text:
ATC code G03

G03AA Progestogens and estrogens, fixed combinations

 * G03AA01 Etynodiol and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA02 Quingestanol and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA03 Lynestrenol and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA04 Megestrol and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA05 Norethisterone and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA06 Norgestrel and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA07 Levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA08 Medroxyprogesterone and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA09 Desogestrel and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA10 Gestodene and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA11 Norgestimate and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA12 Drospirenone and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA13 Norelgestromin and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA14 Nomegestrol and estradiol
 * G03AA15 Chlormadinone and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA16 Dienogest and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AA17 Medroxyprogesterone and estradiol
 * G03AA18 Drospirenone and estetrol

G03AB Progestogens and estrogens, sequential preparations

 * G03AB01 Megestrol and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AB02 Lynestrenol and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AB03 Levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AB04 Norethisterone and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AB05 Desogestrel and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AB06 Gestodene and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AB07 Chlormadinone and ethinylestradiol
 * G03AB08 Dienogest and estradiol
 * G03AB09 Norgestimate and ethinylestradiol

G03AC Progestogens

 * G03AC01 Norethisterone
 * G03AC02 Lynestrenol
 * G03AC03 Levonorgestrel
 * G03AC04 Quingestanol
 * G03AC05 Megestrol
 * G03AC06 Medroxyprogesterone
 * G03AC07 Norgestrienone
 * G03AC08 Etonogestrel
 * G03AC09 Desogestrel
 * G03AC10 Drospirenone

G03AD Emergency contraceptives

 * G03AD01 Levonorgestrel
 * G03AD02 Ulipristal

G03BA 3-oxoandrosten-(4) derivatives

 * G03BA01 Fluoxymesterone
 * G03BA02 Methyltestosterone
 * G03BA03 Testosterone

G03BB 5-androstanon-(3) derivatives

 * G03BB01 Mesterolone
 * G03BB02 Androstanolone

G03CA Natural and semisynthetic estrogens, plain

 * G03CA01 Ethinylestradiol
 * G03CA03 Estradiol
 * G03CA04 Estriol
 * G03CA06 Chlorotrianisene
 * G03CA07 Estrone
 * G03CA09 Promestriene
 * G03CA53 Estradiol, combinations
 * G03CA57 Conjugated estrogens

G03CB Synthetic estrogens, plain

 * G03CB01 Dienestrol
 * G03CB02 Diethylstilbestrol
 * G03CB03 Methallenestril
 * G03CB04 Moxestrol

G03CC Estrogens, combinations with other drugs

 * G03CC02 Dienestrol
 * G03CC03 Methallenestril
 * G03CC04 Estrone
 * G03CC05 Diethylstilbestrol
 * G03CC06 Estriol
 * G03CC07 Conjugated estrogens and bazedoxifene

G03CX Other estrogens

 * G03CX01 Tibolone

G03DA Pregnen-(4) derivatives

 * G03DA01 Gestonorone
 * G03DA02 Medroxyprogesterone
 * G03DA03 Hydroxyprogesterone
 * G03DA04 Progesterone
 * QG03DA90 Proligestone

G03DB Pregnadien derivatives

 * G03DB01 Dydrogesterone
 * G03DB02 Megestrol
 * G03DB03 Medrogestone
 * G03DB04 Nomegestrol
 * G03DB05 Demegestone
 * G03DB06 Chlormadinone
 * G03DB07 Promegestone
 * G03DB08 Dienogest

G03DC Estren derivatives

 * G03DC01 Allylestrenol
 * G03DC02 Norethisterone
 * G03DC03 Lynestrenol
 * G03DC04 Ethisterone
 * G03DC05 Tibolone
 * G03DC06 Etynodiol
 * G03DC31 Methylestrenolone (normethandrone)

QG03DX Other progestogens

 * QG03DX90 Altrenogest
 * QG03DX91 Delmadinone

G03EA Androgens and estrogens

 * G03EA01 Methyltestosterone and estrogen
 * G03EA02 Testosterone and estrogen
 * G03EA03 Prasterone and estrogen

G03EK Androgens and female sex hormones in combination with other drugs

 * G03EK01 Methyltestosterone

G03FA Progestogens and estrogens, fixed combinations

 * G03FA01 Norethisterone and estrogen
 * G03FA02 Hydroxyprogesterone and estrogen
 * G03FA03 Ethisterone and estrogen
 * G03FA04 Progesterone and estrogen
 * G03FA05 Methylnortestosterone (normethandrone) and estrogen
 * G03FA06 Etynodiol and estrogen
 * G03FA07 Lynestrenol and estrogen
 * G03FA08 Megestrol and estrogen
 * G03FA09 Noretynodrel and estrogen
 * G03FA10 Norgestrel and estrogen
 * G03FA11 Levonorgestrel and estrogen
 * G03FA12 Medroxyprogesterone and estrogen
 * G03FA13 Norgestimate and estrogen
 * G03FA14 Dydrogesterone and estrogen
 * G03FA15 Dienogest and estrogen
 * G03FA16 Trimegestone and estrogen
 * G03FA17 Drospirenone and estrogen

G03FB Progestogens and estrogens, sequential preparations

 * G03FB01 Norgestrel and estrogen
 * G03FB02 Lynestrenol and estrogen
 * G03FB03 Chlormadinone and estrogen
 * G03FB04 Megestrol and estrogen
 * G03FB05 Norethisterone and estrogen
 * G03FB06 Medroxyprogesterone and estrogen
 * G03FB07 Medrogestone and estrogen
 * G03FB08 Dydrogesterone and estrogen
 * G03FB09 Levonorgestrel and estrogen
 * G03FB10 Desogestrel and estrogen
 * G03FB11 Trimegestone and estrogen
 * G03FB12 Nomegestrol and estrogen

G03GA Gonadotropins

 * G03GA01 Human chorionic gonadotropin
 * G03GA02 Human menopausal gonadotropin
 * G03GA03 Serum gonadotropin
 * G03GA04 Urofollitropin
 * G03GA05 Follitropin alfa
 * G03GA06 Follitropin beta
 * G03GA07 Lutropin alfa
 * G03GA08 Choriogonadotropin alfa
 * G03GA09 Corifollitropin alfa
 * G03GA10 Follitropin delta
 * G03GA30 Combinations
 * QG03GA90 Follicle stimulating hormone-pituitary
 * QG03GA99 Gonadotropins, combinations

G03GB Ovulation stimulants, synthetic

 * G03GB01 Cyclofenil
 * G03GB02 Clomifene
 * G03GB03 Epimestrol

G03HA Antiandrogens, plain

 * G03HA01 Cyproterone

G03HB Antiandrogens and estrogens

 * G03HB01 Cyproterone and estrogen

G03XA Antigonadotropins and similar agents

 * G03XA01 Danazol
 * G03XA02 Gestrinone
 * QG03XA90 Anti-Pmsg
 * QG03XA91 Gonadotropin releasing factor analogue, conjugated

G03XB Progesterone receptor modulators

 * G03XB01 Mifepristone
 * G03XB02 Ulipristal
 * G03XB51 Mifepristone, combinations
 * QG03XB90 Aglepristone

G03XC Selective estrogen receptor modulators

 * G03XC01 Raloxifene
 * G03XC02 Bazedoxifene
 * G03XC03 Lasofoxifene
 * G03XC04 Ormeloxifene
 * G03XC05 Ospemifene

G03XX Other sex hormones and modulators of the genital system

 * G03XX01 Prasterone
 * QG03XX90 Finrozole

title: ATC code G03


text: Category:Military of Japan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Military of Japan


text:
Category:Imperial Japanese Army

 * Imperial Japanese Army (1868−1945) — the for the.

title: Category:Imperial Japanese Army


text:
Category:Imperial Japanese Navy

 * The Imperial Japanese Navy (1868–1945) — disbanded navy of the former.

title: Category:Imperial Japanese Navy


text: Category:1829 books

title: Category:1829 books


text: Category:Military of Italy

title: Category:Military of Italy


text: Category:1826 books

title: Category:1826 books


text: Category:Spreadsheets

title: Category:Spreadsheets


text:
User:Larrybob

Larry-bob lives in San Francisco. He has published the queer zine Holy Titclamps since 1989. See this brief biography by C. Bard Cole.

