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Provisions of Oxford

The Provisions of Oxford were constitutional reforms developed during the Oxford Parliament of 1258 to resolve a dispute between King Henry III of England and his barons. The reforms were designed to ensure the king adhered to the rule of law and governed according to the advice of his barons. A council of fifteen barons was chosen to advise and control the king and supervise his ministers. Parliament was to meet regularly three times a year.

Like the earlier Magna Carta, the Provisions of Oxford demonstrated the ability of the barons to press their concerns in opposition to the monarchy. The king ultimately refused to abide by the reforms, sparking the Second Barons' War. The king defeated his opponents, and royal authority was restored.

Background

Henry III was still a child when he became king, so a regency government was appointed. William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and hereditary Lord Marshal, was given the title rector regis et regni (Latin for "governor of the king and of the kingdom") until his death in 1219. The regency ended in 1223 when the king was declared of age. After the death of Marshal, the government was led by a succession of chief ministers, first Hubert de Burgh (1219–1232) and then Peter des Rosches (1232–1234). Both of these ministers alienated the baronage by their accumulation of power and wealth for themselves and their families, ultimately leading to their removal from power.

Appointing ministers was traditionally a royal prerogative, but a precedent had been established by Henry's regency government of seeking the consent of Parliament. With their links to the magnates and established traditions and procedures, the great offices had functioned as a check on royal power. Under Rosches, the Crown adopted a policy of subordinating the great offices (justiciar, chancellor, treasurer) to the offices of the royal household (chamberlain, keeper of the Wardrobe). The chief justiciarship lost most of its powers and was reduced to supervising the judiciary. The office was left vacant after Stephen de Segrave was dismissed in 1234. In 1238, the Lord Chancellor Ralph Neville was deprived of the great seal, which was entrusted to Wardrobe clerks. After Neville's death, the seal was entrusted to keepers and the chancellorship remained vacant. With the great seal in Henry's custody, "the king was relieved of all constraint save such as the more elastic methods of his domestic clerks might impose".

After 1240, the king's closest counselors were foreigners—Queen Eleonor's Savoyard relatives and Henry's Lusignan half-brothers. Among the barons, an opposition party formed to oppose a royal government controlled by foreigners. There was also opposition to Henry's unrealistic plans to conquer the Kingdom of Sicily for his second son, Edmund Crouchback, and the King's demands for taxation to pay off his debts.

Drafting
When in the spring of 1258 Henry III sought financial aid from Parliament, he was confronted by a group of barons who insisted on a new commission of reform, in the shape of a committee of twenty-four members, twelve selected by the Crown, twelve by the barons. The king's nominees to the committee were:

 * Boniface Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Fulk Basset, Bishop of London
 * Aymer of Valence, Bishop elect of Winchester and the king's half-brother
 * the abbot of Westminster
 * Henry of Almain, the king's nephew
 * John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey
 * John du Plessis, 7th Earl of Warwick
 * William of Valence, the king's half-brother
 * Guy of Lusignan, the king's half-brother
 * three clerks of the royal household.

Five of the king's men were foreigners. Among the twelve chosen by the magnates, only one was a foreigner—Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. The only clergymen chosen by the magnates was Waltere Cantilupe, Bishop of Worcester. The Twenty-four presented their reform programme at the Oxford Parliament held in June 1258.

Reforms
The provisions fit into three categories: (1) appointment and control of principal ministers, (2) the king's council, and (3) parliament.

Concerning ministers, the office of justiciar was revived. In the past, the justiciar had been the king's chief minister and viceroy whenever he was in Normandy. After the loss of the Angevin Empire during the reign of King John, however, the office had fallen into disuse. The new justiciar would be an ex officio member of the king's council and have authority over the judiciary, including the right to hear appeals from all other courts, whether royal or baronial. He was to hold office for one year and was responsible to the king's council for his conduct. According to historian George Sayles, "[t]his was a most serious departure from previous practice, for it placed at the head of the judiciary a minister virtually independent of the king." Hugh Bigod, who was acceptable to both the king and the barons, was made justiciar.

The chancellor and treasurer were also limited to one year in office, and like the justiciar were not to take direct orders from the king. Control of royal finance was given to the exchequer, so the king was unable to divert revenues for his own spending. Local offices, such as sheriff and escheator, were also to be under annual term limits. Sheriffs were to be chosen from among local knights rather than outsiders and paid so they would not need to take bribes. New castellans were to be appointed and given custody of royal castles.

The king's council was also to be reformed to more effectively advise and control the king. The Twenty-four selected fifteen counsellors (nine representing the barons) who were to advise the king on all matters. The Fifteen were:

 * 1) Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
 * 2) Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester
 * 3) Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk
 * 4) John du Plessis, 7th Earl of Warwick
 * 5) Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford
 * 6) William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle
 * 7) Peter of Savoy
 * 8) John fitzGeoffrey
 * 9) Peter de Montfort
 * 10) Richard Grey
 * 11) Roger Mortimer
 * 12) James Audley
 * 13) Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * 14) Waltere Cantilupe, Bishop of Worcester
 * 15) John Mansel

While the Fifteen controlled the king's council, they were not the only members. The justiciar, treasurer and chancellor were always members, as were other ministers and judges. In addition, the king could still include other advisers. In fact, it was impossible for the Fifteen to constantly be on hand to advise the king. At routine council meetings, the Fifteen were represented by two or three of their number who would decide if any business was important enough to summon the full Fifteen. In addition, the chancellor was made to swear that he would not seal any important grant without the assent of a majority of the Fifteen.

Parliament was also reformed. It was decided that "there be three parliaments a year ... to treat of the common wants of the kingdom, and of the king". Attending three regular parliaments each year would have been a burden for the barons. Therefore, the Twenty-four asked the parliament assembled at Oxford to choose twelve representatives who would attend the regular parliaments. This provision was not meant to limit attendance at parliament to only the twelve; rather, it guaranteed that there would be a minimum representative attendance. Recommendations for an inquest into local (mis-)government and further measures of reform were also set out.

Analysis
The 1258 Provisions had a significant effect upon the development of the English common law, limiting in part the expansion of royal jurisdiction by way of the number of available writs, but in the main confirming the importance of the common law of the land for all, from king to commoner.

There were weaknesses to this constitutional framework. Most significantly was the lack of any method to prevent future misconduct by the king or those following his orders. Historian G. O. Sayles notes,

"If the king did wrong, he could not, save by his rarely given permission, be sued by his own writs in his own courts, and the petition of right was as yet in its early infancy... [The petition of right] would cover wrongs done to individuals only and not render justiciable the wrongs done to subjects as a whole by the invasion of their constitutional rights..."

Neither the new role of the king nor the powers of the Fifteen was ever defined. Legal scholar Ann Lyon reflected that the provisions "have the feel, as with many of the first fumblings towards constitutional change which occur in the medieval period, and indeed much later, of being incompletely thought through."

Aftermath
A written confirmation of the agreement was sent to the sheriffs of all the counties of England in three languages: Latin, French and, significantly, Middle English. The use of the English language was symbolic of the anglicisation of the government of England and an antidote to the Francization which had taken place in the decades immediately before. The Provisions were the first government documents to be published in English since the Norman Conquest two hundred years before.

The Provisions of Oxford were confirmed and extended in 1259 by the Provisions of Westminster. The reforms implemented by the Fifteen were not limited to changes in government. They also included control of the royal household. The barons determined not only the household's senior members, such as the stewards, but also the lower servants, such as cooks. A humiliated Henry was essentially treated as if he were a minor.

The Provisions of Oxford were overthrown by Henry, helped by a papal bull, in 1261, seeding the start of the Second Barons' War (1263–1267). The king was defeated at the Battle of Lewes in 1264, and Simon de Montfort became the real ruler of England for the next twelve months. However, Henry was still king, and the rebels never considered removing him. Instead, Montfort called a Parliament to sanction a new form of government to control the king. The Parliament held in June 1264 approved the appointment of three electors (Montfort, Stephen Bersted, Bishop of Chichester, and Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester). These men were to choose a council of nine, by whose advice the king was to rule. The electors could replace any of the nine as they saw fit, but the electors themselves could only be removed by Parliament.

Ultimately, the war was won by the king and his royalist supporters, and the Provisions of Oxford were annulled for the last time in 1266 by the Dictum of Kenilworth. Nonetheless, the administrative and legislative reforms the barons had initiated were taken up and confirmed in the Statute of Marlborough.

title: Provisions of Oxford


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Richardson Highway

The Richardson Highway is a highway in the U.S. state of Alaska, running 368 miles (562 km) and connecting Valdez to Fairbanks. It is marked as Alaska Route 4 from Valdez to Delta Junction and as Alaska Route 2 from there to Fairbanks. It also connects segments of Alaska Route 1 between the Glenn Highway and the Tok Cut-Off. The Richardson Highway was the first major road built in Alaska.

History

A pack trail from the port at Valdez to Eagle, a distance of about 409 miles (660 km), was built in 1898 by the U.S. Army to provide an "all-American" route to the Klondike gold fields. After the rush ended, the Army kept the trail open in order to connect its posts at Fort Liscum, in Valdez, and Fort Egbert, in Eagle.

The Fairbanks gold rush in 1902, and the construction of a WAMCATS telegraph line along the trail in 1903, made the Valdez-to-Eagle trail one of the most important access routes to the Alaska Interior, so in 1910, the Alaska Road Commission upgraded it to a wagon road. The head of the project was U.S. Army General Wilds P. Richardson, for whom the highway was later named. During the construction, the government hired failed gold prospectors as well as regular construction workers. The income from this work allowed many of the prospectors to leave Alaska. Several roadhouses now on the National Register of Historic Places were constructed along the route at this time.

The rise of motorized travel led the road to be upgraded to automobile standards in the 1920s. To finance continued maintenance and road construction, the Alaska Road Commission instituted tolls for commercial vehicles in 1933 of up to $175 per trip, which were collected at the Tanana River ferry crossing at Big Delta. When the tolls were further increased in 1941 to boost business for the Alaska Railroad, disgruntled truckers nicknamed "gypsies" started a rogue ferry service in order to evade the toll.

The Alaska and Glenn highways, built during World War II, connected the rest of the continent and Anchorage to the Richardson Highway at Delta Junction and Glennallen respectively, allowing motor access to the new military bases built in the Territory just prior to the war: Fort Richardson in Anchorage, and Fort Wainwright adjacent to Fairbanks. The bridge at Big Delta, the last remaining gap, was built as part of the Alaska Highway project.

The southern end was only open during summers until 1950, when a freight company foreman who lived near the treacherous Thompson Pass plowed the snow himself for an entire season to prove the route could be used year-round. The highway was paved in 1957.

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, built in 1973-1977, mostly parallels the highway from Fairbanks to Valdez.

Recent and future improvements

 * During the 1990s, the highway was upgraded from Fairbanks to the main gate at Eielson AFB, making this stretch a 4-lane divided road. Intersections with other roads, however, are still almost entirely at-grade.
 * Under SAFETEA-LU, Alaska Route 2 from the Canadian border to Fairbanks, comprising parts of the Richardson and Alaska Highways, has been declared a High Priority Corridor (Corridor 67). What this means for the distant future is not yet certain; although SAFETEA-LU does explicitly provide federal funds for upgrading the road to 4 lanes and divided, from Salcha to Delta Junction.

Interstate Highway System
Richardson Highway is part of the unsigned part of the Interstate Highway System east of Fairbanks. The entire length of Interstate A-2 follows Route 2 from the George Parks Highway (Interstate A-4) junction in Fairbanks to Tok, east of which Route 2 carries Interstate A-1 off the Tok Cut-Off Highway to the international border. Only a short piece of the Richardson Highway in Fairbanks is built to freeway standards.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richardson Highway


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USS Broome

USS Broome (DD-210/AG-96) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy. She was named after Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel John L. Broome.

Construction and commissioning
Broome was launched 14 May 1919, by William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia; sponsored by Miss Mary Josephine Heyworth Broome, granddaughter of Lieutenant Colonel Broome, and commissioned 31 October 1919.

Service history
Broome left New York Navy Yard in May 1920 for duty in European waters. She cruised between English and French ports, as well as in the Baltic Sea and Mediterranean. At the end of the year, she reported to the Asiatic Fleet. After two years, she returned to the United States and went out of commission at San Diego 30 December 1922.

Broome was recommissioned 5 February 1930 and thereafter served actively with the fleet in the Pacific until 1939, except for a period in reduced commission during 1934. In May 1939, Broome arrived at Norfolk Navy Yard for duty in the Atlantic. In 1941, she was attached to Destroyer Division 63, Patrol Force, and operated with the Neutrality Patrol on the United States East Coast. Later that year, she served as a convoy escort between Iceland and the United States.

From January 1942 until May 1945, Broome engaged in convoy escort, patrol, and training operations in U.S. East Coast, Icelandic, Canadian, and Caribbean waters. In addition, she escorted several trans-Atlantic convoys to North Africa and the United Kingdom.

Disposal
On 4 May 1945 Broome arrived at Charleston Navy Yard for overhaul and on 23 May her designation was changed to AG-96. On 10 June 1945, as a unit of the Atlantic Fleet attached to the Operational Training Command, she reported for duty at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, where she served until December 1945. On 10 December she proceeded to Philadelphia and commenced her pre-inactivation overhaul. Broome was decommissioned 20 May 1946 and sold 20 November 1946.

As of 2015, no other U.S. Navy ship has been named Broome.

title: USS Broome


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Workforce Investment Act of 1998

The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA, ) was a United States federal law that was repealed and replaced by the 2014 Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act.

Purpose
The Workforce Investment Act is a federal act that "provides workforce investment activities, through statewide and local workforce investment systems, that increase the employment, retention, and earnings of participants, and increase occupational skill attainment by participants, and, as a result, improve the quality of the workforce, reduce welfare dependency, and enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the Nation." The law was enacted to replace the Job Training Partnership Act and certain other Federal (outlined below in History) and job training laws with new workforce investment systems (or workforce development). The law was enacted during Bill Clinton's second term and attempts to induce business to participate in the local delivery of Workforce Development Services through Workforce Investment Boards (WIBs) which were to be chaired by private sector members of the local community. A majority of Board members were also required to represent business interests.

Job Training and Partnership Act of 1982
The federal Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) of 1982 was the predecessor of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. This law used federal funding to implement programs that prepared youth and unskilled adults for entry into the workforce and provided employment-related services for disadvantaged individuals. For each succeeding fiscal year, programs such as adult and youth programs, federally administered programs, summer youth employment training programs and training assistance for dislocated workers were carried out.

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973
The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 consolidated all existing federal job-training programs. This act offered work to low-income individuals, long-term unemployed individuals, and out-of-high school individuals. Training and full-time jobs in the public service were provided for unemployed, underemployed, and disadvantaged individuals. In order to decentralize control of federally controlled job training programs, the Act provided funds to state and local governments through federal grants.

Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 authorized: (a) the formula grant programs of vocational rehabilitation, supporting employment, independent living, and client assistance; (b) a variety of training and service-discretionary grants administered by the Rehabilitation Administration; and (c) research activities that were administered by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. Also, this Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of disability and expanded special Federal responsibilities and training programs within the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

Manpower Development Training Act of 1962
The Manpower Development Training Act of 1962 originated when President John F. Kennedy told legislators that "Large scale unemployment during a recession is bad enough, but large scale unemployment during a period of prosperity would be intolerable." This act dealt with this situation by promoting a professional training plan and providing major Federal Funding to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare in order to improve the technical training of the unemployed and underemployed labor in the postwar period. The professional training plan provided federal funding to retain workers displaced because of technological change and for classroom and on-the-job-training targeted to low-income individuals and welfare recipients.

Wagner Peyser Act of 1933
The Wagner-Peyser Act of 1933 established a nationwide employment system of public employment offices. These offices were known as the employment service and were created for cooperation of the States in the promotion of system to aid employment.

Mission and goals
The main goal of the WIA is to create a system that provides a means to increase employment, retention, and earnings of individuals. Accomplishing this goal is dependent on the services the WIA provides to increase occupational skill attainment by participants. The WIA is split into five titles that outline how the WIA accomplishes this goal.

Title one
Title one of the Act authorizes state workforce investment boards, as well as local workforce investment boards. In order to measure how well people are doing in the program, title one requires the use of certain standards for success. Title one also authorizes a one-stop delivery system to be used in the program. This system sets up one place participants can go in their local area to get both job training and referrals. National programs such as jobs corps, Native American, migrant, and veterans programs are also authorized in title one.

Title two
Title two sets up systems to help adults reach certain literacy levels in order to be successful in the workforce. Adult education is provided to help adults reach a minimum of an 8th grade reading level before entering the workforce.

Title three
Grants and contracts are authorized in title three to provide and conduct the following training, projects, and services. Grants provide academic training to individuals that provide rehabilitation services to individuals with disabilities. Training to maintain and upgrade basic skills and knowledge of the people providing service delivery and rehabilitation technology services is provided under title three. Grants and contracts are also authorized to conduct special projects and demonstrations that include research and evaluation that expand rehabilitation services. Additionally, vocational rehabilitation services to individuals with disabilities who are migrant or seasonal farmworkers is provided. Grants are also used to initiate recreational programs for individuals with disabilities to aid them in employment, mobility, socialization, independence, and community integration. Lastly, grants and contracts are authorized to provide training and information to individuals with disabilities and their representatives. This training should develop skills necessary for individuals with disabilities to gain access to rehabilitation systems and statewide workforce investment systems and become active decision makers in the rehabilitation process.

Title four
Title four amends the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 in order to work with the WIA to accomplish the goal of helping people return to the workforce. Title four creates a national council on disability, which is appointed by the president, to link rehabilitation programs to state and local workforce development systems. Members of this council are individuals with disabilities, parents or guardians of individuals with disabilities, or other individuals who have substantial knowledge or experience relating to disability policy or programs. The function of this council is to guarantee that people with disabilities have access to local and state workforce development systems in order to provide equal opportunity.

Title five
Title five provides general provisions by which the WIA can accomplish its goals. Title five states that the WIA is a state unified plan. Incentive grants will be rewarded to states exceeding negotiated performance levels and defined indicators of performance.

Provisions
The provisions of the Act were delineated into five subchapters:

Workforce investment definitions
Sets forth definitions for workforce investment programs as cited by the chapter and for future legislation using this Act as basis for funding.

Statewide and local workforce investment systems

 * Directs state governors to establish and appoint the members of a statewide partnership to assist in the development of the state plan.
 * Directs state governors to designate local workforce investment areas in accordance with specified requirements.
 * Requires that local workforce investment boards, and youth councils within such boards, be established in each local area of a state.

Job Corps

 * Revises provisions for the Job Corps (formerly under the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), which this title repeals and replaces.)
 * Provides for Job Corps recruitment standards, graduate readjustment allowances through local one-stop customer service centers, industry councils and management information.
 * Revises Job Corps requirements for:
 * Individual eligibility
 * Screening, selection, assignment, and enrollment
 * Job Corps Centers
 * Program activities and continued services
 * Counseling and job placement
 * Support
 * Operating plan
 * Standards of conduct
 * Community participation
 * Advisory committees
 * Experimental, research, and demonstration projects.

National programs

 * Provides for workforce investment activities and supplemental services under programs for American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians, migrant and seasonal farmworkers and veterans (replacing similar programs formerly under JTPA.)
 * Directs the Secretary of Labor to make youth opportunity grants to eligible local partnerships to provide specified activities to increase the long-term employment of eligible youth who live in empowerment zones, enterprise communities, and high poverty areas.
 * Directs the Secretary to provide assistance to an entity to establish a role model academy for out-of-school youth in a residential center located on the site of a closed or realigned military installation.
 * Directs the Secretary of Labor to provide technical assistance to states to help with transitions, general performance improvement, and dislocated worker training improvement.
 * Directs the Secretary to publish a biennial plan for demonstration, pilot, multiservice, research, and multistate projects. Sets forth requirements for such projects under such plan, including competitive award procedures and peer review.
 * Directs the Secretary to provide for continuing evaluation of programs and activities under this title. Authorizes the Secretary to conduct evaluations of other federally funded employment-related programs and activities.
 * Authorizes the Secretary to make national emergency grants for:
 * Employment and training assistance to workers affected by major economic dislocations
 * Disaster relief employment
 * Additional assistance for dislocated workers

Administration

 * Sets forth requirements for:
 * Labor standards, prohibitions on worker displacement, and other requirements relating to use of funds
 * Prompt allocation of funds
 * Monitoring
 * Fiscal controls and sanctions
 * Reports, recordkeeping, and investigations
 * Administrative adjudication
 * Judicial review
 * Nondiscrimination
 * State legislative authority
 * Workforce flexibility partnership plans
 * Use of certain real property
 * Continuation of State activities and policies.
 * Declares that a state shall not be prohibited by the federal government from drug use testing of participants in certain workforce investment programs and sanctioning those who test positive.

Funding and budget
Each state receives a different amount from the federal government for their budget under the Workforce Investment Act. The amount in the budget is dependent on the size of population for each State. Utah gets $1.5 million each year from the federal government. Due to the fact that Utah has a relatively small population, compared to other states, the budget stays with the state instead of being distributed to local areas. In larger states, such as California, the budget is much larger and is divided out to local boards. The budget, regardless of the state, can be used for the following three main "streams":

Adults
The Secretary of Labor reserves Twenty percent of funds for National Emergency Grants, dislocated worker demonstration efforts, and technical assistance.

Dislocated workers
The remaining 60 are allocated to local areas, while 15 percent being reserved for statewide activities, and 25 percent for State rapid response efforts.

Youth
Eighty five percent of youth funds are allocated to local areas. Fifteen percent are reserved for statewide activities, and funds appropriated in excess of $1 billion (up to $250 million) will be used by the U.S. Department of Labor to fund Youth Opportunity grants. States can merge the fifteen percent set-asides for statewide activities from the three separate funding streams if they choose to do so (for example, state set-aside funds from the adult stream may be used for statewide youth activities.) Also, with the approval of the Governor, local areas may transfer 20 percent between adult and dislocated workers funding streams.

Subsequent actions
The law was slightly amended by the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Amendments of 1998 and the Higher Education Amendments of 1998.

The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (H.R. 803; 113th Congress) was enacted on July 22, 2014. It seeks to consolidate job training programs under the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA) and will streamline the process of receiving services from three levels (core, intensive, and training) into a single process, allowing clients to receive needed services earlier in the process. In addition, it will push those providing WIA services to collaborate more with the Vocational Rehabilitation programs in order to provide more services for people with disabilities into a single funding stream. It also amended the Wagner-Peyser Act, reauthorized adult-education programs, and reauthorized programs under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The various job programs are authorized for six years with a requirement that they record and report on how many people get new jobs through their participation in the programs. The new regulations are currently in draft form and will not be finalized till January 2016.

title: Workforce Investment Act of 1998


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Inner City Unit

Inner City Unit were a London based popular music group active from 1979 through to 1985, their music style encompassing psychedelia and punk rock. They recorded four studio albums, one studio EP and one compilation album of previously unreleased material.

The group were established by ex-Hawkwind saxophonist Nik Turner, joined by bassist and keyboardist Phil Reeves (known as Dead Fred). Trev Thoms was the guitarist of the first incarnation and Steve Pond the second. Ermano Ghisio-Erba (known as Dino Ferari) and Mick Lee (known as Mick Stupp) were the drummers. Andy Anderson (drums) and Michael Vickerage (known as Mo Vicarage) (keyboards) played live and recorded with the group in the early days. Barry Downes (known as Baz Magneto), GP Wayne (known as Little Bit), Dave Anderson and Nazar Alikhan had stints with the group playing bass.

Since their split, various members have got together on occasions to record or play live using the name.

Formation 1977-1979
In 1977, after Nik Turner had been dismissed from Hawkwind, he traveled to Egypt and made some portable recordings playing flute in the King's Chamber of Great Pyramid of Giza. With producer Steve Hillage he worked these recordings into the album Xitintoday (exit into day) with contributions from members of Gong, Harry Williamson and Andy Anderson. His group performed live as Sphynx.

With Williamson he conceived the protest single "Nuclear Waste" issued as Fast Breeder and the Radio Actors, with vocals from Sting, and then contributed to the album Fairy Tales by Williamson and Gilli Smyth's group Mother Gong. On this session he met keyboardist Michael Vickerage (known as Mo Vicarage) and drummer Ermano Ghisio-Erba (known as Dino Ferari), both of whom would be pulled into Turner's band. Erba brought in guitarist Trev Thoms with whom he had played in Steve Took's Horns, Thoms in turn brought in keyboard player Phil Reeves (known as Dead Fred), the two having played in Steve Gibbons Band together. The new name Inner City Unit had been suggested to Turner by his close friend, the graphic designer Barney Bubbles.

First incarnation 1979-1982
The group recorded four tracks at Foel Studios in April, with "Solitary Ashtray" (originally titled "Solitary Astrid") issued as a single on their own Riddle Records imprint, backed with a dub version titled "So__t_ry As__id"; the remaining three tracks ("Watching the Grass Grow", "Cars Eat With Auto Face" and "Alright On The Flight") would later be included on the Punkadelic compilation. The group debuted at a gig in Liverpool, then appeared at the 1979 Glastonbury Festival and at the first Futurama (The World's First Science Fiction Music Festival) on 9 September in Leeds.

By the end of 1979, the line-up of Turner, Thoms and Reeves had been joined by Barry Downes (known as Baz Magneto, bass) and Mick Lee (known as Mick Stupp, drums). They cut demos of "Space Invaders" and "Polyethylene" for Polydor Records in December, but no deal was forth-coming - these tracks would also be included on the Punkadelic album. They recorded the album Pass Out at Nick Lowe's UK Pro Studios with Paul Riley, also issued on Riddle Records with a sleeve by Bubbles. The album consisted of new recordings of the previous tracks, with covers of the two popular Turner compositions for Hawkwind, "Master of the Universe" and "Brainstorm", as well as a cover of "Nuclear Waste".

The non-album single "Paradise Beach" (based on Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries") was released in March. Steve Redman (known as Speed Machine) momentarily replaced Downes. Turner appeared with The Stranglers on "Nice 'n' Sleazy" at Rainbow Theatre London on 3 and 4 April for The Stranglers and Friends – Live in Concert. Turner guested on Sham 69's The Game and his group supported Sham 69 on a British tour, with G.P. Wayne (known as Little Bit) filling in on bass. Soon after Wayne and Stupp left, with Erba rejoining and Reeves playing bass as well as keyboards.

Bubbles had been given studio time at Phoenix Studios and requested the four-piece, along with Robert Calvert, record versions of his favourite 1960s garage/psychedelic rock songs. 13 tracks formed the first side of an album titled Ersatz attributed to The Imperial Pompadours, while the second side consisted of a nightmare sound collage pieced together of Wagnerian performances and readings from Mein Kampf. Turner and Thoms both guested on Calvert's Hype album.

In 1981, the band recorded the album The Maximum Effect at Trident Studios with Howard Massey for Avatar Records, with sleeve by Bubbles and photographer Brian Griffin, with a guest appearance by The Damned's Captain Sensible. It included the singles "Beer, Baccy, Bingo and Benidorm!" (extended holiday version) with an appearance from the comedian Max Wall and "Bones of Elvis" with a contribution from cornetist Bill Boston. It also included covers of The Shangri-Las "Remember (Walking in the Sand)", the jazz standard "In the Mood" recorded by Glenn Miller, and "Sid's Song" being a traditional English folk song known variously as "Newlyn Town", "Roving Blade" or "Wild and Wicked Youth". This line-up also contributed the tracks "Raj Neesh" and "Human Beings" to the various artists compilation album Hawkwind, Friends and Relations.

By mid-1982 the band were struggling with some members drug problems, Huw Lloyd-Langton filling in on guitar at times in Thoms absence. In July Flicknife Records released the album Punkadelic compiled from various previously unreleased recordings, including a cover of Jan and Arnie's "Gas Money", and the tracks "God Disco" and "Disco Tango" from a side project involving Andreas Wyden.

Turner was invited back into Hawkwind for their Choose Your Masques tour and pulled Reeves in with him. While in Hawkwind, they would perform live versions of "Watching the Grass Grow" (a recording from Stonehenge Free Festival 1984 appearing on This Is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic) and "Human Beings" adapted as "Ghost Dance" (on Hawkwind Anthology).

Second Incarnation 1984-1985
After Turner and Reeves departure from Hawkwind, they regrouped with guitarist Steve Pond (who had sometimes augmented the earlier live group playing synthesiser) and bass player Dave Anderson to record New Anatomy at Foel Studios with Brian Snelling for Anderson's Demi Monde Records, with sleeve design by Nazar Alikhan. Pond programmed a LinnDrum for the album but Stupp returned for the supporting live dates. It included a cover of Johnny Burnette and The Rock and Roll Trio's "Lonesome Train (On A Lonesome Track)" and the traditional folk tune "Wildhunt". "Help, Sharks!" had a promotional video recorded for it, included on the Pirates of the Panasoniks (Jettisoundz) various artists compilation VHS tape, but the song was not issued as a single. The band toured the album from January 1985 onward, but conflict with Anderson resulted in his departure, Reeves playing both bass and keyboards.

In May they recorded the Blood and Bone 12" EP at Boilerhouse Studios with Nick Green for Jettisoundz Records, followed quickly in July by the album The President Tapes at Alaska Studios with Iain O'Higgins for Flicknife. Sleeves were designed by Mary Cason. Blood And Bone contained a cover of Red Crayola's "Hurricane Fighter Plane". The Presidents Tapes included the track "Stonehenge Who Knows" originally written for Hawkwind's The Earth Ritual Preview project. Four tracks from The Imperial Pompadours album were re-recorded: Vince Taylor's  "Brand New Cadillac" and The Nightcrawlers' "Little Black Egg" on the EP; Terry Noland's "There Was Fungus Among Us" and The Fe-Fi-Four Plus 2's "I Wanna Come Back (From the World of LSD)" on the album. Alikhan joined the band on bass for the live dates in support of the releases, but the band fell apart by the end of the year.

Post-ICU
Reeves, Pond and Stupp continued using the name The Maximum Effect issuing the self-released 7" single "Espana" backed with "The Wrecker". Stupp would leave, and the remaining two were joined by Cason to act as a backing band for Calvert at his Queen Elizabeth Hall appearance on 1 October 1986, followed by a tour of Britain.

In the 1990s, Thoms used the Inner City Unit name for his own band with original drummer Erba, releasing one album Now You Know the Score as Judge Trev's Inner City Unit.

In 2001, a version of ICU combining members from the first two incarnations played two shows. A fourth version of the band played the closing party of the 2006 FennerFest in Slough.

Critical reception
AllMusic's retrospective review assessed Pass Out as "one of the freshest sounding of all post-'70s spin-offs from [Hawkwind]."

The group's support slot for The Psychedelic Furs on 21 September 1980 at Lyceum Ballroom was reviewed by Dante Bonutto for Record Mirror as "a real hoot, a five piece plus two strong girlie chorus who thankfully didn't take themselves too seriously. But then when you play a ska version of the 1812 Overture and hurl handfuls of rotting flora into the audience I don't suppose you can really afford to. Still, after the stark catastrophe of Ludus they were certainly a healthy blast of oxygen."

Malcolm Dome in Record Mirror thought The Maximum Effect a "pure music hall eccentricity laced with modern rock idioms... a cross between the Goons, Max Miller, early Stranglers fury and Hawkwind style phrasing... The result, at best, is sharply cynical and bitingly effective." He highlights "Bones of Elvis" and "Beer, Baccy, Bingo and Benidorm" which "hidden in with the humour is a decided strain of desperation that hits home very solidly indeed... But, sadly, there is an inconsistency running through ME that at times exasperates. So what promised to be an effective new humourist album ends up as adequate but no more." AllMusic retrospectively acknowledges "The faithful declare Maximum Effect to be Inner City Unit's finest hour - and... it's impossible to disagree... only the group's growing penchant for "obvious" humo[u]r detracting from some excellent performances. Maximum Effect sounds practically state of the art."

Attila the Stockbroker (using the name John Opposition) reviewed Punkadelic for Sounds as "weird and wonderful" while noting its "diversity of styles". AllMusic assessed the album as "Should one wish to make comparisons, the "regular" versions... are more complete than those included here... [but] this set is just as enjoyable as anything else the band released."

Andy Ross in Sounds assessed New Anatomy poorly as "While ICU score full marks for variety... the overall standard of composition is average, the production limp, and the singing anaemic." AllMusic's retrospective assessment is also critical, declaring "they turned in one of the most disappointing records in the entire Hawkwind family tree, a disheveled, featureless, and melody-less gaggle of half-songs highlighted by two numbers ("Birdland" and "Forbidden Planet") but so hamstrung by the other eight that, even today, it's difficult to discern quite what they were trying to do."

Sounds classed The President Tapes as a "wiggy-brilliant album [but] no go on the breaking new barriers." Dave Thompson reviewed the album for Melody Maker as "something of an acquired taste... stands guilty of not taking itself seriously... These songs, like the band who created them, are oddballs and, as such, should be cherished." Thompson's retrospective review for AllMusic is consistent with his contemporary analysis, being "up there with the very best music the band ever made, a tightly focused but, simultaneously, deliciously loose collection of riffs, rhythms, and - best of all - ideas that thoroughly corral all the promise that the band ever radiated without losing sight of the anarchy that was its stock in trade."

Other activities
Turner started his rhythm and blues and jazz rock outfit Nik Turner's Fantastic Allstars in the late 1980s. They eventually released an album Kubanno Kickasso! in 2001.

Stupp played with many different bands with varying styles, moving from drums to guitar over time.

In the 1980s, original guitarist Thoms started the three-piece heavy metal band Atomgods which, for a while, also featured Pond on bass. Thoms died of pancreatic cancer on 8 December 2010.

Pond, Reeves and Stupp played together as Krankschaft, sometimes also joined by Turner, Dave Anderson and Erba to perform Inner City Unit songs as a tribute to Thoms.

Studio albums

 * Pass Out (20 February 1980, Riddle)
 * The Maximum Effect (June 1981, Avatar Record & Screenworks)
 * New Anatomy (1984, Demi Monde)
 * The President's Tapes (1985, Flicknife)

Demos album

 * Punkadelic (July 1982, Flicknife)

Various Artists Compilations

 * Hawkwind, Friends and Relations (1981, Flicknife)

Extended plays

 * Blood and Bone (1985, Jettisoundz) 12" vinyl also issued as a VHS tape

Singles

 * "Solitary Ashray" / "So__t_ry As__id" [dub version] (September 1979, Riddle) 7" vinyl
 * "Paradise Beach" / "Amyl Nitrate" (March 1980, Riddle) 7" vinyl
 * "Beer, Baccy, Bingo and Benidorm!" [extended holiday version] / "In The Mood (Nude)" (1981, Avatar Record & Screenworks) 7" red vinyl
 * "Bones Of Elvis" / "Sid's Song" (1981, Avatar Record & Screenworks) 7" vinyl

Personnel

 * Nik Turner - vocals, saxophone, flute - all releases
 * Phil Reeves (known as Dead Fred) - vocals, Keyboards, bass guitar - all releases
 * Trev Thoms - vocals, guitar (1979–82) - Pass Out, The Maximum Effect, Punkadelic
 * Steve Pond - vocals, guitar (1984–85) - New Anatomy, Blood and Bone, The President Tapes
 * Barry Downes (known as Baz Magneto) - bass guitar (1979–80) - Pass Out, Punkadelic
 * GP Wayne (known as Little Bit) - bass guitar (1980) - live performances only
 * Dave Anderson - bass guitar (1984) - New Anatomy
 * Nazar Alikhan - bass guitar (1985) - live performances only
 * Michael Vickerage (known as Mo Vicarage) - Keyboards (1979) - Punkadelic
 * Ermano Ghisio Erba (known as Dino Ferari) - drums (1979, 1981–82) - The Maximum Effect, Punkadelic
 * Andy Anderson - drums (1979) - Punkadelic
 * Mick Lee (known as Mick Stupp) - drums (1979–80, 1984–85) - Pass Out, Punkadelic, Blood and Bone, The President Tapes

title: Inner City Unit


text:
User talk:Monsta coty scott

Data source for Utah Population Density
Hello. I would like to know your sources for this map, and if there are any others similar to it.

Thanks!

Supaplex 06:33, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monsta coty scott


text:
Greg Coolidge

Gregory Coolidge is an American film writer, director, and television showrunner. He is best known for executive producing and showrunning the television series Wayne (2019), as well as creating, executive producing, and showrunning the limited series The Continental: From the World of John Wick (2023). In feature films, he created the Ride Along franchise, wrote and directed Employee of the Month, and the 2019 comedy The Turkey Bowl. He grew up in Norman, Oklahoma and later graduated from the University of Oklahoma.

Filmography
Writer:
 * The Continental: From the World of John Wick (2023)
 * The Turkey Bowl (2019)
 * Wayne (2018)
 * Ride Along             (2014)
 * Dirty Old Men        (2012)
 * The Troop              (2010)
 * Coxblocker            (2009)
 * Born to Rock          (2009)
 * Employee of the Month (2006)
 * Sorority Boys         (2002)
 * Queen for a Day       (2000)

Director:
 * The Turkey Bowl (2019)
 * For Sale                   (2011)
 * Coxblocker            (2011)
 * The Troop             (2010)
 * Employee of the Month (2006)
 * Queen for a Day       (2000)

Producer:
 * The Continental: From the World of John Wick (2023)
 * The Turkey Bowl (2019)
 * Wayne          (2018)
 * The Troop          (2010)
 * Mancrush              (2009)
 * Possums              (1998)

Actor:
 * Rocket Power (2002)... Trent
 * Sorority Boys (2002)... Pete
 * In God We Trust (2000)... Purgatorian
 * Queen for a Day (2000)... Rick
 * Possums       (1998)... Jake Malloy
 * Profilers       (1997)... Gabriel Vanderhorn
 * Hope and Gloria   (1996)... Dale

title: Greg Coolidge


text:
Stanley Peak (Ball Range)

Stanley Peak is a 3155 m mountain located in the Ball Range, at the northeastern section of Kootenay National Park, in the Canadian Rocky Mountains (British Columbia, Canada). The mountain was named in 1901 by its first climber, the English explorer Edward Whymper, after Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, the sixth Governor-General of Canada. There are sources that date the naming in 1912 after Stanley H. Mitchell, Secretary-Treasurer of Alpine Club of Canada.

The peak is visible from the Trans-Canada Highway and Highway 93. Stanley Glacier on the northeast face of the peak can be seen up close by following a hiking trail into a hanging valley between the peak and a southern outlier of Storm Mountain.

Stanley Peak can be ascended from a scrambling route by late summer but involves much routefinding among the many ledges and gullies on the north face. Climbing routes (UIAA III) travel the north and northeast faces.

Other BC peaks
There are another two peaks in British Columbia called Stanley Peak. One is 2,935 m high, located at the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District (50.83°N, -123.72167°W), 24 km north-west from Keyhole Falls and 62 km west from Gold Bridge. The other is 2,030 m high, in the Stikine Region (59.94778°N, -136.59306°W) (90 km north-west from Skagway, Alaska United States).

Geology
Stanley Peak is composed of sedimentary rock laid down from the Precambrian to Jurassic periods that was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny.

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, the mountain is located in a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below -20 °C with wind chill factors below -30 °C.

title: Stanley Peak (Ball Range)


text:
Impaled Nazarene

Impaled Nazarene is a Finnish extreme metal band that started as black metal but have incorporated elements of grindcore, thrash metal and death metal, and have grown more towards hardcore punk.

History
The band formed in November 1990, with founding members Mika Luttinen, Kimmo Luttinen, Mika Pääkkö, Ari Holappa and Antti Pihkala. The band gained national success when their debut album, Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz, entered the Finnish charts.

The band was infamous for their apparent hatred of the Norwegian black metal scene back the early 1990s; however, the band now seems to have disassociated themselves from that dislike. Luttinen later affirmed that "We have absolutely nothing against Norwegians. I even made up with Euronymous before he was killed so just forget this thing, it is ancient history".

Impaled Nazarene stopped wearing corpse paint in the mid-1990s when black metal exploded, with Luttinen explaining that "we felt it was time distance ourselves a bit from the ridiculous ideas and statements that were circulating around the whole scene back then. And look around, we are not alone who have done this. Even Norwegian bands have dropped paint and other shit and are concentrating on the music instead of childish statements".

With the release of Suomi Finland Perkele, Impaled Nazarene dropped some of their aggression and made a stylistic shift, but this direction ended with the removal of Kimmo Luttinen from the line-up. Mika Luttinen explained his dissatisfaction with Kimmo and how the band changed under his guidance:

After growing increasingly unpolished in delivery, the band made a shift, beginning with Nihil (2000) and the accession of Children of Bodom guitarist Alexi Laiho, towards a sound that has been described as "a benzedrine-fueled combination of thrash metal and Iron Maiden". Luttinen explained that Laiho's role was critical: "it was clear that now that we had finally two guitar players that we kind of like wanted to get away from that punky kind of writing style and started just wanting to get more back to the metal feeling".

Their ninth studio album, Pro Patria Finlandia, was a popular import album for Japan. Impaled Nazarene have toured with bands including Cannibal Corpse, Mayhem and Dark Tranquility, traversing four continents and over thirty countries.

On 16 March 2003, guitarist Teemu Raimoranta died falling off a bridge onto the ice below, in what was described as "an alcohol-related accidental fall".

On 15 January 22, the band announced that – after almost 15 years in the lineup – Tomi Ullgrén had left the band, citing busy work schedules that interfere with the band's rehearsal schedule.

Lyrical content
For most of their history, Impaled Nazarene has focused on Finnish nationalism (for instance in their song "Total War - Winter War" about the Soviet-Finnish war in 1939 and 1940), and have demonstrated a strong anti-communist bent, as exemplified in their song "Healers of the Red Plague" on Rapture. Other lyrics revolve around war and Satanism. When asked about the hints of humour previously manifest in the lyrics, Luttinen affirmed that this was limited to Suomi Finland Perkele: "There will be no humour, we are not some fucking joke. If people find my lyrics funny, then, well, something is most certainly wrong in their heads". The band has also maintained a tradition of including at least one song on every album which has the word "goat" in the title, which Luttinen considers a "trademark" of the band:

Impaled Nazarene's Nihil (2000) is the only album that has been subject to a ban. However, this has caused additional problems for the band as, according to Luttinen, "Somebody seem to have really something against us and unfortunately that somebody has power enough to get our shows cancelled". Luttinen has been critical of the performance bans that the band has suffered in Germany and Poland, which he made explicit in the lyrics for Manifest (2007). In response to a question about the lack of sexual themes on Manifest, Luttinen responded:

In June 2017 the hardcore festival Ieperfest in Ypres (Ieper), Belgium, removed Impaled Nazarene from the line up after threats of violence from protesters. The reason for the protest was the band's lyrics condoning homophobia and rape. The festival organizers issued the following statement:

Members

 * Current line-up
 * Mika Luttinen - vocals (1990–present)
 * Reima Kellokoski - drums (1995–present)
 * Mikael "Arkki" Arnkil - bass (2000–present)
 * Kim Lappalainen - guitar (2022-present)
 * Former members
 * Kimmo "Sir" Luttinen – drums (1990–1995), guitar (1992–1995)
 * Antti Pihkala - bass (1990–1991)
 * Ari Holappa – guitar (1990–1992)
 * Mika Pääkkö – guitar (1990–1992)
 * Harri Halonen – bass (1991–1992)
 * Jarno Anttila – guitar (1992–2010)
 * Taneli Jarva – bass (1992–1996)
 * Jani Lehtosaari – bass (1996–2000)
 * Alexi Laiho – guitar (1998–2000; died 2020)
 * Teemu Raimoranta – guitar (2000–2003; died 2003)
 * Tuomo "Tuomio" Louhio – guitar (2003–2007)
 * Tomi "UG" Ullgrén - guitar (2007–2022)

Albums
Studio albums
 * Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz… (1993)
 * Ugra-Karma (1993)
 * Suomi Finland Perkele (1994)
 * Latex Cult (1996)
 * Rapture (1998)
 * Nihil (2000)
 * Absence of War Does Not Mean Peace (2001)
 * All That You Fear (2003)
 * Pro Patria Finlandia (2006)
 * Manifest (2007)
 * Road to the Octagon (2010)
 * Vigorous and Liberating Death (2014)
 * Eight Headed Serpent (2021)

Live albums
 * Death Comes in 26 Carefully Selected Pieces (2005)

Compilation albums
 * Decade of Decadence (2000)

Split albums
 * Impaled Nazarene/Driller Killer (2000)

EPs

 * Goat Perversion (1992)
 * Enlightenment Process (2010)
 * Die in Holland (2013)
 * Morbid Fate (2017)
 * Goat of Mendes (2021)

Demos

 * Shemhamforash (1991)
 * Taog Eht Fo Htao Eht (1991)
 * Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz... (1992)

Singles

 * Sadogoat (1992)
 * Satanic Masowhore (1993)
 * Motörpenis (1996)

DVDs

 * 1990–2012

title: Impaled Nazarene


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sunshine nee

Sunshine nee was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to delete.

Notable? I think not. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 18:57, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * ex-Asian eh? I wonder whether the sun shines out of... oh never mind, delete or I write an article on Moonlight Pocket, the former Antipodean star of Kangaroos Down Under 43 and Castlemaine XXXX. --Ianb 21:05, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree - Delete. Deb 21:45, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ex-Asian? You can take the girl out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the girl?  Delete: completely non-notable.  Even for a porn star, this is a tremendously small, eh, body of work.  (Delete porn stars unless they're notable for some other reason, and especially delete even more new porn stars.)  Geogre 21:55, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. She has an entry on IMDb.  RickK 04:34, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: here: . For information: does an IMDb entry automatically infer notability? --Ianb 07:16, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * The person who made the coffee for a straight to video film could probably get an entry on IMDB. Doesn't make them notable in their own right. Average Earthman 12:19, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * quite. Wikipedia doesn't need to mirror every IMDB entry... --Ianb 12:33, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * She made 14 movies. RickK 18:39, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * RickK, porno starlets make a lot of movies. All I could find was three, but she probably made another eleven in the day since I wrote that.  That's why I said she had a remarkably small body of work (smirks aside).  The ephemeral nature of the careers in adult films is such that starlets can make 100 films and be forgotten in a year.  I don't want to start saying that things have be notable for X time before they're in, but in some cases the very small viewership and prolixity of production argue that numbers of films just aren't going to be accurate measurements of notability. Geogre 19:02, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I don't really have any axe to grind here, it's no big deal to me, one way or the other, except that we've kept other vanity articles solely on the basis of one or two entries in IMDb obviously written by the same contributor. We should be consistent.  RickK 19:22, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. DJ Clayworth 19:47, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Dittaeva 21:53, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Andris 14:18, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Kabye people

The Kabye (also known as Kabiye, Kabre, Cabrai), are a people living in the north central mountains and northern plains of Togo. They speak the Kabiye language. The Kabye are primarily known for farming and cultivation of harsh, dry, infertile lands of Togo. They grow cotton, millet and yams.

Kabye people also live in northwestern Benin near the Togolese border. The Logba or Lugba people of Benin are closely related to the Kabye. Broadly defined and subgroups included, the Kabiye people are the second largest ethnic group in Togo after the Ewe people, and they dominate the Togolese government and military.

Society and culture
The Kabye are a patrilineal society that has been primarily devoted to subsistence farming. In contemporary economy, many are migrant labor.

Evala wrestling
Evala is a form of traditional wrestling practised mainly by the Kabyé of northern Togo, in West Africa. Competitors meet yearly at a festival following a retreat marking the initiation of young men into adulthood.

Evala is the penultimate element of this initiation rite, during which young men are separated from their families for one week, residing in special huts where they are fed and subject to mental training. Prior to wrestling, participants go on a pilgrimage which involves climbing three mountains; those who do not complete it are not initiated into adulthood. Although wrestlers are initiated regardless of whether they win or not, losing is considered shameful to the family name. The last of these initiation rites is circumcision.

Notable people
The country's former president, Gnassingbé Eyadema, who took power in a coup, was of Kabye ethnicity. Togo is now led by Eyadema's son, Faure Gnassingbé.

Angèle Patassé, the Togolese-born former First Lady of the Central African Republic, was also a member of the Kabye people.

title: Kabye people


text:
Talk:List of heads of government of the Bahamas

[Untitled]
I have enhanced the detail of the page and moved it under a title which enables the listing of heads of government who for that purpose occupy a post other than 'prime minister'. --JohnArmagh 19:01, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC) And he is old —Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.211.2.254 (talk) 14:40, 24 October 2007 (UTC)


text:
Trev Thoms

Trevor Thoms (30 October 1950 – 8 December 2010), known as Judge Trev Thoms and Judge Trev, was a British guitarist, best known for being a member of Inner City Unit, Atomgods, and The Steve Gibbons Band.

Background
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he played in a blues-rock group with hints of progressive rock and heavy rock called Iron Maiden - not the famous group of the same name - along with Barry Skeels, who later played for Zior and eventually became a tour manager for acts such as Black Sabbath, Saxon, Manowar, and Yngwie Malmsteen (another member of the band was called Steve Drewett, but probably he is not the same person as the one who later founded The Newtown Neurotics). They recorded one album called Maiden Voyage.

He later played in the seminal British Blues Boom band, Spirit of John Morgan. He has backed Graham Bond, Gregory Isaacs and Steve Gibbons, and was a member of Steve Peregrin Took's band Steve Took's Horns with Dino Ferari on drums.

Artists he had played with include, Opal Butterfly, Ray Morrison, Count Prince Miller, Gregory Isaacs, Panchito's High Rockers, The Spiders, the Skin-Deep Blues Band and Nik Turner's Fantastic All Stars.

Career
After The Horns broke up in the late 1970s both Thoms and Ferari joined ex-Hawkwind's Nik Turner in Inner City Unit. Thoms also worked with Turner and Twink under the hybrid Pink Fairies/Hawkwind name Pink Wind. He later formed Atomgods and has worked with other ex-Hawkwind members including Ron Tree. He and Ferari formed their own version of Inner City Unit called Judge Trev's Inner City Unit. A regular 'collaborator' he also played with the revived Pinkwind featuring Nik Turner & Twink (ex Pink Fairies) and after moving to Brighton regularly appeared with Slim Tim Slide (Tim Rundall) sometimes under the pseudonym "Stinky & Stumpy", a partnership that continued sporadically for the rest of Thoms' life.

He played festivals such as the Big Green Gathering, Cosmic Puffin Festival, Glastonbury, Earthwise etc., performing his solo acoustic set or with the reformed Inner City Unit with Nik Turner. He also played gigs as Trev and Kev with Kev Ellis, singer from Bubbledubble.

He also ran the website Real Festival Music where he also wrote festival reviews.

Thoms died on 8 December 2010 from pancreatic cancer.

Later years
During the last years of Trev's life he was active in forming The Real Music Club in Brighton and indeed his last ever gig was at a RMC event to celebrate his birthday, and his last recordings were with fellow RMC members Paradise 9. With the aim of promoting local talent as well as providing an outlet for his own work the club continues both live and on Brighton and Hove Community radio www.bhcr.org.uk and annual Trev Memorial gigs are ongoing.

title: Trev Thoms


text:
Talk:Boneyard

User:DJ Clayworth: sorry about the edit conflict, my version ran over yours on editing, I kept the longer morecomplete version. feel free to edit your changesback in please, if you think it's suitable. Might check fire triangle to, if you want to spruce that up too. Cheers.Pedant 19:03, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boneyard


text:
Lewis F. Linn

Lewis Fields Linn (November 5, 1796 – October 3, 1843) was a physician and politician who represented his home state of Missouri in the United States Senate from 1833 to his death.

Early life
Linn was born near Louisville, Kentucky, on November 5, 1796. He received a meager academic education because of the deaths of his parents. He was raised by his older half-brother, Henry Dodge and began studying medicine in Louisville. During the War of 1812 he served as a surgeon with troops commanded by Henry Dodge, though he was still a teenager; after the war he completed his studies at Philadelphia Medical College in 1816. Linn is among the hundreds of members of Congress who were slaveowners.

Career
Linn was admitted to practice as a medical doctor and subsequently relocated to Ste. Genevieve, Missouri. Early in his career he earned recognition for his major role in combating two cholera epidemics.

He served in the Missouri Senate in 1827. In 1832 he was appointed to the state commission which settled land claims based on grants made by the government of France prior to the Missouri Territory becoming part of the United States.

In 1833 Linn was elected to the United States Senate as a Jacksonian, filling the vacancy created by the death of Alexander Buckner. He was reelected as a Democrat in 1836 and 1842, and served from October 25, 1833, until his death. During his Senate career Linn was chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims from 1835 to 1841 (Twenty-fourth through Twenty-sixth Congresses), and the Committee on Agriculture from 1841 to 1843 (Twenty-seventh Congress).

Death and burial
Linn died in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri on October 3, 1843. He was buried at Ste. Genevieve Memorial Cemetery.

Legacy
Four states have counties named after him: Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Oregon.

The towns of Linneus, Missouri, Linn, Missouri, West Linn, Oregon, and Linnton, Oregon, were also named in Linn's honor.

Family
Linn was the brother-in-law of James Hugh Relfe, half brother of Henry Dodge and uncle of Henry's son Augustus C. Dodge. He was the uncle of William Pope McArthur, a United States Navy officer who was notable for his surveys of the Pacific Coast.

title: Lewis F. Linn


text:
Mackenzie King Island

Mackenzie King Island is one of the uninhabited Queen Elizabeth Islands in northern Canada. It lies north of Melville Island and south of Borden Island, and like them is divided when it comes to administration. Most of the island is in Northwest Territories, while its easternmost portion lies in Nunavut. The border runs along the 110th meridian west.

Mackenzie King has an area of 5048 km2, 60 mi long in northeast or 47 mi in southeast and 60 mi wide, making it the 116th largest island in the world, and Canada's 26th largest island.

History
The first known visit to the island was by Vilhjalmur Stefansson in 1915, and it was later named for William Lyon Mackenzie King.

title: Mackenzie King Island


text:
User talk:Celindgren

Celindgren: I don't know why you chose to blank out your discussion page rather than responding to any of my questions, but that's really not very useful. The questions are still there in the history, and I will bring them to the attention of others if you keep on in this way (though I notice you've more or less stopped editing for the last few days). Please, I'm not trying to harass you, but I think there were real problems with your past editing behavior. —Hob←Talk 03:01, 2004 Aug 18 (UTC)

Blocked
You have unfortunately been blocked indefinitely related to the arbitration committee's decision on VCML edits and Jimmyvanthach. We regret the necessity of this action. Feel free to e-mail me presonally if you have concerns I might address. Tom - Talk 17:01, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Celindgren


text:
Roberto Heras

Roberto Heras Hernández (born 1 February 1974) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer who won the Vuelta a España a record four times. Between 1997 and 2005 he finished in the top 5 of the Vuelta every year except 1998 when he finished 6th. He won a record-tying three times, and then broke the record with a fourth win in 2005, but he was eventually disqualified after being accused of taking EPO. Heras chose to fight the accusations and this resulted in a lengthy court case and appeal process.

In June 2011, Heras successfully appealed against the disqualification in the civil court of Castilla y León, and this decision was upheld in the Spanish supreme court in December 2012. The Spanish cycling federation subsequently reinstated Heras as 2005 Vuelta champion.

Early career
Heras turned professional in 1995 for the Spanish cycling team Kelme. His first win as a pro came in 1996 in the Subida al Naranco. Later that year he won the 12th stage of the Vuelta a España. Next year he won another stage at the Vuelta and the Clásica de Amorebieta. In 1999 he won stages at the Volta a Catalunya and the Giro d'Italia, and he stood for the first time on the Vuelta's podium, third despite not winning a stage. In 2000 he took two stages and the overall win, which attracted the US Postal cycling team.

Riding with Lance Armstrong
From 2001, he raced alongside Lance Armstrong on the US Postal Service team. As a climbing specialist, he assisted Armstrong in the mountain stages of the Tour de France. Heras achieved his highest position in the Tour when he finished fifth in 2000.

During the 2002 Tour de France Lance Armstrong was in 2nd place overall going into stage 11 where the race entered the high mountains. Going up the final climb on the Tourmalet Heras set such a dominating pace at the front of the fragmented Peloton that all of Armstrong's rivals were dropped with the exception of Joseba Beloki. The ride put in by Heras set up Armstrong to take over the Yellow Jersey from the ONCE–Eroski team led by Beloki, Abraham Olano and Igor González de Galdeano who was in the overall lead at the start of Stage 11. Beloki finished 2nd overall in the stage as Heras came in 3rd with both riders behind Armstrong who finally launched his attack for the stage win. The next day in Stage 12 once again Roberto Heras set such a furious pace on the final climb that all of Armstrong's rivals were dropped with the exception of Beloki except this time it was Heras who crossed in 2nd while Beloki took third.

Dominating the Vuelta a España
He had, however, already established himself as a contender for honours in other Tours. He was fifth and a stage winner in the 1997 Vuelta, sixth (and another stage victory) a year later, and third in 1999; that year he finished sixth and won a stage in the Giro d'Italia. His first Vuelta win came in 2000 (when he also won two stages and the points classification), and he won again in 2003.

At the end of 2003, he left US Postal to lead the Spanish Liberty Seguros team. He was thought to be a contender for the 2004 Tour de France but abandoned after the 16th stage due to lack of fitness. Heras entered the Vuelta a España and won, equalling Tony Rominger's record three wins. During the first mountain stages, it seemed an easy win but in the last week he had a challenge from Santiago Pérez.

In the 2005 Vuelta a España, Heras won two mountain stages (including the Estación de Esquí de Pajares) and lost the last time trial by less than a second, something nobody expected from the non-time-trial-specialist Heras. Heras won for the fourth time, a record.

However, a drug test in November 2005, two months after the race, showed a positive test for EPO from the day of time trial (stage 20). Heras was fired and faced a two-year suspension. His Vuelta win was given to second-place finisher, Russian Denis Menchov.

Heras appealed, alleging inaccuracies in the testing and mishandling of his samples. He appealed this decision in the civil court of Castilla y León, and was successful. The Spanish cycling federation appealed at the Spanish supreme court, but in December 2012 this court upheld the decision; the Spanish cycling federation subsequently reinstated Heras as 2005 champion and Heras went on to sue the federation for over one million euro in purported lost earnings. In January 2016, Heras was awarded €724,000 in compensation from the Spanish state, a sentence that was confirmed on 9 May 2017.

Major results

 * 1996
 * 10th Klasika Primavera de Amorebieta

 * 1997
 * 1st Subida al Naranco
 * 3rd Clásica a los Puertos de Guadarrama
 * 5th Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stage 12
 * 8th Overall Vuelta a Murcia
 * 9th Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme

 * 1998
 * 1st Klasika Primavera de Amorebieta
 * 2nd Subida al Naranco
 * 3rd Clásica a los Puertos de Guadarrama
 * 4th Trofeo Forla de Navarra
 * 5th Overall Vuelta a La Rioja
 * 6th Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stage 19
 * 6th Overall Vuelta a Asturias
 * 8th Overall Vuelta a Aragón
 * 10th Overall Paris–Nice
 * 10th Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme

 * 1999
 * 1st Klasika Primavera de Amorebieta
 * 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 * 2nd Overall Volta a Catalunya
 * 1st Stage 6
 * 2nd Gran Premio de Llodio
 * 3rd Overall Vuelta a España
 * 5th Overall Giro d'Italia
 * 1st Stage 21
 * 5th Overall Tour of Galicia

 * 2000
 * 1st Jersey gold.svg Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Jersey silver.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 7 & 20
 * 1st Stage 5 Euskal Bizikleta
 * 3rd Overall Vuelta a La Rioja
 * 3rd Klasika Primavera de Amorebieta
 * 3rd Clásica a los Puertos de Guadarrama
 * 5th Overall Tour de France
 * 5th Overall Tour of Galicia
 * 6th Overall Vuelta a Asturias

 * 2001
 * 2nd Overall Vuelta a Aragón
 * 4th Overall Vuelta a España

 * 2002
 * 1st MaillotVolta.png Overall Volta a Catalunya
 * 1st Stage 1 (TTT)
 * 2nd Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Combination classification
 * 1st Stages 6 & 15
 * Held Jersey gold.svg after Stages 15–20
 * Held Jersey orange.svg after Stage 18
 * 8th Overall Vuelta a Burgos
 * 9th Overall Tour de France

 * 2003
 * 1st Jersey gold.svg Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stage 20
 * 1st Stage 4 (TTT) Tour de France
 * 2nd Overall Volta a Catalunya

 * 2004
 * 1st Jersey gold.svg Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Combination classification
 * 1st Stage 12
 * Held Jersey granate.svg after Stages 12–16
 * 1st Jersey blue.svg Overall Euskal Bizikleta
 * 5th Overall Clásica Internacional de Alcobendas

 * 2005
 * 1st Jersey gold.svg Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stages 6 & 15
 * Held Jersey blue-fish.svg after Stages 15–20
 * Held Jersey granate.svg after Stage 6
 * Held Jersey orangewhitegreen.svg after Stages 6–8
 * 9th Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme

 * 2009
 * 1st Brompton World Championships

title: Roberto Heras


text:
Mount Chenoua

Mount Chenoua (Berber: Adrar en Cenwa, جبل شنوة) is a mountain range in northern Algeria. It is located between Cherchell and Tipaza on the Mediterranean coast, just west of Algiers. There are marble quarries on the side of the mountain.

Description
There is a village on that mountain named Chenoua. A majority of its inhabitants speak a Berber language, the Shenwa Berber. According to local tradition the mountain range looks like a reclining pregnant woman from a certain distance.

Mount Chenoua is the site of Assia Djebar's film La Nouba des Femmes du Mont Chenoua. It also features prominently in Albert Camus' posthumously published novel, A Happy Death. There is also a Stone Eagle statue that was built in 1991.

title: Mount Chenoua


text:
Szombathely

Szombathely (Steinamanger, ; also see names) is the 10th largest city in Hungary. It is the administrative centre of Vas County in the west of the country, located near the border with Austria. Szombathely lies by the streams Perint and Gyöngyös (literally "pearly"), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain. The oldest city in Hungary, Szombathely is known as the birthplace of Saint Martin of Tours.

Etymology
The name Szombathely is from the Hungarian szombat, "Saturday" and hely, "place", referring to its status as a market town, and the medieval markets held on Saturday every week. Once a year during August they hold a carnival to remember the history of "Savaria".

The Latin name Savaria or Sabaria comes from Sibaris, the Latin name of the river Gyöngyös (German Güns). The root of the word is the Proto-Indo-European word *seu, meaning "wet". The Austrian overflowing of the Gyöngyös/Güns is called Zöbern, most probably a derivation of its Latin name. The city is known in Croatian as Sambotel, in Slovene as Sombotel and in Yiddish as סאמבאטהעלי (Sombathely).

The German name, Steinamanger, means "stone on the green" (Stein am Anger). The name was coined by German settlers who encountered the ruins of the Roman city of Savaria.

The Slovak name, Kamenec, also stems from the root 'stone' (kameň = stone), similar to the German variant.

Savaria, the Roman city
Szombathely is the oldest recorded city in Hungary. It was founded by the Romans in 45 AD under the name of Colonia Claudia Savariensum (Claudius' Colony of Savarians), and it was the capital of the Pannonia Superior province of the Roman Empire. It lay close to the important "Amber Road" trade route. The city had an imperial residence, a public bath and an amphitheatre. In 2008, remains of a mithraeum were discovered.

Emperor Constantine the Great visited Savaria several times. He ended the persecution of Christians, which previously claimed the lives of many people in the area, including Bishop St. Quirinus and St. Rutilus. The emperor reorganised the colonies and made Savaria the capital of the province Pannonia Prima. This era was the height of prosperity for Savaria: its population grew, and new buildings were erected, among them theatres and churches. St. Martin of Tours was born here. After the death of Emperor Valentinian III, the Huns invaded Pannonia. Attila's armies occupied Savaria between 441 and 445. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 456.

Savaria/Szombathely in the Middle Ages
The city remained inhabited throughout the Middle Ages. Its city walls were restored, and new buildings were constructed using the stones from the remains of Roman buildings. Much of the Latin population moved away, mostly to Italy, while new settlers, mostly Goths and Longobards, arrived.

In the 6th–8th centuries, the city was inhabited by Pannonian Avars and Slavic tribes. In 795, the Franks defeated these peoples and occupied the city. Charlemagne visited the city where St. Martin was born.

King Arnulf of the Franks gave the city to the archbishop of Salzburg in 875. It is likely that the castle was built around this time, using the stones from the Roman baths. Around 900, they were succeeded by Hungarians, who became the dominant population.

In 1009, Stephen I gave the city to the newly founded Diocese of Győr. The city suffered during the war between King Sámuel Aba and Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, between 1042 and 1044.

Szombathely was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241–1242 but was rebuilt shortly after. It was granted Free royal town status in 1407. In 1578, it became the capital of Vas comitatus. The city prospered. In 1605 it was occupied by the armies of István Bocskai.

Szombathely in the 16th to 19th centuries
During the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, the Ottomans invaded the area twice, first in 1664, when they were defeated at the nearby town of Szentgotthárd. Nearly twenty years later, they invaded again in 1683, during the Battle of Vienna. The city walls protected Szombathely both times.

A peaceful period followed the retreat of the Turks until Prince Rákóczi's rebellion against the Habsburgs in the early 18th century. During the rebellion, the city residents supported the prince. The city was occupied by Habsburg armies in 1704, freed in November 1705, then occupied alternately by the two armies over the next years. In June 1710, more than 2,000 people died in a plague, and on May 3, 1716, the city was destroyed by a fire.

After such losses throughout the region, the Habsburg Crown recruited Germans to resettle the depopulated areas, particularly along the Danube River. They were valued for their farming abilities. The Crown allowed them to keep their language and religion. As a result, the city had a German majority for a long time. With increased population, the city began to prosper again. With the support of Ferenc Zichy, Bishop of Győr, a high school was built in 1772. The Diocese of Szombathely was founded in 1777 by Maria Theresa. The new bishop of Szombathely, János Szily, did much for the city: he had the ruins of the castle demolished and had new buildings constructed, including a cathedral, the episcopal palace complex, and a school (opened in 1793).

In 1809, Napoleon's armies occupied the city and held it for 110 days, following a short battle on the main square. In 1813, a cholera epidemic claimed many lives. In 1817, two-thirds of the city was destroyed by fire.

During the revolution in 1848–49, Szombathely supported the revolution. There were no battles in the immediate area because the city remained under Habsburg rule. The years after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 brought prosperity. A railway line reached the city in 1865, and in the 1870s Szombathely became a major railway junction. In 1885 the city annexed the nearby villages Ó-Perint and Szentmárton and increased its area.

In the 1890s, when Gyula Éhen was the mayor, the city underwent significant infrastructure development: roads were paved, a sewage system built, and the tram line was built to connect the rail station, the downtown, and the Calvary Church. Private and public interests built the City Casino, the Grand Hotel (Kovács Szálló, later Hotel Savaria), and the area's first orphanage. In forty years, the population quadrupled.

During the mayoralty of Tóbiás Brenner, this prosperity continued. A museum, public bath, monasteries, and several new downtown mansions were built. A school of music and an orchestra were founded.

Szombathely in the 20th and 21st centuries

After the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary lost many of its western territories to Austria. Only 10 km from the new state border, Szombathely ceased to be the centre of Western Hungary. Trying to regain the throne of Hungary, Charles IV visited the city, where he was greeted with enthusiasm, but he failed to regain power.

Between the world wars, Szombathely prospered. Many schools were founded, and between 1926 and 1929, the most modern hospital of the Transdanubian region was built.

During World War II, as with many other towns in the region, Szombathely was strategic due to the railway, junction, marshalling yards, local aerodrome, and barracks. The town formed part of the logistical military infrastructure supporting Axis forces. In 1944 and 1945, the town and locality were bombed by day on several occasions by aircraft of the US 15th Air Force; at night, bombing runs were made by aircraft from the Royal Air Force 205 Group. These aircraft operated from bases in Italy.

On 28 March 1945, the 6th SS Panzer and 6th Armies were pushed back by an assault from the east across the Raba River by the 46th and 26th Armies of the USSR and the 3rd Ukrainian Front. Soviet forces took control of Szombathely on 29 March 1945.

After the war the city grew, absorbing many nearby villages (Gyöngyöshermán, Gyöngyösszőlős, Herény, Kámon, Olad, Szentkirály, Zanat and Zarkaháza). The government of Hungary was dominated by the Soviet Union. During the revolution in 1956, the city was occupied by the Soviet army.

In the 1970s, the city was industrialized, and many factories were built. In the 1980s, the city prospered, and several new public buildings were built. These included the County Library, public indoor swimming pools, and a gallery.

In 2006, the refurbishing of the city centre's main square was completed, with financial assistance from European Union funds.

28 June 2014 from the highway is also available in the city, having opened the M86 motorway.

History of Szombathely's Jewish communities
In 1567, Emperor Maximilian II granted the town the privilege of allowing none but Catholics to dwell within its walls. By the 17th and 18th centuries, although the municipal authorities rented shops to Jews, the latter were permitted to remain in the town only during the day, and then only without their families. They lived outside in their own community, known as a shtetl. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, only three or four Jewish families lived in the city.

The residents of the shtetl Stein-am-Anger dwelt in the outlying districts (now united into one municipality). They separated in 1830 from the community of Rechnitz (Rohonc), of which they had previously formed a part, and were henceforth known as the community of Szombathely. When the Jews of Hungary were emancipated by the law of 1840, the city allowed them to live there. In the unrest of the revolution of 1848, many Jews were attacked and their places looted; they were threatened with expulsion. The authorities intervened and restored peace. The community quickly developed in the city.

The first Jewish elementary school was founded in 1846, and was organized as a normal school in 1905, with four grades and about 230 pupils. The first synagogue was built by the former lord of the town, Duke Batthyányi, who sold it to the Jews. In 1880 the community supported building a large temple, one of the most beautiful in Hungary. Designed by Ludwig Schöne, it combined Oriental and Romantic elements.

The founder of the community and its first rabbi was Ludwig Königsberger (d. 1861); he was succeeded in turn by Leopold Rockenstein, Joseph Stier, and Béla Bernstein (called in 1892; ). A small Orthodox congregation, numbering about 60 or 70 members, separated from the main body in 1870. From 1896 to 1898 Pál Jungreis was rabbi of the Orthodox community but his convictions were not tolerated so Márk Benedikt was appointed rabbi.  According to the 1910 census, 10.1% of the city's population, or 3125 people, were Jewish by religion. By then they were merchants and professionals, an integral part of the city's culture.

In World War II, during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany, 4228 Jews were deported (July 4–6, 1944) from Szombathely to Auschwitz. The community was essentially destroyed. Since 1975, the former Jewish temple has been adapted for use as a concert hall. A memorial outside commemorates the Jews deported in World War II.

Representation in other media

 * James Joyce wrote that the character Virág Rudolf, the father of Leopold Bloom, his Jewish Irish protagonist in Ulysses, was from Szombathely.
 * Savaria appears in Total War: Attila as a Roman settlement in Pannonia

Climate
Szombathely's climate is classified as humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) closely bordering on an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). The annual average temperature is 10.6 C, the hottest month in July is 21.0 C, and the coldest month is -0.2 C in January. The annual precipitation is 612.6 mm, of which July is the wettest with 77.0 mm, while January is the driest with only 23.9 mm. The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from -29.0 C on February 11, 1929 to 39.7 C on August 8, 2013.

Politics
The current mayor of Szombathely is András Nemény (MSZP).

The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 21 members (1 Mayor, 14 Individual constituencies MEPs and 6 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:

List of mayors
List of City Mayors from 1990:

Mediumwave broadcasting station
Near Szombathely, there is since 1955 at 47.20056°N, 16.66194°W a mediumwave broadcasting station operated on 1251 kHz with 25 kW, which uses as antenna two 60 metres tall free-standing radio towers insulated against ground. It is the only mediumwave broadcasting station in Hungary using free-standing self radiating towers.

Sport
Szombathely is home to the basketball team Falco KC, 2019 champion of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A, the country's top basketball league. Falco plays its home games at the Arena Savaria.

Notable people

 * László Almásy, born in Burgenland
 * Adrián Annus
 * József Asbóth, winner of the 1947 French Open
 * László Bárdossy
 * Béla Bartók, composer
 * Edmund Blum, writer
 * János Brenner, Roman Catholic priest and martyr
 * Zoltan David, jewelry designer
 * Árpád Fazekas, footballer
 * Róbert Fazekas
 * György Garics
 * Péter Halmosi
 * Gábor Király
 * Janos Kajdi, Olympic Boxer Silver Medal Munich 1972
 * Richárd Rapport, chess grandmaster
 * Johannes Kretz
 * Paul László
 * Eugene Lukacs, statistician
 * László Magyar, explorer of Africa
 * Dusán Mukics
 * Krisztián Pars
 * Miklós Takács de Saár, silviculturist, politician
 * Martin of Tours
 * András Schäfer, footballer
 * Nikolett Szabó
 * Virág Vörös, ski jumper
 * Sándor Weöres

Twin towns – sister cities
Szombathely is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Ferrara, Italy
 * 🇷🇴 Hunedoara, Romania
 * 🇩🇪 Kaufbeuren, Germany
 * Kolding, Denmark
 * Kutaisi, Georgia
 * 🇫🇮 Lappeenranta, Finland
 * 🇮🇹 Lecco, Italy
 * 🇸🇮 Maribor, Slovenia
 * 🇪🇪 Nõmme (Tallinn), Estonia
 * 🇦🇹 Oberwart, Austria
 * 🇮🇱 Ramat Gan, Israel
 * Santiago do Cacém, Portugal
 * 🇸🇰 Trnava, Slovakia
 * 🇺🇦 Uzhorod, Ukraine
 * 🇨🇳 Yantai, China
 * 🇷🇺 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia

References and notes

 * References

 * by Isidore Singer & Bela Bernstein

 * Notes

title: Szombathely


text:
User talk:Hager Bjørnstad

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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All the Abrahamic religions are based on love, love for God and his creation. Bahai, Christians, Jewish and Muslims believe in the same God and the same fundamental values. The Muslim mystic Jalal ad-din Rumi, known as Mevlana, wrote in the Masnavi. “He that is praised is, in fact, only One. In this respect all religions are only one religion. Because all praises are directed toward God's Light,” In the Bible the fundamental values of the Christians common beliefs are defined in Luke 10,27 “You must love the Lord your God with your whole heart, your whole soul, your whole strength and your whole mind, and your neighbour as yourself”. Unfortunately, these shared values between Christians, Jewish and Muslims are today far from being recalled by the medias the politicians and the religious clerks. Instead, the three religion, are misused by zealots and often used to legitimise violent nationalism and xenophobia.

title: User talk:Hager Bjørnstad


text:
Giant Sequoia National Monument

The Giant Sequoia National Monument is a 328000 acre U.S. National Monument located in the southern Sierra Nevada in eastern central California. It is administered by the U.S. Forest Service as part of the Sequoia National Forest and includes 38 of the 39 Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) groves that are located in the Sequoia National Forest, about half of the sequoia groves currently in existence, including one of the ten largest Giant Sequoias, the Boole Tree, which is 269 ft high with a base circumference of 112 ft. The forest covers 824 sqmi.

The monument is in two sections. The northern section surrounds General Grant Grove and other parts of Kings Canyon National Park and is administered by the Hume Lake Ranger District. The southern section, which includes Long Meadow Grove, is directly south of Sequoia National Park and is administered by the Western Divide Ranger District, surrounding the eastern half of the Tule River Indian Reservation.

The Giant Sequoia National Monument was created by President Bill Clinton in Proclamation 7295 on April 15, 2000, and published as on April 25.

In August 2023, gray wolves reappeared at Giant Sequoia National Monument for the first time in more than 100 years.

Management
Presidential Proclamation 7295 required that a management plan be completed within three years. In January 2004, the Sequoia National Forest published and began implementation of the Giant Sequoia National Monument Management Plan, which provided for use by an international public as well as for the protection and restoration of 33 giant sequoia groves and their ecosystems. Subsequently, two lawsuits were brought challenging the plan. In October 2006, Federal District Court Judge Charles Breyer found in favor of the plaintiffs and remanded the plan to the U.S. Forest Service "…so that a proper Monument Plan can be developed in accordance with the Presidential Proclamation,… and in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)…"

In January 2008, the Sequoia National Forest published a notice of intent in the Federal Register that they intended to prepare an environmental impact statement and were beginning a year-long collaborative scoping process for development of a new Giant Sequoia National Monument Management Plan.

only one location in the monument, the Generals Highway, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, but the monument does have several hundred sites that are potentially eligible for the register.

title: Giant Sequoia National Monument


text:
Talk:National day

Quebec and Australian state days
So long as Quebec is featured on this list, it seems to me to make sense that the particular days of Australian states (and the Northern Territory), such as Queensland Day, should be as well. Is there any objection? thorpewilliam (talk) 07:22, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Aragon – "an XIII legend"
What is an "XIII legend"? Is it meant to be a 13th-century legend? WP Ludicer (talk) 08:11, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

National Day
Missing from the article: What constitutes a National Day, i.e., how is it determined? Does Congress have anything to do with it? For example, how (and when) has "National Fried Chicken Day" come into existence, by what mechanism? Causticity (talk) 16:47, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

Malaysia
I want to know all about Malaysia. 2001:E68:540D:4C17:80BE:99E4:D920:3636 (talk) 13:17, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

Format
In my opinion the list of national days be separated into 3 tables of defunct states, disputed states, and recognised sovereign states for easier navigation. Is there any objections? Thatautistichistorian (talk) 01:06, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:National day