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John Kay (flying shuttle)

John Kay (17 June 1704 – c. 1779) was an English inventor whose most important creation was the flying shuttle, which was a key contribution to the Industrial Revolution. He is often confused with his namesake, who built the first "spinning frame".

Early life
John Kay was born on 17 June 1704 in the Lancashire hamlet of Walmersley, just north of Bury. His yeoman farmer father, Robert, owned the "Park" estate in Walmersley, and John was born there. Robert died before John was born, leaving Park House to his eldest son. As Robert's fifth son (out of ten children), John was bequeathed £40 (at age 21) and an education until the age of 14. His mother was responsible for educating him until she remarried.

Apprenticeship
He apprenticed with a hand-loom reed maker, but is said to have returned home within a month claiming to have mastered the business. He designed a metal substitute for the natural reed that proved popular enough for him to sell throughout England. After travelling the country, making and fitting wire reeds, he returned to Bury and, on 29 June 1725, both he and his brother, William, married Bury women. John's wife was Anne Holte. His daughter Lettice was born in 1726, and his son Robert in 1728.

In Bury he continued to design improvements to textile machinery; in 1730 he patented a cording and twisting machine for worsted.

The Flying Shuttle
In 1733, he received a patent for his most revolutionary device: a "wheeled shuttle" for the hand loom. It greatly accelerated weaving, by allowing the shuttle carrying the weft to be passed through the warp threads faster and over a greater width of cloth. It was designed for the broad loom, for which it saved labour over the traditional process, needing only one operator per loom (before Kay's improvements a second worker was needed to catch the shuttle).

Kay always called this invention a "wheeled shuttle", but others used the name "fly-shuttle" (and later, "flying shuttle") because of its continuous speed, especially when a young worker was using it in a narrow loom. The shuttle was described as travelling at "a speed which cannot be imagined, so great that the shuttle can only be seen like a tiny cloud which disappears the same instant."

Opposition
In July 1733, Kay formed a partnership in Colchester, Essex to begin fly-shuttle manufacturing. No industrial unrest was anticipated, this being the first device of the modern era to significantly enhance productivity. But by September 1733 the Colchester weavers, were so concerned for their livelihoods that they petitioned the King to stop Kay's inventions.

The flying shuttle was to create a particular imbalance by doubling weaving productivity without changing the rate at which thread could be spun, disrupting spinners and weavers alike.

Kay tried to promote the fly-shuttle in Bury, but could not convince the woollen manufacturers that it was sufficiently robust; he spent the next two years improving the technology, until it had several advantages over the device specified in the 1733 patent. This was to be one of his difficulties in the coming patent disputes.

In 1738 Kay went to Leeds, where his problem had become royalty collection (the annual licence fee was 15 Shillings per shuttle). He continued to invent, patenting some machines in the same year, though these were not taken up industrially.

The Shuttle Club
Kay (and, initially, his partners) launched numerous patent infringement lawsuits, but if any of these cases were successful, compensation was below the cost of prosecution. Rather than capitulate, the manufacturers formed "the Shuttle Club", a syndicate which paid the costs of any member brought to court; their strategy of patent piracy and mutual indemnification nearly bankrupted Kay.

In 1745, he and Joseph Stell patented a machine for cloth ribbon weaving, which they anticipated might be worked by water wheel, but they were unable to advance their plans because of Kay's legal costs. Impoverished and harassed, Kay was compelled to leave Leeds, and he returned to Bury. Also in 1745, John's twelfth, and final, child, William, was born.

Kay remained inventive; in 1746 he was working on an efficient method of salt production, and designing improvements to spinning technology: but that made him unpopular among Bury spinners. Also, fly-shuttle use was becoming widespread in weaving, increasing cotton yarn demand and its price; and Kay was blamed.

Life in France
He had suffered violent treatment in England, but he did not leave the country on that account, but because of his inability to enforce (or profit from) his patent rights. Trudaine's Bureau de Commerce was known to support textile innovations (and would later actively recruit immigrant inventors). Probably encouraged by the prospect of state support, in 1747, Kay left England for France (where he had never been before, and did not speak the language).

State subsidy
Kay went to Paris, and throughout 1747 negotiated with the French Government (in English) to sell them his technology.

Denied the huge lump sum he wanted, Kay finally agreed to 3,000 livres plus a pension of 2,500 livre, (annually from 1749) in exchange for his patent, and instruction in its use (to the manufactures of Normandy). He retained the sole rights to shuttle production in France, and brought three of his sons to Paris to make them. Although wary of entering the manufacturing provinces (because of his experiences with rioting weavers in England) he was prevailed upon to do so.

At one time, the French authorities may have discouraged his communication with England, but Kay wrote about the unanticipated use of his technology in England to the French government: "My new shuttles are also used in England to make all sorts of narrow woollen goods, although their use could have been more perfect had the weavers consulted me".

The beginning of mechanisation in French textile production is traditionally dated to 1753, with the widespread adoption of the flying shuttle there. Most of these new shuttles were copies, not made by the Kays. John Kay unsuccessfully tried to enforce his manufacturing monopoly, and began to quarrel with the French authorities, briefly returning to England, in 1756 (it is said that he was in his Bury home in 1753 when it was vandalised by a mob, and that he narrowly escaped with his life, but this is probably a 19th-century tale based on earlier Colchester riots; Kay was probably in France throughout the early 1750s).

He found his prospects in England unimproved; by 1758 he was back in France, which became his adopted country, though he was to visit England at least twice more. In the winter of 1765/66 he appealed to the Royal Society of Arts to reward him for his inventions, and exhibited his card-making machine for them. The Society could find no-one who understood the shuttle, and there was a breakdown in correspondence, so that no award was ever made. He was in England again in 1773, but returned to France in 1774 having lost his pension (at aged 70).

Old age
His offer to teach pupils if the pension were restored was not taken up, and he spent his remaining years developing and building machines for cotton manufacturers in Sens and Troyes. Though he was busy with engineering and letter-writing until 1779, he received only 1,700 livres from the French state over these five years, reaching a state of penury in March 1778 before receiving his final advance (to develop yet more machinery).

His last known letter (8 June 1779) listed his latest achievements for the Intendant de Commerce, and proposed further inventions. But since these were never made, and no more is heard of the 75-year-old Kay, it is believed that he must have died later in 1779.

Legacy
In Bury, Kay has become a local hero: there are still several pubs named after him, as are the Kay Gardens. Bury town centre has William Venn Gough's 1908 Memorial to John Kay (sculpture by John Cassidy). Planning began after a 1903 Bury public meeting launched a public subscription. 19th century efforts to acknowledge Kay achieved little, but by 1903 it was felt that Bury "owed John Kay's memory an atonement", and that all Bury should contribute in restitution to "that wonderfully ingenious and martyred man".

John Kay's son, Robert, stayed in Britain, and in 1760 developed the "drop-box", which enabled looms to use multiple flying shuttles simultaneously, allowing multicolour wefts.

His son John ("French Kay") had long resided with his father in France. In 1782 he provided an account of his father's troubles to Richard Arkwright, who sought to highlight problems with patent defence in a parliamentary petition.

Ford Madox Brown portrayed Kay and his invention in a mural painting in Manchester Town Hall.

Thomas Sutcliffe
In the 1840s, one of Kay's great-grandsons, Thomas Sutcliffe, campaigned to promote a Colchester heritage for Kay's family. In 1846 he unsuccessfully sought a parliamentary grant for Kay's descendants in compensation for his ancestor's treatment in England. He was inaccurate in the details of his grandfather's genealogy and story, and his "Fanciful and Erroneous Statements" were discredited by John Lord's detailed examination of primary sources.

title: John Kay (flying shuttle)


text:
Ecma International

Ecma International is a nonprofit standards organization for information and communication systems. It acquired its current name in 1994, when the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) changed its name to reflect the organization's global reach and activities. As a consequence, the name is no longer considered an acronym and no longer uses full capitalization.

The organization was founded in 1961 to standardize computer systems in Europe. Membership is open to large and small companies worldwide that produce, market, or develop computer or communication systems, and have interest and experience in the areas addressed by the group's technical bodies. It is located in Geneva.

Aims
Ecma aims to develop standards and technical reports to facilitate and standardize the use of information communication technology and consumer electronics; encourage the correct use of standards by influencing the environment in which they are applied; and publish these standards and reports in electronic and printed form. Ecma publications, including standards, can be freely copied by all interested parties without copyright restrictions. The development of standards and technical reports is done in co-operation with the appropriate national, European, and international organizations.

Unlike national standardization bodies, Ecma is a membership-based organization. It takes pride in the resulting "business-like" approach to standards, claimed to lead to better standards in less time, thanks to a less bureaucratic process focused on achieving results by consensus.

Ecma has actively contributed to worldwide standardization in information technology and telecommunications. More than 400 Ecma Standards and 100 Technical Reports have been published, more than $2/3$ of which have also been adopted as international standards and/or technical reports.

The memberlist of Ecma International is available on its website. Its members include IT companies, IT trade associations, universities, foundations and public institutions.

Standards
Ecma International is responsible for several standards, including:
 * ECMA-6 – 7-bit Coded Character Set (based on ASCII), also approved as ISO/IEC 646
 * ECMA-35 – Character Code Structure and Extension Techniques, also approved as ISO/IEC 2022
 * ECMA-48 – Control Functions for Coded Character Sets, also approved as ISO/IEC 6429
 * ECMA-107 – FAT12/FAT16 file system
 * ECMA-119 – CD-ROM volume and filestructure (later known as ISO 9660)
 * ECMA-130 – CD-ROM "Yellow Book" format
 * ECMA-262 – ECMAScript Language Specification (based on JavaScript)
 * ECMA-334 – C# Language Specification
 * ECMA-335 – Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
 * ECMA-341 – Environmental design considerations for electronic products
 * ECMA-363 – Universal 3D File Format
 * ECMA-367 – Eiffel: Analysis, design and programming Language (See Eiffel programming language)
 * ECMA-372 – C++/CLI Language Specification
 * ECMA-376 – Office Open XML (later known as ISO/IEC 29500)
 * ECMA-377 – Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) Recordable Cartridges
 * ECMA-378 – Read-Only Memory Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD-ROM)
 * ECMA-388 – Open XML Paper Specification
 * ECMA-402 – ECMAScript Internationalization API Specification
 * ECMA-404 – JSON
 * ECMA-408 – Dart language specification

Java programming language
Although Sun Microsystems submitted its Java programming language to Ecma, Sun subsequently withdrew the submission. Thus, Ecma is not responsible for the standardization of Java.