Some of my contributions to Wikipedia include work on these articles: I created these categories:
 * Carl Van Vechten
 * Lynn Breedlove
 * PeaceOUT World Homo Hop Festival
 * Tori Fixx
 * Staceyann Chin
 * Alfred Chester
 * Push (film based on the novel by Sapphire)
 * Soul Power (film)
 * Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt
 * Antonio Lopez (illustrator) (on Main page Did You Know 2009-12-11)
 * Shi Tiesheng (on Main page Did You Know 2010-05-12)
 * Oscar Hudson
 * Category:LGBT comedians
 * Category:Homo hop (subsequently moved to Category:LGBT hip hop)
 * Category:LGBT comics creators

Planning on working on:
 * Carter Smith
 * Leee Black Childers

This article was deleted: User:Larrybob/List_of_queercore_bands

title: User:Larrybob


text:
Dongcheng, Beijing

Dongcheng is a district of the city of  Beijing. It covers the eastern half of Beijing's urban core region, including all of the eastern half of the Old City inside of the 2nd Ring Road with the northernmost extent crossing into the area within the 3rd Ring Road. Its 40.6 km2 area is further subdivided into 17 subdistricts.

Settlement in the area dates back over a millennium. It did not formally become a district of the city until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911. The name Dongcheng was first given to it in a 1958 reorganization; it has existed in its current form since a 2010 merger with the former Chongwen to its south.

Dongcheng includes many of Beijing's major cultural attractions, such as the Forbidden City and Temple of Heaven, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites. More than a quarter of the city's Major National Historical and Cultural Sites are inside its boundaries, with a similar percentage of those protected at the municipal level. Tiananmen Square is also in Dongcheng, along with other popular destinations for domestic and international tourists such as the bars and nightlife in the hutongs of Nanluoguxiang and the shopping in Wangfujing. Over three-quarters of the district's economic activity is in the service sector.

Geography
Dongcheng is often described, and depicted on simplified maps, as the eastern half of the area inside the 2nd Ring Road. However, the district boundaries include some areas outside it as well, particularly on the north and east. In the former direction a small projection crosses the 3rd Ring Road. The 2010 merger with Chongwen added some land beyond the Ring Road on the south.

Boundary

From Tiananmen at the north end of the eponymous square the district boundary follows West Chang'an Avenue to Chang Street, where it turns north, taking in Zhongshan Park as it follows the western moat of the Forbidden City. At Wenzhin Street it turns eastward to follow Jingshan Front Street between the Forbidden City and Jingshan Park. It resumes its northward course along Jingshan East Street, turning west along Jingshan Back Street, thus leaving all of Jingshan in Xicheng to the west.

At Di'anmen Inner Street it turns north again, following the east–west line that formally divided Beijing in the mid-15th century. After a short turn to the west at the Bell and Drum Towers along Gulou West Street, it resumes its northward course along Jiugulou Street, which it follows north for several kilometers, past the 2nd Ring Road to Andeli Street North, where it turns west. At the street's end, the edge of Rendinghu Park, it follows the park edge to the northeast.

The boundary turns east at Huangsi Street, following the rear property lines of buildings on the north side. It crosses the street again a block east of Gulou Outer Street, where it follows the northern edge of Liuyin Park. From the park's northeastern corner it goes due east to Andingmen Outer Street, where it turns north.

It continues north across the 3rd Ring Road for a kilometer to Jian'an East Road, where it turns east, just south of Yuan Dadu City Wall Ruins Park. This is the district's northernmost section, bordering on Chaoyang. After 500m, it zigzags south, southeast and then west again along local streets to Shenggu Middle Road. There it turns south and crosses the Ring Road again, continuing on Xiaohangzhuang North Street. Another zigzag takes it along Xiaohangzhuang, Xinghua, and Qingniangou roads to Heipingli East Street, where it turns south, to turn east again along Heiplingli North Street.

At Jiaolin Alley it turns south again, following another irregular path through the neighborhoods here to just east of Minwang Hutong. At the river paralleling the Second Ring Road on its north, it turns east briefly to follow that, cross under the Airport Expressway along Xiangheyuan Middle Street. A short section detours north to take in some of the buildings on the north side of Xiangheyuan Road, after which it returns to what is now Xiangheyuan North Street.

Turning southeast along Zuojiazhuang West Street, the boundary turns to follow the north bank of the Landmark River eastward at the Chunxiu Road intersection. The river bends to the east and then southeast, where a short tributary comes in 200 m west of Chunxiu. It follows that back to Chunxiu at its intersection with Dongzhimen Outer Street.

Rejoining Chunxiu, the boundary stays with it for another 1 km to Beijing Workers' Stadium, where it becomes Workers' Stadium West Road, with Workers Indoor Arena on the east side. At Dongyingfang Hutong, it turns west again. Following Jishikou East Road north for a block, then turning west on Panjiapao Hutong, a brief northward turn at Dongzhong Street brings it back to the Second Ring Road via Fuhua Dasha South Street.

From that point the boundary largely follows the ring road south, with a few diversions to take in all of the exit ramps at the Jianguomen Street interchange and some open land at the Tonghui River to its south. At Longtan Park in the southeast corner of the district, it curves west with the road to form the district's southern boundary with Fengtai. Just past the Temple of Heaven Park, in the Yongdingmen area, it leaves the ring road to take in a roughly triangular area to the south that includes the Beijing South railway station at its eastern corner.

It then follows Yongdingmen, Tianqiao, and Qianmen streets due north back to the southern end of Tian'anmen Square. There it turns west briefly, then goes up the square's west road between the China Numismatic Museum and the Great Hall of the People. At the square's north end is West Chang'an Avenue.

Buildings and geography
Like most of Beijing, the district is consistently level, with an elevation of 30 – above sea level, reflecting the city's location on the North China Plain. There are a few significant bodies of water, all lakes in parks—Liuyin Lake in that park and Youth Lake in Qingnianhu Park, both in the district's northern portion, and Dragon Lake in Longtan Park at the district's southeast corner. On the west central edge is the moat surrounding the Forbidden City. The Nanchang River, heavily channelized from its days as the once-walled city's north moat, flows across the district's north, with the South Moat paralleling the 2nd Ring Road along its southern boundary. Along the southern edge of the Forbidden City another small stream, the Changpu River, flows above ground for a kilometer. Much of the district is densely developed, with major streets following a grid plan, while the side streets connecting them are irregular. Temple of Heaven Park is the largest, at 267 ha, with the 42.7 ha Temple of Earth Park in the Hepingli Subdistrict in second. In addition to the parks already mentioned, others of note include Dongdan Park off that street in the central area of the district and Nanguan Park near the northeast corner. Some major arteries also have wide planted median strips. The Russian embassy complex just inside the Ring Road at the northeast corner of the district also has another large planted area, although it is fenced off.

