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Eysteinn Beli

Eysteinn Beli or Eysteinn hinn illráði, Swedish: Östen Illråde (ill-ruler) or Östen Beli, was a semi-legendary king of Sweden who would have ruled in the late 8th century.

Krákumál
According to Krákumál (stanza 7), he fell at Ulleråker south of Uppsala.

Ragnarssona þáttr
The apparently oldest version, Ragnarssona þáttr, relates that Ragnar Lodbrok's sons had left Sweden and conquered Zealand, Reidgotaland (here Jutland), Gotland, Öland and all the minor islands. Ivar the Boneless, the leader, then settled at Lejre with his brothers.

Ragnar was jealous with his sons' successes, and set Eysteinn as the jarl of Sweden, telling him to protect Sweden from his sons. He then went east across the Baltic Sea to pillage and to show his own skills.

Ragnar's sons Eric and Agnar then sailed into Lake Mälaren and sent a message to king Eysteinn that they wanted him to submit to Ragnar's sons, and Eric said that he wanted Eysteinn's daughter Borghild as wife. Eysteinn said that he first wanted to consult the Swedish chieftains. The chieftains said no to the offer, and ordered an attack on the rebellious sons. A battle ensued and Eric and Agnar were overwhelmed by the Swedish forces, whereupon Agnar died and Eric was taken prisoner.

Eysteinn offered Eric as much of Uppsala öd as he wanted, and Borghild, in wergild for Agnar. Eric proclaimed that after such a defeat he wanted nothing but to choose the day of his own death. Eric asked to be impaled on spears that raised him above the dead and his wish was granted.

In Zealand, his mother Aslaug and his brothers Björn Ironside and Hvitserk, who had been playing tafl, become upset and sail to Sweden with a large army. Aslaug, calling herself Randalin rides with cavalry across the land.

The battle ended with Eysteinn's death. When Ragnar died, Björn Ironside became the king of Sweden.

Ragnar Lodbrok's saga
Ragnar Lodbrok's saga tells that Eysteinn was the king of Sweden and a good friend of Ragnar Lodbrok. Eysteinn had the most beautiful daughter named Ingeborg. He was also a devout pagan and there were so many blóts at Uppsala that no other place had ever been its equal. The Swedes worshiped a holy cow named Sibilja, and when the Swedes were attacked by enemies, they had the cow walk in front of the battle formation. The cow's magic was so great that when she began to bellow, the enemies began to fight between themselves.

When Ragnar Lodbrok was visiting Eysteinn at Uppsala, Eysteinn suggested that Ragnar marry Ingeborg and have her as wife instead of the pauper Aslaug (Kraka). Ragnar consequently betrothed himself to Ingeborg. Eventually, Aslaug found out from three small birds, and told Ragnar that she was no pauper. She was the daughter of Sigurd and Brynhild. As Ragnar understood that Kraka was of better descent than that of Ingeborg, he decided not to go back to Sweden and wed Eysteinn's daughter.

Eysteinn was upset with Ragnar's change of plans and declared that their friendship was no more. This was interesting news to Ragnar's sons Eric and Agnar who decided to go to Sweden and pillage, as their father would not mind anymore.

Eysteinn sent the fiery cross in all directions and assembled the Swedish leidang. They also made Sibilja join the army, but they had to blót considerably to make her obey. When they had arrived at the location where Eric and Agnar were camped, Eysteinn ordered one third of the Swedish army to attack Eric and Ragnar's men, while the others would attack from all directions after the battle had begun. This was done and Sibilja began to bellow. Eric and Agnar's warriors began to fight between themselves and eventually Agnar died and Eric was taken captive. Eric was offered both peace and Ingeborg but Eric wanted the Swedes to stick spears into the ground and throw him on top of them so that he would die.

When Aslaug heard the news of Eric and Agnar's death, she cried blood, and asked Ragnar's sons to avenge their dead brothers. Ivar the Boneless was afraid of the magic that ruled in Sweden, but when his little brother, the only three year old Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye wanted to attack Eysteinn, the brothers changed their minds.

Sigurd's foster-father assembled five longships for him. Hvitserk and Björn Ironside mustered fourteen, while Aslaug and Ivar the Boneless marshalled ten ships each. Ivar would not allow his mother Aslaug to go by sea, but she could join the army of riders that would go across land. She accepted and changed her name to Randalin.

When the armies met in battle, Ivar told everyone to make such a din that the bellowing from Sibilja could not be heard. This was of no use, however, and so Ivar shot two arrows in each of Sibilja's eyes. However, the cow could not be stopped. Then Ivar asked his men to throw him on top of the cow. Ivar made himself so heavy as he landed on the cow, that she was crushed.

The Swedish leidang was beaten and Eysteinn fell. Ragnar's sons commanded that their brother had been avenged and that the Swedes should be spared pillaging.

Hervarar saga
The Hervarar saga tells that Eysteinn Beli was the son of Harald Wartooth. Hervarar saga made Harald Wartooth the king of Sweden and Sigurd Hring the king of Denmark, while other sources have it the other way round. It tells that Eysteinn inherited Sweden from his father Harald Wartooth and ruled it until he was killed by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, as told in Ragnar Lodbrok's saga. When Ragnar died, Björn Ironside became the king of Sweden.

Gesta Danorum
The Gesta Danorum (book 9) by Saxo Grammaticus also mentions Eysteinn, but only in passing. It says that Ragnar Lodbrok's son Agnar learnt that his brother Eric had been slain by Osten, the king of Sweden. He wished to avenge his brother but died in the battle.

Skáldatal
Skáldatal says that Eysteinn Beli was the patron of many skalds, including Bragi inn gamli, Grundi prúði, Erpr lútandi, Kálfr þrænzki, Refr ryzki, Ormr oframi, two named Ölvaldi, Ávaldi, Fleinn skáld and Rögnvaldr skáld.

title: Eysteinn Beli


text:
Giudecca

Giudecca (Zueca) is an island in the Venetian Lagoon, in northern Italy. It is part of the sestiere of Dorsoduro and is a locality of the comune of Venice.

Geography
Giudecca lies immediately south of the central islands of Venice, from which it is separated by the Giudecca Canal. San Giorgio Maggiore lies off its eastern tip.

History
Giudecca was known in ancient times as the Spinalunga (meaning "Long Thorn"). The name Giudecca may represent a corruption of the Latin "Judaica" ("Judaean") and so may be translated as "the Jewry": a number of towns in Southern Italy and Sicily have Jewish quarters named Giudecca or Judeca. Venice historian John Julius Norwich writes in the 1989 edition of his book, A History of Venice: “…by the middle of the thirteenth century there was already a considerable Jewish population in the city and its immediate neighborhood—perhaps 3,000 or more. Many lived at Mestre, on the mainland; others —particularly those who had mercantile dealings with Dalmatia—occupied the island of Spinalunga and were in fact responsible for its change of name to Giudecca.” However, the term "Giudecca" was not generally used to denote the Jewish quarters of towns in northern Italy.

It wasn't until 1516 that the first segregated Jewish quarter in Europe, called the New Foundry, or "Ghetto Nuovo," was established in the Cannaregio district in Venice. Jews were required to live in a confined area and were subject to various restrictions. The term "ghetto" itself originated from this Venetian district.

Giudecca was historically an area of large palaces with gardens, the island became an industrial area in the early 20th century with shipyards and factories, and a film studio. Much of the industry went into decline after World War II, but it is now once more regarded as a quiet residential area of largely working-class housing with some chic apartments and exclusive houses. It is known for its long dock and its churches, including the Palladio-designed Il Redentore. The island was the home of a huge flour mill, the Molino Stucky, which has been converted into a luxury hotel and apartment complex. At the other end of Giudecca is the famous five-star Cipriani hotel with large private gardens and salt-water pool.

Resort town
Modern renovations of some antique architecture in Giudecca have bolstered the island's reputation as a vacation locale. In 2011, Venetian developers reopened the lodgings of a prominent 16th-century mansion as long-term rentals under the name "Villa F."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Giudecca


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Skogskyrkogården

Skogskyrkogården is a cemetery located in the Gamla Enskede district south of central Stockholm, Sweden. It was inaugurated in 1920 and was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. Its design, by Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz, reflects the development of architecture from Nordic Classicism to mature functionalism.

History

Skogskyrkogården came about following an international competition in 1915 for the design of a new cemetery in Enskede in the southern part of Stockholm, Sweden. The entry called "Tallum" by the young architects Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz was selected. After changes made to the design on the recommendations of the competition jury, work began in 1917 on land that had been old gravel quarries that were overgrown with pine trees, and the first phase was completed three years later. The architects' use of the natural landscape created an extraordinary environment of tranquil beauty that had a profound influence on cemetery design throughout the world. Essential models for the design of the cemetery were the German forest cemeteries of Friedhof Ohlsdorf at Hamburg and Waldfriedhof in Munich but also the neoclassical paintings of Caspar David Friedrich.

The basis for the route through the cemetery is a long route leading from the ornamental colonnaded entrance that then splits, one way leading through a pastoral landscape, complete with a large pond and a tree-lined meditation hill, and the other up to a large detached granite cross and the abstract portico of the crematorium and the chapels of the Holy Cross, Faith, and Hope. The paths then rejoin and pass along a dead-straight path through a dense grove of tall pine trees, the so-called Way of Seven Wells, leading to the "Uppståndelsekapellet" or Resurrection Chapel. The giant dark granite cross at the focus of the vista from the main entrance has also been described as having been based on a painting by Caspar David Friedrich, titled "Cross on the Baltic Sea" (1815), signifying hope in an abandoned world; yet Asplund and Lewerentz insisted that the cross was open to non-Christian interpretations, even quoting Friedrich: "To those who see it as such, a consolation, to those who do not, simply a cross."