Office Open XML formats
Ecma is involved in the standardization of the Office Open XML format based on the XML office document formats by Microsoft. The Ecma Office Open XML maintenance process is performed by technical committee 45 (TC45).

Technical Committees
The Ecma standards are governed through Technical Committees assigned to particular areas or topics, such as:

 * TC39 – responsible for ECMAScript.
 * TC45 – responsible for Office Open XML.
 * TC53 – responsible for ECMAScript Modules for Embedded Systems.

Eco Declaration
In Ecma International Standard 370, Ecma joined with the Scandinavian IT Eco Declaration organisation to put forward a guideline for informing consumers about the environmental practices of the manufacturers of ICT and consumer electronics products.

The IT Eco Declaration includes information on the environmental practices of the manufacturer as well as product features, such as environmentally conscious design, batteries, acoustic noise, electrical safety, energy consumption, chemical emissions, substances and materials included, and packaging. This makes it easy to compare different suppliers and their products, as they all present the environmental features of their products in the same way, through a common industry standard reporting form.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ecma International


text:
Big Falls

Big Falls may refer to a location:

United States

 * Big Falls, a waterfall in Idaho
 * Big Falls, Minnesota, a city
 * Big Falls (Missouri River waterfall), near Great Falls, Montana
 * Big Falls, a waterfall on the Elk River (North Carolina–Tennessee)
 * Big Falls (Oregon), a waterfall near Terrebonne
 * Big Falls, Rusk County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Big Falls, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, a village

Other countries

 * Big Falls, Belize, a village in Toledo District
 * Several waterfalls in Nova Scotia, Canada

title: Big Falls


text:
User talk:GoldenBoy

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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Good luck!

title: User talk:GoldenBoy


text:
Big Timber

Big Timber may refer to:

 * Big Timber, Montana, city and the county seat of Sweet Grass County, Montana
 * Big Timber (1917 film)
 * Big Timber (1950 film)
 * Big Timber (TV series)

title: Big Timber


text:
Big Springs

Big Springs may refer to:

Settlements in the United States

 * Big Springs, the original name of Harpersville, Alabama
 * Big Springs, California
 * Big Springs, Indiana
 * Big Springs, Kansas
 * Big Springs, Nebraska
 * Big Springs, the original name of Caledonia (village), New York
 * Big Springs, Ohio

Bodies of water in the United States

 * Big Springs (Idaho)
 * Big Springs, an early name of the Las Vegas Springs oasis
 * Big Springs (California), a tributary at the source of the Owens River

title: Big Springs


text:
Ormsby

Ormsby may refer to:

Places

 * United States
 * Ormsby, Minnesota
 * Ormsby, Wisconsin
 * Ormsby County, Nevada
 * Carrick (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania, neighborhood formerly known as Ormsby or the Ormsby tract

 * United Kingdom
 * South Ormsby, village in Lincolnshire, England

Other uses

 * Ormsby (surname)
 * USS Ormsby (APA-49), Ormsby-class attack transport ship

title: Ormsby


text:
User:259

Like MC, who every asshat thinks I am (and, you're still all wrong)...
For the bad of Wikipedia, I've decided to leave, indefinitely.

This place fucking blows. 259 05:40, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:259


text:
User talk:259

Talk archive

Like MC, who every asshat thinks I am (and, you're still all wrong)...
For the bad of Wikipedia, I've decided to leave, indefinitely.

This place fucking blows. 259 05:40, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well on that high note - Goodbye! Brookie 16:06, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Woohoo!--195.92.168.173 01:47, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

The Game
Hi, I've been told you were the creator of The Game (game) article, if so, could you please contact me on my talk page or at jonty@losethegame.com Thanks. Kernow 22:31, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:259


text:
Big Flats

Big Flats may refer to:
 * Big Flats, New York, a town
 * Big Flats (CDP), New York, a census-designated place
 * Big Flats, Wisconsin, a town
 * Big Flats (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

title: Big Flats


text:
Symmes Purchase

The Symmes Purchase, also known as the Miami Purchase, was an area of land totaling roughly 311,682 acre in what is now Hamilton, Butler, and Warren counties of southwestern Ohio, purchased by Judge John Cleves Symmes of New Jersey in 1788 from the Continental Congress.

History
In the 1780s, Benjamin Stites, a friend of Symmes, was visiting Limestone (now Maysville, Kentucky) and lost some of his horses to theft by Native Americans. Pursuing them through the wilderness of southwestern Ohio, he travelled as far north as Xenia, observing the fertility of the country in the process. He was so impressed with the region that he informed Symmes of its prospects upon his return. Symmes gathered a syndicate, known as the Miami Company, to buy the land. The original contract was for 1,000,000 acre, but the company couldn't afford to pay for the land, and paid for and received only 311,686 acre in the southwest portion of the original tract. The land was $66 2/3$¢ per acre.

Location
The tract is bordered on the south by the Ohio River, on the west by the Great Miami River, and on the east by the Little Miami River. The northern boundary runs through Butler and Warren Counties about 25 miles north of the Ohio River. Sections of Todhunter and Garver Roads in Monroe, Monroe Road in Lebanon, and Oregonia Road in Turtlecreek Township run along the boundary.

Survey
Deeds in this area will refer to the "Between the Miami Rivers Survey", "M.Rs." or "M.R.S." (M.R.S. is also used to describe the "Miami River Survey" a survey west of the Great Miami River).

Unfortunately, Symmes' men committed many errors while performing the survey, including using magnetic north rather than correcting for true north. Further, Symmes sold much land that he did not own, some as far north as Dayton, meaning that some early settlers found themselves squatters on the public domain. Symmes also sold some land that he did own more than once.

Settlement
Three settlements grew up in the area in 1788, all near the Ohio River: Losantiville, North Bend, and Columbia. Losantiville was renamed Cincinnati in 1789 by Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory. They were among the earliest settlements in Ohio and the Northwest Territory. In 1789, Fort Washington was built in the reserved portion of the Purchase to protect the fledgling settlements.

title: Symmes Purchase


text:
Big Piney

Big Piney may refer to:

 * Big Piney, Wyoming, a town
 * Big Piney, Missouri, an unincorporated community

title: Big Piney


text:
User:Maradox~enwiki

Happiness is that state of consciousness which proceeds from the achievement of one's values. -- Ayn Rand

title: User:Maradox~enwiki


text:
Oronoco

Oronoco may refer to:

 * Places in the United States
 * Oronoco, Minnesota
 * Oronoco Township, Minnesota
 * Oronoco, Virginia

 * Other uses
 * Oronoco Rum, produced in Brazil

title: Oronoco


text:
User:Mrpoopyface

Not much to say at this point...

Edits before I registered are here.

title: User:Mrpoopyface


text:
User talk:Maradox~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Maradox. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Maradox~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:18, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:53, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maradox~enwiki


text:
Ivars

Ivars is a Latvian masculine given name, derived from Scandinavian Ivar. It also occurs as a surname in some cases.

Given name

 * Ivars Godmanis (born 1951), Latvian politician
 * Ivars Hiršs (1931–1989), Latvian-born American painter
 * Ivars Kalniņš (born 1948), Latvian actor
 * Ivars Knēts (1938–2019), Latvian materials scientist
 * Ivars Peterson (born 1948), Canadian mathematics writer
 * Ivars Timermanis (born 1982), Latvian basketball player
 * Ivars Kalviņš (born 1947), Latvian chemist and inventor
 * Ivars Ijabs (born 1982), Latvian political scientist and Member of the European Parliament
 * Ivars Punnenovs (born 1994), Latvian professional ice hockey player

Surname

 * Ann-Marie Ivars, Swedish Finnish linguist
 * Peter Ivars, Finnish orienteer

title: Ivars


text:
Orosi

Orosi can refer to:

 * Orosi district, in Cartago province, Costa Rica
 * Orosí Volcano in Guanacaste province, Costa Rica
 * Orosi, Iran
 * Orosi, California in the USA

title: Orosi


text:
Public domain (land)

Public domain land is land that cannot be sold because it legally belongs to the citizenry. Public domain land is managed by a public entity—such as a state, region, province or municipality—directly or by institutes or state companies. It is called dominio público (Spanish), domínio público (Portuguese), domaine public (French) or demanio pubblico (Italian).

United States
In the United States, land is public domain if it has belonged to the federal government since the 13 original colonies bought from indigenous tribes or from other countries, and has not been dedicated to a specific use. For most of the nation's early history, the federal government sought to promote settlement of the expanding frontier by deeding the public domain to states and private interests through the auspices of the United States General Land Office. The authority for this came under laws such as the Homestead Act, the Timber and Stone Act, and the Morrill Act.

Creation of the first public domain of the United States, the Northwest Territory, began an epoch in American political history. The government decided early to create new states from it, to add to the union in full equality to the original 13 states. Its subsequent expansion, the mode of its administration, legislation for its government, its relation to constitutional questions, the diplomacy and politics involved in its acquisition, its international boundary questions, the enactment of settlement laws, the attraction of immigrants and growth of population, internal improvements and increased facilities of transportation, the discovery of precious metals, and other topics of interest might be cited here in connection with the public domain.

