text:
Talk:Kryptopterus bicirrhis

Tentacles

 * What is the purpose of the tentacles on the glass catfish? Is it for balance? One of my catfish is minus a tentacle and is having problems swimming. Am I going to lose this beautiful fish? 23:30, 20 July 2004 User:64.12.116.80
 * See this link for info on the tentacles: http://fishpalace.org/K_bicirrhis.html -db 03:00, 18 July 2005 User:204.118.69.222
 * When a glass cat dies, it is no longer clear. Can anyone explain the chemistry/physiology behind this? 13:10, 15 April 2007 User:Vmmullis

Interwikis and the binomial name
I would like to hear some explanation for that. The pt-interwiki (and others) was incorrectly removed. The binomial name is the same everywhere. Here is Kryptopterus bicirrhis. On pt.wikipedia, Kryptopterus bicirrhis is "Peixe-gato de vidro", but was removed for someone that did not even read the article on pt.wiki. The user said here that the articles are different. First: they are not. If somebody can read portuguese, just check it. Second: how can someone say that if cannot read portuguese to compare the article...and what about the other articles on other languages? Third: the articles are related by the binomial name. If the content is not correct, the content have to be changed; not the interwikis.-- T ele S ( talk / pt-wiki talk) 02:55, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Totally disagree with the last part. We should strive to make our website as correct as possible. If another language site is incorrect, we should not also reflect or encourage that inaccuracy. User:Dysmorodrepanis originally made the notations regarding the interwiki links, and I rather trust his judgement on this issue. I also went through and spot checked some of the articles (using a translator...no, not perfect, but gets critical points across well enough) he found to be incorrect, and also noticed disparities. In all fairness, it has been quite a while since I reviewed those other articles, so I'll go about checking them again over the next few days and updating the interwiki links as needed. The Portuguese article does look okay, so it can be added in here. — Huntster (t @ c) 08:14, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok. I'm agreed with you but only if another language site is incorrect. As you saw on pt.wiki that article was correct. What about the others? The user is making massive crosswiki edits  and it should be checked before and not after them, for a mistake like that on pt.wiki be avoided. Honestly, I can't check all the articles that were edited on all those languages and I doubt that someone can. The same users are making this kind of edit with others articles. For example, pt:Muridae and fr:Muridae talks about the same family, but the interwikis were removed with no explanation. I'm not talking about bad faith. I just think it is a mistake that will be difficult to fix later and I'm asking you to be more careful. Thanks.-- T ele S  ( talk / pt-wiki talk) 08:44, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It isn't me that's making those interwiki changes. As Bubba Hotep mentioned on my talk page in response to your query, you need to speak with Betacommand's mentors regarding this issue. Strike that, I see you have already started that process. — Huntster (t @ c) 09:22, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry. I didn't want to blame anyone with my message...just tryng to avoid something that I believe to be a mistake. It seems that the users don't want to answer (maybe there's no need). I will not insist. Thanks for your attention.-- T ele S ( talk / pt-wiki talk) 00:07, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The mentors didn't answer? This is odd... — Huntster (t @ c) 23:31, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
 * If you're going to ask my mentors about this, the least you could do is leave me a note. I reviewed the article history here and the HTML comments to make my actions since the iws where fairly recently updated by hand I had assumed they where correct. βcommand 01:20, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kryptopterus bicirrhis


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Washington State Route 513

State Route 513 (SR 513) is a 3.35 mi state highway in the U.S. state of Washington, located entirely within the city of Seattle in King County. The highway travels north as Montlake Boulevard from an interchange with SR 520 and over the Montlake Bridge to the University of Washington campus in the University District. SR 513 continues past University Village before it turns northeast onto Sand Point Way and ends at the entrance to Magnuson Park in the Sand Point neighborhood.

SR 513 was created during the 1964 state highway renumbering as the successor to Secondary State Highway 1J (SSH 1J), itself created in 1937 and traveling from Downtown Seattle to Lake City. Sections of SSH 1J, including Madison Street from Downtown to Capitol Hill, date as far back as 1854. Most sections of the highway were built in the 1890s and 1900s in preparation for the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, which took place on the University of Washington campus in 1909. SR 513 was shortened in 1971 to its present southern terminus, the interchange with SR 520 in Montlake, and to an interchange with Interstate 5 (I-5) on the Seattle–Shoreline city border. In 1991, the highway was truncated to its current northern terminus at Magnuson Park, eliminating its route through Lake City and much of North Seattle.

Route description

SR 513 begins at the intersection of Montlake Boulevard and Lake Washington Boulevard in the Montlake neighborhood of Seattle, part of a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 520. The highway travels north on Montlake Boulevard and crosses the Montlake Cut section of the Lake Washington Ship Canal on the 320 ft Montlake Bridge. The bascule drawbridge is designated as a city landmark and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1982. SR 513 continues north through the University of Washington campus within the University District and passes Husky Stadium and the campus light rail station before being joined by the Burke-Gilman Trail near the Hec Edmundson Pavilion. The highway turns east onto 45th Street and Sand Point Way at the University Village shopping mall and enters the Sand Point neighborhood near Seattle Children's Hospital. SR 513 continues northeast along the Burke-Gilman Trail past the Seattle branch of the National Archives before the highway ends at an intersection with 65th Street west of Magnuson Park.

Every year, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2011, WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of SR 513 was within the University of Washington campus, serving 41,000 vehicles, while the least busiest section was its northern terminus at Magnuson Park, serving 14,000 vehicles. The entire route of SR 513 is part of the National Highway System, identifying it as important to the national economy, defense, and mobility.

History

SSH 1J, the predecessor to SR 513, was added to the state highway system in 1937 and traveled 13.40 mi within the city of Seattle on streets that have existed since the 19th century. Madison Street, which carried SSH 1J from its southern terminus at U.S. Route 99 in Downtown to Capitol Hill was built in 1864 by local judge John J. McGilvra to connect his homestead at Madison Park to downtown. Other streets carrying SSH 1J, including 23rd and 24th Avenues towards Montlake, Montlake Boulevard through the University District, and Sand Point Way towards Sand Point were built during the early 1890s as the city of Seattle expanded. The rest of SSH 1J, traveling northwest from Naval Station Puget Sound at Sand Point through Lake City to US 99 on the border between Seattle and Shoreline via Roosevelt Way and 145th Street was constructed by the late 1800s to serve the University of Washington campus, site of the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition in 1909.

SSH 1J was replaced by SR 513 during the 1964 state highway renumbering and codified in 1970 on its original route, connecting Downtown Seattle to Montlake and Lake City. In 1971, SR 513 was shortened to 9.22 mi by moving its southern terminus to an interchange with SR 520 in Montlake and its northern terminus to an interchange with I-5 at 145th Street. The highway was further shortened, to its present length of 3.35 mi, in 1991 by moving its northern terminus from I-5 to Magnuson Park at the site of the former Naval Station Puget Sound.

A project to rebuild the Montlake interchange with SR 520 began in 2019 as part of the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge megaproject, which had begun earlier in the decade. The east side of the interchange was covered by a highway lid and lanes of Montlake Boulevard were shifted over to it while the original overpass was demolished. The new overpass opened in July 2023; additional ramps to SR 520 for high-occupancy vehicles from the interchnage are planned to open in 2024.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Washington State Route 513


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List of places named for John C. Calhoun

This is a partial list of places named for American statesman John C. Calhoun:

Cities and towns

 * Calhoun, Alabama
 * Calhoun, Arkansas
 * Calhoun, Colorado
 * Calhoun, Georgia
 * Calhoun, Illinois (renamed Springfield in 1828)
 * Calhoun, Kansas (ghost town)
 * Calhoun, Kentucky
 * Calhoun, Louisiana
 * Calhoun, Missouri
 * Calhoun, South Carolina (renamed Clemson in 1943)
 * Calhoun, Tennessee
 * Calhoun City, Mississippi
 * Calhoun Falls, South Carolina
 * Fort Calhoun, Nebraska

Counties

 * Calhoun County, Alabama
 * Calhoun County, Arkansas
 * Calhoun County, Florida
 * Calhoun County, Georgia
 * Calhoun County, Illinois
 * Calhoun County, Iowa
 * Calhoun County, Kansas, renamed Jackson County in 1859
 * Calhoun County, Michigan
 * Calhoun County, Mississippi
 * Calhoun County, South Carolina
 * Calhoun County, Texas
 * Calhoun County, West Virginia

Streets and highways

 * Calhoun Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia
 * Calhoun Avenue, Calhoun, Georgia
 * Calhoun Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee
 * Calhoun Avenue, Destin, Florida
 * Calhoun Avenue, Fayetteville, Tennessee
 * Calhoun Avenue, Florahome, Florida
 * Calhoun Avenue, Goose Creek, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Avenue, Lake City, Florida
 * Calhoun Avenue, Maitland, Florida
 * Calhoun Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee
 * Calhoun Avenue, Panama City, Florida
 * Calhoun Avenue, Pensacola, Florida
 * Calhoun Avenue, Woodbine, New Jersey
 * Calhoun Avenue, Yazoo City, Mississippi
 * Calhoun Creek Road, Liberty, Kentucky
 * Calhoun Highway, Arnoldsburg, West Virginia
 * Calhoun Highway, Big Bend, West Virginia
 * Calhoun Highway, Big Springs, West Virginia
 * Calhoun Highway, Chloe, West Virginia
 * Calhoun Highway, Grantsville, West Virginia
 * Calhoun Highway, Millstone, West Virginia
 * Calhoun Highway, Mount Zion, West Virginia
 * Calhoun Highway, Orma, West Virginia
 * Calhoun Highway, Smithville, West Virginia
 * Calhoun Hill Road, Abbeville, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Lane, Burnside, Kentucky
 * Calhoun Lane, Dobson, North Carolina
 * Calhoun Lane, Goode, Virginia
 * Calhoun Lane, Northport, Alabama
 * Calhoun Lane, Pinehurst, North Carolina
 * Calhoun Lane, Pitts, Georgia
 * Calhoun Lane, Port Charlotte, Florida
 * Calhoun Lane, Prestonburg, Kentucky
 * Calhoun Lane, Sugar Grove, Virginia
 * Calhoun Lane, Wadley, Georgia
 * Calhoun Parkway, renamed Bde Maka Ska Parkway in 2019, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Calhoun Place, Chicago, Illinois
 * Calhoun Place, Noblesville, Indiana
 * Calhoun Place, Sumter, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Place, Tonawanda, New York
 * Calhoun Road, Addison, Michigan
 * Calhoun Road, Brookfield, Wisconsin
 * Calhoun Road, Elizabeth, Pennsylvania
 * Calhoun Road, Greenwood, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas
 * Calhoun Road, Jerome, Michigan
 * Calhoun Road, McKeesport, Pennsylvania
 * Calhoun Road, Milan, Michigan
 * Calhoun Road, Newland, North Carolina
 * Calhoun Road, Rocky Mount, North Carolina
 * Calhoun Road, Ostrander, Ohio
 * Calhoun Road, Thurman, Ohio
 * Calhoun Road, West Jefferson, North Carolina
 * Calhoun Street, Johnston, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Street, Alameda, California
 * Calhoun Street, Anderson, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Street, Baltimore, Maryland
 * Calhoun Street, Bluffton, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Street, Charleston, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Street, Clemson, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Street, Columbia, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana
 * Calhoun Street, LaBelle, Florida
 * Calhoun Street, Gary, Indiana
 * Calhoun Street, Greenville, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Street, Lehigh Acres, Florida
 * Calhoun Street, New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Calhoun Street, Norway, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Street, Plant City, Florida
 * Calhoun Street, Portland, Oregon
 * Calhoun Street, Port Townsend, Washington
 * Calhoun Street, Tallahassee, Florida
 * Calhoun Street, Temple, Texas
 * Calhoun Street, West Liberty, Iowa
 * Calhoun Street, Brimfield, Illinois
 * Calhoun Street Extension, Trenton, New Jersey
 * Calhoun Street Lane, Macon, Georgia
 * John C. Calhoun Drive, Orangeburg, South Carolina
 * John C. Calhoun Expressway, Augusta, Georgia

Lakes, parks, and squares

 * Calhoun Landing, Santee-Cooper River, Santee, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Monument, Charleston, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Square, Savannah, Georgia
 * Lake Calhoun, Knox County, Illinois
 * Lake Calhoun, renamed Bde Maka Ska in 2018, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Calhoun Park, Lake Berlin, Wisconsin
 * John C. Calhoun Park in North Augusta, South Carolina where the Meriwether Monument stands

Schools and colleges

 * Calhoun Academy, St. Matthews, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Academy, Calhoun City, Mississippi
 * Calhoun Community College (formerly, John C. Calhoun State Community College), Huntsville, Alabama
 * Calhoun Elementary School, Calhoun, Georgia
 * Calhoun High School, Calhoun, Georgia
 * Calhoun High School, Port Lavaca, Texas
 * Calhoun Middle School, Calhoun, Georgia
 * Calhoun Primary School, Calhoun, Georgia
 * Calhoun County High School, St. Matthews, South Carolina
 * Calhoun County Middle-High School, Edison, Georgia
 * Calhoun County Middle-High School, Mount Zion, West Virginia
 * John C. Calhoun Academy, Walterboro, South Carolina (later renamed Colleton Preparatory Academy in 1990)
 * John C. Calhoun Elementary School, Calhoun Falls, South Carolina
 * Orangeburg-Calhoun Technical College, Orangeburg, South Carolina
 * Calhoun Academy of the Arts (formerly Calhoun Street Elementary School), Anderson, SC

Renamed schools and colleges

 * Calhoun College (Yale University), Connecticut was renamed Hopper College in 2017.
 * Calhoun Honors College, Clemson University in Clemson, South Carolina, was renamed Clemson University Honors College in 2020.


text:
Miss Machine

Miss Machine is the second studio album by American mathcore band The Dillinger Escape Plan released in July 2004 through Relapse Records. It is the first album by the band to feature vocalist Greg Puciato and bassist Liam Wilson. Miss Machine marks a change to a more experimental style by the band.

The album is The Dillinger Escape Plan's first album since 1999, the gap between albums being accredited to a number of bad fortunes, and a short EP release with lead vocals being performed by Mike Patton. There were three music videos made for the album ("Panasonic Youth", "Unretrofied", and "Setting Fire to Sleeping Giants") directed by Neurosis' Josh Graham. The band decided to feature metalcore producer Steve Evetts to produce the album. Also, "Unretrofied" was featured in WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006 video game.

Musical direction
Until the band's 2007 release of the further groundbreaking Ire Works, Miss Machine was considerably the band's most experimental release to date, as the band drew from the experience of working with Mike Patton and the industrial influence of bands such as Nine Inch Nails. It is also arguably their most accessible due to the band toning down the musical complexity and adding new elements like slower song tempos, singing vocals, and more straightforward song structures.

Due to Mike Patton collaborating with the band, his experimental influences began to rub off on The Dillinger Escape Plan. In addition, Greg Puciato was involved with Error, an industrial band, around the same time as the release of Miss Machine, all of which would form their sound on Miss Machine. The album turned out to be much more experimental, and include many more jazz-fusion elements and electronics. Weinman's guitars were not as prominent in the mix, and Pennie's drumming was not as demanding.

Andrew Racher of Brooklyn Vegan said calling the album mathcore was "too niche" and "undersells it." He described the album's sound as "progressive circus acid freakout avant-goth metallic rock."

Critical reception
The critical reception for Miss Machine was relatively favorable, with Allmusic going so far as to say, "There's nothing more to say — the next true image of rock & roll has crawled out of the swamps of Jersey." Despite being positive in their review, Pitchfork noticed "Though Miss Machine displays DEP in top musical form, the band seems to have lost its confidence and direction." Rolling Stone, however, was negative, noticing "unless you're trying to drive a third world dictator out of his barricaded palace, you'll be hard pressed to listen to Miss Machine in its entirety." Miss Machine has earned a metascore of 80 on review aggregate site Metacritic indicating favorable reviews.

Personnel

 * The Dillinger Escape Plan
 * Greg Puciato – vocals
 * Ben Weinman – lead guitar, producer
 * Brian Benoit – rhythm guitar
 * Chris Pennie – drums, producer
 * Liam Wilson – bass

 * Production
 * Steve Evetts – producer, engineering, mixing
 * Jesse Cannon – Pro Tools
 * Tom Shumway – assistant engineer
 * James Russo – assistant engineer
 * Alan Douches – mastering
 * Mike Watkajtys – live sound engineer
 * Brian Montuori – artwork and direction
 * Dimitri Minakakis – layout and design
 * Matthew Jacobson – executive producer

title: Miss Machine


text:
Hezbollah (disambiguation)

Hezbollah is a Shi'a Islamist political party and militia in Lebanon.

Hezbollah may also refer to:

Afghanistan

 * Hizbullah Afghan, Afghan Taliban politician and military officer
 * Hezbollah Afghanistan, a former rebel group and later political party in Afghanistan
 * Liwa Fatemiyoun, alternatively called "Hezbollah Afghanistan" and closely connected to the party of that name
 * Liwa Zainebiyoun, a splinter group of Liwa Fatemiyoun fighting in Syria with Syrian pro-government forces

Azerbaijan

 * Islamic Resistance Movement of Azerbaijan, nicknamed "Azerbaijani Hezbollah"

Indonesia

 * Hizbullah (Indonesia), an Indonesian militant group that was active during Indonesian National Revolution

Iran

 * Kurdish Hezbollah of Iran, a Kurdish Islamist party
 * Hezbollah Organization, a militant organization in Iran that aimed to overthrow the Pahlavi dynasty
 * Hezbollah (Iran), a general name used to refer to pro-establishment forces in the Islamic Republic of Iran
 * Ansar-e Hezbollah, a quasi-clandestine organization of a paramilitary character that performs vigilante duties
 * Hezbollah fraction, a parliamentary group active between 1996 and 2000
 * Hezbollah Assembly, a parliamentary group active between 1996 and 2000
 * Independent Hezbollah deputies, a parliamentary group active between 1996 and 2000

Iraq

 * Hezbollah Movement in Iraq, a Shi'a Islamist political party in Iraq aligned with the Supreme Islamic Council of Iraq
 * Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba, a Shi'a Islamist paramilitary group in Iraq
 * Kata'ib Hezbollah (also known as the Hezbollah Brigades), a Shi'a Islamist paramilitary group in Iraq
 * Kurdish Revolutionary Hezbollah, an Iraqi Kurdish Islamist group that was disbanded in 2004

Mauritius

 * Mauritian Solidarity Front, a political party in Mauritius that was formerly known until 2004 as Hizbullah (Party of God)

Saudi Arabia

 * Hezbollah Al-Hejaz, a Shi'a militant organization operating in Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Kuwait and Bahrain

Turkey

 * Kurdish Hezbollah, a Kurdish Sunni Islamist group, known in Turkey as "Hizbullah"

title: Hezbollah (disambiguation)


text:
Prehistoric Scotland

Archaeology and geology continue to reveal the secrets of prehistoric Scotland, uncovering a complex past before the Romans brought Scotland into the scope of recorded history. Successive human cultures tended to be spread across Europe or further afield, but focusing on this particular geographical area sheds light on the origin of the widespread remains and monuments in Scotland, and on the background to the history of Scotland.

The extent of open countryside untouched by intensive farming, together with past availability of stone rather than timber, has given Scotland a wealth of accessible sites where the ancient past can be seen.

The remote prehistory of Scotland
Scotland is geologically alien to Europe, comprising a sliver of the ancient continent of Laurentia (which later formed the bulk of North America). During the Cambrian period the crustal region which became Scotland formed part of the continental shelf of Laurentia, then still south of the equator. Laurentia was separated from the continent of Baltica (which later became Scandinavia and the Baltic region) by the diminishing Iapetus Ocean. The two ancient continents moved toward one another through the Cambrian and Ordovician periods, with tectonic folding during the Silurian pushing the first Scottish land above water. The final collision occurred during the Devonian period, with the Scottish segment of the Laurentian plate smashing into Avalonia (which contained what is now most of England and Wales), a motile subcontinent which had previously joined with Baltica. This impact threw up a massive chain of mountains (at least as tall as the present-day Alps) and saw the formation of the granitic West Highland and Grampian mountain chains and (through the Carboniferous) a period of volcanic activity in central and eastern Scotland. During the Permian and Triassic periods, with the Iapetus Ocean entirely closed, Scotland lay near the centre of the Pangaean supercontinent. At the start of the Tertiary, a constructive plate boundary (at which tectonic plates move apart) became active between Laurentia and Eurasia, pushing the two apart (and parting Scotland from Laurentia). This recession opened the Atlantic Ocean for the first time, and the consequent subduction zone at the western plate margin led to a renewed period of volcanism, this time on Scotland's west coast, producing fresh mountains on Skye, Jura, Mull, Rùm, and Arran.

This tectonic activity produced the basis of Scotland's topography: ancient mountains in the North and South of the country, partially eroded by 400 million years of water and ice with a wide fertile valley between them, and a newer, wilder western terrain. With Scotland now in the northern temperate zone, it was subjected to numerous glaciations in the Neogene and Quaternary periods, the ice sheets and their attendant glaciers carving the landscape into a typical postglacial one, overdeepening river valleys into the characteristic U-shape and leaving the upland areas covered with glacial corries and dramatic pyramidal peaks. In lowland areas the ice deposited rich fields of fertile glacial till and eroded the softer material surrounding the extinct volcanoes (particularly the older Carboniferous ones), leaving many crags.

Before modern humans
During the last interglacial, around 130,000–70,000 BC, there were times when the climate in Europe was warmer than it is today, and after the Neanderthals came to prominence there was another mild spell around 40,000 BC. Neanderthal sites have been found in the south of England from this era, though no traces of early modern humans have been found. Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land mass of modern Scotland, may have destroyed traces of human habitation that existed before the Mesolithic period.

Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and it was only after the ice retreated about 15,000 years ago that Scotland again became habitable.

Hunter-gatherers

As the climate improved, mesolithic hunter-gatherers extended their range into Scotland. The earliest evidence to date is the flint artefacts found at Howburn Farm, near Elsrickle in 2005. This is the first and so far the only evidence of Upper Paleolithic human habitation in Scotland, around 12,000 BC, which appears to fall between the Younger Dryas and Lomond Stadial periods when cold conditions returned relatively briefly.

An early settlement at Cramond, near what is today Edinburgh, has been dated to around 8500 BC. Pits and stakeholes suggest a hunter-gatherer encampment, and microlith stone tools made at the site predate finds of similar style in England. Although no bones or shells had survived in the acidic soils, numerous carbonised hazelnut shells indicate cooking in a similar way to finds at other Mesolithic period sites, including the slightly earlier Star Carr and the Howick house in Northumberland, dated to 7600 BC ("Britain's oldest house"), where post holes indicate a very substantial construction, interpreted as a permanent residence for hunting people. This suggests that hunter-gatherers could also have settled down in Scotland.

Other sites on the east coast and at lochs and rivers, and large numbers of rock shelters and shell middens around the west coast and islands, build up a picture of highly mobile people, often using sites seasonally and having boats for fishing and for transporting stone tools from sites where suitable materials were found. Finds of flint tools on Ben Lawers and at Glen Dee (a mountain pass through the Cairngorms) show that these people were capable of travelling well inland across the hills.

At a rock shelter and shell midden at Sand, Applecross in Wester Ross facing Skye, excavations have shown that around 7500 BC people had tools of bone, stone and antlers, were living off shellfish, fish, and deer using "pot boiler" stones as a cooking method, were making beads from seashells, and had ochre pigment and used shellfish which can produce purple dye.

Farmers and monument builders

Neolithic farming brought permanent settlements. At Balbridie in Aberdeenshire crop markings were investigated, and ditches and post holes found, revealing a massive timber-framed building dating to about 3600 BC. An almost identical building, with evidence of pottery, was excavated at Claish near Stirling. On the islet of Eilean Domhnuill, in Loch Olabhat on North Uist, Unstan ware pottery suggests a date of 3200–2800 BC for what may be the earliest crannog. Neolithic habitation, burial, and ritual sites are particularly common and well preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone.

The remainder of this section focuses mainly on the Orkney Islands, where there is a Neolithic landscape rich in sites amazingly preserved by prevalent use of the local stone which appears on the shore ready-split into convenient building slabs. There are many other examples across the country, many under the care of Historic Scotland.

At the stone house at Knap of Howar on the Orkney island of Papa Westray (occupied from 3500 BC to 3100 BC) the walls stand to a low eaves height, and the stone furniture is intact. Evidence from middens shows that the inhabitants kept cattle, sheep and pigs, farmed barley and wheat and gathered shellfish, as well as fishing for species which must be caught from boats using lines. Finely made and decorated Unstan ware pottery links the inhabitants to chambered cairn tombs nearby and to sites far afield, including Balbrindi and Eilean Domhnuill.

The houses at Skara Brae on the Mainland of the Orkney Islands are very similar, but are grouped into a village linked by low passageways. This settlement was occupied from about 3000 BC to 2500 BC. Pottery found here is of the grooved ware style which is found across Britain as far away as Wessex.

About 6 miles (10 km) from Skara Brae, grooved ware pottery was found at the Standing Stones of Stenness (originally a circle) which lie centrally in a close group of three major monuments. Maeshowe, the finest example of the passage grave type of chambered cairn (radiocarbon dated to before 2700 BC) lies just to the east. The Ring of Brodgar circle of standing stones is across a bridge immediately to the north. This circle was one of the first to be analysed by Professor Alexander Thom to establish the likely use of standing stones as astronomical observatories. Another Neolithic village has been found nearby at Barnhouse Settlement, and the inference is that these farming people were the builders and users of these mysterious structures.

Like the standing stones at Callanish on Lewis and other standing stones across Scotland, these monuments form part of the Europe-wide Megalithic culture which also produced Stonehenge in Wiltshire and the stone rows at Carnac in Brittany.

Further evidence can be found in Kilmartin Glen with its Stone Circles, Standing Stones and Rock Art.

The widespread connections of these people are shown by offerings imported from Cumbria and Wales and left on the sacred hilltop at Cairnpapple Hill, West Lothian, as early as 3500 BC.

Bronze Age
The cairns and megalithic monuments continued into the Bronze Age, though there was a decline in both the building of large new structures and the total area under cultivation.

The Clava cairns and standing stones near Inverness show complex geometries and astronomical alignments, with smaller, perhaps individual, tombs instead of the communal Neolithic tombs.

Mummies dating from 1600 to 1300 BC have been discovered at Cladh Hallan on South Uist.

Hill forts were introduced, such as Eildon Hill near Melrose in the Scottish Borders, which goes back to around 1000 BC and which accommodated several hundred houses on a fortified hilltop. Excavation at Edinburgh Castle found late Bronze Age material from about 850 BC.

Iron Age

From around 700 BC and extending into Roman times, the Iron Age was an age of forts and defended farmsteads, which support the image of quarrelsome tribes and petty kingdoms recorded by the Romans. Evidence that at times occupants neglected the defences might suggest that symbolic power was as significant as warfare.

Brythonic (or "Pritennic") Celtic culture and language spread into southern Scotland at some time after the 8th century BC, possibly through cultural contact rather than mass invasion, and systems of kingdoms developed.

Larger fortified settlements expanded, such as the Votadini stronghold of Traprain Law, East Lothian, which was the size of a town. Huge numbers of small duns, hill forts and ring forts were built on any suitable crag or hillock. The spectacular brochs were built, most impressively the nearly complete Mousa Broch, Shetland. Many Souterrain underground passageways were constructed, though their purpose is obscure. Island settlements linked with land by a causeway, the crannogs, became common; it is thought that their function was defensive.

title: Prehistoric Scotland


text:
Talk:Dover College

From VfD:

Yet again another non-notable school. RickK 23:40, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * But it must be notable! It's founder was a large man! FZ
 * Keep. I'd call it minimally notable, rather than non-notable.  Wiki is not paper, so we can afford to keep it around.  (The list of headmasters is a bit hkey though).  Bacchiad 03:23, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  Nothing in the article makes this school stand out from the rest.  One article about schools in general... let me check... yes, we have School, is sufficient unless a school is notable enough for its own article.  SWAdair | Talk  06:23, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's a private school, to American readers. The subject probably qualifies for WP, but this article is insufficient, and it's written in such a way as to minimize notability. Geogre 14:09, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * With further evidence of notability, I abstain to see if someone can take it from tentative to useful. Geogre 01:44, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, with stub notice. It is linked to; the list of headmasters may be superfluous however. Dunc_Harris|☺ 22:22, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I have done some research. As a note generally I think that most if not all British independent schools are notable because they usually have some history and important old boys and girls.  This one it turns out has some interesting social history relating to evacuation during both world wars. Dunc_Harris|☺ 22:55, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Real place. Jgm 23:01, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * My bathroom is a real place. Should I write an article about it?  RickK 23:27, Jul 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * No. First you must declare it a micronation. - Nunh-huh 23:31, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I imagine both places have had a few expulsionsJgm 02:36, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Public Schools are significant institutions in Britain. Mintguy (T) 00:21, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I love Nunh-huh's suggestion and Jgm's answer! Make the school a micronation, vote to delete it and watch Gene Poole pop out of the woodwork (or the bathroom) to defend it!  Let's make this a featured article while we're at it.  Oh, and keep for the time being and see what grows from this. - Lucky 6.9 05:49, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Motto
"Non recuso laborem"

It's my motto too, and I did some Latin at Dover College. As understand it Non = not; recuso = (I) refuse; laborem = (3rd declension accusative) work

Therefore: "I do not refuse work" - looks good to me.

Whence: "I refuse no work"  ? - does not look good to me.

Web translation engines are not helpful with this simple sentence. P0mbal (talk) 15:57, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

 * "Non Recuso Laborem" are said to be the final words of St. Martin

 * Martin knew that his days on earth were few, but he found himself obliged to make a trip to the parish of Candes. The clergy of that church were quarreling, and he wished to reconcile them. He spent some time in Candes and restored the peace. He was planning to return to his monastery when suddenly he began to lose his strength. He summoned his friends and told them he was dying. All who heard this were overcome with grief; they cried to him with one voice: "Father, why are you deserting us? Who will care for us when you are gone? You will do better to show pity for us, rather than forsake us."

 * Thereupon he broke into tears, for he was a man in whom the compassion of Christ was continually revealed. Turning, he made this reply to their pleading: "Lord, if your people still need me, I can’t refuse the task." Non Recuso Laborem.

 * So in the context of St. Martin the work which cannot be refused is the work of looking after the community

 * User: WSPOKER; 17.07, 14 July 2009

title: Talk:Dover College


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Silent Holocaust (Judaism)

Silent Holocaust (שואה שקטה, sometimes called "another holocaust" or a "second holocaust") is a controversial expression that has been used with various meanings, and is used by certain Jewish communal and religious leaders to describe Jewish assimilation (cultural assimilation, religious assimilation) and interfaith marriages between Jews and gentiles. The term compares the resulting demographic effects (decrease in the Jewish population) to the Holocaust of Europe's Jews during World War II resulting in the genocide of six million Jews. Communal leaders, such as Rabbi Ephraim Buchwald of the National Jewish Outreach Program, popularized the phrase.

The word silent is meant to evoke a state of shock due to the fact that millions of Jews are freely choosing to leave Judaism. For some, the loss of millions of Jewish coreligionists is deemed serious enough to be called a holocaust (meaning a "wholesale sacrifice or destruction".)

Some Jewish communal leaders, such as Rabbi Ephraim Buchwald of the National Jewish Outreach Program in New York, refer to the assimilation of Jews into non-Jewish societies as a type of Holocaust. Since World War II, assimilation has been the leading cause of Jewish population decline in Western countries. Buchwald said in 1992 that the Jewish community would not be recognizable in 25 to 30 years. According to the 2000—2001 National Jewish Population Survey, from 1996, 47% of American Jews married a non-Jew. The NJPS survey claims that higher levels of education are associated with lower levels of intermarriage.

title: Silent Holocaust (Judaism)


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Edmonton Eskimos (ice hockey)

The Edmonton Eskimos were a Canadian amateur and later professional men's ice hockey team that existed from 1911 to 1927. After playing in senior hockey in the Alberta-based Big-4 League, the Eskimos joined the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) for the inaugural 1921–22 WCHL season, and played for the Stanley Cup against the Ottawa Senators in the 1923 Stanley Cup Finals, as the WCHL Champions. Team alumni include Hockey Hall of Fame members Eddie Shore, Duke Keats and Bullet Joe Simpson.

