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John Bassett Moore

John Bassett Moore (December 3, 1860 – November 12, 1947) was an American lawyer and authority on international law.   Moore was a State Department official, a professor at Columbia University, and a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1922 to 1928, the first American judge to sit on that judicial body.

Biography
Moore was born in Smyrna, Delaware on December 3, 1860.

Moore graduated from the University of Virginia and was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1883. He practiced law in Wilmington, Delaware, before working as a law clerk at the Department of State from 1885 to 1886. He was the third assistant secretary of state from 1886 to 1891, when he became Hamilton Fish Professorship of International Law and Diplomacy at Columbia Law School, the first chair of international law in the United States. Moore remained a Columbia professor until retiring in 1924, taking frequent leaves of absence to take up U.S. diplomatic posts.

Moore briefly was assistant secretary of state in 1898.

During his service with the Department of State he acted as secretary to the Conference on Samoan Affairs (1887) and to the Fisheries Conference (1887–1888).

After the close of the war with Spain was secretary and council to the American Peace Commission at Paris. In 1901, he served as professor of International Law at the Naval War College, where he initiated that college's long series of "International Law Blue Book" publications. Subsequently, Moore represented the government as agent before the United States and Dominican Arbitration Tribunal (1904), as delegate to the Fourth International American Conference at Buenos Aires and special plenipotentiary to the Chilean centenary (both 1910), and as delegate to the International Commission of Jurists at Rio de Janeiro (1912).

Moore's most popular work was the eight-volume Digest of International Law (1906)''.  After completing the work, he suffered a nervous breakdown.  He subsequently took a vacation for more than two years, traveling the world. ''

Moore was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1907 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1919.

He was on the Hague Tribunal from 1912 to 1938.

Moore was a critic of the League of Nations, considering it a weak institution.

In 1921, Moore was elected a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice. While on the bench, he declined the position of the court presidency multiple times, arguing that an overseas judge should not hold that position. He resigned from the court in 1928 in order to focus on his scientific obligations.

Moore was a proponent of neutrality, believing that the post-World War I system of alliances would tend to broaden wars into global conflicts. He was also a strong believer in the principle of separation of powers under the United States Constitution, asserting in 1921, "There can hardly be room for doubt that the framers of the constitution, when they vested in Congress the power to declare war, never imagined that they were leaving it to the executive to use the military and naval forces of the United States all over the world for the purpose of actually coercing other nations, occupying their territory, and killing their soldiers and citizens, all according to his own notions of the fitness of things, as long as he refrained from calling his action war or persisted in calling it peace."

Legacy and awards
Moore was honored on a U.S. definitive postage stamp issued December 3, 1966, the five-dollar value of the Prominent Americans series.

In 1922, a new school was dedicated to Moore in his hometown of Smyrna, Delaware. The John Bassett Moore Intermediate School now serves as a public school for the fifth and sixth grades.

In 1927, Moore was awarded the Theodore Roosevelt Medal.

Moore died at his home in New York City on November 12, 1947, and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery.

Works

 * Reports on Extraterritorial Crime (1887)
 * Extradition and Interstate Rendition (two volumes, 1891)
 * American Notes on the Conflict of Laws (1896)
 * History and Digest of International Arbitrations (6 vols., 1898)
 * American Diplomacy (1905)
 * Digest of International Law (8 vols., 1906)
 * Works of James Buchanan (12 vols., 1909–1911, reissued 1960)
 * Four Phases of American Development (1912)
 * International Law and Some Current Illusions (1924)
 * The Permanent Court of International Justice (1924)
 * International Adjudications, Ancient and Modern (8 vols., 1937)
 * Collected Papers (7 vols., 1945)

title: John Bassett Moore


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Schwartz Publishing

Schwartz Publishing is an Australian publishing house, digital media, and news media organisation based in Melbourne, established by Australian property developer Morry Schwartz in the 1980s. Since the late 1990s many of its publications have appeared under the Black Inc imprint. Schwartz Publishing has its complementary brand Schwartz Media, which all sit under the wider group of Schwartz companies, specialising in newspapers, books, essays, magazines, journals, podcasts, and online news media. Its most well-known publications are Quarterly Essay, The Saturday Paper, and The Monthly.

History
In the 1980s Schwartz Publishing, founded by Morry Schwartz, mainly published American self-help and counterculture books. Its all-time bestseller was Life's Little Instruction Book by H. Jackson Brown Jr. with 300,000 copies sold.

In the 1990s Schwartz Publishing set up the Black Inc imprint, publishing since 2001 the Quarterly Essay and since 2005 The Monthly.

In 2017, Black Inc. Books alongside La Trobe University launched a joint publishing imprint, La Trobe University Press (LTUP).

The Monthly
The Monthly, a magazine focused on politics and culture, launched in 2005. Its contributor list includes Helen Garner, Richard Flanagan, David Marr, Don Watson, Chloe Hooper, Tim Winton, Christos Tsiolkas, Noel Pearson, Anne Manne, Robert Manne, Karen Hitchcock, Anwen Crawford, Anna Goldsworthy, and J.M. Coetzee. In 2020, The Monthly had 100,000 print readership and 220,000 web and app readership. The Monthly reported a 40% increase in subscriptions between March 2020 and March 2021.

the editor of The Monthly is Michael Williams.

The Saturday Paper
In 2014, Schwartz Media began publishing The Saturday Paper, with the aim to "challenge orthodoxy...question authority and provoke debate." The newspaper was launched on 1 March 2014 in Sydney, Melbourne, and Canberra. The publication of The Saturday Paper came at a time when newspapers were experiencing major write-downs.

In the 12 months leading up to September 2019, The Saturday Paper's readership results were released, showing that new paper had successfully grown by 8.2% with now a circulation of 250,000, despite the overall news media industry declining by 3.7%''. ''

According to data from Roy Morgan, The Saturday Paper nearly doubled its readership during the COVID-19 pandemic, with figures reported from 119,000 in March 2020 growing to 224,000 in March 2021.

7am
In May 2019, Schwartz Media announced the launch of 7am, a daily news podcast. 7am is hosted by Ruby Jones and with editor Osman Faruqi and is available every weekday morning.

In May 2020, 7am announced it would be partnering with Acast, the world's largest podcast company, for the distribution of its growing listener base, with it now being available on all the major podcasting platforms, being Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and Google Podcasts, as well as other smaller platforms such as Acast, Castbox, Overcast, Pocket Casts, Podbean and Stitcher.

Following this announcement, Schwartz Media also celebrated a new audience listenership milestone, with an average of 45,000 Australian listens each day, or almost a quarter of a million listens weekly, placing it in the top five Australian podcasts. Schwartz Media has subsequently launched two more podcasts, The Saturday Quiz, hosted by Australian actor John Leary, and The AFA Podcast, hosted by Jonathan Pearlman, the editor of the Australian Foreign Affairs Journal.

The Culture
Building on the success of its flagship daily news podcast 7am, and its growing arts and culture coverage, Schwartz Media launched The Culture in May 2021, hosted by Osman Faruqi. Episodes are released every Friday, covering film, music, TV, streaming, books, and art.

Governance and people
Scwartz was chairman of the board until December 2023, when he resigned the position and said that he would be stepping back from hands-on operations.

The former CEO of Schwartz Media, Rebecca Costello, resigned in September 2023, to become managing director of Guardian Australia. A new CEO is to be appointed in 2024.

In June 2018, Erik Jensen, formerly editor of The Saturday Paper, became editor-in-chief of Schwartz Media and The Saturday Paper. In June 2021, Jensen returned to the role of editor of The Saturday Paper, a position he had previously held from 2014 to 2018. he is still in this position.

In March 2014, Nick Feik was appointed editor of The Monthly.

Maddison Connaughton was appointed editor of The Saturday Paper in July 2018, a role she held until June 2021.

Pascall Prize-winning critic Alison Croggon was appointed arts editor of The Saturday Paper in August 2020.

In April 2021, Osman Faruqi was appointed inaugural head of audio at Schwartz Media, overseeing the growth of the company’s podcast offering.

Public trust
According to a Roy Morgan Media Net Trust Survey in April 2019, Schwartz Media was one of the most trusted media sources in Australia, being the most trusted non-broadcast media outlet, and placing third in overall media outlets just behind SBS and the ABC. Schwartz Media was one of only four media outlets with a positive media trust rating. ''

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Schwartz Publishing


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Hakarimata Range

Hakarimata Range is a range of hills on the western edge of Ngāruawāhia township, in the Waikato region of New Zealand, overlooking the confluence of the Waikato and Waipā Rivers. The Hakarimata Range is separated from the Taupiri Range by the Taupiri Gorge, through which the Waikato River flows.

After the invasion of the Waikato, parts of the Hakarimatas were confiscated in 1864. 1850 ha of native forest on the range are protected as a scenic reserve. A council supported community group, the Hakarimata Restoration Trust, created in 2001, is helping care for the range.

Location
Although now usually applied to the hills immediately west of Ngāruawāhia, maps such as Hochstetter's of 1859, the 1925 geology map and 1944 one inch map show 'Hakarimata Range' as extending south to what is now SH23. Similarly, old accounts describe the Whatawhata-Raglan road as passing over the Hakarimatas.

Name
Hakarimata's name derives from a 17th-century feast, when Ngāti Maniapoto joined the local Waikatos to celebrate the birth of a child. There was a mountain of raw forest foods; hence the name Hākari-kai-mata (uncooked food mountain), condensed to Hakarimata.

