text:
Stephen Fox

Sir Stephen Fox (27 March 1627 – 28 October 1716) of Farley in Wiltshire, of Redlynch Park in Somerset, of Chiswick, Middlesex and of Whitehall, was a royal administrator and courtier to King Charles II, and a politician, who rose from humble origins to become the "richest commoner in the three kingdoms". He made the foundation of his wealth from his tenure of the newly created office of Paymaster-General of His Majesty's Forces, which he held twice, in 1661–1676 and 1679–1680. He was the principal force of inspiration behind the founding of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, to which he contributed £13,000.

Origins
Stephen Fox was sixth but fourth surviving son of William Fox, of Farley, Wiltshire, a yeoman farmer, by his wife Elizabeth Pavey, a daughter of Thomas Pavy of Plaitford, Hampshire. His eldest surviving brother was John Fox (1611–1691), Clerk of the Acatry to King Charles II. Stephen's sister was Jane Fox (1639–1710), who married Nicholas Johnson (died 1682), who was Paymaster-General of His Majesty's Forces from 1680 to 1682, following Stephen Fox's second shorter term in that office.

Career
Stephen was a Chorister of Salisbury Cathedral in Wiltshire (c. 1634 – c. 1640) and was mentioned in John Evelyn's Diary as a poore boy from the quire of Salisbury. His elder brother John Fox had obtained a position in the royal court on the recommendation of the Dean of Salisbury Cathedral, and first introduced his younger brother Stephen to the royal court, specifically to the household of the royal children, as "supernumerary servant and play-fellow". At the age of fifteen Stephen obtained a post in the household of Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland; then he entered the service of Lord Percy, the earl's younger brother, and was present with the royalist army at the Battle of Worcester as Lord Percy's deputy at the ordnance board. Accompanying King Charles II in his flight to the continent, he was appointed manager of the royal household on the recommendation of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. Clarendon described him as "a young man bred under the severe discipline of Lord Percy ... very well qualified with languages, and all other parts of clerkship, honesty and discretion".

The skill with which Fox managed the finances of the exiled court earned him further confidence and promotion. He was employed on several important missions, and acted eventually as intermediary between the king and General Monck. Honours and emolument were his reward after the Restoration of the monarchy; he was appointed to the lucrative offices of First Clerk of the Green Cloth and Paymaster of the Forces.

Paymaster of the Forces
Immediately on his Restoration, King Charles II struggled to fund the new standing army, a concept invented by Oliver Cromwell during the Civil War and the following Commonwealth. The problem was solved by Fox, who was deemed "one of the financial wizards of his age", and from 1654 to 1660 had managed the finances of the exiled king with great success.

The king established a new office of Paymaster of the Forces, of which Fox was the first occupant, with premises in a wing of Horseguards in Whitehall. His success in restoring the financial position of the army stemmed from his ability to raise credit in the City of London, largely thanks to his reputation for honesty and reliability, which would later be repaid to him by the Treasury, when Parliament so voted. The yield from bills passed to this effect were often below that forecast, which in the absence of loans would leave the troops unpaid. Fox, however, was personally liable for the loans he raised, and to compensate him for the great risks he undertook, he was allowed to retain certain profits on his repayment by the Treasury. He charged the Treasury 6% on the funds he had borrowed, but much of that he repaid to his own creditors.

He was allowed other perquisites, including 2% bonus on capital and interest repaid to him by the Treasury, and "poundage" from 1667 which allowed him to retain 4 pence, and from 1668 one shilling, in every pound of army pay, ostensibly to cover administration costs, but in reality mostly profit. This therefore amounted to one twentieth of all army pay, an annual income for Fox of about £7,000, added to his official salary of £400 per annum, and whatever he could save from borrowing at rates below 6%. In just 20 months from January 1665 to September 1666 he advanced a total of £221,000 for army pay, on repayment of which he received interest from the Treasury of almost £13,000. In addition he received a further 2% bonus, worth another £3,000 and also poundage. This office he held for 15 years between 1661 and 1676, and for another year in 1679–1680.

Political career
In November 1661 he became a Member of Parliament for Salisbury. In 1665 he was knighted; was returned as a Member of Parliament for Westminster on 27 February 1679, and succeeded the Earl of Rochester as a Commissioner of the Treasury, filling that office for twenty-three years and during three reigns. In 1672 he bought the manor of Redlynch in Somerset, where he built a new house in 1708–1709.

In 1680 he resigned the paymastership and was made First Commissioner of Horse. In 1684 he became sole Commissioner of Horse. He was offered a peerage by King James II, on condition of converting to Roman Catholicism, but refused, in spite of which he was allowed to retain his commissionerships. In 1685 he was again an MP for Salisbury, and opposed the bill for a standing army supported by the king. During the Glorious Revolution, he maintained an attitude of decent reserve, but on James's flight, he submitted to the new King William III, who confirmed him in his offices. He was again elected for Westminster in 1691 and 1695, for Cricklade in 1698, and finally in 1713 once more for Salisbury.

It is his distinction to have founded Royal Hospital Chelsea, to which he contributed £13,000. As a statesman he was second-rate, but as a public servant he creditably discharged all the duties with which he was entrusted. Unlike some other statesmen of his day, he grew rich in the service of the nation without being suspected of corruption or forfeiting the esteem of his contemporaries.

Marriages and children
Fox married twice:
 * Firstly on 8 December 1651, at the age of 24, to Elizabeth Whittle (died 11 August 1696), a daughter of William Whittle of the City of London, whose mural monument with bust survives in the Ilchester Chapel of Farley Church. His niece Margaret Fox (buried on 22 June 1729), a daughter of his elder brother John, also married a member of the Whittle family. By Elizabeth Whittle he had seven sons, all of whom predeceased him, and three daughters, including:
 * William Fox (1660–1680), eldest son, a captain in the army. A mural monument survives in the north cloister of Westminster Abbey inscribed in Latin and translated as follows: "Near this place, among the ashes of their three brothers Edward, John and Stephen, sleep William and James Fox, sons of the Honorable Sir Stephen Fox, Kt. and Elizabeth his wife. Parents and sons worthy each other, whom love made one in life, one distemper in death and one grave in burial. Each of them was embellished with useful learning, which their modesty seemed to conceal, and in their youth the man grew up with them. They were born for their country and to honours, which the eldest, being Captain in the army, acquired by his fatigues over all England. William died April 17, 1680 aged 20. James died November 19, 1677 aged 13".
 * Charles Fox (1660–1713), 2nd son, a Member of Parliament for Salisbury and Paymaster of the Forces to Kings James II, William III and to Queen Anne. His mural monument survives in the Ilchester Chapel of Farley Church.
 * Edward Fox (1663–1669), 4th son, died aged six, buried with his brother John Fox in Westminster Abbey, where survives his gravestone in the cloisters inscribed: Here lie interred two Children of the right Worshipful Sir Stephen Fox of Farley in the County of Wilts Knight, viz. Edward Fox, his fourth Son, aged six years and one month, who died on the nineteenth day of Octob. 1669. and John Fox his sixth son of the age of one year, who deceased upon the seventeenth day of Novemb. in the year of our Lord 1667.
 * James Fox (1665–1677), 5th son, died of smallpox on 19 November 1677 aged 12, buried in the cloister of Westminster Abbey, where survives his mural monument inscribed in Latin as follows: Hic infra situs est, juxta Edwardi, Johannis, & Stephani, trium fratrum cineres, selectissimus Adolescentulus Jacobus Fox, honoratissimi Domini Steph. Fox Equiti Aurati & Elizabethae uxoris, filius natu quintus, parentes filio & filius parentibus quam dignissimus. Summa pietate, vel puer quoad Deum; singulari studio erga parentes, prisca simplicitate inter omnes, percarum Veneri & Apollini caput, indubitatus Adonis & Hyacinthus necnon per dotes animi & corporis, nunc Dei olim hominum amasius. O parentes miseremini parentum. O filii ex illo transcribite filium! O posteri vestrum deflete damnum. Vario literaturae genere excultus admirandi sua floruit Antithesis. Sub puero vir delituit alter in vitae cunabulis & in morte Hercules, dum morbillorum perfidia sublatus, videatur ex igne & tunicâ molestâ evolasse ad coelos. A. D. 13. Cal. Decemb. Anno Dom. 1677. aetatis 12. cum semisse. ("Here below is situated, near the ashes of his three brothers Edward, John and Stephen, the most select youth James Fox, the fifth-born son of the Hon. Sir Stephen Fox, Knight, and of his wife Elizabeth, parents to son and son to parents most worthy.... He was a man even while he was a child and an Hercules both in his cradle and at his death").
 * John Fox (1666–1667), 6th son, died aged one, as recorded on his gravestone in Westminster Abbey.
 * Stephen Fox (died October 1675), died an infant, as recorded om his monument in Westminster Abbey.
 * Elizabeth Fox (c. 1655 – 28 February 1681), born at Tunbridge Wells, who in Westminster Abbey on 27 December 1673 married Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis (1655 – 29 April 1698), of Brome Hall in Suffolk. Her great-grandson was General Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis. Her mural monument with relief-sculpted bust survives in St Mary's Church, Brome.
 * Jane Fox (died 10 June 1721), wife of George Compton, 4th Earl of Northampton.
 * 3rd daughter, died young.
 * Secondly on 11 July 1703, aged 76, he married Christiana Hope (died 17 February 1718), a daughter of Rev. Francis Hope, Rector of Aswarby, Lincolnshire, by his wife Christian Palfreyman. On her husband's monument in Farley Church are displayed (impaled by Fox) the arms of the Scottish Clan Hope: Azure, a chevron or between three bezants. By Christiana Hope he had two sons and two daughters, including:
 * Stephen Fox-Strangways, 1st Earl of Ilchester (1704–1776), eldest son, of Redlynch Park in Somerset, created Baron Ilchester and Stavordale in 1747 and Earl of Ilchester in 1756. In 1758 he took the additional surname of Strangways and his descendants, the family of Fox-Strangways, still hold the Earldom of Ilchester. They also still hold part of the valuable central London "Holland House estate", acquired by them on the extinction of the junior line of the Barons Holland.
 * Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland (1705–1774), of Holland House in Kensington, who followed his father into politics. Father of the Whig statesman Charles James Fox.
 * Charlotte Fox (died November 1778), wife of Hon. Edward Digby (died 1746), MP, of Wandsworth, 3rd son of William Digby, 5th Baron Digby.
 * Christiana Fox (1705–1707), twin of Henry Fox, died an infant.