The architects designed the entire complex, from the landscape to the smallest lamp, though there are also integrated sculptures by Carl Milles. Lewerentz's contribution mainly concerned the landscape but also the main entrance and the classical "Uppståndelsekapellet" or Resurrection Chapel, which was built in 1925. Asplund devoted himself mainly to the buildings, and the small Woodland Crematorium – built in 1935–40 – has been regarded as a central work in his oeuvre as well as the Nordic Classicism style of that period. The small chapel, set on a Tuscan peristyle and featuring a gold statue on the roof by Carl Milles, was in fact derived from a "primitive hut" that Asplund had happened to see in a garden at Liselund. The crematorium, with its Faith, Hope, and Holy Cross Chapels, was Asplund's final work of architecture, designed in a rational modernist style typical for his later work, opened shortly before his death in 1940.

In 1994, Skogskyrkogården was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site and although it does not have the number of famous interments as the Norra begravningsplatsen, its much older counterpart in northern Stockholm, it is a major tourist attraction. At the Tallum Pavilion (a building designed originally by Asplund as staff facilities), visitors can see an exhibition about the cemetery and the story of its origins and the two architects whose vision created it.

Skogskyrkogården is connected to a metro station by the same name (see Skogskyrkogården metro station).

Notable interments

 * Artur Adson, (1889–1977), Estonian poet, writer and theatre critic (location)
 * Emmy Albiin, (1873–1959), actress
 * Gunnar Asplund (1885–1940), architect (location)
 * Tim Bergling (1989–2018), musician and DJ, known professionally as Avicii (funeral here, remains buried at Hedvig Eleonora Churchyard)
 * Brasse Brännström (1945–2014), actor
 * Ulla Bergryd (1942–2015), actress and Stockholm University's lecturer
 * Arthur Fischer (1897–1991), actor
 * Siegfried Fischer (1894–1976), actor
 * Gustav Fonandern (1880–1960), architect, singer (location)
 * Greta Garbo (1905–1990), actress (location)
 * Alma Johansson (1880–1974), missionary (location)
 * Pelle Lindbergh (1959–1985), hockey goaltender with Team Sweden and the Philadelphia Flyers of the NHL
 * Ivar Lo-Johansson (1901–1990), writer (location)
 * Oscar A.C. Lund (1885–1963), silent film actor, director (location)
 * Helmi Mäelo (1898–1978), Estonian writer and social activist
 * Molla Mallory (1884–1959), tennis champion, winner of a record 8 singles titles at the U.S. National Championships (location)
 * Anton Nilson (1887–1989), revolutionary communist (location)
 * Lennart "Nacka" Skoglund (1929–1975), football star (location)
 * Marie Under (1883–1980), Estonian poet
 * Valborg Svensson (1903–1983), Swedish politician and journalist
 * Lars-Göran Petrov (1972–2021), vocalist of Swedish death metal pioneers Entombed, famously photographed in front of the granite cross, in turn making it a site of pilgrimage for death metal fans even before the time of his death (location)

title: Skogskyrkogården


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Ginny Hasselfield

Ginny Hasselfield is a Canadian politician, and was the leader of the Manitoba Liberal Party between 1996 and 1998. A former Manitoba teacher and principal, she was also president and co-founder of Cross Cultural Communications International Inc. a company that provided diversity training and education throughout Canada. In 1995, she was awarded the Manitoba YM/YWCA Woman of Distinction award.

Although Hasselfield had never run for provincial office, she was known in Manitoba as a prominent organizer for the Liberal Party and was supported by the party's establishment against Kevin Lamoureux, a maverick MLA from north-end Winnipeg.

Hasselfield and Lamoureux had a very poor personal relationship during the 1996 leadership contest. The voting was determined by a "weighted" balloting process (i.e. every party member could vote in his/her home constituency, and the votes from each constituency were averaged out to provide an equal number of "points" for the total). Lamoureux received more membership votes, but the concentration of his support in north Winnipeg meant that Hasselfield was able to attain a 21-point victory.

After the federal election of 1997, Lamoureux and Gary Kowalski left the Liberal caucus to sit as "Independent Liberals" (this left Neil Gaudry as the only official Liberal MLA in the Manitoba legislature). With the party's internal organization crumbing, Hasselfield was persuaded to stand down as party leader on February 4, 1998. While she never stood for election to the legislature, she was leader during one by-election in Portage la Prairie.

Hasselfield later moved to British Columbia, and continued her active involvement in the Liberal Party of Canada. Her roles included chairing the Federal Liberal President's Council of British Columbia and co-chair of the Liberal Laurier Club. In 2006, she was appointed a Director of the Fraser River Port Authority and was involved in developing plans that eventually amalgamated the Port of Vancouver with the North and South Fraser ports. She is currently on the Board of the South Coast British Columbia Transit Police Authority.

title: Ginny Hasselfield


text:
Talk:St Mary's Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green

Surely
Surely there must be dozens, if not hundreds, of cemeteries by this name throughout the world? Deb 17:53, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

French war dead
I have raised a citation need against the mention that inter alia there are French war dead in the cemetery, as there is no indication of their presence in the citations and links. I am aware that some French war dead initially buried in the UK were later repatriated to France in peacetime. Also Crosses of Sacrifice were erected by the CWGC to honour British Commonwealth war dead.Cloptonson (talk) 20:38, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Kasey Keller

Kasey C. Keller (born November 29, 1969) is an American former professional soccer player who played in Europe and the United States, as well as being the starting goalkeeper for the U.S. national team. He is a four-time FIFA World Cup participant and was the first American goalkeeper to become a regular in the German Bundesliga, the English Premier League, and the Spanish La Liga.

Keller retired after three seasons with Seattle Sounders FC after they joined Major League Soccer. He was the Sounders' color commentator in local television broadcasts from 2012 to 2022, and assistant coach for Newport High School Boys Soccer in Bellevue, Washington. He also frequently appears on ESPN FC.

Early career
Keller was born in Olympia, Washington. He attended North Thurston High School and played college soccer at the University of Portland under Clive Charles. As a freshman in 1988, he helped lead the team to the NCAA men's soccer final four. He earned first team All American as a senior and was the 1991 Adidas Goalkeeper of the Year. During the 1989 college off-season, he played for the Portland Timbers of the Western Soccer Alliance. His outstanding play led to his selection as league MVP that year. In 10 games, he allowed only four goals, for a 0.38 goals-against-average and eight clean sheets.

In 1989, he split his time between the Portland Timbers and the U.S. U-20 national team, which finished fourth at the 1989 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Keller once again excelled and was awarded the tournament's Silver Ball as the tournament's second-best player.

Millwall
After being a member of the U.S. National Team in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, he was signed by the English club Millwall, playing there and becoming a fan favorite between 1992 and 1996. Keller made his Millwall debut on May 2, 1992, and played his last game on May 5, 1996, making 202 overall appearances for The Lions. Keller was voted Player of The Year 1992–93 by the Lions fans and also picked up the Junior Lions and Disabled Millwall Fans' awards. When Millwall were relegated to the Second Division, the team transferred Keller to Leicester City for £900,000 on August 15, 1996.

Keller was still studying for a sociology degree by correspondence when he played for Millwall, and wrote a paper on the club's hooligans.

Leicester City
In his first year with Leicester City, Keller played a vital part in the team's success in both a strong league position and winning the 1997 League Cup. The team reached the final again in 1999; a last minute goal lost them the match. That summer, he left the club for Spain on a free transfer.

Rayo Vallecano
Keller signed with the newly promoted Spanish club Rayo Vallecano for the 1999–2000 season and played there for two years.

Tottenham Hotspur
In August 2001, Keller returned to England and the Premier League, joining Tottenham Hotspur on a free transfer. Relegated to backup duty for Neil Sullivan early on, he won the starting spot and played every minute for Spurs in both the 2002–03 and the 2003–04 seasons.

In the 2004–05 Premiership season, Keller fell out of favor at Tottenham, as Paul Robinson became the first-choice keeper. In November 2004, Kasey was loaned out to Southampton, a Premiership club ravaged by injuries to its goalkeepers, for one month.

Borussia Mönchengladbach
On January 15, 2005, Keller joined German Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach on a free transfer during the Bundesliga's winter break. He got off to a good start in the Bundesliga, keeping a clean sheet in his first appearance for Borussia. Keller played every minute in the second half of the season and kept a total of seven clean sheets in that period, playing an important role in saving the club from relegation.

Keller also lived in Haus Donk, a castle in Tönisvorst, near Mönchengladbach. During the 2006–07 season he was one of the two Bundesliga players to be hobby-columnists for RUND, a German soccer magazine published monthly, reflecting his life in Germany and his Bundesliga career within those lines. He shared that role with VfB Stuttgart's shot-stopper Timo Hildebrand.

On August 10, 2006, Keller was selected by his teammates to captain club side Borussia Mönchengladbach during the 2006–07 campaign. He is the second American (after Claudio Reyna) to captain a top-level German club.

Fulham
In August 2007, Keller returned to the Premier League, signing for Fulham. The length of Keller's contract and financial details were not disclosed by the club. He was bought as a backup to goalkeeper Antti Niemi, but nagging injuries to Niemi saw him take over as principal goalkeeper at Fulham. However, the day before the Premier League match against Derby County in October, Keller injured his arm in training and was on the sidelines until late January. He returned as a substitute keeper in the 2–1 win over Aston Villa on February 3. From then on he was only second choice until Fulham's match against Blackburn where he started the game, with Niemi on the bench. He then went on to start Fulham's remaining games as they defied all odds and avoided relegation on the last day of the season with a 1–0 win over Portsmouth at Fratton Park.