Geology
Hakarimata is part of the roughly north - south Kawhia Syncline (Taupiri to the north, Kapamahunga to the south), though the Hakarimata Anticline is at about a 30° angle to the rest of the syncline, probably due to strike slip movement along the Waipa Fault, Late Triassic Newcastle Group, sandstones, siltstones and greywacke have been folded, faulted and covered by other sedimentary rocks to form the Hakarimatas.

Plants
Hakarimata is the largest remnant of broadleaf-podocarp lowland forest that once dominated the Waikato. It is near the southern limit of kauri forest and northern limit of beech forest, with plants and animals of all three forest types. Occasional large rata and rimu stand above the canopy of tawa, kohekohe, hinau, rewarewa, mangeao and pukatea. There are also some miro, Hall's totara and tanekaha. The reserve also contains several threatened plants including Alseuosmia quercifolia, or topara, which is strongly scented in spring.

Animals
Tūī, kererū, pīwakawaka, pīpīwharauroa, kārearea, pekapeka, copper skink, Auckland green gecko and peripatus are among the species in the bush. 16 species of native fish include short and longfinned eels and banded, short-jaw and giant, kōkopu. In 1995/96, to connect the Hakarimata tree canopy with the Waikato River, and thus encourage indigenous fish, three Waikato tributaries had 12 km of fences, 12 stock-water troughs, 5 bridges, and over 10,000 trees and shrubs added. By 2003, fish had increased from 63 to 80 fish per 150 m of stream and a new species, lamprey, was found.

Pests
Since the land was reserved (from 1905 onwards), the fringe areas and lower slopes have slowly regenerated after suffering light logging, fires, pigs, goats, possums, cats, hedgehogs, rats, mice, stoats, weasels and ferrets, with occasional deer and wallaby. Goats, possum and rats are controlled, with possum self-resetting traps trialled in 2011. About 200 ha of privately owned forest adjoin the reserve, some of which is protected by covenant. Kauri dieback disease is not present, so a boot cleaning station was put at the Huntly end in 2015.

Fire is also a threat. In 2017 an area of 600 by 300m on a ridge beside the quarry was burnt.

Quarry
The large quarry at 181 Waingaro Road, Ngāruawāhia, opened in a quarry reserve in 1948 and now goes well below sea-level. It was bought by Brian Perry Ltd in the 1980s and sold to Fulton Hogan in 2016. An extension which would have doubled the size of the quarry wasn't permitted in 2008. It would have taken native trees estimated to be 800 years old. The quarry then employed 13 and supplied about 35% of the area's needs. Environment Waikato granted Perry Aggregates resource consents in 2009, following which bait stations were put in the area in 2011 and the quarry was given Mimico Environmental Awards for that and, in 2018, for extending native fish passage.

Tracks

The range has been used for recreational rambling since at least 1892.

There are two main walkways through the range, allowing excellent views of the Waikato Plains below. The main one is Hakarimata Walkway (12 km, 7 hr 30 min) along the ridge from Parker Road at the northern end to the Hakarimata Rail Trail (off Waingaro Rd) at the south.

Te Araroa follows that walkway to the summit, where a viewing tower offers vistas towards the coast, across the Waikato Basin and to Ruapehu on a clear day. Te Aroroa drops from the summit by the other main walkway, Hakarimata Summit Track  (2 km, 3 hr return, 335 metres on 1349 steps), to Brownlee Avenue in Ngāruawāhia. The steps had 140,000 visits in 2016, compared to 5000 in 2011, shortly after they opened. The remainder of the track south to Hakarimata Rail Trail (3.5 km, 2 hr) can be linked by a 1.8 km walk along Waingaro Road back to Brownlee Ave.

There are several shorter walks using parts of the Hakarimata Walkway and/or the Summit Track:-
 * At the northern end, Kauri Loop Track (3 km, 2 hr return for full loop; 40 min to kauri grove) from Parker Road car park starts with a long flight of steps to one of the largest kauris in Waikato, 7 m girth and 36.7 m high, estimated to be over a thousand years old. The Southern Lookout has views of Huntly and the north Waikato lakes, Hamilton and Tongariro on a clear day.
 * In the middle, Waterworks Walk (1 km, 1 hr return) from Brownlee Avenue runs beside Mangarata Stream to the 1922 reservoir, once Ngāruawāhia's water supply. In November 2016 a Tomokanga (archway) was added near the beginning of the walk.
 * At the southern end, Hakarimata Rail Trail (1.5 km, 30 min) follows the former Glen Massey railway. A short extension leads to the Cascades.

title: Hakarimata Range


text:
Stanford Moore

Stanford Moore (September 4, 1913 – August 23, 1982) was an American biochemist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972, with Christian B. Anfinsen and William Howard Stein, for work done at Rockefeller University on the structure of the enzyme ribonuclease and for contributing to the understanding of the connection between the chemical structure and catalytic activity of the ribonuclease molecule.

Moore attended Peabody Demonstration School, now known as University School of Nashville, and in 1935 graduated summa cum laude from Vanderbilt University, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Sigma. He earned his doctorate in Organic Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1938. Moore then joined the staff of the Rockefeller Institute, later Rockefeller University, where he spent his entire professional career, with the exception of a period of government service during World War II. He became Professor of Biochemistry in 1952.

In 1958, he and William H. Stein developed the first automated amino acid analyzer, which facilitated the determination of protein sequences. In 1959, Moore and Stein announced the first determination of the complete amino acid sequence of an enzyme, ribonuclease, work which was cited in the Nobel award.

title: Stanford Moore


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Veranus Alva Moore

Veranus Alva Moore (April 13, 1859 – February 11, 1931) was a U.S. bacteriologist and pathologist.

Early life and education
He was born in Hounsfield, New York. A Cornell University graduate and faculty member, Moore served as head of the United States Department of Agriculture's Division of Animal Pathology from 1895 to 1896. He also served as president of the Society of American Bacteriologists in 1910, and as dean of the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine from 1908 to 1929.

Personal life
Moore's parents were Alva and Antoinette. He married Mary Slawson in 1892.

title: Veranus Alva Moore


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Zephaniah Swift Moore

Zephaniah Swift Moore (November 20, 1770 – June 29, 1823) was an American Congregational clergyman and educator. He taught at Dartmouth College during the early 1810s and had a house built in Hanover, New Hampshire, that now serves as Dartmouth's Blunt Alumni Center. He served as the President of Williams College between 1815 and 1821 and the first President of Amherst College between 1821 and 1823. He is most famous for leaving Williams in order to found Amherst, taking some of the faculty and 15 students with him. The rumor that Williams College library books were also taken to Amherst College was declared false in 1995 by Williams College President Harry C. Payne.

Moore died two years after Amherst was founded, and was succeeded by Heman Humphrey, a trustee of Williams College. Moore's departure from Williams College established the foundation for the intense Williams–Amherst rivalry that persists to the present. To this day, he is regarded with a measure of derision on the Williams campus.

Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor wrote to him in 1823.

title: Zephaniah Swift Moore


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Thomas Hinman Moorer

Thomas Hinman Moorer (February 9, 1912 – February 5, 2004) was an admiral and naval aviator in the United States Navy who served as the chief of naval operations from 1967 to 1970, and as the seventh chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1974. He was implicated in a spy ring within the White House during the Nixon administration, but never prosecuted.

Early life, education, and ancestry
Moorer was born in Mount Willing, Alabama on February 9, 1912. His father, a dentist, named his son for his favorite professor at Atlanta-Southern Dental College, Dr. Thomas Hinman. Moorer was raised in Eufaula, Alabama with his siblings, including his brother Joseph, who would also become a Navy Admiral.

On March 31, 1970 he became a member of the Alabama Society of the Sons of the American Revolution (SAR). He was assigned national SAR member number 99,634 and Alabama Society number 759. He was later awarded the Society's Gold Good Citizenship Medal. He was also a member of the Naval Order of the United States.

Naval career
Moorer graduated from the United States Naval Academy on June 1, 1933 and was commissioned an ensign. After completing Naval Aviation training at the Pensacola Naval Air Station in 1936, he flew with fighter squadrons based on the aircraft carriers USS Langley (CV-1), USS Lexington (CV-2) and USS Enterprise (CV-6).

World War II
In addition to his carrier-based fighter experience, Moorer also qualified in seaplanes and flew with a patrol squadron in the early years of World War II. Serving with Patrol Squadron Twenty-Two at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, when the Japanese Empire attacked on December 7, 1941 Moorer's account of Pearl Harbor attack has been published under the title "A Patrol in the wrong direction". His squadron subsequently participated in the 1941–42 Dutch East Indies Campaign in the southwest Pacific, where he flew numerous combat missions. Moorer received a Purple Heart after being shot down and wounded off the coast of Australia on 19 February 1942. He then survived an attack on the freighter which rescued him and his crew, Florence D., which was bombed and sunk the same day by enemy aircraft involved in the first Bombing of Darwin. Moorer also received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his valor three months later when he braved Japanese air superiority to fly supplies into, and evacuate wounded out of, the island of Timor.

Vietnam War
Promoted to vice admiral in 1962, and to admiral in 1964, Moorer served both as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Pacific Fleet and Commander-in-Chief of the United States Atlantic Fleet — the first Navy officer to have commanded both fleets. Moorer was Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet at the time of the Gulf of Tonkin incident and ordered an internal investigation into the conflicting reports which emerged following the event.

Moorer served as the Chief of Naval Operations between 1967 and 1970, at the height of U.S. involvement in Vietnam and worked closely with the most senior officers in the U.S. Military and Government.