Residences and estates
Fox had the following residences and estates:
 * Farley, Wiltshire, his paternal estate and burial place.
 * The manor of Plaitford, Hampshire, purchased in 1679 from its lord, Richard Compton, which remained a possession of his descendants until 1911 when it was sold to its tenants by Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester.

 * Chiswick, Middlesex, to the west of London, where in 1682–1686, at a cost of £7,117 4s 3d, he built a house described in 1725 by Daniel Defoe as "the flower of all the private gentlemens' palaces in England". Fox had purchased at first, in 1663, only two acres for £1,797 13s., on which stood a house having 18 hearths, which he demolished, next to the large Jacobean Chiswick House, then owned by the Duke of Monmouth, but which was later acquired by the 1st Earl of Burlington in 1682. In 1666 he purchased more adjoining land from the Duke of Monmouth for stables, and in 1685 he purchased the lease of the prebendal manor of Chiswick, comprising a further 140 acres. In 1726–1729 the old Jacobean Chiswick House was demolished and replaced by the famous Palladian villa of Chiswick House, built and designed by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington (1694–1753), where by coincidence died Fox's famous grandson Charles James Fox in 1806. Fox's architect was Hugh May, with a distinguished team of craftsmen including Antonio Verrio and Grinling Gibbons. Fox's house was purchased and demolished in about 1812 by the Duke of Devonshire, then the owner of Chiswick House, but the walled gardens survive as part of Chiswick House grounds. The gardens were much admired by King William III as recorded by Daniel Defoe, who wrote as follows regarding "Sir Stephen Fox's gardens at Istleworth" (i.e. Chiswick):

 * After Fox's death in 1716 it was sold to the Countess of Northampton, the mother-in-law of Fox's daughter Jane. It was later re-named Moreton Hall after a later 18th-century owner.

 * Redlynch, Somerset, an estate Fox acquired in 1672 in settlement of a debt due from the Gorges family. In 1688 he commenced repairs to the large 16th-century house then standing. In 1708/9 he commenced building a new house adjacent to the old one, to the designs of the architect Thomas Fort, and also developed the formal gardens.
 * Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, where before 1677 he rebuilt his lodgings at his own expense.

Other building works
Fox constructed further buildings including:
 * All Saints Church, Farley, 1688–1690, to the design of Sir Christopher Wren, probably with Alexander Fort, Joiner to His Majesty's Office of Works. He obtained a private Act of Parliament to make it into a parish church, as it replaced a mere chapel of ease to the adjoining parish of Alderbury.
 * Fox's Hospital, Farley, an almshouse with schoolroom, 1688–1690, by Alexander Fort, Joiner to His Majesty's Office of Works. Total cost £1835.8s.8d. Established for six poor women, with a master, and a free-school, the master to be a clergyman, and to officiate in the church. Continues to operate as a charity. A stone tablet below a broken pediment containing a bust of a winged putto, affixed to the external wall above the central doorway, is inscribed in Latin as follows
 * Deo Opt(imo) Max(imo) bonarum omnium largitori isthoc quantulumcumque grati animi monumentum acceptum refert scholae huius et ptochotrophii fundator humilis gratabundus Anno Salutis reparatae MDCLXXXI quid tibi divitiae prosunt quas congeris hospes solas quas dederis semper habebis opes.

 * ("To God, most good, most great, liberal giver of all (things) good, of a thankful soul the humble and fully-grateful founder gives back what is received this how unimportant monument of this school and place for maintaining the poor restored in the Year of Salvation 1681. For what are riches useful to you, you will bring together a guest/stranger, what thou hast given alone shall be eternal riches unto thee" (last sentence from Epigrams of Martial, XLII (solas quas dederis semper habebis opes))

 * A contribution of £13,000 towards the building of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, designed by Sir Christopher Wren.
 * In 1698, Fox built Manor Farm House in Chiswick, to replace the previous manor house on Chiswick Mall (which is shown on a map in Warwick Draper’s book). It was southeast of Chiswick House, roughly where Edensor Gardens are today. The map names it "Sir Stephen Fox’s 1st house". Fox was the lord of Chiswick’s prebendal manor at the time. The house survived until 1896 when it was demolished to build Wilton Avenue. Some of the wall of the farm exists today as garden walls in Manor Alley. Almost next door to it on the Sulhamstead Estate is a modern block of flats called Stephen Fox House.

Death and burial
Fox died on 28 October 1716, aged 89, at his house in Chiswick. He was buried in the Church he rebuilt at Farley, where survives his mural monument. He left assets with an estimated value of over £174,000. (equivalent to over £0 in ).

title: Stephen Fox


text:
Rajaton

Rajaton is a Finnish a cappella ensemble, founded in Helsinki in 1997. The Finnish word rajaton means "boundless", to indicate the breadth of their repertoire, from sacred classical to near Europop. Rajaton performs primarily in Finland but also tours around Europe and the rest of the world, having performed in over 25 countries.

In 2005, Rajaton album sales reached 100,000 worldwide. They have earned eight gold records in total, with Rajaton Sings ABBA reaching platinum (30,000) and Joulu reaching double platinum (60,000).

Rajaton mainly performs a cappella, music written or arranged by members of the ensemble. Most lyrics are taken from poetry and from a collection of Finnish folk poetry Kanteletar.

Members
The six members of the group are:
 * Soprano: Essi Wuorela
 * Mezzo-Soprano: Aili Ikonen (was: Virpi Moskari until 2017)
 * Alto: Soila Sariola
 * Tenor: Hannu Lepola
 * Baritone: Ahti Paunu
 * Bass: Jussi Chydenius

Discography

 * Nova (2000)
 * Boundless (2001)
 * Sanat (2002)
 * Joulu (2003)
 * Kevät (2005)
 * Out of Bounds (2006)
 * Rajaton sings ABBA (2006)
 * Maa (2007)
 * Rajaton sings Queen with Lahti Symphony Orchestra (2008)
 * Best of Rajaton 1999-2009 (2009)
 * Tarinoita (2010)
 * Jouluyö (2011)
 * Suomen Lasten Lauluja (2012)
 * Salaisuus (2016)
 * Tuhansien Laulujen Maa (2017)
 * Ja niin on taasen joulu (2019)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rajaton


text:
Philip Fruytiers

Philip Fruytiers (1610–1666) was a Flemish Baroque painter and engraver. Until the 1960s, he was especially known for his miniature portraits in watercolor and gouache. Since then, several large canvases signed with the monogram PHF have been ascribed to him. These new findings have led to a renewed appreciation for his contribution to the Antwerp Baroque.

Life
Details about his life are scarce. He was born in Antwerp on 10 January 1610 as the son of Jan Fruytiers and Catherina Vervloet. He is listed as a pupil at the Jesuit college in Antwerp in 1627. He contributed texts in Latin, French and Dutch to an emblem book published in 1627 by that college at the Joannes Cnobbaert imprint in Antwerp under the title Typus mundi in quo ejus calamitates et pericula nec non divini, humanique amoris antipathia, emblematice proponuntur. The illustrations of this publication were made by Philips van Mallery.

No information about his artistic training is available. He became a master of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in the guild year 1631–32. He is described in the register of the Guild as an illuminator, painter and engraver.

Between September 1630 and 18 October 1665 he was very active in the 'Sodaliteit van de Bejaerde Jongmans', a fraternity for bachelors established by the Jesuit order. He was the teacher of Ambrosius Gast (II), Gualterus Gysaerts, Franciscus Fruytiers, Adrian Cockx (1649–50), Wauter Gyssels (1662–63) and Gregoris de Vos (1663–64).

He died in Antwerp on 19 June 1666 and was buried on 21 June.

Work
Philip Fruytiers was until the middle of the 20th century mainly known as a miniature painter and portraitist who worked in watercolor and gouache. A portrait of a Family on a Terrace signed and dated 1638 (Cambi auction in Genoa of 30 June 2020 lot 114) shows a family in an outdoor setting with an artist drawing in a sketchbook. This may be a self-portrait of Fruytiers. His most famous miniature depicts Rubens' four children, his second wife Helena Fourment and two servants date 1638 (Royal Collection, Windsor Castle). This miniature is probably the portrait listed in the inventory of the estate of Rubens in 1641 and on which at that time the price of the frame and glass was still outstanding. Fruytiers also painted large portraits like that of David Teniers the Younger and group or family portraits such as that of the three children of Rubens.

The accepted view of Philip Fruytiers as principally a miniaturist and watercolorist was based partially on the descriptions in the early biographical works by Cornelis de Bie and Arnold Houbraken.

Although Cornelis de Bie mentioned that Fruytiers also painted altarpieces, the only known works by his hand until the 1960s were works on paper or vellum. As a result, the established view about the nature of his work was not challenged. In the 1960s this view had to be revised, however, when three large paintings of saints dated 1652 with the monogram "PHF" (in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp), which were previously attributed to a hypothetical painter PH Franck, were identified as being by the hand of Fruytiers. The same signature was subsequently discovered on another altarpiece in the parish church in Zundert, North Brabant, which had been purchased from the inventory of the dissolved Antwerp St Michael's Abbey in 1802. This led to the attribution to Fruytiers of other paintings in collections of the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels, the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp and the Museo del Prado in Madrid, and in the parish church of Gistel, West Flanders. Drawings for some of his altarpieces are kept in the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp, the Yale University Art Gallery and the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin.

Fruytiers' style is generally much closer to the refinement and delicacy of Anthony van Dyck than to the more monumental art of Rubens.

An expressive portrait drawing of the Jesuit Jan de Tollenaere (Johannes Tollenarius) (Morgan Library & Museum) was a study for an engraving made by Jacob Neefs.

