage for the incoming water—submerged diffusers, guide vanes and a diverting exit passage.

Uriah was also the younger brother of Seth Boyden, also a notable inventor who perfected a process for making patent leather, among other developments.

Early life
Uriah Atherton Boyden was born in Foxborough, Massachusetts on February 17, 1804, the son of Seth Boyden and Susannah Atherton. His father was farmer and blacksmith who had invented a machine to split leather.

Career
In 1813, Uriah moved to Newark, New Jersey to work in his elder brother Seth's leather shop. Around 1828, Uriah returned to Massachusetts where he worked on the early surveys for the Boston and Providence Railroad. He also worked under Loammi Baldwin on the dry dock at the Boston Navy Yard, as other mills in Lowell and the Boston and Lowell Railroad.

While at Lowell, Boyden worked with British-born engineer James B. Francis, who in 1848 developed the Francis turbine, which superseded Boyden's earlier invention. However, Boyden-type turbines continued to be manufactured, including those installed at Harmony Mills in Cohoes, New York in the early 1870s, and those used at the first Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant in 1895.

In 1850, Boyden settled in Boston, and devoted himself to the study of chemistry and physics. He never married. He died in Boston on October 17, 1879.

Legacy
Upon his death in 1879, Boyden's will left about a quarter of a million dollars to a suitable astronomical institution that would build an observatory on a mountain for the better atmospheric seeing conditions than those available at lower altitudes.

His heirs challenged the will, but it was found valid. In 1887, Edward Charles Pickering convinced the trustees of Boyden's will to award the Boyden Fund to Harvard College Observatory, of which he was director. Although he initially planned to establish an observatory at Mount Wilson, those plans were abandoned (although the Mount Wilson Observatory was later built by a different group). Instead, needing an observation station for southern hemisphere skies, Harvard College Observatory established the "Boyden Station" at Arequipa, Peru in 1889.

In 1927, Boyden Station was moved to South Africa due to better weather conditions and became known as the Boyden Observatory.

Uriah also contributed to the Boyden Public Library in his hometown of Foxborough, Massachusetts. The National Museum of American History in Washington, DC is home to the Uriah A. Boyden Papers.

Ancestry
His maternal ancestors had resided in Lancaster, Massachusetts, having been pioneer settlers to the area. He is a direct descendant of James Atherton, who arrived in Dorchester, Massachusetts in the 1630s. The Atherton family ancestry originated from Lancashire, England.

title: Uriah A. Boyden


text: File:Augustine agar VC.jpg

title: File:Augustine agar VC.jpg


text:
Talk:Thought

Thought as an abstract form
The brain generates and uses countless abstract forms/objects. The elemental abstract forms are thoughts (as elemental organic forms are cells), the most complex are skills, sciences, languages etc. Abstract forms/objects, although non-dimensional (shapeless), are energetically real (not 'imaginary'), as material forms are real (telekinesis, moving material objects/forms with thoughts, is a direct proof of that). Quantum physicist David Bohm (see: Thought as a System) among many others, also realized this, and dedicated many of his efforts bringing up the importance of thoughts to humankind: "Thought runs you. Thought, however, gives false info that you are running it, that you are the one who controls thought. Whereas actually thought is the one which controls each one of us..."

According to Rupert Sheldrake every abstract form, like every organic form, relates to a certain morphic field.

Unsigned comment
I came to this entry hoping to see various psychophysical, epigenetic, or perhaps esoteric(new thought, rosecrucians, theosophists etc.) hypotheses to the question "what is thought?" Surely a thought or abstraction is a thing composed of matter an energy. I found the entry to be quite unsatisfying.

merge with idea
what's the difference between a thought and an idea?!

That answer is online here - http://cnx.org/content/m14812/latest/

also, many differences and the relationship between thoughts, emotions and feelings is discussed in my online book "The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts" online here - http://cnx.org/content/m14358/latest/ —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Thinking effects
Result 1:

Favors in thinking comes from lacking of understanding how something works in life.

Example: Business Business owners use the limitations of human's education abilities as a tool for producing primary products for customers use for a profit range which changes as the economic cycle turns in stages.

Ex: TV mational and international People's lacking in knowing hoe electronics use electric energy for powering up a TV device.