History
During the American Revolutionary War, Congress spent vast sums and the nation was in debt. The government promised soldiers land in lieu of pay. After the Revolution, the new federal government owned all the public land except that within the 13 original colonies and a few non-original states. The land owned by the government was called The Public Domain. The Land Act of 1785 gave land warrants to the soldiers to fulfill the promise. The Act also allowed the Treasury Department to sell land in auctions to the highest bidders. A new surveying system was created. The first auction was held in D.C., but the land sold was in Ohio. Soldiers could not afford to travel to Ohio to see the land, and then back to D.C. for the auction. Soldiers sold their warrants, often too cheaply. The government sold 640 acres at a time, minimum. Small farmers could not afford the prices. Speculators bought the warrants, purchased land, and sold the land in smaller lots to small farmers, at a huge profit.

Later, the government lowered the minimum acres, and sold land on credit, and offered some free land. The government made more money this way by copying the speculators' method. The government gained other land in time. States were then carved out of the public domain. The government has sold or given away over one billion acres of land. 5 million land patents were granted. The Bureau of Land Management grew from the older United States General Land Office and now controls public domain land.

title: Public domain (land)


text:
Ragnar Arnalds

Ragnar Arnalds (8 July 1938 – 15 September 2022) was an Icelandic former MP and twice cabinet minister. He studied literature and philosophy in Sweden from 1959 to 1961 and graduated with a law degree from the University of Iceland in 1968. He was editor of Frjáls þjóð in 1960.

Arnalds served as a Minister of Education and Transportation from 1978 to 1979 and Minister of Finance of Iceland from 1980 to 1983. He was chairman of the People's Alliance (Alþýðubandalagið) from 1968 to 1977. He also served as chairman of Heimssýn, the Icelandic organisation opposed to membership of the European Union, from 2002 to 2009.

Arnalds served as a member of the board of governors of the Central Bank of Iceland. He was a member of the Left-Green Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin - grænt framboð).

Arnalds is also the author of several plays.

title: Ragnar Arnalds


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minions

This is an offensive user subpage written to target Mike Church, a mostly extinct Wikipedia editor.

Some of these "sock puppet" claims may be true, but a number of proven false ones are included on the page. Some of these users don't even exist; for example, User:521 has zero contributions. Most of these alleged sock puppets use distinctly different writing styles from Mr. Church's. A number of them seem to be anonymous accounts of Wikipedia users who wished to express opinions on controversial matters without it affecting the rest of their Wiki-lives. Others were new users who were turned away from Wikipedia from the ugly politics that emerged as soon as they commented on hot-button issues and were accused of being other users.

The page is inaccurate and defamatory, and is damaging to the working environment of Wikipedia. It ought to be deleted immediately. Maradox 17:10, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Maradox - Contributions!

 * Question: Have you contacted Isomorphic and asked if he or she will remove the page or why he or she believes it to still be necessary?  I agree that people are very quick to label sock puppets and that the local politics can be off-putting, but I hope we can get an amicable solution before VfD. Geogre 17:16, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: The fact that User:Maradox's second edit was to mark the page for deletion somehow makes me suspect an ulterior motive. Also I would like to note that 521 has in fact made edits, though to a deleted page. —No-One Jones 17:23, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Mike Church is easily one of WP's most controversial users. Most people who support him do so anonymously (like myself) because they don't want to see the disruptive wrath that was inflicted upon Mr. Church earlier this year. For example, a poster with six hundred edits, dating back to October, was once accused of being a "sock puppet" for Mike after writing a very cautiously pro-Ambition post. This kind of crap only adds to that environment. The sad fact of the matter is that no one would argue that Ambition was worth an article; Mike just made the mistake of writing the article himself. If he'd been older and wiser (he's what, 23?) he would have known that this would be bad form and lead to automatic rejection of his contributions. Neither Mike nor any of us can erase the blemish that mistake has given his Wiki-reputation, but we can erase the petty crap that comes out of these long-stale squabbles. Blue Dragon 19:50, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Blue Dragon - Contributions!
 * Oh, please. Mike Church is hardly "one of WP's most controversial users", much as he might like to think so. At the very most, he's an annoying self-promoter (and not the only one of those, might I add, Mr. my-first-edit-was-to-an-obscure-VfD-page). 24/142.177.etc/whatever he calls himself nowadays, who's carried on a two-year crusade against Wikipedia in any forum that won't kick him out, is "controversial"; most of the users on Requests for arbitration are "controversial"; Church is strictly a small-time pest. —No-One Jones 21:32, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep; anyone poking around on user sub-pages should realize the limitations of private work product and of guesses about sockpuppetry, so accuracy is not required. But it provides valuable clues to anyone willing to use it with that understanding. --Jerzy(t) 04:21, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)
 * Keep. Ambi 10:23, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. No case to answer. Andrewa 12:10, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'll also comment that User:Maradox is an unlikely candidate for Church-ness given that s/he quoted Ayn Rand on his/her user page. Also: Blue Dragon, Mr. Church is either 20 or 21, according to his user page. 259 17:38, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The evidence suggests that this is yet another M.C. sockpuppet. —No-One Jones 18:08, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mike doesn't seem to want to be on Wikipedia, Isomorphic and his herd don't want him here, and keeping this page is just going to provoke regular rashes of vandalism. It's not worth the time that will be wasted. Unattributable 17:58, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Unattributable - Contributions!
 * Sock puppet. —No-One Jones 18:03, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Your mom. Unattributable 18:37, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. —No-One Jones 18:08, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Part of one of the more clever but most petty smear campaigns in Wikipedia's history, one that has turned away hundreds of users and is mentioned in several disparaging reviews of Wikipedia. Zzzzzz 18:40, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Zzzzzz - Contributions!
 * Sock puppet. —No-One Jones 18:45, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep: I hope the users in question can sort out their differences. I haven't seen convincing arguments that the user pages violate Wikipedia policy, and therefore they stay.  I understand that they might be upsetting, but our user pages should be places for us to work through out Wikipedia-related thoughts, even if they're wrong.  Geogre 19:41, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Well said. Two quibbles. One, I don't think it's really a case of working out differences as one side has absolutely no case to answer IMO. Two, I'm unconvinced that this is all a particular user. It may be, but a number of people find it amusing to disrupt our activities. There was a similar deletion debate about one of Tim Starling's user pages a little while ago. And I can understand why most (not all) sock puppets dislike being identified, how would you like to have the whole logical basis for your being removed? (-> No change of vote. Andrewa 20:56, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Flip reply: Happened to me a long time ago.  It just left me wondering why I was here, and then I discovered Wikipedia. :-)  (Truthfully, I think the only possible response on these matters is to not engage the issues, but only to assess flatly on deletion criteria.  Anything else means that VfD gets to be another forum for airing grievances, and we'll see more people settling scores here.) Geogre 04:10, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Yeah, exactly. It's a balancing act between being proactive on one hand and avoiding trouble and time waste on the other. Andrewa 10:08, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: What Jerzy said.--Bishonen 20:13, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Jesus H. Christ. How many users have been registered solely for the purpose of voting to delete this article?  Whoever keeps doing this (Mike Church?), please cut out this stupid sock puppet crap; it isn't working, and I'm sick of liars.  Vote and argue under your own username.  Keep.  --Ardonik 20:48, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete with haste; there shouldn't even be a debate. I'm sick of this fucking childish, inane bullshit. I made some mistakes early on (like, February) in the overzealous promotion of my game and my ideas and people never forgave me. Why? Because they're petty, egotistical, and inherently negative. I've accomplished things-- for one, invented a well-respected card game-- through my talent, toil, and yes, some luck. Isomorphic et al, rather than investing time into their own accomplishments (and I'm sure many of these people are quite talented, some probably smarter than I am) spent hours upon hours attacking me for their own childish amusement. Why? It's hard to accomplish stuff; much easier to sit back and shit-talk others' achievements. Since then, they've done everything they possibly can to annoy or insult me, taunting me to get me as riled up as they possibly could; it was a source of humor for them. This is not good for my health, to be regularly angry. I left WP in disgust last May hoping I could end it, but then people began using the remaining Ambition page (which I wanted deleted) to insult me, both in subtle and not-so-subtle ways. So, yes, I'll admit I did a little bit of "sock puppetry" on Ambition (card game); I wanted it either deleted or modified in ways that were not insulting to me. The page was deleted, as I wished. And yet, this insulting, highly inaccurate page against me persists, and I will have it and any like it gone at all costs. My desire is to erase every trace possible of my existence on Wikipedia, for good. I have spent enough time on Wikipedia to know its fatal flaw: The massive egos of a few overzealous contributors dominate, and ruin the experience for everyone. Knowing this, I want no part. Furthermore, the highly inaccurate and, in many cases, provably slanderous statements on here about me and my supposed "sock puppetry" ought to be removed, and will at any cost. This page and all other slanderous claims about me ought to be removed now, so I can peacefully leave WP as I wanted to a long fucking time ago. Mike Church 22:32, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, and some reading for ya. It explains much more.User:Mike_Church/72804 Mike Church 22:38, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sock puppet. 936 22:41, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Pot. Kettle. Black. —No-One Jones 23:10, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete No personal attacks. The Steve 17:37, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There should be no debate. It should be a speedy deletion. It clearly violates # 4 on the list of what Wikipedia is not. Skyler 19:50, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Try as I might I can't see how you can get even a debatable violation of what Wikipedia is not out of this. It's a user page, so it doesn't need to meet the article guidelines, just the general ones, and it does. Whether the page is a personal attack is an opinion I guess, it seems to me that it's accurate and commendably dispassionate. There's a bit of humour in the wording which is helpful IMO seen in the context of the whole messy story of Ambition (card game), Mike Church's now deleted article about the game he wrote and promotes rather aggressively at times. No change of vote. Andrewa 00:53, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Reply: There are two parts of the "Wikipedia is not" article. The first is in general. The second applies to actual entries. Number 4 in the first part states, "Wikipedia is not a place to or means of calling people names or bashing people. It is a serious encyclopedia." I take that to mean any page under the domain of wikipedia.org, whether it be a subject entry or personal one. Whether it is a biased personal attack or a factual statement, it is punitive. I support the policy. Skyler 02:33, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I support the policy too. But I don't think this page exists to call Mike Church names or to bash him. I think it exists to help contain the damage caused by the unfortunate actions it documents, and is a very reasonable attempt at minimising the time wasted by everyone in the process. It's a shame such things are necessary, it's a thankless task as this debate has proved, and the page is not perfect but what is? No change of vote. Andrewa 13:04, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a vanity page. User:Isomorphic is an alternate screen name of Mr. Church, who created the page to glorify himself. Mr. Church created a lot of the users who have attacked him, to bring as much drama and press to his game as possible. I hung out with him a bit last winter and he had this all planned out, that he would create as much drama as possible, phase the page out in August or September, then people would wonder where it went. And he'd become famous, the story went. User:Isomorphic will fiercely deny being a sock puppet of him, as will others, such as Mr. No One Jones, but the fact is, they are. You have all been pwned. The troll you summoned 01:56, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The troll you summoned - Contributions!
 * Keep: Church is a serial liar and an admitted puppet master. Isomorphic's page is a public service, quite apart from being a user page. --Tagishsimon 01:58, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sigh. Creating this page was, admitedly, not my brightest moment on Wikipedia.  I let Mike's behavior get to me.  However, his comments above (all of them, not just the ones he made with his own account) give a pretty clear picture of what got me to that point.  I don't really care if the page is deleted eventually, since I can recognize Mike pretty easilly under any name he chooses.  Still, I don't think I could take the irony of having it deleted at the request of one of Mike's sockpuppets. Isomorphic 02:02, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I love the page name, very apt. We don't need to be humourless in the user namespace, especially in these matters. Hang in there. Assuming there is no consensus to delete, I hope we can keep this discussion for a while too, it contains some interesting stuff. Andrewa 21:14, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The page has outlived its usefulness, and maybe -- just maybe -- if we clear away all references to Mike Church, he really will go away. It's worth a try. In any event, the page isn't useful anymore. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:30, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Rather hard to clear out all the references, since he put so much effort into spreading them. Besides, he already made an enormous deal of "leaving" once, and what did that turn out to mean?  Only that we'd have to deal with sockpuppets instead of a fixed identity.  Do you think it will be different this time?  Isomorphic 02:41, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I guess you're right. I still don't think the page serves a purpose. Not that it matters a lot one way or the other. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:21, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think it matters. From time to time we suffer deliberate disruption by serial pests, for various reasons. It's important to have policies that allow us to deal with them efficiently. What Wikipedia is not and the deletion policy are two key policies. The only issue to be decided here is, under these does this user subpage qualify for deletion? The question is its existence, the details of its contents are another issue. IMO the subpage is a useful contribution to MWOT even if some of the contents are arguably a bit passionate, and even then I said arguably. My calling these people pests above is arguably a personal attack too. It's a fine, difficult and thankless line to walk between attack and dispassionate accuracy. Isomorphic has a history of patience, skill, hard work and a sense of humour in these matters (so no wonder some people don't like it), and has my support. No change of vote. Andrewa 20:58, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, it seems to me that Isomorphic has taken a big step over the dispassionate line, as you call it. Even the title, used instead of something like User:Mike Church's suspected sockpuppets tells me that Isomorphic has something against this other user.  Some of you may think it amusing, but to the ordinary contributor who knows neither user, such vitriolic humor only ends up making Isomorphic look worse than Mike Church.  The Steve 08:18, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I agree there are some things in the page that in hindsight are unfortunate, and I think Isomorphic has agreed with this too. I disagree that they are major seen in the context, and as for any comparison between the behaviour of Isomorphic (or me for that matter, see below) and his attackers (Church and/or others), come off it. But in any case, is VfD the appropriate way of handling this? Of course not. The first thing to do about a user page is to contact the user. Andrewa 21:28, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Look at all the bullshit this page attracts, on both sides. Maybe if it's deleted, the conflict will stop as there will be nothing to fight over. After all, the Ambition (card game) article is gone and I don't think anyone wants it back. 38 14:05, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 38 - Contributions!
 * Surprise surprise, 38 is on the list of sockpuppets. —No-One Jones 16:23, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: My guess is that Mike Church wants the article back very much. But it's a guess. If you like to have a look at the evidence, it's all online. That's what he's trying to stop now. There are some inconsistencies in his behaviour, yes, read Pavlov for some clues here, although we only briefly mention the work in question. Food for thought? Andrewa 21:26, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. (I already voted) Grow up, all of you. I know I'll get the label of "sock puppet" thrown at me; it's half-true. No, I'm not an M.C. sock puppet. I contributed under my real name until last spring, when an employer suggested I avoid such public exposure; this stuff gets copied a lot and is pretty prominent on the 'Net. I left Wikipedia, returned four months later with this name. According to Sock puppet this is appropriate, and so I feel no need to answer for anything, and will not reveal my prior identity.