The most significant non-park urban open space in the district is the 44 ha Tiananmen Square at its west central point. It is a stone-paved pedestrian area with the Monument to the People's Heroes and Zhengyang Gate bracketing its one building, the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong. To the square's immediate north the 72 ha Forbidden City complex also has many vast courtyards. At the east end, the Workers' Gymnasium has some large paved areas and open lawns in its vicinity. There is also a large open plaza in front of the Beijing railway station. Architecture in the district varies greatly. It ranges in form from the small one and two-story ancient stone houses in the siheyuan plan, that line the district's many hutongs, the narrow, winding lanes that make up many neighborhoods on the side streets, to taller modern office buildings and hotels. Styles include the traditional Chinese architecture of the 15th-century imperial buildings in the Forbidden City and the various temples, the fin-de-siècle European revival styles in the Legation Quarter to the modern styles of today's newest buildings. The district has over a quarter of Beijing's Major National Historical and Cultural Sites, and a similar portion of its municipal-level heritage listings. Two of those, the Forbidden City and Temple of Heaven, are further inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

History

Dongcheng's history dates back over a millennium, long predating the city's current boundaries. Settlement of the area between the city's inner and outer walls began during the Liao dynasty in the 10th century C.E., when small hamlets began to form outside the northeastern corner of what was then the city (now the Forbidden City). Growth continued through the Jin dynasty, which succeeded the Liao in the 12th century.

Under the Jin, the area first became known as the northeastern part of the capital, then known as Zhongdu. When Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty later in the century, he rebuilt the city and renamed it Dadu. As part of that project, the future Dongcheng district's boundaries were first officially drawn, although they were different from today's.

The Yongle emperor, Zhu Di, third of the Ming dynasty, took the throne at the beginning of the 15th century. He built the present-day Forbidden City, now part of Dongcheng, as his palace inside the walls of the original city. Outside it, Dongcheng had 15 lanes at that time, the beginnings of its many hutongs.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the area began to become a desirable residence for both government officials and the merchants who sold to them, due to its proximity to the palace. They built themselves the siheyuan courtyard-style houses that remain a valued part of the district's cultural heritage. The Qings stationed four divisions of their army in the district, which was officially at the time part of Daxing County (now a district south of the city).

The overthrow of the Qings and the establishment of the Republic of China in the wake of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 led to the area northeast of the Forbidden City being opened to the public for the first time. Under the government of the new Republic of China, the districts of Beijing were reorganized. Today's Dongcheng was known as the inner first and inner third districts.

Four decades later, the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War led to the People's Republic of China displacing the Republic as the sovereign government of mainland China. This had two effects on Dongcheng. First, the two districts in the area were renamed Dongsi and Dongdan, corresponding to streets that still exist in the northern and central portions of the district, in 1952; six years later the two were merged and renamed Dongcheng. That district was then merged with the Chongwen District to its south in 2010.

Secondly, many of the wealthy siheyuan residents fled to Taiwan or elsewhere in anticipation of the Communist victory and the likely expropriation of their property; those who remained or did not leave in time indeed suffered that fate. The new government subdivided many of the houses in order to deliver on its promise of better housing for the working class, and the neighborhood culture of the hutongs was sustained. However, the increased wealth in China created by the economic reforms of the late 20th century, following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, put pressure on Beijing's city government to demolish hutongs in Dongcheng and elsewhere. They were perceived as architecturally undistinguished substandard slums that could not be fully modernized, to be replaced by urban renewal projects such as the Oriental Plaza mall complex that would impress visitors to the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Often many poorer residents found themselves displaced, unable to afford the luxury housing that replaced their demolished homes. In the 1990s it was estimated that 40% of Beijing's Old City, which includes Dongcheng, had been demolished; some predictions suggest that if demolition continues at its current pace, eventually 90% of the Old City will be gone. Efforts by preservationists to protect the hutongs were only partly successful, and developers and officials often ignored them. A battle over the city's proposed redevelopment of South Chizi Street, alongside the Forbidden City's southeast corner, at first attracted attention due to its high-visibility location, but ultimately only nine of over 200 siheyuans in the blocks east of the street escaped demolition. They have been replaced by architecturally sympathetic new construction that is among the most expensive housing in the city.

Government
Dongcheng is run by several committees. The District Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is its local organization. The District People's Congress is responsible for most major decisions, as well as implementing national and local laws and regulations. Its members, all appointed by the CCP, elect their leadership and local officials. The People's Government, composed of several local commissions, makes local laws and enforces administrative policy. Lastly, the district committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference serves an advisory function. All four committees are headed by chairs, appointed by the CCP to five-year terms.

While most of China's major government bodies are headquartered in the neighboring Xicheng District, there are a hundred lesser ones in offices throughout Dongcheng. Two major agencies in the district are the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), which occupies a large building on Dongsi Street, and the China Maritime Safety Administration, on Jianguomen Inner Avenue. The Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau is also headquartered in Dongcheng, as is the China International Development Cooperation Agency (China Aid).

Economy

In 2017, the regional GDP of the district was 392.07 billion yuan, with GDP per capita at 321.4 thousand yuan.

Owing to its many tourist attractions, much of Dongcheng's economy is in the service sector, which in 2001 accounted for 88% of the district's share of China's gross domestic product. Foreign direct investment at that time was estimated to be US$247.6 million, and rising. Dongcheng is home to some of Beijing's most prestigious hotels, like the Beijing Hotel complex and the nearby Grand Hyatt on East Chang'an Avenue near Tiananmen Square. Near those hotels are the shopping opportunities of the Malls at Oriental Plaza, once Asia's largest, and the Wangfujing pedestrian mall, a big draw for domestic tourists. Further to the north younger Beijingers and foreigners often visit the hutongs of Nanluogoxiang, east of the Bell and Drum Towers, for its bar and nightlife offerings.

While most of Beijing's major corporate buildings are located in the city's central business district in the Chaoyang District to Dongcheng's north and east, some are within the district. China National Petroleum Corporation and subsidiary PetroChina share one headquarters facility just inside the district at the Chaoyangmen intersection along the 2nd Ring Road. Air Koryo has an office in the Swissôtel Beijing in Dongcheng District.

Beijing's current master plan designates Dongcheng as one of the city's four core zones. To enhance the district's combination of commercial and cultural attractions, it calls for giving priority to service and high-tech industries within it. Three areas in particular are singled out for attention—Wangfujing, the eastern portion of the 2nd Ring Road, and the High Technology Park near the Lama Temple at Yonghegong Road and the Ring Road. The plan also calls for the "preservation of the city's historic landscape and renovation of dilapidated houses." Tax credits are available to eligible businesses that generate at least a half a million renminbi in contributions in their first years of operation in the district.