Attack on the USS Liberty
Moorer came to the conclusion that the attack on the USS Liberty in 1967 was a deliberate act on the part of the Israelis and that President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered the cover-up to maintain ties with Israel. Moorer stated that "Israel attempted to prevent the Liberty's radio operators from sending a call for help by jamming American emergency radio channels.[And that] Israeli torpedo boats machine-gunned lifeboats at close range that had been lowered to rescue the most-seriously wounded." Moorer stated that there had been a conspiracy to cover up the event and asked whether "our government put Israel's interests ahead of our own? If so, Why? Does our government continue to subordinate American interests to Israeli interests?" In a 1983 interview, Moorer said: "I've never seen a President - I don't care who he is-stand up to them [the Israelis]. It just boggles your mind.They always get what they want. The Israelis know what is going on all the time. I got to the point where I wasn't writing anything down. If the American people understood what a grip those people have got on our government, they would rise up in arms. Our citizens don't have any idea what goes on.”

Admiral Moorer was present at the Medal of Honor presentation ceremony for the Liberty’s commanding officer, Captain William L. McGonagle. Captain McGonagle was presented the award by Secretary of the Navy Paul Ignatius away from the White House, which broke with longstanding tradition of such awards being presented by the President of the United States in a public ceremony (McGonagle’s Medal of Honor is the only one to be awarded in such a manner). Admiral Moorer explained this was because the attack on the USS Liberty had been covered-up by the incumbent presidential administration.

Moorer told The Washington Post in 1991: "To suggest that they couldn’t identify the ship is…ridiculous…Anybody who could not identify the Liberty could not tell the difference between the White House and the Washington Monument." Moorer remained an outspoken advocate for Liberty survivors: "It's ridiculous to say this was an accident. There was good weather, she was flying the U.S. flag and the planes and torpedo boats attacked over a long period of time. I think Congress should investigate the incident, even now." Moorer wrote in 1997: "I have never believed that the attack on the USS Liberty was a case of mistaken identity. That is ridiculous. I have flown over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, thousands of hours, searching for ships and identifying all types of ships at sea. The Liberty was the ugliest, strangest-looking ship in the U.S. Navy. As a communications intelligence ship, it was sprouting every kind of antenna. It looked like a lobster with all those projections moving every which way. Israel knew perfectly well that the ship was American."

It took Moorer’s personal intervention to reverse a U.S. Naval Academy decision to not include the names of 2 Liberty crew members who were killed in action on a memorial wall at Bancroft Hall. The crew members in question were Lieutenant Commander Philip Armstrong Jr. and Lieutenant Stephen Toth. Moorer angrily commented on the Academy’s attempt to omit the names: “I intervened and was able to reverse the apparent idea that dying in a cowardly, one-sided attack by a supposed ally is somehow not the same as being killed by an avowed enemy.”

On the 24th anniversary of the attack (in 1991), Moorer attended a ceremony at the White House meant to honor Liberty survivors. Many were in attendance, including Captain William McGonagle. Instead of President George H.W. Bush greeting the survivors, which was expected, White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu and National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft greeted them. Moorer described it as “very emotional.”

In 2003, Moorer headed an independent commission to investigate the details of the USS Liberty incident. The commission determined, among other things, that the state of Israel had deliberately attacked an American ship in international waters, killing 34 U.S. sailors in the process and perpetrating an act of war. Also participating in the commission was Marine General Raymond G. Davis, Rear Admiral Merlin Staring, and former U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia James E. Akins. The so-called Moorer Commission submitted their findings to the United States government along with a request for a proper Congressional investigation of the attack. No investigation has been conducted.

Less than a month before his death (in 2004), Moorer made another call for an investigation into the USS Liberty incident and an end to the “disgraceful” cover-up.

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Moorer served as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 until 1974.

While Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Moorer personally masterminded the 1972 mining of Hai Phong Harbor and believed that if such an operation had been conducted in 1964 it would have "made a significant difference in the outcome of the war."

Excerpts from Moorer's diary during his time as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were recently declassified, and includes a note about an Air Force general telling the Joint Chiefs of Staff during a 1971 meeting that in a nuclear war the United States “could lose two hundred million people and still have more than we had at the time of the Civil War.” In December 1972, President Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II, better known as the Christmas Bombings, saying to Moorer on 14 December: "I don't want any more of this crap about the fact that we couldn't hit this target or that one. This is your chance to use military power to win this war, and if you don't, I'll hold you responsible".

While chairman, Moorer was fed a steady diet of confidential documents that had been stolen by a Joint Chiefs of Staff spy ring within the White House overseen by Admiral Robert Welander, the JCS liaison officer to the National Security Council. Welander was supplied with documents stolen by Navy Yeoman Charles Radford from White House desks and burn bags and the briefcases of Henry Kissinger and Gen. Alexander Haig, among other places in the White House. The spy ring operated for about 13 months before being uncovered by Nixon aide John Ehrlichman. Welander and Radford admitted to the thefts, felonies under the Espionage Act. Welander and Radford eventually were transferred to remote military outposts. Attorney General John Mitchell informed Moorer that the administration knew of the spy ring, but Nixon, apparently concerned about the potential political fallout, ordered that no prosecution take place.

Upon completion of his second two-year term as CJCS, Moorer retired from the Navy on July 1, 1974.

Death and legacy
In an interview with the journalist Stanley Karnow in 1981, Moorer expressed much bitterness about how the Vietnam War was fought, saying: "We should have fought in the north, where everyone was the enemy, where you didn't have to worry whether or not you were shooting friendly civilians. In the south, we had to cope with women concealing grenades in their brassieres, or in their baby's diapers. I remember two of our Marines being killed by a youngster who they were teaching to play volleyball. But Lyndon Johnson didn't want to overthrow the North Vietnamese government. Well, the only reason to go to war is to overthrow a government you don't like".

Moorer died on February 5, 2004, at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland at the age of 91. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

The National Guard Armory (Fort Thomas H. Moorer Armory) in Fort Deposit, Alabama is named after Moorer, as is a middle school in Eufaula, Alabama.

Dates of rank

 * At the time of Admiral Moorer's promotion, all rear admirals wore two stars, but the rank was divided into an "upper" and "lower half" for pay purposes

Foreign orders and decorations
He also has been decorated by thirteen foreign governments:
 * PRT Military Order of Aviz - Grand Cross BAR.svg Portugal (Military Order of Aviz, Grand Cross);
 * Greece (Silver Star Medal, First Class);
 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 5Class BAR.svg Japan (Order of Double Rays of the Rising Sun)
 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg Japan (First Class of the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun);
 * Order of Precious Tripod with Red Grand Cordon ribbon.png Republic of China (Precious Tripod (Pao-Ting) Medal with Red Grand Cordon)
 * Order of the Cloud and Banner 1st.gif Republic of China (Order of Cloud and Banner (Yun Hui) with Special Grand Cordon);
 * PHL Legion of Honor - Commander BAR.png Philippine Legion of Honor (Rank of Commander)
 * Order of Naval Merit - Grand Officer %28Brazil%29 - ribbon bar.png Brazil (Order of the Naval Merit, Grande Official);
 * CHL Order of Merit of Chile - Grand Cross BAR.svg Chile (Gran Estrella al Merito Militar);
 * Orden al M%C3%A9rito Naval %28Venezuela%29 - ribbon bar.png Venezuela (Order of Naval Merit 1st Class);
 * Tong-il Security Medel Ribbon.svg Republic of Korea (Order of National Security Merit, 1st Class);
 * Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg Netherlands (Grand Cross, Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords);
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 4 GrVK 218px.svg Federal Republic of Germany (Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit);
 * Cavaliere di gran Croce BAR.svg Italy (Military Order of Italy, Knight of the Grand Cross);
 * ESP Gran Cruz Merito Naval (Distintivo Blanco) pasador.svg Spain (Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit);
 * St Olavs Orden storkors stripe.svg Norway (Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav).

Civilian awards

 * Stephen Decatur Award for Operational Competence by the Navy League of the United States (May 1964)
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree awarded by Auburn University (1968)
 * General William Mitchell Award, Wings Club of New York City (February 1968)
 * Member, Alabama Academy of Honor (August 1969)
 * Honorary Doctor of Humanities Degree awarded by Samford University (May 1970)
 * Frank M. Hawks Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Development of Aviation by the American Legion Air Service Post 501, New York City (January 1971)
 * The Gray Eagle Award presented at the Washington Navy Yard (June 29, 1972)
 * Gold Good Citizenship Medal, Sons of the American Revolution
 * National Aviation Hall of Fame (1987)
 * The Lone Sailor Award by the U. S. Navy Memorial Foundation (1989)
 * The National Football Foundation Gold Medal (1990)
 * The Alabama Men’s Hall of Fame (2018)

title: Thomas Hinman Moorer


text: User talk:65.162.184.6

title: User talk:65.162.184.6


text:
Raw Spirit

Raw Spirit: In Search of the Perfect Dram is a nonfiction book by Iain Banks, first published in 2003. It is his only nonfiction book.

The book is about whisky, or finding the perfect dram while travelling in Scotland. Other recurring themes in the book are George W. Bush, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and Banks' love for motor vehicles.

History
Banks has said that he "got a phone call from my agent saying that another publisher had come up with the idea of me going round distilleries in search of the perfect malt, and was I interested? Originally they wanted me to go round the Highlands in a black cab with some garrulous Glasgow cabbie or whatever, but we got rid of that idea and I drove myself."