So animation and vibraion from audio to reproduce a copy of a recording that will have fans amazed for centuries.

So this is one example that cause a business to be great from having people use there limits in understanding as a main source to buiness gains.

So everything is all about what people know and what people don't know. Key concept  (patterns in life)

Cognitive Science
This subject EXPLICITLY studies the mind and its precesses. However, it is composed of many subjects including AI, Psychology, Philosophy, Linguistics etc... Should some of these subjects be replaced since cognitive science "absorbs" them? After all, the field is dedicated to it.

Common hyperlink
is the hyperlink to common really necessary? doesnt add anything to the article and makes article seem more cluttered. Tospsy (talk) 22:13, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

 * It shouldn't be linked per MOS:OVERLINK. Phlsph7 (talk) 11:26, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thought


text:
User:Smb1001

A Cambridge-based British Wikipedian

After an unhealthy amount of flitting, I took on the task of filling in the red links around and about my alma mater, Trinity College, Cambridge, and generally using my research to develop all manner of pages on British scientific history. Then followed a period of creating pages for all the UK radio stations, hoping those who are more familiar with said stations will add details beyond the basics. Later an attack on wine and grape varieties, or translating French articles. At the moment I'm reducing the number of Cambridgeshire geography stubs.

At times edits listed as 81.100.93.6 or 82.4.144.59.

Useful links

 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles
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 * WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates

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Category search
incategory:"Olympic gold medalists for Great Britain" incategory:"Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge"

title: User:Smb1001


text:
Standard Superior

The Standard Superior was an automobile, produced from 1933 to 1935 by Standard Fahrzeugfabrik of Ludwigsburg, Germany, founded by motorcycle maker Wilhelm Gutbrod and unrelated to the Standard Motor Company of England. These small cars were designed according to the patents by Josef Ganz and featured rear-mounted two-stroke engines.

After World War II, the same company made Gutbrod cars and introduced the model Gutbrod Superior.

History
In the first half of 1932, Wilhelm Gutbrod, the President of the Standard Fahrzeugfabrik, came into contact with German engineer Josef Ganz. Ganz had been working on a small car design since the early 1920s and had so far built two prototypes, one for Ardie in 1930 and one for Adler in 1931, called the Maikäfer (May Beetle). After a demonstration with the Maikäfer by Ganz, Gutbrod was most interested in building a small car according to this design. The Standard Fahrzeugfabrik then purchased a license from Ganz to develop and build a small car according to his design. The prototype of this new model, which was to be called Standard Superior, was finished in 1932. It featured a tubular chassis, a rear mid-mounted engine, and an independent wheel suspension with swing-axles at the rear.

Models
The first production model of the Standard Superior was introduced at the IAMA (Internationale Automobil- und Motorradausstellung) in Berlin in February 1933. It had a transverse 396cc, two-cylinder, two-stroke engine mounted in front of the rear axle. Because of some criticism to the body design, not in the least by Josef Ganz in Motor-Kritik, it was followed in April 1933 by a slightly altered model.

In November 1933 the Standard Fahrzeugfabrik introduced yet another new and improved model for 1934, which was slightly longer with one additional window on each side and had a small seat for children or as luggage space in the back. This car was advertised as the German "Volkswagen" (a term that means, literally, "people's car").

The Volkswagen Beetle connection
With the Ardie-Ganz, Adler Maikäfer and Standard Superior cars, as well as his progressive writings and promotion of the concept of a Volkswagen (people's car) in Motor-Kritik magazine since the 1920s, Josef Ganz is claimed by some to have had input into the Volkswagen Beetle. These cars had some of features of the later Volkswagen Beetle, such as the tubular chassis, rear-mounted engine and independent wheel suspension with swing axles. While the Volkswagen Beetle was produced in its millions after World War Two, the name of Josef Ganz was largely forgotten. In 2004, Dutch journalist Paul Schilperoord started researching the life and work of Josef Ganz, and in 2011 he published The Extraordinary Life of Josef Ganz: The Jewish Engineer Behind Hitler's Volkswagen.

title: Standard Superior


text:
Brora Rangers F.C.