 * Anyway: I do know Mr. Church, it being a small world and all, and I followed his contributions quite a bit while he was a contributor. A few points I'll make:

 * Mr. Church is a talented, energetic young man who, like most ambitious young men, has a pressing need to prove himself, bordering on insecurity. He lives in constant fear that he won't accomplish or be well-known for anything, despite proven mathematical and literary prowess. His zealous and, at times, dishonest promotion of his game comes from this pressing, almost neurotic, fear of obscurity.
 * Before he stomped out in disgust, it's true that about 20% of his contributions dealt with his card game. Another 20% was silly college-kid stuff (List of severed penises and dog years, I believe, he admitted). The other 60 or so percent were legitimate, well-written contributions (indeed, one of the criteria for M.C. sock puppetry has been good writing, which is stupid because there are a lot of good writers here). I think he honestly wanted to contribute something positive to Wikipedia. All of you forget this while you insult him in his absence, but for a while, he was as much a part of this thing as many of you were, and did as much as you did to build it.
 * I think he did engage in some "sock puppetry" (the anon. vandalism is obvious) but not as much as you might accuse. At any rate, is this so unforgivable? In his mind, he's inerrantly right but outnumbered, and the only way to counter an incorrect (as he sees it) majority is to create an illusion of support. It's not a good way to solve a problem, but it's not like you can't understand where he's coming from, especially when his adversaries would rather outright insult him than reach consensus.
 * I don't think this issue is permanently resolved, but not because of Mr. Church. What happens when Ambition does become well-known? The game, now, is not much more notable than Magic circa October '93, but its reputation at Carleton and in the surrounding community is pristine; it will probably break within 5 years. What happens then? Will the unwitting contributor who writes an article on the subject be insulted and interrogated mercilessly?
 * Mike realized, three months before you did, that this is a conflict he could either lose or walk away from. The same goes for all of you. Is Isomorphic's page going to serve any other purpose than as an excuse for Mr. C, and other trolls knowing their crimes will get pinned on some other guy, to vandalize pages? You won't gain anything by pursuing this conflict further; everyone is best to walk away.
 * At any rate: I still propose the speedy deletion of this page and any others that exist solely to insult this user; it borders on bullying. Then, a nine-month moratorium on any mention of Ambition on Wikipedia, regardless of what its notoriety does-- even if it were published in the New York Times, the game is not that important that Wikipedia can't function without it. It's best for everyone.
 * That's longer than I ever want to write again about another user. 259 22:50, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 259 - Contributions!
 * Your point?
 * Read again: I'm not an M.C. sock puppet. I contributed under my real name until last spring, when an employer suggested I avoid such public exposure; this stuff gets copied a lot and is pretty prominent on the 'Net. I left Wikipedia, returned four months later with this name.
 * I already explained and cleared the fact that my contribution list is short; I used to contribute under another name, until last April when I started at a somewhat political job and was requested to terminate my Wikipedia activity, at least under my real name.
 * Now, please reiterate the point you were trying to make. 259 13:25, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Your contributions speak for themselves. That's the point. --Tagishsimon, anonymously.
 * They speak... what, exactly? I'm not sure how you can infer any patterns, as I've only been on this name for a couple weeks. 259 22:52, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Some people are good at inventing card games. Some people are good at spotting patterns. Live & let lie, I say. (Sorry, my v key isn't working :) --Tagishsimon

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minions


text:
Ozona

Ozona may refer to:

 * Ozona, Florida, an unincorporated community
 * Ozona, Texas, an unincorporated community, census-designated place and county seat
 * Ozona High School
 * Ozona Municipal Airport - see List of airports by IATA airport code: O
 * Ozona Air Force Station, a former US Air Force radar station east of Ozona, Texas
 * Ozona, a 2004 EP and a 2005 album by the English rock band Goldrush

title: Ozona


text:
Owls Head

Owls Head or Owl's Head may refer to:

in Canada (by province)
 * Owls Head, Halifax, Nova Scotia, a community in the Halifax Regional Municipality
 * Owls Head, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, an island
 * Mont Owl's Head, Quebec

in the United States (by state)
 * Owl's Head Historic District, Des Moines, Iowa
 * Owls Head, Maine, a town in Knox County on Penobscot Bay
 * Owls Head Light, at the entrance to Rockland Harbor
 * Owls Head Transportation Museum, a working museum located next to Knox County Regional Airport
 * Owl's Head (Carroll, New Hampshire), a mountain in Coös County
 * Owl's Head (Franconia, New Hampshire), a mountain in Grafton County
 * Owls Head (Hebron, New Hampshire), a log cabin in Grafton County
 * Owl's Head Park, Brooklyn, New York
 * Owl's Head Skatepark, also known as Millennium Skate Park

title: Owls Head


text:
Hawaii Business

Hawaii Business is a Honolulu-based business magazine founded in 1955. Its parent company, PacificBasin Communications, also publishes Honolulu Magazine, Hawaii Home + Remodeling, Island Family, Ala Moana magazine, Hawaii magazine and Japanese language visitor publication Hawaii Ai.

History and profile
Founded in 1955, Hawaii Business is one of the oldest regional business magazines in America. Among its signature issues are the Best Places to Work (April), Hawaii Business Top 250, ranking Hawaii's largest companies (August); the Hawaii Business Black Book, profiling many senior executives of the Top 250 companies (December); Twenty People to Watch (March) and Top 100 Realtors (June).

The magazine's editorial content focuses on big issues concerning the state's major industries: tourism, construction, agriculture and real estate. The SmallBiz section, which runs every month, covers Hawaii's small businesses. Throughout the year, Hawaii Business produces business events and seminars aimed at the business community, with specific events tied to the signature issues. Events range from awards, to honoring specific individuals, to informative and educational forums and symposiums. In 2013, Bobby Senaha became the publisher of Hawaii Business.

title: Hawaii Business


text:
Eikaiwa school

Eikaiwa kyōshitsu (英会話教室) or Eikaiwa gakkō (英会話学校) are English conversation schools, usually privately operated, in Japan. It is a combination of the word eikaiwa (英会話) and gakkō (学校) or kyōshitsu (教室).

Although the Japanese public education system mandates that English be taught as part of the curriculum from the fifth grade, the focus is generally on English grammar. Some students attend eikaiwa schools to supplement their school studies, to study a second language, to improve their business skills, as a hobby, to help socialize, or to prepare for travel or marriage. Many parents send their children to these schools in the hope of improving their child's prospects for higher education, or to provide exposure to the ways and manners of people from other cultures. Contracted foreign teachers are often the principal selling point of an eikaiwa business.

Schools
The major chains of commercial language schools have branches in cities and towns throughout Japan, and there are large numbers of smaller independent outfits. Several chains offer instruction in other languages, including Spanish, French, Italian, German, Chinese, and Korean. These languages are taught primarily at larger city branches or through videoconferencing. In 2002, foreign language instruction in Japan was a 670 billion yen industry, of which the five largest chains (Nova, GEOS, ECC, Aeon, and Berlitz) accounted for 25%. Nova, the biggest, filed for bankruptcy in October 2007, although the brand continues to thrive under different management. Berlitz was once considered one of the "Big Four", but its market share has declined in recent years and it was overtaken by ECC. ECC and Aeon have become the most widely recognized such schools in Japan. The large chains run extensive advertising campaigns in print and on television; they sometimes feature Japanese or international celebrities in their promotions and have a very high profile and strong brand recognition often built on the personal and professional qualities of the foreign staff currently contracted to work for them.

A 2008 assessment of the language study market for fiscal year 2007 showed it had shrunk by over 61%, an effect of Nova's collapse, although demand for some services like software and lessons for children had increased. GEOS filed for bankruptcy in April 2010, and was acquired by Nova.

Average salaries for eikaiwa teachers have generally fallen since the 1980s. Eikaiwa teachers' unions have attempted to combat the decline in pay and benefits, with mixed results.

Staff
Eikaiwa teachers are generally native English speakers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, or New Zealand. According to The Japan Times, the Justice Ministry estimates that some 90 percent of foreign residents in Japan stay for three years or less. For eikaiwa teachers, however, that figure rises to between 96 and 97 percent.

Scandals
The American Club, once the largest school in Tochigi Prefecture, north of Tokyo, was sued twice by its employees in the space of 13 months for withheld wages. During the second lawsuit its directors fled, while ignoring a court order to pay. News reports indicated the business was closed, but according to its business registration it is still a legal operating entity with 30 million yen in equity, and has never been in a state of bankruptcy.

The collapse of the troubled Nova chain left thousands of western foreigners with no source of income and, in the majority of cases, no accommodation after their contracts were abruptly cancelled.

In 2014, Eikaiwa chain Gaba, famous for its "man-to-man" (one-to-one) lessons, came under fire from local print media for its handling of sexual harassment complaints against students. In the absence of a grievance procedure, the Gaba branch of the General Union had to resort to collective bargaining to resolve at least one dispute.

title: Eikaiwa school


text:
Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual

In computing, the Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual (ICCCM or I39L short for "I", 39 letters and "L") is a standard protocol for the X Window System. It specifies conventions for clients of a common X server about selections and cut buffers, communication with the window manager and session manager, manipulation of shared resources, and color characterization.

History
It was designed by David S. H. Rosenthal of the MIT X Consortium from 1987 to 1989. A draft version appeared in March 1988 in X11R2. This was removed from X11R3. Version 1.0 was released in July 1989 as part of X11R4. Three window managers in the X11R4 contrib directory implemented support for ICCCM: gwm, olwm and tekwm. Version 1.1 contains an update for color characterization and appeared in X11R5. Version 2.0 has many changes in the areas of window management, selections, session management, and resource sharing. It was released in May 1994 as part of X11R6.

Background
X deliberately specifies "mechanism, not policy" for how windows interact. As such, an additional specification beyond the X protocol itself was needed for client interoperation.

Features
The ICCCM specifies cut and paste buffers, window manager interaction, session management, how to manipulate shared resources and how to manage device colours. These low-level functions are generally implemented within widget toolkits or desktop environments. This isolates application programmers from working directly with the ICCCM itself, as this functionality is delegated to the implementing toolkit.

Criticism
The ICCCM has received some criticism for being ambiguous and difficult to implement correctly. This was acknowledged in the preface of version 2.0, stating that it aimed "to fix problems with earlier drafts, and to improve readability and understandability".

Furthermore, some parts may be obsolete or no longer practical to implement. The Extended Window Manager Hints (EWMH) is a more recent standard, which, according to its introduction: "builds on the ICCCM, which defines window manager interactions at a lower level. The ICCCM does not provide ways to implement many features that modern desktop users expect." But it also states: "Clients which aim to fulfill this specification MUST adhere to the ICCCM on which this specification builds." insofar the EWMH doesn't overrule.

Freedesktop.org notes that "historically, X clients have not handled cut-and-paste in a consistent way" and formulates additional guidelines in a clipboards-spec.

List of Window Managers that are ICCCM Compliant

 * aewm — a stacking window manager.
 * alloywm — partial compliance.
 * awesome — a dynamic window manager that is configured in Lua.
 * Blackbox
 * Compiz
 * CTWM
 * dwm — can be configured for compliance
 * enlightenment — also serves as a Wayland compositor.
 * evilwm — partial compliance
 * EXWM (Emacs X Window Manager) — features ICCCM and EWMH compliance
 * FVWM
 * IceWM
 * KWin — default window manager and Wayland compositor of KDE Plasma.
 * Metacity — default window manager of GNOME 2.
 * musca
 * Openbox — the default window manager used by LXDE and LXQt.
 * vtwm
 * wmfs
 * xfwm
 * xmonad


text:
Honolulu (magazine)

Honolulu is a city magazine covering Honolulu and the Hawaii region. It dates back to 1888 when it was called Paradise of the Pacific. It is the oldest magazine in the state of Hawaii and is the longest published magazine west of the Mississippi. Honolulu is a member of the City and Regional Magazine Association (CRMA).

History
In 1888, when Hawaii was still a monarchy, King Kalākaua commissioned a magazine under royal charter to be Hawaii's ambassador to the world. That magazine was Paradise of the Pacific. For nearly a century, Paradise of the Pacific promoted local business and tourism by assuring citizens of the United States that the Islands were civilized. Noted contributors to Paradise of the Pacific included Henry B. Christian, Helen Thomas Dranga, Arman Manookian, and Edwin North McClellan.

In 1966, Paradise of the Pacific became Honolulu Magazine.

In 1977, David Pelligrin acquired it through his Honolulu Publishing Company and raised the bar for journalists in the islands. Honolulu shifted its focus to news and features aimed at an affluent residential audience. It covers dining, culture, arts, politics, entertainment in and around Honolulu and throughout Hawaii. Honolulu also has an annual dining awards called the Hale Aina Awards. Under Pelligrin in 1984, Honolulu established the awards as the islands’ first local restaurant awards. Before then, culinary awards in the Islands had only been given by mainland travel interests.

In 2001, Duane Kurisu, the owner of PacificBasin Communications, acquired the magazine from the Honolulu Publishing Company. The company also publishes Hawaii Business, Hawaii Home and Remodeling, Hawaii, Honolulu Family, Lei Chic, Whalers Village and Honolulu Shops Waikiki.

Since 2004, Honolulu has held a photo contest which asks people to submit photos they have taken of Hawaii throughout the previous year.

Honolulu also has an annual statewide fiction contest, though the last contest took place in 2006.

As of 2017, Honolulu's owner, Duane Kurisu, who bought the magazines in 2001, also serves on the board of directors of Oahu Publications Inc.

Awards

 * 2015 – Sour Poi Awards
 * 2016 – CRMA Award and National Prize
 * 2017 – Soi Poi Awards
 * 2018 – CRMA Awards

title: Honolulu (magazine)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ewnion, Ontario

 * Delete and BJAODN: It's pretty funny, in that Mankato, Minnesota way, although a bit crude. Geogre 17:21, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I cannot find any reference to this town. It appears to be a prank.  I have searched http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search/search_e.php Samw 17:06, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Keep. The citizens of Ewnion will be outraged to discover that the rest of the world thinks their community is a joke. - Tim

Keep. Just because Ewnion is more exciting than your average small town doesn't give you the right to say it doesn't exist. I've seen (and touched) the big Buttocks, and I'll tell you, there's nothing 'fake' about that. - A Concerned Citizen

Keep. A Joke? I've been living in Ewnion for 19 years, and my friends and I are outraged that our town could be considered so insignificant as to label it a 'joke'! This situation WILL be rectified, by the buttocks of Arnold Jackson Smith! -Outraged Citizen

 * Delete. Not in The Times Atlas of the World. No relevant Google hits. Not found in the Canada 411 phone directory, http://www.canada411.ca/ . Should not be in Wikipedia. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:54, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. Dpbsmith002
 * You're right. Yet again, as usual. DopPelgangerBsmith
 * You can say that again! CertainlyNotASockPuppet
 * Dpbsmith is my idol. EthelbertNevinObscureJokeBetNobodyGetsIt
 * I intended these to be obvious jokes. Probably not a good idea in VfD. Sorry if they offended. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 10:46, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I like the way you write as four other people to agree to your sentence. All those comments are you...
 * Despicable! What a terrible thing to do! I am shocked, shocked. I can only thank goodness that they didn't actually vote. WhateverGaveItAway? See above, struck out by [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 10:46, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete and BJAODN. (Vandals, please procure a picture of a giant stone butt statue for the article. It'll make BJAODN prettier.) Side note: 4.11.17.36, one of the authors of the Ewnion, Ontario article and the anonymous Keep votes, above, had contributed some patent nonsense to the Murrieta, California article, which I fixed. --Benc 21:15, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and do not BJAODN. Articles by vandals are no laughing matter, and the sockpuppetry above is nothing short of pathetic.  I'm diffing all future edits here by anonymous users in this page to make sure people's words don't get changed --Ardonik 04:40, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)
 * Update: As usual, my sarcasm detector malfunctioned. One day I'll have to buy a suitable replacement, but for now, I'll retract my sock puppetry accusations.  I still vote to delete, though.  --Ardonik 10:08, Aug 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If this town exists, it must be so small that it wouldn't have notability.
 * Delete. Geonet also doesn't mention it. Nikola 17:07, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Harve Presnell

George Harvey Presnell (September 14, 1933 – June 30, 2009) was an American actor and singer. He began his career in the mid-1950s as a classical baritone, singing with orchestras and opera companies throughout the United States.

His career reoriented away from classical music to musical theatre in 1960 after Meredith Willson cast him in the lead role of his new Broadway musical The Unsinkable Molly Brown. His portrayal of "Leadville Johnny" was a resounding success and he reprised the role in the 1964 film version of the musical, winning a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal.

Presnell went on to star in a few more films during the 1960s, but by the early 1970s that aspect of his career came to a standstill. From 1970 to 1995 he mostly worked as a musical theatre performer on Broadway, the West End, and in touring productions out of New York. In his early 60s, Presnell saw a resurgence in his movie career which lasted until his death. He played character roles in films like Fargo (1996), The Whole Wide World (1996), Saving Private Ryan (1998), and Flags of Our Fathers (2006). He also appeared on television as Mr. Parker in The Pretender and Lew Staziak in Andy Barker, P.I.. He had recurring roles on Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman and Dawson's Creek.

Early life and classical singing career
Presnell was born in 1933, in Modesto, California. He made his professional stage debut performing in an opera at the young age of sixteen. He attended the University of Southern California, earning a bachelor's degree in vocal performance.

He then pursued further vocal studies in Europe and at the Music Academy of the West. He appeared with a number of opera companies and orchestras during the 1950s. In 1957 he made his debut with the San Francisco Opera as the Officer in Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos.

He went on to sing several more comprimario roles with the company that year, including the Jailer in the United States premiere of Francis Poulenc's Dialogues of the Carmelites. During the late 1950s he made several appearances and recordings with both the Roger Wagner Chorale and the Philadelphia Orchestra, the latter under the baton of Eugene Ormandy.

Stage and film career
In 1956, Presnell co-starred with Herva Nelli in the American premiere of Darius Milhaud's opera David at the Hollywood Bowl. In 1960, he was a featured soloist with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in another concert at the Bowl. In attendance at the concert was musical theater composer Meredith Willson who was at that time in the midst of creating his musical on the life of Molly Brown, Titanic survivor. Willson contacted him after the concert and asked him to audition for him. Presnell complied and Willson ended up offering him the role of "Leadville Johnny." At this point the musical was not completed and Willson went on to compose much of the music for Leadville Johnny with Presnell's voice in mind. On November 3, 1960, The Unsinkable Molly Brown opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre to a resounding success. Presnell stayed with the show for its entire 532-performance run, which ended on February 10, 1962. He reprised the role in the 1964 film The Unsinkable Molly Brown for which he won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year.

He starred in two films in 1965: portraying Sol Rogers, a cavalry scout, in The Glory Guys and Danny Churchill, the romantic lead, in the musical film When the Boys Meet the Girls. He had one more sizable film role in the 1960s, the role of "Rotten Luck Willie" in Paramount's 1969 musical Western film Paint Your Wagon, singing "They Call the Wind Maria". The New York Times critic opined that Presnell's role "delivered the golden opportunity to sing the unforgettable ballad." Theater reviewer Thomas Hischak wrote "in one of the film's few pleasing moments, Harve Presnell gave full voice to They Call the Wind Mariah and it was lovely to hear". Referring to Eastwood and Marvin, film reviewer Brian W. Fairbanks wrote that "Harve Presnell steals both stars' thunder with a knockout version of the best song."

Presnell did some other film and television work in the 1960s and early 1970s, but for the next couple of decades concentrated primarily on stage work, playing Rhett Butler in the West End production of Scarlett and touring the United States as Daddy Warbucks in Annie and its sequel, Annie Warbucks, among other productions. In 1966, Presnell played the role of Sir Lancelot in Camelot in the Regional Equity production at The Houston Music Theatre.

In 1984, Presnell appeared as Don Quixote in Man of La Mancha in Darien, Connecticut, an appearance well received by The New York Times critic Alvin Klein, who wrote that Presnell was "a winning leading man", and wrote:"As an actor, Mr. Presnell promises much, and as a singer, he delivers. Here is one of the shiniest vocal accounts of the role yet. The actor is on the verge of suggesting that in his implausible way, the Don can bring a measure of grace to the world and fulfill that old impossible dream."

His film career was revived when he played William H. Macy's testy father-in-law in Fargo (1996). Subsequent films included The Whole Wide World (1996), Larger than Life (1996), The Chamber (1996), Face/Off (1997), Julian Po (1997), Saving Private Ryan (1998, as General George Marshall), Patch Adams (1998), Walking Across Egypt (1999), The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000), The Family Man (2000), Escanaba in da Moonlight (2001), Mr. Deeds (2002), Super Sucker (2003), Flags of Our Fathers (2006), and Evan Almighty (2007).

On television, he appeared, in among other roles, as Mr. Parker on The Pretender, Dr. Sam Lane on Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, and as A.I. Brooks on Dawson's Creek.

Recordings
Presnell sang the baritone role in Eugene Ormandy's 1960 recording of Carmina Burana, released by Columbia/Sony on LP and CD. His earliest recordings were as a soloist with the Roger Wagner Chorale (Capitol) in the 1950s with the Chorale in the background particularly in the LP Joy to the World where he sang in "O Holy Night" and the LPs Folk Songs of the New World [Capitol P8324 (1955)] and Folk Songs of the Frontier [Capitol P8332 (1956)], where he sang, among other songs, "Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie" and "Streets of Laredo".

Death
Presnell's second wife, Veeva Suzanne Hamblen, was the daughter of Stuart Hamblen; singer, actor, and songwriter known best for It is No Secret (What God Can Do) and This Ole House. Presnell died on June 30, 2009, aged 75, from pancreatic cancer at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California.

title: Harve Presnell


text:
Mongolian spot

A Mongolian spot, also known as slate grey nevus or congenital dermal melanocytosis, is a benign, flat, congenital birthmark with wavy borders and an irregular shape. In 1883, it was described and named after Mongolians by Erwin Bälz, a German anthropologist based in Japan, who erroneously believed it to be most prevalent among his Mongolian patients. It normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by puberty. The most common color is blue, although they can be blue-gray, blue-black or deep brown.

Cause
Mongolian spot is a congenital developmental condition—that is, one existing from birth—exclusively involving the skin. The blue colour is caused by melanocytes, melanin-containing cells, that are usually located in the surface of the skin (the epidermis), but are in the deeper region (the dermis) in the location of the spot. Usually, as multiple spots or one large patch, it covers one or more of the lumbosacral area (lower back), the buttocks, sides, and shoulders. It results from the entrapment of melanocytes in the lower half to two-thirds of the dermis during their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis during embryonic development.

Male and female infants are equally predisposed to slate grey nevus. People who are not aware of the background of the slate grey nevus may mistake them for bruises, possibly resulting in mistaken concerns about abuse.

Anthropological description
The French anthropologist Robert Gessain interested himself in what he called the tache pigmentaire congénitale or coloured birthmark, publishing multiple papers in the Journal de la Société des Américanistes, an academic journal covering the cultural anthropology of the Americas. Gessain spent time with the Huehuetla Tepehua people in Hidalgo, Mexico, and wrote in 1947 about the spot's "location, shape, colour, histology, chemistry, genetic transmission, and racial distribution". He had previously spent several winters in Greenland, and wrote an overview in 1953 of what was known about the spot. He hypothesised that the age at which it faded in various populations might prove to be a distinguishing characteristic of those groups. Gessain claimed that the spot was first observed amongst the Inuit.

Hans Egede Saabye, a Danish priest and botanist, spent 1770–1778 in Greenland. His diaries, published in 1816 and translated into several European languages, contained much ethnographic information. He described the spot on newborns, saying he had seen it often when the infants were presented naked for baptism. A second Danish observer was doctor and zoologist Daniel Frederik Eschricht, mainly based in Copenhagen. In 1849 he wrote of the "mixed" babies he had delivered at the lying-in hospital. He also says that "the observation made for the first time by Saabye about Inuit children has been completely confirmed by Captain Holbøll", who sent him a fetus pickled in alcohol.

Gessain goes on to state that it was only in 1883 that an anthropologist mentions the spot. It was Erwin Bälz, a German working in Tokyo, who described a dark blue mark on Japanese infants. He presented his findings in 1901 in Berlin, and from that point on, Bälz's name was associated with certain skin cells containing pigment. Captain Gustav Frederik Holm wrote in 1887 that his Greenlandic interpreter Johannes Hansen (known as Hanserak) attested to the existence of the birthmark over the kidney region of newborns, which grows larger as they grow older. That year, the Danish anthropologist Soren Hansen drew the connection between the observations of Bälz in Japan and Saabye in Greenland. "This cannot be a coincidence. It is not the first time that the resemblance between the Japanese and the Eskimo has been pointed out." Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian polar explorer, said that the spot was widespread in the mixed Danish-Inuit population of West Greenland. Soren Hansen confirmed this. A missionary in Bethel, Alaska, a traditional gathering place of Yup'ik people, reported that the spots were common on children. Rudolf Trebitsch, an Austrian linguist and ethnologist, spent the summer of 1906 on the West Coast of Greenland, and listed all the examples he came across. Gessain went to north Labrador in 1926, looking for children with these spots. In 1953 Dr Saxtorph, medical advisor to the Greenland department (part of the Danish government), wrote that the Greenlanders do not like outsiders to see or discuss these birthmarks; "they doubtless feel as a reminiscence of the time when they lived on a low cultural level".

The presence or absence of the slate grey nevus was used by racial theorists such as Joseph Deniker (1852–1918), the French anthropologist.

The Journal of Cutaneous Diseases Including Syphilis, Volume 23 contained several accounts of the slate grey nevus on children in the Americas:

"Holm ('Ethnological Sketch. Communications on Greenland', X., Copenhagen, 1887) announced the presence of the spot in the east part of Greenland. Bartels ('The So-Called 'Mongolian' Spots on Infants of Esquimaux', Ethnologic Review, 1903) received letters regarding it from East Greenland and also from Esquimaux of Alaska. In half-breed European-Esquimaux, Hansen says he has encountered it. Among Indians of North Vancouver, British Columbia, there are observations made by Baelz as well as by Tenkate (secondhand). In the Mayas of Central America, Starr's (Data on the Ethnography of Western Mexico, Part H., 1902) facts are corroborated by Herman (Aparecimiento de la Mancha Mongolica. Revista de Ethnologia, 1904). He cites A. F. Chamberlain (Pigmentary Spots, American Anthropologist, 1902,) and Starr (Sacral Spots of Mayan Indians, Science, New Series, xvii., 1903)."

In Central America, according to these authorities, the spot is called Uits, "pan", and it is an insult to speak of it. It disappears in the tenth month. It is bluish-reddish (in these Native people), and is remarkable by its small size. The mulberry colored spot is very well known in Afro-Brazilians. In Brazil, among individuals of mixed Indigenous American and West African descent (pardo) it is called "genipapo", from its resemblance in color (bluish-gray) to an indigenous fruit of Brazil, named genipapo (a Native American word adopted into Portuguese).

Prevalence
Infants may be born with one or more slate grey nevus ranging from small area on the buttocks to a larger area on the back. The birthmark is prevalent among East, South, Southeast, North and Central Asian peoples, Indigenous Oceanians (chiefly Micronesians and Polynesians), certain populations in Africa, Amerindians, non-European Latin Americans and Caribbeans of mixed-race descent.

They occur in around 80% of Asians, and 80% to 85% of Native American infants. Approximately 90% of Polynesians and Micronesians are born with slate grey nevus, as are about 46% of children in Latin America, where they are associated with non-European descent. These spots also appear on 5–10% of babies of full Caucasian descent; Coria del Río in Spain has a high incidence due to the presence of descendants of members of the delegation led by Hasekura Tsunenaga, the first Japanese official envoy to Spain in the early 17th century. African American babies have slate grey nevus at a frequencies of 90% to 96%.

According to a 2006 study examining the Mongolian spot among newborns in the Turkish city of İzmir, it was found out that 26% of the examined babies had the condition. It was noted the prevalence rate was 20% and 31% in boys and girls, respectively. The study also reported that no children born with light hair had the mark, meanwhile 47% of the children with dark hair having it.

In a study published in Hungary in 2013 a total of 2289 newborn infants underwent whole-body screening skin examinations. At least one skin manifestation was found in 63% of the neonates. The most frequently observed in pigmented lesions were congenital melanocytic naevi and Mongolian spot.

Since the last century, extensive research has been made regarding the prevalence of said spot in populations of mixed European-native American ancestry. A publication from 1905, citing field research made by the anthropologist Frederick Starr, states that the spot is not present in Mestizo populations; however, Starr's actual research states that "seven Mayan children presented the spot, three mixed children didn't have it"; Starr therefore does not make an absolute judgement, as he does not say how many mixed children were analyzed in total. Nowadays it is completely accepted that the big majority of Mexico's and Latin America's mixed-race populations have the Mongolian spot and that its presence works as an indicator of the actual degree of mestizaje present in a given population, having its lower frequency in Uruguay with 36%, followed by Argentina with an incidence 44%, Mexico with 50%-52%, 68% in Hispanic-Americans and 88% in highland Peruvians.

A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City suggests that socioeconomic factors influence the frequency of Mongolian spots among newborns, as evidenced by the higher prevalence of 85% in newborns from a public institution, typically associated with lower socioeconomic status, compared to a 33% prevalence in newborns from private hospitals, which generally cater to families with higher socioeconomic status. According to the Mexican Social Security Institute nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the slate grey nevus.

Central American indigenous children were subjected to racism due to their slate grey nevus but progressive circles began to make having the slate grey nevus popular after the late 1960s. Highland Peruvians have the slate grey nevus.

Treatment
As a congenital benign nevus, Mongolian spots do not require treatment and in most cases disappear before adolescence. No cases of malignant degeneration have been reported.

Cultural terminology
The slate grey nevus is referred to in the Japanese idiom shiri ga aoi (尻が青い), meaning "to have a blue butt", which is a reference to immaturity or inexperience.

In Mongolian language, it is known as хөх толбо, meaning "blue spot".

Korean mythology explains the nevus as a bruise formed when Samshin halmi or Samsin Halmoni (삼신할머니), a shaman spirit to whom people pray around childbirth, slapped the baby's behind to hasten the baby to quickly get out from the mother's womb. "Mongolian Mark", the middle third of the 2004–05 novel The Vegetarian, is named after the title character's nevus, which obsesses her brother-in-law.

In Chinese, it is referred to as "青痕" (pinyin:, lit. 'blue mark'). Among common folk it is said to be caused by the Buddhist goddess of childbirth Songzi Guanyin (送子观音, pinyin: ; lit. 'the goddess of baby sending') when she is slapping the baby's backside, telling it to be born. Others say it is because the baby does not want to leave the mother's womb, so Songzi Guanyin will kick it out, leaving the bruise. A small portion of people wrongfully believe it is caused when the doctor is slapping the baby's backside to make it cry. Scientifically, it is also referred to as 蒙古斑 (lit. 'Mongolian spot').

In Khmer, it is known as khnau (ខ្នៅ) which translates to 'Mongolian spot' as well as other skin conditions such as vitiligo and leucoderma.

In Spanish it is called mancha mongólica and mancha de Baelz (see Erwin Bälz). The mark is common among Maya people of the Yucatan Peninsula where is referred to as Wa in Maya, which means "circle". In Ecuador, the native Indians of Colta are insultingly referred to in Spanish by a number of terms which allude to the slate grey nevus.

In Thai, it is known as Tut Muek (ตูดหมึก) which translates to 'ink bottom' or Ken Kram (เคนคราม) which translates to 'blue strain'. Tut Muek has been used to joke those who act, think or speak like a baby because this Mongolian spot can be seen only in this period of human being's life.

In Iñupiaq, is it called auttaq or auktaq, which relates to the word for blood and also means 'mole'.

title: Mongolian spot


text:
Sprocket

A sprocket, sprocket-wheel or chainwheel is a profiled wheel with teeth that mesh with a chain, rack or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth except for timing pulleys used with toothed belts.

Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, tracked vehicles, and other machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common form of sprocket may be found in the bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in turn, drives a small sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel. Early automobiles were also largely driven by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely copied from bicycles.

Sprockets are of various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for each by its originator. Sprockets typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used with timing belts have flanges to keep the timing belt centered. Sprockets and chains are also used for power transmission from one shaft to another where slippage is not admissible, sprocket chains being used instead of belts or ropes and sprocket-wheels instead of pulleys. They can be run at high speed and some forms of chain are so constructed as to be noiseless even at high speed.

Etymology
The term 'sprocket' originally applied to the projection from the wheel that caught on the chain and provided the drive to it. The overall wheel was then termed a 'sprocket wheel'. With time and common use of these devices, the overall wheel became known as a sprocket. The earlier uses would now be seen as archaic.

Transportation
In the case of bicycle chains, it is possible to modify the overall gear ratio of the chain drive by varying the diameter (and therefore, the tooth count) of the sprockets on each side of the chain. This is the basis of derailleur gears. A multi-speed bicycle, by providing two or three different-sized driving sprockets and up to 12 (as of 2018) different-sized driven sprockets, allows up to 36 different gear ratios. The resulting lower gear ratios make the bike easier to pedal up hills while the higher gear ratios make the bike more powerful to pedal on flats and downhills. In a similar way, manually changing the sprockets on a motorcycle can change the characteristics of acceleration and top speed by modifying the final drive gear ratio. The final drive gear ratio can be calculated by dividing the number of teeth on the rear sprocket by the number of teeth on the counter-shaft sprocket. With respect to the stock gearing on a motorcycle, installing a smaller counter-shaft sprocket (fewer teeth), or a larger rear sprocket (more teeth), produces a lower gear ratio, which increases the acceleration of the motorcycle but decreases its top speed. Installing a larger counter-shaft sprocket, or a smaller rear sprocket, produces a higher gear ratio, which decreases the acceleration of the motorcycle but increases its top speed.