Description
Banks tells the story of a series of road trips in (or on) some of his extensive collection of vehicles, visiting and exploring many of Scotland's finest whiskies. From early on, he brings an unpretentious approach:

"This, let's face it, is a book about one of the hardest of hard liquors and for all this let's be mature, I just drink it for the taste not the effect, honest, Two units a day only stuff... it is, basically, a legal, exclusive, relatively expensive but very pleasant way of getting out of your head."

The book also celebrates some of Scotland's "Great Wee Roads" (and even "Daft Wee Roads") and Banks's love for driving on them.

There are long meanders into descriptions of his friends, food, wine, and Banks's contempt for Tony Blair and George W. Bush—for example:

"I find myself looking at Blair and hating his self-righteous, Bush-whipped ass the way I only ever hated Thatcher before. I look at Dubya and just see a sad fuck with scared eyes; a grotesquely under-qualified-for-practically-anything daddy's boy who's had to be greased into every squalid position he's ever held in his miserable existence who might finally be starting to wake up to the idea that if the most powerful nation on Earth - like, ever, dude - can put somebody like him in power, all may not be well with the world. Dubya is that worst of all things, at least at this level of power and influence; a cast-iron, 100 per cent, complete and total loser who's somehow lucked out and made it to the very top."

Banks has said he felt more relaxed when writing this book; critics said that this comes across on reading it.

Radio reading
Jimmy Chisholm read an abridgment by Laurence Wareing in the BBC Radio 4 "Book of the Week" slot between 8 December and 12 December 2003. The producer was David Young; Chisholm recorded all five of the fifteen-minute programmes on 19 November 2003.

title: Raw Spirit


text:
José Antonio Mora

José Antonio Mora Otero (22 November 1897 – 26 January 1975) was a Uruguayan lawyer and diplomat.

Antonio Mora served as the secretary general of the Organization of American States between 16 January 1956 and 18 May 1968. Before retiring from politics, Mora served as Uruguay's Minister of Foreign Relations, a senior minister responsible for International relations, from 1971 to 1972.

title: José Antonio Mora


text:
Francisco de Moraes

Francisco de Moraes Cabral, also spelled Francisco de Morais Cabral (1500? – 1572), was a Portuguese writer. Born in Bragança, he served as personal secretary to the Portuguese ambassador in France, and composed, during two voyages to Paris (1540 and 1546), a chivalric romance called Palmeirim de Inglaterra; Palmerin of England), a "spin-off" of the popular Amadís de Gaula series.

Moraes' work would also obtain considerable success across Europe. Because of its title, it was particularly successful in England, where it was reprinted several times. A Spanish translation was made by Luis Hurtado in 1547, preceding the actual publication of the Portuguese text in 1567. It was translated from the Portuguese by Eugène-François Garay de Montglave and can be found in Eugène Renduel, Bibliothèque portugaise Warnier, 1829, Paris, 4 vol.

He also wrote an autobiographical work called Desculpas de uns amores, set in France, which was published posthumously in 1624. He died at Évora.

title: Francisco de Moraes


text:
Luis de Morales

Luis de Morales (1509 – 9 May 1586) was a Spanish painter active during the Spanish Renaissance in the 16th century. Known as "El Divino", most of his work was of religious subjects, including many representations of the Madonna and Child and the Passion.

Influenced by Raphael Sanzio and the of Leonardo da Vinci, especially in his early work, he was called by his contemporaries "The Divine Morales" because of his skill and the shocking realism of his paintings, and because of the spirituality transmitted by all his work.

His work has been divided by critics into two periods, an early stage marked by the influence of Florentine artists such as Michelangelo, and a more intense, more anatomically correct later stage with similarities to the works of German and Flemish Renaissance painters. The Prado Museum in Madrid holds around 22 paintings by Morales. Some of his works can also be seen at Salamanca's Cathedral and Museum in Plasencia and the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid.

Selected works

 * La Virgen del Pajarito (Virgin of the Bird) (1546), kept in the church of San Agustín, in Madrid.
 * La Piedad (Pietà) (1560), kept in Badajoz Cathedral.
 * San Juan de Ribera (1564), in the Prado Museum, Madrid.
 * Ecce Homo, in the Hispanic Society of America.
 * La Piedad (Pietà), in the Prado Museum, Madrid.
 * Virgen de la leche (Breastfeeding Virgin), in the Prado Museum.
 * St. Jerome in the Wilderness, in the National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin.
 * Christ tied to a Column, at Kingston Lacy House (National Trust), Dorset U.K.
 * Madonna della Purità, in the Basilica of San Paolo Maggiore, Naples, Italy.
 * La Piedad (Pietà) , Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid.
 * Christ before Pilate, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid.
 * Virgin and Child with the infant St. John the Baptist, Salamanca's Cathedral
 * Lamentation of the Christ, Museo de Salamanca.

title: Luis de Morales


text:
Robert Morant

Sir Robert Laurie Morant, (7 April 1863 – 13 March 1920) was an English administrator and educationalist.

Career overview
Born in Hampstead, Morant was the older brother of Amy Morant. He was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford where he took a First in Theology.

After a year teaching at a Preparatory School he was appointed as tutor to the crown prince of Siam. On his return he worked at the Toynbee Hall settlement in the East End of London.

He then joined a research unit reporting to the Privy Council on Education and thence to the Board of Education, where he rose rapidly and served as private secretary to Sir John Gorst, Vice-President of the Committee on Education until 1902. He was responsible for some of the new ideas in the Education Act 1902, and was appointed Permanent Secretary to the Education Board in April 1903, being thus placed in a position to ensure the Board effectively implemented the act. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1902 Coronation Honours, and promoted to Knight Commander (KCB) of the order in the 1907 Birthday Honours.

In 1905 he was involved in a dispute concerning a school inspection report by Katherine Bathurst and her outspoken views on elementary education for under fives. This resulted in Bathurst having to resign and for the ministry publishing her report but with Morant's apologies and annotations.

In 1911 he was forced to resign as Permanent Secretary of the Board of Education after the leaking of a confidential report critical of school inspectors. Written by the chief inspector, it disparaged inspectors who had no more than an elementary education and recommended that inspectors should in future been drawn from Oxbridge graduates. Under pressure of work, Morant approved the report without reading it and, as a civil servant, was unable to reply to public criticism, including questions in the House of Commons, and from Edmond Holmes. He then accepted a post chairing the commission to implement the National Insurance Act 1911. This included a huge and wide-ranging task of administration and even included the foundation of the precursor of the Medical Research Council. Morant promoted and largely drafted the National Insurance Act 1913, correcting problems in the previous Act.

He served on the Haldane committee on the machinery of government, 1917–18.

When the Ministry of Health was created in 1919 he became its Permanent Secretary.

He died of influenza on 13 March 1920 aged 56.

In 1917 Beatrice Webb called him "the one man of genius in the Civil Service", and A. L. Rowse, writing in 1942, said he was "by universal acclaim the greatest civil servant of his time".

Family
In 1896 he married Helen Mary Cracknell.

title: Robert Morant


text:
Kastamonu

Kastamonu, formerly Kastamone/Castamone (Κασταμονή) and Kastamon/Castamon (Κασταμών), is a city in northern Turkey. It is the seat of Kastamonu Province and Kastamonu District. Its population is 125,622 (2021). The city lies at an elevation of 904 m. It is located in the southern part of the province.

History
There are many ideas about the derivation of the name Kastamonu:

According to the first view, it should be considered that the name Kastamonu is Turkishized from the name Paphlagonía [Greek "land of Paphlagon (people)"]. The region covering the West Black Sea and Central Black Sea regions was called Paphlagonia before the Turks. Today, Kastamonu, Sinop, Bartın, Çankırı and Karabük are located in this region, while parts of Çorum, Bolu, Zonguldak and Samsun provinces remain within the region. The Paphlagonians, who dominated this region in 1000 BC, gave their name to this geography.

According to a second opinion, the city of Kastamonu took its name from the name Kastama, which was used for the same region in the Hittite period. The name Kastama turned into Kastamonu over time.

According to another view, the city of Kastamonu took its name from the combination of the words Gas and Tumanna. Gas, or better known as Kashkas, are among the first settlers of Kastamonu. Tumanna is the name of a city/region located on Kastamonu at that time. The combination of these two words took the form of Kastamonu over time.

According to a third opinion, the city of Kastamonu took its name from the combination of the words Kastra and Komnen. The word Kastra means "castle" in Latin. The Komnens are a Byzantine Dynasty and the settlers of this region during the Byzantine period. These two words took the form of Kastamonu over time.

Ibn Battuta visited the city, noting it as "one of the largest and finest cities, where commodities are abundant and prices low." He stayed here forty days.

The famous Sufi saint of the city is Sheikh Shaban Veli (Şaban-ı Veli in Turkish, d. 976 AH/1569 AD).

The Dress Code Revolution of Mustafa Kemal Pasha started on August 23, 1925, at Kastamonu. Atatürk made his historical speech concerning the "Hat and Dress Revolution" during his visit to Kastamonu in 1925 in the Republican People's Party building. The building is now used as the Archeological Museum of Kastamonu. The possessions used by Mustafa Kamal in his Kastamonu visit are also exhibited in the museum.