While the Edmonton Eskimos disbanded after the 1926–27 season, the name was adopted by a new team in 1932–33, playing for four years before it disbanded. The name was adopted by another new team for a single 1938–39 season.

History
The Eskimos club was formed for the 1909–10 season by Edmonton sports promoter William Deacon White, from the remains of the amateur Edmonton Hockey Club, and inherited its predecessor's membership in the Alberta Amateur Hockey Association (AAHA). In 1909–10 and 1911–12 the club was loosely known as the "Edmonton Deacons", after Deacon White. Prior to the 1911–12 season the team officially adopted the name Edmonton Eskimos, influenced by Deacon White's Edmonton Esquimaux rugby football club. The early Eskimos played in the Thistle Rink, until it burned down in 1912.

In 1919–20, the AAHA formed the "Big Four" senior league, composed of two teams in Edmonton, and two in Calgary. This league folded in 1921, and the Eskimos helped to found the Western Canada Hockey League, with Ken McKenzie as their head coach.

The Eskimos were the WCHL regular season champion for the inaugural 1921–22 WCHL season, finishing second in the 1921–22 playoffs. The Eskimos repeated as regular season champion in the 1922–23 WCHL season, then defeated the Regina Capitals to win the 1922–23 WCHL playoff championship. The team then played in the 1923 Stanley Cup Finals against the Ottawa Senators. The Regina Capitals moved to Portland, Oregon, in the summer of 1925, leading to the WCHL renaming itself the Western Hockey League (WHL). The Eskimos won their third regular season championship in the single 1925–26 WHL season, finishing second in that season's playoffs.

The WHL disbanded after the 1925–26 season, and the Eskimos joined other WHL teams, plus some new franchises, to form the Prairie Hockey League, with the Eskimos finished last of the five teams in the inaugural 1926–27 PHL season. The Eskimos disbanded at that end of that season.

Later incarnations
The name Edmonton Eskimos was adopted by an amateur senior team that played in the Western Canada Hockey League in 1932–33, which was re-formed as the North West Hockey League (NWHL) for the 1933–34 season. This Eskimos team disbanded after the 1935–36 NWHL season.

The name was adopted by a team that played in the Alberta Senior Hockey League (ASHL) in 1938–39.

Hockey Hall of Fame
A number of Edmonton Eskimos players have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, recognizing their bodies of work, including their time with the Big-4/WCHL/WHL/PHL Eskimos teams:

 * Tommy Dunderdale
 * Duke Keats
 * Eddie Shore
 * Bullet Joe Simpson
 * Barney Stanley

Past players

 * Alva Sibbetts
 * Hammy Gillespie
 * Everett McGowan

title: Edmonton Eskimos (ice hockey)


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Zulu (1964 film)

Zulu is a 1964 British epic adventure action war film depicting the Battle of Rorke's Drift between a detachment of the British Army and the Zulu in 1879, during the Anglo-Zulu War, in which 150 British soldiers, 30 of whom were sick and wounded, at a remote outpost, held off a force of 4,000 Zulu warriors.

The film was directed by American screenwriter Cy Endfield and produced by Stanley Baker and Endfield, with Joseph E. Levine as executive producer. The screenplay was by Endfield and historical writer John Prebble, based on Prebble's 1958 Lilliput article "Slaughter in the Sun". The film stars Baker and introduces Michael Caine, in his first major role, with a supporting cast that includes Jack Hawkins, Ulla Jacobsson, James Booth, Nigel Green, Paul Daneman, Glynn Edwards, Ivor Emmanuel, and Patrick Magee. Zulu chief and future South African political leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi played Zulu King Cetshwayo kaMpande, his great-grandfather. The opening and closing narration is spoken by Richard Burton.

The film was first shown on the 85th anniversary of the actual battle, 22 January 1964, at the Plaza Theatre in the West End of London. Zulu received widespread critical acclaim, with praise going to the sets, soundtrack, cinematography, action sequences and the performances of the cast, particularly Baker, Booth, Green and Caine. The film brought Caine international fame. In 2017 a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers, and critics for Time Out magazine ranked it the 93rd best British film ever.

Plot
In January 1879, in the aftermath of the crushing defeat of a 1,300-man British column by the Zulu armies at Isandlwana, Zulu tribesmen scavenge the battlefield and collect rifles and ammunition from the dead soldiers. At a mass Zulu marriage ceremony witnessed by missionary Otto Witt and his daughter Margareta, Zulu King Cetshwayo is informed of the great victory; Witt and Margareta flee when they realise that the Zulus are going to attack Witt's missionary station at Rorke's Drift in Natal, which a company of the British Army's 24th Regiment of Foot are using as a supply depot and hospital for British forces in Zululand.

Receiving news of Isandlwana from Natal Native Contingent Commander Adendorff and warnings that 4,000 Zulu warriors are advancing on their position, Lieutenant John Chard of the Royal Engineers assumes command of a force consisting of less than 200 men as he is slightly senior to their nominal commander, Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead. With not enough time to order a full evacuation, Chard decides to stay and fight. He has wagons, sacks of mealie (maize), and crates of hardtack stacked to form a defensive perimeter, gun holes knocked in the hospital walls, and a medical ward set up in Witt's chapel. A contingent of South African cavalrymen who had fought at Isandlwana arrive, refuse Chard's pleas to help reinforce the station on the grounds that it is hopeless, and swiftly depart on their horses. Witt, enraged by Chard arming the hospital's patients and ordering them to fight instead of allowing them to be evacuated, persuades the Zulus serving in the Natal Native Contingent to desert. In retaliation, Chard orders the wagons, which Witt had wanted to transport the sick and injured, to be overturned to plug gaps in the barrier. Then he and orders Witt to be locked up in the chapel's supply room.

The Zulu impis approach and then charge before quickly retreating under British fire; Adendorff explains that they are trying to find weak points in the station's defences. Witt starts drinking heavily and proclaims that none of the soldiers will survive the coming battle. Chard permits Margareta to take her father away; the Zulus, recognising the Witts, allow them to pass unharmed. Chard is concerned that the northern perimeter wall is under-defended and realises that the Zulus, aware of this, are preparing to attack the station from all sides. Zulu warriors armed with British rifles also start taking potshots at the soldiers. Throughout the day and night, wave after wave of Zulu attackers are repelled, but the defenders are gradually killed off one by one, among them the company cook, killed by a Zulu spear while carrying ammunition. Due to a shot fired too close to the hospital's hay roof, the building catches on fire, and Private Henry Hook rallies the patients to fight them and escape. Sergeant Robert Maxfield, Private Hook's bedridden and mentally broken commanding officer, is killed along with a Zulu warrior as the hospital burns down.

The next morning, the Zulus approach to within several hundred yards and sing a lament before launching again into their war chant; the British respond by singing the Welsh song "Men of Harlech". In the final assault, just as it seems the Zulus will finally overwhelm the tired defenders, the British soldiers fall back to a small redoubt in front of the chapel. With a reserve of men hidden within the redoubt, they form into three ranks and fire volley after volley, inflicting heavy casualties; the Zulus retreat. After a pause of three hours, the Zulus re-form on the Oscarberg. Resigned to another assault, the British are astonished when the Zulus instead sing a song to honour the bravery of the defenders before departing.

Cast

 * Stanley Baker as Lieutenant John Chard, a veteran commander serving with the Royal Engineers. He takes charge of the defence of Rorke's Drift by virtue of seniority, despite his distaste for the slaughter of war.
 * Michael Caine as Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead, an officer who places himself under Chard's command. He is inexperienced, arrogant, and dismissive of the Zulu army's capabilities, but slowly comes into his own by following Chard's example and shows himself to be courageous.
 * Jack Hawkins as Reverend Otto Witt, a Swedish missionary based at Rorke's Drift.
 * Ulla Jacobsson as Margareta Witt
 * Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi as King Cetshwayo; Cetshwayo was Buthelezi's real-life maternal great-grandfather
 * James Booth as Private Henry Hook, described as "a thief, a coward, and an insubordinate barrack-room lawyer" who has been confined to the hospital after falsely claiming sickness to get excused from his duties.
 * Nigel Green as Colour sergeant Frank Bourne, a seasoned NCO who plays a key role in organizing and leading the British defence.
 * Paul Daneman as Sergeant Robert Maxfield, Private Hook's bedridden and mentally broken commanding officer.
 * Joe Powell as Sergeant Joseph Windridge
 * Ivor Emmanuel as Private Owen, a Welsh baritone and head of the company choir.
 * Glynn Edwards as Corporal William Allen
 * Neil McCarthy as Private Thomas, Owen's best friend who longs to return to his farm in Wales
 * David Kernan as Private Frederick Hitch
 * Gary Bond as Private Cole
 * Peter Gill as Private 612 John Williams, a member of the company choir assigned to the squad defending the hospital.
 * Richard Davies as Private 593 William Jones
 * Denys Graham as Private 716 Robert Jones
 * Patrick Magee as Surgeon-Major James Henry Reynolds
 * Dickie Owen as Corporal Frederick Schiess, a hospitalised Swiss corporal in the Natal Native Contingent who volunteers for Chard's defenders
 * Gert van den Bergh as Lieutenant Gert Adendorff, an Afrikaner officer serving with the Natal Native Contingent and a survivor of the battle at Isandlwana who advises Chard and fights alongside him
 * Dennis Folbigge as Acting Assistant Commissary James Langley Dalton
 * Larry Taylor as Hughes
 * Kerry Jordan as Louis Byrne, the company cook who is forced to join the defenders despite his pleas of cowardice.
 * Harvey Hall as Sick Man

Production
Cy Endfield was inspired to make the film after reading an article on the Battle of Rorke's Drift by John Prebble. He took it to actor Stanley Baker with whom he had made several films and who was interested in moving into production. Endfield and Prebble drafted a script, which Baker then showed to Joseph E. Levine while making Sodom and Gomorrah (1962) in Italy. Levine agreed to fund the movie, which was produced by Baker's company, Diamond Films. It was shot using the Super Technirama 70 cinematographic process, and distributed by Paramount Pictures in all countries excluding the United States, where it was distributed by Embassy Pictures.

Most of Zulu was shot on location in South Africa. The mission depot at Rorke's Drift was recreated beneath the natural Amphitheatre in the Drakensberg Mountains (considerably more precipitous than the real Rorke's Drift, which is little more than two small hills). The set for the British field hospital and supply depot at Rorke's Drift was created near the Tugela River with the Amphitheatre in the background. The real location of the battle was 100 kilometres (60 mi) to the northeast, on the Buffalo River near the isolated hill at Isandlwana.

Other scenes were filmed within the national parks of the then Province of Natal. Interiors and all the scenes starring James Booth were completed at Twickenham Film Studios in Middlesex, England. The majority of the Zulus were real Zulus. 240 Zulu extras were employed for the battle scenes, bused in from their tribal homes over 100 miles away. Around 1,000 additional tribesmen were filmed by the second unit in Zululand. Eighty South African military servicemen were cast as soldiers.

The film was compared by Baker to a Western movie, with the traditional roles of the United States Cavalry and Native Americans taken by the British and the Zulus respectively. Director Endfield showed a Western to Zulu extras to demonstrate the concept of film acting and how he wanted the warriors to conduct themselves. It has been rumoured that due to the apartheid laws in South Africa, none of the Zulu extras could be paid for their performance and that, consequently, Endfield circumvented this restriction by leaving them all the animals, primarily cattle, used in the film. This allegation is incorrect; no such law existed and all of the Zulu extras were paid in full – the main body of extras were paid the equivalent of nine shillings per day each, additional extras eight shillings, and the female dancers slightly less. Michael Caine, who at this early stage in his career was primarily playing bit parts, was originally up for the role of Private Henry Hook, which went to James Booth. According to Caine, he was extremely nervous during his screen test for the part of Bromhead, and director Cy Endfield told him that it was the worst screen test he had ever seen, but they were casting Caine in the part anyway because the production was leaving for South Africa shortly and they had not found anyone else for the role. Caine also believed that he was fortunate that the film was directed by an American (Endfield), because "no English director would've cast me as an officer, I promise you, not one," due to his Cockney roots. Caine later said "My entire movie career is based on the length of the bar at the Prince of Wales theatre, because I was on my way out [after failing to get the part auditioned for] and it was a very long walk to the door. And I had just got there, when he called out: 'Come back!'

The company was unable to obtain enough historically authentic Martini-Henry rifles for all of the extras, and had to use additional later Lee Enfields, with a  very noticeable moving bolt on the right side, absent on the Martini-Henry. The sidearms used were also visibly later types, World War I-vintage Webley Mk VI revolvers.

The budget of the film has been the subject of some speculation. Press related figures of $3 million and even $3.5 million were mentioned upon the picture's American release. Joe Levine later revealed that Stanley Baker had approached him with a script and budget in 1962, just after the filming of Sodom and Gomorrah. Levine agreed to finance the picture up to $2 million. According to the records of the British completion bond company, Film Finance, Ltd., the production eventually finalized its budget at £666,554 (approximately, $1,720,000). This included a contingency amount of £82,241, of which only £34,563 had been used by the time the picture had all but wrapped post-production (Cost Report #15, 18 October 1963). This would have placed the near-final negative cost at £618,876 (approximately $1,600,000).

Historical accuracy
The basic premises of the film are true and largely accurate, but is not a historical re-enactment of real events. Although actual participants of the battle are named characters in the film, they bear little resemblance to their actual counterparts. The heavily outnumbered British successfully defended Rorke's Drift more or less as portrayed in the film. Writer Cy Endfield even consulted a Zulu tribal historian for information from Zulu oral tradition about the attack. There are a number of historical inaccuracies in the film.

The regiment

 * The script presents the 24th Regiment of Foot as a predominantly Welsh regiment, which was not the case in 1879. Of the soldiers present at Rorke's Drift, 49 were English, 32 Welsh, 16 Irish and 22 others of indeterminate ethnicity.  While the regiment had been based at Brecon in South Wales for several years, its full name at the time was 24th (2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot. (In 1881, the regiment assumed its later name of South Wales Borderers.)
 * The song "Men of Harlech" features prominently as the regimental song; it did not become so until later. At the time of the battle, the regimental song was "The Warwickshire Lad". There was no "battlefield singing contest" between the British and the Zulus.

The Witts
There are several inconsistencies with the historical record concerning the Swedish missionaries, the Witts. In the film, Witt is depicted as a middle-aged man, a pacifist and drunkard, who has an adult daughter called Margareta accompanying him. In reality, Otto Witt was aged 30. Witt's family were 30 km away at the time of the battle. On the morning of the battle, Otto Witt, with the chaplain, George Smith, and Surgeon-Major James Henry Reynolds, had ascended Shiyane (Oscarberg), the large hill near the station, and noticed the approach of the Zulu force across the Buffalo River. Far from being a pacifist, Witt had co-operated closely with the British Army and negotiated a lease to put Rorke's Drift at Lord Chelmsford's disposal. Witt made it clear that he did not oppose British intervention against King Cetshwayo. He had stayed at Rorke's Drift because he wished "to take part in the defence of my own house and at the same time in the defence of an important place for the whole colony, yet my thoughts went to my wife and to my children, who were at a short distance from there, and did not know anything of what was going on". He therefore left on horseback to join his family shortly before the battle.

The men of the regiment

 * Lieutenants John Chard and Gonville Bromhead: Chard had received his commission in February 1868, making Bromhead the junior officer and second-in-command at the Drift even though he was an infantryman and Chard was an engineer. In the film, it is stated that Bromhead received his commission only three months after Chard when, in fact, it was a full three years after Chard.
 * Surgeon Reynolds: During the Battle of Rorke's Drift, Reynolds went around the barricades, distributing ammunition and tending to the wounded there, something that is not shown in the film. During the closing voiceover, he is also incorrectly referred to as "Surgeon-Major, Army Hospital Corps"; Reynolds was of the Army Medical Department, and was not promoted to the rank of Surgeon-Major until after the action at Rorke's Drift. The pacifism apparent in Magee's portrayal is also somewhat anachronistic and not based on the historical Surgeon Reynolds.
 * Private Henry Hook, VC, is depicted as a rogue with a penchant for alcohol; in fact he was a model soldier who later became a sergeant; he was also a teetotaller. While the film has him in the hospital "malingering, under arrest", he had actually been assigned there specifically to guard the building. The real Hook's elderly daughters were so disgusted with his portrayal in the film, they walked out of the London premiere in 1964. The fictional depiction led to an ongoing campaign to have the historical reputation restored to the real Private Hook. The film's producers admitted they chose Hook simply because "they wanted an anti-hero who would come good under pressure".
 * Corporal William Allen is depicted as a model soldier; in real life he had recently been demoted from sergeant for drunkenness.
 * Colour Sergeant Frank Bourne (1854–1945) is depicted as a big, hardened, middle-aged veteran; in fact, he was of modest stature and, aged 24, the youngest colour sergeant in the British Army. He was called "The Kid" by his men. Colour Sergeant Bourne would not have worn medals on his duty uniform. Moreover, Green's costume has the chevrons on the wrong arm. After the battle Bourne was offered a commission but turned it down because he lacked the money necessary to serve as a commissioned officer; he did accept a commission in 1890. He was the last British survivor of the Battle and died as a full colonel.
 * The role of Padre George Smith ("Ammunition" Smith) is completely ignored.
 * Corporal Christian Ferdinand Schiess was only 22, significantly younger than the actor who portrayed him.
 * The detachment of cavalry from "Durnford's Horse" who ride up to the mission station were members of the Natal Native Contingent, mainly composed of black riders rather than the local white farmers depicted in the film, who had survived the Battle of Isandlwana and had ridden to Rorke's Drift to warn and aid the garrison there. They were present during the opening action with the Zulus, but then rode off as they had very little ammunition for their cavalry carbines. Captain Stephenson is depicted at their head; in reality he was leading the NNC infantry, who had already deserted.
 * The uniforms of the Natal Native Contingent are inaccurate: NNC troops were not issued with European-style clothes. Only their European officers wore makeshift uniforms. The rank and file wore traditional tribal garb topped by a red rag worn around the forehead (as correctly depicted in a film on the earlier battle of Islandwana, Zulu Dawn). The story of their desertion is true. However, as Witt had already left, he was not responsible for their departure. They left of their own accord, with Captain Stephenson and his European NCOs. These deserters were fired at as they left and one of their NCOs, Corporal Anderson, was killed. Stephenson was later convicted of desertion at a court-martial and dismissed from the army.

The Zulus
The attack on the mission station was not ordered by King Cetshwayo, as the audience is led to believe in the film. Cetshwayo had specifically told his warriors not to invade Natal, the British colony. The attack was led by Prince Dabulamanzi kaMpande, the King's half-brother, who pursued fleeing survivors at Isandlwana across the river and then moved on to attack Rorke's Drift. Although almost 20,000 rounds of ammunition were fired by the defenders, just under 400 Zulus were killed at Rorke's Drift. A similar number were left behind when the Zulus retreated, being too badly wounded to move. Comments from veterans many years after the event suggest the British killed many of these wounded men in the battle's aftermath, raising the total number of Zulu deaths to over 700.

Battle
At roughly 7 am, an Impi appeared prompting the British to man their positions again. No attack materialised, as the Zulus had been on the move for six days prior to the battle. In their ranks were hundreds of wounded, and moreover they were several days' march from any supplies.

Around 8 am, another force appeared; the defenders abandoned their breakfast and took up their positions again. The approaching troops were the vanguard of Lord Chelmsford's relief column.

The Zulus did not sing a song saluting fellow warriors, and departed at the approach of the British relief column. This inaccuracy has been both praised for showing the Zulus in a positive light and for treating them and the British as equals, and criticised as undermining any anti-imperial message of the film.

Reception
On its initial release in 1964, it was one of the biggest box-office hits of all time in the British market. For the next 12 years it remained in constant cinema circulation before making its first appearance on television. It then went on to become a television perennial, and remains beloved by the British public.

Zulu received highly positive reviews from critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that "if you're not too squeamish at the sight of slaughter and blood and can keep your mind fixed on the notion that there was something heroic and strong about British colonial expansion in the 19th century, you may find a great deal of excitement in this robustly Kiplingesque film. For certainly the fellows who made it, Cy Endfield and Stanley Baker, have done about as nifty a job of realizing on the formula as one could do." Variety praised the "intelligent screenplay" and "high allround standard of acting," concluding, "High grade technical qualities round off a classy production." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote that the film was "in the much-missed tradition of 'Beau Geste' and 'Four Feathers.' It has a restrained, leisurely tension, the heroics are splendidly stiff-upper-lip and such granite worthies as Stanley Baker and Jack Hawkins head the cast." Whitney Balliett of The New Yorker wrote that the film had "not only refurbished all the clichés of the genre but given them the sheen of high style ... It has already been pointed out that 'Zulu' is in poor taste. But so are such invaluable relics as G. A. Henty and Rider Haggard and Kipling." The Monthly Film Bulletin called Zulu "a typically fashionable war film, paying dutiful lip service to the futility of the slaughter while milking it for thrills. And the battle, which occupies the whole second half of the film, is unquestionably thrilling ... But whenever there is a pause in the action the script plunges relentlessly into bathos, with feuding officers, comic other ranks, and all the other trappings of British War Film Mark I, which one had hoped were safely obsolete."

Caine's performance in Zulu won him praise from reviewers, and his next film role would be as the star of The Ipcress File in which he was reunited with Nigel Green.

Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 96% based on reviews from 27 critics. The consensus summarizes: "Zulu patiently establishes a cast of colorful characters and insurmountable stakes before unleashing its white-knuckle spectacle, delivering an unforgettable war epic in the bargain."

Among more modern assessments, Robin Clifford of Reeling Reviews gave the film four out of five stars, while Brazilian reviewer Pablo Villaça of Cinema em Cena (Cinema Scene) gave the film three stars out of five. Dennis Schwartz of Ozus Movie Reviews praised Caine's performance, calling it "one of his most splendid hours on film" and graded the film 'A'.

When released in Apartheid South Africa in 1964 the film was banned for black audiences (as the government feared that its scenes of blacks killing whites might incite them to violence), apart from a few special screenings for its Zulu extras in Durban and some smaller Kwazulu towns.

By 2007, critics were divided over whether the movie should be seen as deeply anti-imperialist or as racist.

A reviewer gave the film 8 out of 10 stars.

In 2010, Alex von Tunzelmann of The Guardian gave the film a grade of B, saying: "The Zulus are a mystery, the Welsh are misplaced, a Victoria Cross recipient is slandered, and no one has enough facial hair. Nonetheless, Zulu is a brilliantly made dramatisation of Rorke's Drift, and it does a fine job of capturing the spirit for which the battle is remembered."

In 2014, Pat Reid of Empire gave the film four out of five stars, describing Zulu "As a spectacular war film with a powerful moral dimension, Zulu pre-dates Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan by more than three decades. Like the defence of Rorke's Drift itself, its legend grows with the passing of time." The same year, Cinema Retro released a special issue dedicated to Zulu which detailed the production and filming of the film. Stating that the film "has lost none of its impact over the years", it praises the battle sequences, calling them "impressively staged" and the portrayal of the Zulus "as noble figures who develop a mutual respect for the British, even as they are trying to kill them". It also praises the "particularly impressive" performances of the supporting cast of Hawkins, Jacobbsson, and Magee.

In a Telegraph article, Will Heaven wrote, "Zulu is a story of real-life heroism seen through the lenses of Victorian propaganda and Hollywood epic cinema. It may not be truthful – but, my God, the result is thrilling."

In a book, Daniel O'Brien noted one of the Zulus killing one of their own to protect Witt's daughter, and how Bromhead dismissing the native auxiliaries who died with the column at Isandhlwana, "Damn the levies man – more cowardly blacks", is reprimanded by Adendorff.

In 2018, Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi defended the film's cultural and historical merits, stating that there's a "...deep respect that develops between the warring armies, and the nobility of King Cetshwayo's warriors as they salute the enemy, demanded a different way of thinking from the average viewer at the time of the film's release. Indeed, it remains a film that demands a thoughtful response." Buthelezi, with whom Baker had become friends with during production, described Baker as "the finest white man he had ever met".

Awards and honours
Ernest Archer was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Colour Art Direction on the film. The magazine Total Film (2004) ranked Zulu the 37th greatest British movie of all time, and it was ranked eighth in the British television programme The 100 Greatest War Films. Empire magazine ranked Zulu 351st on their list of the 500 greatest films.

Presentation format
Zulu was filmed in Technirama and intended for presentation in Super Technirama 70, as shown on the prints. In the UK however, the only 70mm screening was a press show prior to release. While the vast majority of cinemas would have played the film in 35mm anyway, the Plaza's West End screenings were of the 35mm anamorphic version as well rather than, as might have been expected, a 70mm print. This was due to the UK's film quota regulations, which demanded that cinemas showed 30% British films during the calendar year, but the regulations only applied to 35mm presentations. By 1964, the number of British films available to a cinema like the Plaza could be limited and Zulu gave them several weeks of British quota qualification if played in 35mm. In other countries the public did get to see the film in 70mm.

Home video releases
In the US, a LaserDisc release by The Criterion Collection retains the original stereophonic soundtrack taken from a 70mm print.

An official DVD release (with a mono soundtrack as the original stereo tracks were not available) was later issued by StudioCanal through Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was released on Blu-ray in the UK in 2008; this version is region-free. On 22 January 2014, the 50th anniversary of the film and the 135th anniversary of the actual battle, Twilight Time issued a limited-edition Blu-ray of Zulu in the US with John Barry's score as an isolated track.

Merchandising

 * A soundtrack album by John Barry featuring one side of the film score music and one side of "Zulu Stamp" was released on Ember Records in the UK and United Artists Records outside the Commonwealth.
 * The choreographer Lionel Blair arranged a dance called the "Zulu Stamp" for Barry's instrumentals.
 * A comic book by Dell Comics was released to coincide with the film that features scenes and stills not in the completed film.
 * Conte toy soldiers and playsets decorated with artwork and stills from the film were produced.

Prequel
Endfield later wrote Zulu Dawn (1979) which serves as a prequel to the original film.

In popular culture

 * The Battle of Helm's Deep sequence in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers was filmed in a manner deliberately reminiscent of Zulu.
 * Blood Bath at Orc's Drift is a 1985 campaign supplement for the Games Workshop Warhammer Fantasy Battle (2nd edition) game, which pitted a small force of High Elves, Dwarfs, and Humans against an attacking army of Orcs. In 1997, Games Workshop again drew inspiration from Zulu for the Massacre at Big Toof River. In this event Praetorian Guards, a faction based directly on late-19th century colonial English forces, faced off against Orc attackers, filling the role of the Zulus.
 * Stanley Baker purchased John Chard's Victoria Cross in 1972 believing it to be a replica. After Baker's death, it was sold to a collector at a low price but then found to be the genuine medal.
 * Afrika Bambaataa said that he chose the name "Zulu" based on inspiration from the 1964 film. What Bambaataa "saw in Zulu, were powerful images of Black solidarity." This would later inspire the name for his organisation, Universal Zulu Nation, in the 1970s.

title: Zulu (1964 film)


text:
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation

The Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation (CPI(ML)L) is a communist political party in India. The party is represented in Bihar and Jharkhand Legislative Assemblies. Since 2023, the party is also a member of the INDIA electoral alliance. In Bihar, party has significant base amongst the Extremely Backward Castes and the Schedule Castes. It was successful in mobilising Upper Backward Caste group such as Koeris in some districts of central Bihar, prior to the rise of Lalu Prasad Yadav. The party faced existential crisis when a large section of its Koeri and Yadav support base was defected to Rashtriya Janata Dal in 1990s. However, the ideological commitment of its cadre protected it from disintegration. It staged a comeback in politics after winning twelve seats in Bihar Legislative Assembly in 2020 and by sending two of its members to Lok Sabha in 2024 Indian general elections.

History
In 1973, the original Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) split, with one group led by Sharma and another by Mahadev Mukherjee. Vinod Mishra initially belonged to Mukherjee's party, but he and the Burdwan Regional Committee broke with Mukherjee in September 1973. Mishra sought contact with the Sharma group, but the Burdwan Regional Committee was later divided and Mishra denounced the political line of Sharma (a critique, which amongst other things, called for the formation of open mass organizations, a move that almost constituted a heresy in the CPI (ML) movement at the time).

In 1974, Mishra came into contact with Subrata Dutta (Jauhar), a leader of armed struggle in the plain areas of Bihar. On 28 July 1974 (the second death anniversary of Charu Majumdar), a new party Central Committee was formed with Jauhar as General Secretary and Mishra and Swadesh Bhattacharya (Raghu) as members. The reorganized party became known as the 'anti-Lin Biao' group (whilst the faction of Mahadev Mukherjee constituted the 'pro-Lin Biao' group). The anti-Lin Biao group became known as the CPIML Liberation.

Mishra served as West Bengal secretary of the new party organization. Under Mishra's leadership new dalams (guerilla squads) were formed.

In November 1975, Jauhar was killed during Lal Sena activities. Mishra became the new party General Secretary in a reorganized five-member Central Committee. Mishra organized a second party congress, held clandestinely in the rural areas of Gaya district in February 1976. The congress unanimously re-elected Mishra as General Secretary.

Reorientation and rectification
Mishra was the political architect of the process of re-orientation of CPIML Liberation. By 1976 the party had adopted a position that armed struggle would be combined with building a broad anti-Congress democratic front movement. The process was further elaborated through an internal rectification process initiated in late 1977. Party study circles and party schools were started from central to the block level of the party structure. The theory of two line tactics started to develop.

In 1981, the party tried to unify the other splintered ML factions. The party organised a unity meeting with 13 ML factions to form a unified leading core. However, the initiative was a failure.

The IPF
In the early 1980s, CPIML Liberation began building an open non-party mass movement (in direct to the original policy of CPI (ML)), the Indian People's Front (founded in April 1982). Nagbhushan Patnaik became the president of IPF. The construction of IPF, through which the underground party could develop links to other democratic forces on the basis of a popular, democratic and patriotic programme, was based on interventions by Mishra. However, although Mishra broke with the dogmas of the early CPI (ML), he never renounced Charu Majumdar's legacy.

In the third party congress, it was decided that IPF will participate in parliamentary elections. In 1989, IPF's Rameshwar Prasad won the loksabha seat from Ara (Bhojpur). In 1990, IPF won seven seats from Bihar Legislative Assembly. Special initiatives taken for restructuring the party and open up. IPF hold its first rally on 8 October 1990 in Delhi.

CPIML's mass base in the state of Bihar was among the members of Extremely Backward and Schedule Castes and it was initially unable to draw support for its activities from the upper backward castes. It was, however successful in mobilising the Koeris in the regions like Arrah, Rohtas, Patna and Aurangabad. This success remained temporary as with the formation of Rashtriya Janata Dal, the Koeri and Yadav support base of CPIML increasingly shifted its loyalty to the RJD. This was because plum posts in the party was offered by RJD to those detecting from the CPIML. During this period four legislators associated with Indian People's Front, the open mass organisation of CPIML defected to the RJD. These were Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha, K.D Yadav, Umesh Singh and Suryadev Singh. However, the party was saved from complete ruin by the presence of top leadership which was ideologically committed and belonged to social groups such as non -Yadav Other Backward Castes.

The ASDC
In 1985, the party launched People's democratic Front (PDF) in Karbi Anglong district of Assam which won a seat in state assembly. In 1987 PDF was transformed to Autonomous State Demand Committee (ASDC). A sustained mass movement by ASDC help it to sweep district council elections in 1989. In 1981, ASDC's Jayanta Rongpi became an MP in Parliament. In 1996, ASDC was able to send its five-member group in Assam assembly as MLA.

In 1992, after the Fifth party congress (Held in Kolkata), the party comes out in the open from its underground status. Mishra was re-elected General Secretary of the party at the sixth congress of CPIML Liberation in Varanasi in October 1997.

Present
The Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Liberation), led by Dipankar Bhattacharya is a surviving faction of the CPI (M-L). Liberation has established legal overground structures (trade unions, student groups, peasant organisations etc.) and participates in elections. In the Lok Sabha elections in 1999 the party won 0.3% of the votes and one seat (the former ASDC-seat from Assam). In the 2004 elections the seat was lost, mainly due to a split within ASDC. As of 2016, the party has been able to send its representatives to the state legislative assemblies of Bihar and Jharkhand as well as the panchayats of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Punjab.

In November 2020, it won 12 seats in Bihar's election. The legislators elected in this election to Bihar Legislative Assembly are:

In 2024, it was able to win two seats in from Bihar in Indian general election. The CPIML candidates, Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha and Sudama Prasad were able to defeat union minister R. K. Singh in Arrah Lok Sabha constituency and Upendra Kushwaha and Bhojpuri singer and actor Pawan Singh in Karakat Lok Sabha constituency. In a report, Dainik Bhaskar stated that the party is more strong than Indian National Congress in the state of Bihar, given its stellar performance in 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections and 2024 Indian general elections. The party has supported the government of Nitish Kumar and Tejaswi Yadav from outside after 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, however, its face has always been of a mass organisation working for the cause of poor. Many a times, it was seen protesting against its own government outside and inside the house of legislative assembly. The party was also praised for its ground level work amongst the downtrodden section of society and for winning the elections with bare minimum resources, when other political parties relied on heavy funding from the corporate for their election expenses.

CPIML has also showed significant presence in the regions such as Siwan and has been at the forefront in the fight against local landed magnates on the question of poor. It came into conflict with the gangster politician Mohammad Shahabuddin in the region, who was supported by local fuedal elements. The Party has been served in the region by the influential local leaders such Ramesh Singh Kushwaha.

Publications
The English-language publication of the party is Liberation, and thus the party is called CPIML Liberation. Apart from Liberation, the party publishes a central Hindi weekly organ, Samkaleen Lokyuddh. Some state party committees publish their own organs, like the weekly Ajker Deshabrati in West Bengal, Nabasphulinga in Tripura, Teeppori in Tamil Nadu, Telugu Liberation in Andhra Pradesh, Kannada Liberation in Karnataka, Samkali Lok Morcha in Punjab, etc.

Bihar
The party has a longstanding conflict with the feudal landlords since the beginning of CPI (ML). Siwan, Bhojpur, Arrah are the strongholds of CPI (ML) movement. The communist movement in Bihar was founded by the comrade Jagdish Mahto, Rameshwar Ahir and Ramnaresh Ram in the Ekwaari village of Bhojpur. Traditionally, CPIML had a strong base between Kushwahas and Dalits of Bihar.

Bihar Legislative Assembly Election
2015

CPIML Liberation emerged as the third largest party in Bihar Legislative Assembly Election 2015. The party contested jointly along with CPI, CPI(M), RSP, Forward Bloc, and SUCI(C) as a third alternative to the National Democratic Alliance and the Mahagathbandhan of Lalu Prasad Yadav and Nitish Kumar. The party won the seats of Darauli, Balrampur and Tarari) each. The party has a vote percentage of 1.5% in the state. All the left parties together have a vote percentage of 3.59%. 2020

CPI(ML) Liberation contested the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election as part of the Mahagathbandhan, an alliance of the UPA and the leftist parties led by the Rashtriya Janata Dal. The party secured 12 seats with a vote percentage of 3.16%, making it the fifth largest party in the Bihar Legislative Assembly. However, the Mahagathbandhan lost the election to the rival National Democratic Alliance.

As a result of the election, the CPI(ML)L was recognised as a state party by the Election Commission of India.

Jharkhand
Since the separation of Jharkhand from Bihar important places like Ranchi, Dhanbad, Giridih, Koderma, Jamtada and others have been field of work of the party. In Jharkhand the party is the representative of regional adivasis who have conflicts with corporates and government against improper land seizure without proper rehabilitation. The party also has conflicts with the local coal mafias.

2014 state election
The party contested in cooperation with state left parties like Marxist Co-ordination Committee (MCC),  CPI, and CPI(M) as an alternative to the BJP and INC led alliances. The party won the Dhanwar seat. The party got 1.5% of vote in the state. All the left parties together got 2.5% vote in the state.

2019 state election
The party gained the legislative assembly seat of Bagodar but lost the previous seat from Dhanwar.

Leadership
The current general secretary of the party is Dipankar Bhattacharya, first elected in 1998 after the passing of Vinod Mishra. The 11th party congress of CPIML Liberation, held in Patna, Bihar from 15 to 20 February 2023 elected a Central Committee with 77 members. The Central Committee later elected a 17 numbers of Politburo members Committee.

Mass organizations
The main mass organizations of the party are:
 * Revolutionary Youth Association (RYA)
 * All India Students Association (AISA)
 * All India Agricultural and Rural Labour Association (AIARLA)
 * All India Peasants' Coordination Committee
 * All India Central Council of Trade Unions (AICCTU)
 * All India Progressive Women's Association (AIPWA)
 * Autonomous State Demand Committee (ASDC)
 * All India Kisan Mahasabha (AIKM)


text:
Progress of the State

Progress of the State is the title of a group of sculptural figures that sits above the south portico, at the main entrance to the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, the state capital of the U.S. state of Minnesota.

The allegorical statuary group representing civilization is in an arrangement known as a quadriga, consisting of a chariot pulled by four horses. Three human figures, two women and a man, are included. The sculpture, made by Daniel Chester French and Edward Clark Potter, was based on their earlier Columbus Quadriga statuary, at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. It was completed and raised to the roof of the capitol in 1906. The underlying armature is steel covered in copper. The exterior copper surface is gilded in 23 karat gold leaf and requires re-gilding approximately every 20 years.

Design
The quadriga arrangement is a style of statue reproducing ancient Greek and Roman four-horse chariots. In the Minnesota quadriga the male charioteer holds aloft a variation of a Roman Legion standard inscribed with the state name MINNESOTA.

In his design for the Capitol, architect Cass Gilbert left out the classical triangular pediment favored in the Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts government architecture of the time and instead in its place installed a quadriga monument at the base of the dome. The quadriga is unusual in that it sits atop a building's portico, rather than upon a triumphal arch like most others. The inspiration for the Minnesota quadriga was the Columbus Quadriga, a statue depicting Christopher Columbus standing in a four horse chariot guided by two maidens carrying staffs of victory that Daniel Chester French and Edward Clark Potter had modeled for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Potter was a specialist in equestrian and other animal sculptures who teamed up with French to create the four horses in the monument. Gilbert saw this quadriga group at and made plans to have artists adapt it for Minnesota.

The Board had two options for how French could render the group. By French's estimates in 1896 he could cast it in bronze for $49,500 or make it from hammered copper for $36,000. The 1903 state appropriation set aside $35,000 for the group "to be executed in copper." French continued to hope to cast the Quadriga in bronze, as late as spring of 1906, but Gilbert communicated the Board's refusal: "However much they would like to use bronze they have not the money available for this purpose, as their appropriation is now all engaged in finishing up various minor items which are regarded as essential." The statuary was then executed in hammered copper surrounding a framework of steel supports.

While the statuary was generally well received, there was push back from veteran groups, politicians and the Minnesota Historical Society over the use of allegorical figures throughout the Capitol instead of representations of Minnesota heroes and historic events. One critic encouraged Minnesotans to, "Take a sledge hammer and smash them Roman bronchos and that chariot! Clean 'em out and put a grand heroic statue of Alexander Ramsey in their stead!"

Symbolism
The Progress of the State was devised as an allegorical statuary where a prosperous Minnesota proceeds onward by means of the power of nature (horses) and civilization (the women). The four horses in the Minnesota quadriga represent the classical elements of earth, air, fire, and water. Independently, the women represent industry and agriculture. Collectively, they represent civilization. In addition to personifying the state of Minnesota, the male charioteer holding a cornucopia (horn of plenty), a symbol of abundance and nourishment, represents prosperity.

French's letter on adapting his earlier quadriga from the World's Columbian Exposition to Minnesota quadriga demonstrates the casualness with which allegorical meaning could be ascribed to a statue, and vice versa.

"You will be glad to know that I have begun a model for the central figure (in the chariot) of the Quadriga. The other figures are already designed, as are the horses, since we are to follow the Quadriga which presided over the Columbian Arch at Chicago... The central figure, representing Columbus would, of course, not be appropriate for the State Capitol of Minnesota, so that a new design for this figure is necessary.

As the two figures leading the horses are female figures, I think the figure in the chariot should be a male figure," he wrote. "I think it should represent "Minnesota', if you think that a male figure can personify a state."''

Restorations
Re-gilding the sculpture in 23 karat gold leaf is necessary approximately every 20 years. Every year, the condition of the statuary is reviewed with conservators making slight repairs and touching up the gold leaf as necessary. The sculpture group underwent re-gilding in 1949 and again in 1979. In 1994 the group was taken down from the capitol roof for a year-long restoration procedure. The quadriga was reinstalled in 1995 and the figures have had several minor in situ reapplications of gold leaf since. During a comprehensive restoration of the State Capitol building the figure of the charioteer was removed and lowered to the ground in 2014 to allow repairs to corrosion of the top surface of the chariot and was reinstalled in 2015. On May 7, 2016, the Quadriga was again removed from the roof in order to allow for roofing repairs below. During that time the statuary was relocated to nearby warehouse where it was re-gilded. On November 12, 2016 the Quadriga was re-installed on the Minnesota State Capitol roof.

title: Progress of the State


text:
Republic of Canada

The Republic of Canada was a government proclaimed by William Lyon Mackenzie on December 5, 1837. The self-proclaimed government was established on Navy Island in the Niagara River in the latter days of the Upper Canada Rebellion.

History
In the latter days of the Rebellions of 1837 in Upper Canada, after Mackenzie and 200 of his followers retreated from Toronto to Navy Island, he declared a separate republic. He established an independent currency, and supplied his camp using the American supply steamer Caroline. He recruited followers by promising 300 acre of land to any man that supported his cause. He later included in his promise $100 in silver to his supporters, payable on May 1, 1838.

On December 29, Royal Navy Commander Andrew Drew and seven boatloads of Canadian militiamen crossed the Niagara River to Fort Schlosser. They captured the Caroline used by William Lyon Mackenzie and his rebels on Navy Island. Drew's forces set the ship alight and sent it adrift towards Niagara Falls, resulting in the death of one American. It was falsely reported that dozens of Americans were killed as they were trapped on board, and U.S. soldiers retaliated by burning a British steamer while it was in U.S. waters, triggering what became known as the Caroline affair.

On January 13, 1838, Mackenzie abandoned Navy Island under heavy fire from British troops. He and his force retreated to Buffalo, New York, where they were captured by the U.S. army and sentenced in the U.S. to 18 months' imprisonment for violating neutrality laws between the United States and the United Kingdom, ending the prospect of a Canadian declaration of independence/secession and ending what the British authorities described as an inconsequential and unsupported colonial rebellion.

Some of the supporters retreated to the Thousand Islands, and "caused Canadian authorities much anxiety" in mid-1838. In the United States, Hunters' Lodges were established along the frontier border, some also operating in Upper Canada. The organization of these societies was headquartered in Cleveland, and its principal mission was to "emancipate the British Colonies from British Thraldom". On 16 September 1838, a convention attended by 160 delegates of the organization was held in Cleveland, during which it elected Abram D. Smith the first president of the Republic of Canada. The organization also defined plans for a Republican Bank of Canada, which would use gold, silver, and its own currency as money, and pledged "the whole wealth, revenue, and resources" of Upper Canada as collateral for loans. Its first banknotes were to feature Samuel Lount, Peter Matthews, and James Morreau, all of whom were executed for their part in the rebellion.

title: Republic of Canada


text:
Andreas Eschbach

Andreas Eschbach (born 15 September 1959, in Ulm) is a German writer, primarily of science fiction. His stories that are not clearly in the SF genre usually feature elements of the fantastic.

Biography
Eschbach studied aerospace engineering at the University of Stuttgart and later worked as a software engineer. He has been writing since he was 12 years old. His first professional publication was the short story Dolls, published in 1991 in German computing magazine C't. His first novel was published in 1995. Nine of his novels have won the Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis, one of the most prestigious awards in the German SF scene. Four of his novels have won the Deutscher Science Fiction Preis.

His novels have also been translated into a number of languages, including English, French, Italian, Russian, Serbian, Polish, Turkish, Japanese and Portuguese.

In 2002, his novel Jesus Video was adapted for German television. In 2003, his novel Eine Billion Dollar was adapted for German radio. His only novels translated into English were Die Haarteppichknüpfer, published in 2005 as The Carpet Makers, Herr aller Dinge, published in 2014 as Lord of All Things, and Perry Rhodan 0 -- Das größte Abenteuer:Roman, in 2023 as Perry Rhodan 0 -- The Greatest Adventure: Novel.

Novels

 * Die Haarteppichknüpfer (1995), ISBN 3-7951-1371-7, translated as The Carpet Makers (2005), ISBN 0-7653-0593-3
 * Solarstation (1996), ISBN 3-7951-1406-3
 * Jesus Video (1998), ISBN 3-7951-1797-6
 * Kelwitts Stern (1999), ISBN 3-7951-1624-4
 * Quest (2001), ISBN 3-453-18773-3
 * Eine Billion Dollar (2001), ISBN 3-7857-2049-1, translated as One Trillion Dollars (2014), ISBN 978-3-8387-5312-6
 * Exponentialdrift (2003), ISBN 3-404-14912-2 (first serialized 2002 in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung)
 * Der Letzte seiner Art (2003), ISBN 3-404-15305-7
 * Der Nobelpreis (2005), ISBN 3-7857-2219-2
 * Ausgebrannt (2007), ISBN 978-3-7857-2274-9
 * Ein König für Deutschland (2009), ISBN 978-3-7857-2374-6
 * Herr aller Dinge (2011), ISBN 978-3-7857-2429-3 (Audiobook, 2011, ISBN 978-3-7857-4515-1), translated as Lord of All Things (2014), ISBN 978-1-47784981-1, also available as audiobook in English language
 * Todesengel (2013), ISBN 978-3-7857-2481-1
 * Der Jesus-Deal (2014), ISBN 978-3-431-03900-9
 * Teufelsgold (2016), ISBN 978-3-7857-2568-9
 * NSA - Nationales Sicherheits-Amt (2018), ISBN 978-3-7857-2625-9

 * Young Adult novels
 * Perfect Copy: Die zweite Schöpfung (2002), ISBN 3-401-05425-2
 * Das Marsprojekt (2004), ISBN 3-404-24332-3
 * 1) Das ferne Leuchten (2005), ISBN 3-401-05749-9 (new edition of Das Marsprojekt)
 * 2) Die blauen Türme (2005), ISBN 3-401-05770-7
 * 3) Die gläsernen Höhlen (2006), ISBN 3-401-05867-3
 * 4) Die steinernen Schatten (2007), ISBN 978-3-401-06060-6
 * 5) Die schlafenden Hüter (2008), ISBN 978-3-401-06061-3
 * 6) Gibt es Leben auf dem Mars oder Das Marsprojekt – der flüsternde Sturm (2009), ISBN 978-3-401-06366-9 (a short story-length prequel to the Marsprojekt-series)
 * Die seltene Gabe (2004), ISBN 3-401-05461-9
 * Out-Series
 * 1) Black*Out (2010), ISBN 978-3-401-06062-0
 * 2) Hide*Out (2011), ISBN 978-3-401-06587-8
 * 3) Time*Out (2012), ISBN 978-3-401-06630-1
 * Aquamarin.
 * 1) Aquamarin (2015), ISBN 978-3-401-60022-2
 * 2) Submarin (2017), ISBN 978-3-401-60023-9
 * 3) Ultramarin (2019), ISBN 978-3-401-60389-6

 * Gliss. Tödliche Weite (2021), ISBN 978-3-401-60581-4
 * ZAP (2023), ISBN 978-3-401-60703-0

Short fiction

 * Collections
 * Eine unberührte Welt, 2008. ISBN 978-3-404-15859-1

 * Stories

 * Contributions to the Perry Rhodan series
 * #1935 Der Gesang der Stille (1998)
 * #2295 Die Rückkehr (2005)
 * #2503 Die Falle von Dhogar (2009)
 * Stellaris #25 Ein unbedeutender Mann (published in Perry Rhodan #2614, 2011)
 * #2700 Der Techno-Mond (2013)
 * #2812 Willkommen im Tamanium! (2015)
 * #2813 An Rhodans Grab (2015)
 * Perry Rhodan 0 -- The Greatest Adventure: Novel (2019, Fischer Publisher, ISBN 978-3-10-490598-3)

 * Anthologies (edited)
 * Eine Trillion Euro (short story anthology of European SF writers edited by Eschbach; contains stories by Pierre Bordage, Jean-Claude Dunyach, Valerio Evangelisti, Wolfgang Jeschke, Michael Marrak and others), a winner of the 2004 Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire.

Non-fiction

 * Das Buch von der Zukunft: Ein Reiseführer (2004), ISBN 3-87134-476-1

Related articles

 * German science fiction literature

title: Andreas Eschbach


text:
Y Llethr

Y Llethr is the highest mountain in the Rhinogydd range of Snowdonia, in north Wales. The summit consists of a flat grassy top marked only by a small cairn. The summit is more in keeping with its southern flanks than its rugged northern approach.

The shortest route to the summit goes from the valley of Cwm Nantcol in the west, either directly or via Bwlch Drws Ardudwy and over the mountain of Rhinog Fach. To the south lies the mountain of Diffwys, to the south-east lies the mountain of Y Garn, to the north lies Rhinog Fach and to the west lies the hill of Moelfre.

title: Y Llethr


text: Template:History of the British Isles

title: Template:History of the British Isles


text:
Raitu Coolie Sangham (Andhra Pradesh)

రైతుకూలీ సంఘం (ఆంధ్రప్రదెౕశ్)/ Raitu Coolie Sangham (Andhra Pradesh) (Farmers Labourers League (Andhra Pradesh)) is a revolutionary peasants' movement in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, related to the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist).

The secretary of the organization is Kotaiah and the president Sinhadrai Jhansi.

title: Raitu Coolie Sangham (Andhra Pradesh)


text:
Talk:Phenylethylamine

Should this page be killed and replaced by a re-direct to phenethylamine?

Yes, I think so. If there is something new here it could be incorporated there. --Cacycle 16:22, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

There is a link from the Phenylalanine page to Phenylethylamine, because this is the only substance the body can make from D-phenylalanine. However, the redirect to the more general page on β-phenylethylamine (i.e. phenethylamine) is confusing since many of the same substances the page on the amino acid says cannot be made with the enantiomer are made from phenethylamine. And besides that, if the two are the same.... what is α-phenylethylamine? If anything, Phenethylamine should redirect here. Anyway.

http://qualitycounts.com/fpphenylethylamine.htm http://www.selegiline.com/phenylethylamine.html http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=HomeMolecule%5Carchive%5Cmotw_phenylethylamine_arch.html

Wlerin 19:35, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phenylethylamine


text:
Talk:Vegan organic horticulture and agriculture

Reverted from allegations of 'nonsense' from 'heegoop'. I would refer you to the publications of the Vegan Organic Network and their paper publication 'Growing Green International' (to which I regularly contribute) for more on the Vegan Organic 'line' on humanure quercus robur 23:56, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Using humanure as a gardening fertilizer is not vegan because humanure is technically an animal product and no products derived from any members of the kingdom Animalia are vegan. Can't you get that through your head. 3 Sep 2004, Heegoop (UTC).

 * Well there is no need for your rude tone, Heegoop, and if you bothered to check out the reference I gave you [Vegan Organic Network http://www.veganorganic.net/info4.html], you would understand that humanure is acceptable in vegan organic gardening systems as it is not a product of animal exploitation, in fact the idea of any system that does not include any animal products at all is clearly ridiculous. The organic component of any soil is basically worm shit. quercus robur 15:09, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)


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Comb over

A comb over or combover is a hairstyle in which the hair is grown long and combed over the short hair area to minimize the appearance of the scalp. Sometimes the parting is lowered so that more hair can be used to cover the head.

Examples

 * Iñaki Anasagasti – Basque nationalist.
 * Zero Mostel – actor, left-to-right and back-to-front.
 * Alexander Lukashenko – President of Belarus.
 * Doug Anthony – former Deputy Prime Minister of Australia.
 * Joe Biden – 46th President of the United States – sported a comb-over during the late 1980s and early 1990s, when he was a senator.
 * Robert Bork – American judge whose controversial nomination to the US Supreme Court was rejected.
 * Abdelaziz Bouteflika – President of Algeria
 * Julius Caesar – combed his hair on the side.
 * Bobby Charlton – English World Cup winner.
 * Constantine I – combed his hair forward.
 * Charles W. Fairbanks – 26th vice president of the United States.
 * Valéry Giscard d'Estaing – President of France
 * Rudy Giuliani – former Mayor of New York City.
 * Carl Levin – American attorney and former US Senator for Michigan.
 * Gene Keady – Purdue University basketball coach.
 * Tan Soo Khoon – former Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore – had a combover in the 1980s.
 * Neil Kinnock – former leader of The Labour Party.
 * John McCain – former U.S. Senator of Arizona and 2008 U.S. presidential nominee.
 * Vladimir Putin – current President of Russia.
 * Heng Samrin – President of the National Assembly of Cambodia.
 * Robert Robinson – former game show host.
 * Gene Siskel – American film critic.
 * Donald Trump – 45th President of the United States.

Patent
On 10 May 1977, Donald J. Smith and his father, Frank J. Smith, of Orlando, Florida, were awarded a patent for their variation of the comb over that conceals baldness by combing long hair in three separate directions.

title: Comb over