Administrative divisions
The district contains 17 subdistricts:

Metro
Dongcheng is currently served by nine metro lines of the Beijing Subway:
 * - Tian'anmen East, Wangfujing, Dongdan , Jianguomen
 * - Qianmen, Chongwenmen , Beijing Railway Station, Jianguomen , Chaoyangmen , Dongsi Shitiao, Dongzhimen , Yonghegong Lama Temple , Andingmen, Guloudajie
 * - Hepingli Beijie, Yonghegong Lama Temple, Beixinqiao , Zhangzizhonglu, Dongsi , Dengshikou, Dongdan , Chongwenmen , Ciqikou , Tiantandongmen
 * - Nanluoguxiang, Dongsi , Chaoyangmen
 * - Zhushikou, Qiaowan, Ciqikou , Guangqumennei, Guangqumenwai
 * - Andelibeijie, Guloudajie, Shichahai, Nanluoguxiang , Zhongguo Meishuguan (National Art Museum), Jinyu Hutong, Wangfujing , Qianmen , Zhushikou , Tianqiao, Yongdingmenwai , Muxiyuan
 * - Dongzhimen
 * BeijingMTRicon.svg - Yongdingmenwai, Jingtai
 * - Dongzhimen, Beixinqiao

Primary and secondary schools

Throughout Dongcheng are many of Beijing's public schools. Some of its high schools have been added to the city's list of beacon high schools, those that consistently maintain high standards. Among them are Beijing No. 166 High School on Tongfu Alley just off Dengshikou Street, Beijing Huiwen Middle School on Peixin Street in the former Chongwen District and Beijing No. 5 High School on Xiguan Hutong east of Nanluogoxiang. Another secondary institution of note, Beijing Jingshan School, is also located on Dengshikou Road. on Chaoyangmen Inner Street.

Beijing No. 25 Middle School has a dual Chinese-Canadian diploma program.

The Beijing Dongcheng Huimin Elementary School (北京市东城区回民小学) serves the local Hui population.

Post-secondary schools
From its founding in the early 20th century to the Japanese occupation of eastern China in 1937, Peking University was housed in the Belgian-designed brick Honglou (紅樓) or "Red House", at Wusi and Beiheyan streets. Mao Zedong worked in the library there, where he was among the leaders of the May Fourth Movement that lent its name to Wusi Street, an experience that later led him to help found the CCP. The university moved out to a larger campus in the Haidian District when Mao established the People's Republic of China in 1949, and the Honglou is now a museum.

Shortly after the university moved, Mao established the Central Academy of Drama, the only institution of higher education currently in the district. Many accomplished Chinese actors have graduated from it, and it is considered one of the best drama schools in China, East Asia and Asia. It is located on Dongmianhua Hutong, a short distance west of Nanluoguxiang.

Visitor attractions
Some of the well-known areas in Dongcheng District are:

 * Forbidden City
 * Zhongshan Park
 * Tiananmen
 * Tiananmen Square
 * Mausoleum of Mao Zedong
 * National Museum of China
 * Legation Quarter
 * Qianmen
 * Wangfujing
 * Yonghe Temple
 * Temple of Confucius
 * Guozijian (Imperial College)
 * Temple of Earth
 * St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Dong Tang)
 * Drum Tower & Bell Tower
 * Great Leap Brewing
 * National Art Museum of China
 * Zhihua Temple
 * Youth Science & Technology Museum (Qingshaonian Kejiguan)
 * Donghuamen Night Market
 * Temple of Heaven
 * Longtan Park
 * Qingnianhu Park
 * Huashi
 * Chaonei No. 81

title: Dongcheng, Beijing


text: Category:Military of the Republic of Ireland


text:
The Secret Agent

The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale is an anarchist spy fiction novel by Joseph Conrad, first published in 1907. The story is set in London in 1886 and deals with Mr. Adolf Verloc and his work as a spy for an unnamed country (presumably Russia). The Secret Agent is one of Conrad's later political novels in which he moved away from his former tales of seafaring. The novel is dedicated to H. G. Wells and deals broadly with anarchism, espionage, and terrorism. It also deals with exploitation of the vulnerable in Verloc's relationship with his brother-in-law Stevie, who has an intellectual disability. Conrad’s gloomy portrait of London depicted in the novel was influenced by Charles Dickens’ Bleak House.

The novel was modified as a stage play by Conrad himself and has since been adapted for film, TV, radio and opera.

Because of its terrorism theme, it was one of the three works of literature most cited in the American media two weeks after the September 11 attacks.

Plot summary
Set in London in 1886, the novel follows the life of Adolf Verloc, a secret agent. Verloc is also a businessman who owns a shop which sells pornographic material, contraceptives and bric-a-brac. He lives with his wife Winnie, his mother-in-law, and his brother-in-law, Stevie. Stevie has a mental disability, possibly autism, which causes him to be excitable; his sister, Verloc's wife, attends to him, treating him more as a son than as a brother. Verloc's friends are a group of anarchists of which Comrade Ossipon, Michaelis, and "The Professor" are the most prominent. Although largely ineffectual as terrorists, their actions are known to the police. The group produces anarchist literature in the form of pamphlets entitled F.P., an acronym for The Future of the Proletariat.

The novel begins in Verloc's home, as he and his wife discuss the trivialities of everyday life, which introduces the reader to Verloc's family. Soon after, Verloc leaves to meet Mr Vladimir, the new First Secretary in the embassy of a foreign country. Although a member of an anarchist cell, Verloc is also secretly employed by the Embassy as an agent provocateur. Vladimir informs Verloc that from reviewing his service history he is far from an exemplary model of a secret agent and, to redeem himself, must carry out an operation – the destruction of Greenwich Observatory by a bomb. Vladimir explains that Britain's lax attitude to anarchism endangers his own country, and he reasons that an attack on 'science', the current vogue amongst the public, will provide the necessary outrage for suppression. Verloc later meets his friends, who discuss politics and law, and the notion of a communist revolution. Unbeknownst to the group, Stevie, Verloc's brother-in-law, overhears the conversation, which greatly disturbs him.

The novel flashes forward to after the bombing has taken place. Comrade Ossipon meets The Professor, who discusses having given explosives to Verloc. The Professor describes the nature of the bomb he carries in his coat at all times: it allows him to press a button which will kill him and those nearest to him in twenty seconds. After The Professor leaves the meeting, he stumbles into Chief Inspector Heat, a policeman investigating a recent explosion at Greenwich, where one man was killed. Heat informs The Professor that he is not a suspect in the case, but that he is being monitored due to his terrorist inclinations and anarchist background. Heat suspects Michaelis. Knowing that Michaelis has recently moved to the countryside to write a book, the Chief Inspector informs the Assistant Commissioner that he has a contact, Verloc, who may be able to assist in the case. The Assistant Commissioner shares some of the same high society acquaintances with Michaelis and is chiefly motivated by finding the extent of Michaelis's involvement in order to assess any possible embarrassment to his connections. He later speaks to his superior, Sir Ethelred, about his intentions to solve the case alone, rather than rely on the effort of Chief Inspector Heat.

The novel flashes back to before the explosion, taking the perspective of Winnie Verloc and her mother. At home, Mrs. Verloc's mother informs the family that she intends to move out of the house. The move is motivated largely by a desire to avoid straining Mr. Verloc’s kindness. Mrs. Verloc's mother and Stevie use a hansom driven by a man with a hook for a hand. The driver's tales of hardship, whipping of his horse, and menacing hook scare Stevie to the point where Mrs Verloc must calm him. On Verloc's return from a business trip to the continent, his wife tells him of the high regard that Stevie has for him and she implores her husband to spend more time with Stevie. Verloc eventually agrees to go for a walk with Stevie. After this walk, Mrs Verloc notes that her husband's relationship with her brother has improved. Verloc tells his wife that he has taken Stevie to go and visit Michaelis, and that Stevie would stay with him in the countryside for a few days.