Cuisine
Typical country fare in Kastamonu includes a quick rose petal jam made with sugared water, citric acid and gül mayası – the latter is a preparation of culinary-grade rose petals with sugar and citric acid that preserves them and brings out their flavor and fragrance. Homemade hot sauce is made by simmering grated tomato, garlic, Turkish red pepper, hot peppers, sunflower oil, salt and pepper on the stove. Sweet katmer is made by preparing a simple unleavened dough of flour, salt and water that is smeared with a tahini and sunflower oil mixture as it is folded.

Breakfast might include farm made cheese, olives, pekmez, fried potatoes, rose jam homemade hot sauce, eggs served hot in the pan (called sahanda yumurta), folded unleavened bread called katmer, fresh farm milk and black tea.

A speciality of Taşköprü, Kastamonu is freshly slaughtered whole lamb slow-cooked over the glowing embers of wood in a sealed, airtight "well" — this regional specialty is called kuyu kebabı in Turkish. A little water added to a tray ensures that steam keeps the meat moist throughout the cooking process.

Produces around 200 tons of pastırma each year, çemen is made using garlic that is locally produced by the farming villages of Taşköprü.

Economic history
In the early 20th century, nickel was mined in the area around Kastamonu.

Education
Kastamonu is home to Kastamonu University, which was established in 2006 by incorporating existing colleges, schools, and institutes that were previously under Ankara University and Gazi University. Notable high schools in Kastamonu are: Abdurrahman Paşa Lisesi, also known as Kastamonu Lisesi, the first modern high school that was established in Anatolia in late Ottoman Empire. Kastamonu Mustafa Kaya Lisesi, an Anatolian high school, one of the most successful high schools in Turkey outside Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir.

Geography
The town consists of 20 quarters: Kuzeykent, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Yavuz Selim, Budamış, Akmescit, Aktekke, Atabeygazi, Beyçelebi, Cebrail, Hepkebirler, Hisarardı, Honsalar, Inönü, Isfendiyar, Ismailbey, Kırkçeşme, Saraçlar, Topçuoğlu, Esentepe and Candaroğulları.

Climate
Kastamonu has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb, Trewartha: Dc) with cold winters and warm summers. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with a noticeable increase during spring.

Transport
The main bus station has bus links to most major Turkish cities. Kastamonu Airport is active. Kastamonu is also the main railroad endpoint for the West Black Sea region.

Notable natives

 * Latifî (1491–1582), Ottoman poet
 * Iovan Tsaous (Yiannis Eitziridis) (1893–1942), Greek musician and composer
 * Oğuz Atay (1934–1977), novelist
 * Rıfat Ilgaz (1911–1993), novelist
 * Halit Akmansü (1883–1953), military officer in the Ottoman and Turkish armies

title: Kastamonu


text:
User talk:K-Mile/Wiki Link Contest

Please discuss any concerns and ideas about this page here, thanks. K-Mile 11:17, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Contest motivation
I thought of the idea of this contest to encourage people to, in a fun and competitive way, explore more of Wikipedia than they do now. I think most users will stay in their select group of articles, and will not be active in say, physics AND music or politics. By getting users to explore other sections of Wikipedia, i think a more diverse Wikipedia will be the result.

The greatest concern is, that by rewarding people to follow links, is that users will create bogus links to an article so they can create a better chain of articles.

One of the possible solutions to that was to disqualify users that have editted the pages in the period that the current contest is active. The problem here is that users can simply log-out or create a different account (possibly on another computer) to suit there malicious needs.

As long as a solution to this problem is not found, unfortunatly this fun and encouraging way of exploring Wikipedia cannot be exploited.

-- K-Mile 22:33, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Wiki Link Contest?
I thought of a nice idea to encourage users to browse through the Wikipedia pages:

A small contest, that requires users to 'click' through subjects to get from one subject to another, with the least possible stages.

For instance:

Get from: Tombstone, Arizona

To:

Cassini-Huygens Mission

This is how i did it, there are possible other (shorter, funnier) ways as well...

Tombstone, Arizona -> Gunfight at the O.K. Corral -> Discovery Channel -> List of Discovery Channel programs -> The Blue Planet -> Ocean -> Titan (moon) -> Cassini-Huygens Mission

It could be possible to post a new challenge every day/month/week, and the one with the shortest route wins that contest (and ofcourse, receives enternal fame).

I did not know where to post this proposal, so i did it here. Maybe i could make an article of it, but its not really an encyclopedia article ;-)

--K-Mile 12:35, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Nice idea. You've picked a tough one to begin with, though, because your end point is actually a redirect rather than the main article, so not much links to it. In terms of length (though it's rather dull) how about Tombstone, Arizona -> 2000 -> 2003 -> October 15 -> Cassini-Huygens Mission. --   ALargeElk | Talk 13:12, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Someone beat you to this - Six degrees of Wikipedia :) Adam Bishop 13:13, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Fun game, but you can't use dates or years or it is too easy! Pcb21| Pete 15:10, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * There should be a limit at six. You know, like six degrees of Wiki. Mike H 15:12, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * 6 Degrees of Wiki is not a challenge, it is just existing links. What i had in mind was that the shortest, and most original/funniest links would be mentioned on the page. And, the 2 endpoints are set for that contest, so it's not just that you can find any link, it must be the specified one. (And back again :)) Wiki Link Contest <- I Will put it here -- K-Mile 15:38, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Nice idea. You might also like the Wiki-link Game -- Solipsist 23:09, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

See Votes for deletion/Wiki Link Contest for some more rather critical discussion of this idea. Please keep discussion in the VfD subpage to the topic of whether or not the page should be deleted. Andrewa 01:02, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:K-Mile/Wiki Link Contest


text:
Jozef Moravčík

Jozef Moravčík (born 19 March 1945) is a Slovak diplomat and political figure. He served as the prime minister of Slovakia from 16 March 1994 to 13 December 1994, and later as the Mayor of Bratislava.

title: Jozef Moravčík


text:
Henri Mordacq

Jean Jules Henri Mordacq (12 January 1868 – 14 April 1943) was a French general. During his early years as a captain he was the sabre champion of the French Army's officer corps. In World War I, he was a frontline commander of initially the, then the 90th Brigade, and finally the , in the process being wounded twice on the battlefield. In 1918 and the Paris Peace Conference, he was a close aide to Clemenceau.

Early career
Mordacq's military career began as a lieutenant in French Algeria before joining the Foreign Legion's 1st Foreign Regiment in French Indochina in 1893. Fighting off the remaining pirates in Tonkin, he became an intelligence officer during the Colonnes du Nord in 1896 where he met Joseph Gallieni and Hubert Lyautey. He returned to Algeria for a year and then studied in Paris at the École de guerre to become a staff officer. He then became known for his military writing advocating reforms from the military schools to tactical warfare. He became chief of staff of Georges Picquart's 10th Infantry Division. When Picquart became Secretary of War in Clemenceau's first Government in 1906, he became very influential as Picquart's right hand. He pushed for the nomination of former mentor Ferdinand Foch at the head of the École de guerre before becoming an instructor there in 1910. He gave there the first strategy course in France known as the Cours des maréchaux for it was only open to the top fifteen students at the École de guerre. He came back to the Office of war promoting further reforms. Then Secretary and former comrade at Saint-Cyr Adolphe Messimy nominated him Director-in-second and head of the military classes at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1912. He trained the future lieutenants and captains who would lead the French units in combat at the start of World War I.

1914
In August 1914, Mordacq was chief of staff of general Archinard's 1st Reserve Corps Group in the Eastern Army. When the Germans breached the French lines through Belgium, he asked for a frontline command and became commander of the famous. He immediately partook in the Battle of the Frontiers and his regiment participated in ending the German advance in the Vosges before the First Battle of the Marne led to the Race to the Sea. He then took command of the defence of Arras, the key to the sea and again halted the German advance there, which led to the front's stabilisation and the start of trench warfare.

1915
Promoted to colonel, he took command of the 90th Brigade which witnessed on 22 April 1915 the first chemical attack in history. His troops stood firm in the following weeks and retook lost ground.

1916
He was made général de brigade in 1916 and led the, which fought in the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme.

1917
In early 1917, he led his division in the Champagne region and threw back the Germans back to their lines before the Chemin des Dames attack.

He was to command an infantry corps in Italy but was called in early November 1917 to become the military chief of staff in Clemenceau's second government in what was to be nicknamed the Ministère de la Victoire.

In government
He proved himself essential to the French command's reorganisation and was Clemenceau's influential right-hand man (his main military advisor) from 1917 to 1920, thus participating extensively in the Allied victory of 1918.

In January 1920, he became commander of the 30th Infantry Corps occupying in Rhineland in Wiesbaden. He remained at his command until 1925 when he left the army, resenting the contemporary political and military leaders who alienated him for his criticism of the appeasement policy toward Germany and for his unrelenting loyalty to Clemenceau in 1920.

Retirement
From 1925 to his death in 1943, Mordacq wrote more than twenty books and published dozens of articles in influential reviews to promote Clemenceau and his actions in the troubled days from November 1917 to 1920, explaining the choices and reforms which were made in order to achieve military and political victory.

He criticised former friend Philippe Pétain's promulgation of racial laws in 1941. Mordacq was found dead in the Seine under the Pont des Arts on 12 April 1943. The authorities at the time claimed this was the result of suicide.

His last literary work on World War I, part 4 in the series "The Great Hours of War", titled, "1917, The Year of Anguish", was released just after the onset of World War II, in 1940.