Seattle Sounders FC
On August 14, 2008, Keller returned to the United States to sign with 2009 MLS expansion team Seattle Sounders FC. He was the starting goalkeeper for the MLS team's first-ever match, on March 19, 2009, which the Sounders won 3–0. He continued to have a clean sheet in each of his next three starts, with a score of 2–0 per start. He also set the record for most minutes without a goal to start a season in MLS history. His clean sheet streak came to an end on May 2, 2009, at 457 minutes in the second half of a game against the Chicago Fire. Keller played his final regular season home game for the Sounders on October 15, 2011, a game in which the Sounders beat the San Jose Earthquakes 2–1, with goals from Sammy Ochoa and Fredy Montero to send Keller out in style. A record crowd of 64,140 people were present.

International career
Keller got his first senior team cap against Colombia on February 4, 1990, and was on the roster as Tony Meola's back up at the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

After being ignored by U.S. coach Bora Milutinović for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, he made Steve Sampson's ill-fated squad in 1998, and played two games at the World Cup. Keller was an overage selection for the 1996 Olympics team, starting all three matches.

Kasey was named U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year in 1997 and 1999, and again in 2005.

Perhaps his most famous clean sheet came in the historic 1998 win versus Brazil. Keller played all 90 minutes in goal and made ten saves, many from point-blank range, in preserving the 1–0 shutout victory for the U.S. His performance in goal prompted Brazilian great Romário to remark "That is the best performance by a goalkeeper I have ever seen," the performance was commemorated in the song "Kasey Keller" by synth-pop band Barcelona.

For most of their careers, Keller and Brad Friedel were engaged in a head-to-head battle for the U.S. goalkeeper's jersey. Keller got the nod in 1998 but was second choice to Friedel in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. In spite of this stiff competition he has the second most caps and wins of any men's goalkeeper in U.S. soccer history with 102 and 53, respectively, behind Tim Howard. Keller remains the team's all-time leader in keeping clean sheets with 47.

Keller crowned the U.S.'s run in the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament with a clean sheet in the final match against Panama and two saves in the penalty shootout to give the side the trophy. Keller started the first seven games of the final round of World Cup qualifying in 2005, recording five consecutive clean sheets and 507 consecutive goalless minutes to lead the U.S. to qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Finals in Germany. He then became the first male player in U.S. history to win his third Athlete of the Year award. On May 2, 2006, Keller and teammate Claudio Reyna became the first two American men named to four World Cup Rosters. In that World Cup, he played in all three games, being named Man of the Match in the 1–1 draw with Italy in Kaiserslautern on June 17, 2006. Keller is the only U.S. player to participate in both the 1990 and 2006 World Cups.

Broadcasting career
Keller joined the Seattle Sounders FC broadcast team as a color commentator alongside play-by-play announcer Ross Fletcher in 2012. He remained with the club through the 2022 season, when Apple TV's MLS Season Pass took over from local broadcasters. Keller also worked on ESPN broadcasts as a color commentator and studio analyst for various international tournaments and ESPN FC programs.

Personal life
Keller resides in Seattle with his wife Kristin and their two children, twins born on August 26, 1997. Keller has lived in London, Madrid, and Germany, where he and his family lived in a 1,000-year-old castle. During his time abroad, Keller has learned to speak German and Spanish fluently. He told the New York Times that he turned down offers from several European clubs to sign with Seattle for the sake of his children, who have attended a new school with every transfer he has made.

A street adjacent to Keller's alma mater, North Thurston High School in Olympia, Washington, was renamed to "Kasey Keller Drive" in the 2000s.

In April 2016, Keller and his former USMNT goalkeeper teammate Marcus Hahnemann became coaches of the boys' soccer team at Newport High School in Bellevue, Washington.

Honors
Leicester City
 * Football League Cup: 1996–97; runner-up: 1998–99

Tottenham Hotspur
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2001–02

Seattle Sounders FC
 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2009, 2010, 2011

United States
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup: 1991, 2002, 2005, 2007

Individual
 * Millwall Player of the Year: 1992–93
 * National Soccer Hall of Fame: 2015
 * FIFA World Youth Championship Silver Ball: 1989
 * Honda Player of the Year: 1999, 2005
 * U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year: 1997, 1999, 2005
 * MLS Save of the Year: 2010, 2011
 * MLS Goalkeeper of the Year: 2011
 * Western Soccer League MVP:1989 Western Soccer League
 * Western Soccer League Top Goalkeeper: 1989
 * State of Washington Sports Hall of Fame: 2017
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI (Honorable Mention): 2005

title: Kasey Keller


text:
An Essay on Criticism

An Essay on Criticism is one of the first major poems written by the English writer Alexander Pope (1688–1744), published in 1711. It is the source of the famous quotations "To err is human; to forgive, divine", "A little learning is a dang'rous thing" (frequently misquoted as "A little knowledge is a dang'rous thing"), and "Fools rush in where angels fear to tread".

Composition
The first fragmentary drafts of the work were written in Abberley in 1707. It was first published in May 1711. Many of the poem's ideas had existed in prose form since at least 1706. Composed in heroic couplets (pairs of adjacent rhyming lines of iambic pentameter) and written in the Horatian mode of satire, it is a verse essay primarily concerned with how writers and critics behave in the new literary commerce of Pope's contemporary age. The poem covers a range of good criticism and advice, and represents many of the chief literary ideals of Pope's age.

Structure and themes
The verse "essay" was not an uncommon form in eighteenth-century poetry, deriving ultimately from classical forebears including Horace's Ars Poetica and Lucretius' De rerum natura.

Pope contends in the poem's opening couplets that bad criticism does greater harm than bad writing:

Pope delineates common faults of poets, e.g., settling for easy and clichéd rhymes:

Throughout the poem, Pope refers to ancient writers such as Virgil, Homer, Aristotle, Horace and Longinus. This is a testament to his belief that the "Imitation of the ancients" is the ultimate standard for taste. Pope also says, "True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance,/ As those move easiest who have learn'd to dance" (362–363), meaning poets are made, not born.

As is usual in Pope's poems, the Essay concludes with a reference to Pope himself. William Walsh, the last of the critics mentioned, was a mentor and friend of Pope who had died in 1708.

Part II of An Essay on Criticism includes a famous couplet:

This is in reference to the spring in the Pierian Mountains in Macedonia, sacred to the Muses. The first line of this couplet is often misquoted as "a little knowledge is a dangerous thing".

The Essay also gives this famous line (towards the end of Part II):

The phrase "fools rush in where angels fear to tread" from Part III (line 625 ) has become part of the popular lexicon, and has been used for and in various works.

Critical reception
An Essay on Criticism was famously and fiercely attacked by John Dennis, who is mentioned mockingly in the work. Consequently, Dennis also appears in Pope's later satire, The Dunciad.

Thomas Rymer and Jonathan Swift were among other critics: Rymer, who had the strongest critique said, "till of late years England was as free from critics as it is from wolves...they who are least acquainted with the game are aptest to bark at everything that comes in their way."; Swift's statement concentrated on critics who were damned "as barbarous as a judge who should take up a resolution to hang all men that came before him upon trial."

title: An Essay on Criticism


text:
GM 3500 engine

GM 3500 engine may refer to:

 * GM High Value engine, Chevrolet 60 degree V6 3.5 engine
 * DOHC LX5, Oldsmobile V6
 * Vortec 3500, straight-5

title: GM 3500 engine


text:
Janet McTeer

Janet McTeer (born 5 August 1961   ) is an English actress. She began her career training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art before earning acclaim for playing diverse roles on stage and screen in both period pieces and modern dramas. She has received numerous accolades including a Tony Award, a Olivier Award, a Golden Globe Award and nominations for two Academy Award and Primetime Emmy Award. In 2008 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for her services to drama.

McTeer made her professional stage debut in 1984, and was nominated for the 1986 Olivier Award for Best Newcomer for The Grace of Mary Traverse. She received the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress, and the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in A Doll's House in 1997. For her roles on Broadway, she received two other nominations for Mary Stuart in 2009 and Bernhardt/Hamlet in 2019.

McTeer has also gained acclaim for her film roles, having received two Academy Award nominations, one for Best Actress for Tumbleweeds in 1999, and the other for Best Supporting Actress for Albert Nobbs in 2011. Other roles include Wuthering Heights (1992), Carrington (1995), Velvet Goldmine (1998), Songcatcher (2000), As You Like It (2006), The Divergent Series (2015–2016), and The Menu (2022).

On television, she starred in the title role of Lynda La Plante's The Governor (1995–1996), and received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her portrayal of Clementine Churchill in the HBO film Into the Storm (2009). She is also known for her roles in Damages (2012), The White Queen (2013), The Honourable Woman (2014), Jessica Jones (2018), Sorry for Your Loss (2018–2019), and Ozark (2018–2020).

Early life
McTeer was born in Wallsend, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and spent her childhood in York. She attended the now defunct Queen Anne Grammar School for Girls, and worked at the Old Starre Inn, at York Minster and at the city's Theatre Royal. She performed locally with the Rowntree Players at Joseph Rowntree Theatre, then trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, beginning a successful theatrical career with the Royal Exchange Theatre after graduating.