Fruytiers was an accomplished engraver and produced several portrait etchings such as those of the Capuchin Innocentius de Caltagirone and the Flemish mathematician and astronomer Govaert Wendelen. He made designs for the frontispiece and illustrations for devotional books and other religious prints by Antwerp engravers such as Cornelis Galle the Younger and Conraad Lauwers. One of his outstanding designs of a frontispiece is that for the Imago primi saeculi Societatis Iesu a Provincia Flandro-Belgica eiusdem Societatis repraesentata, a book written by Jean Bolland and Godfrey Henschen was printed by Balthasar I Moretus at the Plantin Moretus press in Antwerp in 1640. The design which was engraved by Cornelis Galle the Elder.

title: Philip Fruytiers


text:
Mona Lisa Smile

Mona Lisa Smile is a 2003 American drama film produced by Revolution Studios and Columbia Pictures in association with Red Om Films Productions, directed by Mike Newell, written by Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal, and starring Julia Roberts, Kirsten Dunst, Julia Stiles, and Maggie Gyllenhaal. The title is a reference to the Mona Lisa, the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci, and to the song of the same name, originally performed by Nat King Cole, which was covered by Seal for the movie. Julia Roberts received a record $25 million for her performance, the highest ever earned by an actress at that time.

Plot
In 1953, 30-year-old Katherine Ann Watson takes an Art History teaching position at Wellesley College. Katherine quickly discovers her students have memorized the entire textbook and syllabus, so she introduces modern art and encourages discussion about what is good art. Katherine comes to challenge her students to achieve more than marriage.

Opinionated Betty Warren is outspokenly conservative and insists a universal standard exists for what is good art. She writes editorials for the college paper and exposes campus nurse and lesbian, Amanda Armstrong, for supplying contraception, resulting in her termination. Other editorials attack Katherine for advocating that women seek careers in addition to marriage. Betty is eager to marry her fiancé, Spencer, and expects the traditional married-student exemptions; however, Katherine insists she will grade her based on merit and expects her to complete all assignments and tests. When her married life does not go smoothly, she begins taking out her frustrations on the other girls in the class, particularly Connie and Giselle.

Connie Baker is often ridiculed by Betty, who claims her cousin, Charlie, is only taking her to the dance as a favor. Connie attempts to leave after one dance but is surprised when Charlie expresses genuine interest in her. The two begin dating and go on holiday, where Charlie doesn't want to be seen by family friends. Connie breaks things off after Betty claims he is seeing another girl named Deb, who is the daughter of the couple Charlie avoided on their trip. She says Connie is just a casual fling. However, some weeks later, Connie and Charlie reconnect with him insisting that he had stopped seeing Deb the previous summer and had only begun seeing his current girlfriend after Connie was misled into cutting contact with him. Connie tearfully confronts Betty for lying and being hurtful, asking why Betty couldn't let her be happy. Later, Connie sees Charlie's date with another boy. She breaks into his dorm to ask for another chance and the two kiss, rekindling their relationship.

Joan Brandwyn considers studying law, so Katherine encourages her to apply to Yale Law School. Joan is accepted, but declines admission to instead marry Tom Donegal. She tells Katherine that choosing to be a wife and mother does not reduce her intelligence. Katherine expresses concern that Joan may regret not pursuing a career, but when Joan defends herself by explaining that prioritizing being a wife and mother is what she truly wants for her life, Katherine congratulates her and tells Joan to be happy.

Giselle Levy has liberal views about sex and has had several lovers, including Bill Dunbar, who she fell in love with. Although, she moves on from him when he and Katherine begin dating. She admires Katherine since the beginning for encouraging students to be independent but earns Betty's enmity as her own marriage falls apart.

Katherine's boyfriend from California, Paul, unexpectedly visits. He proposes but Katherine declines. Instead, she starts dating Wellesley Italian professor, Bill Dunbar. Bill is charming and tells a lot of stories about Europe and his heroic actions in Italy during the war. He also has had affairs with students, including Giselle. Katherine insists that he stop. She later learns though that contrary to his stories, during the entirety of the war, Bill was at the Army Languages Center on Long Island. She breaks up with him and Bill tells her that despite what she thinks, she did not come to Wellesley to help the students find their way, but rather find her own path.

Betty's marriage falls apart after Spencer is seen with another woman. Betty leaves him but her unsupportive mother demands she work things out with her husband. Betty visits Giselle in her dorm, at first attacking her for her promiscuity, then breaking down. Giselle is the only student who knows about Spencer's infidelity, having seen him with an unknown blonde while on her own date, and comforts Betty through her breakdown. Betty regrets maligning Katherine in her editorials. Eventually, Betty files for divorce, and she and Giselle plan to find an apartment in Greenwich Village. When Betty’s mother confronts her at graduation, Betty chastises her and credits Katherine as being the only one who supported her and vows to live her own life.

Although Wellesley administrators disapprove of Katherine's progressive teaching methods, her course is popular and so she is invited to return the next year under certain conditions: she must follow the school's syllabus, submit lesson plans for approval, stop giving students private advice, and maintain a strictly professional relationships with the rest of the faculty. Katherine resigns and decides to prepare to explore Europe instead. Betty dedicates her last editorial to Katherine, calling her "an extraordinary woman who lived by example and compelled us all to see the world through new eyes." As she leaves in a taxi, the students follow on their bikes, with Betty reaching out to say goodbye until the taxi speeds away.

Cast

 * Julia Roberts as Katherine Ann Watson
 * Kirsten Dunst as Elizabeth "Betty" Warren (Jones)
 * Julia Stiles as Joan Brandwyn (Donegal)
 * Maggie Gyllenhaal as Giselle Levy
 * Juliet Stevenson as Amanda Armstrong
 * Dominic West as Bill Dunbar
 * Ginnifer Goodwin as Constance "Connie" Baker
 * Topher Grace as Tommy Donegal
 * John Slattery as Paul Moore
 * Marcia Gay Harden as Nancy Abbey
 * Jordan Bridges as Spencer Jones
 * Marian Seldes as President Jocelyn Carr
 * Donna Mitchell as Mrs. Warren
 * Terence Rigby as Dr. Edward Staunton
 * Laura Allen as Susan Delacorte
 * Tori Amos as wedding singer
 * Emily Bauer as a student
 * Lisa Roberts Gillan as Miss Albini
 * Annika Marks as a student
 * Ebon Moss-Bachrach as Charlie Stewart
 * Lily Rabe as a student
 * Krysten Ritter as a student

Production
Melanie Lynskey auditioned for the roles of Connie and Giselle.

Box office
In its first weekend, Mona Lisa Smile opened at number two at the U.S. box office, earning US$11,528,498 behind The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. By the end of its run, while the film had grossed a respectable $141,337,989 worldwide, its U.S. domestic gross did not meet its $65 million budget, falling short at $63,860,942.

Reception
Mona Lisa Smile received mixed to negative reviews from film critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a approval rating based on  reviews, with an average score of  and a consensus: "Though Mona Lisa Smile espouses the value of breaking barriers, the movie itself is predictable." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

In a typical review, Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote, "it's Dead Poets Society as a chick flick, without the compelling drama and inspiration... even Roberts doesn't seem convinced. She gives a rather blah performance as if she's not fully committed to the role... Rather than being a fascinating exploration of a much more constrained time in our social history, the film simply feels anachronistic. The film deserves a solid 'C' for mediocrity and muted appeal." Critic Elizabeth M. Tamny of the Chicago Reader shared this negative assessment, writing "Part of the problem is simply that Mona Lisa Smile is a Hollywood film, and Hollywood isn't good at depicting the life of the mind... And Julia Roberts is no help--you either like her or you don't, but either way it has little to do with talent. She's not so much an actor as a vessel for earnest reactions. The fact is... It's easier to take on an extremely black-and-white version of the most salient question from this film - can women bake their cake and eat it too? - than try to answer it in the present."

David Ansen of Newsweek wrote, "What drew the usually astute Mike Newell (' Four Weddings and a Funeral ', ' Donnie Brasco ') to this project? There are hints that the script (credited to Mark Rosenthal and Lawrence Konner) may once have had more shadings - a suggestion that Katherine's idealism is a form of power-tripping; that she's afraid of intimacy - but any ambiguity is quickly brushed aside to make way for the Julia lovefest. Newell, no hack, tries not to milk the cliches shamelessly, and that may be the movie's final undoing. Lacking the courage of its own vulgarity, 'Mona Lisa Smile ' is as tepid as old bathwater."

Reaction from Wellesley and Wellesley alumnae
The college issued an official statement explaining their decision to allow the film to shoot on campus.

In a message to Wellesley alumnae concerning the film, Wellesley College president Diana Chapman Walsh expressed regret about some of the reactions it generated, given that many alumnae from the 1950s felt that the film's portrayal of Wellesley was inaccurate.

title: Mona Lisa Smile


text:
Talk:Whiskey Rebellion

Unlinked shortened footnotes
There are many shortened footnotes that fail to take advantage of the sfn template, & the full citations are not properly set up to link to shortened footnotes. I hope to spend some time fixing this by imposing one style on an article with inconsistent citation styles as per WP:CITEVAR's Generally considered helpful section. Peaceray (talk) 05:29, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ I have resolved all unlinked shorten footnotes. I will continue working on the article to resolve other WP:CITEVAR issues. Peaceray (talk) 00:46, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

Suggested edit to correct grammar under Western Grievances
I think that "Western farmers who owned small stills did not typically had neither enough time nor enough surplus grain operate them year-round at full capacity" should instead be "Western farmers who owned small stills did not typically have either enough time nor enough surplus grain to operate year-round at full capacity" but I can't edit it. 76.236.220.28 (talk) 15:50, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the note; I made most of the grammatical fixes you suggested, except the removal of "them" (which you might not have intended). Graham 87 06:34, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 February 2024
Typo. 78.174.52.181 (talk) 13:37, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Graham87 (talk) 15:01, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whiskey Rebellion


text:
Talk:Peace Bridge

Untitled
Why is someone going FUC and removing the CN LOGO?? Bacl-presby 14:53, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * See: WP:FUC --NatovR 14:56, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Dunno how to use Wikipedia but "The festivities were transmitted to the public via radio in the ****first international coast-to-coast broadcast****.[citation needed]" is clearly wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.131.80.96 (talk) 20:18, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

image?
Can't someone get a picture of this thing. --T-rex 15:27, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

I changed the first sentence to read "source", not "mouth". A river's mouth is where it empties into another body of water downstream. [kcdc123] —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kcdc123 (talk • contribs) 14:09, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Buffalo port of entry text
One of the middle paragraphs has "Buffalo became the chief port of entry to Canada from the United States." Isn't that the wrong way around? Should it not be either or both of "Fort Erie became the chief port of entry to Canada from the United States" or "Buffalo became the chief port of entry to the United States from Canada"? --papageno (talk) 03:36, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ Changed the text to something less ambiguous. --papageno (talk) 22:20, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

History
Two suggestions regarding the history section. 1) include a construction picture. There are good pictures on the web - it would be wonderful if we could figure out licensing and include one.  2) The piers are clearly not original, comparing old and newer photos. Replacing the piers must have been a massive job. It would be great to have this addressed in the history section. 144.71.77.244 (talk) 13:30, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peace Bridge


text:
Talk:Kon-Tiki expedition

Map of the voyage
It would be nice if there was a map of the voyage included in the article, just to make the distance covered clearer. 94.217.15.89 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:41, 7 August 2010 (UTC).

issue with distance
According to Google Maps' measure distance tool, the shortest (i.e., following the curve of the earth) distance between Callao Peru and the Raroia Atoll is 4,360 miles, which is a difference of some 700 miles from the distance mentioned in this article. Considering the Kon Tiki voyage predates satellite imagery, perhaps that is the source of this fairly significant factual discrepancy? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joeeasterly (talk • contribs) 16:25, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Radio was the only modern equipment?
The article mentions that a radio was the only modern equipment carried onboard Kon-Tiki. However on www.eterna.ch (navigate to Eterna -> Milestones -> 1958) it is mentioned that an Eterna sports watch was worn by Thor Heyerdahl. Isn't this considered modern equipment?