As Verloc is talking to his wife about the possibility of emigrating to the continent, he is paid a visit by the Assistant Commissioner. Shortly thereafter, Chief Inspector Heat arrives to speak with Verloc, without knowing that the Assistant Commissioner had left with Verloc earlier that evening. The Chief Inspector tells Mrs Verloc that he had recovered an overcoat at the scene of the bombing which had the shop's address written on a label. Mrs Verloc confirms that it was Stevie's overcoat, and that she had written the address. On Verloc's return, he realises that his wife knows that his bomb killed her brother, and confesses what truly happened. A stunned Mrs Verloc, in her anguish, fatally stabs her husband.

After the murder, Mrs Verloc flees her home, where she chances upon Comrade Ossipon, and begs him to help her. Ossipon assists her while confessing romantic feelings but secretly with a view to possess Mr Verloc's bank account savings. They plan to run away and he aids her in taking a boat to the continent. However, her instability and the revelation of Verloc's murder increasingly worry him, and he abandons her, taking Mr Verloc's savings with him. He later discovers in a newspaper that a woman matching Mrs Verloc's description disappeared from the ferry, leaving behind her wedding ring before drowning herself in the English Channel.

Characters

 * Adolf Verloc: a secret agent who owns a shop in Soho in London. His primary characteristic, as described by Conrad, is indolence. He has been employed by an unnamed embassy to spy on revolutionary groups, which then orders him to instigate a terrorist act against the Greenwich Observatory. Their belief is that the resulting public outrage will force the British government to act more forcibly against émigré socialist and anarchist activists. He is part of an anarchist organisation that creates pamphlets under the heading The Future of the Proletariat. He is married to Winnie, and lives with his wife, his mother-in-law, and his brother-in-law, Stevie.
 * Winnie Verloc: Verloc's wife. She cares deeply for her brother Stevie, who has the mental age of a young child. Of working class origins, her father was the owner of a pub. She is younger than her husband and married him not for love but to provide a home for her mother and brother.  A loyal wife, she is disturbed upon learning of the death of her brother due to her husband's plotting, and kills him with a knife in the heart. She dies, presumably by drowning herself to avoid the gallows.
 * Stevie: Winnie's brother has the mental age of a young child. He is sensitive and is disturbed by notions of violence or hardship. His sister cares for him, and Stevie passes most of his time drawing numerous circles on pieces of paper. Verloc, exploiting both Stevie's childlike simplicity and his outrage at suffering, employs him to carry out the bombing of Greenwich Observatory. Stevie stumbles and the bomb explodes prematurely, killing him.
 * Mrs Verloc's mother: Old and infirm, Mrs Verloc's mother leaves the household to live in an almshouse, believing that two disabled people (herself and Stevie) are too much for Mr Verloc's generosity. The widow of a publican, she spent most of her life working hard in her husband's pub and believes Mr Verloc to be a gentleman because she thinks he resembles patrons of business houses (pubs with higher prices, consequently frequented by the upper classes).
 * Chief Inspector Heat: a policeman who is dealing with the explosion at Greenwich. An astute, practical man who uses a clue found at the scene of the crime to trace events back to Verloc's home. Although he informs his superior what he is planning to do with regards to the case, he is initially not aware that the Assistant Commissioner is acting without his knowledge. Heat knew Verloc before the bombing as Verloc had supplied information to Heat through the Embassy. Heat despises anarchists, whom he regards as amateurs, as opposed to burglars, whom he regards as professionals.
 * The Assistant Commissioner: of a higher rank than the Chief Inspector, he uses the knowledge gained from Heat to pursue matters personally, for reasons of his own. The Assistant Commissioner is married to a lady with influential connections. He informs his superior, Sir Ethelred, of his intentions, and tracks down Verloc before Heat can.
 * Sir Ethelred: a secretary of state (Home Secretary), to whom the Assistant Commissioner reports. At the time of the bombing he is busy trying to pass a bill regarding the nationalisation of fisheries through the House of Commons against strong opposition. He is briefed by the Assistant Commissioner throughout the novel and often admonishes him not to go into detail.
 * Mr Vladimir: First Secretary of the embassy of an unnamed country. Though his name might suggest that this is the Russian embassy, the name of the previous first secretary, Baron Stott-Wartenheim, is Germanic, as is that of Privy Councillor Wurmt, another official of this embassy. There is also the suggestion that Vladimir is not from Europe but Central Asia. Vladimir thinks that the 'English' police are far too soft on émigré socialists and anarchists, who are a real problem in his home country. He orders Verloc to instigate a terrorist act, hoping that the resulting public outrage will force the British government to adopt repressive measures.
 * Michaelis: a member of Verloc's group, and another anarchist. The most philosophical member of the group.
 * Comrade Alexander Ossipon: an ex-medical student, anarchist and member of Verloc's group. He survives on the savings of women he seduces, mostly working-class women. He is influenced by the theories on degeneracy of Cesare Lombroso. After Verloc's murder he initially helps, but afterwards abandons Winnie, leaving her penniless on a train. He is later disturbed when he reads of her suicide and wonders if he will be able to seduce a woman again.
 * Karl Yundt: a member of Verloc's group, commonly referred to as an "old terrorist".
 * The Professor: another anarchist, who specializes in explosives. The Professor carries a flask of explosives in his coat, which can be detonated within twenty seconds of him squeezing an indiarubber ball in his pocket. The police know this and keep their distance. The most nihilistic member of the anarchists, the Professor feels oppressed and disgusted by the rest of humanity and has particular contempt for the weak, whom he blames for all his troubles. He dreams of a world where the weak are freely exterminated so that the strong (himself) can thrive. He supplies to Verloc the bomb that kills Stevie. (The Professor also appears as a character in Conrad's short story "The Informer.")

Background: Greenwich Bombing of 1894
Conrad's character Stevie is based on the French anarchist Martial Bourdin who died gruesomely when the explosives he carried detonated prematurely. Bourdin's motives remain a mystery as does his intended target, which may have been the Greenwich Observatory. In the 1920 Author's Note to the novel, Conrad recalls a discussion with Ford Madox Ford about the bombing:

Terrorism and anarchism
Terrorism and anarchism are intrinsic aspects of the novel, and are central to the plot. Verloc is employed by an agency which requires him to orchestrate terrorist activities, and several of the characters deal with terrorism in some way: Verloc's friends are all interested in an anarchistic political revolution, and the police are investigating anarchist motives behind the bombing of Greenwich.

The novel was written at a time when terrorist activity was increasing. There had been numerous dynamite attacks in both Europe and the US, as well as several assassinations of heads of state. Conrad also drew upon two persons specifically: Mikhail Bakunin and Prince Peter Kropotkin. Conrad used these two men in his "portrayal of the novel's anarchists". However, according to Conrad's Author's Note, only one character was a true anarchist: Winnie Verloc. In The Secret Agent, she is "the only character who performs a serious act of violence against another", despite the F.P.'s intentions of radical change, and The Professor's inclination to keep a bomb on his person.