Chain tracked vehicles
In the case of vehicles with caterpillar tracks the engine-driven toothed-wheel transmitting motion to the tracks is known as the drive sprocket and may be positioned at the front or back of the vehicle, or in some cases both. There may also be a third sprocket, elevated, driving the track.

Film and paper
Sprockets are used in the film transport mechanisms of movie projectors and movie cameras. In this case, the sprocket wheels engage film perforations in the film stock. Sprocket feed was also used for punched tape and is used for paper feed to some computer printers.

title: Sprocket


text:
Talk:Line of succession to the British throne/Draft

Line of Succession
Anyone who is a Roman Catholic or who marries one is excluded from the throne. For the earlier part of the list (through Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia) they have been noted below as "skipped", but after that all descendants of Electress Sophia have been listed.

Current Monarch: Elizabeth II

 * 1) HRH The Prince of Wales (The Queen's son)
 * 2) HRH Prince William of Wales (The Prince of Wales' son)
 * 3) Prince George of Cambridge(The Duke of Cambridge's son)
 * 4) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge(The Duke of Cambridge's daughter)
 * 5) Prince Louis of Cambridge(The Duke of Cambridge's son)
 * 6) HRH Prince Henry of Wales (The Prince of Wales' son)
 * 7) Master Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor(The Duke of Sussex's son)
 * 8) HRH The Duke of York (The Queen's son)
 * 9) HRH Princess Beatrice of York (The Duke of York's daughter)
 * 10) HRH Princess Eugenie of York (The Duke of York's daughter)
 * 11) HRH The Earl of Wessex (The Queen's son)
 * 12) The Lady Louise Windsor (The Earl of Wessex's daughter)
 * 13) HRH The Princess Royal (The Queen's daughter)
 * 14) Peter Phillips (The Princess Royal's son)
 * 15) Zara Phillips (The Princess Royal's son)
 * 16) Viscount Linley (George VI's grandson through Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon)
 * 17) The Hon. Charles Armstrong-Jones (Lord Linley's son)
 * 18) The Hon. Margarita Armstrong-Jones (Lord Linley's daughter)
 * 19) The Lady Sarah Chatto (George VI's granddaughter through Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon)
 * 20) Samuel Chatto (The Lady Sarah's son)
 * 21) Arthur Chatto (The Lady Sarah's son)
 * 22) HRH The Duke of Gloucester (George V's grandson through Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester)
 * 23) Earl of Ulster (The Duke of Gloucester's son)
 * 24) The Lady Davina Lewis (The Duke of Gloucester's daughter)
 * 25) The Lady Rose Windsor (The Duke of Gloucester's daughter)
 * 26) HRH The Duke of Kent (George V's grandson through Prince George, Duke of Kent)
 * 27) *Earl of St Andrews (The Duke of Kent's son) (married a Roman Catholic)
 * 28) *Lord Downpatrick (Lord St Andrews' son) (Roman Catholic)
 * 29) The Lady Marina Charlotte-Windsor (Lord St Andrews' daughter)
 * 30) The Lady Amelia Windsor (Lord St Andrews' daughter)
 * 31) *The Lord Nicholas Windsor (The Duke of Kent's son)
 * 32) The Lady Helen Taylor (The Duke of Kent's daughter)
 * 33) Columbus Taylor (The Lady Helen's son)
 * 34) Cassius Taylor (The Lady Helen's son)
 * 35) Eloise Taylor (The Lady Helen's daughter)
 * 36) *HRH Prince Michael of Kent (George V's grandson through Prince George, Duke of Kent) (married a Roman Catholic)
 * 37) The Lord Frederick Windsor (Prince Michael's son)
 * 38) The Lady Gabriella Windsor (Prince Michael's daughter)
 * 39) HRH Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy (George V's granddaughter through Prince George, Duke of Kent)
 * 40) James Ogilvy (Princess Alexandra's son)
 * 41) Alexander Ogilvy (James Ogilvy's son)
 * 42) Flora Ogilvy (James Ogilvy's daughter)
 * 43) Marina Ogilvy (Princess Alexandra's daughter)
 * 44) Christian Mowatt (Marina Ogilvy's daughter)
 * 45) Zenouska Mowatt (Marina Ogilvy's daughter)
 * 46) The Earl of Harewood (George V's grandson through Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood)
 * 47) Viscount Lascelles (Lord Harewood's son)
 * 48) The Hon. Alexander Lascelles (Lord Lascelles' son)
 * 49) The Hon. Edward Lascelles (Lord Lascelles' son)
 * 50) The Hon. James Lascelles (Lord Harewood's son)
 * 51) Rowan Lascelles (James Lascelles' son)
 * 52) Tewa Lascelles (James Lascelles' son)
 * 53) Sophie Lascelles (James Lascelles' daughter)
 * 54) The Hon. Jeremy Lascelles (Lord Harewood's son)
 * 55) Thomas Lascelles (Jeremy Lascelles' son)
 * 56) Ellen Lascelles (Jeremy Lascelles' daughter)
 * 57) Amy Lascelles (Jeremy Lascelles' daughter)
 * 58) Henry Lascelles (George V's great-grandson through Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood)
 * 59) Maximilian Lascelles (Henry Lascelles' son)
 * 60) The Duke of Fife (Edward VII's great-grandson through Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife)
 * 61) Earl of Southesk (The Duke of Fife's son)
 * 62) Lord Carnegie (Lord Southesk's son)
 * 63) The Hon. George Carnegie (Lord Southesk's son)
 * 64) The Hon. Hugh Carnegie (Lord Southesk's son)
 * 65) The Lady Alexandra Ethereington (The Duke of Fife's daughter)
 * 66) Amelia Mary Carnegie Etherington (The Lady Alexandra's daughter)
 * 67) HM The King of Norway (Edward VII's grandson through Queen Maud of Norway)
 * 68) HRH The Crown Prince of Norway (The King of Norway's son)
 * 69) HRH Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway (The Crown Prince of Norway's son)
 * 70) Princess Märtha Louise of Norway (The King of Norway's daughter)
 * 71) Maud Angelica Behn (Princess Märtha Louise's daughter)
 * 72) Princess Ragnhild, Mrs Lorentzen (Edward VII's granddaughter through Queen Maud)
 * 73) *Haakon Lorentzen (Princess Ragnhild's son) (married a Roman Catholic)
 * 74) Olav Lorentzen (Haakon Lorentzen's son)
 * 75) Christian Lorentzen (Haakon Lorentzen's son)
 * 76) Sophia Lorentzen (Haakon Lorentzen's daughter)
 * 77) *Ingeborg Lorentzen (Princess Ragnhild's daughter) (married a Roman Catholic)
 * 78) Victoria Ribeiro (Ingeborg Lorentzen's daughter)
 * 79) *Ragnhild Lorentzen (Princess Ragnhild's daughter)
 * 80) Princess Astrid, Mrs Ferner (Edward VII's granddaughter through Queen Maud)
 * 81) Alexander Ferner (Princess Astrid's son)
 * 82) Stella Ferner (Alexandra Ferner's daughter)
 * 83) Carl-Christian Ferner (Princess Astrid's son)
 * 84) Cathrine Ferner Johansen (Princess Astrid's daughter)
 * 85) Sebastian Ferner Johansen (Catherine Johansen's son)
 * 86) Madeleine Ferner Johansen (Catherine Johnansen's daughter)
 * 87) Benedikte Ferner (Princess Astrid's daughter)
 * 88) Elisabeth Ferner Beckman (Princess Astrid's daughter)
 * 89) Benjamin Ferner Beckman (Elizabeth Beckman's daughter)
 * 90) *HM The King of Romania (Victoria's great-great-grandson through Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh) (married a Roman Catholic)
 * 91) HRH Princess Margarita of Romania (The King of Romania's daughter)
 * 92) HRH Princess Helen, Mrs McAteer (The King of Romania's daughter)
 * 93) Nicholas Medforth-Mills (Princess Helen's son)
 * 94) Karina Medforth-Mills (Princess Helen's daughter)
 * 95) HRH Princess Irina of Romania, Mrs Kreuger (The King of Romania's daughter)
 * 96) Michael Kreuger (Princess Irina's son)
 * 97) Angelica Kreuger (Princess Irina's daughter)
 * 98) Sophie de Laufenborg (The King of Romania's daughter)
 * 99) Elisabeta-Maria de Laufenborg (Sophie de Laufenborg's daughter)
 * 100) *HRH The Crown Prince of Yugoslavia (Victoria's great-great-great-grandson through Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh) (married a Roman Catholic)
 * 101) HRH Prince Peter of Yugoslavia (The Crown Prince of Yugoslavia's son)
 * 102) HRH Prince Philip of Yugoslavia (The Crown Prince of Yugoslavia's son)
 * 103) HRH Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (The Crown Prince of Yugoslavia's son)
 * 104) HRH Prince Nikolas of Yugoslavia (Victoria's great-great-great-grandson through Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh)
 * 105) HRH Princess Marija of Yugoslavia (Prince Nikolas' daughter)
 * 106) HRH Prince George of Yugoslavia (Victoria's great-great-great-grandson through Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh)
 * 107) HRH Prince Michael of Yugoslavia (Victoria's great-great-great-grandson through Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh)
 * 108) HRH Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia (Victoria's great-great-great-granddaughter through Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh)
 * 109) Victoria de Silva (Princess Katrina's daughter)
 * 110) HRH Prince Karl Wladimir of Yugoslavia (Victoria's great-great-great-grandson through Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh)
 * 111) HRH Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia (Victoria's great-great-great-grandson through Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh)
 * 112) HRH Princess Maria Tatiana of Yugoslavia, Mrs Thune-Larsen (Victoria's great-great-great-granddaughter through Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh)
 * 113) Sonja Thune-Larsen (Princess Maria Tatiana's daughter)