Ferengi 12:26, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

They had lots of modern equipment, including preserved food and maps. You could argue that the radio wasn't relevant, provided that they didn't use it to obtain weather reports or otherwise to help with navigation. You could argue that the watch wasn't relevant, provided that they didn't use it to help determine their longitude (which is the only obvious reason for taking one). But, overall, it's difficult to argue that they really set out only as well-prepared as those who (according to Heyerdahl) made the original journeys.

Mike Shepherd 21:10, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * This needs rewording. As you say, they took lots of modern equipment: radio, charts, sextant, watches, tinned food, metal tools and fish-hooks (no metal implements would have been available to the people who were supposed to have made the journey), drugs and medicines, even an inflatable dinghy. I suppose the point is that none of these were essential to the validity of the experiment: they could have made the journey without them. That point isn't actually stated in the text though. Matt 14:20, 20 December 2007 (UTC). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.134.114.156 (talk)

 * I've tried to reword; please make any further changes you feel are necessary. Matt 14:44, 20 December 2007 (UTC). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.134.114.156 (talk)

I would like to say, they used a "normal" N.C. 173 Receiver (Ref. to QSL-Card of LI2B). The Equipment is (of course) not waterproof. What Pictures show: The Radio Equipment was "sheltered" in Boxes to give some kind of waterresistance. But for operation radio and transmitter had to be unboxed. The crew descibed their problems with humidity. Edgar Wollenweber, Germany87.154.95.136 (talk) 14:36, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Meaning of Kon-Tiki
This page indicates that kontiki is the sun god. However, the spanish page for INCA indicates that kontiki is the water god, and it also indicates that it was even more important than the sun god named INTI. I believe that there's something here to be check. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.232.9.4 (talk) 00:53, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

"incidental" equipment.
I'm sorry, but the very idea of him having a sextant AND charts more than disqualifies this as anything scientific. These things are anything BUT incidental on such a voyage. If they were "incidental" why did he need them at all? Radios and knives, sure, I understand for safety reasons. But a sextant? Navigational charts?!? You've got to be kidding me. The implication that primitive people without these things could travel, in large groups no less (wonder where they carried their fresh water) on canoes, thousands of kilometers and find tiny islands in millions of square miles of ocean by simple canoes is profoundly ridiculous when based only on this single example. I'm not saying it didn't happen - I'm saying this expedition proves nothing.

Obviously - Anything that floated *could* have survived the journey, an empty can of pepsi for instance. That doesn't make the navigation probable in the least given the "incidental" items he used.

At the very least find a RS that says these items were "incidental." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.23.42.137 (talk) 02:42, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I made it clearer that the incidental-ness was claimed by Heyerdahl, not some sort of passive voice claim from on high. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 11:34, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The raft was functionally incapable of being steered on a navigational level, and essentially drifted both down-current and downwind on the Humboldt. The charts and sextant allowed them to determine which island they eventually found, but had nothing to do with their successfully finding it.  The chief use to which the navigational equipment was put was in making their daily weather reports to the US weather service, which was a condition of funding and aid given to the project.  Whatever the validity or otherwise of the Kon-Tiki experiment, the charts and sextant are immaterial.

 * Ancient peoples following the same route would have been less aware of precisely where they were or where they were going, but they would have wound up in exactly the same place. This is actually the crux of Heyerdahl's theory; not that ancients set out to find Polynesia, but that if they set out at all (or even strayed just a bit too far from shore and got sucked into the current,) it was what they were *going* to find, whether they wanted to or not.  The only real question was whether they could survive the trip.  The same (minus the question of survival) goes for your hypothetical Pepsi-can.

 * Three final points. The radio was not carried for safety; the Kon-Tiki spent most of the voyage too far away from shipping lanes for rescue to be remotely feasible.  Except for the tug that towed her to see, Kon-Tiki never saw a single vessel until after she'd made land in Polynesia.  Kon-Tiki was also simply too small to be rescued; a plane that went to get a last look the day they cast off the tow-rope off Peru gave up and went home without a glimpse of the Kon-Tiki, despite knowing to within a mile where they were.   The crew knew a radio would be no help.

 * Secondly, Kon-Tiki was not a canoe, or anything remotely similar. It was a log raft.

 * Thirdly, Heyerdahl believed the ancients carried their fresh water in wax-sealed bamboo rods, which was how Kon-Tiki carried much of her own water. The bamboo water in fact survived the journey better than the modern metal cans, which were given to corrosion once removed from the asphalt coating added to protect them.74.101.27.2 (talk) 05:32, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Well, this contact from East clearly happened somehow given the genetic evidence. I would be less dismissive of how ancient people could navigate. Clearly the Polynesians could navigate, why couldn't the South Americans? Historical first documents from the Spanish colonization clearly discuss the Incas as able ocean seafarers. They mostly navigated along the coast, but they had dozens of people on the rafts, according to documents. 98.47.237.80 (talk) 06:38, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

Towed 50 miles
You can argue over the effect of modern equipment all you want, but the fact that the boat was towed 50 miles is, IMO, far more significant. Not coincidentally, it took Kon-Tiki past the near-shore currents that would have been impossible for early sailors to get through. Heck, if NASA takes me past Earth's gravity well, I can probably make it to the moon in a homemade spaceship. :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Andrewkantor (talk • contribs) 00:34, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

If I remember correctly from reading that book, this experiment was about connections of people from Titicaca with Polynesia. They would actually need to start their journey from some river that flows from there and it would carry them to Ocean, and at that point when they they would be near Lima, they would most probably not 50, but 100 miles away and in current, that would take them further to west. Also Lima is just a capital of modern Peru and it did not exist in ancient times, also it looks like worsest place to start Ocean drifting. I really need to reread that part, but I have some memories that intention to start journey was not exactly from Lima, but apparently sponsors made it possible and it is also easier for tourists to visit...

As for homemade spaceship - there are no currents in space - just gravitational waves and that would not take you to the Moon, unless someone directs and shoot you in direction of moon and that is the main difference, why it is not comparable to this project. Also without any push(if NASA just put your homemade spaceship in space) it would take ages to survive in this spaceship in space(and ship then would need to be huge one), not to mention, that it would prove nothing - there are no extra habitable planets in Solar system, that are or were habitated by peoples and we do not have to question how people arrived there. 2.96.195.56 (talk) 08:19, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

Miscategorization of "An-Tiki"
The one sentence regarding the 2011 sailing of An-tiki is under the heading "Popular culture references", which is entirely wrong. It's not "popular culture"; not even close. And it's not a reference, it's a parallel event. This needs to be placed into the "See Also" section. SteveO1951 (talk) 02:44, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Correction re modern view of Heyerdahl's theory
I changed some of the text that was not precise as to modern views of Heyerdahl's theory. The text correctly stated that he believed that the South Americans could have populated South Sea islands. The article then incorrectly stated that was a position "discredited" by most anthropologists. That's not true. "Most anthropologist" now believe that the population migration did not go West to East, as Heyerdahl said it could; that is not the same thing as saying that is could not have. Heyerdahl's experimental anthroplogy voyage did prove that the migration could have gone East to West and that capability remains true even if modern DNA studies tend to show that it in fact did not go that way.

Also, the single citation to this modern view was to Wade Davis who, although certainly "award winning", started his speaking career by asserting that "zombie powder" really works (a position certainly "highly discredited by most scientists") and it is stated by Wikipedia that "Davis commissioned a grave robbery of a recently buried child" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Davis So let's not source the entire modern view on the tenuous credibility of Mr. Davis.

Finally the articles I cite go directly to the point of what the modern published science is: that "Most archaeologists agree that Polynesians can trace their origins to the Lapita Culture, a fusion of Melanesian and Austronesian peoples that had spread as far east as Fiji by 1000 B.C.E. But archaeologists are deeply at odds over when Polynesians fanned out across the vast northern, central, and eastern Pacific Ocean." Meaning, in part, that even if the South American DNA has direct links with that of Polynesians, that could well be because the migration was West to East. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SteveO1951 (talk • contribs) 03:55, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Anthropologists POV
In the intro it's said:

Heyerdahl believed that people from South America could have settled Polynesia in pre-Columbian times, although most anthropologists now believe they did not.[1][2][3] (Btw, source 3 is included in source 2. Should they be kept separate..?)

The Antropology section later on seems to contradict the previous sentence:

In 2011 Professor Erik Thorsby of the University of Oslo presented DNA evidence to the Royal Society which whilst agreeing with the west origin also identified a distinctive but smaller genetic contribution from South America.[12] Source being called: ''Richard Alleyne (17 Jun 2011). "Kon-Tiki explorer was partly right – Polynesians had South American roots". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 Jun 2011.''