Works (titles translated from French)

 * Mordacq, Captaine, The War in Morocco: Tactical Lessons of the two Franco-Moroccan (1884) and Spanish-Moroccan (1859-1860) Wars, Paris: Lavauzelle, 1896
 * Mordacq, Captaine, "Pacification of Upper Tonkin: History of the last military operations, Northern Columns (1895-1896)", Paris: Chapelat, 1901
 * Mordacq, Captaine, "The officer in the new army: his professional training", Paris: Lavauzelle, 1906
 * Mordacq, Captaine (pseudonym Jibé Gal), "The New Army, what it thinks, what it wants", Paris, Plon, 1906
 * Mordacq, Commandant, The War in Africa: Big Columns Tactics, Lessons from the Expedition against the Beni Snassen (1859), Paris: Chapelat, 1908
 * Mordacq, Commandant, "The Fighting Cyclists", Paris: L. Fournier, 1910
 * Mordacq, Commandant, "The Strategy: Historical Evolution", Paris: Fournier, 1912
 * Mordacq, Commandant, "Strategic Trials: The Duration of the Next War", Paris: Levrault, 1912 (extract from "The General Military Review")
 * Mordacq, Commandant, "A lived strategic situation: the prodromes of Moukden", Paris: Berge-Levrault, 1912 (extract from "The General Military Review")
 * Mordacq, Lieutenant-Colonel, "The Sudanese Cavalry Soldier", Paris: Lavauzelle, 1912
 * Mordacq, Lieutenant-Colonel, "Politics and Strategy in a Democracy", Paris: Plon, 1912
 * Mordacq, Lieutenant-Colonel, "War in the 20th century, strategic essays", Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1914
 * Mordacq, Lieutenant-Colonel, "Military Life in France and Abroad: The Officer in the 20th Century", Paris: Alcan, 1914
 * Mordacq, Général H., "The German mentality; five years in command on the Rhine", Paris: Plon, 1925
 * Mordacq, Général H., "Evacuation of the Rhineland?", Paris: Tallandier, 1928
 * Mordacq, Général, "Unity of Command: How it Was Achieved", Paris: Tallandier, 1929
 * Mordacq, Général, "The World War, lived pages. The Truth About the Armistice", Paris: Tallandier, 1929
 * Mordacq, Général, "Could the armistice be signed in Berlin?...", Paris: Grasset, 1930
 * Mordacq, Général, "The Clemenceau ministry, diary of a witness" (4 vol.), Paris: Plon, 1931
 * Mordacq, Général, "Clemenceau at the end of his life, 1920-1929" (2 vol.), Paris: Plon, 1933
 * Mordacq, Général, "The drama of the Yser; the gas surprise" (April 1915)", Paris: Éditions des Portiques, 1933
 * Mordacq, Général H., "The Truth About One Command", Paris: Éditions Albert, 1934
 * Mordacq, Général H., "Why Arras was not taken (1914)", Paris: Plon, 1934
 * Mordacq, Général, "The Lessons of 1914 and the Next War", Paris: Flammarion, 1934
 * Mordacq, Général H., "Should we change the government?", Paris: Michel, 1935
 * Mordacq, Général H., "Legends of the Great War", Paris: Flammarion, 1935
 * Mordacq, Général (as Preface), "The 25th, 65th and 106th Infantry Battalions during the Great War", Paris: Caudron, 1936
 * Bismarck, Otto von (with Henri Mordacq as Preface), "Bismarck's Political Testament", Paris: Corrêa, 1937
 * Mordacq, Général H., "The armistice of November 11, 1918. Account of a witness", Paris: Plon, 1937
 * Mordacq, Général H., "The Great Hours of War, 1914 (vol. 1), The War of Movement", Paris: Plon, 1938
 * Mordacq, Général H., "National Defense in Danger", Paris: Les Éditions, 1938
 * Mordacq, Général H., "The Great Hours of War, 1915 (vol. 2), Trench Warfare", Paris: Plon, 1939
 * Mordacq, Général H., "The Great Hours of War, 1916 (vol. 3), Verdun", Paris: Plon, 1939
 * Mordacq, Général H., "A Great Polish Victory", Paris: Atlas, 1939
 * Mordacq, Général H., "Clemenceau", Paris: Les Éditions de France, 1939
 * Mordacq, Général H., "The Great Hours of War, 1917 (vol. 4), The Year of Anguish", Paris: Plon, 1940

title: Henri Mordacq


text:
Charles Mordaunt

Charles Mordaunt may refer to:

 * Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough and 1st Earl of Monmouth, English soldier
 * Charles Mordaunt, 4th Earl of Peterborough and 2nd Earl of Monmouth
 * Sir Charles Mordaunt, 6th Baronet, MP Warwickshire
 * Sir Charles Mordaunt, 8th Baronet, MP Warwickshire
 * Sir Charles Mordaunt, 10th Baronet, MP South Warwickshire

title: Charles Mordaunt


text:
Elinor Mordaunt

Evelyn May Clowes, known by the pseudonym Elinor Mordaunt (7 May 1872 – 25 June 1942), was an English author, writer and traveller born in Nottinghamshire, England. Her travels included Mauritius and Australia; she undertook a wide variety of employment.

Early life
Mordaunt was the fifth child of St. John Legh Clowes, a South African writer, and the Honourable Elizabeth Caroline Bingham. She was born in the village of Cotgrave, Nottinghamshire, and christened as Evelyn May Clowes. Her maternal grandfather was the Irish nobleman Denis Arthur Bingham, 3rd Baron Clanmorris.

Growing up in genteel circumstances, her early childhood was spent at Charlton Down House near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, and her teenage years near Heythrop in the Cotswolds. She was educated at home by governesses, excelling at German, Latin, Greek, shorthand writing, landscape painting, and fabric and wallpaper design.

Australia
In 1897 she went to Mauritius as companion to her cousin Caroline (wife of Sir George Le Hunte) and in 1898 married Maurice Wilhemn Wiehe, who owned a sugar plantation. She gave birth to two stillborn children. After a few years of marriage, she found it impossible to live with her husband and returned to England. Shortly afterwards she went to Australia, arriving 10 June 1902 and lived at Melbourne for about eight years. Her son, Godfrey Weston Wiehe, was born 9 March 1903.

It was necessary for Mordaunt to earn a living and while in Melbourne she edited a woman's fashion paper, wrote short stories and articles, made blouses, designed embroideries, tilled gardens, acted as a housekeeper, and did artistic work. Her health was not strong, but she undertook any kind of work which would provide a living for herself and her infant son. This gained her an experience of life which was of the greatest use to her as an author.

Writings
Mordaunt's first book, the Garden of Contentment, was published in England in 1902 under her pen-name Elinor Mordaunt. At Melbourne she published a volume of sketches, Rosemary, That's for Remembrance (1909), and in 1911 appeared On the Wallaby through Victoria, by E. M. Clowes, an interesting account of conditions in that state at that period. Returning to England on 14 July 1909 she soon began a long series of volumes of fiction. She changed her name by deed poll to Evelyn May Mordaunt on 1 July 1915 and gained a reputation as a writer of short stories for magazines.

Mrs Mordaunt travelled in the East Indies and adjacent islands and used her experiences in her fiction, and in travel books such as The Venture Book, The Further Venture Book, and Purely for Pleasure. Her autobiography, Sinabada, published in 1937, includes an account of her early life in Australia with appreciative reference to the kindnesses she had received. Her son by her first marriage was alive when she was writing Sinabada; she mentions that he had married and had children.

Second marriage
On 27 January 1933 at Tenerife, Canary Islands, she was married to Robert Rawnsley Bowles, aged 66, a retired barrister from Gloucestershire. In her own words, the marriage "ended in tragedy."

Death
She died on 25 June 1942 at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.

Literary reputation
Possibly her best work was put into her short stories, often showing a grim sense of tragedy and humour. A collection of them appeared in 1934, The Tales of Elinor Mordaunt. In addition to the volumes included in Miller, she was also the author of Death it is, Judge Not, Hobby Horse, Roses in December, Tropic Heat, Here Too is Valour, and Blitz Kids. Mordaunt was revealed as the author of a pseudonymous novel called Gin and Bitters (1931), referencing the debate in the London publishing world over whether Somerset Maugham had based the character of Alroy Kear in Cakes and Ale on Hugh Walpole. The book was removed from sale in the UK, apparently under pressure from Maugham.

As E. M. Clowes
Non-fiction
 * On the Wallaby: Through Australia (1911)

As 'Eleanor Mordaunt'

 * A Ship of Solace (1911)
 * The Cost of It (1912)
 * Lu of the Ranges (1913)
 * The Garden of Contentment (1913)

As 'Elinor Mordaunt'
Non-fiction Novels Short story collections
 * People, Houses and Ships (1924)
 * The Further Venture Book (1926)
 * Purely for Pleasure (1931)
 * Sinabada (1937)
 * Hobby Horse (1940)
 * Simpson (1914)
 * Bellamy (1914)
 * The Rose of Youth (1915)
 * The Family (1915)
 * The Park Wall (1916)
 * The Pendulum (1918)
 * The Processionals (1918)
 * The Little Soul (1920)
 * Laura Creichton (1921)
 * Alas, That Spring - ! (1922)
 * Reputation (1923)
 * The Dark Fire (1927)
 * The Centre of the Cyclone. Serialised: Daily Mirror (1928)
 * And Then? (1927)
 * Father and Daughter (1928)
 * These Generations (1930)
 * Full Circle (1931)
 * Cross Winds (1932)
 * The Girl and the Colt. Serialised: Wicklow People (1932)
 * Mrs Van Kleek (1933)
 * Royals Free (1937)
 * Three Generations (1937)
 * Pity of the World (1938)
 * Roses in December (1939)
 * Judge Not (1940)
 * Blitz Kids (1941)
 * This Was Our Life (1942)
 * To Sea, To Sea (1943)
 * The Island (1914)
 * Before Midnight (1917)
 * Old Wine in New Bottles (1919)
 * Short Shipments (1922)
 * Shoe and Stocking Stories (1926)
 * Traveller's Pack (1933)
 * The Tales of Elinor Mordaunt (1934)
 * Death It Is (1939)
 * ''The Villa and The Vortex (2021)

As 'A. Riposte'

 * Gin and Bitters (1931)

title: Elinor Mordaunt


text:
The Freebooter of the Baltic

The Freebooter of the Baltic (Fribytaren på Östersjön, 1857) is an early novel by the Swedish romantic novelist Viktor Rydberg. The adventure is set in 17th century Sweden and is a swashbuckling tale of piracy on the high seas, with political overtones. Several historical people are portrayed in the book, such as Bengt Skytte, Maria Skytte, Christina Anna Skytte and Gustav Skytte.

