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Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom

Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom is an honorary office generally held by a senior Royal Navy admiral. The title holder is the official deputy to the Lord High Admiral, an honorary (although once operational) office which was vested in the Sovereign from 1964 to 2011 and which was subsequently held by the Duke of Edinburgh. Vice-Admirals are appointed by the Sovereign on the nomination of the First Sea Lord.

History
The office was originally created on 25 April 1513, by Tudor King Henry VIII. The office holder served as the deputy of the Lord High Admiral from April 1546 when the incumbent jointly held the title of Lieutenant of the Admiralty, though not always simultaneously. From 1557 to 1558 Vice-Admiral Sir John Clere of Ormesby, Kt. was appointed Vice-Admiral of England by patent but not appointed Lieutenant of the Admiralty. The post was in abeyance until 1661; from then on, appointments became more regular and in 1672 the two separate distinct offices were amalgamated into one unified office, though both titles remained. The responsibilities of the pre-1964 Board of Admiralty would, in theory, have devolved upon the Vice-Admiral had the entire Board been incapacitated before a new Commission of Admiralty could pass the Great Seal. However, such a contingency never occurred in practice.

In former days, the Vice-Admiral of England (or Vice-Admiral of Great Britain following the 1707 union with Scotland) was the second most powerful position in the Royal Navy, and until 1801 was officially called the Lieutenant of the Admiralty.

Below the office of Vice-Admiral ranks the Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom, another now honorary office.

Vice-Admirals of England

 * Vice-Admiral William FitzWilliam 25 April 1513 – 1536
 * Post in abeyance

 * Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Clere April 1546 – December 1552
 * Vice-Admiral Sir William Woodhouse, December 1552 – 1557
 * Vice-Admiral Sir John Clere of Ormesby, Kt. 1557 – 1558
 * Post in abeyance

 * Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Leveson April 1604 - July 1605
 * Post in abeyance

 * Vice-Admiral Sir Robert Mansel 1618 – 1648
 * Post in abeyance

 * Vice-Admiral Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich 1 April 1661 – 28 May 1672
 * Vice-Admiral Prince Rupert of the Rhine 15 August 1672 – 19 November 1682
 * Vice-Admiral Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton 2 December 1682 – 1689
 * Vice-Admiral Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington 14 September 1689 – 18 December 1690
 * vacant?
 * Vice-Admiral Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford 9 November 1693 – ?
 * Vice-Admiral Sir George Rooke 1702 – 1 May 1707

Vice-Admirals of Great Britain

 * Sir George Rooke 1 May 1707 – 24 January 1709?
 * James Berkeley, 3rd Earl of Berkeley 21 March 1719 N.S. – 17 August 1736
 * Sir John Norris April 1739 – 14 June 1749
 * George Anson, 1st Baron Anson 4 July 1749 – 6 June 1762
 * Henry Osborn 4 January 1763 – 1765
 * Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke 5 November 1765 – 16 October 1781
 * George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney 6 November 1781 – 24 May 1792
 * Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe 9 June 1792 – March 1796
 * Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport March 1796 – 1801

Vice-Admirals of the United Kingdom

 * Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport 1 January 1801 – 2 May 1814
 * Sir William Cornwallis 14 May 1814 – 5 July 1819
 * Sir William Young 18 July 1819 – 25 October 1821
 * James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 21 November 1821 – 15 February 1832
 * Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 15 February 1832 – 23 January 1833
 * Sir Edward Thornbrough 30 January 1833 – 3 April 1834
 * Sir George Martin April 1834 – 9 November 1846
 * Sir Davidge Gould 17 November 1846 – 23 April 1847
 * Sir Robert Stopford 5 May 1847 – 25 June 1847
 * Sir George Martin 10 July 1847 – 28 July 1847
 * Sir Thomas Byam Martin 10 August 1847 – 21 October 1854
 * Sir William Hall Gage 6 November 1854 – 20 May 1862
 * Sir Graham Hamond, 2nd Baronet 5 June 1862 – 10 November 1862
 * Sir Francis William Austen 11 December 1862 – 27 April 1863
 * Sir Thomas John Cochrane 16 May 1863 – 12 September 1865
 * Sir George Francis Seymour 23 September 1865 – 20 November 1866
 * Sir William Bowles 26 November 1866 – 15 January 1869
 * Sir George Rose Sartorius 1 March 1869 – 3 July 1869
 * Sir Fairfax Moresby 17 July 1869 – 21 January 1870
 * Sir Provo Wallis 12 February 1870 – 15 January 1876
 * Sir Michael Seymour 15 January 1876 – 23 February 1887

1876: Abolished under Queen Victoria

1901: Revived by King Edward VII

 * Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, 3rd Baronet 25 July 1901 – 1920
 * Sir Francis Bridgeman 1920 – 17 February 1929
 * Sir Stanley Cecil James Colville 25 March 1929 – 13 February 1939
 * Sir Montague Edmund Browning 13 February 1939 – 19 June 1945
 * Sir Martin Dunbar-Nasmith 19 June 1945 – 12 October 1962
 * Sir John Hereward Edelsten 12 October 1962 – 11 March 1966
 * Sir John Peter Lorne Reid 11 March 1966 – 11 January 1973
 * Sir Deric Holland-Martin 11 January 1973 – 12 April 1976
 * Sir Nigel Stuart Henderson 12 April 1976 – 1 August 1979
 * Sir John Fitzroy Duyland Bush 1 August 1979 – 1984
 * Sir William Donough O'Brien 1984 – 13 November 1986
 * Sir Leslie Derek Empson 13 November 1986 – 29 October 1988
 * Sir Anthony Templer Frederick Griffith Griffin 29 October 1988 – 24 November 1988
 * Sir Anthony Storrs Morton 24 November 1988 – 17 January 1994
 * Sir James Henry Fuller Eberle 17 January 1994 – 6 November 1997
 * Sir Nicholas John Streynsham Hunt 6 November 1997 – 30 April 2001
 * Sir Jeremy Black 30 April 2001 – 2005
 * Sir James Burnell-Nugent 2005 – 2007
 * Sir Mark Stanhope 2007 – 2009
 * Sir Trevor Soar 2009 – 2012
 * Sir George Zambellas January–April 2012
 * Sir Donald Gosling 2 April 2012 – 16 September 2019
 * Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce 6 December 2021 – 6 November 2022

title: Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom


text:
Narsinghpur

Narsinghpur is a city in Madhya Pradesh in central India. It is a district under Jabalpur division. Narsinghpur has a large temple dedicated to Lord Narasimha. As of 2001, Narsinghpur is the most literate district of the state.

Prehistory
The earliest signs of human life in Narsinghpur were found recently in the caves of Vinaiki village (Narsinghpur) which lies on the banks of Shakkar river (tributary of Narmada), in the hinterlands of Kareli Forest Zone (a part of Satpura reserve) in Narsinghpur. Most of the villagers are Gonds and they knew about the paintings for a long time. Locals call the rock paintings found in their village by the name 'Putra Putariya' (पुतरा पुतरिया).The actual age of the rock paintings is not yet determined. Analysis by the Department of Archaeology is awaited.

The axe, bow and arrows, and swords can be seen in the pictures. The rock paintings depict humans riding and playing with horses and elephants. Humans are also seen hunting animals like deers. Sheep, Wild boar, Buffaloes, and Barahsingha can also be seen. One of the rock paintings is of humans with armed axes and a peculiar headgear. Some of the paintings are of a clear red color similar to those found in Bhimbetika, while some are gray. Pictures have also been described in some script which is yet to be identified. It is within the radius of 150 kilometers from the Bhimbetka rockshelters of Raisen and about 100 km away from Adamgadh hills.

The Satavahana period
This area was a part of the Satavahana Empire from the 2nd to the 4th centuries CE, after which, it was annexed into the Gupta Empire during the reign of the Emperor Samudragupta. There is some historical evidence for Padi rule. There is no record of this area until the 9th century CE, when the Kalachuri kingdom was established. The Kalchuri capital was near the Narmada river, later established at Tripuri.

Gond Vansh
After the establishment of Raj Gond Vansh, an era of peace and prosperity began in the area. This Vansh came to existence by Yadav Rao, who laid the foundation of a strong kingdom at a place called Garha–Katanga and started a process of strong mighty rule. One of the rulers, Sangram Shah (1500–1541) had established 52 Garh, of the Gond Dynasty. The fort of Chauragarh (Chougan) at Narsinghpur was constructed by Sangram Shah, which is still an evidence of bravery of Veer Narayan. He was son of Queen Rani Durgawati.

Among the followers of Sangram Shah, Dalpati Shah ruled for a period of 7 years peacefully. After, this Queen Durgawati took the reign and gave a proof of courage or bravery, and ruled for a period of 16 years (1540—1564). In 1564, the Queen died, while fighting bravely, giving a tough fight to Asaf Khan, the Sepoy Salar of King Akbar. In Narsinghpur district, at the castle fort of Chauragarh, Asaf Khan trapped prince Veer Narayan and killed him with his cunning tactics. Thus Garha Katanga came under control of Mugals in 1564, Gonds Mugals. After then the area was under control of various officers and administrative or hereditary chiefs during the Maratha's rule. The boundaries of the area continued to change according to the powers and influence of their people. Chawarpatha, Barha, Saikheda, Gadarwara, Shahpur, Singhpur, Shrinagar, and Tendukheda were headquarters of various parganas

In 18 century the ruler of Narsinghpur Thakur ji was killed by British rulers and the fort of narsinghpur was totally destroyed. There are a number of sites of interest to archaeologists in the area, as the area has been inhabited since the second century AD, according to historical documents from that time. Narsinghpur has a number of sacred sites, including a nearby cave associated with Adi Guru Shankracharya's place of meditations and studies. The Gonds also called Parakarti Pujak

Bhonsle Rulers
In 1785, Madhavji Bhonsle purchased the area of Mandla and Narmada Ghati in 27 lakhs. The area was under pressure of army rule during the reign of Raghuji Bhonsle, Nawab of Bhopal and Pindari. Due to unsuitability of the ruler and other problems, the common people were extremely exploited. This period was also known as a period of problems and instability. However, after the defeat of Bhosles in Battle of Sitabuldi in 1817, British rule came into existence in the area.

British period
After the Battle of Sitabuldi, this area came under the control of British rule in 1817, which was confirmed by an alliance in 1826. In this period the area was known as Gadarwara pargana, with Chichli and Gangai. The Gond Jagirs were under Marathas, where as Sindhiya had given Barha and Paloha Jagirs to Pindari Sardars, Chitu and Karim Khan. In 1818, the British army captured the fort of Chauragarh, and in 1830 the control of this area was given to a committee. During British rule, the administration of this district improved, and in 1836 the area was partitioned and was merged in Hoshangabad district. But after Bundela revolt in 1843, this part was once again reinstated in this district.

Struggle for independence
Despite strong British rule, the desire for independence was prevalent among the common people. In 1825, Chawarpatha and Tendukheda were given to the British Government. In 1857 the police station of Chawarpatha and Tendukheda were captured by revolutionaries under the leadership of Gond Chief Delan Shah of Madanpur. With this, the struggle for independence was started. But in 1858, Delan Shah was caught and hanged to death. Thus in the year British curbed the struggle for independence, and they succeeded in establishing their rule. After 1899, Shayam Bihari Nagaria had a big hand in Independence Of Narsinghpur. Unfortunately, he died in December 2007.

Congress movement
After the establishment of Indian National Congress in 1885, even in this district, the feeling for Independence was prevalent. Strong efforts were made by the people here, being motivated by the efforts and leadership of Lokmanya Tilak, Subhas Chandra Bose, Mahatma Gandhi, and Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. Among the leaders of his district were Gayadutt, Manik Lal Kochar, Choudhary Shankar Lal and Nitiraj Singh(were imprisoned in Sewani jail),Rudrapratap Singh(martyred by British) Gopal Das Kathal, Thakur Niranjan Singh ,( Mushran family donated to British War fund)who led the people of this district towards the Independence movements. In order to break the unity and enthusiasm of the people, the British had once again partitioned the district and merged it with Hoshangabad district. However, even then, enthusiasm as well as the fight for independence continued in the people's minds. During the mass demonstration of satyagrah at Chichli in 1932, Mansharam and Gauradevi lost their lives during police firing.One more incident transpired with one stouthearted liberation fighter, Ramkumar Badal, from village Bamhani, who was customarily involved in multiple protests was caught and charged under different sections after licit efforts, he went out and made a minuscule group of people in a town denominated Barman to protest against enforcement made by Britishers, which influenced multiple people near the town, and then the protest gained more reach and accolade, which made it more vigorous enough to win an aside, and so the executive officer appointed in that block was coerced to transmute the rules. This was a great triumph that influenced and incentivized people far away to fight for freedom.

Thousands of revolutionaries faced the atrocities of British rule and gave an example of strong devotion for the country, and snipe against the British rule. When the country gained Independence in 1947, on 15 August, a new era started in this district. After 9 years of independence, when states were reorganized on the basis of languages, Narsinghpur, once again, became a district. Since 1 November 1956, Narsinghpur district has been moving towards progress and prosperity in its full existence.

Geography
Narsinghpur district is situated in the central part of Madhya Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh is located in the central part of India. Narsinghpur district holds a special importance being located in the country. It attracts special attention because of its natural situation as well. On the northern ends Vindhyachal and on the southern ends throughout the lengths, are Satpura ranges of mountains. In the northern part, river Narmada flows from east to west. It is a sacred river. Narsinghpur district has received many natural gifts as Narmada Kachhar. In the ancient period, this area was ruled by many Rajvansh, including the great historical warrior Rani Durgawati, who was known by various names in that period. In the 18th century, Jat Sardars had constructed a large temple, in which an idol of Lord Narsimha was placed and worshiped. So, in the name of Lord Narsimha the village was renamed. Gadariya Kheda become "Narsinghpur" and later on it became headquarters of the district.

Narsinghpur is located at 22.95°N, 79.2°W. It has an average elevation of 347 m.

Agriculture
Narsinghpur district is well known for its fertile land. The black soil is suited for any kind of cultivation and there are adequate irrigation facilities. The district is famous for its rich agricultural production. It is situated in the upper part of Narmada Valley, which is of much important for agriculture. The district's production of grains is more than the local requirement. For agriculture both old and new techniques are equally in practice. For old equipment, there are ploughs, bullock carts, bakhar, hansiya, and various types of knives and khurpi. In new methods or techniques, there are: thrashers, tractors, harvesters, electric pumps and sprinklers. Along with these better quality seeds and the best quality pesticides are used.

Crops
Mainly crops are cultivated in two seasons, Rabi and Kharif. This is based on the climate and the conditions prevails in the district by the time.

During Rabi, crops are cultivated in October–November, with cutting in April/May. The major Rabi crops are wheat, pulses, peas, alsi and masoor.

During Kharif, the farming period is June–July with cutting in October. The major Kharif crops are: paddy, jowar, bajra, makka, kondo and kutki.

The District's major commercial crops are soybeans and sugarcane, which is produced in large quantity and a major source of income. Narsinghpur is the largest producer of soybeans in the Madhya Pradesh. Soybean is used for oil extraction, and sugarcane for sugar and gur. Narsinghpur alone contributes about 80% of sugarcane production of MP.

Apparently Kareli (tehsil) is biggest gud mandi of India. Sugar industry has seen a significant progress in the last decade.

Soil and irrigation
The district has rich black soil which is very fertile and heavy and useful for farming. Black Domat soil, smooth soil, rocky soil, and sandy soils are there in which wheat, grams and all type of pulses have been produced. The Kalmetahar area of the district is one of the most fertile lands of Asia. Here wheat and gulabi grams are the major crops which are produced in large quantity. Gadarwara is very famous for tuwar (Arhar) pulses mainly. At the district level, agricultural farms, soil experiment laboratories are there, where farmers get pesticides, best quality seeds, fertilizers and most important technical guidance.

Major sources for irrigation are wells, ponds, rivers, canals and tubewells. Irrigation has mainly been done by tube-wells.

Forest resources
In the district, 26.55% of the area is covered by the forests which are a mixture of herbs, sherbs and scurbs. In the hilly area of Satpura and Vindhyachal, there are trees of teak, saal, bamboo and saj. In the plains, there are mahuwa, mangoes, khairi, achar, karonda, harr and baheda.

Teak forests are very dense and found all over the district. Dry wood from the forests is used in many domestic purposes and used for building construction and furniture making. In the district, tobacco leaf collection is done on a large scale. The season for tobacco collection is May–June. From tobacco leaves usually bidies were made. In rural areas private contractors do the mahuwa collection which is used for preparing local wine.

From the forests, they harvest amala, chironji, harr, baheda, gum and herbs which are used for medicinal purposes. The district has plenty of mango trees and has ample production. In the deep forests, there are tigers, bears, monkeys, rabbits, pigs, deer, foxes, nilgai and panther.

Minerals
In the district, soap stone, dolomite, fireclay, and limestone are found. Apart from this, building construction stone is also found near the village Gontitoriya. Fireclay is found mainly in Kanharpani, Bachai, Heengpani and Hiranpur hills. From various hilly areas there are murram, crushed stones, and from rivers, sand which is used for construction purposes. Cement is manufactured from limestone, and cement pipes are prepared from cement. In the village Chichali, utensils are prepared from a metal called "peetal", a combination of copper and zinc. Chichali is very famous for these items.

Industry
Being an agricultural land, large industries are rare in the area. Also most of the industrial institutions are agricultural-oriented. Industries include agricultural equipment, iron items, and Tendukheda and Dangidhana are well known for these industries.

Gur/sugar from sugarcane: In many places, gur has been prepared from sugarcane all over the district. Kareli is very famous for Gur Mandi. In Narsinghpur, Kareli, Tendukheda and Gadarwara there are sugar mills.

Beedi industry: This work is mainly done in Narsinghpur, Gadarwara, Shridham.

Daal Mills: Tuwar (arhar) pulses are prepared mainly at Narsinghpur and Gadarwara.

Oil Mills: There are many oilmills in the district where soya bean, groundnut and tilli oil are extracted.

Other industries include cement pipes, paper mills, plastic and rubber, leather goods, earthen utensils and pots. Poultry farms, goat farming, and fish farming.

Gotitoriya is now producing coal. This open cast mine is owned by BLA industries.

Central Government has set up a project of National Importance in Gadarwara. Ntpc Gadarwara is established.

There is a demand of An Engineering,A law College and a Medical College in Narsinghpur City for the development of the city.

Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Narsimhapur had a population of 46,120. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Narsimhapur has had an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 72%. In Narsimhapur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.Bundelkhandi is prominent language along with Hindi.

Climate
The climate is generally pleasant except in summer. Waves move slowly except during the south-west monsoon. The district's usual minimum temperature rests around 25 - 26 C, and the maximum temperature rises up to 45 - 46 C. May is the hottest month of the year. It is very excessively hot during summer, and in the end of this season dust storms come. When the monsoon arrives, the hygrometer mercury goes very low. The district's 90% rainfall is observed during monsoon months only; i.e., June to September. The average rainfall is of 60 days per year, and measures approximately 40 in. During December–January it is cold, and the average temperature during day time is around 9 C and 3.2 C at night. Sometimes cold waves also occur, and heavy fog is also observed.

Tourism
Narsimha Mandir

During the 18th century this temple was constructed by Jat Sardars and plane statue of Lord Narsimha, as a human avatar of Lord Vishnu having a lion's head. This is situated at District H.Q. This temple got its importance as the district's nomenclature hails from here only. There is a lake behind the Temple. But that lake is not clean, Government is working on it. Few years later from now it will be a Tourism point.

Bramhan Ghat

Bramhan Ghat, also known as Barman, is situated at mani Sagar N.H. 26 & 24, and 12 km away from Kareli railway station, and the bank of river Narmada. Lord Brahma's Yagya shala, Rani Durgawati temple, Elephant gate and Varahas statue are places of tourist interest there. The Narmada River flows in seven strains. It flows on the occasions of Makar Sankranti to Basant Panchami. Mela has been arranged in which District Administration also takes part. Also organized are different stalls of the district Govt. Depot. This exhibition has the display of the Agriculture Depot, co-operative, education, and health. Different beneficial schemes information and achievement have shown throes which people get benefit out of this exhibition, and also avail the district out of 20% on different sale items.

Jhoteshwar (Paramhanshi ganga Ashram)

On the route of Mumbai - Hawrah Central railway track 15 km from Sridham railway station on the central railway track of Mumbai - Hawrah. There is a naturally rich, very gorgeous temple of golden Raj- Rajeshwari tripur sundari.

There are Jhoteshwar temple, Lodheshwar temple, Hanuman tekari, rock, Shivling made up of slohutic. It is a place when Jagatguru Shankaracharya Joytesh & Dwarkadish pithadheshwar Saraswati Maharaj meditate and worship. On the Basant Panchami occasion, there are 7 days of Mela organized.

Damaru Ghati

Damaru Ghati is situated 5 km from Gadarwara railway. The station is on the central railway's Itarsi–Jabalpur track. One huge Shivling is there, which found one small Shivling inside it.

Fort of Chauragharh

The fort is 19 km from Gadarwara railway. The station of a very ancient time, now only remains this fort which was built by the Genha dynasty's King, Gond, Sangram Shah in the 15th century. One Narsinghpur district near Barheta village Nonia is also a place having archaeological importance. Here six big statues are inside the parkota, which is known as Pandav, math/statue.

National Festival Mela is organised in Manegaon which is situated 25 km from District H.Q. on Narsinghpur road, every year from Republic day onwards. It is a one week fate in which state-level tournaments of Kabdadi, volleyball, Kho-Kho, Dos ball are organized. It includes folksongs, and Choupad also, which is organized at District level.

Tone Ghat Is Near Barehta Village (22 km from Narsinghpur railway station at Jabalpur road) And also known for little Bhedaghat. Another place which has historical connection with pandavas situaded near village Barehta Noniya village about 2 km far away from Gram Sabha.

List of Pin Codes Narsinghpur
01. 487771 - Salichauka

02. 487441 - Sihora (Narsinghpur)

03. 487770 - Chichli

04. 487221 - Kareli

05. 487001 - Narsinghpur

06. 487330 - Barman

07.487118 - Gotegaon

08. 487225 - Amgaon Bada

09. 487661 - Sainkheda (Narsinghpur)

10. 487555 - Kaudia

11. 487881 - Sali Choka Road

12. 487110 - Singhpur (Narsinghpur)

13. 487337 - Sagoni Tendukheda

14. 487551 - Jawaharganj Gadarwara

15. 487114 - Karakbel

16. 487334 - Dobhi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Narsinghpur


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Talk:List of PlayStation Portable games

Lets Expand On How Many Games There Are
Could the page say "There are at least currently number games" ? BatmobileFire (talk) 05:18, 1 June 2016 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Where's Ape Escape Saru Saru? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.123.163.108 (talk) 02:03, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

There really is no reason to have to discuss this, but I figured that if anyone had a reason not to merge them that I had not thought of, then go ahead. With the new table format, the two columns cover both articles. MrKIA11 (talk) 21:54, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

 * There isn't enough room in that table to write if the game only has downloadable content or if the game only offers "Internet Ranking". That table only has room to list how many players can play in the game. Also some servers get shutdown and there's no room to write that in the table either. - Akadewboy (talk) 19:47, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that issues such as those are not very common, and therefore should be in the specific game articles. If a game only offers "Internet Ranking," or infrastructure mode just for downloads, then it should have a "No" in that column. If a server gets shut down, most people only care that they can not use it anymore, and the table will reflect that. MrKIA11 (talk) 20:10, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Why do the servers get shut down? Wouldn't it be beneficial to Sony if the servers were kept running for a longer time period? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.34.10.224 (talk) 20:07, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Uh, no idea, but I think it would cost them more money to keep them running than they like to spend if it isn't a mainstream game anymore. But that's not really pertinent to this article. MrKIA11 (talk) 20:18, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Just for the record, I think having a list for all PSP infrastructure games is still a good thing. The small column on the main game list doesn't have room for important information like server status or game play type. I think having the list-at-a-glance is much more useful to a user interested in looking up new infrastructure games than having to sort through the entire list of PSP games. Just my opinion.--Transce080 (talk) 04:32, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I think that there are so few games that have special conditions about the infrastructure mode that that information should just be included on the individual games' pages. If a server is shut down, then that information can be on the game's page and the list would have No under the infrastructure column since it can not be used anymore. I can understand that there are different types of gamesharing options, but what different types of infrastructure are there? A person can easily find which games have infrastructure by sorting the list, which also puts the games in order of how many people can play. MrKIA11 (talk) 12:28, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with the merging. What I would like to see is the removal of that article but include a category, "PlayStation Portable Wi-Fi games" and put all of those games in there. This would still maintain a "list" of games that are wifi in alphabetized order while removing the article. This article also has the provided information about Wifi/Adhoc capabilities. If readers want more information on the game's wifi capabilities they should just click on the game's article. Strongsauce (talk) 13:41, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Take a look at infrastructure list now. This will give you an idea of what I see as the potential for that list.  I figured, if you're planning on merging the list anyways, no one will mind if I update it a bit.  Now that I've started testing the games, I'm finding a lot of inconsistencies between this list and the main list (and errors on both sides).  I also found some games that didn't have infrastructure at all and were one or the other list.  Regardless of the future of infrastructure list, I figure that it will be good to have it updated.  This is only the first step in completing that table.--Transce080 (talk) 19:24, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Please don't merge. It's very useful to have a list of multiplayer PSP titles in a separate article. Netrat_msk (talk) 12:00, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Why? MrKIA11 (talk) 12:08, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Region Column(s)
Instead of there being 1 column to show what regions a game was released in, should there be an individual column for each of the 4 main regions, and then a check mark or something under each one where the game was released? This would make it easy to see what games were released in a certain region by sorting the table by that column, but then the order of release would be lost, so which is more important? MrKIA11 (talk) 19:36, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Genre Column
I was looking through the list and I noticed there is no column for genre. Unless there is a particular reason why there shouldn't be one I would suggest adding it. What do the rest of you think? Cyrus777 (talk) 17:42, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Personally I do not think there is a reason for one. The main reason I would not add it is that there is limited space, and that is not an important category. People can go to the games' individual pages for that. MrKIA11 (talk) 21:45, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I would say it would be nice for a genre column, then you can sort into genre, it would help those like me that are interested in buying games in a certain gerne. However there is limited space for it. Govvy (talk) 16:17, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Outdated
Is it just me or are more than half the games in 'future releases' already released? I can't be too sure. Confirm? Farslayer (talk) 11:46, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I doubt that many are, but it is a possibility that some are, especially the ones without specific dates. I'm going through the list updating it all, but as you can see, I have only gotten to the middle of the M's, and I currently do not have much time to work on it. I'll try to update that section soon. MrKIA11 (talk) 12:13, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Yea, I saw some of the games that were already released in the 'future releases' column, i'll try to fix it as well KB9 (talk) 23:52, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Well, it seems that the section needs more updating... If I have free time I'll check out if the "future releases for 2009" were released that year, and add them to already released games. hypersk (talk) 16:30, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Japanese Games?
There's a lot of Japanese exclusive releases missing from the list. Were they left out for a particular reason? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fiat justitia ruat caelum (talk • contribs) 17:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Personally I don't think that they should be included in the list. It does not help a reader on the English Wikipedia to see games that are only in Asia. It is also hard to find reliable information on them that is in English. MrKIA11 (talk) 00:06, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

The answer to your question is, no, they weren't left out for a particular reason. I don't think it's a bad idea to include Japanese games in the list. Shouldn't we strive to make the list as complete as possible? Many people buy import games, especially on the PSP since it does not enforce region restrictions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Transce080 (talk • contribs) 01:26, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It doesn't have region restrictions?? I did not know that. In that case, if we could find a reliable source (in english) that has info regarding not only developer and publisher, but also multiplayer, then it would be a good idea to add them. MrKIA11 (talk) 01:36, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

It is a list of PSP games, and not a list of English PSP games. Wikipedia is a place for all knowledge, not just the knowledge that most Westerners would be interested in (must be unbiased, therefore, we can't neglect Japanese games). Also, many Japanese games already have their own article. Why shouldn't they be included? --darkfeline 12:37:22 3 Aug 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.254.49.12 (talk) 19:37, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, I came here looking exactly for Japanese games, you can legally buy them directly from the Japanese PSN if you have an account (I do), and I do want to buy some of them (like Bleach Heat the Soul 5, Soul Carnival 1 and 2, Ikkitousen Eloquent Fist, God Eater, etc), and I wanted to know if they had multiplayer or gamesharing capabilities before buying. I guess that I'll do some research and add my results (and the sources) here. Hypersk (talk) 22:40, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Pilot Academy
Is Pilot Academy going to be released in the US? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.61.222.72 (talk) 17:25, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It is not yet planned to be according to GameSpot. MrKIA11 (talk) 23:22, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Well IGN says they are. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.61.222.72 (talk) 16:44, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe GameSpot just hasn't posted it yet then, but I tend to find them more reliable. MrKIA11 (talk) 18:24, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Games count
I think there should be a games count information on the page. Can it be done automatically from the table? Cirocco (talk) 21:06, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. I have seen other articles that are just manual, no automatic ones. MrKIA11 (talk) 21:49, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
 * You probably could do an automatic maths calculation, all it needs to do is count the number of rows in the table. Govvy (talk) 16:19, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Cooperative Games
Can someone add a list of all co-op games in this list? its a wonderful page, that info can make it fantastic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.12.53.9 (talk) 06:45, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Do you mean games that have co-op missions? That info might be hard to find, and I'm not so sure it would be notable enough. Whether or not it has multiplayer I think is enough. MrKIA11 (talk) 13:34, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Firmware requirements
I'd like to see a list of what firmware each game requires added as a column on here --76.215.139.218 (talk) 20:37, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * This has been previously discussed here. MrKIA11 (talk) 22:58, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

This is just absurd.
Do you realize that you're not the only editor? I personally think the future releases section is great to keep separated. The reason games are listed multiple times, if you would look closely, is that they are released on different days in different places. The redlinked titles also don't look good. MrKIA11 (talk) 21:01, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Few, if any other lists do this. It is absurd to list a game four times. It's a waste of space, and when you're 100KB, you can't just use up space for EXTRAS.
 * Well, I guess looking good is better than accessibility and quality. If there are no red links, it is that much harder to make an entirely linked list of games. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 21:08, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Just because you have a reason to have four entries doesn't absolve it from being a completely insane reason. Future release list is one thing, but when you're constantly listing the same game, it's just completely unnecessary. The list is in excess of 100kb, and we're wasting space with silly crap like that? And then you remove red links, choosing the ease to create the articles to reduce the red links with "just deleting them". This article has so many problems, but you decide to get rid of a problem by making a different one? - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 21:12, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Each of those listings is so minor. You removed the entire section and only saved 3KB, at the expense of "accessibility and quality", which sounds like you care about. And considering it a waste of space is your opinion. Every game that has a page to be linked to is linked, and any that do not should be requested, not just redlinked. MrKIA11 (talk) 21:12, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * So what you're saying is that because it "only" drops it 3kb, it's not worth it? 1kb drop is worth it if it means shrinking this article's incredibly large size. There is NO loss in information by removing the three extra Resistances - only the three extra dates, which this list doesn't even do! And your basic argument is that a minuscule difference between the four entries for Resistance is worth repeating it. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 21:17, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * In comparison, it is minor. Even though you think the information is useless, that's your opinion. MrKIA11 (talk) 21:25, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The article doesn't even use multiple release dates, why must we use it for future releases? - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 21:27, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * It is for people in those regions to see when it comes out. On that day, the entry should be removed from Future Releases and moved to the main list, or the region should just be added to the regions where the game has already been released. MrKIA11 (talk) 21:30, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * If you want to do that, then you should change the future release table to have multiple release slots. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 21:32, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * That's a possibility. I still think the current way is better though. MrKIA11 (talk) 21:45, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

I would just like to comment that the PSP is a relatively new platform. 100KB+ is pretty big, and the size of the article is just going to continue to grow. It might be best to split the article into individual articles covering 5- or 10-year periods, and move the unreleased games to its own article as well. As for the release dates/regions, why not just use the vgrelease template (or the variant designed specifically for tables) to list the release dates/regions in a single column? If a game has not been released yet in a particular region, you can just specify "TBA" for that region. See Chronology of console role-playing games: 1995 to 1999 for an example. SharkD (talk) 22:04, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry to rain on your parade, but I believe that listing future releases among the current ones is a better idea. It's less work to organize them when they actually ARE released, and it doesn't benefit anyone because nobody comes here looking for "list of future PSP games," just "list of PSP games."--ZXCVBNM 00:32, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * But a game that has not been released is not yet a game. Plus it is harder to get reliable data, that does turn out true once it is released, for games that have not been released. MrKIA11 (talk) 18:58, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * If that were true, we couldn't have unreleased games in any categories. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 02:09, 8 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The changes would make more sense if the games were sorted chronologically. Moving them from one page to another is not that much work. Finally, an "Unreleased" page would be a good place to [Ed. also] store those pesky cancelled games. That's what I've done with Chronology of console role-playing games: Unreleased. SharkD (talk) 03:30, 8 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Secondly, you should not so hastily presume what readers do and do not come here looking for. You might be wrong. SharkD (talk) 16:56, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Anyway, you should at least write the release dates in YYYY-MM-DD format, because otherwise table sorting doesn't work. SharkD (talk) 16:54, 23 January 2009 (UTC)
 * They are. There is hidden text of YYYY-MM-DD before each  YYYY-MM-DD . MrKIA11 (talk) 17:19, 23 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Woops! I didn't look closely enough when I clicked the sort button. SharkD (talk) 18:40, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Break
I see this has been discussed extensively above but it doesn't really look like anything came of it. It seems insane to me to have a separate row for every release date and publisher. Potentially, you'd have a row for every English-speaking country in the world. It seems completely inefficient. Simply as a user (not an editor) I was baffled by the article when I first came to it to look something up. The fact that the default sort on each table is different is confusing. I forget what game I was actually looking for but as an example, say I trying to look up the Australian release date for Gran Turismo: I'd first look down the first list of games I came to and would notice that it wasn't there. Then I'd probably scroll down further and find that unreleased games are listed separately and realise that it might not of been released yet. Then I'd see an entry for Gran Turismo as coming out on 1 October but notice that's in Europe. I wouldn't know which way to look for the AUS one so I'd have to look all the way up and down the table for it. You may say "read the page properly then!" but most readers don't and shouldn't have to. It should be intuitive. This is made more confusing by the fact that the List of PlayStation 3 games and List of downloadable PlayStation games (which also lists PSP games) are arranged differently. Far from the suggestions above that the current layout is more user-friendly, I think it's extremely unuser-friendly. My thinking is that a user is going to come to this article with a game in-mind expecting to find a list of PSP games where they can easily look-up the release date for it. Having separate lists assumes the user knows whether the game has been released yet or not. From an editor's perspective, I've just added a release date for a game and moved already released games into the top list. This took ages. The page load times were very long considering the amount of information that the article provides and having to move items from a date-sorted list to an alpha-sorted one was a pain. In general, updating the page is far more complicated than it needs to be.
 * One thing that makes this list unique is that the PSP is region independent, so the first release date is the most important. To have separate columns for each region would dramatically increase the page size and leave much wasted space. I think the main reason for this page is not for individule details, but to compare PSP games as a group (i.e. which games have what features, which games have a certain developer released, etc.). As far as having 2 separate tables, it is not technically a game for the PSP until it has been released. And it makes sense that games that have not come out are sorted by when they are expected to, and this makes it easier to see what needs to moved up next. There are times when a game is announced, but never gets released. If you are trying to find the release date for individual game, then wouldn't it make sense to look at that game's page, where all of the release details are indicated? Of course this all just my opinion. MrKIA11 (talk) 15:39, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

As a minor note, is there a reason why Template:dts can't be used instead of the hidden span workaround? This would also help cut down the page size.  Chimpanzee  - User | Talk | Contribs 14:07, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * can't be used because there are too many dates, unless they have recently changed the limit for template calls. MrKIA11 (talk) 15:39, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

I think should have only the games released =0

--Ekans La Cobra (talk) 00:22, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Rock band unplugged
Sony announced a Rock band game to be released on the PSP. Why is it not in this table? Tubularbells1993 (talk) 12:22, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Just no one had added it yet. I did now. MrKIA11 (talk) 20:24, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I might have taken care of it myself, I'm just not familiar with the way tables work on Wikipedia XD Tubularbells1993 (talk) 12:25, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Grammatical Error. ..
I'm not authorized to fix this, so. . .: There's no country named Australasia. I'm sure it's meant to be Australia and then Asia. Mia (cannot disclose personal information at this time) 71.125.137.160 (talk) 20:48, 8 November 2009 (UTC)
 * No, Australasia is intended, but thanks for noticing. MrKIA11 (talk) 13:36, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Slight break in formatting?
As of 4/22/2010 midnight...I noticed the row with "Dante's Inferno" is off. It appears to end before completing the "Released Regions". Instead it is populated by information for Daxter. Seeing this on Firefox 3.6.3. Not entirely familiar with the editing of a complex list straight off the bat so maybe someone can look at it? AnimeKid (talk) 07:03, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Need of update
There is a need to update the list of games in this sections:

 * Future Releases
 * Released Games

These games were released recently so they must be put under released:

112.201.186.163 (talk) 01:16, 13 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.201.186.163 (talk) 01:14, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Fifa 11
 * Nba 2K11
 * Eye pet

This game is missing:
The Red Star - Relased: Mar 18, 2010 - Action Game - Publisher: XS Games - AdHoc: No - Infrastructure: No - GameSharing: No
 * Instead of posting something like that here why don't you add it to the article yourself?

CLICK...if you dare! (talk) 17:44, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Dissidia Duodecim: Final Fantasy to PSP games list.
The game is now released, should not be on future release section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.76.144.202 (talk) 16:52, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

For those that help
Ello' to the people that actually help with this article page, was curious about some of the non-added games on here, I want to add as many as possible that I know are out, but many of tehm were only released in japan and don't have pages, so would it be alright if I went ahead & added them, or should I wait and make pages for them, or just add them all to the talk page?
 * CLICK...if you dare! (talk) 17:40, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

How about a list sorted by release date? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.91.180.152 (talk) 13:49, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Barnyard Blast
This game does not exist on the psp; only for nintendo ds. AnthonyTheGamer (talk) 20:41, 15 March 2012 (UTC) Anthonythegamer
 * Barnyard Blast was ported to the PSP and released in EU regions and I believe AUS as well
 * - Rswslowman (talk) 16:16, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

Should PS1 games be mixed in?
Right now there are a lot of PS1 games that are part of the list, but I don't see the point of mixing games from two systems, even if one can play the others titles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cyclonex45 (talk • contribs) 22:24, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

No, PS1 games shouldn't be in the list, if they are bor both platforms, nd only directing to the PS1 game, yet it notes that tehre is a psp version of it, yet that page in particular doesn't exist, then it would be fine, other then that, PS1 games should be removed from the PSP game list. Click...If you dare! o,0` (talk) 13:15, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

Seperate columns for released regions?
I am a PSP collector that has been looking for a list of physical retail releases in the US. The list of games here is extensive but still incomplete (I've added a few). The trouble I found was that the release information for all regions is in a single column which makes sorting that column useless. I propose eliminating the columns for adhoc/wifi/gamesharing (this can/should be found on individual game pages)and replacing them with columns for NA/JP/EU/AUS region, with the release date in the applicable boxes and a blank if it didn't release in that region. I realize I could just do this myself (and I would, gladly) but I don't want to do a bunch of work just to have an admin revert it or something. Rswslowman (talk) 16:14, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

Retro City Rampage
RCR had a PSP version released on July 19, 2016. And yes, I mean a PSP version, which is different from the Vita version and really does run on my PSP-2000. It was never on UMD but you can download it if you buy RCR for PS3.

The table is really broken
The last working version of the table was in November 2019. After someone tried to re-arrange the columns in December 2019, now it's really broken. In the "Publisher" and "Developer" columns, there is a date on some of the rows rather than a company name. Similarly some company info is appearing in release date columns. Kidburla (talk) 15:43, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I reverted the page to the last functioning one and incorporated updates to the page from there. Gaardus (talk) 03:49, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

Linking to the correct things
I'm not a wikipedia editor, in fact I have no clue of how to edit a page but I couldn't help but notice that the game Jungle Party linked to the political party in Iran and not the child-friendly game. Decided to point this out because maybe other games are incorrectly linked as well??? Twelvedegrees (talk) 00:27, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Should re-releases be included?
I noticed that this list is missing the Mune Kyun Otome Collection, which was a series of budget re-releases of certain D3 Publisher otome games. As far as I know all of the games were already released on the PSP before that, so none should be particularly unique besides the packaging and serials, but they have separate entries on the PlayStation website (ex. the Last Escort Club Katze one can be found on that wiki page). Should we include these re-releases as separate entries? Londonbeat41692 (talk) 11:40, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Hilton Ultimate Team Play
A training game made for Hilton employees, it's definitely boring, but it trains new employees for the new thing. It is also verified by links. 204.100.235.134 (talk) 16:55, 9 February 2022 (UTC)
 * https://www.ubergizmo.com/2013/02/hilton-hotel-game-could-be-the-rarest-sony-licensed-psp-game-ever-made/
 * https://www.kotaku.com.au/2013/02/the-rarest-psp-game-ever-might-be-this-hilton-hotel-employee-trainer/
 * https://hospitalitytech.com/hilton-garden-inn-use-interactive-video-game-workforce-training
 * https://blog.pricecharting.com/2015/01/go-to-hilton-garden-and-get-psp-game.html
 * https://steemit.com/gaming/@rerez/rarest-psp-game-ever-hilton-ultimate-team-play-rerez

-8 isn't a game
The first entry is -8 and that just isn't a game that exists. i would correct it myself but i am scared of it being something someone mistyped and removing the entry entirely — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.24.90.209 (talk) 04:10, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

 * It is a game that exists. Sources:
 * https://vndb.org/v12155
 * https://www.suruga-ya.com/en/product/177003240
 * https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/psp/705793--8
 * Retronuc (talk) 23:17, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Castle Rustle
Moving this title from the List of PlayStation minis page to this main one.

Source is a blog post on the official PlayStation website describing a sale with items on discount, which lists the title under the "Full Games" section and not the "minis" section.

 * https://blog.playstation.com/archive/2011/02/16/heads-up-game-store-update-16th-february-2011/

Retronuc (talk) 23:01, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Patito Feo El Juego.
It is a game based on an Argentinian Telenovela and it is not listed here.

•https://blog.es.playstation.com/2011/08/01/patito-feo-el-juego-ms-bonito-a-precio-de-ganga/ 168.243.186.111 (talk) 20:28, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of PlayStation Portable games


text:
Mark Derwin

Mark Derwin (born October 28, 1960) is an American film and television actor. Derwin began his career on Days of Our Lives in 1987 with a minor role as Jeremiah Brown. In 1988, Derwin appeared in the role of Adrian Hunter on The Young and the Restless. Derwin was featured in a high-profile storyline: the elaborate George Rawlins murder mystery as the scheming psychotic serial killer. Derwin is also known for numerous other soap opera roles. From 2008-2013 Derwin was a lead on the ABC Family teen drama the Secret Life of the American Teenager as George Juergens, a furniture store owner married to Molly Ringwald's character Ann, and the father of the main character Amy played by Shailene Woodley. The main plot of the show is Derwin's character's 15-year old daughter having a child after a one night stand at a summer band camp and the developments this event has on those around her.

Biography
Derwin attended the State University of New York at Cobleskill, but was kicked out after one semester. He briefly worked at IBM and worked a series of odd jobs before moving to Los Angeles.

After recurring roles on the shows Hardball and Days of Our Lives, and a prolific career in commercials (including a notable spot as the "Fiesta" cigarette man in Mexico), Derwin was cast in his first contract role as Adrian Hunter on the daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless. Derwin was on the show from 1989 to 1990, and was featured in a high-profile storyline where his character played a grifter and, ultimately, a murderer.

His next role was on the long-running soap opera Guiding Light as detective A.C. Mallet. Derwin played the character from 1990 to 1993. During his time there, the role of Mallet became a leading character. Derwin became romantically involved with costar Beth Ehlers during his stint at GL; the couple decided to leave the show together in 1993. (Derwin and Ehlers subsequently broke up.)

Derwin returned to daytime television in the role of Dr. Ben Davidson on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live (1999–2002, 2004, 2008). He was again paired in a high-profile leading role, this time as the love interest of the show's star, Erika Slezak. His character was eventually discovered to be the son of show patriarch Asa Buchanan.

Derwin co-starred alongside Bonnie Hunt in the non-traditional primetime sitcom, Life with Bonnie, which was partly improvised. He recently was seen in the teen comedy Accepted (2006), playing the father of protagonist Bartleby Gaines (played by Justin Long).

In 2006, 2007 and 2014, he was seen on How I Met Your Mother, playing Greg. Derwin also played George Juergens on the ABC Family TV show The Secret Life of the American Teenager from 2008 to 2013. In 2008, he appeared on the show Chuck on the episode "Chuck Versus the Marlin" where he played Detective Conway. In 2009 he had a recurring role on season 7 of 24 as Secretary of State Joe Stevens, a member of President Allison Taylor's (played by Cherry Jones) Cabinet. In 2011, he appeared on Hot in Cleveland in the episode "How I Met My Mother", playing a paroled convict. In 2013, Derwin portrayed Pierre Cossette in "To Have and To Hold", episode 4 of season 6 of Mad Men.

title: Mark Derwin


text:
Rígsþula

Rígsþula or Rígsmál (Old Norse: 'The Lay of Ríg') is an Eddic poem, preserved in the manuscript (AM 242 fol, the Codex Wormianus), in which a Norse god named Ríg or Rígr, described as "old and wise, mighty and strong", fathers the social classes of mankind. The prose introduction states that Rígr is another name for Heimdall, who is also called the father of mankind in Völuspá. However, there seems to be some confusion of Heimdall and Odinn, see below.

In Rígsþula, Rig wanders through the world and fathers the progenitors of the three classes of human beings as conceived by the poet. The youngest of these sons inherits the name or title "Ríg" and so in turn does his youngest son, Kon the Young or Kon ungr (, king). This third Ríg was the first true king and the ultimate founder of the state of royalty as appears in the Rígsþula and in two other associated works. In all three sources he is connected with two primordial Danish rulers named Dan and Danþír.

The poem Rígsþula is preserved incomplete on the last surviving sheet in the 14th-century Codex Wormianus, following Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda. A short prose introduction explains that the god in question was Heimdall, who wandered along the seashore until he came to a farm where he called himself Ríg. The name Rígr appears to be the oblique case of Old Irish rí, ríg "king", cognate to Latin rex, Sanskrit rajan. and Gothic reiks.

The identification of Rígr with Heimdall is supported by his characterization as an ancestor, or kinsman, of humankind in the first two lines of the Eddic poem Völuspá:'
 * I ask for a hearing
 * of all the holy races
 * Greater and lesser
 * kinsmen of Heimdall

However, some scholars, including Finnur Jónsson and Rudolf Simek, have suggested this is a role more appropriate to Óðinn and that the Eddic tradition has thus transferred the name Rígr from him to Heimdall. Since Rígsþula is only preserved in a 14th-century manuscript, it is also plausible that the prose introduction was added by the compiler to conform it to the opening of Völuspá.

Synopsis
Rígr was walking along the shore and came to a farm-hut owned by Ái (great-grandfather) and Edda (great-grandmother). They offered him shelter and poor, rough food for a meal. That night Rígr slept between the pair in their bed and then departed. Nine months later, Edda gave birth to a son who was svartr (swarthy, dark). They named him Þræll (thrall, serf, or slave). Þræll grew up strong but ugly. He married a woman named Thír (slave girl or bondswoman), and they had twelve sons and nine daughters with names mostly suggesting ugliness and squatness. They became the race of serfs.

Traveling further, Rígr came across a pleasant house where a farmer/craftsman, Afi (grandfather), lived with his wife Amma (grandmother). This couple gave him good food and also let him sleep between them. Nine months later, a son, Karl (churl or freeman), was born, who had a ruddy complexion. Karl married a woman named Snör or Snœr (daughter-in-law; sometimes anglicized as Snor), and they had twelve sons and ten daughters with names mostly suggesting a neat appearance or being of good quality. One of the names is smiðr (smith). These became the ancestors of free farmers, craftsmen and herdsmen.

Traveling further, Rígr came to a mansion inhabited by Faðir (Father) and Móðir (Mother). They gave him excellent food served splendidly and, nine months later, Móðir gave birth to a beautiful baby named Jarl (earl or noble), whose hair was blond and who was bleikr (bright white in color). When Jarl grew up and began to handle weapons and to use hawks, hounds, and horses, Rígr reappeared, claimed him as his son, gave him his own name of Rígr, made him his heir, taught him runes, and advised him to seek lordship.

Through warfare Jarl became lord of eighteen homesteads with much wealth besides. He also gained the hand of Erna (Brisk), daughter of Hersir (lord). Erna bore twelve sons to Ríg-Jarl but no daughters. All the sons were given high-sounding names, mostly meaning "son". They became the ancestors of the warrior nobility.

The youngest son, named Konr, was the best of them. He alone learned rune-craft as well as other magic and was able to understand the speech of birds, to quench fire, and to heal minds. He also had the strength of eight normal men. His name was Konr the young (Konr ungr in Old Norse), the name and title to be understood as the origin of the Norse word konungr (king). Konr, like his father, also acquired the name or title of Rígr. One day, when Konr the young was riding through the forest hunting and snaring birds, a crow spoke to him and suggested he would win more if he stopped hunting mere birds and rode to battle against foemen, that he should seek the halls of Dan and Danþír, who were wealthier than he. At that point the poem abruptly cuts off.

Historical significance
A key aspect of historical scholarship on this poem is that theories of date and provenance range from the tenth to the thirteenth century and from the Old Norse-Icelandic-speaking areas of the British Isles to Norway. Initially it was viewed as an ancient poem; later research postulated that it came from the thirteenth century, but some modern scholars continue to place it as early as the Viking Age. Additionally, the dating problem is complicated by the poem's history of oral transmission, which tends to warp pieces as long as the Rígsþula as they are recited numerous times. In terms of provenance, although there has been some speculation in the past as to Celtic authorship of the poem, the modern consensus is to ascribe Icelandic authorship to it.

The historical significance of the poem would necessarily change based on where in history the text itself is situated. There is of course a need to remember the literary nature of the poem when reading it as a historical source as certain aspects do not translate literally and must be read allegorically and stereotypically. For example, despite the explicit and detailed physical differences between the classes in the poem, slaves, freeman, and aristocrats did not necessarily look different. Thus although qualitative aspects of the social classes are difficult to determine from the text, there is broader understanding that can be gained.

Firstly, the poem presents a view of Þræll in line with certain slave tropes found throughout Old Norse literature, as dark, short, stupid, gloomy and ugly. Þræll and his aged parents live as tenants in one farmhouse and he and his sons engage largely in menial labor such as keeping the household in firewood and cutting turf. Although his working status is indeterminate, the field work in particular is fairly typical of the kind of services that slaves would render to a master in the Old Norse world. Thus, the use of slave tropes and the focus on labor can be read as descriptive of the typical lifestyle of the lower class, whether slaves or simply lower-class laborers.

The middle class of freemen, who are descended from Karl, are less easy to pin down, but the scholarly consensus seems to be that Karl "represents the class of free-born peasant proprietor called 'bondi' or 'bui', ... a kind of hereditary aristocracy, self-governed, and absolutely independent". Specifically, Karl is described as fairly prosperous, given that he and his family are landed proprietors or freeholders who own the farm building on the land they work. Additional details reveal the relative comfort of his life: his mother, Amma's stylish shoulder ornaments and the free distribution of gold rings to the guests at his wedding. Karl therefore represents a class who, while they are farmers, are able to maintain a comfortable life with material pleasures and luxuries.

Finally we are presented with the class of Jarl or earl, who represents "the idle aristocrat ... whose sole occupations are raiding, hunting, and swimming". Born to parents who live in even more luxury than those of Karl, Jarl has bright eyes and shining hair and he lives a life of success, able to conquer and distribute his spoils to his dependents very much in the style of ancient Viking heroes.

The poem also presents Konr as representative of the special class of kings and in examining what his character represents, scholar Thomas Hill's view was:

"Although the poem is concerned with the origins of kingship, it seems to reflect a specifically aristocratic rather than royalist view, in that the king who begins to emerge in the final stanzas of the poem is not set apart by birth from the other sons of Jarl, and is in fact the youngest son."

In fact, Konr gets his power directly from Ríg, and the idea of a king is therefore of a man who is blessed by the gods, though not necessarily descended from them in the strict patrilineal fashion typical of Western monarchies.

Given the very different ways in which these three classes are represented both physically and in terms of their activities, the etiological myth of Rígsþula can be seen as implying that the three classes are essentially different species. A second interpretation, however, is that "the names of the three couples - great-grandfather and great-grandmother, grandfather and grandmother, and finally father and mother - might seem to imply that the various classes of mankind share a common heritage". The poem has been viewed as suggestive of social progress over time, so that one class may aspire to move up. According to Hill, however, most agree that this second view is too benevolent and that in fact the poem reveals that for the Vikings:

"The different orders of mankind are indeed fixed and unchangeable, but in the very beginning there was a certain kinship between the different orders of mankind, a kinship suggested by the fixed and yet linked sequence of the genealogical chain."

Theories
A marriage by Konr the young into the family of Dan and Danþír seems to be where the tale was headed, as seen in the two other sources that mention this Rígr. According to Arngrímur Jónsson's Latin epitome of the lost Skjöldungasaga:

"Ríg (Rigus) was a man not the least among the great ones of his time. He married the daughter of a certain Danþír, lord of Danpsted, whose name was Dana; and later, having won the royal title for his province, left as his heir his son by Dana, called Dan or Danum, all of whose subjects were called Danes."

The other tradition appears in chapter 20 of the Ynglinga Saga section of Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla. The story speaks of King Dygvi of Sweden:

"Dygvi's mother was Drótt, a daughter of King Danþír, the son of Ríg, who was first called konungr in the Danish tongue. His descendants always afterwards considered the title of konungr the title of highest dignity. Dygvi was the first of his family to be called konungr, for his predecessors had been called dróttinn [chieftain], and their wives dróttning, and their court drótt (war band). Each of their race was called Yngvi, or Ynguni, and the whole race together Ynglingar. Queen Drótt was a sister of King Dan Mikillati, from whom Denmark took its name."

Despite genealogical discrepancies (to be evaded only by imagining more than one Danþír and more than one Dan) the accounts relate a common tradition about the origin of the title konungr (king).

Konr the young, whose magical abilities are so emphasized, is as much a magician as a warrior: a magician king, perhaps a sacred king. Dumézil pointed out that Kon alone represents the supernatural function, represented by the Brahmin caste in India, the flamen function in Rome, the druids in some Celtic cultures, and the clergy in the three estates of medieval Europe. Instead of the three estates of clergy/priest, warrior, and commoner, with serfs outside the system, the Rígsþula presents three estates or castes in which the clergy/priest class has been subsumed within the warrior class and identified with royalty. Also, although in Rome and India the color white is assigned to the sacred and to priests and red to warriors, here the noble warrior is white in color while the red coloration is ascribed instead to the commoner in place of the green, blue, or yellow color assigned to the lower classes in other cultures associated with Proto-Indo-European society. Dumézil saw this as a Germanic adaptation of the Indo-European heritage.

Jean Young and Ursula Dronke, among others, have suggested that the Rígsþula story is Celtic in origin and that the name Rígr is an indication of this.

title: Rígsþula


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Interactive evolutionary computation

Interactive evolutionary computation (IEC) or aesthetic selection is a general term for methods of evolutionary computation that use human evaluation. Usually human evaluation is necessary when the form of fitness function is not known (for example, visual appeal or attractiveness; as in Dawkins, 1986 ) or the result of optimization should fit a particular user preference (for example, taste of coffee or color set of the user interface).

IEC design issues
The number of evaluations that IEC can receive from one human user is limited by user fatigue which was reported by many researchers as a major problem. In addition, human evaluations are slow and expensive as compared to fitness function computation. Hence, one-user IEC methods should be designed to converge using a small number of evaluations, which necessarily implies very small populations. Several methods were proposed by researchers to speed up convergence, like interactive constrain evolutionary search (user intervention) or fitting user preferences using a convex function. IEC human–computer interfaces should be carefully designed in order to reduce user fatigue. There is also evidence that the addition of computational agents can successfully counteract user fatigue.

However IEC implementations that can concurrently accept evaluations from many users overcome the limitations described above. An example of this approach is an interactive media installation by Karl Sims that allows one to accept preferences from many visitors by using floor sensors to evolve attractive 3D animated forms. Some of these multi-user IEC implementations serve as collaboration tools, for example HBGA.

IEC types
IEC methods include interactive evolution strategy, interactive genetic algorithm, interactive genetic programming,   and human-based genetic algorithm.,

IGA
An interactive genetic algorithm (IGA) is defined as a genetic algorithm that uses human evaluation. These algorithms belong to a more general category of Interactive evolutionary computation. The main application of these techniques include domains where it is hard or impossible to design a computational fitness function, for example, evolving images, music, various artistic designs and forms to fit a user's aesthetic preferences. Interactive computation methods can use different representations, both linear (as in traditional genetic algorithms) and tree-like ones (as in genetic programming).

title: Interactive evolutionary computation


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Kalibo

Kalibo, officially the Municipality of Kalibo (Aklanon: Banwa it Kalibo; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Kalibo; ), is a first-class municipality and capital of the Province of Aklan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 89,127 people.

Kalibo is located in the north-west of Panay island. It is the main transportation hub for the resort island of Boracay. The municipality is known for the Ati-Atihan festival; the semi-urban and multi-awarded mangrove forest Bakhawan Eco-Park and piña-weaving, which was inscribed to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2023.

Etymology
The term Kalibo comes from the Aklanon word sangkâ líbo, ("one thousand"), reputedly the number of native Ati who attended the first Catholic Mass celebrated there. Kalibo was originally spelled as Calivo.

The town of Kalibo was originally called Akean by the inhabitants, similar to the name of the river nearby. The word akean itself connotes the warbling of running waters, from the root word akae, meaning "to boil". Akae-akae means "to bubble" or "to boil" or "to make the sound of bubbling or boiling" in the Aklanon language.

The Spaniards interchanged the names Aklan and Calivo to refer to the town. Aside from these two, other names such as Calibo, Daclan, Adan, and Calibog have been used.

Precolonial and Spanish Colonial Period
When Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in 1569, he discovered that the town already had around 2,000 inhabitants, so he recruited 500 of them to help conquer the rest of the Philippines. On November 3, 1571, it became an encomienda and on April 22, 1581, the town became a parish under the Augustinians. During the Spanish era, Kalibo was part of Capiz.

On March 17, 1897, Filipino revolutionaries march to Kalibo but lost the battle against the Spaniards. Some of them escaped to the jungle.

On March 23, 1897, the Nineteen Martyrs of Aklan were executed by the Spanish colonial government for their role in the Philippine Revolution.

Commonwealth, World War II and Post-war Period
Aklan continued to be part of Capiz during the early 20th century. When the Americans came, they annexed financially-struggling towns with bigger towns in the whole country, reducing the number of municipalities in Capiz from 34 to 24. In 1903, today's towns of Lezo, Numancia, and Banga were annexed to Kalibo. Lezo and Numancia (which were a single municipality then) de-merged in 1909 and Banga followed suit in 1912.

In 1929, the Capiz Provincial Hospital was built in Kalibo. Equipped with 30 beds, it was one of the few provincial capitals located outside provincial capitals. It opened in 1930. However, the war forced it to close, only reopening in 1945. In 1981, the hospital would later be renamed Dr. Rafael S. Tumbukon Memorial Hospital (DRSTMH), in honor of Dr. Rafael Tumbokon, a former representative of the 3rd district of Capiz (1932 to 1938) and Undersecretary of Health in the 1950s.

The town also suffered from World War II. Kalibo itself was occupied by the Japanese from May to August 1942, and then the invaders moved on to Capiz. They returned to town 15 months later, following the October 1943 juez de cuchillo where the Japanese massacred 74 Batan residents. This time, they garrisoned the towns of Kalibo, Ibajay, New Washington, Altavas, Balete, and Batan. The town would eventually be liberated together with the entire island of Panay on March 18, 1945.

The town's older private colleges were established after the war: Aklan Catholic College (1945), and Northwestern Visayan Colleges (1948).

On November 8, 1956, the province of Aklan was officially established, and Kalibo became its capital.

The town's trade school, the Roxas Memorial School of Arts and Trades (RMSAT), was established in 1959 and opened in 1960.

Martial Law Period (1965-1986)
The mid-60s to mid-80s saw several developments rise in Kalibo as it took on its role as Aklan's capital town. The Garcia College of Technology, a private technical college, opened in 1968. St Gabriel Medical Center, a major private hospital, opened its doors in 1969. The local power company, Aklan Electric Cooperative, was established in 1972. Meanwhile, the local water district, the Metro Kalibo Water District, was created in 1976. The provincial diocese was also erected in 1976.

RMSAT was elevated to a state college in 1983.

In 1984, Typhoon Agnes (local name Undang), ravaged Kalibo and the whole province. It would become the worst typhoon disaster Kalibo will experience until Typhoon Fengshen (local name Frank) in 2008.

Contemporary Period (1986-present)
As a response to Undang, the Bakhawan Eco-Park began to take shape in December 1989 when the Kalibo Save the Mangroves movement was organized.

RMCAT became part of Aklan State College of Agriculture in 1998. It was elevated into a university in 2001.

In 1990, the town recorded 50,000 residents for the first time. Kalibo was classified a first-class municipality in 1997, and again in 2008. The town's first major mall, Gaisano Capital Kalibo, opened in 2002. It is located in Roxas Avenue Extension, and had 20,000 sqm of retail space.

Cityhood
During the early 2000s, Aklan congressman Florencio Miraflores filed a bill seeking to convert Kalibo into a city but did not ultimately succeed.

In the 19th Congress of the Philippines, house bills were filed by various representatives which seeks Kalibo including other capital towns of city-less provinces to be automatically converted into cities.

Geography
Kalibo is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 50.75 km2 constituting NaN% of the 1,821.42 km2 total area of Aklan.

Topography
Kalibo is situated on the alluvial plains of the Aklan River which lies to its west. The town is generally flat, with slopes ranging from 0 to 3%.

Barangays
Kalibo is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

All barangays are classified as urban. Mobo was formerly known as Tinigao Bongoe.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Kalibo had a population of 89,127. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Language
Aklanon is the main language of Kalibo. Hiligaynon and Capiznon are also spoken as secondary languages of the municipality.

Economy
Kalibo's main industry is agriculture, based on rice, coconuts, piña and abaca. The town also produces piña fiber, which is marketed as an alternative to traditional leather. Kalibo also has food manufacturing facilities, supporting a meat-processing industry that produces chorizo, tocino and other similar products.

Kalibo serves as the commercial center for Aklan province, owing to its status as the provincial capital. Its institutions serve its immediate surrounding area. In 2021, the municipality hosted 28 banks and held 19 million pesos in total deposits, the largest among 17 municipalities of Aklan. This is equivalent to 75% of all deposits in the province. The Kalibo Public Market, Gaisano Grand, Gaisano Capital, CityMall and SM Cherry further cement Kalibo's position as a retail hub.

The town also hosts multiple higher educational institutions such as Aklan Catholic College, Northwestern Visayan Colleges and Garcia College of Technology. The College of Industrial Technology of Aklan State University is located in Andagao.

Some hospitals in the town include the government-owned Dr. Rafael S. Tumbokon Memorial Hospital; the private St Gabriel Hospital, Panay Healthcare Medical Center and Asia Pacific Medical Center.

Tourism in Kalibo peaks during the Ati-Atihan Festival, celebrated every second week of January and culminating on the third Sunday. The town also benefits from good road connections to Boracay, allowing it to become a jump-off point for tourists headed to the island. This is all underpinned by the presence of the Kalibo International Airport which was the fourth busiest airport in the country as of 2022.

Ati-Atihan Festival

The Ati-Atihan Festival is a festival celebrated in Kalibo every second week of January and culminating on the third Sunday of the month. Revelers smear themselves with soot or any blackening substance in order to look like an Ati.

The Ati-Atihan Festival is believed to have started in the year 1212 when Borneans, led by the ten datus, traveled on balangays and crossed the Sulu Sea to land in Panay, making it the oldest festival in the Philippines.

Ati-atihan Festival was included as one of the "World's Best Festivals" by Fest300, dubbed as the "Grand Daddy of Philippine Festivals" by the Largest Travel Guide Book Publisher in the World - Lonely Planet and recognized, as well as, holds the title of "Mother of All Philippine Festivals".

Attractions
Landmarks of the town include Aklan River, the main river that flows through the town and the origin of the name of the province. Within the town proper lies Freedom Shrine which commemorates World War II veterans and the Museo it Akean, a museum of Aklan's history. Outside the town lies Bakhawan Eco-Park, a 220 ha mangrove reforestation project that began in 1990 in barangay New Buswang. Tigayon Hill and Caves in Barangay Tigayon which were burial sites during the pre-Hispanic era and a pit for Chinese artifacts which were excavated in the recent past.

Historical Markers
The table below is the list of Historical Markers installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in Kalibo.

Infrastructure
Kalibo's roads are composed of national, municipal and barangay roads. The town is connected to Iloilo City and Roxas City via the Aklan East Coast Road. In 2023, the new Kalibo Circumferential Road was declared as a national-level road. The road features a new bridge (Kalibo Bridge III) across the Aklan River and connects municipalities west of it to Brgy. Tigayon, the airport, and the jetty port in Brgy. Pook.

Water is provided by the Metro Kalibo Water District while power is provided by the Aklan Electric Cooperative.

Air
Air travel to Kalibo from Manila is about 45 minutes under four airlines: the Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific, AirAsia Zest and PAL Express. These airlines increase their flights during the Kalibo Ati-Atihan Festival every January each year.

PAL Express also flies to Cebu and Angeles. AirAsia Philippines and SeaAir also have flights to Angeles. AirAsia has a flight to Kuala Lumpur. Meanwhile, Mandarin Airlines, TransAsia Airways, China Southern, China Airlines have weekly flights to and from Taipei; Philippine Airlines and Shanghai Airlines have chartered flights to and from Shanghai; Jin Air does flights to Incheon. Spirit of Manila has its chartered flight to Kalibo from its regional destinations. Zest Air has flights to Seoul, Busan, Shanghai, Taipei, Beijing, and Chengdu. Philippine Airlines has flights to Hong Kong and Seoul.

Kalibo is the major hub for/to Boracay. The Kalibo International Airport is about ten minutes away from Poblacion Kalibo main plaza (Pastrana Park).

Sea
Kalibo has four ports near the town. The New Washington port and the Dumaguit port are 20 minutes away from Kalibo. Batan port is accessible via Dumaguit and Altavas while the Malay port is approximately two hours. Travel time from Manila to Aklan is 14 to 18 hours through sea travel.

The Caticlan Jetty Port is part of the Roll-on Roll-off (RORO) Strong Republic Nautical Highway that connects Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, and it passes through Kalibo to Capiz or Romblon. There is a jetty port in barangay Pook of Kalibo.

Land
Public transportation around the town is by tricycle, taxi, multicab and jeepneys.

Kalibo is 158 km from Iloilo City, 86 km from Roxas City, and 182 km from San Jose, Antique. Land travel from Iloilo City to Kalibo takes approximately three hours, one and a half hours from Roxas City, and four hours from San Jose, Antique. All are accessible by bus and minivans. Trips to Caticlan range from 70 minutes to 90 minutes depending on the mode of transportation.

Public transport
The tricycle dominates the streets in Kalibo and is the main form of public transport. The town has its own version of the design of its tricycle that can accommodate up to 8 passengers. The design was also adopted in the rest of Aklan and some parts of northern Antique. There are about 3,000 tricycles-for-hire that are registered with Sangguniang Bayan-issued franchises operating within the 16 barangays of the Municipality of Kalibo and are distributed in accordance with their following approved routes or zones of operation:

Sister cities
Kalibo has one official sister city:
 * 🇺🇸 Juneau, Alaska, United States (2014)

title: Kalibo


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Benjamin Zander

Benjamin Zander (born 9 March 1939 in Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, England) is an English conductor, who is currently the musical director of the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra and the Boston Philharmonic Youth Orchestra.

Biography
Benjamin Zander was born in Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, England. His parents, Walter and Margarete (Gretl) Zander, had emigrated from Berlin in 1937 to escape the Nazis, and raised their four children: Michael, Luke, Angelica, and Benjamin. At home, his father would regularly sing and play piano after work. Benjamin Zander is Jewish.

Benjamin Zander started to compose music at the age of nine. Several of his compositions came to the attention of composer Benjamin Britten, who invited the Zander family to spend three summers in Aldeburgh, England, the seaside town in Suffolk where he lived. Benjamin Zander took lessons with Benjamin Britten and became a student of theory of Britten's amanuensis and assistant, Imogen Holst.

Early life
Zander's main instrument was the cello. He began studying at the age of 10 and became the youngest member of the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain at the age of 12. He went as a boarder at Uppingham School, as a music scholar at the age of 13 and thence attended St Paul's School, London so he could continue his cello studies with Herbert Withers.

At the age of 15, Zander became a student of the Spanish cello virtuoso Gaspar Cassadó and moved to Florence and Siena, Italy for the next three years. He completed his cello studies at the State Conservatoire in Cologne, Germany where he served as an assistant to Cassadó.

After living abroad for five years, Zander returned to England, completed his A levels and studied at University College London for a degree in English Literature, winning the University-wide English Literature Essay Prize. During his period of study at University, he performed regularly as a cellist, giving recitals and chamber music concerts with the King-Zander-Arieli Trio and taught at the Yehudi Menuhin School for gifted children.

In 1965, he won a Harkness International Fellowship and travelled to the United States for graduate work at Brandeis University, Harvard University and with Leonard Shure and Ernst Oster in New York.

New England Conservatory
In 1967, Zander joined the faculty of the New England Conservatory of Music and remained on the faculty until 2012. In July 2012, the New England Conservatory and Preparatory School conferred on him the title of Faculty Emeritus, acknowledging his significant contributions to the school over 45 years.

This followed his dismissal in January 2012 for negligence amid allegations he had hired a videographer to record concerts, who had (to Zander's knowledge) previously served a prison sentence for sexual assault of a minor. Zander later acknowledged that hiring the videographer, Peter Benjamin, without informing school administrators was a "significant oversight".

Boston Philharmonic
Benjamin Zander is the Conductor and Music Director of the Boston Philharmonic Youth Orchestra, a youth orchestra in Boston comprising both high school and college age students. The BPYO rehearses at various venues across Boston, some of which include -Hibernian Hall, The Holy Trinity Armenian Apostle Church and Symphony Hall. Their premiere performance took place in Symphony Hall on 25 November 2012. On the program was Strauss' Ein Heldenleben, Beethoven's Egmont Overture, and Elgar's Cello Concerto with Alisa Weilerstein as soloist. BPYO's first international tour took place the summer of 2013 as the entire orchestra visited The Netherlands to play Mahler's Second Symphony in the Concertgebouw. In 2024 they toured Europe with a program of the Schumann Cello Concerto No. 1 (with Zlatomir Fung), and Mahler’s Fifth Symphony. They visited Basel, Prague, Hamburg, Vienna and Berlin, performing in halls such as Die Musikverein and Die Berliner Philharmonie.

Personal life
Benjamin and Patricia Zander were married in 1966. They have one child, a daughter, Jessica. Jessica and her husband David Tomaszewski have two daughters, M. and Vivian.

Interviews

 * Interview with Charlie Rose
 * TED Talk: "The transformative power of classical music" (TED2008)
 * TED Talk: "The transformative power of classical music" (TED2008)
 * TED Talk: "The transformative power of classical music" (TED2008)

title: Benjamin Zander


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User talk:Ian Maxwell/CAT TOWN

Archived copy is not necessary, as the article survived the VfD. --Ian Maxwell 05:14, 2004 Aug 21 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ian Maxwell/CAT TOWN


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Nitro compound

In organic chemistry, nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (\sNO2). The nitro group is one of the most common explosophores (functional group that makes a compound explosive) used globally. The nitro group is also strongly electron-withdrawing. Because of this property, C\sH bonds alpha (adjacent) to the nitro group can be acidic. For similar reasons, the presence of nitro groups in aromatic compounds retards electrophilic aromatic substitution but facilitates nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Nitro groups are rarely found in nature. They are almost invariably produced by nitration reactions starting with nitric acid.

Preparation of aromatic nitro compounds

Aromatic nitro compounds are typically synthesized by nitration. Nitration is achieved using a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, which produce the nitronium ion (NO2+), which is the electrophile: +

The nitration product produced on the largest scale, by far, is nitrobenzene. Many explosives are produced by nitration including trinitrophenol (picric acid), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid). Another but more specialized method for making aryl–NO2 group starts from halogenated phenols, is the Zinke nitration.

Preparation of aliphatic nitro compounds
Aliphatic nitro compounds can be synthesized by various methods; notable examples include:
 * Free radical nitration of alkanes. The reaction produces fragments from the parent alkane, creating a diverse mixture of products; for instance, nitromethane, nitroethane, 1-nitropropane, and 2-nitropropane are produced by treating propane with nitric acid in the gas phase (e.g. 350–450 °C and 8–12 atm).
 * Nucleophilic substitution reactions between halocarbons or organosulfates with silver or alkali nitrite salts.
 * Nitromethane can be produced in the laboratory by treating sodium chloroacetate with sodium nitrite.
 * Oxidation of oximes or primary amines.
 * Reduction of β-nitro alcohols or nitroalkenes.
 * By decarboxylation of α-nitro carboxylic acids formed from nitriles and ethyl nitrate.

Ter Meer Reaction
In nucleophilic aliphatic substitution, sodium nitrite (NaNO2) replaces an alkyl halide. In the so-called Ter Meer reaction (1876) named after Edmund ter Meer, the reactant is a 1,1-halonitroalkane:
 * Ter Meer Reaction.svg

The reaction mechanism is proposed in which in the first slow step a proton is abstracted from nitroalkane 1 to a carbanion 2 followed by protonation to an aci-nitro 3 and finally nucleophilic displacement of chlorine based on an experimentally observed hydrogen kinetic isotope effect of 3.3. When the same reactant is reacted with potassium hydroxide the reaction product is the 1,2-dinitro dimer.

In nature
Chloramphenicol is a rare example of a naturally occurring nitro compound. At least some naturally occurring nitro groups arose by the oxidation of amino groups. 2-Nitrophenol is an aggregation pheromone of ticks.

Examples of nitro compounds are rare in nature. 3-Nitropropionic acid found in fungi and plants (Indigofera). Nitropentadecene is a defense compound found in termites. Aristolochic acids are found in the flowering plant family Aristolochiaceae. Nitrophenylethane is found in Aniba canelilla. Nitrophenylethane is also found in members of the Annonaceae, Lauraceae and Papaveraceae.

In pharmaceuticals
Despite the occasional use in pharmaceuticals, the nitro group is associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity and therefore is often regarded as a liability in the drug discovery process.

Reactions
Nitro compounds participate in several organic reactions, the most important being reduction of nitro compounds to the corresponding amines:
 * RNO2 +  3 H2   →   RNH2  +  2 H2O

Virtually all aromatic amines (e.g. aniline) are derived from nitroaromatics through such catalytic hydrogenation. A variation is formation of a dimethylaminoarene with palladium on carbon and formaldehyde:

The α-carbon of nitroalkanes is somewhat acidic. The pKa values of nitromethane and 2-nitropropane are respectively 17.2 and 16.9 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution, suggesting an aqueous pKa of around 11. In other words, these carbon acids can be deprotonated in aqueous solution. The conjugate base is called a nitronate, and behaves similar to an enolate. In the nitroaldol reaction, it adds directly to aldehydes, and, with enones, can serve as a Michael donor. Conversely, a nitroalkene reacts with enols as a Michael acceptor.

Nitronates are also key intermediates in the Nef reaction: when exposed to acids or oxidants, a nitronate hydrolyzes to a carbonyl and azanone.

Grignard reagents combine with nitro compounds to give a nitrone; but a Grignard reagent with an α hydrogen will then add again to the nitrone to give a hydroxylamine salt.

Dye syntheses
The Leimgruber–Batcho, Bartoli and Baeyer–Emmerling indole syntheses begin with aromatic nitro compounds. Indigo can be synthesized in a condensation reaction from ortho-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone in strongly basic conditions in a reaction known as the Baeyer–Drewson indigo synthesis.

Biochemical reactions
Many flavin-dependent enzymes are capable of oxidizing aliphatic nitro compounds to less-toxic aldehydes and ketones. Nitroalkane oxidase and 3-nitropropionate oxidase oxidize aliphatic nitro compounds exclusively, whereas other enzymes such as glucose oxidase have other physiological substrates.

Explosions
Explosive decomposition of organo nitro compounds are redox reactions, wherein both the oxidant (nitro group) and the fuel (hydrocarbon substituent) are bound within the same molecule. The explosion process generates heat by forming highly stable products including molecular nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide, and water. The explosive power of this redox reaction is enhanced because these stable products are gases at mild temperatures. Many contact explosives contain the nitro group.

title: Nitro compound


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Zone plate

A zone plate is a device used to focus light or other things exhibiting wave character. Unlike lenses or curved mirrors, zone plates use diffraction instead of refraction or reflection. Based on analysis by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, they are sometimes called Fresnel zone plates in his honor. The zone plate's focusing ability is an extension of the Arago spot phenomenon caused by diffraction from an opaque disc.

A zone plate consists of a set of concentric rings, known as Fresnel zones, which alternate between being opaque and transparent. Light hitting the zone plate will diffract around the opaque zones. The zones can be spaced so that the diffracted light constructively interferes at the desired focus, creating an image there.

Design and manufacture
To get constructive interference at the focus, the zones should switch from opaque to transparent at radii where $$r_n = \sqrt{n\lambda f + \frac{1}{4}n^2 \lambda^2}$$

where n is an integer, λ is the wavelength of the light the zone plate is meant to focus and f is the distance from the center of the zone plate to the focus. When the zone plate is small compared to the focal length, this can be approximated as $$r_n \simeq \sqrt{n\lambda f}$$

For plates with many zones, you can calculate the distance to the focus if you only know the radius of the outermost zone, rN, and its width, ΔrN: $$f = \frac{2r_N \Delta r_N}{\lambda}$$

In the long focal length limit, the area of each zone is equal, because the width of the zones must decrease farther from the center. The maximum possible resolution of a zone plate depends on the smallest zone width, $$\frac{\Delta l}{\Delta r_N} \approx 1.22$$

Because of this, the smallest size object you can image, Δl, is limited by how small you can reliably make your zones.

Zone plates are frequently manufactured using lithography. As lithography technology improves and the size of features that can be manufactured decreases, the possible resolution of zone plates manufactured with this technique can improve.

Continuous zone plates
Unlike a standard lens, a binary zone plate produces intensity maxima along the axis of the plate at odd fractions (f/3, f/5, f/7, etc.). Although these contain less energy (counts of the spot) than the principal focus (because it is wider), they have the same maximum intensity (counts/m$2$).

However, if the zone plate is constructed so that the opacity varies in a gradual, sinusoidal manner, the resulting diffraction causes only a single focal point to be formed. This type of zone plate pattern is the equivalent of a transmission hologram of a converging lens.

For a smooth zone plate, the opacity (or transparency) at a point can be given by: $$\frac{1 \pm \cos\left(kr^2\right)}{2}\,$$

where $$r$$ is the distance from the plate center, and $$k$$ determines the plate's scale.

Binary zone plates use almost the same formula, however they depend only on the sign: $$\frac{1 \pm \sgn\left(\cos\left(kr^2\right)\right)}{2}\,$$

Free parameter
It does not matter to the constructive interference what the absolute phase is, but only that it is the same from each ring. So an arbitrary length can be added to all the paths $$r_n = \sqrt{(n + \alpha)\lambda f + \frac{1}{4}(n + \alpha)^2 \lambda^2}$$

This reference phase can be chosen to optimize secondary properties such as side lobes.

Physics
There are many wavelengths of light outside of the visible area of the electromagnetic spectrum where traditional lens materials like glass are not transparent, and so lenses are more difficult to manufacture. Likewise, there are many wavelengths for which there are no materials with a refractive index significantly differing from one. X-rays, for example, are only weakly refracted by glass or other materials, and so require a different technique for focusing. Zone plates eliminate the need for finding transparent, refractive, easy-to-manufacture materials for every region of the spectrum. The same zone plate will focus light of many wavelengths to different foci, which means they can also be used to filter out unwanted wavelengths while focusing the light of interest.

Other waves such as sound waves and, due to quantum mechanics, matter waves can be focused in the same way. Wave plates have been used to focus beams of neutrons and helium atoms.

Photography
Zone plates are also used in photography in place of a lens or pinhole for a glowing, soft-focus image. One advantage over pinholes (aside from the unique, fuzzy look achieved with zone plates) is that the transparent area is larger than that of a comparable pinhole. The result is that the effective f-number of a zone plate is lower than for the corresponding pinhole and the exposure time can be decreased. Common f-numbers for a pinhole camera range from to  or higher, whereas zone plates are frequently  and lower. This makes hand held shots feasible at the higher ISO settings available with newer DSLR cameras.

Gunsights
Zone plates have been proposed as a cheap alternative to more expensive optical sights or targeting lasers.

Lenses
Zone plates may be used as imaging lenses with a single focus as long as the type of grating used is sinusoidal in nature.

Reflection
A zone plate used as a reflector will allow radio waves to be focused as if by a parabolic reflector. This allows the reflector to be flat, and so easier to make. It also allows an appropriately patterned Fresnel reflector to be mounted flush to the side of a building, avoiding the wind loading that a paraboloid would be subject to.

Software testing
A bitmap representation of a zone plate image may be used for testing various image processing algorithms, such as: An open-source zone-plate image generator is available.
 * Image interpolation and image resampling;
 * Image filtering.

title: Zone plate