Early roles
McTeer's television work includes the BBC production Portrait of a Marriage, an adaptation of Nigel Nicolson's biography of the same name in which she played Vita Sackville-West, and the popular ITV series The Governor written by Lynda La Plante. She made her screen debut in Half Moon Street, a 1986 film based on a novel by Paul Theroux. In 1991, she appeared in Catherine Cookson's The Black Velvet Gown, with Bob Peck and Geraldine Somerville; this won the International Emmy award for best drama. She appeared in the 1992 film version of Wuthering Heights (co-starring Juliette Binoche and Ralph Fiennes) and the 1995 film Carrington (which starred Emma Thompson and Jonathan Pryce) as Vanessa Bell.

In 1996, McTeer garnered critical acclaim – and both the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award and Critics' Circle Theatre Award – for her performance as Nora in a West End production of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House. The following year, the production transferred to Broadway, and McTeer received a Tony Award, a Theatre World Award, and the Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play.

During the show's run, McTeer was interviewed by Charlie Rose on his PBS talk show, where she was seen by American filmmaker Gavin O'Connor, who, at the time, was working on a screenplay about a single mother's cross-country wanderings with her pre-teenage daughter. He was determined that she star in the film. When prospective backers balked at her relative anonymity in the US, he produced the film himself. Tumbleweeds proved to be a 1999 Sundance Film Festival favourite, and McTeer's performance won her a Golden Globe as Best Actress and Academy Award and Screen Actors Guild nominations in the same category.

2000s
McTeer's screen credits include Songcatcher (with Aidan Quinn), Waking the Dead (with Billy Crudup and Jennifer Connelly), the dogme film The King Is Alive (with Jennifer Jason Leigh), The Intended (with Brenda Fricker and Olympia Dukakis), and Tideland, written and directed by Terry Gilliam. She also starred in the dramatisation of Mary Webb's Precious Bane. She has appeared in such British television serials as The Amazing Mrs Pritchard, Hunter, and Agatha Christie's Marple (episode: "The Murder at the Vicarage").

McTeer played Mary, Queen of Scots in Mary Stuart, a play by Friedrich Schiller in a new version by Peter Oswald, directed by Phyllida Lloyd. She acted opposite Harriet Walter as Queen Elizabeth I in London's West End in 2005, a role she reprised in the 2009 Broadway transfer. McTeer received a Tony Award nomination for her role in Mary Stuart, and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play.

In 2008, she starred in God of Carnage in the West End alongside Tamsin Greig, Ken Stott and Ralph Fiennes, at the Gielgud Theatre. She reprised her role on Broadway opposite Jeff Daniels from March to June 2010.

In 2009, she portrayed Clementine Churchill in the HBO feature Into the Storm about Sir Winston Churchill's years as Britain's leader during World War II.

2010s
In 2011, McTeer starred alongside Glenn Close in Albert Nobbs and with Daniel Radcliffe and Ciarán Hinds in The Woman in Black (based on the 1983 novel of the same name). Her role as Hubert Page in Albert Nobbs won McTeer critical acclaim and numerous award nominations, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. It was announced in November 2011 that McTeer had joined the cast of Damages (in the character of Kate Franklin) for its fifth and final season, reuniting her with her Albert Nobbs co-star Glenn Close. This was her first American television series. She played American novelist Mary McCarthy in Margarethe von Trotta's film Hannah Arendt.

In 2013 McTeer was cast as Jacquetta of Luxembourg, the mother of the title character in The White Queen, a British television drama series based on Philippa Gregory's best-selling historical novel series The Cousins' War. Her performance was applauded, with Sam Wollaston of The Guardian suggesting she stole the show. In December 2013, McTeer was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Jacquetta.

On 29 July 2013, it was announced that McTeer had joined the cast of The Honourable Woman, a BBC spy-thriller miniseries starring Maggie Gyllenhaal. In 2015, McTeer starred as Commander Kim Guziewicz in CBS comedy-drama Battle Creek, and filmed Exception based on The Kaiser's Last Kiss (in which she was due to portray Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz), set for a 2016 release.

In 2016, McTeer played Petruchio in the New York Public Theater Shakespeare in the Park all-female production of The Taming of the Shrew, directed again by Phyllida Lloyd. She co-starred alongside Liev Schreiber in Les Liaisons Dangereuses on Broadway, with McTeer cast as Marquise de Merteuil. The play ran from October 2016 to January 2017.

In 2018, she played Alisa Jones in the Marvel Television and Netflix production Jessica Jones. In September 2018, she took on the role of Sarah Bernhardt in Theresa Rebeck's Broadway play Bernhardt/Hamlet. She was nominated for the 2019 Tony Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Play.

McTeer portrayed cartel attorney Helen Pierce on the Netflix crime drama Ozark.

2020s
In early 2023, McTeer appeared at London's National Theatre in a new play Phaedra. Director playwright Simon Stone turned the Greek myth of the woman falling in love with her stepson into a satire about London elitism and post-Brexit Britain. Despite a strong cast that included French actor Assaad Bouab, Canadian screen star Mackenzie Davis, and a superb lead performance from McTeer, the play received mixed reviews. The Evening Standard called it "A must-see show. A high-spec, richly-textured chamber extravaganza", while The Guardian says "Even McTeer's strong performance cannot save a tonally unsure play". McTeer garnered a Best Actress nomination at the 2023 Olivier Awards, losing to Jodie Comer for Prima Facie.

Honours
McTeer was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours.

Personal life
McTeer has been married to poet and fashion consultant Joseph Coleman since 2010. They reside in Maine.

title: Janet McTeer


text:
User talk:Bluap

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Fitzroy MacLean
I've made some updates to the article myself, using an earlier DeBrett's Peerage to fill in some gaps. I also upgraded the Clan Maclean page, as people get Fitzroy Donald Maclean (the centegenarian chief who died in the 1930s) confused with Fitzroy Hew Royle Maclean, the subject of the article. Hotspur23 22:08, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Trinity Great Court
Hi Bluap,

Sorry not to get back to you sooner. Just wanted to say thanks for your reply to my question at Talk:Trinity Great Court. So it looks like I was told a mixture of truth and fiction, which is par for the course.

Do you know why the clock strikes twice? -- Solipsist 08:08, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Nebula class
Sorry. Just realised I hadn't replied to your questions on Talk:Nebula class starship. AlistairMcMillan 02:54, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Info on Alistair
This might interest you some. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Klingon_starships#Wanton_Deletion_of_Canon_Facts_as_Well_by_AM Alyeska 08:31, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

reply
Which ones are you talking about? Bluemoose 1 July 2005 10:59 (UTC)

 * Sorry, it was because i was deleting the blue links and must have got confused. Bluemoose 1 July 2005 12:11 (UTC)

White Snakeroot
Thanks for helping, i changed it so it says Ageratina altissima or Eupatorium rugosum, britannica and encarta call it Eupatorium rugosum, but i guess they aren't always on top of things, i hope that makes it more accurate! Martin - The non-blue non-moose 18:50, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

RfC Support
Bluap ~ Not sure if you have been following, but please check out the "conversation" at Talk:Fruit. An anon has been persisting in deleting a statement he just does not like (and will not correct it if it is wrong; I think you were invoved in correcting it one time). When I advise him (on anon talk pages) that he cannot just delete facts that were true becuse of a POV, he has attacked me. I did not enter the "offending" fact, and his responses seem increasingly irrational. His ISP is from somewhere in the San Francisco Bay Area, so his accusations that I am some kind of typical Eurobashing, "racist" American are a real mystery (since he knows nothing about my sex, race, etc.). I finally blocked him after warnings, but his/her abusive responses to discussing why he cannot do what he wants to seem a little over the wall. To do an RfC more than one editor has to be involved, which is fine with me as I really am only trying to uphold the civility of our rules and really have no stake in EU politics of carrot jam. - Marshman 23:44, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Charon
Hi Bluap,

The moon Charon is pronounced as Sharon. The mythological pronunciation is given as a variant in the Charon (moon) article, but is dispreferred. See the talk page for more.

kwami 00:31, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Different types of deletion
Regarding Articles for deletion/T. R., I think maybe I should explain my vote. Just so you know, the deletion processes are different for redirects compared with articles. For redirects, you should follow the procedures described at Redirects for Deletion. So all I mean by "invalid nomination" is that you took it to the wrong place - it isn't a criticism of your decision to nominate it or anything.

I will say that it's quite rare for redirects to actually be deleted unless there's a strong consensus that they're actually worse than useless. For example, a redirect from an insulting title will often be deleted, but one that's just from a misspelling or an unusual variant of a name will normally be kept. If you think that T.R. is ambiguous, then the preferred thing to do is often to create a disambiguation page instead, that links to all the possible options that people might expect to find from those initials: you don't need a vote for that, you can just go ahead and do it.

(For completeness, I'll mention that there are also Images and media for Deletion, Categories for Deletion, and Templates for Deletion, too; AfD really is just for articles and lists.)