The novel was translated into English by Caroline L. Broomall in 1891.

title: The Freebooter of the Baltic


text: Category:Phonetics

title: Category:Phonetics


text:
Mikhail Mordkin

Mikhail Mordkin (Михаил Михайлович Мордкин; December 9, 1880, Moscow, Russian Empire – July 15, 1944, New York) graduated from the Bolshoi Ballet School in 1899, and in the same year was appointed ballet master.

He joined Diaghilev's ballet in 1909 as a leading dancer. After the first season he remained in Paris to dance with Anna Pavlova. He then formed his own company, the All Star Imperial Russian Ballet, which toured America in 1911 and 1912.

Mikhail returned to the Bolshoi and was appointed its director in 1917. He left Russia after the October Revolution, first working in Lithuania, and finally settling in the United States in 1924. He founded the Mordkin Ballet in 1926, for which he choreographed a complete Swan Lake and many other ballets. His company included such distinguished artists as Hilda Butsova, Felia Doubrovska, Pierre Vladimiroff, Vera Nemtchinova and Nicholas Zvereff. After a European tour the company disbanded in 1926.

Mordkin continued to be a freelance artist and teacher, including at the Cornish School in the 1920s. From among his students in America he formed a new Mordkin Ballet in 1937. Although he had been pushed into the background, Mordkin helped build the foundation for ballet in America including through the Mordkin Moser Conservatory whose alumni included Donald Heywood.

Mikhail Mordkin died in Millbrook, New York.

Cultural depictions

 * Anna Pavlova, film by Emil Loteanu; portrayed by Grigore Grigoriu (1983).

title: Mikhail Mordkin


text:
Paul Elmer More

Paul Elmer More (December 12, 1864 – March 9, 1937) was an American journalist, critic, essayist and Christian apologist.

Biography
Paul Elmer More, the son of Enoch Anson and Katherine Hay Elmer, was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was educated at Washington University in St. Louis and Harvard University. More taught Sanskrit at Harvard (1894-1895) and Bryn Mawr (1895-1897).

After his short career as an academic, he worked as a literary editor on The Independent, the New York Evening Post and The Nation. He started on his Shelburne Essays in 1904; they were to run to 11 published volumes, drawing on his periodical writing, and were followed later by the New Shelburne Essays, in three volumes from 1928.

In his literary criticism, More generally upheld the classical English authors who display, as he put it, a "deep-rooted sense of moral responsibility"—Shakespeare, Johnson, Trollope, Newman—while also accepting those lusty writers of France and America who cannot help but be a little too honest. As Francis X. Duggan notes, "the immorality More most objects to, the most serious offence an artist can commit, is not the obvious one of obscenity or suggestiveness, but a falsification of human nature, the denial of moral responsibility".

He wrote several books after his retirement from journalism, including Platonism (1917); The Religion of Plato (1921); Hellenistic Philosophies (1923); and his last published work, the autobiographical Pages from an Oxford Diary (1937). His Greek Tradition, 5 vols. (1917–27), is generally thought to be his best work.

During the last 15 years of his life, More wrote several books of Christian apologetics, including The Christ of the New Testament (1924), Christ the Word (1927), and The Catholic Faith (1931). As Byron C. Lambert notes, "More's final mission was profoundly religious and what he wanted to leave to the world".

Nevertheless, although Russell Kirk judged him "the twentieth century's greatest apologist", More is little read by Christians today. In Lambert's view, the reason is that More's "Christianity was altogether too idiosyncratic for most Christians". "[T]oo exotic to be intelligible and too conditional to be authoritative", he lacked the power of "unabashedly orthodox" writers like C. S. Lewis or G. K. Chesterton "to bring Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, and even fringe believers together in a way that is the surprise of divided Christendom".

That said, the man of whom Russell Kirk wrote, "as a critic of ideas, perhaps there has not been his peer in England or America since Coleridge," has much to offer the discriminating Christian reader. Kirk cites, for instance, More's insight into the "enormous error" of secular humanists. When the religious impulse is replaced by "mere 'brotherhood of man,' fratricide is not far distant." More wrote that the one effective way of "bringing into play some measure of true justice as distinct from the ruthless law of competition...is through the restoration in the individual human soul of a sense of responsibility extending beyond the grave." The alternative is a society "surrendered to the theory of ceaseless flux, with no principle of judgement except the shifting pleasure of the individual."

More saw the loss of Christian culture as entailing intellectual as well as moral collapse. He once remarked to Alfred Noyes that "the ability to think clearly and deeply has been vanishing from all sections of the modern world except those that have some grasp of the philosophy of religion, as it has been developed through two thousand years in the central tradition of Christendom".

More collaborated with Irving Babbitt from before 1900 in the project later labelled New Humanism.

More lived in Princeton, New Jersey. He died on March 9, 1937, at the age of 72.

Works

 * Helena, and Occasional Poems (1890).
 * The Great Refusal, Being Letters of a Dreamer in Gotham (1894).
 * A Century of Indian Epigrams: Chiefly from the Sanskrit of Bhartrihari (1898).
 * The Prometheus Bound of Aeschylus (1899).
 * Benjamin Franklin (1900).
 * The Jessica Letters: An Editor's Romance (1904).
 * Shelburne Essays; First Series (1904).
 * Shelburne Essays; Second Series (1906).
 * Shelburne Essays; Third Series (1906).
 * Shelburne Essays; Fourth Series (1906).
 * Shelburne Essays; Fifth Series (1908).
 * Studies of Religious Dualism: Shelburne Essays; Sixth Series (1909).
 * Shelburne Essays; Seventh Series (1910).
 * Nietzsche (1912).
 * The Drift of Romanticism: Shelburne Essays; Eighth Series (1913).

 * Aristocracy and Justice: Shelburne Essays; Ninth Series (1915).
 * The Greek Tradition from the Death of Socrates to the Council of Chalcedon, 399 B.C.-A.D. 451, (Princeton: University Press, 1917–27, 5 vols.)
 * Platonism (1917).
 * The Religion of Plato (1921).
 * Hellenistic Philosophies (1923).
 * The Christ of the New Testament (1924).
 * Christ the Word (1927).
 * With the Wits: Shelburne Essays; Tenth Series (1919).
 * A New England Group and Others: Shelburne Essays; Eleventh Series (1921).
 * The Demon of the Absolute; New Shelburne Essays (1928).
 * The Catholic Faith (1931; rep. as Christian Mysticism: A Critique, 1932).
 * The Skeptical Approach to Religion; New Shelburne Essays (1934).
 * Anglicanism (1935, with Frank Leslie Cross).
 * On Being Human; New Shelbourne Essays (1936).
 * Pages from an Oxford Diary (1937, memoir).