Brora Rangers Football Club are a Scottish football club from the village of Brora, Sutherland, in the Highland council area of Scotland. They play in the Highland Football League, of which they have been champions four times, having won their first title in 2013–14 and successfully defended it in the 2014–15 season. They were awarded the title in the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons which were incomplete due to the coronavirus pandemic.

They have won the North of Scotland Cup eight times and the Highland League Cup twice.

Nicknamed the Cattachs, Brora Rangers play at Dudgeon Park, Brora, and hold a rivalry with neighbours Wick Academy, in the Northern Derby.

Early history
Brora Rangers were founded in 1879. In 1933 they gained access to membership of the Scottish Football Association and entered the draw for the Scottish Qualifying Cup competition. They were accepted into membership of the Highland Football League in 1962.

They won the North of Scotland Qualifying Cup competition in their centenary year, 1979, when they defeated Peterhead 5–0 on 17 November after a replay at Grant Street Park, Inverness, the teams having played a goal-less draw the previous week.

History since 2013
The club won their first ever Highland Football League title in the 2013–14 season after a 3–0 win against Keith on 5 March at Kynoch Park. They are the most northerly club to win the League title to date. They set several postwar Highland League records over the season: most points (95), greatest margin of victory in the league (20 points), highest win rate (31 out of 34), fewest goals conceded (16) and highest positive goal difference (+107). They ended the season with a 19-game unbeaten run which subsequently carried on into the 2014–15 season. With a draw against Fraserburgh in their 38th and final match of the year (across two seasons), Brora achieved the distinction of being unbeaten in league matches for the whole of 2014. Their unbeaten run in the Highland League eventually extended to 57 matches across three seasons, ending with a 3–0 defeat by Cove Rangers on 22 August 2015.

For the 2014–15 season, they started in the second round of the 2014–15 Scottish Cup, and they played for the first time in the 2014–15 Scottish Challenge Cup but lost in the second round to East Fife 3–2. The club retained its Highland League title in the 2014–15 season, scoring a postwar record of 125 goals in a Highland League season, beating Inverness Thistle's previous postwar record of 124 in the 1969–70 season. With a record of 30 wins and 4 draws Brora ended the season as unbeaten champions, and were only the second club to complete an unbeaten season in the postwar era (following Caledonian in 1982–83). As Highland League champions, Brora entered the newly introduced promotion playoffs against Lowland League champions Edinburgh City. They won 4–2 in a penalty shootout after a 2–2 aggregate draw, with Stuart Kettlewell scoring the winner on 2 May. Brora played off against Montrose, the bottom-placed club in Scottish League Two, for a place in League Two for the 2015–16 season. After winning their home leg 1–0, Brora suffered a 3–1 defeat in the away game, thereby losing 3–2 on aggregate to remain in the Highland League.

The prospect of a future promotion to the national leagues has proven controversial due to the distances that players and supporters would be expected to travel to many of the away games. Before the 2014–15 season began, it had been suggested that supporters would be allowed to vote on whether the club should join the Scottish Professional Football League were it to qualify for promotion. However following Brora's successful defence of their Highland League title, chairman John Young said that the club had "looked at all options and there's no way we can avoid competing. We meet SPFL criteria for entry level so we can’t opt out, we’ve got to go for it." Besides the impact on the club, it has been suggested that Brora itself would benefit economically from players and supporters of Southern clubs visiting the town.

The 2019–20 season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and Brora were declared Highland League champions. They were due to progress to the playoffs with the Lowland League winner and the bottom club in League Two, but they were never held.

On 23 March 2021, in the 2020–21 Scottish Cup, Brora upset runaway Championship leaders and the previous season's Scottish Cup finalists, Heart of Midlothian, 2–1 at Dudgeon Park, described as one of Scotland's biggest cup shocks of all time.

For the second consecutive season, Brora were declared champions of the 2020–21 Highland Football League on a points per game formula due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The decision was announced by the Highland Football League on 30 March 2021.

Stadium
Brora originally played at Inverbrora Park, which is now the site of the Hunters of Brora woollen mills, before moving to Dudgeon Park in 1932. The ground's capacity is 4,000, including 200 seats. The record attendance was set in 2013 when over 2,000 people watched Brora play Rangers in a friendly match.

Honours

 * Highland Football League:
 * 2013–14, 2014–15, 2019–20*, 2020–21*
 * Highland League Cup:
 * 2015–16, 2021–22, 2023–24
 * North of Scotland Cup:
 * 1980–81, 1990–91, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2022–23
 * Inverness Cup:
 * 1994–95
 * Scottish Qualifying Cup (North):
 * 1979–80

* Awarded following a vote of the league's member clubs. Seasons 2019–20 and 2020–21 were incomplete due to the coronavirus pandemic.

title: Brora Rangers F.C.


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Cecilia Altonaga

Cecilia María Altonaga (born December 26, 1962) is the Chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. She is the first Cuban-American woman to be appointed as a federal judge in the United States.

Biography
Altonaga was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to parents who escaped from the communist regime in Cuba. She attended Notre Dame Academy in Miami, graduating in 1980, and then received a Bachelor of Arts from Florida International University in 1983. Altonaga earned her Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1986. She worked as an attorney in the Miami Dade County Attorney's Office from 1986 to 1987, and then served as a law clerk to Edward B. Davis of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida from 1987 to 1988 before returning to the County Attorney's Office as an assistant County Attorney until 1996. In 1996, Governor Lawton Chiles appointed her as a County Court Judge on Florida's Eleventh Judicial Circuit Court. In 1999, she was elevated to circuit court judge in that district by Governor Jeb Bush.

Federal judicial service
On January 15, 2003, President George W. Bush nominated Altonaga to be a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. She was nominated to the seat vacated by Shelby Highsmith who assumed senior status on March 15, 2002. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 6, 2003, and received her commission the following day. During her time on the federal bench, Altonaga has been noted for her strong support of the recently created Florida International University College of Law, having served as the keynote speaker in the 2004 Convocation, judged several moot court competitions, and employed FIU law students as summer interns. She became Chief Judge on July 1, 2021.

Notable cases and rulings
On June 14, 2007, Altonaga ruled that US Sugar Corporation's practice of pumping untreated wastewater into Lake Okeechobee was in violation of the Clean Water Act. Largely as a result of this decision, on June 25, 2008 the state of Florida announced plans to purchase 300 sqmi of land controlled by US Sugar, which will be used to restore vital water flow between Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades National Park, helping to ensure its survival in the face of competition for water from surrounding development.

She also presided over the trial of Charles McArther Emmanuel, son of former Liberian dictator Charles Taylor, for torture.

In September 2006, Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum was accused of encouraging the abduction and enslavement of thousands of boys for use as jockeys in camel racing. A class action suit was filed in the state of Florida in the United States. In July 2007, Altonaga granted a motion to dismiss the suit because none of the involved parties resided in the United States.

In 2012, Altonaga disqualified the entire firm of Morgan & Morgan PA from a class action suit for "deplorable behavior" in connection with depositions for the case, including insisting on holding them in a Dunkin' Donuts, appearing dressed in t-shirt and shorts, bragging about playing Angry Birds while they were ongoing, and drawing and then showing off "pictures of male genitalia".

On December 5, 2016, Altonaga rejected the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's $450,000 penalty against Michael Boudreaux, the City of Miami's budget director, for deceiving municipal bond investors, instead fining him $15,000.

In 2021, Altonaga was assigned to preside over the multidistrict litigation against stock trading company Robinhood, sued by its clients for suspending trading of GameStop stock during a national spike in the value of that stock.

Supreme Court speculation
In July 2005, following the retirement of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, Altonaga's name was raised as a potential George W. Bush Supreme Court candidate, a position for which she was promoted by Florida's Hispanic community. However, it constitutes an extremely rare occurrence for a sitting District Court judge to be appointed to the Supreme Court, with the most recent occurrence being Edward Terry Sanford in 1923. At 43, Altonaga was younger than most other Hispanics or women who were being mentioned as possible nominees, which might have made her a more attractive choice to the President. President Bush went through several other nominees, and ultimately succeeded in nominating Judge Samuel Alito for the position.

Personal life
Altonaga married attorney George Mencio in 1986, with whom she has three daughters.

title: Cecilia Altonaga