— Haeleth Talk 18:44, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

TeenScreen
I could not find any discussion of the NPOV on the talk page. Is it somewhere else? Eiler7 16:34, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Journals --> list of journals
You may be right. At least until someone writes a paragraph about each one, and perhaps even then. Short is usually better than long isn't it? Midgley 15:56, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Entirely reasonable point. Will you crosslink them, please, if you think that is suitable?  Midgley 15:59, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Dave Taylor (

 * Thanks for clearing that one up for me. You got there quick, as I was just about to recomend it for afd. Spyrides 16:17, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Taxobox ranks
The justification for the WP:TX advice is twofold: Gdr 12:44, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Avoid pages like Large Emerald where the technical classification overwhelms the article.
 * 2) Minor ranks are often more unstable than major ranks: for example, Large Emerald uses "Metazoa", but few modern classifications use this term. This kind of technical detail is best presented in the articles for which it is relevant (i.e. Animalia), not in articles like Large Emerald where it is basically irrelevant.

move from scientific name to common name
Hi, Would you please tell me why you would move a scientific article from its scientific name to its common name. I do know that we could just redirect the scientific name to the newly created common name but why do it in the first place?? scientific names are universal. My point is that if an article exists with the scientific name dont change it. Ofcourse if it exists with a common name then just redirect the scientific name to it. --Viren 18:39, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

This is not a college guide that I would buy at Barnes and Noble.
It has been well established that such personal bias does not belong in an encyclopedia. Courier new 21:17, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

?
How is it that you could possibly know my gender? Gender bias? Courier new 00:09, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

But I believe it is only in reference to theoretical persons. Courier new 21:21, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

aplology
I know wikipedia is not meant for eulogies, I was not thinking at the time --Leopold Samsonite

Qrrbrbirlbel
Just giving you a quick heads up -- you tagged Qrrbrbirlbel for speedy deletion, and indeed it was a nonsensically-written article. However, it's a fictional place name for The Demented Cartoon Movie, which has a sane article here, so I changed the article to a redirect. I hope you don't object to my removal of your speedy tag in this way. Vslashg (talk) 17:30, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Category:Christopher Wren buildings
Thank you for removing the tag from the photo of the venerable Trinity College, which I used erroneously. May I ask if you think the photos in this category are distracting and superfluous or useful? I'd appreciate your opinion. -- Dogears (talk) 02:43, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Non-vascular plant
I was wondering what you found bad about my edit at Non-vascular plant. I'll admit that I'm not a subject expert - I simply rephrased the existing material to read better. If there were any inaccuracies, then they are still there on the reverted page... Bluap 13:33, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You didn't simply rephrase the existing material, you added "facts" that were incorrect, such as (1) calling it a generic name, (2) implying there is a single major subdivision of the group, (3) saying that only the sporangium of a bryophyte is diploid, and (4) unnecessarily introduced mention of the ferns and "fern-allies" which are vascular (whose mention in this article could lead to confusion). --EncycloPetey 13:37, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I've re-examined the original contents of the article you edited, and you were right. The last three items I listed above were, in fact, already in the article. I've now tried my own hand at restructuring the article -- for example using bullet points to mark separate groups -- but I'm still unhappy with it. It really is an obsolete group in terms of systematics, but it appears often enough in textbooks and the literature to make this article a sort of "necessary evil".
 * I've been giving thought over how to articulate to you why it is I disagreed with your revision of the article, and I think I can better express that now -- you unified the article. Normally, that would be a very good thing to do in editing an article on Wikipedia (or anywhere else), but for this particular article, it isn't. The term "non-vascular plant" is a grab-bag of disparate organisms whose only common feature is that they don't belong to the group of vascular plants. They're the leftovers. As such, the article should emphasize the fragmented nature of the "group", so in my opinion disentangling the separate members is the preferred approach (and I say this as someone whose grad-school work was in the systematics and evolution of bryophytes). Thus, your integration of the article to make it flow better was unfortunately a detriment to this particular article, where it would have helped almost any other article.
 * I should also make sure you understand why "generic name" is a problem. You see, the terms "generic" and "specific" have different meanings when applied to biological names and groups than they do in casual speech. The term "generic" in biology means "of a genus" instead of the usual "in general". You may not have realized that when you made your edits.  As I say though, you did a good job of integrating existing material, so I would encourage you to continue to make such edits. It was merely in this particular article that your skills led to a result that was undesirable from a taxonomic viewpoint. --EncycloPetey 04:11, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Talk:Oceanic_climate
Hi! I usually disagree on merger proposals, but think you're on target on this one.  'However, You Should Always' annote the ' recieving talk page ' with reasons and more importantly to innaugerate and timestamp the debate window. The old merger tags were ambiguous and the talks sometimes ended on different talks, on these, just click the link on your 'just applied' tag, and there is no question where to comment!

I've seen a fair number of these 'in your face' tags go on for a year and many last six to nine months without 'action'... which just makes us look like saps to the 'customers'. I'm also convinced that they would have recieved more discussion (i.e. serious attention) from fellow editors had the proposal stated a thesis.

You left nothing of your reasoning to agree with, so no one's in a position to agree— at least they aren't going to break stride and do extra work like I did, most of the time. Unfortunately, eventually, someone has too, and without a timestamp, it is harder to find who put such a 'in your face' template on (includes cleans and npovs, etc.) if the article gets a lot of edits. So do use the talks when applying such!

In this one, annote your reasons, watch the newbies activity, and if he hasn't come forth in a week or so, I suggest you just merge the content and make the new name into a redirect.

Best regards, Fra nkB 18:56, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Turkmenistan stamps list
Hi. Thanks for raising this list with the philately project. Three of us have responded and we think the article should be deleted, especially as the stamps are probably illegal in postal terms. All the best. --BlackJack | talk page 13:11, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

IPA at Schlumberger
I saw you removed the tag from Schlumberger. I put both the IPA symbols and the convertIPA template up simultaneously because I have no experience with IPA symbols, and simply looked at the IPA chart for English and made my best guess. I am fairly sure that it is not completely correct, as I added no symbols for inflection or emphasis. I added the template to have somebody more knowledgeable than I look at it and correct. If it is perfectly correct, please tell me, otherwise I will replace the template to have another person look. Thanks.--Coolhandscot 19:20, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

imminant?
I got your link, but this does not say that the threat was imminant or critical, only that it was urgent to make arrests that would disrupt plans. More comments:
 * PETER CLARK, SCOTLAND YARD'S ANTI-TERRORISM CHIEF: "The investigation reached a critical point last night when the decision was made to take urgent action in order to disrupt what we believe was being planned. As always in these cases, the safety of the public was our overriding concern"  -- see comments below... the urgent action was the action to arrest suspects. "What was being planned" was not stated as being imminant.
 * HOME SECRETARY JOHN REID: "We all believe we have taken the necessary precautionary measures to protect the public, both by the actions we have taken and by the means of that threat level, for the time being at the highest possible level. We think that the main players are in custody, but we should always err on the side of caution which is why the threat level is at its highest critical level. --erring on the side of caution does not indicat that the threat was "immanent"
 * TRANSPORT SECRETARY DOUGLAS ALEXANDER: "The seriousness of the threat gave us no choice but to require these stringent measures to be implemented" -- seriousness, but not "immanence"
 * MPS 20:10, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Abbreviations
I appreciate your note on abbreviations. The article uses abbreviations for the United States a number of times. For consistency, they should be the same. I am aware of the Wikipedia guidance on style of article — in the case of U.S. and UK, see Wikipedia Manual of Style - Abbreviations. U.S. is the standard Wikipedia abbreviation for the United States, while UK is the standard for the United Kingdom. — ERcheck (talk) 14:24, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Specifically on point, also see WP:MOS — "When abbreviating United States, please use "U.S."; that is the more common style in that country." — ERcheck (talk) 14:29, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The situation of the abbreviation U.S. is specifically addressed as to standard usage in Wikipedia — in the two places referenced above. And, as I mentioned, consistency should be maintained (also mentioned in the MOS). The UK abbreviation, to-date, seems to be consistent in the article.  However, the article has both U.S. and US.  As the Wikipedia MOS very specifically addresses the use of U.S., I find that clear direction is given on this point.  It is not a case of UK English vs U.S. English. — ERcheck (talk) 14:51, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Consistency, yes. But, as in all references above, Wikipedia has clearly given direction on the usage of U.S. vs US. — ERcheck (talk) 15:02, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Radhanites
I would like to change the color of the map to accomodate colorblindness, but the problem is that the topographic map has SO many colors that most colors (green, yellow, etc.) don't show up very well. Purple and blue are among the few that stand out. I think black and blue might not have enough contrast to use in conjunction with each other. Can you think of any other combinations that might work? Briangotts (Talk) (Contrib) 00:36, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Scientist Box
Check out bunix 23:32, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Z-order (curve)
Hi,

You put a cleanup tag on Z-order (curve) a year ago, when it was a crappy one sentence stub. Thanks to the efforts of User:Hermann.tropf it is now very much expanded. Can you have another look, and either remove the tag or respond to User:Hyacinth's request on the talk page for more information?

Thanks,

Snottygobble 11:58, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Re: Delinked headings
Regarding the delinked headings on the David Eddings article, The Malloreon was already linked in the introductory paragraph, hence no link in that section. Cheers. QmunkE 16:32, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Ceres
The passed motion to move dwarf planets to Name (dwarf planet) is currently being finalised at the Talk: 1 Ceres page. As you participated in the original debate, it would help if you could now add your vote there. The Enlightened 19:40, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Persian Gulf war
Thanks for that. Its been hit so hard some sneaky stuff does slip thru. Nice spotting :) Gl e n 19:50, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Giuseppe Fioroni
Hello,

Thank you for your stub submission. You may wish to note that it is preferable to use a stub template from WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types instead of using simply, if you can.

Thanks! --Vox Causa 22:27, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Style
I appreciate your comments, but, in fact, Wikipedia does not encourage "compromise" versions of English that are, as you admit, correct or preferred in neither the U.S. nor the UK. In most cases, as with Mutual Broadcasting System, the prevailing national association of the subject matter determines the national style of English that is to be preferred in the article. Please see Manual of Style. For ready reference, I quote: "If an article is predominantly written in one type of English, aim to conform to that type rather than provoke conflict by changing to another" and "Follow the dialect of the first contributor: If all else fails, consider following the spelling style preferred by the first major contributor (that is, not a stub) to the article" and "There are many more productive and enjoyable ways to participate than worrying and fighting about which version of English to use on any particular page."