Selected articles

 * "A New Translation of the Arthurian Epos," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. LXXXI, No. 484, 1898.
 * "The Wholesome Revival of Byron," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. LXXXI, No. 494, 1898.
 * "Santayana's 'Poetry and Religion'," The Harvard Graduates' Magazine, Vol. IX, 1901.
 * "Literary American," The Independent, Vol. LIII, 1901.
 * "The Dicast," The Independent, Vol. LIII, 1901.
 * "Brother Jasper and Galileo," The Independent, Vol. LIII, 1901.
 * "The Miracle of the Stone and the Mountain," The Independent, Vol. LIII, 1901.
 * "Books and Nature," The Independent, Vol. LIII, 1901.
 * "The Geology of the Soul," The Independent, Vol. LIII, 1901.
 * "The Sign of the Club," The Independent, Vol. LIII, 1901.
 * "Wealth and Culture," The Independent, Vol. LIV, 1902.
 * "Our Benevolent Feudalism," The Independent, Vol. LIV, 1902.
 * "Two Unpublished Stanzas of Goldsmith (?)," The Independent, Vol. LIV, 1902.
 * "A New Intrusion of Pedantry," The Nation, Vol. LXXVII, 1903.
 * "What Are Our Classical Men Doing?," The Independent, Vol. LV, 1903.
 * "Pedantry and Dilettantism in the Classics," The Independent, Vol. LV, 1903.
 * "A Romance Attributed to John Milton," The Independent, Vol. LV, 1903.
 * "Classical Teachers and the Public," The Independent, Vol. LV, 1903.
 * "Zola's Truth," The Independent, Vol. LV, 1903.
 * "Translation," The Independent, Vol. LV, 1903.
 * "The Carlyles," The Independent, Vol. LV, 1903.
 * "English Literature," The Independent, Vol. LV, 1903.
 * "Hawthorne: Looking Before and After," The Independent, Vol. LVI, 1904.
 * "The Agamemnon at Harvard," The Harvard Graduates' Magazine, Vol. XV, 1906.
 * "The Value of Academic Degrees," The Bookman, Vol. XXIII, 1906.
 * "The Teaching of the Classics," The Independent, Vol. LXV, 1908.
 * "Milton After Three Hundred Years," The Nation, Vol. LXXXVII, 1908.
 * "The Dualism of Saint Augustine," The Hibbert Journal, Vol. VI, 1908.
 * "Thomas Traherne," The Nation, Vol. LXXXVIII, 1909.
 * "The New Stage of Pragmatism," The Nation, Vol. LXXXVIII, 1909.
 * "News for Bibliophiles," The Nation, Vol. XCV, 1912.
 * "Herrick," The Nation, Vol. XCV, 1912.
 * "Jane Austen," The Nation, Vol. XCVII, 1913.
 * "The Lust of Empire," The Nation, Vol. XCIX, 1914.
 * "The New Morality," The Unpopular Review, Vol. I, No. 1, 1914.
 * "Natural Aristocracy," The Unpopular Review, Vol. I, No. 2, 1914.
 * "Gentle Uses of a Dictionary," The Nation, Vol. C, 1915.
 * "Harper's Song in 'Wilhelm Meister'," The Nation, Vol. C, 1915.
 * "Some Parallels in Henry Vaughan," The Nation, Vol. CI, 1915.
 * "Children's Books," The Nation, Vol. CI, 1915.
 * "The Parmenides of Plato," The Philosophical Review, Vol. XXV, 1916.
 * "Henry Vaughan," The Nation, Vol. CII, 1916.
 * "The Old Education and the New," The Nation, Vol. CII, 1916.
 * "Rabindranath Tagore," The Nation, Vol. CIII, 1916.
 * "The Problem of Poverty," The Unpopular Review, Vol. VI, No. 12, 1916.
 * "Taste and Tradition," The Unpopular Review, Vol. VIII, No. 15, 1917.
 * "Henry Adams," The Unpopular Review, Vol. X, No. 20, 1918.
 * "Theodore Dreiser, Philosopher," The Weekly Review, Vol. II, 1920.
 * "A Tory Unabashed," The Weekly Review, Vol. III, 1920.
 * "Dancing the Moral Tight-Rope," The Weekly Review, Vol. III, 1920.
 * "A 19th Century Ishmaelite," The Villager, Vol. IV, 1920.
 * "A Lover of Lords and Books," The Villager, Vol. IV, 1920.
 * "Progress," The Villager, Vol. IV, 1921.
 * "Dr. Freud Bowdlerized," The Weekly Review, Vol. IV, 1921.
 * "The New Thought," The Villager, Vol. V, 1922.

Miscellany
 * Prefatory note to The Complete Poetical Works of Lord Byron (1905).
 * Introduction to The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, by George Gissing (1913).
 * Commemorative Tribute to Henry Adams (1920).
 * "Religion and Social Discontent." In: Christianity and Problems of Today (1922).

title: Paul Elmer More


text:
Talk:Tory Reform Group

Untitled
This article seems woefully inadequate and makes no reference to the role of the Tory Reform Group today in the Conservative Party. Absolutely no reference to Macmillan's famous speech of 1985 that appears on the TRG website. Known also to recent publications which caught so much attention - particularly the recent pamphlet "What's wrong with British Foreign Policy?" The writer should update or seek some further information. (UTC)

Outdated Info
This article seems very out of date. The list of officers needs adding to - John Bercow MP, Baroness Verma of Leceister, Charles Hendry MP all became Officers at the Conservative Party Conference in 2006 - source - www.trg.org.uk - also reported in press. Rt. Hon. Michael QC MP is also a patron of the Tory Reform Group. There is really nothing post 2001 on this page, which is a pity for one of the party's big pressure groups. [User:TimothyCrockford] 21.46, 19 Jan 2007 (UTC)

Currie
I would like to see a cite for the claim that Edwina Currie has defected. Morwen - Talk 11:26, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * since that claim has now gone, the article is no longer factually disputed, right? Joolz 17:35, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Membership numbers
It says "membership has continued to grow". That's unusual for any political movement, especially one that has lost out so badly. Can anyone provide a citation for this? --JASpencer 23:33, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I've removed that paragraph as I've seen no claims from the TRG that membership has grown, and no external references to it. --JASpencer 13:40, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I can confirm that membership numbers have continued to grow. I can also confirm that the TRG has no official position on Europe and has not had for many years, as can be seen from the TRG's publications list over the last seven or eight years. The focus of its deliberations have been domestic policy. My source? I am Chairman of TRG. Now that may not make me impartial, but it does allow me to know the factual position.--TimothyPLBarnes 19:48, 1 May 2006 (GMT)

 * This is certainly interesting. On the membership issue does the TRG publish it's membership figures?  This would definately be worth including if it can be cited.
 * On Europe, the TRG is affiliated to Conservative Mainstream and the Conservative Group for Europe. Although the TRG may specialise in domestic affairs it can't really be said to be neutral on Europe.
 * Is the TRG's position a conscious one? This also would be worth noting, as certainly in the late 1990s there were pro-European arguments published by the TRG
 * Thank you again for contributing, although please be careful to keep within the WP:VANITY rules. Although your edits are definately welcome, they should be backed by citable information - specifically if you are closely aligned to the group that you are writing about.
 * JASpencer 20:50, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality/Reversion
I've not looked at the article for some time, so someone has put in an awful lot of propoganda in. I'm trying to repair this. Citations would definately be useful. JASpencer 16:57, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * On second thoughts I've reverted it. A lot of unsourced statements inserted and information deleted without reason by an anon IP.  JASpencer 17:01, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Puzzling
On the one hand...

''The number of prominent members of the group in positions of influence in the party has gradually declined. For example the most prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet who was also a member of the TRG, Damian Green, was forced from the Shadow Cabinet in 2004 (that said, he returned to the frontbench in 2005 as a spokesman on home affairs and shadow minister for immigration).''

On the other hand, er, Ken Clarke is in the shadow cabinet, right? john k (talk) 00:21, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tory Reform Group


text:
Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry

Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry (13 January 1750 – 28 January 1819), son of Bertrand-Médéric and Marie-Rose Moreau de Saint-Méry, was born in Fort-Royale, Martinique. He was a lawyer and writer with a career in public office in France, Martinique, and Saint-Domingue (now the Republic of Haiti). He is best known for his publications on Saint Domingue and Martinique. He married into a well-positioned family which allowed him to expand his connections among French people and in time, positioned himself as a member of the Parliament of France. Moreau was deeply involved in the founding of the Museum of Paris which he was later appointed president of in 1787.

Education and influences
Although he did not come from a family of significant means, Moreau used the inheritance he received from his grandfather to study law in Paris. There, he argued that colonial law, drafted in France, was not fitting for the realities of the French Caribbean. He owned slaves, was a freemason and a member of the Cercle des Philadelphes – a colonial scientific society – and sought to document life in the colonies. He was influenced by the scientific projects of the Enlightenment.

Writings
Moreau produced in-depth studies of the colonies only years before St-Domingue's revolution. As such, he spent time traveling in the Caribbean and returning to France to write and lobby until his involvement with the French Revolution led to the issuing of a warrant for his arrest. His most notable work, Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l’isle Saint-Domingue, which he wrote in 1789, has not been fully translated into English. This work develops an arithmetic theory of skin color and the epidermis for the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). It hierarchizes a possible one hundred and twenty-eight possible combinations of black-white miscegenation into nine categories (the sacatra, the griffe, the marabout, the mulâtre, the quarteron, the métis, the mamelouk, the quarteronné, and the sang-melé). His work reflects a preoccupation of white colonists on racializing those who intermarry and interbreed with slaves or free gens de couleur, establishing the caste of white colonists as l'aristocratie de l’épiderme.

Politics
A well-educated slave owner, he rejected the principle of the Natural Rights of Man in order to defend legal slavery and segregation on the basis of race. In his roles in the French parliament and on the colonial Governing Boards, he sought to maintain an economic system based on slave labor. To this end, he pursued the rights of colonists – mostly white planters – and sought a degree of self-determination for the French Caribbean. Moreau returned to France in 1788, where he became part of the Estates General which later named themselves as the National Assembly. There he represented the planters in Saint-Domingue and supported slavery, confronting the Society of the Friends of the Blacks. He had an important position in the founding of the Museum of Paris which he was later appointed president of in 1787. After his return to France in 1798, after his exile in the United States, Moreau's first position was that of a historian in the Ministry of the Marine. A couple years later, in 1802 he became administrator of Parma, Piacenza, and Gustalla, but later on his position was taken away by Napoleon because of his forgiving response towards a criminal conspiracy among the army.

Moreau in the United States
Moreau escaped Paris after a warrant for his arrest was placed in 1794. He relocated to Philadelphia after a short stay in New York City, leaving all his research on the Colony of Saint-Domingue behind, which he later was able to recover. In Philadelphia, he opened a bookstore in which he sold books and prints in many languages, as well as maps and music. The bookstore located at Front and Walnut became the meeting location for many other French exiles. Moreau became a member of the American Philosophical Societey in 1798, to which he was committed and introduced many of his emigres friends into the Society as well. Moreau had to escape back to Paris in 1798 escaping the Alien Bill imposed by the American president at the time, John Adams.

title: Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry