text:
William Dean (engineer)

William Dean (8 January 1840 – 24 September 1905) was an English railway engineer. He was the second son of Henry Dean, who was the manager of the Hawes Soap Factory in New Cross, London. William was educated at the Haberdashers' Company School. He became the Chief Locomotive Engineer for the Great Western Railway from 1877, when he succeeded Joseph Armstrong. He retired from the post in 1902 and was replaced by George Jackson Churchward. He designed famous steam locomotive classes such as the Duke Class, the Bulldog Class and the long-lived 2301 Class.

Apprenticeship
He was apprenticed at the age of fifteen to Joseph Armstrong at the Great Western Railway's Wolverhampton Stafford Road Works. During his eight-year apprenticeship he attended Wolverhampton Working Men's College in the evening, excelling in mathematics and engineering. Upon completion of his apprentice years in 1863 he was made Joseph Armstrong's chief assistant.

Posts with GWR
A year later, Joseph Armstrong was promoted to the position of the GWR's Chief Locomotive Engineer and moved to Swindon Works. George Armstrong, Joseph's brother, succeeded him as Northern Division locomotive superintendent, with Dean under him as Stafford Road works manager. This arrangement lasted until 1868, when Joseph Armstrong made Dean his chief assistant in Swindon. Upon Joseph Armstrong's sudden death of a heart attack in 1877, Dean became Chief Locomotive Engineer.

Convertible locomotives
At this time, the broad gauge was still in use, although conversion to standard gauge was well underway. Several of Dean's early designs were "convertible" locomotives, which could be easily rebuilt into standard gauge.

Personal
Dean was the son of a soap works manager in New Cross, London, and attended the Haberdashers' Boys' School. (He remained a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers to the end of his life.) He married in 1865, and his wife bore him two daughters and a son, but died soon after their third child's birth. He remarried in 1878, but again suffered the death of his wife in 1889.

Dean was ill during his final years as Chief Locomotive Engineer, and he increasingly allowed Churchward to take on the day-to-day responsibilities. He retired in June 1902 to a house that had been bought for him in Folkestone, but died there three years later. His two daughters died before him. A street in Swindon, Dean Street, was named to commemorate Dean's contribution to locomotion engineering. It is located close to the Swindon Works site and would have housed G.W.R. workers.

title: William Dean (engineer)


text:
History of Quebec French

Quebec French is different in pronunciation and vocabulary to the French of Europe and that of France's Second Empire colonies in Africa and Asia.

Similar divergences took place in the Portuguese, Spanish and English language of the Americas with respect to European dialects, but in the case of French the separation was increased by the reduction of cultural contacts with France after the 1763 Treaty of Paris in which France ceded Canada to Great Britain.

Although pronunciations like moé and toé are today stigmatized (joual), they were the pronunciations of Early Modern French that were used by the kings of France, the aristocracy and the common people in many provinces of France. After the French Revolution, the standard pronunciation in France changed to that of the bourgeois class in Paris, but Quebec retained some pronunciations and expressions shared with modern Oïl languages such as Norman, Gallo, Picard, Poitevin and Saintongeais. Speakers of those languages of France predominated among the settlers of New France. Thus, they spoke a popular language that was largely shared with Paris, but they had their own habits, words and pronunciations that were not known in Paris which are now part of everyday language in Quebec.

Quebec French was also influenced by the French spoken by the King's Daughters, who were of the petit-bourgeois class from the Paris area (Île-de-France) as well as Normandy.

Thus, the 18th-century bourgeois Parisian French that eventually became the national, standardized language of France after the French Revolution, but the French of the Ancien Régime kept evolving on its own in Canada. Indeed, the French spoken in Canada is closer idiomatically and phonetically to Belgian French, despite their independent evolution and the relatively small number of Belgian immigrants to Quebec (although it is to be remembered that the influence of the Walloon language in Belgium has influenced the language in the same way as the presence of the Oïl speakers in Quebec).

There is also the undeniable fact that Canadian-French speakers have lived alongside and among English speakers ever since the beginning of British administration, in 1763. Thus, anglicisms in Quebec French tend to be longstanding and part of a gradual, natural process of borrowing, but the unrelated anglicisms in European French are nearly all much more recent and sometimes driven by fads and fashions.

Some people (for instance, Léandre Bergeron, author of the Dictionnaire de la langue québécoise) have referred to Quebec French as la langue québécoise (the Québécois language); most speakers, however, would reject or even take offence to the idea that they do not speak French.

New France
The French language established itself permanently in North America with the foundation of Quebec City by Samuel de Champlain in 1608. However, it was after the creation of the Sovereign Council of New France in 1663 that the colonies really started to develop.

Between 1627 and 1663, a few thousand colonists landed in New France, either in Acadia or Canada. The provinces that contributed the most to these migrations were those in the northern and western regions of France. The migrants came from Normandy, Aunis, Aquitaine, Perche, Brittany, Paris and Île-de-France, Poitou, Maine, Saintonge, and Anjou, most of those being regions where French was seldom spoken at the time (see article Languages of France). According to Philippe Barbaud (1984), the first colonists were therefore mostly non-francophone except for the immigrants from the Paris area, who most likely spoke a popular form of French; and the following dialect clash (choc des patois) brought about the linguistic unification of Quebec. Among the speakers of Norman, Picard, Aunis, Poitevin and Saintongeais and the Celtic language Breton, many might have understood French as a second language. Gradually, a linguistic transfer towards French occurred, leading to the linguistic unification of all the ethnic groups coming from France.

According to Henri Wittmann (1997) (based on earlier work of his), the overwhelming similarities between the different varieties of Colonial French clearly show that the linguistic unity triggering dialect clash occurred before the colonists exported their French into the colonies of the 17th and 18th centuries; and that the koiné-forming dialect clash must have occurred in Paris and other related urban centers of France.

In any event, according to contemporary sources, the Canadians were all speaking French natively by the end of the 17th century, long before France itself outside its large urban centers.

British regime
On September 13, 1759, Quebec City, then the political capital of New France, was taken by the British Army. New France fell a year later. According to the terms of 1760 Articles of Capitulation of Montreal, the French Army was to leave the conquered territory. The ruling elite (French nobles and leading merchants) also left. Ordinary people, the Roman Catholic clergy, lesser merchants, and some members of the civil administration, the majority having been born in Canada, stayed in the country. Those who stayed were to become British subjects. Soon, British General Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, established a military government, which was to last until 1763.

The military occupation led to the establishment of a provisional administration. Because the fate of the country was still uncertain, no political actions were really undertaken to transform, and the status quo prevailed. Because the population was unable to understand English, it was decided that ordinances would be published in French. To do so, numerous Canadians were permitted to participate in the administration of justice.

In 1763, France ceded Canada to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris. Rapidly, the new ruling elite planned its future for the French-speaking colonists, who were to be absorbed into the English-speaking society of British North America, but they were to be allowed the right of Catholic worship under the terms of the treaty. On October 7, the British Royal Proclamation of 1763 set the new political conditions of Canada. The territory of the colony, renamed the Province of Quebec, was reduced to the inhabited area along the Saint Lawrence River.

James Murray was appointed governor and became responsible for enforcing the new policy concerning the colony. His tasks were to encourage British immigration; establish the official religion, Anglicanism; and the administrative and legal structures of England. Time brought the gradual establishment of anglophone British officials and colonists. Trade quickly passed on to British and British-American merchants, who migrated to Quebec City, Trois-Rivières, and Montreal.

French, until then the lingua franca in all aspects of social life, was quickly relegated to the second rank in trade and government. The educated classes began French-English bilingualism by necessity.

The Quebec Act of 1774 granted many of the requests of the Canadians, who had been petitioning the British crown for the restoration of French civil laws and guarantees as to the usage of their language and faith.

In English

 * Plourde, Michel and Pierre Georgeault, ed. (2008). The French Language in Quebec: 400 Years of History and Life (ISBN 978-2-550-53631-4) [Translated by Abigail Ratcliffe]

In French

 * Barbaud, Philippe (1984). Le choc des patois en Nouvelle-France, Sillery: Presses de l'Université du Québec, 204 p.
 * Dulong, Gaston (1966). Bibliographie linguistique du Canada français. Paris: Klincksieck, 168 p.
 * Leclerc, Jacques (2005). "Histoire du français au Québec" in L’aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Quebec, TLFQ, Université Laval, January 22, 2005,, (August 18, 2005)
 * Wittmann, Henri (1997). "Le français de Paris dans le français des Amériques." in Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists 16.0416 (Paris, 20–25 July 1997). Oxford: Pergamon (CD edition).
 * Wittmann, Henri (1997). "Le français de Paris dans le français des Amériques." in Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists 16.0416 (Paris, 20–25 July 1997). Oxford: Pergamon (CD edition).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: History of Quebec French


text: Template:History of Sarajevo

title: Template:History of Sarajevo


text:
Tappan Adney

Edwin Tappan Adney (July 13, 1868 – October 10, 1950), commonly known as Tappan Adney, was an American-Canadian artist, writer, and photographer.

Biography
Edwin Tappan Adney was born in Athens, Ohio, the eldest child of William Harvey Glenn Adney (1834–1885) from Vinton, Ohio, a professor at Ohio University, and Ruth Clementine Shaw Adney. When Tappan was five, the family moved to Washington, Pennsylvania where his father taught at Washington and Jefferson College. In 1879, his father retired from that position for health reasons and bought a tobacco farm near Pittsboro, North Carolina named Gum Spring Plantation. Tappan was exceptionally bright and entered the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at the age of thirteen, where he remained for two years.

New York
After his father's death in a farm accident, his mother took him and his younger sister Mary Ruth to New York City to further their education. To earn a living, she ran a boarding house, where Tappan got to know his future wife Minnie Bell Sharp of Woodstock, New Brunswick, a piano and singing student, who was one of his mother's tenants. Tappan attended Trinity School and after leaving school he worked in a law office. In the evenings he took art classes at the Art Students League of New York. He graduated from art school at the age of eighteen and provided 110 illustrations for The Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North America. His interest in birds continued when he immigrated to Canada and a visitor remarked on his relationship with the birds around his bungalow in Upper Woodstock. He would whistle bird-calls and the birds would flutter around him and sometimes land on his head.

Canoe-building
In 1887, Tappan and his sister visited Minnie's family at their home in Woodstock, New Brunswick. Adney intended to spend a month in Woodstock preparing for the entry examination for Columbia University. While in Woodstock, he met Peter Jo, a Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet) canoe-builder. He became interested in the language and culture and with Joseph's help, he built his first canoe, spending twenty months in Woodstock. In 1890, he wrote an article on canoe-building for a Harper's Young People supplement. He was credited with saving the art of birchbark canoe construction. He built more than 100 models of different types, which are now housed at the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia.

Writer and illustrator
From 1890 onwards, Adney earned his reputation as a writer and illustrator for numerous magazine's including Harper's Weekly, Collier's Weekly, Harper's Young People, Saint Nicholas,  Outing, and Our Animal Friends.

He authored the book, The Klondike Stampede about the Klondike Gold Rush. His photos of the Klondike Gold rush c. 1899 are available online via the McCord Museum.

He occasionally wrote poetry:

 * THE MOOSE CALL

 * Chippers to its dusky mate;

From out the misty hill
 * A night owl's lonesome cry is heard—

A cry that sends a chill
 * Of fear through beast and sleeping bird—

Then all again is still.

Hark! the hunter starts!
 * A sound borne softly on the air

The mighty stillness parts
 * And makes the hunter's heart beat fast.

Tender, low, it thrills
 * The listening hunter's inmost soul:

Yet resonant it fills
 * The valley with an echo from

The everlasting hills! EDWIN TAPPAN ADNEY

Klondike Gold Rush
He was one of the first photojournalists to pass safely through British Columbia. As a writer for Harper's Weekly, he was sent with his camera to the Yukon from 1897 to 1898. His classic illustrated book concerns his experiences in the Yukon, of which numerous editions have been printed. He returned there to briefly report on the Nome Gold Rush in 1900. He retired first to Montreal, then to New Brunswick, the place where his wife was born. He learned the Maliseet language of the native Canadians of New Brunswick.

Marriage and family
Adney married Minnie Bell Sharp on September 12, 1899, at Saint Luke's Episcopal Church in Woodstock, New Brunswick. They had one child, Francis Glenn Adney, born in Woodstock in 1902. He graduated from McGill University in 1923 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics. He played the piano with dance bands in Montreal and the United States. He retired in 1966 from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in New York, where he had worked as an actuary, and died in 1983 in Ramsey, New Jersey.

Canadian naturalization
In 1916, he joined the Royal Canadian Engineers. He became a British subject in 1917. During the First World War he was as an engineering officer at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario (1916–19) constructing scale models of fortifications for training purposes. His duties were non-combative and he remained in Canada for the duration of the war.

After the war, he created a set of three-dimensional coats-of-arms of the Canadian provinces, then numbering nine, and one Territory that adorn Currie Hall at Royal Military College of Canada.

In Montreal, Quebec he created heraldic art, worked for the Museum of McGill University as a consultant on aboriginal lore, and consulted to McCord Museum on canoes 1920–33.

Consultant on Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet) Culture
In 1946 Peter Lewis Paul, friend of Tappan Adney and member of the Wolastoqiyik First Nation, was convicted of the theft of ash saplings. Tappan Adney had previously advocated MP John MacNicol, who was resolved to push a re-examination of the Indian Act, that such activity by a First Nation member was a right guaranteed by treaty. This was the beginning of a long legal debate that was only resolved in 1999 when the Supreme Court of Canada accepted that the Maritime Aboriginals had ancient treaty rights that predated the formation of Canada.

Tappan Adney's close association with Peter Paul resulted in a linguistic study of the Maliseet language.

Muralist
The lobby of the Hudson's Bay Company store on the corner of Portage Avenue and Memorial Boulevard in Winnipeg, Manitoba c. 1925 was decorated with two immense murals, 52′ long by 10′ wide, depicting scenes of the Company's early history by Edward Tappan Adney and Adam Sheriff Scott. Although the mural entitled Nonsuch at Fort Charles was removed in 1948 to allow the refurbishment of an escalator, The Pioneer at Fort Garry (1861) remained on display until 2014. Both murals have been donated to the Manitoba Museum. Fort Garry and Fort Charles were two important trading posts of the Hudson Bay Company. The Nonsuch was the first trading vessel that sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668–1669 and The Pioneer was the first steamboat on the Red River.

His photos of rural Ontario c. 1930 are available online via the McCord Museum. He then moved to Montreal, Quebec 1920–33 where he created heraldic art, worked for the Museum of McGill University as a consultant on aboriginal lore, and consulted to McCord Museum on canoes.

He is buried in the Upper Woodstock Cemetery, Woodstock, New Brunswick with his wife.

title: Tappan Adney


text:
The End

The End may refer to:

Film

 * The End (1953 film), a film by Christopher Maclaine
 * The End (1978 film), a comedy by Burt Reynolds
 * The End (1995 film), a Canadian film of 1995
 * The End (1998 film), a skateboarding documentary
 * The End, a 1998 short by Joe Wright
 * The End (2004 American film), an American film by Kirby Dick
 * The End (2004 Indian film), a Tollywood film that received the Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration
 * The End (2007 Hungarian film), a Hungarian film
 * The End (2007 Canadian film)
 * The End (2008 film), a Spanish short starring Samuel Roukin
 * The End, a 2011 short film starring Angelica Mandy
 * The End (2012 film), a Spanish thriller
 * The End (2013 film), a film starring Sivan Levy
 * The End (2016 film), a French film
 * The End?, 2017 Italian film
 * The End (2024 film), an apocalyptic science fiction musical comedy drama film

Games

 * The End (video game), a 1980 video game
 * The End (role-playing game), a 1995 post-Armageddon role-playing game
 * The End (Metal Gear), a character from Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater
 * The End, an alternate dimension in Minecraft
 * The End, two live events in Fortnite: Battle Royale
 * The End, an antagonist in Sonic Frontiers

Literature

 * The End (comics), a series published by Marvel Comics
 * The End (novel), a A Series of Unfortunate Events novel by Lemony Snicket
 * The End: Hitler's Germany 1944–45, a 2011 book by Ian Kershaw
 * "The End" (poem), a poem by Wilfred Owen
 * "The End" (story), a 1953 short story by Jorge Luis Borges in Ficciones
 * The End, a novel in the series My Struggle by Karl Ove Knausgård

Music

 * The End Records, an American independent record label
 * The End Tour, a 2016 Black Sabbath tour

Bands

 * The End (UK band), a 1960s British psychedelic-pop band
 * The End (Canadian band), a mathcore band
 * The End Band, an Austrian indie pop band

Albums

 * The E.N.D., a 2009 album by Black Eyed Peas
 * The End (EP), a 2016 EP by Black Sabbath
 * The End (Cody Fry album) (2023)
 * The End (Crack the Sky album) (1984)
 * The End (Forever in Terror album) (2009)
 * The End (Melvins album) (2008)
 * The End (Mika Nakashima album) (2006)
 * The End..., a 1974 album by Nico
 * Chapter 1: The End, a 1997 album by Three 6 Mafia
 * The End, a 2021 album by Aina the End
 * The End, a 2011 album by Gallhammer
 * The End, a 1999 album by Spectre

Songs

 * "The End" (Beatles song) (1969)
 * "The End" (The Doors song) (1967)
 * "The End" (Earl Grant song) (1958)
 * "The End" (Groove Coverage song) (2004)
 * "The End", a song by Ryan Adams from Jacksonville City Nights
 * "The End", a song by Andrew F from Reckless Abandon
 * "The End", a song by Attila from Rage
 * "The End", a song by Behemoth from Thelema.6
 * "The End", a song by Bullet for My Valentine from The Poison
 * "The End", a song by The Classic Crime from The Silver Cord
 * "The End", a song by Cryptopsy from Once Was Not
 * "The End", a song by Demon Hunter from Outlive
 * "The End", a song by Dirty South
 * "The End", a song by Discharge from Hear Nothing See Nothing Say Nothing
 * "The End", a song by Feeder from Renegades
 * "The End", a song by Fitz and the Tantrums from More Than Just a Dream
 * "The End", a song by Five Finger Death Punch from AfterLife
 * "The End", a song by Ellie Goulding from Bright Lights
 * "The End", a song by Iced Earth from Plagues of Babylon
 * "The End", a song by Ken Carson from X
 * "The End", a song by Kid Cudi from Man on the Moon II: The Legend of Mr. Rager
 * "The End", a song by Kings of Leon from Come Around Sundown
 * "The End", a song by Laleh from Me and Simon
 * "The End", a song by Little Mix from Get Weird
 * "The End", a song by Mayday Parade from Anywhere but Here
 * "The End", a song by McFly from Radio:Active
 * "The End", a song by Mr. Oizo from Moustache (Half a Scissor)
 * "The End.", a song by My Chemical Romance from The Black Parade
 * "The End", a song by Pearl Jam from Backspacer
 * "The End", a song by Saves the Day from Sound the Alarm
 * "The End", a song by Silverstein from A Shipwreck in the Sand
 * "The End", a song by Simple Plan from Simple Plan
 * "The End", a song by Derek Webb from The Ringing Bell
 * "The End", a song by While She Sleeps from Sleeps Society
 * "The End", a song by White Lies from As I Try Not to Fall Apart
 * "The End", a song by C418 from Minecraft - Volume Beta
 * "The End", a mashup by Neil Cicierega from Mouth Moods
 * "The End", a song by Lil Uzi Vert from Pink Tape

Radio stations

 * KZND-FM (94.7 The End), Anchorage, Alaska
 * KUDL (106.5 The End), Sacramento, California
 * KDND, a former radio station in Sacramento, California at 107.9 that also carried "The End" branding from 1998 to 2017.
 * WEND (106.5 The End), Charlotte, North Carolina
 * KHTB (formerly KENZ, 101.9 The End), Salt Lake City, Utah
 * KNDD (107.7 The End), Seattle, Washington

Television

 * The End (Australian TV series), a 2020 drama series
 * The End (Egyptian TV series), a 2020 science fiction series
 * The End (Irish TV programme), a 1993–1996 comedy programme
 * NXT TakeOver: The End, a 2016 professional wrestling show and WWE Network event

Episodes

 * "The End" (Absolutely Fabulous), 1995
 * "The End" (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), 2018
 * "The End" (The Amazing World of Gumball), 2011
 * "The End" (American Horror Story), 2018
 * "The End" (Curb Your Enthusiasm), 2005
 * "The End" (Fallout), 2024
 * "The End" (The Goodies), 1975
 * "The End" (Grimm), 2017
 * "The End" (Lost), 2010
 * "The End" (Power Rangers), 2023
 * "The End" (Red Dwarf), 1988
 * "The End" (Supernatural), 2009
 * "The End" (Teen Titans), 2005
 * "The End" (The X-Files), 1998
 * "The End", the last episode of The Ghost and Molly McGee

Other uses

 * The End (club), a former nightclub in the West End of London
 * The End (sculpture), a sculpture by Heather Phillipson
 * The End, a Ty Beanie Baby bear that was believed to signal the retirement of all Beanies

title: The End


text:
Wayne Horvitz

Wayne Horvitz (born 1955) is an American composer, keyboardist and record producer. He came to prominence in the Downtown scene of 1980s and '90s New York City, where he met his future wife, the singer, songwriter and pianist Robin Holcomb. He is noted for working with John Zorn's Naked City among others. Horvitz has since relocated to the Seattle, Washington area where he has several ongoing groups and has worked as an adjunct professor of composition at Cornish College of the Arts.

Biography
Horvitz, a "defiant cross-breeder of genres", has led the groups The President, Pigpen, Zony Mash, and the Four Plus One Ensemble.

Works for theater and dance include music for the 1998 production of Death of a Salesman for Seattle's ACT theater (directed by Gordon Edelstein); productions of Ezra Pound's Elektra and the American premiere of Harold Pinter's Mountain Language, both directed by Carey Perloff. In 1992 choreographer Paul Taylor created a new work, OZ, to eleven compositions by Wayne Horvitz in collaboration with the White Oak Dance Company. Other theater and dance works include music for Bill Irwin's Broadway show, Strictly NY, and productions by the Liz Lerman Dance Exchange, Ammi Legendre, Nikki Apino and House of Dames and the Crispin Spaeth Dance Company.

Horvitz has also composed and produced music for a variety of video, film, television and other multimedia projects, including two projects with director Gus Van Sant, a full length score for PBS's Chihuly Over Venice, and two films about the creation of Seattle's EMP museum. His 85-minute score to Charlie Chaplin's film The Circus, for two pianos, two clarinets, and violin premiered in January 2000 in Oporto, Portugal.

As of April 2007 Horvitz performs with Gravitas Quartet, Sweeter Than The Day and Varmint. Since 2008, Horvitz has led The Golden Road, playing music from the early years of The Grateful Dead. In December 2011, Horvitz opened the Royal Room, a live music venue in Columbia City, Seattle. Since that time he has developed his technique of conduction, a framework for conducted improvisation using hand gestures that refer to precomposed musical structures that draws on his previous work with Butch Morris.

Leader

 * No Place Fast (Parachute, 1979)
 * Simple Facts (Theatre For Your Mother, 1981)
 * Dinner at Eight (Dossier, 1985)
 * This New Generation (Elektra/Musician, 1985)
 * Monologue (Cavity Search, 1997)
 * Film Works (Avant, 2003)

Wayne Horvitz, 4+1 Ensemble (+ Reggie Watts, Eyvind Kang, Julian Priester, Tucker Martine)
 * 4+1 Ensemble (Intuition, 1998)
 * From a Window (Avant, 2001)

Wayne Horvitz, Gravitas Quartet  ( + Ron Miles, Peggy Lee, Sara Schoenbeck)
 * Way Out East (Songlines, 2006)

Wayne Horvitz, Sweeter Than the Day ( + Timothy Young, Keith Lowe, Andy Roth)
 * American Bandstand - later released as Forever (Songlines, 2000)
 * Sweeter Than the Day (Songlines, 2001)
 * Live at the Rendezvous (Liquid City, 2005)

Pigpen (Wayne Horvitz, Briggan Krauss, Mike Stone, Fred Chalenor)
 * Halfrack (Tim/Kerr, 1993)
 * Kind of Dead b/w Pattern 56 Interlude 7" single (Cavity Search, 1993)
 * V as in Victim (Avant, 1993)
 * Live in Poland (Cavity Search, 1994)
 * Miss Ann (Tim/Kerr, 1995)
 * Daylight (Tim/Kerr, 1997)

The President (Wayne Horvitz, Bobby Previte, Dave Sewelson, Kevin Cosgrove, Joe Gallant / Stew Cutler, Doug Wieselman, Dave Hofstra)
 * The President (Dossier, 1987)
 * Bring Yr Camera (Elektra/Musician, 1988)
 * Miracle Mile (Elektra Nonesuch, 1992)

Zony Mash (Wayne Horvitz, Timothy Young, Fred Chalenor / Keith Lowe, Andy Roth, Briggan Krauss)
 * Cold Spell (Knitting Factory, 1997)
 * Brand Spankin' New (Knitting Factory, 1998)
 * Upper Egypt (Knitting Factory, 1999)
 * Live in Seattle (Liquid City, 2002)
 * Live at the Royal Room (Fully Altered Media, 2012)

Co-leader
Robin Holcomb / Wayne Horvitz
 * Solos (Songlines, 2004)

Wayne Horvitz, Butch Morris, William Parker Trio
 * Some Order, Long Understood (Black Saint, 1982)

Wayne Horvitz, Butch Morris, Bobby Previte Trio
 * Nine Below Zero (Sound Aspects, 1987)
 * Todos Santos ... Play Robin Holcomb (Sound Aspects, 1988)

Wayne Horvitz / Ron Samworth/ Peggy Lee/ Dylan van der Schyff
 * Intersection Poems (Spool, 2005)

Mylab (Tucker Martine, Wayne Horvitz…)
 * Mylab (Sony BMG, 2004)

New York Composers' Orchestra (Wayne Horvitz, Herb Robertson, Steven Bernstein, Marty Ehrlich, Ray Anderson, Robin Holcomb,…)
 * NY Composers Orchestra (New World, 1990)
 * First Program in Standard Time (New World, 1992)

Ponga (Wayne Horvitz, Dave Palmer, Bobby Previte, Skerik)
 * Ponga (Loosegroove, 1998)
 * Psychological (P-vine, 2000)

Donald Rubinstein, Wayne Horvitz and Zony Mash
 * A Man Without Love (Blue Horse, 1998)

The Sonny Clark Memorial Quartet (John Zorn, Wayne Horvitz, Ray Drummond, Bobby Previte)
 * Voodoo (Black Saint, 1985)

John Zorn, Elliott Sharp, Bobby Previte, Wayne Horvitz
 * Downtown Lullaby (Depth of Field, 1998)

As sideman
With Bill Frisell With Robin Holcomb With Bobby Previte '''With Michael Shrieve With Hal Wilner and James Grauerholz on William S. Burroughs With John Zorn
 * Is That You? (Elektra/Musician, 1990)
 * Good Dog, Happy Man (Nonesuch, 1999)
 * Larks, They Crazy (Sound Aspects, 1988)
 * Robin Holcomb (Elektra/Musician, 1990)
 * Rockabye (Elektra/Musician, 1992)
 * The Big Time (Nonesuch, 2002)
 * The Point of It All (Songlines, 2010)
 * Empty Suits (Gramavision, 1990)
 * Slay the Suitors (Avant, 1993)
 * Fascination (CMP, 1994)
 * Two Doors "In the Palace of Dreams" (CMP, 1995)
 * Naked Lunch (Warner, 1995)
 * Let Me Hang You (Khannibalism, 2016)
 * Archery (Parachute, 1981)
 * Locus Solus (Rift, 1983)
 * The Big Gundown (Nonesuch, 1985)
 * Cobra (Hathut, 1987)
 * Spillane (Elektra/Nonesuch, 1987)
 * Naked City Live, Vol. 1: The Knitting Factory 1989 (Tzadik, 2002)
 * Naked City (Elektra/Nonesuch, 1990)
 * Torture Garden (Toy Factory, 1990)
 * Grand Guignol (Avant, 1992)
 * Heretic (Avant, 1992)
 * Leng Tch'e (Toy Factory, 1992)
 * Radio (Avant, 1993)
 * Absinthe (Avant, 1993)
 * The Bribe (Tzadik, 1998)

Composer

 * Seattle Chamber Players - Otis Spann and Other Compositions, 2001
 * Koehne Quartet - Whispers, Hymns and a Murmur, Tzadik, 2006

title: Wayne Horvitz


text:
User:Dyl

Computer Engineer living and working in Silicon Valley, California, USA. Thirty-three years (ack!) designing Microprocessors.

The high tech industry has no memory about itself at all. Within a decade, companies that once employed thousands of people and generated hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue can disappear without a trace. It would be nice to capture some of that history here in Wikipedia to remind everyone of the endeavors and hubris of this industry.

I first started editing wikipedia articles in July, 2004.

Some articles that need writing:
 * companies - Denelcor, Myrias, Ridge Computer, Performance Semiconductor, Pace Semiconductor

Some high tech/computer articles that I started because nobody else did:

Prime Computer | Stratus Technologies | List of defunct graphics chips and card companies | Dado Banatao | Mike Farmwald | Advanced Computing Environment | PMC-Sierra | Minisupercomputer | Bipolar Integrated Technology | Ascend Communications | Floating Point Systems | List of defunct hard disk manufacturers | Hal Computer Systems | Metaflow Technologies | List of former IA-32 compatible processor manufacturers | Out-of-order execution | The Soul of a New Machine | Explicitly parallel instruction computing - major rewrite | ASCI Red | ASCI Thor's Hammer | ASCI Purple | ASCI Blue Pacific | ASCI Blue Mountain | Exponential Technology | 8x8 Inc | Oak Technology | MasPar | OPTi Inc. | Massive parallel processing | Reliability, Availability and Serviceability | Goodyear MPP | dataflow architecture | Category:X86 memory management | batch queue | Mediaprocessor | List of defunct network processor companies | Trilogy Systems | CPU design - major rewrites | Microarchitecture - major rewrites | Multithreading (computer hardware)

Some hobby (movies, food, reading) related articles that I started or greatly expanded:

Eat Drink Man Woman | Uplift Universe | Outland (movie) - added plot section |  A Great Wall (film) | Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins | The Accused (1988 film) - rewrite | New York City cuisine |  Crossing Delancey | The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film) - rewrote plot section | Pork Chop Hill | New England clam bake | The Story of G.I. Joe | Bicycle frame construction | The Coca-Cola Kid | Mr. Majestyk | Se Tutte le Donne del Mondo | Cloud ear fungus | Snow fungus | Fat choy (vegetable) | Chinese mitten crab | Courageous Cat and Minute Mouse | Crash Dive (movie) | A Walk in the Sun (1945 film) | Knish | The Rat Patrol | Charlotte (dessert) | Flower crab | Heroes of the East | Destination Tokyo | Edge of Darkness (film) | To Hell and Back (film) | Run Silent, Run Deep (1958 film) | Giant (1956 film) - rewrote plot section | Category:Espionage television series | Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World - major additions | Seatguru | The Plainsman - plot section

Countries I have visited - (Another way to waste bandwidth!):

 US States I have visited:

Wikipedia Annoyances

 * 1) Little Dictators running their little fiefdoms of their articles. Of course, their viewpoints are of utmost importance while other viewpoints are irrelevant.
 * 2) Did you know that the English as spoken by populations of ~116 Million people is the gold standard, while the English of another population of ~295 Million people is not? Old imperial dreams die hard.
 * 3) Who knew that so many people want to be a movie critic? Who knew that some people believe their subjective opinions on film needs to be published on Wikipedia? Who knew that so many of these amateur movie critics believe in the most convoluted conspiracy theories?
 * 4) Too many meaningless Japanese loan words! Only if an item/concept doesn't have an English term, is it OK to use the native term to describe it, but otherwise use English - this is the English version of Wikipedia after all.

title: User:Dyl


text:
Flowers of the Forest

Flowers of the Forest, or The Fluuers o the Forest (Roud 3812), is a Scottish folk tune and work of war poetry commemorating the defeat of the Scottish army, and the death of James IV, at the Battle of Flodden in September 1513. Although the original words are unknown, the melody was recorded c. 1615–1625 in the John Skene of Halyards Manuscript as "Flowres of the Forrest", although it might have been composed earlier.

Several versions of words have been added to the tune, notably Jean Elliot's lyrics in 1756 or 1758. Others include those by Alison Cockburn below. However, many renditions are played on the great Highland bagpipe. Due to the content of the lyrics and the reverence for the tune, it is one of the few tunes that many pipers will perform in public only at funerals or memorial services, with play otherwise limited to private practice or to instruct other pipers.

The air
The tune is a simple modal melody. Typical of old Scottish tunes it is entirely pentatonic, with the dramatic exception of the 3rd and 5th notes of the second line which are the flattened 7th.

Jean Elliot's lyrics
Jean Elliot (b. 1727), aided in part by popular poetry selections, framed the tune in 1756 as a lament to the deaths of James IV, many of his nobles, and over 10,000 men – the titular "Flowers of the Forest" – at the Battle of Flodden Field in northern England in 1513, a significant event in the history of Scotland.

She published it anonymously and it was at the time thought to be an ancient surviving ballad. However, Burns suspected it was an imitation, and together with Ramsay and Sir Walter Scott eventually discovered its author.

The song, written in Scots, is also known as The Floo'ers o' the Forest (are a' wede away) and describes the grief of women and children at the loss of their young men. In some ways the song echoes the Old Welsh poem Y Gododdin about a similar defeat in about 600.

Solo bagpipe versions of the song are used at services of remembrance, funerals, and other occasions; many in the Commonwealth know the tune simply as "The Lament" which is played at Remembrance Day or Remembrance Sunday ceremonies to commemorate war dead.

The first verse of the song contrasts happier times with grief at the losses:

 * I've heard the lilting, at the yowe-milking,
 * Lassies a-lilting before dawn o' day;
 * But now they are moaning on ilka green loaning;
 * "The Flowers of the Forest are a' wede away".

 * Dool and wae for the order sent oor lads tae the Border!
 * The English for ance, by guile wan the day,
 * The Flooers o' the Forest, that fought aye the foremost,
 * The pride o' oor land lie cauld in the clay.

The song is mentioned in The Scots Musical Museum as The flowres of the Forrest, and the air (or tune) apparently survived, but several versions of the words were written down later, the most usual being by Jean Elliot published about 1755 – see links below.

Alison Cockburn's lyrics
In 1765 the wit and socialite Alison Cockburn published her lyrics to the Flowers of the Forest beginning "I've seen the smiling of Fortune beguiling" said to have been written before her marriage in 1731. It concerns a financial crisis that had ruined the fortunes of a number of the Selkirk Lairds. Later biographers, however, think it probable that it was written on the departure to London of a certain John Aikman, with whom Alison appears to have had an early attachment.

The first verse runs:

Modern usage
It was played by two pipers as HM Queen Victoria's body was carried in procession from Osborne House on its way to Windsor for her funeral in 1901.

The piece was played by Pipe Major Colour Sergeant Peter Grant of The Highlanders, Royal Regiment of Scotland at the funeral of HRH Prince Philip, The Duke of Edinburgh on Saturday, April 17, 2021 and again in tribute on Friday, September 9, 2022 by a lone piper, Pipe Sergeant Parsons of the London Scottish, at the memorial service of HM Queen Elizabeth II. It was again played by a lone piper as her body left St Giles's Cathedral in preparation for its journey to London. As per royal tradition, the piece was played by the mass pipes and drums of the Irish and Scots Guards, at the last stage of the state funeral procession, when the Queen's coffin was brought down the hill from Windsor Castle to the lower ward and St. George's Chapel. Traditionally, the piece has always been played for this stage of a monarch's state funeral.

In late 1942, according to the late Duchess of Windsor's memoir The Heart Has Its Reasons, The Duke of Windsor asked that it be played at the funeral of his brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, who was killed in a plane crash in the Scottish Highlands. Apparently it was a personal favourite of the Duke of Kent.

It is the official lament of the Canadian Armed Forces, played to honour dead members of the service.

It was standard practice in the British and Canadian military to use this tune to mark the death of a soldier serving in Afghanistan during the official memorial service.

An excerpt from J. Elliot's lyrics to this song was used in John McGrath's play Border Warfare (1989).

The English folk-rock band Fairport Convention covered the song on their 1970 album Full House.

The tune was played by a lone piper at the funeral of singer/songwriter Sandy Denny.

The track 'Flowers of the Town' by the English folk band The Unthanks is based on this song but it laments the loss of young men in the First World War. The lyrics of this version are almost identical to the first of "Two Songs" by Cecil Day-Lewis.

In 2007, Scottish singer Isla St Clair was invited to sing Flowers of the Forest at Tyne Cot Cemetery in Flanders, Belgium to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the Battle of Passchendaele, in the First World War. The ceremony was attended by Queen Elizabeth II and Queen Paola, as well as other European Heads of State and Commonwealth Representatives. She also recorded the lament in 1998, for the album When the Pipers Play and again in 2011, for the Scots Guards album From Helmand To Horse Guards.

Both versions of the song are part of the traditional music at Selkirk Common Riding which in part commemorates the loss at Flodden. Jean Elliot's version is known in the town as "The Liltin" and is played after the Casting of the Colours ceremony. Alison Cockburn's version is played as a march by the town band but is also the version more often sung; it is the version known in Selkirk as "The Flo'ers o' the Forest".

Scots/Australian singer-songwriter Eric Bogle refers to "Flowers of the Forest" in his song "No Man's Land", in which he muses over the grave of a World War I soldier, and wonders whether "Flowers of the Forest" and "Last Post" were played at the soldier's burial. English folk singer June Tabor recorded Bogle's song, followed by an instrumental version of "Flowers of the Forest", on the album Ashes and Diamonds (1977).

Australian singer-songwriter Graham Dodsworth recorded a version of the song with Irish/Australian singer Claire Peters on his 1998 folk music album In Good King Arthur's Day.

The song is heavily referenced in the novel Sunset Song by Lewis Grassic Gibbon and features in the 2015 film of the same name, including a rendition by Agyness Deyn, who plays the lead character, Chris Guthrie.

Scottish tenor Kenneth McKellar recorded a version of the song.

Michael Nyman speeded up the song and re-edited it as part of the score for The Piano.

English musician Mike Oldfield covered the song on his 1996 album, Voyager.

The song is quoted at the beginning and end of the historical novel The Flowers of the Forest by Elizabeth Byrd, which culminates in the Battle of Flodden.

The Australian War Memorial uses the song during its Last Post ceremony.

The Forest
The Forest was a district and Royal forest comprising Selkirkshire (alternatively known as Ettrick Forest or the Shire of the Forest), large parts of Peeblesshire and parts of Clydesdale, known for its archers. The archers of Ettrick Forest earned the epithet "Flowers of the Forest" at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, and formed the bodyguard of King James IV at Flodden, where their corpses were found surrounding their dead monarch.

title: Flowers of the Forest


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for mediation/Archive 09

Lance6Wins and Zero0000
I have added these two here, because of problems on wikien. -SV
 * I've just found this issue on arbitration, under "Lance6wins..." -SV 17:31, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

User:Rex071404 and User:Gamaliel
''This has been archived to to allow for the request at Requests for comment/Rex071404 to have time to defuse this conflict by bringing in a broader range of editors. -- BCorr | Брайен 16:24, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)''

Rex appears to have little interest in and understanding of building consensus, compromise, and NPOV. He has spammed the talk page of John Kerry so much that it had to be archived twice in two days. He is polite when it suits him but has engaged in frequent insults (including calling one editor a "bigot") and constantly attributes the basest motives to those who disagree (and occasionally those who do agree), throwing around phrases like "pro-Kerry sycophant" with regularity. As a result of his actions, the John Kerry article has been protected, prohibiting edits at a time when current events may require the page to be updated frequently. His constant, repetitive barrage of negative postings on the talk page have generally inhibited efforts to reach consensus. In short, I’m tired of being accused of being biased every time I breathe, and perhaps an outside party can reason with him because the efforts of half a dozen editors have thus far failed.

See Requests for comment/Rex071404, Talk:John Kerry, and the talk pages of myself, Ambivalenthysteria, Gzornenplatz, Neutrality, etc. Gamaliel 01:45, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Rex replies: Gamaliel utterly misstates the issue at hand. The issue at hand is that user Neutrality intentionally started an edit war with me in the same vein that he was involved with one on George_W._Bush with another user. In my view, there is a cotiere of pro-Kerry editors who have staked out the John Kerry page and have each in turn, taken dismissivly critical pot-shots at each of my suggestions - that is when they bother to say anything. More often, they've simply reverted me without comment or dicussion. And now, during the attempt to reach consensus, many of them sit on the sidelines, silent. After all John Kerry is now "protected", with a "locked-in" pro-Kerry bias, so they can afford to wait me out. However, there are few who have made some positive suggestions and to those, I have responded positively. For example, I have revised (3) times one of my sections which Neutrality kept reverting me on. And this is only during the current discussion phase. Prior to that, I had already tweaked it several times. All my changes have been aimed towards consensus, yet mostly everything I've suggested has been ridiculed or dismissed along the lines of it lacking importance - or simply ignored. Rex071404 02:50, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * As a member of the Mediation Committee, I recuse myself from any involvment in the case and suggest a referral to ArbCom. In addition, I would like to note that seven respected users and myself have concurred with a user complaint aganist Rex071404 at RfC, and he is unlikely to be cooperative at mediation.--Neutrality 02:53, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Rex, do you accept mediation? Do any of you have any preferences as to the mediator? There is a list of committee members at Mediation Committee.--Neutrality 03:01, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Neutrality, I thought you "recused" yourself. As I understand the concept of recusal, from the moment it's invoked, the recused party dis-involves himself. How can you then, possibly think that you are still entitled to comment and asked questions? Also, as plainly as I have been able to say, I accuse you of intentionally starting an edit war. Since you stand accused in this matter, you are not in a position to question me on it, wouldn't you say? Having said all that, I object to "mediation" as being not ripe at this point. I am making offers towards reaching consensus, but Gamaliel is not responding, nor offering me his own. Plus, the underlying basis for Gamaliel's complaints about me is vitiated by the plain and obvious Wiki disclaimer at the top of the John Kerry talk page, which I shall quote for you: "Point-of-View Notice: The 2004 U.S. presidential campaign is underway. The race will likely be heated and partisan; the related Wikipedia articles may be the focus of contention and debate—possibly diminishing their neutrality."  Please note that Gamaliel had fair warning that that the discussion is likely to be contentious and for that reson, the principle of "assumption of the risk" applies. He willing jumped in with both feet, but now it seems his feelings are hurt. Even so, if they are, I am sorry for that. Please extend to him my apologies - for all slights, real or imagined. There, now that Gamaliel's hurt feelings have been assuaged, can we please get back to the task of actually trying to come up with a postable text on the disputed sections of John Kerry that we can all agree on? Did you see my v.3 version of VVAW? What do you think of it? Please advise. Rex071404 03:21, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I also recuse myself from this case, and also suggest a referral to the Arbitration Committee. While it may be worth a shot to attempt to solve this peacefully, I concur with what Neutrality has said and doubt the likelihood of effectiveness here, considering this user's record of personal attacks. Also, it's worth noting that User:Lyellin attempted to step in and unofficially mediate, and was personally attacked for her efforts. Ambi 03:09, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * His ;) (It's an odd name I know. I'll put the story on my user page sometime). Lyellin 07:01, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * I haven't been involved in this dispute from the very beginning, but I've had considerable involvement over the last several days. Like User:Lyellin, I tried to help develop language that would improve the presentation of the "pro-Kerry" information and of the "anti-Kerry" information.  All these efforts have resulted in essentially no progress.  Mediation would likely meet the same fate.  I strongly support referral to the Arbitration Committee.  In view of the urgency of being able to edit this article at a time when major events are happening and its subject is in the news, I also urge that the referral be done as soon as possible. JamesMLane 04:59, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * After seeing the Request for Comment, I decided to come by and check out the offending section. To me, what makes this impossible to actually come to a conclusion with is that half of hte battles are using clearly POV sources as citations. beyond that, half the time it winds up being "who can post replies the fastest", and ignoring efforts. I came to the page with no prior involvement at all (I don't think I've even viewed the JK page). I attempted several times to ask for calmer words, and have twice now rewritten sections to work towards a compromise, taking out the wording viewed as POV, while still trying to include the information that Rex wants in the page. For that, I've been accused of not caring about the truth, and just wanting to put forward pro-kerry items, which seems to be Rex's fallback if he doesn't agree with what someone says. Lyellin 07:01, Jul 30, 2004 (UTC)

'''Rex has turned down mediation (see above). MC votes on referring to ArbCom:'''

Rex replies: I did not "turn down" mediation. I objected to it as not being ripe at this point. Typically one expects an answer to an objection and is afforded an opportunity to re-think before additional escalation. It appears that's not how things work around here. Rex071404 03:46, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Also, if you check the history on this page, you will see that user Neutrality has entered the above heading which mischaracterizes my objection as a "turn down" and further, he has done this even after he proclaimed himself "recused". For this reason, and becasue I contend that Neutrality himself initiated, via unexplanied and unwarranted wholesale revisions of my postings to John Kerry the edit war from which this dispute has morphed, I ask that Neutrality be barred from further comment on this topic in any leadership role until the snafus at John Kerry are ironed out. Rex071404 03:56, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Also, please take note that it was Neutrality who came in behind me and rephrased the text of the "Article Content" Rfc which I filed. In fact, even after I went back in and restored my original wording Neutrality went back in after me a 2nd time a reverted my wording again! I am flabbergasted! Did I ask for that Rfc or not? Am I entitled to ask a questionn without Neutrality changing my verbiage? Also, please take note that the 1st time Neutrality changed my Rfc question, he did not even get the year right in his replacment question. I am at a loss here... How can I complain about this pattern of slapping me down that Neutrality is engaged against me? Rex071404

 * Well, you could do a Request for Comment on Neutrality, but having some familiarity with the history here, I doubt you would gain much satisfaction. Regarding Neutrality changing the wording on the RfC, the instructions clearly state Please add a brief, neutral statement of the issue involved. Don't list arguments for or against any position, or try to assign blame for the dispute. Your original was argumentative and Neutrality was justified in changing the wording. If you did not actually refuse mediation, then all you needed to do was say so--there was no need for the histrionics. older ≠ wiser 04:22, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC) PS, you might want to take a look at Association of Members' Advocates and avail yourself of their assistance.

 * Well, I'm available. -SV 04:37, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Whoops - read only down to the above section. SV 04:57, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'm confused. Rex, do you or don't you accept mediation? Ambi 07:02, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Rex replies: Ambi, thank you for asking the questiomn. I feel that by saying you are "confused" it means either a) you did not read my answers (see above) or b) you are disregarding them?

To repeat: This issue is not yet ripe for mediation yet as the complaining parties will not submit any critiques of my amended suggested post to the VVAW section of John Kerry. As far as I am concerned, I am still trying to reach consensus.

At the same time, the talk page of John Kerry clearly states that subject "may be the focus of contention and debate..." Nonetheless, if I have offended various Wikis with an aggressive apporoach, I apologize and can only point out that one learns the Wiki culture by speaking the language over time.

Even so,I would have no problem with someone asserting that I am "shilling" or being a "syncophant" or even stating that I am acting as "bigot" provided it's in the right context.

However, I have found through this dicussion that some others would prefer I not refer to them that way, and if you notice, as this dialog has progressed, my tone has softened considerably. I will not however desist from my assertion that various editors who have taken an interest in the John Kerry page, are indeed overly biased in favor of Kerry.

As I see it, we are still at the point of attempting to come up with a postable text for the '71 VVAW meeting. Go back and look at the additions to the Kerry discussion page over the last 24 hours and then tell me if I have not gone the extra mile in trying to reach consensus...

The fact is that my v.3 version of VVAW is actually quite soft on Kerry, while at the same time, allows the reader to understand that VVAW and Kerry's time in it, was indeed controversial.

But guess what? Rather than help me tweak my version further so we can all agree in it, the complaining persons are stuck in a time warp - still complaining about stuff from several days ago, when emotions were running higher. Check my trail of comments that I have left for certain other Wikis in the last 1-2 days. They've be more than congenial enough, so it's clear that I have made the effort to bring my tone into line and have successful done so.

As far as I can see, the person(s) who are complaing about me are simply frustrated that I am detail oriented and have factual soruces that do not favor Kerry. Even so, facts are facts and once proven true, become the basis for valid information.

My facts offered about Kerry are true. The only open question is how to present those facts with the lease amount of POV.

I am assiduously working in that direction and I therfore ask the others involved here to brush aside their hurt feelings from a few days ago and get back on board.

I am convinced that if the few remaining complainers would submit to the group for consideration, a modified (as they see fit) example of my v.3 VVAW section for consideration, we could easily pick one by Sunday night at the latest.

And this would give us enough momentum that we could easily address the other bones of contention as well.

Following this course of action, there is no reason why the "protection" on John Kerry could not be removed by Wed. Aug 4th at the latest.

Since I am amendable to renewed efforts towards reaching consensus, the proper question to ask is: Is this also true about the others? And if so, let's see some NEW proof in the pudding from them - let's see thier new suggestions towards comprimise text.

And let's not just a keep focusing on past complaints. I am trying to move this forward towards group agreement - are you?

Rex071404 19:56, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Rex071404 with Neutrality
In regards to Neutrality and the John Kerry page, I am concerned as follows:

 * Up until about a week ago, since joining the discussion there about a month ago (as a then new user) I was exhibiting poor interpersonal commentary style on the Talk page of John Kerry. This led to acrimony and bruised feelings.
 * Concurrent with that, I blundered into some edit/revert battles regarding certain edits.
 * This culminated in a 24 ban against me by Snowspinner
 * Since that time, I have exercised far greater care in my interpersonal commentary and am no longer being accused of personal invective.
 * And since that time, I have not pressed any revert/edit issues to the point of contributing to a "protection" of John Kerry (which had happened involving me vs others 1-2 times before).
 * Also, I am going to greater lengths to discuss in detail, contentious edits on the Talk page.
 * My efforts to improve in that regard have been well received on the talk page and can be seen by reading that page.
 * However, quite apart from the ordinary disagreeemnts that might exist on a Talk page, I feel that Neutrality is overzealous in monitoring and modifying my edits. In fact, he recently took this to such an extreme that he actually moved my entry on an Arbitration Evidence page to the discussion page for that evidence page. I contacted the Arbitrators about that, and was informed by one that this move by Neutrality of my entry was not appropriate.
 * To me, Neutrality's moving of my evidence is the final straw. I am now convinced that without mediation, Neutrality and I cannot cooperatively co-exist on this Wiki - not so long as he is hovering over and interfering with my every edit.
 * I ask for mediation between myself and Neutrality. I feel that the broken dialog between us is the last remaining impediment to concluding the other's users concerns about me in regards to John Kerry and I also feel that it is the last remaining impediment to me being able to claim an equal editorial role in this, our egalitarian Wiki. Rex071404 16:14, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I decline mediation. A multiparty arbitration request is currently ongoing against Rex071404. This mediation request is further evidence that Rex continues to show no willingness to make a meaningful effort at ceasing his inappropriate conduct — to be very blunt, disrupting Wikipedia to make a point and lying. I see no indication why mediation would be anything but a waste of time. Neutrality 19:43, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Slrubenstein and user:Darrien
I have worked for quite some time on the Race article. After lengthy discussion between parties who advocated conflicting views (race is a scientifically valid term for a biologically real thing; versus race has no biological reality and the term is rejected by mainstream science) I think a pretty good NPOV compromise was achieved. Recently, someone posted a series of photographs to illustrate races (with a caption like, "People of different races"). This clearly takes one of the points of view of the article (without any explantion). It in no way reflects the compromises worked out over quite some time by various participants.

Although I initially advocated deleting the photographs altogether, Rikurzhen modified the caption so that it would better reflect the article as a whole. I made some further changes to the caption, which others have supported.

Since that time (around August 1) a user who was new to the page reverted the caption, replacing the work Rikurshen and I did with the earlier, misleading (if not plain inaccurate) caption "people of different races." SInce that time I, POM, and others have restored the lengthier caption. Darrien has reverted nine times'' since then.

 * Wrong. I reverted four times before I started using a different caption in an attempt to come to an agreement. -Darrien

At an earlier stage in the discussion someone suggested a straw-poll, but nothing came of that (instead, participants negotiated over a variety of issues, leading to two sets of photos being included). At another stage someone invited other wikipedians to join in; one did, but it did not lead to any productive discussion. May sense is that Rikurzhen, POM, Tannin, and myself agree that the extended caption is required. Darrien keeps reverting.

 * It's not an extended caption. It's useless commentary that does nothing but distract the reader. A caption should only describe a picture. -Darrien

I have asked, several times, that Darrien join the discussion on the talk page -- expand on his (or her) reasons and respond to ours. S/he has never (as far as I can tell) participated in the talk page. I left a message on Darrien's own page asking him/her to stop reverting or to seek mediation. Darrien responded not by a commnent on my talk page or the article's talk page, but simply by reverting the caption once more.

 * My appologies, I assumed you were just a troll trying to raise a ruckus. I never thought someone could actually think that the caption you kept reverting to was beneficial to the article. -Darrien

I am tempted to block this user or freeze the page, but I have been involved in this from the beginning and can't abuse my sysop abilities. But this constant reversion has to stop -- and Darrien has to learn to communicate and compromise with others. Slrubenstein 16:48, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

§ I concur with what Slrubenstein has said above. Darrien has been around long enough to predict the result of reverting an article repeatedly with no justification given on the talk page even after being requested to do so. The question is why he would do something guaranteed to get the page protected. -P0M

 * It needed no more justification than what was given in the edit summary.

§ The issue is a substantial one, perhaps best illustrated by the caption and the following text at 11:01 on 3 August: -P0M

 * People from various races. (Caption.)

 * ...use [of the term "race"] is often controversial, largely because.... but also because of disagreements over such issues as whether humans can be meaningfully divided into multiple races. -Darrien

§ Pictures are very powerful in their psychological effect. The picture + caption says, "These are people of different race." That undermines the reasoned contention that there are strong "disagreements over such issues as whether humans can be meaningfully divided into multiple races," and it introduces a logical contradiction. -P0M

 * User User:Jalnet2 attemped to achieve a neutral caption by describing the picture with the caption "Various world leaders". This was reverted by Slrubenstein to which I reverted back. It was subsequently reverted again. When I realised that people were having issues with the implication of human races, I also changed it to "Pictures of people considered to be from different races" and "Various people representing the diversity of the human race". Though in retrospect I suppose that "human species" may have been more appropriate. -Darrien

§ It is difficult to get clear on these issues, and until one is clear on the ramifications of the article contents it would be very unlikely that one could provide an appropriate illustration. For Darrien to interfere in an ongoing process of debate and negotiation over the illustration issue without any attempt to address the issues has been very unhelpful. P0M 18:13, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've left a message at User talk:Darrien asking if he is interested in participating in mediation. moink 19:49, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Very well. All I want is an image caption. Not a long, semi-coherent spew of text. It also seem from this edit, Slrubenstein and I want the same thing. Why we are going through the mediation process is beyond me. - Darrien?

 * Do either of you have any preferences for a mediator? moink 20:27, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Not particularly. Though if I was forced to choose, any of the following (in no order of preference) would be acceptable:
 * Ambi
 * Angela
 * Bcorr
 * Cimon Avaro
 * Danny
 * Ed Poor
 * Neutrality

 * Darrien 20:40, 2004 Aug 4 (UTC)

 * Any of the above are fine with me. Darrien wonders why I asked for mediation?  Well, because (1) he never responded to or engaged any discussion on the talk page, and (2) he did not respond to my comment on his talk page.  By the way, the fact that he would dismiss an editor's view simply because he can't believe anyone would have that view does not bode well for congeniality or collaboration with a larger community. Slrubenstein

 * Please concentrate on the issues at hand. Poisoning the well does nothing but make you look childish. -Darrien 17:33, 2004 Aug 5 (UTC)
 * Well, this might be too obvious for words, Darrien, but it is your comments that look somewhat childish. I would be happy to mediate, if this issue isnt already resolved by common sense and discussion. -SV 02:20, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Resolved. Let's wait a couple of days and then archive this one. --Uncle Ed 19:19, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

User:Gene Poole and User:Gzornenplatz, User:Samboy
This is manifestly useless, but since the arbitrators like to say "try mediation first" as an excuse for not handling cases, I am formally requesting mediation regarding Gene Poole's removal of an accuracy dispute notice on Sealand. The talk page shows that several users have disputed the accuracy of that article, but all attempts at fixing the article have been reverted by Gene Poole and like-minded users. Gzornenplatz 14:13, Aug 29, 2004 (UTC)

I object to this request for mediation on the basis of the fact that it has been made on obviously spurious grounds by an editor with a very obvious axe to grind when it comes to anything to do with any combination of myself and micronations. The editor has waged a long, active and ultimately unsuccessful campaign to modify, delete and then keep deleted the Empire of Atlantium article, and to delete all references to the Empire of Atlantium from the Micronation article. Part of this campaign has I believe, involved practises that may warrant further investigation by administrators with the ability to trace IP addresses. It is no coincidence that his/her attentions have now shifted to this related subject - which he/she apears to feel is unworthy of inclusion in Wikipedia unless presented in a derogatory manner in support of his/her widely-circulated POV on the subject of micronations generally. The editor has had as much opportunity as any other editor to post comments to the relevant talk page, and implement any changes to the alleged "factual inaccuracies" within the article that appear to cause him/her such concern, but has elected not to do so, instead limiting him/herself to making vague accusations about "reversions" by myself and unnamed others. Clearly this editor cannot grasp the concept that those who disagree with his/her opinions on subjects he/she finds disagreeable have as much right to propose content changes as he/she does himself. He/she also conveniently overlooks the fact that significant re-writing of the article has been undertaken by a consensus of multiple individuals over a long period.--Gene_poole 11:07, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * "Gene Poole" acts in an infammitory manner towards me, Gzornenplatz, and other editors, as I have documented here. This needs to be taken to mediation, and I want to be on the side against "Gene_poole".  I have little faith that this can be resolved via mediation, but a miracle may yet happen.  Samboy 00:04, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Guanaco and Cantus
I would like to request mediation with Cantus on the dispute detailed at Requests for arbitration/Guanaco. I am hoping that we can try to resolve this peacefully without resorting to arbitration at this point. Guanaco 06:21, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * What dispute? There is no dispute. There is only stuff that you did that was wrong under Wikipedia policy, and that you deserve punishment for that. Calling this a dispute when there is ample irrefutable evidence to the contrary shows a lack of judgment and, IMHO, a lack of respect for Wikipedia policies. And given the fact that you are actually an admin, this is all the more worrying. Reject. (P.S.: As an interesting precedent showing that mediation is not a required step for Arbitration, User:Wik (R.I.P) opened an RfA on me without priorly asking me for mediation. And I got on a permanent revert parole for it.). --Cantus 07:44, Sep 7, 2004 (UTC)

User:Johnleemk and User:Drbalaji md
Drbalaji has engaged in repeated personal attacks and false allegations (regarding my usage of sysop powers) on me, including on Talk:Main page. He has also labeled the "majority of admins" as morons. User:chocolateboy may be involved, as he too was the subject of name-calling ("self-styled king") and false allegations of misusing his sysop power (when he isn't even one). See Requests for comment/Drbalaji md, User talk:Drbalaji md and Talk:Coca-Cola. I would like mediation so we can sort this out without him resorting to his ridiculous debate tactics (as was evidenced by his argument with User:Raul654). He has not agreed to mediation, as I haven't asked him. If I know him, he'll refuse, based on grounds that he is fighting "dictatorship and bureaucracy". Hopefully somebody can help us resolve this, as I'm tired of being slandered by Drbalaji wherever he goes. Johnleemk | Talk 09:22, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Message left at User talk:Drbalaji md asking if Drbalaji md is willing to participate in mediation. Angela. 11:26, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Request considered closed. Dr. Balaji never replied and has not edited since 19:58, 14 Jul 2004. BCorr | Брайен 13:34, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
Auraria, Georgia

Auraria is a ghost town in Lumpkin County, Georgia, United States, southwest of Dahlonega. Its name derives from aurum, the Latin word for gold. In its early days, it was also known variously as Dean, Deans, Nuckollsville, and Scuffle Town.

History
Thousands of settlers came to these former Cherokee lands in search of gold during the Georgia Gold Rush, and following the Gold Lottery of 1832. One of the first gold rush boom towns started in Auraria in June 1832, when William Dean built a cabin between the Chestatee River and Etowah River. As the temporary seat of Lumpkin County in 1832, Nathaniel Nuckolls built a tavern, hotel, and several buildings to house the miners. Within six months of the lottery, "one hundred family dwellings, eighteen or twenty stores, twelve or fifteen law offices, and four or five taverns" were to be found in the town. By May 1833 the town population was 1,000, and 10,000 were in the county.

The land east of Auraria was purchased by Vice President John C. Calhoun, where he established the Calhoun Mine. A traveling companion of Calhoun, Dr. Croft, suggested the town be renamed Aureola, in November 1832. The town citizens chose Auraria, suggested by John Powell.

The banks of the Etowah River, Camp Creek, and Cane Creek had many mines (Barlow Mine, Battle Branch Mine, Ralston Mine, Whim Hill Mine, Hedwig-Chicago Mine, Gold Hill Mine Etowah Mine, and others).

The 40-acre (16 ha) gold lot on which most of Auraria stood was won by John R. Plummer, but his right to participate in the lottery was questioned. Faced with this legal challenge, the lower court judges picked the site north of Auraria near the Cane Creek mining area. Auraria experienced a sharp decline as businesses and county offices relocated. The first session of the Superior Court of Lumpkin County met in what became known as Dahlonega, Georgia on Aug. 22, 1833. Due to its location and political influence, Dahlonega received a federal mint for gold coins.

In 1848, gold was discovered in California. Former Auraria resident Jennie Wimmer, a cook in rural California, was the first person to prove the gold's authenticity, because she was the only person on the scene who knew how to perform the proper tests. This discovery led to the California Gold Rush of 1849. The discovery of gold in California and soon after in Colorado caused Auraria to eventually fade into history. Gold mining in Georgia decreased and eventually all but ceased as miners went west looking for uncharted prospecting. Auraria's population quickly dwindled, and the community deteriorated.

William Greeneberry Russell and a party of men of Auraria who left for Kansas Territory formed the Colorado settlement of Auraria in 1858; the town later merged with Denver.

Present day
There are still a few old buildings standing: Woody's store at Castleberry Bridge Road, that remained open till the early 1980s; a red house that was once a bank; another house across the street; and a couple of foundations. They stand in lone testament to the 19th century gold rush.

Geography
To visit Auraria, travel from the square in Dahlonega on the west road to Dawsonville, pass the college (the gold-domed building is built on the foundation of the old mint). Turn left at the bottom of that hill and continue about 3 miles. The old red house on the left is the bank; after it, the collapsing building is the old hotel and just beyond on the left is the old Woody's store. Castleberry Bridge Road to the right leads down to the Etowah River.

title: Auraria, Georgia


text:
Colonization of the Moon

Colonization of the Moon is a process or concept employed by some proposals for robotic or human exploitation and settlement endeavours on the Moon. Often used as a synonym for its more specific element of settling the Moon (the establishing and expanding of lunar habitation), lunar or space colonization as a whole has become contested for perpetuating colonialism and its exploitive logic in space.

Laying claim to the Moon has been declared illegal through international space law and no state has made such claims, despite having a range of probes and artificial remains on the Moon.

While a range of proposals for missions of lunar colonization, exploitation or permanent exploration have been raised, current projects for establishing permanent crewed presence on the Moon are not for colonizing the Moon, but rather focus on building moonbases for exploration and to a lesser extent for exploitation of lunar resources.

The commercialization of the Moon is a contentious issue for national and international lunar regulation and laws (such as the Moon treaty).

History
Colonization of the Moon has been imagined as early as the first half of the 17th century by John Wilkins in A Discourse Concerning a New Planet.

Colonization of the Moon as a material process has been taking place since the first artificial objects reached the Moon after 1959. Luna landers scattered pennants of the Soviet Union on the Moon, and U.S. flags were symbolically planted at their landing sites by the Apollo astronauts, but no nation claims ownership of any part of the Moon's surface. Russia, China, India, and the U.S. are party to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which defines the Moon and all outer space as the "province of all mankind", restricting the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes and explicitly banning military installations and weapons of mass destruction from the Moon.

The landing of U.S. astronauts was seen as a precedent for the superiority of the free-market socioeconomic model of the U.S., and in this case as the successful model for space flight, exploration and ultimately human presence in the form of colonization. In the 1970s the word and goal of colonization was discouraged by NASA and funds as well as focus shifted away from the Moon and particularly to Mars. But the U.S. eventually nevertheless opposed the 1979 Moon Agreement which aimed to restrict the exploitation of the Moon and its resources. Subsequently, the treaty has been signed and ratified by only 18 nations, as of January 2020, none of which engage in self-launched human space exploration.

After U.S. missions in the 1990s suggested the presence of lunar water ice, its actual discovery in the soil at the lunar poles by Chandrayaan-1 (ISRO) in 2008–2009 renewed interest in the Moon. A range of moonbases have been proposed by states and public actors. Currently the U.S.-led international Artemis program seeks to establish with private contractors a state run orbital lunar way-station in the late 2020s, and China proposed with Russia the so-called International Lunar Research Station to be established in the 2030s and aim for an Earth-Moon Space Economic Zone to develop by 2050.

Current proposals mainly have the goal of exploration, but such proposals and projects have increasingly aimed for enabling exploitation or commercialization of the Moon. This move to exploitation has been criticized as colonialist and contrasted by proposals for conservation (e.g. by the organization For All Moonkind), collaborative stewardship (e.g. by the organization Open Lunar Foundation, chaired by Chris Hadfield) and the Declaration of the Rights of the Moon, drawing on the concept of the Rights of Nature for a legal personality of non-human entities in space.

Missions
Far from being a colony, the temporary Tranquility Base of the first crewed mission to the Moon in 1969, as well as its successor camps of the Apollo missions, has been the closest to a colony on the Moon so far.

Before and since then a permanent human presence through colonization of the Moon has been pursued and advocated for by a range of civil actors and space advocacy groups. But most importantly different countries have been putting forward concepts and plans for not only new crewed expeditions, but also for moonbases.

The pursued purpose of such moonbases is broad, but is mostly for space exploration, but also for exploiting and commercializing the Moon and advocating for a lunar and cis-lunar infrastructure, economy and settled society.

The most advanced contemporary missions share this spectrum of purpose, between exploration and exploitation. For example, the leading Artemis program and International Lunar Research Station projects, while focusing on exploration, they do both mention prospecting for lunar resource extraction for in-situ resource utilization as an objective, in the case of the American policy including that the Artemis program should furthermore enable resource commercialization and private enterprise.

These bases are planned to be crewed, but only eventually permanently. Commercial proposals though have suggested building and use of moonbases for tourism and possibly settlement.

Economic prospecting and development
For long-term sustainability, a space colony should be close to self-sufficient. Mining and refining the Moon's materials on-site – for use both on the Moon and elsewhere in the Solar System – could provide an advantage over deliveries from Earth, as they can be launched into space at a much lower energy cost than from Earth. It is possible that large amounts of cargo would need to be launched into space for interplanetary exploration in the 21st century, and the lower cost of providing goods from the Moon might be attractive.

Space-based materials processing
In the long term, the Moon will likely play an important role in supplying space-based construction facilities with raw materials. Microgravity in space allows for the processing of materials in ways impossible or difficult on Earth, such as "foaming" metals, where a gas is injected into a molten metal, and then the metal is annealed slowly. On Earth, gas bubbles may rise or fall due to their relative density to air, but in a zero gravity environment this does not happen. The annealing process requires large amounts of energy, as a material is kept very hot for an extended period of time (allowing the molecular structure to realign), and this too may be more efficient in space, as the vacuum drastically reduces all heat transfer except through radiative heat loss.

Exporting material to Earth
Exporting material to Earth in trade from the Moon is problematic due to the cost of transportation, which would vary greatly if the Moon is industrially developed. One suggested trade commodity is helium-3 (3He) which is carried by the solar wind and accumulated on the Moon's surface over billions of years, but occurs only rarely on Earth. Helium-3 might be present in the lunar regolith in quantities of 0.01 ppm to 0.05 ppm (depending on soil). In 2006 it had a market price of about $1,500 per gram ($1.5M per kilogram), more than 120 times the value per unit weight of gold and over eight times the value of rhodium.

In the future 3He harvested from the Moon may have a role as a fuel in thermonuclear fusion reactors. It should require about 100 MT of helium-3 to produce the electricity that Earth uses in a year and there should be enough on the Moon to provide that much for 10,000 years.

In 2024, an American startup called Interlune announced plans to mine Helium on the Moon for export to Earth. The first mission plans to use NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services program to arrive on the moon.

Exporting propellant obtained from lunar water
To reduce the cost of transport, the Moon could store propellants produced from lunar water at one or several depots between the Earth and the Moon, to resupply rockets or satellites in Earth orbit.

Lunar water ice

Lunar scientists had discussed the possibility of water repositories for decades. They are now increasingly "confident that the decades-long debate is over" a report says. "The Moon, in fact, has water in all sorts of places; not just locked up in minerals, but scattered throughout the broken-up surface, and, potentially, in blocks or sheets of ice at depth." The results from the Chandrayaan mission are also "offering a wide array of watery signals."

It is estimated there is at least 600 million tons of ice at the north pole in sheets of relatively pure ice at least a couple of meters thick.

Solar power satellites
Gerard K. O'Neill, noting the problem of high launch costs in the early 1970s, proposed building Solar Power Satellites in orbit with materials from the Moon. Launch costs from the Moon would vary significantly if the Moon is industrially developed. This proposal was based on the contemporary estimates of future launch costs of the Space Shuttle.

On 30 April 1979, the Final Report "Lunar Resources Utilization for Space Construction" by General Dynamics Convair Division under NASA contract, NAS9-15560 concluded that the use of lunar resources would be cheaper than terrestrial materials for a system comprising as few as thirty Solar Power Satellites of 10 GW capacity each.

In 1980, when NASA's launch cost estimates for the Space Shuttle were grossly optimistic, O'Neill et al. published another route to manufacturing using lunar materials with much lower startup costs. This 1980s SPS concept relied less on human presence in space and more on partially self-replicating systems on the lunar surface under telepresence control of workers stationed on Earth.

title: Colonization of the Moon


text:
Christy Turlington

Christy Nicole Turlington Burns ( Turlington; born January 2, 1969) is an American fashion model. She initially attracted fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a supermodel. She represented Calvin Klein's Eternity campaign in 1989 and again in 2014, and also represents Maybelline. Grace Coddington, the long-time creative director of American Vogue magazine, has described Turlington as "the most beautiful woman in the world."

Early life
Turlington was born in Walnut Creek, California, the middle of three daughters born to Dwain Turlington, a pilot for Pan Am, and María Elizabeth ( Parker Infante), a flight attendant from El Salvador. She was raised in the Roman Catholic faith of her mother along with her sisters and continued to practice the religion into adulthood.

She was discovered by local photographer Dennie Cody while she was riding a horse in Miami, Florida, where her father was working as a training captain for Pan Am. Turlington began modeling after school from age 14 to 16 and during summers while she attended Monte Vista High School in Danville, California. After turning 18, she moved to New York City to model full-time, and later graduated from high school. She went back to school in 1994 and graduated cum laude in 1999 from the Gallatin School of Individualized Study of New York University, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with a concentration in Comparative Religion and Eastern Philosophy. She continued her studies at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.

20th century
During the 1990s, she appeared in Unzipped, a documentary about fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi, and the fashion mockumentary film Prêt-à-Porter by director Robert Altman. Additionally, she was featured in Catwalk, a documentary about her life on the fashion runways by director Robert Leacock. Turlington has appeared on international fashion magazines that include Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Elle, Marie Claire, L'Officiel, Tatler, Glamour, Cosmopolitan and Allure.

Turlington has been featured in advertising campaigns for Calvin Klein, Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, Marc Jacobs, Donna Karan, Prada, Valentino, Versace, Louis Vuitton, Bally, Jason Wu, Max Mara, Escada, Michael Kors, and Maybelline. She also appeared in two music videos. Fellow model Yasmin Le Bon got her husband Simon Le Bon of Duran Duran to feature Turlington in their "Notorious" video and album cover in 1986, at the age of 17. In 1990, singer George Michael drew inspiration from Peter Lindbergh's January 1990 British Vogue cover (which features Turlington, Campbell, Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, and Tatjana Patitz) for his "Freedom!" video. The video featured all top 5 female models along with their top 5 male counterparts, lip-syncing the song. The video was shown during George Michael's 2008 concert tour while he sang. She was added on as the fourth model investor, after Elle Macpherson, Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer of the now defunct Fashion Cafes. Turlington has also been credited along with Alicia Silverstone with introducing the navel piercing to mainstream culture after she and Naomi Campbell got their navels piercing together before baring their piercings at a London fashion show in 1993.

More recently
In honor of Turlington's 40th birthday, W magazine put together a collection of notable images from her career, from runway shots from the late eighties to today. In 2008, casting agent James Scully said regarding Turlington:"The greatest model of all time! You could combine every model to this day into one person, and they wouldn't come close (sorry, girls). Probably the biggest crush I've ever had on a girl. It would be a dream to have the opportunity of working with her on a show again before I retire, but that seems about as likely as winning the lottery."

Turlington was one of the faces to land in one of the fourteen covers of V magazine September 2008 issue. Each cover boasts a head shot of a famous model, either from the new crop of leading models or the supermodel era, it was lensed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin.

She featured in the Bally spring/summer 2009 campaign alongside Oriol Elcacho.

Turlington Burns closed the Autumn Winter 2019 walk for fashion designer Marc Jacobs.

Turlington is featured in a four-part Apple TV+ docuseries titled The Super Models. Having premiered on September 20, 2023, the series also features Cindy Crawford, Naomi Campbell, and Linda Evangelista and is directed by Roger Ross Williams and Larissa Bills.

Other ventures
In the 2000s, she has become a partner in a variety of business ventures: an ayurvedic skincare line, Sundari, and two clothing lines produced by Puma, an active women's clothing line; and a women's yoga-wear line.

She has contributed writings to Marie Claire, Yoga Journal, and Teen Vogue along with contributions to the Huffington Post. She has also contributed to NBC’s Today Show as a guest correspondent, which included reporting on the status of girl’s education in Afghanistan in early 2002 and an interview with H.H. Dalai Lama at his home in Dharamshala, India.

She was also an initial product tester for the Apple Watch launch in 2015, participating in the press conference and allowing them to film a segment featuring her use of the Apple Watch to train for a marathon.

Humanitarian activities
In 2005 Turlington began working with the international humanitarian organization CARE and has since become their Advocate for Maternal Health. She is also an Ambassador for Product Red.

After suffering complications in her own 2003 childbirth, and upon learning that over 500,000 women die each year during childbirth (of which 90% of the deaths are preventable), Turlington was inspired to pursue a Master's degree in Public Health at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.

Turlington visited Swaziland in May 2007 on behalf of Product Red, and El Salvador and Peru in 2005 and 2008, respectively, on behalf of CARE. Her involvement with CARE was influenced by her mother, Elizabeth, who has been a longtime CARE supporter through her former flight attendants’ organization, World Wings. The FEMME project, a coming together of CARE, Columbia University, and local government, brings health-care practitioners together to find better methods of serving the large number of women needing assistance who are too intimidated to seek help in a clinic or traditional hospital.

In September 2010, Turlington participated in a CARE Learning Tour to Ethiopia to investigate the work being done to reduce maternal deaths.

Turlington currently serves on the Harvard Medical School Global Health Council, and as an advisor to the Harvard School of Public Health Board of Dean's Advisors, She is a member of White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood and Mother's Day Every Day.

An ex-smoker whose father died of lung cancer, Turlington is an anti-smoking activist.

No Woman, No Cry
Turlington made her directorial debut on the 2010 documentary film No Woman, No Cry. The 60 minute documentary profiles the status of maternal health and focuses on four cases: from Tanzania, Bangladesh, Guatemala, and the United States. The film made its world premiere at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival in the United States, and the U.S. television broadcast premiere aired on the new Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) on May 7, 2011. The documentary earned Turlington a nomination for the Do Something With Style Award from the VH1 Do Something Awards.

Every Mother Counts
Concurrent with the debut of her documentary No Woman, No Cry, Turlington launched Every Mother Counts (EMC), a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to making pregnancy and childbirth safe for every mother. Every Mother Counts informs, engages, and mobilizes new audiences to take actions and raise funds that support maternal health programs around the world. EMC currently supports programs in Haiti, Uganda, Malawi, Indonesia, and the United States.

Turlington completed her first New York City Marathon in 2011, running with Team Every Mother Counts to raise awareness for maternal and child health. She also ran the 2013 ING NYC Marathon with Team EMC and 2013 Hood to Coast Relay, which is featured in her documentary film, Every Mile, Every Mother.

The charity released a short film series entitled Giving Birth in America some-time a little before May 2015.

Albums
Every Mother Counts is a compilation album that was released in 2011 exclusively to Starbucks, with a proportion of the proceeds to be donated to CARE and the Every Mother Counts organisation to support its maternal health care programs in coffee growing countries worldwide.

Every Mother Counts 2012 is a compilation album that was released in 2012 in partnership with Starbucks. U.S. $8 from the sale of each CD in participating Starbucks stores during 2012 is "to be given in support of Every Mother Counts".

Other
In 2015, Turlington signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively, which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation.

Honors
She was one of fifteen women selected to appear on the cover of the September 2019 issue of British Vogue, by guest editor Meghan, Duchess of Sussex.

Personal life
In 2000, Turlington met actor, director, and writer Edward Burns at a Hamptons party, and by the end of the year they were engaged. In 2002 and just months after buying a New York property together, they decided to split up. The couple reunited and were married in June 2003. Despite numerous erroneous media reports, Turlington was not given away by her good friend Bono. Bono attended the San Francisco wedding, but Turlington said, "[Bono] was there, of course, but I gave myself away. I mean, I was 25 weeks pregnant at the time. Eddie met me halfway down the aisle." Burns and Turlington have two children, Grace, born in 2003, and Finn, born in 2006. Turlington's sister Kelly is married to Edward's brother Brian Burns.

Turlington began smoking at 13 and was smoking a pack a day by age 16. At age 26, she quit smoking. In 2000 at age 31, when undergoing a lung scan to raise awareness about current technology, she was diagnosed with early-stage emphysema.

Yoga
Turlington is a practitioner of yoga, specifically a type of yoga known as Jivamukti. Turlington has practiced yoga since 1987. Within an article published April 15, 2001, she stated she practiced three times a week, during the morning time. She credits yoga with bringing her closer to her Catholic faith.

She is the author of the book Living Yoga: Creating A Life Practice, first published in 2002, is now within a third edition (2002, 2003, 2005). The 2002 text has a foreword by Robert Thurman. Turlington was involved in the editing of the January–February 2001 edition of Yoga Journal.

Running
She has run four marathons during her life (through the end of 2021), including the London Marathon, her personal best is 3 hours and 46 minutes. Her first marathon was run during 2011 within New York City. Overall, she has completed three NYC Marathons to date in 2011, 2013, and 2021. Part of her training for the London Marathon, which she ran during 2015, was a half-marathon run, within Tanzania. She trained using the Apple Watch during 2015 (prior to the public release of the watch). Prior to her first marathon, Turlington was running distances of 3 to 5 miles a day, "a few times a week", a pattern of running typical for her for periods throughout her life.

title: Christy Turlington