That said, your comments of a broader, more conceptual nature--e.g., that the referenced "golden age of radio drama" reflected a parochial, U.S. perspective--are well taken and I've begun to adjust accordingly. Best, Dan—DCGeist 08:30, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Susanna Gregory
I note that you have changed the existing link to Cruwys to Elizabeth Cruwys. There is already an existing page for the surname Cruwys which provides information on the name and its pronuncation. As Elizabeth Cruwys is Susanna Gregory's real name it makes no sense to create two pages for the same person. I have therefore reverted your change. Dahliarose 09:12, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair Use and how it works
My understanding is that a lot of "fair use" images were being deleted because their actual use did not correspond to the legal definition of "fair use", and they were therefore being used without copyright permission.

Just to clarify: Jimbo himself has said that he knows of NO instance of fair use on Wikipedia has failed to meet the LEGAL standard for fair use; WP:FU is much more strict than the legal guidelines for philosophical reasons. Additionally, no instance of fair use requires copyright permission; fair use is invoked INSTEAD of obtaining permission from a copyright holder. The problem has been that many items which meet the legal guidelines for fair use - promotional photos, state goverment photos, international logos and the like - are being deleted by those who prefer all information on Wikipedia to be "free" in a libre sense. The German version of Wikipedia is often hailed as a model; they've prohibited the fair use of copyrighted material, meaning articles about copyrighted images are not illustrated with those images, etc.  Jenolen    speak it!  02:14, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Renaissance of the 12th century
Oh, sorry, I overlooked that. I have the 1963 edition of Haskins, but without a page number I guess I can't look it up (the quote doesn't seem to be in the introduction, anyway). Adam Bishop 20:27, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Castles in France
To User:Angusmclellan, User:Cool Cat, User:Jamie Mercer, User:Bluap, User:Postlebury, User:LukeHoC, User:Johnbod, User:Sam Blacketer

I'm writing to you because you contributed to the discussion on Category:Castles in France, which resulted in the category being deleted, or redirected articles in that category. This decision, as I hope to show, was wrong and needs to be reversed. Please take the time to read the following and respond.

Firstly, I should say that I did not take part in the discussion because I did not know it was taking place. (I was actually in France following the presidential election campaign and, ironically, taking photos of French castles!)

My reasons for questioning the decision are:

1. As far as I can discover, the debate was not advertised on the WikiProject France page, so that editors with a declared interest in topics related to France could be aware of it.

2. Similarly, no mention was made on the WikiProject Castles page.

It would have been sensible to at least mention the proposal in these projects and to seek advice.

3. The problem identified is very real. The French word château does not translate easily into English. It can mean a castle (in the usual English understanding of the word - a medieval, military defensive structure). It can mean palace/stately home/ mansion (and in fact, English speakers will frequently use the word château with that meaning). It can mean a vineyard, with or without a castle or palace attached. And, even more confusingly, the thousands of water towers in France are named château d'eau.

4. Even the French sometimes need clarification. In recent years, French language guide books have often described castles as châteaux-forts to distinguish them from the palaces.

5. Some months ago I came across a page in Wikipedia called List of castles in France (see original). This made the mistake of including article links solely because of the word château in the title; in fact only about half of the list were real castles - the rest were palaces etc and even some vineyards. I set about revising the list and along with other editors we managed to get the page as it appears now. We have gone on to add dozens more articles, particularly by translating pages from the French Wikipedia. All of these articles were categorised as Castles in France; any then categorised under Châteaux in France were moved over to Castles in France. The Châteaux in France category was left to be just for French palaces etc (i.e. what we as English speakers would call châteaux).

6. The Category:Castles by country lists 56 sub-categories and many of these are further divided (e.g. Castles in the United Kingdom is divided into Castles in England, Castles in Scotland, etc). The only country without a category concentrating on castles is France and this is a serious oversight. Anyone looking for details of castles in France now has to wade through a category that is not dedicated to castles!

7. The problems you identified with the original Category:Châteaux in France are real and need to be sorted, but this has been made worse by now lumping in all of the castle articles. Château de Puivert, for example, does not belong in the same category as Palace of Versailles, any more than Conisbrough Castle belongs with Buckingham Palace.

I would be interested in your comments, particularly on how to give French castles the same category status as castles in Denmark, Spain, England and other countries. I have to say, the only way I can see that happening is to reinsate the Castles in France category as it was and for some work to be done on where the real problem lies - in the Châteaux in France category. Emeraude 10:42, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Pluto
Hello. I noticed you removed a sentence from the lead of Pluto with the edit summary: ''I don't think this sentence should be in the lead. And it's already mentioned in the body of the article.''

I didn't revert it or anything but just so you know the fact that material appears in the body of the article as well as the lead isn't sufficient reason by itself to remove material from the lead. Per WP lead guidelines the lead should represent a stand alone summary of the entire article, an introduction to the subject which prepares the reader for the article. I just thought I would let you know based upon your edit summary. Happy editing. IvoShandor 10:18, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Cool, I just wanted to make sure we were clear or whatever because of the edit summary and I agree that it is a piece of trivia that doesn't belong in the lead btw, not like if you were, say, writing an article on the smallest house on Earth which was notable solely because it was small, of course. Ah well, it is quite hard to convey correct meaning in edit summaries sometimes. Have a fine day. IvoShandor 20:04, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Comments for Users
Please make comments, like this one, on "Discussion" pages, as user pages are a space for the user's use only (generally).
 *  ==Pluto==
 * I agree that the lead should be a summary of the rest of the article. However, the statement that Pluto is smaller than 7 moons in the Solar System is a piece of trivia, which doesn't deserve its place in the lead section of the article.  Perhaps my edit summary could have been clearer.. Bluap 15:29, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Thanks, Curran (talk)  15:48, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Chew Stoke FAC
Thanks for all your help with the population stats on Chew Stoke. Is there anything else you think is needed?— Rod talk 16:01, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Your revert
Would you please either undo your revert, or state your reasoning for opposing the change on the talk page. Thanks. --Gmaxwell 13:52, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

CADCentre page move
Just a note to let you know that the CADCentre article included on your List of Cambridge related topics has been moved to AVEVA, this being its new name

--Yendor1958 13:03, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Trade routes WP:FA
I have edited the article and addressed some of the concerns that you raised here. Could I trouble you to take a look at these diffs and see if you find things to your satisfaction ? Havelock the Dane Talk 19:09, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi, Kindly take a look here. If you can spare the time then please check out these diffs as well. Regards, Havelock the Dane Talk 22:29, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

DRV notice
An editor has asked for a deletion review of GOOOH - Get Out of Our House. Since you closed the deletion discussion for this article or speedy-deleted it, you might want to participate in the deletion review. Jreferee   t / c  19:54, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Ceres
Hi Bluap,

I restored the Latin to Ceres. The problem is that some people want to delete the English pronunciation, since it's a Latin name, whereas others want to delete the Latin, as it's an English name. The astronomical community isn't in agreement as to whether these things should have a literary English or Latinate pronunciation, and this way we get both. (There are several ways of pronouncing Latin, so it's much easier to add the original orthography than to try to cover all the possibilities.) kwami (talk) 03:04, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Wulfhere of Mercia
Thanks for the comments and the copyedits. I've updated the genealogy chart; please take a look and let me know if this is what you were looking for. Thanks -- Mike Christie (talk) 12:46, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Season's Greetings
May this season bring you success, good times and happiness. Looking forward to working with you in the future. Hαvεlok  беседа   мансарда  07:24, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
Just a belated thanks for your input on Wormshill which achieved FA while I was on a wikibreak. Cheers Dick G (talk) 23:42, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Clarification
Hi, Bluap. I'm sorry that it may have appeared that my once again was aimed at you; it wasn't. Every time I promote/archive, dear Gimmetrow gets queries on his talk page, in spite of WP:FAC/ar being linked all over the place. I just feel badly that he always has to field the queries, which is what I meant by moving in, once again. I'm sorry if my careless remark may have offended you. Best regards, Sandy Georgia (Talk) 00:47, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

CUSU-LBGT
Dear Bluap Just saw what you did, please discuss alterations with the person first, that's what talk pages are for. Lots of love, Sean "Corvidae" Newham ps. As a long time wikipedian you should know better. CorviCorvus (talk) 20:25, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

check out may week and delete those dates and check out Cambridge University Students' Union and delete those posts--blankuser (talk) 15:39, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

C-class rating criteria
Hello there. I'm very interested in your comment at WT:CRIC about an extra rating category. Can you let me know in broad terms what it will entail? Thanks and regards. BlackJack | talk page 07:10, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Proposal discussion resumed
Hi.

I'm contacting you because you were involved in the discussion concerning the renaming of the lists of basic topics.

I ran into resistance when I attempted to rename the set.

Therefore, the name change hasn't been completed, because the previous discussion wasn't widespread enough, nor announced in enough places.

I've submitted a new proposal at Village pump (proposals).

The Transhumanist 06:36, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Thank you!
Cheers for the new screenshot! I think it actually looks better than the one I uploaded. Redfarmer (talk) 02:51, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

History of the University of Cambridge
Some source material that might be useful to you: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=520

Any idea when you're going to be at a point where you would feel happy to put the article up so that we can get some group input? Mrh30 (talk) 08:29, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

 * FYI I've added some mid 19th century references to Taxor. Might perhaps be helpful? - Pointillist (talk) 07:57, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Last of the Summer Wine
Just a note to say thank you for all the assistance you provided on the Last of the Summer Wine article. Thanks to the hard work of everyone involved, the article is now a featured article. Thanks for all your help! Redfarmer (talk) 01:10, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

AfD on 2008 attack at Beijing Drum Tower during Olympics
You have previously contributed to the debate on the article, and may like to express your views on the deletion of this article here. Ohconfucius (talk) 01:54, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

More appropriate title for 2008 attack at Beijing Drum Tower during Olympics

 * I have set up a poll to vote on the new name of the article. Please go to the talk page. Ohconfucius (talk) 06:50, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Gulfton photo response
Hello! I will retake many of the Gulfton photos- Anyhow, please see Talk:Gulfton,_Houston WhisperToMe (talk) 01:07, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Alright - I have replaced many of the images at Gulfton, Houston - Once I get some copyediting from a third party I will resumbit for FA nomination. WhisperToMe (talk) 06:17, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Cambridge meetup
The second Cambridge meetup is confirmed for this Saturday, 3pm, at CB2 on Norfolk Street: Meetup/Cambridge 2. Hope to see you there. Charles Matthews (talk) 15:49, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

University of Cambridge GAR notice
University of Cambridge has been nominated for a good article reassessment. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to good article quality. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status will be removed from the article. Reviewers' concerns are here.--TonyTheTiger (t/c/bio/WP:CHICAGO/WP:LOTM) 23:32, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 10)
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 10). We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 10). Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:37, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

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If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 05:15, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Oxford University Dancesport Club
Hi. I noticed that you made several suggestions of references for this article. If you feel these fully comply with WP:RS and WP:V, you may wish to consider adding them to the article. It may have an influence on the outcome of the AfD debate, and you can do this even while the debate is in progress. --Kudpung (talk) 20:12, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

WP:Cambridge
Wikiproject Cambridge is now part of WikiProject East Anglia. Wilbysuffolk  Talk to me  21:00, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

I'm still waiting for your clarification here.
Thanks. 87.68.214.227 (talk) 08:45, 19 January 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.229.201.49 (talk)

Talkback
Acather96 (talk) 19:55, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for April 4
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Getting Wikimedians to the Olympic Games
Hi. I am part of an effort to get Wikimedians access to the 2016 Summer Olympics as accredited reporters and photographers. Part of this effort includes covering the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Two Wikimedians have credentials to attend these games as reporters through Wikimedia Australia. As English Wikipedia does not allow original reporting, this is largely through Wikinews with a project page found at Wikinews:Paralympic Games. If you are interested in helping to get Wikimedians to the next Summer Olympics,I'd encourage you to assist with Wikinews efforts, and also to work on all language 2012 Summer Paralympic Wikipedia articles before, during and after the Games to demonstrate a track record of success. Thank you. --LauraHale (talk) 05:01, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Infobox Asterix
Template:Infobox Asterix has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 20:59, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for February 16
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Nomination for deletion of Template:Infobox Asterix
Template:Infobox Asterix has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. eh bien mon prince (talk) 07:43, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

RfC: Religion in infoboxes of nations
There is an RfC that you may be interested in at Template talk:Infobox country. Please join us and help us to determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 14:11, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

RfC announce: Religion in infoboxes
There is an RfC at Template talk:Infobox concerning what What should be allowed in the religion entry in infoboxes. Please join the discussion and help us to arrive at a consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 21:39, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

=HSF RFC= Request for comment on Hard science fiction edit history --Tim (talk) 01:57, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on
This is to inform you that an attempt is being made to overturn an RfC that you voted on (2 RfCs, actually, one less than six months ago and another a year ago). The new RfC is at:

Village pump (policy)

Specifically, it asks that "religion = none" be allowed in the infobox.

The first RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is:

 * 15 June 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion infobox entries for individuals that have no religion.

The result of that RfC was "unambiguously in favour of omitting the parameter altogether for 'none' " and despite the RfC title, additionally found that "There's no obvious reason why this would not apply to historical or fictional characters, institutions etc.", and that nonreligions listed in the religion entry should be removed when found "in any article".

The second RfC that this new RfC is trying to overturn is:

 * 31 December 2015 RfC: RfC: Religion in infoboxes.

The result of that RfC was that the "in all Wikipedia articles, without exception, nonreligions should not be listed in the Religion= parameter of the infobox.".

Note: I am informing everyone who commented on the above RfCs, whether they supported or opposed the final consensus. --Guy Macon (talk) 03:18, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Asterixcover-asterix the gaul.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image File:Asterixcover-asterix the gladiator.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Asterixcover-asterix the gladiator.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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IP block exempt
I have granted your account an exemption from IP blocking. This will allow you to edit the English Wikipedia through full blocks affecting your IP address when you are logged in.

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title: User talk:Bluap


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Global Communications Network LLC

How is this listing any different than the one for FileTopia? I think it should stay.


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Chief Wilson

John Owen "Chief" Wilson (August 21, 1883 – February 22, 1954) was an American professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball from 1908 to 1916 for the Pittsburgh Pirates and St. Louis Cardinals.

Wilson played minor league baseball for three teams until the end of 1907, when he signed with the Pirates. After spending six seasons with the organization, he was traded to the Cardinals, where he spent the last three seasons of his major league career. Wilson is best known for setting the single-season record for triples in with 36, a record that still stands.

Early life
Wilson was born on August 21, 1883, in Austin, Texas. He grew up at a ranch owned by his family located approximately 50 miles north of Austin in Bertram. Wilson started his baseball career playing on several teams in independent leagues, before joining the Austin Senators in 1905. He was known for his introverted nature; his Pirates teammate and roommate Bobby Byrne recounted how Wilson "wouldn't say two words all day."

Contrary to popular belief, Wilson was not of Native American descent. He was nicknamed "Chief" because his Pittsburgh teammates and manager Fred Clarke thought Wilson, a native Texan who stood 6 ft, resembled a "Chief of the Texas Rangers."

Minor leagues
In 1905, Wilson signed with the Austin Senators, a minor league baseball team in the Texas League. However, the team disbanded in the middle of the season on June 6, and Wilson joined the Fort Worth Panthers, playing for them until he was promoted to the Des Moines Champs of the Western League in 1907. He performed well, posting a batting average of .323 in 56 games. It was during his first (and only) season with the Champs that Wilson was spotted by Denver Grizzlies pitcher Babe Adams, who had signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates at the end of 1907. Adams informed Pirates owner Barney Dreyfuss of Wilson's "tremendous arm" and his ability "not only as a hitter but as a fielder." This prompted Dreyfuss to sign Wilson to the Pirates as their right fielder.

Pittsburgh Pirates (1908–1913)
Wilson made his major league debut for the Pirates on April 15, 1908, at the age of 24, in a 3–1 Opening Day win against the St. Louis Cardinals. During his rookie season, Wilson had a relatively disappointing year, batting .227, slugging .285 and finishing sixth in the National League (NL) in strikeouts with 66. Out of his 120 hits that season, only 18 were extra base hits. As a result of his offensive woes, Pirates fans booed him on a constant basis. Wilson greatly improved his batting in the following season, raising his batting average to .272, playing all 154 games of the season and finishing fifth in the NL in triples with 12. This success culminated in the Pirates winning the World Series at the conclusion of that season. In the Opening Day game of the season, Wilson got injured and had to sit out for seven games, with Vin Campbell taking his place in the lineup. On July 3, against the Cincinnati Reds, he hit for the cycle. He finished the season with similar statistics as the previous year, batting .276 and hitting 13 triples.

The season was a breakout year for Wilson. He posted a batting average of .300, finished third in the NL in doubles (34), fifth in home runs (12) and sixth in slugging (.472) and drove in 107 runs batted in (RBI), thus becoming the league's RBI champion. The 12 home runs he hit that season marked a Pirates team record he held until.

In, Wilson recorded the same batting average as the year before and finished second in the league in slugging (.513) and games played (152), third in home runs (11), fourth in RBI (95) and seventh in hits (175). Furthermore, he set the MLB single-season record for triples, hitting 36 in total that year. However, his record received almost no press coverage. Baseball sportswriter Ernest Lanigan suggested that this was because a record book erroneously attributed Nap Lajoie with having 44 triples in, when he hit only 11 that year. As a result, several newspapers – most notably The Pittsburgh Press – were under the belief that Lajoie held the record.

Wilson's record still stands today and is currently the third oldest single-season record, behind Lajoie's .426 batting average in 1901 and Jack Chesbro's 41 wins in 1904. It is considered one of baseball's most unbreakable records, as only Sam Crawford (1914) and Kiki Cuyler (1925) have come the closest to breaking the record; both players hit 26 triples. Wilson's record also accounted for part of the 129 triples amassed by the Pirates that year, setting a single-season record for most triples by a team since 1900. Due to his stellar and record-breaking performance, Wilson finished eighth in that season's voting for the Chalmers Award, the precursor to the MLB Most Valuable Player Award.

St. Louis Cardinals (1914–1916)
Wilson finished his career playing three seasons for the Cardinals. He played his last MLB game on October 1, 1916.

Later life
After he retired from baseball, Wilson returned to his family ranch in Bertram, where he became a stock farmer and held various positions in service to the community. He died on October 24, 1954, at the age of 70 and was interred at Austin Memorial Park. On March 31, 2007, the Bertram Little League Sports Complex was dedicated to and named after Wilson.