I am no anthropologist, but it seems they should be put closer to each other, possibly in the same section, and with higher clarity of what "everyone agrees on" if correct... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Raggot (talk • contribs) 09:24, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

I agree that the current anthropologist's views section needs to be clarified and considered in light of recent work especially Ioaniddis'. Rather than stating categorically that the majority of anthropologists categorically reject Heyerdahl's theories, now that there is DNA evidence partly supporting some of his theories it should be rewritten to state the theories and evidence of pro and con camps. Calydon (talk) 07:30, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

 * No, just the other way round: Latest DNA investigations show the evidence of the East West settling. Sorry to say: Heyerdahl may be wrong. Edgar Wollenweber--14:51, 15 September 2022 (UTC) 87.154.95.136 (talk) 14:51, 15 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Further, recent, peer reviewed studies by Thorsby and others indicate genetic relationship between S.A. and Polynesians. Heyerdahl's hypothesis may or may not be proven to be true, but his experiment was to test the possibility. Genetic evidence provided thus far does not conclusively reject his hypothesis. Much, if not all, of the critical analysis of the hypothesis provided on this Wiki is outdated, and objectively and factually incorrect. Also, there is lack of support for the claims, "nearly all anthropologists..." etc. It's perhaps not even possible to make such a claim, as anthropologists are not surveyed in such a manner. Nor does population consensus equate fact. Recommend a full rewrite.
 * Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Rasmussen, S., Seguin-Orlando, A., Rasmussen, M., Liang, M., Flåm, S. T., ... & Malaspinas, A. S. (2014). Genome-wide ancestry patterns in Rapanui suggest pre-European admixture with Native Americans. Current Biology, 24(21), 2518-2525.
 * O'Neal, C. (2020). Polynesian Cultures in Perspective. Mitchell Lane.
 * Thorsby, E. (2016). Genetic evidence for a contribution of native Americans to the early settlement of Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 118.
 * Malaspinas, A. S., Lao, O., Schroeder, H., Rasmussen, M., Raghavan, M., Moltke, I., ... & Willerslev, E. (2014). Two ancient human genomes reveal Polynesian ancestry among the indigenous Botocudos of Brazil. Current Biology, 24(21), R1035-R1037. 2600:1008:A031:DB77:80D3:EB9B:ADBF:219A (talk) 13:40, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

Thor Heyerdahl
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl - what's with all the references to "Brendan Heyerdahl"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.36.110.71 (talk) 13:17, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Been vandalized. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.212.113.173 (talk) 23:48, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Communications Section
In the "Communications" section, it says that "A German Mark V transceiver was used as a backup unit.[10]"

I looked up the citation for that assertion ("An LA, as in Norway, Story, By Bob Merriam, W1NTE, March 5, 2003") on the web archive (see https://web.archive.org/web/20030419103759/http://www.arrl.org/news/features/2003/03/05/1/?nc=1) and surprisingly that article does not make any mention of a German transceiver. Unless a reference for this assertion can be found, I suggest deleting it.

After rereading the key article on this topic (Ref. 9, Anonymous (December 1947). "Kon-Tiki Communications – Well Done!". QST (The American Radio Relay League): 69, 143–148.) it is clear that the Kon-Tiki carried two British 3-16 MC Mark II transmitters.

Therefore, I suggest that "A German Mark V transceiver was used as a backup unit.[10]" be replaced by "Two British 3-16 MC Mark II transmitters were also carried on board.[9]" Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:134:E801:34F4:EE4C:9930:2976 (talk) 23:02, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

Followup: After some more investigation, I still cannot find a reference for the "A German Mark V transceiver was used as a backup unit.[10]" assertion, so I have changed it in the article, along the lines proposed above. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JTPaloAlto (talk • contribs) 23:22, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

As far as I know, they did not use any transceivers but separated transmitter and receiver (Ref. to QSL Card of LI2B they used a normal N.C. 173 receiver from National). Edgar Wollenweber, Germany87.154.95.136 (talk) 14:45, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 8 March 2015
Kon-Tiki → Kon-Tiki expedition – The article is really about the expedition as a whole, not just the raft. Some minor changes to the opening paragraph would be needed if the name change goes ahead. I am happy to do those. 217.44.208.185 (talk) 03:44, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't care about "expedition" one way or the other, but "Kon-Tiki" is a proper name and the dash is part of that proper name. It should not be removed. 209.211.131.181 (talk) 04:22, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that was unintentional and I have now corrected it. 86.150.71.23 (talk) 12:01, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Support, article is clearly about the entire expedition, not just the raft. -- P 1 9 9 ✉ 15:15, 11 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Support, article should correctly be about the expedition. - LuckyLouie (talk) 16:38, 11 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Kon-Tiki expedition. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071028203635/http://www.kon-tiki.no/Events/indexold.html to http://www.kon-tiki.no/Events/indexold.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:02, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Shrinking the second paragraph in the lead section
I think that the following needs to be removed from the second paragraph in the lead section.

"Although most anthropologists as of 2010 had come to the conclusion they did not, in 2011, new genetic evidence was uncovered by Erik Thorsby that Easter Island inhabitants do have some South American DNA, lending credence to at least some of Heyerdahl's theses. In 2015, analysis of the genome of some Amazonian Native Americans showed ancestry more closely related to indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andaman Islanders than to any present-day Eurasians or Native Americans."

This information belongs in the article, but not in the lead, which should focus on the Kon-Tiki expedition itself. At the very least, the lead section needs to be rearranged, because in its current location this passage is a digression in a paragraph where the flow should lead directly from the sentence about Heyerdahl's belief to the sentence about his aim in mounting the expedition. Developments in 2010, 2011, and 2015 involving neither the Kon-Tiki nor Heyerdahl don't belong in a summarization of the flow from Heyerdahl's belief to his aim to his pursuit of his aim. —Largo Plazo (talk) 15:29, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure this belongs in the article in any case. Any sources would need to mention the expedition. There's no reason for this article to reply the discussion elsewhere, although obviously is can link to it. Doug Weller (talk) 16:46, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I decided to go ahead and remove it. —Largo Plazo (talk) 17:02, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kon-Tiki expedition. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090201131047/http://webtv.tv2.no/webtv/sumo/?treeId=444033&progId=185694 to http://webtv.tv2.no/webtv/sumo/?treeId=444033&progId=185694

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:49, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 14:52, 15 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Kon-Tiki.jpg

Support vessel?!
Does anyone know if the expedition had a support vessel? -If no, why not? Soerfm (talk) 12:18, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

 * No. Why not? Because that would have undermined the whole point of the expedition. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:08, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I am sorry, I should have said "escort" vessel, a vessel that just follows them without helping unless there is an emergency. They had a radio, but it would just weigh them dowm if they stated sinking. - Soerfm (talk) 15:24, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

 * No reports talk of one, so I don't think so. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:30, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

Why the racist angle?
The part about Hyperdiffusionism sounds excessively racist and not really on point with the Kon Tiki expedition. The Kon Tiki expedition clearly wanted to prove that South Americans could have traveled to Polynesia. The experiment pretty much succeeded and recent genetic evidence support the contact in the islands that carry some of the architectural megalithic culture.

The non-white comment is out of place because Heyderdhal explicitly suggests that the possible colonization happened from South America, which was also non-white. 98.47.237.80 (talk) 06:42, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

New sources needed

 * Most archaeological, linguistic, cultural, and genetic evidence tends to support a western origin for Polynesians, from Island Southeast Asia, using sophisticated multihull sailing technologies and navigation techniques during the Austronesian expansion.

While the general idea is slightly true, the specific details here may not be accurate due to the older sources in use. Newer sources shed more light on the competing theories and details based on the recent migratory evidence. Viriditas (talk) 20:35, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kon-Tiki expedition


text:
Public holidays in Cape Verde

This is a list of holidays in Cape Verde.

title: Public holidays in Cape Verde


text: User talk:63.89.213.60

title: User talk:63.89.213.60


text:
List of captains-major of Bissau

List of colonial heads of Bissau
The territory is located in Guinea-Bissau.

Early incumbents, all styled Captain-major:
 * 15 March 1692 – 15 March 1694 José Pinheiro da Câmara
 * 1694–1696 Santao Vidigal Castanho
 * 1696–1699 José Pinheiro da Câmara
 * 1699–1707 Rodrigo Oliveira da Fonseca
 * 1707–1753 abandoned
 * 1753–17.. Nicolau Pino de Araújo
 * 17..–c.1757 ....
 * c.1757–1759 Manuel Pires
 * 1759–17.. Duarte José Róis
 * 17..–c.1763 ....
 * c.1763–17.. Filipe José de Souto-Maior
 * c.1770–c.1775 Sebastião da Cunha Souto-Maior
 * c.1775–c.1777 ....
 * c.1777–17.. Ignácio Xavier Baião
 * 1793–c.1796 José António Pinto
 * c.1796–1799 ....

Sources and references

 * WorldStatesmen–Guinea-Bissau

title: List of captains-major of Bissau


text:
Talk:Loopholes in Bell tests/Archive 1

I've done it again -- gone and created a new page when I wasn't logged on! I'll try and get it properly attributed but so far my attempts with other pages have failed. I'm the author of Bell test loopholes (which rather overlaps with the current page), CHSH Bell test and Clauser and Horne's 1974 Bell test Caroline Thompson 11:27, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Email: ch.thompson1@virgin.net

Web site: http://freespace.virgin.net/ch.thompson1/

 * This page should not be merged.  User:PRF Brown

 * Agreed. Instead this page should be linked from the Bell Tests page, and then the examples of that page merged with the ones on this page. Harald88 19:24, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

recently added loopholes, now parked here
(the following I copied from Bell test experiments and its Talk page; I only included comments that seem pertinent for this list):

Recently the following loopholes were added, making the article contents largely an article about loopholes (sorry dr.Chinese, I had not noticed that). I will cut them out and parked them temporarily here, for discussion about which ones are worth mentioning, and what to do with them. Most appropriate to me seems to make a subpage to this article with a detailed loopholes discussion, and that is linked to from the main article, as is common practice in other articles. Then we can shorten that paragraph in this article. Please comment on each loophole separately. Harald88 10:39, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

- (the first two now inserted in this list:)

Fair sampling The "fair sampling assumption" states that the sample of detected pairs is representative of the pairs emitted. The possibility of this not being true comprises the fair sampling, detection, efficiency or variable detection probability loophole (Pearle, 1970). In 2001 an experiment was conducted that used detection methods that were almost 100% efficient, thus avoiding this loophole (Rowe, 2001; Kielpinski, 2001). This experiment demonstrated violation of the CHSH inequality using two trapped ions. The setup, however, did not satisfy one of the essential criteria for Bell inequalities to apply: the two sides of the experiment were not sufficiently far separated (Vaidman, 2001). Many physicists, however, share Bell's opinion when he wrote that "it is hard for me to believe that quantum mechanics works so nicely for inefficient practical set-ups and is yet going to fail badly when sufficient refinements are made."

Subtraction of "Accidentals" No experiment done so far has ever had its equipment absolutely perfect. In a real situation it can be that for some reason entangled photons will not reach their respective detectors at the same time, or that 'noise' in the form of stray photons will interfere. These imperfections lead to so called 'accidentals', where coincidences are detected, even though they are not an entangled pair. To try and limit the effects of these accidentals an experimenter will define a 'coincidence window', a time in which they expect coincidences to occur. Only coincidences that occur inside this window are considered, those that occur outside it will be ignored as accidentals. While this seems good experimental conduct, it has been shown (Thompson, 2003) that this approach actually unfairly biases the data in favour of quantum mechanical predictions, giving proponents of local hidden variable theories cause to complain. -- (end of insertion from main article)

Enhancement

The CH74 inequality, and some others, are derived using the assumption that the presence of the analyzers never increases the probabilities of certain outcomes. If an experiment shows that these inequalities are violated then we do not have a general disproof for all local hidden variable theories, just those for which the analyzers cause no enhancement.

Rotational Invariance

It is assumed in Bell test experiments that it is only the angles between different detector orientations, not the actual angles themselves, that are significant in the data, meaning that rotating all detectors by the same angle will have no effect. If the photons involved in the experiments prefer some polarization direction then the test is not rotationally invariant, as a rotation of both detectors will have an effect. Rotational invariance is not an assumption required to derive Bell's inequalities, so this is not a theoretical problem, but the assumption is often used to analyze data in experiments and so could cause data to suggest violations of the inequalities when really they may not.

Double Detections

If local hidden variable theories are true then it is theoretically possible that in some situations a detector could have cause to measure both +1 and -1 simultaneously. This is not possible in quantum mechanics and is also not possible due to the electronics of the detectors used. This means that the physical constraints of the detectors may bias the data towards quantum physics.

The Memory Loophole

Local hidden variable theories could be constructed that violate the inequalities if the particles involved had memory, that is if the measurement of the nth pair was affected by the n-1 pairs that preceded it. A related loophole, the simultaneous measurement loophole, states that local hidden variable theories could be constructed that would violate the inequalities if all pairs are measured simultaneously. There has been some research in the area of these loopholes (Barrett, 2002; Gill, 2001) that show how the data can be analyzed so as not to be biased towards quantum mechanics. When analyzed in this way, however, the data still suggests that quantum mechanics is correct.

Topology change

Finally, there is a theoretical loophole, which holds that a Bell violation is not a superluminal influence if two entangled particles are viewed as colocated (for instance, if they are opposite ends of a wormhole, as proposed by Einstein and Rosen and more recently by Durand [1]). In other words, a local realistic theory remains possible if "local" is redefined to reflect the predictions of quantum mechanics. However, wormhole creation is a topology change (i.e. addition of a new "handle" to spacetime), which implies causal violations (see for instance the chapter on topology change in Visser's book Lorentzian Wormholes from Einstein to Hawking).'

.

 * "Enhancement" should be mentioned as it is considered important by Marshall et al, who are prominent members of the local realist camp. It could happen in actual experiments though I don't think personally that it does.

 * "Rotational invariance" deserves a mention if only because most quantum theorists don't seem to stop to think whether or not it holds. They just take it for granted.  Experimenters are more careful, but all the same may find its failure biasing their presentations.

 * "Double detections" are an interesting real possibility but probably too technical to deserve mention.

 * As far as I'm concerned, the other two "loopholes" are not real possibilities and I would not mention them. I've always taken the word "loophole" to mean real weakness in the experimental design or analysis, not theoretical fantasy.

 * Despite this desire to stick to reality, perhaps one more loophole should be added, since it is generally referred to as such: the "light cone" or "locality" loophole -- the one that Aspect's and Weihs' time-switching experiments were designed to close.

 * Caroline Thompson 09:51, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * [...] By the way, most experiments no longer subtract accidentals so as to parry this objection; or at a minimum they report them and address the issue straight on so there is no question that accidentals are not an issue. See for example Dehlinger & Mitchell (2002) which I will be adding to the page. -DrChinese 02:09, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * [...] probably there is a way to solve this matter [...] in an agreeable way: starting with agreeing on a linked page about the subject of related non-hypothetical loopholes to which all relevant loophole examples are moved, and a short, unbiased paragraph about it on this page. BTW, I also discovered that already a loophole page exists that should be merged(?!) with this page, but I trust that that is not the concensus, at least it's obviously not what you want and I think that most editors will agree not to do so. Regards, Harald88 08:03, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Dr Chinese: You may have a point re the subtraction of accidentals.  My original entry (see my user page) read simply:
 * ===Subtraction of “accidentals”===
 * Adjustment of the data by subtraction of “accidentals”, though standard practice in many applications, can bias Bell tests in favour of quantum theory. After a period in which this fact has been ignored by some experimenters, it is now once again accepted .  The reader should be aware, though, that it invalidates many published results.  Notable examples in which there were large numbers of accidentals are Aspect's experiments (Aspect, 1981, 1982a,b) and the early "long-distance" Bell tests conducted in Geneva (Tittel, 1997).  These experiments are discussed in (Thompson, 2003).

 * You might be happier with this. Someone else had expanded it and diverged from the original usage of the term as per Stuart Freedman and Alain Aspect's PhD theses.  I'm sorry I had not explained fully in the first place but the issue is all about possible mis-pairings when more than one atom emits a pair of photons at the same time.  Aspect had to assume that all atoms emitted independently so that there was nothing special about simultaneous emissions.  He justified this decision in a paper in 1985, but his arguments depended on a lot of quantum mechanics and I know of other physicists who dispute them.  Under a wave theory of light it is much more likely that the whole bunch of atoms will act in resonance and between them produce only one pulse of light.  If this is what happened, then the observations would have been made on two particular frequencies, filtered from a whole spectrum emitted, these two classical waves being designated the two experimental "photons".  The important thing is that at any one point of time only one pulse (of finite duration) is emitted so there can be no accidentals due to this cause at or near the zero point of the coincidence time spectrum.

 * See http://freespace.virgin.net/ch.thompson1/Aspect/ch5.pdf
 * (Translation of part of Aspect's thesis)
 * and:
 * http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9711044
 * (Timing, 'accidentals' and other artifacts in EPR experiments)

 * Caroline Thompson 11:00, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

It seems like this page needs considerable revision, which I am not in a position to undertake right now. CT seems to cite her own work exclusively for all the loophole discussion. An Inspec search reveals plenty of other articles on the same topics, e.g. Pavicic, Phys. Lett. A, 209, 255 (1995), discussing enhancement and detection loopholes and Berardi et al., J. Opt. B 2, 476 (2000) on the detection loophole. Discussing some of this work would put the article on a firmer footing. Also, the loopholes discussed here are not specific to optical Bell tests, and since Bell experiments are becoming more common, I think it would be better to have a single page covering Bell loopholes in a generic way. Dave Kielpinski 05:16, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the name should be changed. Most loopholes apply to any Bell test setup.

 * Re other refs, yes of course these should be added if they are good. However, the almost universal way in which fair sampling is assumed without good reason suggests that no paper to date can have explained in sufficiently comprehensible terms just what happens in the detection loophole.  I have recently updated and submitted to J Phys B my Chaotic Ball paper on the subject, explaining things intuitively. Caroline Thompson 10:43, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Hmmm. I thought perhaps you'd like to update the reference list to make it, shall we say, more NPOV, since you obviously wrote it in the first place. I'll get back to it when I have a chance. Dave Kielpinski 06:58, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

"reputable journal" does not mean mainstream!
"divided references into "mainstream" and "non-mainstream" according to publication in reputable journals" -> That doesn't work: Reputable journals sometimes accept excellent non-mainstream (happily, otherwise scince would be near-dead!). Thus a choice must be made. And what is supposed to be the "mainstream opinion, who can claim to know the statisitcs on that? I thus rephrase the headers to "reputable journals". Harald88 09:21, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Fair enough. I felt that people should know the difference between work that has been vetted in some reasonable way and work that has not. Sorry for the confusion. Dave Kielpinski 18:34, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Loopholes in Bell tests/Archive 1


text:
Opana

Opana may refer to:

 * Opana Radar Site, a National Historic Landmark commemorating the first use of radar, located on Oahu, Hawaii
 * Opana, a brand name for the opioid oxymorphone

title: Opana


text:
M-Squadron

M-Squadron, formerly the Unit Interventie Mariniers (Marine Intervention Unit, UIM), and before that known as the Bijzondere Bijstandseenheid (Special Support Unit, BBE), is an elite Dutch special forces unit which is tasked with conducting domestic counter-terrorist operations. M-Squadron is part of the Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces of the Netherlands Marine Corps.

History
On 22 February 1973, the Dutch government officially created a specialist counter-terrorism unit in response to the Munich massacre, when 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by Palestine pro-Fatah militants. The government felt the urge of protecting the nation against such incidents in the future, and so members of the Dutch Marine Corps were selected for this special unit. Marines were chosen because, at that time, they were particularly notorious: Dutch marines are hardened, highly trained, professional soldiers.

On July 1, 2006, a new government organ, Dienst Speciale Interventies (DSI) was founded. This is a joint operations centre for counter-terrorism actions in the Netherlands. Members of the UIM and special police units work together, and form a Unit Interventie, which is a joint task force of Defence and police personnel.

As part of the reorganization, the BBE changed its name in 2006 to the UIM. In 2009, the UIM changed its name once again to M-Squadron.

The unit was reorganized into the Maritime Special Operations Force since January 1, 2009.

Role
It consists of a selection of specially trained marines of the Dutch Marine Corps, and it is part of the Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces (NLMARSOF), which is the maritime counterpart of the Dutch Army's Korps Commandotroepen. NLMARSOF is able to operate in and outside of the Netherlands, with emphasis on maritime special operations.

It currently consists of two operational SOF squadrons, one training squadron and a support group;
 * C Squadron (Mountain Leader Recon and Amphibian Recon) – Foreign operations
 * M Squadron (Counter-Terrorism) – Domestic operations
 * T Squadron (Training Squadron)
 * Special Operation Forces Support Group

M-Squadron consists of teams of six operators, each team and each operator with their own specialty. Among those are diver and breach teams. Tasks are:
 * To conduct special operations on sea and land;
 * To conduct quick-reaction counter-terrorism and hostage release operations in the Netherlands;
 * To provide quick-reaction maritime intervention (harbours, oil platforms, ships, etc.);
 * To assist the Dutch police and Royal Marechaussee in domestic joint law enforcement and counter-terrorism operations;
 * To act as a security detachment on board Royal Netherlands Navy ships during humanitarian or peace-enforcing/-keeping missions;

Within DSI
The Dienst Speciale Interventies is the joint operations centre for domestic CT operations, and it combines special units from the Ministries of Defence and Justice. These units are:
 * Unit Arrest Teams: regional SWAT teams of the National Police Corps.
 * Unit Intervention: rapidly deployable counter-terrorist unit consisting of both military and law enforcement personnel.
 * Unit Expertise and Operational Support: support unit providing sniper fire support, crisis negotiation and technical support.

Operations
The UIM has seen a lot of action since its creation. The first real intervention mission was the recapture of the Scheveningen prison in October 1974. Operators used hand-to-hand combat and stun grenades against jailed terrorists, who had revolted and held the prison under siege.

The best-known intervention mission was ending the combined siege of a train and a primary school, which was done by South Moluccan terrorists. The UIM managed to kill the six captors on the train during a short but precise raid. Two hostages did not survive this. The raid was successful due to the fact that the Royal Netherlands Air Force was called in, with six F-104 Starfighter aircraft making very low flypast manoeuvres in full afterburn. This was mainly a distraction, allowing for a swift raid and the killing of the six captors on board. The siege at the primary school ended not long after the train siege had ended.

On 13 March 1978, the UIM responded to a province hall hostage crisis in Assen. The raid came just in time: the hijackers had almost executed two people.

The UIM was meant to be deployed to enforce arms embargoes in the Balkans, but they were never deployed in the 1990s.

A known operation of the UIM was on 10 November 2004 in The Hague. The police had tried to arrest Ismail A. and Jason W. (members of the Hofstad Network) in a house at the Laakkwartier, but failed, as three police officers had been injured by grenades thrown at them by the terrorists. UIM operators were ordered to secure and maintain the site. After a successful raid, the two young terrorists were arrested.

The unit has been deployed to Afghanistan under Task Force 55 with KCT operators.

In 2008, the UIM had been active in the seas near Somalia as a security detachment for the Royal Netherlands Navy frigate Hr. Ms. De Ruyter, that was tasked with the escort of cargo ships that were contracted by the United Nations' World Food Programme. The unit was deployed several times to fight off pirates that attempted to raid the ships, and some teams were stationed on some of the ships as well.

In April 2010, an UIM-team embarked on board Hr. Ms. Tromp re-captured the German container ship MS Taipan off the coast of Somalia, that was under the control of Somali pirates. Though multiple shots were fired, including a machine gun barrage on the ship's bridge, the only injury was an operator that was slightly injured when he fell while storming the ship. A video released by the Royal Netherlands Navy, shows helmet camera footage of the Marines storming and re-taking the ship.

Air transport
M-Squadron regularly trains for aerial deployments using helicopters. NH-90 utility helicopters of the Royal Netherlands Navy helicopters provide airlift, and can be utilised for fire support. In addition, three Dienst Luchtvaart Politie (Police Aviation Service) AW139 medium-sized helicopters are available for use by the DSI as well.

title: M-Squadron


text:
Talk:Thermal Emission Imaging System

I got this information from the NASA website at http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/technology/themis.html. It should be OK to use. - Ta bu shi da yu 11:41, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Thermal Emission Imaging System. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090125170606/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/technology/themis.html to http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/technology/themis.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040804085529/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/instruments.html to http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/instruments.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:27, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thermal Emission Imaging System


text:
List of governors of Portuguese Guinea

This is a list of European colonial administrators responsible for the territory of Portuguese Guinea, an area equivalent to modern-day Guinea-Bissau. In 1941 the capital moved from Bolama to Bissau.

List
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

For continuation after independence, see: List of presidents of Guinea-Bissau

title: List of governors of Portuguese Guinea


text:
Stanton Drew stone circles

The Stanton Drew stone circles are just outside the village of Stanton Drew in the English county of Somerset. The largest stone circle is the Great Circle, 113 m in diameter and the second largest stone circle in Britain (after Avebury); it is considered to be one of the largest Neolithic monuments to have been built. The date of construction is not known, but is thought to be between 3000 and 2000 BCE, which places it in the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. It was made a scheduled monument in 1982.

The Great Circle was surrounded by a ditch and is accompanied by smaller stone circles to the northeast and southwest. There is also a group of three stones, known as The Cove, in the garden of the local pub. Slightly further from the Great Circle is a single stone, known as Hautville's Quoit. Some of the stones are still vertical, but the majority are now recumbent, and some are no longer present.

The stone circles have been studied since John Aubrey's visit in 1664, and some excavations of the site were performed in the 18th century. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, geophysical surveys have confirmed the size of the stone circles and identified additional pits and postholes. The Cove has been shown to be around 1000 years older than the stone circles, and so date from 4000-3000 BCE. A variety of myths and legends about the stone circles have been recorded, including one about dancers at a celebration who have been turned to stone.

Monument
The most famous feature is the Great Circle, the second largest stone circle in Britain (after Avebury). The stone circle is 113 m in diameter and probably consisted of 30 stones, of which 27 survive today. It was recorded by both John Aubrey in 1664 and William Stukeley in 1723. The Great Circle probably was surrounded by the ditch (approximately 135 m outer diameter — now filled in) of a henge. The North East Circle is 30 m in diameter and probably consisted of 10 or more stones, of which 8 survive today. The South West Circle is 43 m in diameter, and has 12 stones surviving today. An avenue extends to the northeast of the Great Circle towards the River Chew and a second avenue meets it from the north eastern stone circle.

A (now recumbent) standing stone called Hautville's Quoit lies across the river to the north on an alignment with the centres of the Great Circle and the southern circle. It is a large stone close to Hautville Quoit Farm, recumbent since at least the mid 17th century but assumed to have originally been upright. Described by Stukeley in 1723 as being 13 ft long, it is now about half that length, Leslie Grinsell suggesting that fragments have occasionally been broken off for mending the roads. Stukeley also referred to the presence of a second stone.

Further to the west is a cove of two standing stones with a recumbent slab between them, which can be found in the garden of the Druid's Arms public house. All are of different heights, the stone to the north east being 4.4 m the south western 3.1 m, and the north eastern 1.4 m. The stones of The Cove are mineralogically different from those in the nearby stone circles. A long barrow burial chamber has been found under the stones of The Cove. It is thought that this predates the erection of the stones by approximately a thousand years.

Excavations
In 1740 the site was surveyed and mapped by architect, freemason and antiquarian John Wood, the Elder, who noted the different stones used. He suggested the layout was based on the Pythagorean planetary system, and thought it was used as the Druid's "University". The number and positioning of the stones according to Wood, corresponded to the Pythagorean planetary system of worlds, with three of the circles corresponding to the solar, lunar and Earth cycles. This deeply influenced his plans for a circle of 30 houses called The Circus in Bath, an ambitious architectural project completed by his son John Wood, the Younger.

When one of the stones fell in the mid 17th century, some human bones were discovered accompanied by an object described as a "round bell, like a large horse-bell". The burial date and the purpose of the bell-like object are unknown.

Geophysical survey
Geophysical work by English Heritage in 1997 revealed a surrounding ditch and nine concentric rings of postholes within the stone circle. More than four hundred pits, 1 m across and at 2.5 m intervals, stood in rings at the site. The ditch is 135 m in diameter and about 7 m wide. A 40 m wide entrance was visible on the north east side. No surrounding bank has been identified although the site awaits excavation.

The geophysical work transformed the traditional view of Stanton Drew as being a surface monument and the Great Circle is now seen as being one of the largest and most impressive Neolithic monuments to have been built. Analogous with the circles of postholes at sites at Woodhenge, Durrington Walls and The Sanctuary, it is thought that the pits would have held posts which would have either been freestanding or lintelled as they could not have supported a roof at that size. The postholes in nine concentric rings held posts up to 1 m in diameter indicating the use of ancient trees which were sacred to the druids.

Nearby and to the north east is a smaller ring of eight stones in the centre of which the geophysical work identified four further pits. A third ring of twelve stones, measuring 43 m wide, stands to the south west. A fluxgate gradiometer survey in July 2009 investigated standing stones in the garden of the Druids Arms public house known as The Cove, which showed that the stones date from nearly a thousand years before the stone circles. The conclusion from the study was that these upright stones are likely to have been the portals or façade of a chambered tomb.

In 2010 a further survey was carried out by Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society and the Bath and North East Somerset Archaeological Officer. This involved high data density magnetometer, resistance pseudosection profiles and photographic surveys showed a new henge entrance and further detail of post holes.

Myths about Stanton Drew
Being a henge and stone circle site, astronomical alignments are a common theory to explain the positioning of the stones at Stanton Drew. Similarly, there are less well evidenced theories relating to ley lines.

One theory suggests the site was dedicated to funerary ritual. As a sacred site this is to be expected, but also then to be host to other significant events of the local community such as weddings and religious ceremonies. There are several local traditional stories about the megalithic complex. The best known tells how a wedding party was turned to stone: the party was held throughout Saturday, but a man clothed in black (the Devil in disguise) came and started to play his violin for the merrymakers after midnight, continuing into holy Sunday morning. When dawn broke, everybody had been turned to stone by the Demon: so the stone circles are the dancers, the avenues are the fiddlers and The Cove is the bride and the groom with the drunken churchman at their feet. They are still awaiting the Devil who promised to come back someday and play again for them.

Wade and Wade in their 1929 book "Somerset" suggest: One of the curiosities of the place is Hautville's Quoit, which, to save time, should also be looked for on approaching the village. (Enter iron gate on L. a few hundred yards before reaching tollhouse, and search backwards along the hedge bordering road.) It is a large stone, which legend says was hurled by Sir J. Hautville (whose effigy is in Chew Magna Church) from the top of Maes Knoll. The famous "druidical remains" will be found near the church. About 50 yards from the entrance to the churchyard take a lane to the L. leading to an orchard: the stones will be observed in the field beyond (admission free, but field closed on Sundays). The "remains" consist of three contiguous circles. The first is of considerable area, and is marked out by twelve large stones, only three of which remain upright; a smaller circle of eight stones lies just beyond; and a third circle of eight will be found farther away in an orchard on the R. The two larger circles have each a few scattered stones thrown off as a kind of avenue. Standing apart from the circles is a curious group of three stones huddled together in a garden abutting on the churchyard, from which they can be easily seen by looking over the W. boundary wall. These mystic rings probably had the same origin (whatever that may have been) as that of the more famous circle at Avebury in Wiltshire, with which they should be compared. The proximity of Maes Knoll is comparable with that of Silbury Hill. A ridiculous theory suggests that the monoliths were erected as a trophy after one of Arthur's victories. Arthur is connected to the site because a site in the nearby village of Camerley is reputed to be the location of Camelot in an oral tradition. The stones are of a reddish hue similar to that described in the Arthurian legend as connected to Camelot and to a sword that was seen in a stone near to Camelot. The country story is that a local wedding once took place on a Sunday, when the frivolous guests would insist on winding up with a dance. The penalty for a "Sabbath" thus "profaned" was the prompt transformation of the bridal party into stone. Hence the local appellation of "The fiddlers and the maids".

title: Stanton Drew stone circles


text:
Otter Lake

Otter Lake may refer to:

U.S.

 * Otter Lake (Illinois), a lake
 * Otter Lake, Indiana, a census-designated place
 * Otter Lake (Michigan), any of several lakes
 * Otter Lake (Waterford Township, Michigan)
 * Otter Lake, Michigan, a village
 * Otter Lake (Cayuga County, New York), a lake
 * Otter Lake (Arietta, Hamilton County, New York), a lake
 * Otter Lake, New York, a hamlet in Oneida County
 * Otter Lake (Oneida County, New York), a lake
 * Otter Lake (Elcho, Wisconsin)
 * Otter Lake (Washington), within the Alpine Lakes Wilderness

Canada

 * Otter Lake (British Columbia), a lake in the Tulameen Valley in the Similkameen Country
 * Otter Lake Provincial Park in British Columbia
 * Otter Lake, Nova Scotia, a small unincorporated town
 * Otter Lake (Nova Scotia), any of several lakes
 * Otter Lake (Otter River), the source of the Otter River, in Kenora District, Ontario
 * Otter Lake (Rideau Lakes, Leeds and Grenville United Counties, Ontario)
 * Otter Lake (Seguin, Parry Sound District, Ontario)
 * Otter Lake, Quebec, a municipality
 * Otter Lake (Saskatchewan), a lake
 * Otter Lake Airport in Saskatchewan
 * Otter Lake Water Aerodrome in Saskatchewan

title: Otter Lake


text:
East End Park

East End Park, currently named KDM Group East End Park for sponsorship purposes, is a football stadium situated in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland with a seating capacity of.

The stadium plays host to the home matches of Scottish Championship side, Dunfermline Athletic The stadium currently comprises four stands: the East Stand (currently sponsored by SQMC), the Main Stand (currently sponsored by srj windows), the North Stand and the Norrie McCathie Stand. The stadium is all seater and has under-soil heating.

History
East End Park was first used in 1885, the same year as the club was formed. The original stadium was situated slightly to the west. In 1920, the Board of Directors purchased 3 acre of land from the North British Railway company for £3,500, and the present position of the ground was laid out. A wooden stand with a low roof and a pavilion were built on the southern side, backing onto Halbeath Road (A907). Terrace banks were extended to give a capacity of 16,000 when the club was promoted to the First Division in 1926. Relegation and the effects of the Great Depression forced East End Park to be used for greyhound racing in the early 1930s. The rent from this activity helped keep the club afloat, but the dog track cut across the corners of the pitch. Dunfermline were promoted in 1934 and a roof was built over the northern terrace. One year later, the eastern terrace was improved using wood salvaged from the liner Mauretania, which was being broken up in the Rosyth Dockyards.

Polish and British army units were stationed at East End Park during the Second World War. Dunfermline received £329 in compensation, but the ground remained quite primitive. Crush barriers were not installed until 1951, after a 20,000 crowd had attended a match. East End Park was greatly developed between 1957 and 1970, a period in which the club qualified several times for European competition. A two-tier Main Stand was constructed in 1962, funded by the club winning the 1960–61 Scottish Cup. The terracing was also improved, with an L-shaped roof formed over the western and northern sections. The record attendance for a Dunfermline Athletic home game of 27,816 was against Celtic on 30 April 1968. There was some chaotic crowd scenes, as people scaled the stand roof and floodlight pylons to gain access. One person died from his injuries after falling.

In the late 1990s, East End Park was converted to an all-seater stadium with a capacity of 12,509. But since then, the capacity has been downgraded to the present 11,480. Since then there have been sell-outs against Rangers in the Scottish Cup and against Raith Rovers in a title decider for the 2010–11 Scottish First Division. An artificial playing surface was installed at East End Park in 2003, as part of an experiment by UEFA. Opposing managers and players expressed reservations at the time that the surface could lead to injuries. The pitch was subsequently replaced with grass two seasons later. The 2006–07 Scottish Junior Cup Final between Kelty Hearts and Linlithgow Rose was held at East End Park on 3 June 2007. Dunfermline announced in November 2011 that the North Stand was to close, in order to reduce operating costs. However, in July 2012 the club announced it planned to reopen the stand.

In August 2022, Dunfermline made a long-term business agreement with local business KDM Group, which included renaming the stadium KDM Group East End Park.

Greyhound racing
The greyhound racing was independent (unlicensed) and started on 5 June 1931 until 1951.

title: East End Park


text:
Sebastiano Conca

Sebastiano Conca (Gaeta, 8 January 1680 – Naples, 1 September 1764) was an Italian painter.

Biography
He was born at Gaeta, then part of the Kingdom of Naples, and apprenticed in Naples under Francesco Solimena. In 1706, along with his brother Giovanni, who acted as his assistant, he settled in Rome, where for several years he worked only in chalk, to improve his drawing. He was patronized by the Cardinal Ottoboni, who introduced him to Clement XI, who commissioned him a well-received Jeremiah painted for the church of St. John Lateran. He also painted an Assunta for the church of Santi Luca e Martina in Rome.

Conca was knighted by the pope. He collaborated with Carlo Maratta in the Coronation of Santa Cecilia (1721–24) in the namesake church of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. In 1718 he was elected to the Accademia di San Luca, and was its director in 1729–1731, replacing Camillo Rusconi as Principe in 1732. He was also elected Principe in 1739–1741.

His painting was strongly influenced by the Baroque painter Luca Giordano. Among Conca's pupils there were Pompeo Battoni, Andrea Casali, Placido Campoli, Corrado Giaquinto, Gregorio Giusti, Gaetano Lapis, Salvatore Monosilio, Litterio Paladini, Francesco Preziao, Rosalba Maria Salvioni, Gasparo Serenari, Agostino Masucci, Domenico Giomi, and the Bavarian religious painter Franz Georg Hermann. Sebastiano's brother, Giovanni Conca (died in 1764), painted the main altarpiece of the Madonna of the Rosary and St Dominic for the church of San Domenico, Urbino.

He received widespread official acclaim and patronage. He worked for a period of time for the Savoy family in Turin on the Oratory of San Filippo and Santa Teresa, in the Venaria (1721–1725), for Basilica di Superga (1726), and Royal Palace (1733). He painted the frescoes of Probatica (Pool of Siloam), in the Ospedale di Santa Maria della Scala (hospital) of Siena. In Genoa, he painted the large allegorical canvases of the Palazzo Lomellini-Doria (1738–1740).

In 1739, he published a guide to painting: Ammonimenti (or Admonishments), which blended moralistic advice with technique. He returned to Naples in 1752, and enjoyed the royal patronage of Charles III. His studio was prodigious and he painted frescoes for the Church of Santa Chiara (1752–1754), five canvases for the Chapel in Caserta Palace (now lost), as well as many others including for the Benedictines of Aversa (1761), a History of Saint Francis of Paola for the Sanctuary of Saint Maria di Pozzano of Castellammare di Stabia (1762–1763), and many other altarpieces. He painted till late in life.

Among the works that reflect his late-Baroque style there are paintings such as The Vision of Aeneas in the Elysian Fields (c. 1735/1740); the scene is crowded with mythologic and classical figures, adrift in academic quotation, and enveloped by a world of overwrought with allegory. Dancing or flying putti proliferate. The landscape is often a billowing cloud.

Even in a more intimate scene such as Rinaldo & Armida, instead of depicting the focused scene between two lovers, love itself has to be allegorized as an intruding, hovering cupid. Similarly, the somber introspection of the moment recounted by Christ at the Garden of Gesthmane is afflicted with a cascade of angels. It is a mannerist Baroque, not its distilled apotheosis, but a distanced elaboration from its roots in Carracci and Cortona.

title: Sebastiano Conca


text:
Onstad

Onstad is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Chris Onstad (born 1975), American writer, cartoonist, and artist
 * Erik Gjems-Onstad (1922–2011), Norwegian resistance member, lawyer, and politician
 * Kari Onstad (1941–2020), Norwegian singer and actress
 * Katrina Onstad, Canadian journalist and novelist
 * Kenton Onstad (born 1953), American politician, member of the North Dakota House of Representatives
 * Kristian Flittie Onstad (born 1984), Norwegian professional footballer defender
 * Mike Ohnstad (born 1926), Minnesota politician
 * Niels Onstad (1909–1978), Norwegian shipping executive
 * Oda Utsi Onstad (born 1990), Norwegian long and triple jumper
 * Ole Gjems-Onstad (born 1950), Norwegian jurist
 * Otto Onstad (1874–1961), American politician
 * Pat Onstad (born 1968), Canadian professional soccer goalkeeper

title: Onstad