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User talk:L4ck 0f 54n17y

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: How to edit a page, Picture tutorial, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! BTW, you can sign your name using three tildes, like this: Guanaco. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Guanaco 18:02, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:L4ck 0f 54n17y


text: File:Chief Wilson Baseball.jpg

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Refil

Refil may refer to:
 * Refil Björnsson, a son of the Swedish king Björn Ironside and brother of king Erik Björnsson in Hervarar saga and in Nafnaþulur
 * Refil (sword), the sword of Regin in Skáldskaparmál, see Riðill

title: Refil


text:
Michel Félix Dunal

Michel Félix Dunal (24 October 1789 in Montpellier – 29 July 1856 in Montpellier) was a French botanist. He was a professor of botany in Montpellier, France.

He held the chair of natural history at the University of Montpellier from 1816 until his death in 1856. The Solanaceous plant genus Dunalia is named after him.

He is especially known for his work with the genus Solanum, and published an important work on the genus; Solanorum generumque affinium Synopsis seu Solanorum Historiae, editionis secundae summarium ad characteres differentiales redactum, seriem naturalem, habitationes stationesque specierum breviter indicans, Montpellier, 1816.

For the work Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis by Augustin de Candolle and his son, Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle, he contributed to Volume I of 1824 "Cistineae" (modern Cistaceae), to Volume VII, No. 2 of 1839 "Vaccinieae", and to Volume XIII No. 1 of 1852 "Solanaceae". Its publication in 1852 was the last taxonomic treatment of the genus Solanum in its entirety. This also includes a first attempt to divide the species of Solanum into sections. Starting points were morphological features such as the shape of the anthers and the presence or absence of spines.

Honours
The genus name of Dunalia (5 species of plant found in South America) is in honour of Dunal, the genus was published in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Vol.3 on page 55 in 1818.

Complete Bibliography

 * on WorldCat

title: Michel Félix Dunal


text:
Jury tampering

Jury tampering is the crime of unduly attempting to influence the composition or decisions of a jury during the course of a trial. The means by which this crime could be perpetrated can include attempting to discredit potential jurors to ensure they will not be selected for duty. Once selected, jurors could be bribed or intimidated to act in a certain manner on duty. It could also involve making unauthorized contact with them for the purpose of introducing prohibited outside information and then arguing for a mistrial. In the United States, people have also been charged with jury tampering for handing out pamphlets and flyers indicating that jurors have certain rights and obligations, including an obligation to vote their conscience notwithstanding the instructions they are given by the judge.

Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, the Special Criminal Court is a three-judge, juryless court which tries cases based on a majority vote. Use of the Special Criminal Court is restricted to cases where "ordinary courts are inadequate to secure the effective administration of justice", and is allowed for by the Constitution of Ireland. While the power was initially created to prevent court cases being subverted by juries sympathetic to the defendant, the Special Criminal Court was established in 1972 to handle paramilitary cases resulting from the Troubles, when the risk of jury intimidation was high and there had also been a series of light sentences and acquittals by judges and juries sympathetic to the defendants. It has since been used to try cases of high-profile gang leaders and other high-risk non-terrorism cases where normal juries risk intimidation or revenge.

United Kingdom
In Great Britain, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 allows for non-jury trials when there is danger of jury tampering, or where jury tampering has taken place. On 18 June 2009, the Court of Appeal in England and Wales made a landmark ruling that resulted in the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Judge, allowing the first-ever criminal trial to be held without a jury by invoking Section 44 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The case in question involved four men accused of an armed robbery at Heathrow Airport in February 2004. After three juries either failed to reach verdicts or were discharged, the fourth trial of the case took place before a single judge, and ended on 31 March 2010 with guilty verdicts for all four accused. The UK had previously established non-jury courts in Northern Ireland, known as Diplock Courts.

Levels of jury tampering were reported in 2002 to be a "major problem" by the deputy commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police and in 2003 to be "worryingly high" in Merseyside by the then Chief Constable Norman Bettison and the then Home Secretary David Blunkett.

Cases

 * Gil Dozier, Louisiana Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry, was charged with jury tampering while on bail and after being convicted of five felonies, including extortion and racketeering. He served nearly four years in prison.
 * Jimmy Hoffa, a trade union leader, was convicted of jury tampering in 1964.
 * The former West Virginia Governor, William Wallace Barron was convicted of jury tampering in 1971.
 * George Pape, a jury foreman in a 1987 trial of John Gotti, sought out Gotti's underlings, who agreed to pay him $75,000 in exchange for a not guilty vote. Pape was later convicted of jury tampering and sentenced to three years imprisonment.
 * In 2007, an attempt to bribe a juror in a case investigating cigarette smuggling in Northern Ireland led to the retrial being heard by a judge sitting alone, the first such ruling.

title: Jury tampering


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Patsy Byrne

Patricia Anne Thirza Byrne (13 July 1933 – 17 June 2014) was an English actress, best known for her role as "Nursie" in Blackadder II as well as Malcolm's domineering Mother, Mrs Stoneway in all seven series of the ITV comedy Watching between 1987 and 1993.

Biography
Byrne was educated at Ashford County Grammar School. She studied drama at Rose Bruford College before joining the Royal Shakespeare Company playing parts such as Maria in Twelfth Night and Gruscha in The Caucasian Chalk Circle at the Aldwych Theatre in the early 1960s. In the 1980s she also worked at Chichester Festival Theatre.

Byrne starred alongside Tony Robinson in a Series 3 episode of Maid Marian and her Merry Men. She played Betty the Tea Lady on the BBC children's programme Playdays. Other roles included appearances in I, Claudius (1976), Stealing Heaven (1988), Inspector Morse (1989), 2point4 Children, Les Misérables (1998), David Copperfield (1999) and Kevin & Perry Go Large (2000), as well as numerous radio plays. Byrne performed in the 1990 BBC production of C. S. Lewis' The Silver Chair as the giant nanny in the city of the giants. In 1998 she played Martha Coutts in episode 19 of series 7 of Heartbeat.

Death
Byrne died at Denville Hall, a retirement home for performers, on 17 June 2014.

title: Patsy Byrne


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Evelyne Gebhardt

Evelyne Gebhardt (born 19 January 1954) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1994 to 2022. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, part of the Party of European Socialists.

Her main interests are bio-ethics, consumer protection and citizens' rights.

Early life and education
Gebhardt was born in a suburb of Paris. Her father was an industrial chimney sweeper and her mother worked as a translator for Kodak.

After graduating from Lycée Lamartine in 1972, Gebhardt became the first in her family to go to university. She studied at the University Paris Diderot, the University of Tübingen and the University of Stuttgart, studying linguistics, political science and political economy. She subsequently worked as a freelance translator, and moved to Germany in 1975. Since 1992 she has been Chair of the Working Group of Social-Democratic Women. After working in local politics with the SPD, she took out German nationality in 1993, which allowed her to stand for elected office.

In 1999, Gebhardt was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit (with ribbon).

Member of the European Parliament, 1994–2022
In parliament, Gebhardt was a member of the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection and of the parliament’s delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China. She was also a substitute member for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and the Delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula. In addition, she was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on the Western Sahara and of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights.

Gebhardt is best known for her role in shaping the controversial Services Directive in 2005 and 2006. The directive had aimed at opening up the European Single Market to competition amongst service providers but was, after much political pressure from mostly western and southern EU countries, subsequently watered down by the European Parliament. Gebhardt was parliamentary rapporteur for the directive and played an important role in facilitating an agreement with the European People's Party which allowed Parliament to pass the directive with a huge majority and thereby forcing EU governments to follow their line.

Along with Kaja Kallas, Gebhardt served as rapporteur for the digital single market in 2016.

From 2017 to 2019, Gebhardt served as one of the fourteen vice-presidents of the European Parliament under the leadership of Antonio Tajani.

In November 2021, Gebhardt announced that she would resign from the European Parliament by February 2022.

Other activities

 * Europa-Union Deutschland, Member of the Presidium
 * German Academy for Ethics in Medicine (AEM), Member
 * Association of Free Art Schools in Baden-Württemberg, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Europa Zentrum Baden-Württemberg, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Gegen Vergessen – Für Demokratie, Member
 * Marie-Schlei-Verein, Member
 * German United Services Trade Union (ver.di), Member

title: Evelyne Gebhardt


text: User talk:67.86.206.200

title: User talk:67.86.206.200


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Category:Ancient history

 * Note: for countries not shown here see Category:Ancient history by country

title: Category:Ancient history


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Erik Refilsson

Erik Refilsson was a legendary king of Sweden of the House of Munsö, who lived in the late 9th century. One of the few surviving Scandinavian sources that deal with Swedish kings from this time is Hervarar saga. The saga is from the 12th or 13th century and is thus not considered a reliable historical source for the 9th century. It says:

Then Eric the son of Refil succeeded to the Kingdom. He was a great warrior and a very powerful King. The sons of Eric Björnsson were Önund of Upsala and King Björn. Then the Swedish Realm again came to be divided between brothers.

title: Erik Refilsson


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Category:History by period

This category's scope is limited to human-related history since the end of Earth's most recent glacial period ("the Ice Age") around 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.

See also
 * List of time periods, which includes periods used in fields such as palaeogeography, palaeoecology, archaeology and cosmology.
 * the categories, and  for histories of places.

title: Category:History by period


title: Category:800s


title: Category:810s


title: Category:820s


title: Category:830s


title: Category:840s


title: Category:850s


title: Category:860s


title: Category:870s


title: Category:880s


title: Category:890s