Critics have analysed the role of terrorism in the novel. Patrick Reilly calls the novel "a terrorist text as well as a text about terrorism" due to Conrad's manipulation of chronology to allow the reader to comprehend the outcome of the bombing before the characters, thereby corrupting the traditional conception of time. The morality which is implicit in these acts of terrorism has also been explored: is Verloc evil because his negligence leads to the death of his brother-in-law? Although Winnie evidently thinks so, the issue is not clear, as Verloc attempted to carry out the act with no fatalities, and as simply as possible to retain his job, and care for his family.

Politics
The role of politics is paramount in the novel, as the main character, Verloc, works for a quasi-political organisation. The role of politics is seen in several places in the novel: in the revolutionary ideas of the F.P.; in the characters' personal beliefs; and in Verloc's own private life. Conrad's depiction of anarchism has an "enduring political relevance", although the focus is now largely concerned with the terrorist aspects that this entails. The discussions of the F.P. are expositions on the role of anarchism and its relation to contemporary life. The threat of these thoughts is evident, as Chief Inspector Heat knows F.P. members because of their anarchist views. Moreover, Michaelis' actions are monitored by the police to such an extent that he must notify the police station that he is moving to the country.

The plot to destroy Greenwich is in itself anarchistic. Vladimir asserts that the bombing "must be purely destructive" and that the anarchists who will be implicated as the architects of the explosion "should make it clear that [they] are perfectly determined to make a clean sweep of the whole social creation." However, the political form of anarchism is ultimately controlled in the novel: the only supposed politically motivated act is orchestrated by a secret government agency.

Some critics, such as Fredrick R Karl, think that the main political phenomenon in this novel is the modern age, as symbolised by the teeming, pullulating foggy streets of London (most notably in the cab ride taken by Winnie Verloc and Stevie). This modern age distorts everything, including politics (Verloc is motivated by the need to keep his remunerative position, the Professor to some extent by pride); the family (symbolised by the Verloc household, in which all roles are distorted, with the husband being like a father to the wife, who is like a mother to her brother); even the human body (Michaelis and Verloc are hugely obese, while the Professor and Yundt are unusually thin). This extended metaphor, using London as a centre of darkness much like Kurtz's headquarters in Heart of Darkness, presents "a dark vision of moral and spiritual inertia" and a condemnation of those who, like Mrs Verloc, think it a mistake to think too deeply.

Literary significance and reception
Initially, the novel fared poorly in the United Kingdom and the United States, selling only 3,076 copies between 1907 and 1914. The book fared slightly better in Britain, yet no more than 6,500 copies were printed before 1914. Although sales increased after 1914, it never sold more than modestly during Conrad's life. It was published to favourable reviews, most agreeing with the view of The Times Literary Supplement that it "increase[d] Conrad's reputation, already of the highest". However, there were detractors who criticised the novel's "unpleasant characters and subject". Country Life magazine called the story "indecent" and criticised Conrad's "often dense and elliptical style".

The Secret Agent has come to be considered one of Conrad's finest novels. The Independent calls it "[o]ne of Conrad's great city novels" whilst The New York Times insists that it is "the most brilliant novelistic study of terrorism". The Pequod called the book “one of Joseph Conrad's best books,” and rated the book a 9.5 out of 10.0.” In a 2016 review, The National Review said the book “may be the first great novel of global terrorism.”

Influence on Ted Kaczynski
The Secret Agent influenced the Unabomber—Ted Kaczynski; he was a great fan and as an adolescent kept a copy at his bedside. He identified strongly with the character of "The Professor" and advised his family to read The Secret Agent to understand the character with whom he felt such an affinity. Don Foster, the literary attributionist who assisted the FBI, said that Kaczynski "seem[ed] to have felt that his family could not understand him without reading Conrad".

Kaczynski's idolisation of the character was due to the traits that they shared: disaffection, hostility toward the world, and being an aspiring anarchist. However, it did not stop at mere idolisation. Kaczynski used "The Professor" as a source of inspiration, and "fabricated sixteen exploding packages that detonated in various locations". After his capture, Kaczynski revealed to FBI agents that he had read the novel a dozen times, and had sometimes used "Conrad" as an alias. It was discovered that Kaczynski had used various formulations of Conrad's name – Conrad, Konrad, and Korzeniowski, Conrad's original surname – to sign himself into several hotels in Sacramento. As in his youth, Kaczynski retained a copy of The Secret Agent, and kept it with him while living as a recluse in a hut in Montana.

Film
John Loder]]. This version departs considerably from the novel.
 * 1936, UK, retitled Sabotage, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Oscar Homolka, Sylvia Sidney and [[John Loder (actor)|
 * 1996, UK film starring Bob Hoskins, Patricia Arquette, Gérard Depardieu, Robin Williams and Christian Bale.

Television
Various scenes from the novel were also dramatised in Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent (1987), a 60-minute UK documentary featuring Frances Barber, Hywel Bennett, Jim Broadbent and Brian Glover.
 * 1957, Canada, part of the Folio anthology series.
 * 1957, UK, part of the ITV Play of the Week anthology series.
 * 1959, Canada, part of the Ford Startime anthology series.
 * 1967, UK BBC, in two episodes.
 * 1975, UK BBC.
 * 1981, France, L'agent secret, part of Le roman du samedi (The Saturday Novel) anthology series.
 * 1992, UK BBC miniseries in three episodes, starring David Suchet and Peter Capaldi.
 * 2001, UK 50-minute adaptation aired on the short-lived TV channel BBC Knowledge.
 * 2016, UK BBC miniseries in three episodes, starring Toby Jones and Vicky McClure.

Radio
Audible audiobooks have produced at least 13 different unabridged readings of the novel, including in French, German and Spanish.
 * 1951, adapted by Felix Felton and produced by Frank Hauser.
 * 1953, adapted by Felix Felton and produced by Martyn C. Webster. Part of the Saturday Night Theatre series.
 * 1967, in two episodes, adapted by Alexander Baron and produced by David Conroy.
 * 1975, in two episodes, produced by Rosemary Hill.
 * 1978, in 14 episodes, abridged and read by Gavin Campbell. Part of the Book at Bedtime series.
 * 1984, in 14 episodes, abridged by Jacek Laskowski and directed by Richard Imison.
 * 2006, in two episodes, abridged by David Napthine, produced and directed by Jessica Dromgoole. Part of the Classic Serial series.

Opera
Conrad's novel has been adapted as operas by Simon Wills (2006), Michael Dellaira (2011), and Allen Reichman and Curtis Bryant (2013).

title: The Secret Agent


text:
Talk:March on Rome

Untitled

 * please note,

this article has been plagiarized from Encyclopædia Britannica

This page appears to be an exact copy of the (current) Encyclopedia Britannica article "March on Rome." - 		 - 	"Rome, March on." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 May 2006 .

 * This shouldn't be the case anymore. Tazmaniacs 01:18, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Copyediting
I have editede the first paragraph under "Context." Some of my edits removed pieces of information which I thought to be either unnecessary or confusing. That is subject, of course, to the thoughts of others, so please check my work. LawrenceTrevallion 03:52, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Information
The information in this article contained lots of small errors, and I only checked a few sentences. I've been cross-referencing it with "Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development, Third Edition" (DeGrand, University of Nebraska Press, 2000). It might be beneficial to clarify the article's text and check its facts more thoroughly.

Bias?
quote from current revision:

"The March on Rome was not the conquest of power which Fascism later celebrated but rather a transfer of power within the framework of the constitution, a transfer made possible by the surrender of public authorities in the face of fascist intimidation and the complicity of the bourgeoisie, who thought it would be possible to manipulate Mussolini. The latter had declared himself a member of the Manchester School in favour of free market and laissez faire economics."

First, unless the inclusion of the term 'bourgeoisie' is strictly relevant to the concept of fascism of the article, it makes the latter part of the article read like old-school marxist propaganda.

Second, unless a cite can be supplied that Mussolini was a Manchesterist and a laissez-faireist, I'm likewise going to have to assume that this is the work of a disgruntled marxist, since conflation of free marketry with fascism is a very old rhetorical sleight of hand in that camp.

I've marked that article as NPOV until this can be resolved. - Peter Bjørn Perlsø (talk) 01:44, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Plenty of non-Marxist historians and political scientists use the terms "bourgeois" and "bourgeoisie." Marx did not invent the term, but merely adapted them to his own analysis.  The terms were certainly contemporaneous during the French Revolution as a way to describe the wealthier elements of the middle class who lacked noble status.  Perhaps your opinion about the terms is influenced by personal experience, but these are far from "old-school marxist propaganda," as you described. Historymike (talk) 12:43, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I have been unable to find a source that can conclusively link Mussolini with the Manchester School, so I removed that statement. However, it is well documented that Mussolini placated the business and financial interests with pro-capitalist rhetoric, and the citation I provided should ease your concerns.  Again, just because Mussolini said he was pro-business and laissez faire in his policies does not mean that he actually was a classical liberal.Historymike (talk) 22:39, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Says Mussolini was supported by "the business class" should that not be the "upper-middle classes" the "the business class" sounds like airline passengers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.0.153.229 (talk) 15:10, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on March on Rome. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051107193129/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0031633.html to http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0031633.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:18, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

Not a Fascist coup d'état
The March on Rome was a publicity stunt. Mussolini's assumption of power was entirely legal - it was not a Fascist coup d'état.122.59.213.148 (talk) 06:43, 19 October 2017 (UTC)

 * If you feel the text of the article does not reflect consensus then please alter it, providing verifiable sources according to WP guidelines. regards Guffydrawers (talk) 18:22, 21 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:March on Rome


text:
Robson Arms

Robson Arms is a Canadian television series that began airing on CTV on June 17, 2005, and ended on June 30, 2008. Robson Arms is a co-production between Vancouver-based Omni Film Productions Limited and Halifax's Creative Atlantic Communications.

The show is a comedy-drama (dramedy) anthology organized around the Robson Arms, an apartment building in Vancouver, at the fictional address of 951 Pendrell Street. Each of the show's episodes focuses principally on a different tenant of the building, although the core cast members interact in minor roles throughout the series. In each episode, the Troubadours comment on the storyline through song.

The show was created to fulfill a licensing requirement of CTV's Vancouver station, CIVT, which originally promised, as an independent station, to produce 20 episodes of an anthology series entitled The Storytellers. Only ten such episodes were produced. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) did not agree that CIVT's new network programming supplanted this commitment and asked the station to fulfill its promise. CTV believed the anthology would be more successful as a series with common characters, and Robson Arms was the result.

Two of the show's regular cast members, Gabrielle Miller and Fred Ewanuick, appeared in this series concurrent with their continuing roles in another CTV production, Corner Gas.

The series currently airs in reruns on CTV's secondary CTV Two system.

Cast and characters
The season(s) during which each actor has been included in the main cast are marked in black. White square means the actor doesn't appear in that season at all.

Robson Arms, the Building
The structure used as the apartment building is not located in Vancouver's West End, but rather is located at 951 Boundary Road on the east side of the City of Vancouver. It is called Taylor Manor, and is on the City of Vancouver's historic building registry. The skyscraper skyline behind the building is superimposed to make it look like it is located in Vancouver's West End.

Home media
Video Service Corp has released all 3 seasons on DVD in Region 1.

title: Robson Arms


text: Category:1818 books

title: Category:1818 books


text:
Plantation of Ulster

The Plantation of Ulster (Plandáil Uladh; Ulster Scots: Plantin o Ulstèr ) was the organised colonisation (plantation) of Ulster – a province of Ireland – by people from Great Britain during the reign of King James VI and I. Most of the settlers (or planters) came from southern Scotland and northern England; their culture differed from that of the native Irish. Small privately funded plantations by wealthy landowners began in 1606,  while the official plantation began in 1609. Most of the land had been confiscated from the native Gaelic chiefs, several of whom had fled Ireland for mainland Europe in 1607 following the Nine Years' War against English rule. The official plantation comprised an estimated half a million acres (2,000 km2) of arable land in counties Armagh, Cavan, Fermanagh, Tyrone, Donegal, and Londonderry. Land in counties Antrim, Down, and Monaghan was privately colonised with the king's support.

Among those involved in planning and overseeing the plantation were King James, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Arthur Chichester, and the Attorney-General for Ireland, John Davies. They saw the plantation as a means of controlling, anglicising, and "civilising" Ulster. The province was almost wholly Gaelic, Catholic, and rural and had been the region most resistant to English control. The plantation was also meant to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with the Gaelic Highlands of Scotland. The colonists (or "British tenants") were required to be English-speaking (either both English or Scots), Protestant, and loyal to the king. Some of the undertakers and settlers, however, were Catholic. The English settlers were mostly Anglican Northerners and the Scottish settlers were mostly Presbyterian Lowlanders. Although some "loyal" natives were granted land, the native Irish reaction to the plantation was generally hostile, and native writers lamented what they saw as the decline of Gaelic society and the influx of foreigners.

The Plantation of Ulster was the biggest of the Plantations of Ireland. It led to the founding of many of Ulster's towns and created a lasting Ulster Protestant community in the province with ties to Britain. It also resulted in many of the native Irish nobility losing their land and led to centuries of ethnic and sectarian animosity, which at times spilled into conflict, notably in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and, more recently, the Troubles.

Ulster before plantation
Before the plantation, Ulster had been the most Gaelic province of Ireland, as it was the least anglicized and the most independent of English control. The region was almost wholly rural and had few towns or villages. Throughout the 16th century, Ulster was viewed by the English as being "underpopulated" and undeveloped. The economy of Gaelic Ulster was overwhelmingly based on agriculture, especially cattle-raising. Many of the Gaelic Irish practised "creaghting" or "booleying", a kind of transhumance whereby some of them moved with their cattle to upland pastures during the summer months and lived in temporary dwellings during that time. This often led outsiders to mistakenly believe the Gaelic Irish were nomadic.

Michael Perceval-Maxwell estimates that by 1600 (before the worst atrocities of the Nine Years' War), Ulster's total adult population was only 25,000-40,000. Others estimate that Ulster's population in the year 1600 was about 200,000. The wars fought among Gaelic clans and between the Gaelic and English undoubtedly contributed to depopulation.

The Tudor conquest of Ireland began in the 1540s, during the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547), and concluded in the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) sixty years later, breaking the power of the semi-independent Irish chieftains. As part of the conquest, plantations (colonial settlements) were established in Queen's County and King's County (Laois and Offaly) in the 1550s as well as Munster in the 1580s, and in 1568 Warham St Leger and Richard Grenville established Joint stock/Cooperate colonies in Cork, although these were not very successful.

In the 1570s, Elizabeth I authorized a privately funded plantation of eastern Ulster, led by Thomas Smith and Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex. This was a failure and sparked violent conflict with the local Irish lord, in which Lord Deputy Essex killed many of the lord of Clandeboy's kin.

In the Nine Years' War of 1594–1603, an alliance of northern Gaelic chieftains—led by Hugh O'Neill of Tyrone, Hugh Roe O'Donnell of Tyrconnell, and Hugh Maguire of Fermanagh—resisted the imposition of English government in Ulster and sought to affirm their own control. Following an extremely costly series of campaigns by the English the war ended in 1603 with the Treaty of Mellifont. The terms of surrender granted to what remained of O'Neills forces were considered generous at the time.

After the Treaty of Mellifont, the northern chieftains attempted to consolidate their positions, whilst some within the English administration attempted to undermine them. In 1607, O'Neill and his primary allies left Ireland to seek Spanish help for a new rebellion to restore their privileges, in what became known as the Flight of the Earls. King James issued a proclamation declaring their action to be treason, paving the way for the forfeiture of their lands and titles.

Planning the plantation
A colonization of Ulster had been proposed since the end of the Nine Years' War. The original proposals were smaller, involving planting settlers around key military posts and on church land, and would have included large land grants to native Irish lords who sided with the English during the war, such as Niall Garve O'Donnell. However, in 1608 Sir Cahir O'Doherty of Inishowen launched a rebellion, capturing and burning the town of Derry. The brief rebellion was ended by Sir Richard Wingfield at the Battle of Kilmacrennan. The rebellion prompted Arthur Chichester, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, to plan a much bigger plantation and to expropriate the legal titles of all native landowners in the province. John Davies, the Attorney-General for Ireland, used the law as a tool of conquest and colonization. Before the Flight of the Earls, the English administration had sought to minimize the personal estates of the chieftains, but now they treated the chieftains as sole owners of their whole territories, so that all the land could be confiscated. Most of this land was deemed to be forfeited (or escheated) to the Crown because the chieftains were declared to be attainted. English judges had also declared that titles to land held under gavelkind, the native Irish custom of inheriting land, had no standing under English law. Davies used this as a means to confiscate land, when other means failed.

The Plantation of Ulster was presented to James I as a joint "British", or English and Scottish, venture to 'pacify' and 'civilise' Ulster, with half the settlers to be from one country. James had been King of Scotland before he also became King of England and wanted to reward his Scottish subjects with land in Ulster to assure them they were not being neglected now that he had moved his court to London. Long-standing contacts between Ulster and the west of Scotland meant that Scottish participation was a practical necessity. James saw the Gaels as barbarous and rebellious, and believed Gaelic culture should be wiped out. For centuries, Scottish Gaelic mercenaries called gallowglass (gallóglaigh) had been migrating to Ireland to serve under the Irish chiefs. Another goal of the plantation was to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with the Gaelic Highlands of Scotland.

Six counties were involved in the official plantation – Donegal, Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Cavan and Armagh. In the two officially unplanted counties of Antrim and Down, substantial Presbyterian Scots settlement had been underway since 1606.

The plan for the plantation was determined by two factors. One was the wish to make sure the settlement could not be destroyed by rebellion as the first Munster Plantation had been in the Nine Years' War. This meant that, rather than settling the planters in isolated pockets of land confiscated from the Irish, all of the land would be confiscated and then redistributed to create concentrations of British settlers around new towns and garrisons.

What was more, the new landowners were explicitly banned from taking Irish tenants and had to import workers from England and Scotland. The remaining Irish landowners were to be granted one quarter of the land in Ulster. The peasant Irish population was intended to be relocated to live near garrisons and Protestant churches. Moreover, the planters were barred from selling their lands to any Irishman and were required to build defences against any possible rebellion or invasion. The settlement was to be completed within three years. In this way, it was hoped that a defensible new community composed entirely of loyal British subjects would be created.

The second major influence on the Plantation was the negotiation among various interest groups on the British side. The principal landowners were to be "Undertakers", wealthy men from England and Scotland who undertook to import tenants from their own estates. They were granted around 3000 acres (12 km2) each, on condition that they settle a minimum of 48 adult males (including at least 20 families), who had to be English-speaking and Protestant. Veterans of the Nine Years' War (known as "Servitors") led by Arthur Chichester successfully lobbied to be rewarded with land grants of their own.

Since these former officers did not have enough private capital to fund the colonisation, their involvement was subsidised by the twelve great guilds. Livery companies from the City of London were coerced into investing in the project, as were City of London guilds which were granted land on the west bank of the River Foyle, to build their own city on the site of Derry (renamed Londonderry after them) as well as lands in County Coleraine. They were known jointly as The Honourable The Irish Society. The final major recipient of lands was the Protestant Church of Ireland, which was granted all the churches and lands previously owned by the Roman Catholic Church. The British government intended that clerics from England and the Pale would convert the native population to Anglicanism.

Implementing the plantation
Since 1606, there had been substantial lowland Scots settlement on disinhabited land in north Down, led by Hugh Montgomery and James Hamilton. In 1607, Sir Randall MacDonnell settled 300 Presbyterian Scots families on his land in Antrim.

From 1609 onwards, British Protestant immigrants arrived in Ulster through direct importation by Undertakers to their estates and also by a spread to unpopulated areas, through ports such as Derry and Carrickfergus. In addition, there was much internal movement of settlers who did not like the original land allotted to them. Some planters settled on uninhabited and unexploited land, often building up their farms and homes on overgrown terrain that has been variously described as "wilderness" and "virgin" ground. In 1612, William Cole received a grant of land to establish a settler town at Enniskillen.

By 1622, a survey found that there were 6,402 British adult males on Plantation lands, of whom 3,100 were English and 3,700 Scottish – indicating a total adult planter population of around 12,000. However, another 4,000 Scottish adult males had settled in unplanted Antrim and Down, giving a total settler population of about 19,000.

Despite the fact that the Plantation had decreed that the Irish population be displaced, this did not generally happen in practice. Firstly, some 300 native landowners who had taken the English side in the Nine Years' War were rewarded with land grants. Secondly, the majority of the Gaelic Irish remained in their native areas, but were now only allowed worse land than before the plantation. They usually lived close to and even in the same townlands as the settlers and the land they had farmed previously. The main reason for this was that Undertakers could not import enough English or Scottish tenants to fill their agricultural workforce and had to fall back on Irish tenants. However, in a few heavily populated lowland areas (such as parts of north Armagh) it is likely that some population displacement occurred.

However, the Plantation remained threatened by the attacks of bandits, known as "wood-kern", who were often Irish soldiers or dispossessed landowners. In 1609, Chichester had 1,300 former Gaelic soldiers deported from Ulster to serve in the Swedish Army. As a result, military garrisons were established across Ulster and many of the Plantation towns, notably Derry, were fortified. The settlers were also required to maintain arms and attend an annual military 'muster'.

There had been very few towns in Ulster before the Plantation. Most modern towns in the province can date their origins back to this period. Plantation towns generally have a single broad main street ending in a square in a design often known as a "diamond", which can be seen in communities like The Diamond, Donegal.

Failures
The plantation was a mixed success from the point of view of the settlers. About the time the Plantation of Ulster was planned, the Virginia Plantation at Jamestown in 1607 started. The London guilds planning to fund the Plantation of Ulster switched and backed the London Virginia Company instead. Many British Protestant settlers went to Virginia or New England in America rather than to Ulster.

By the 1630s, there were 20,000 adult male British settlers in Ulster, which meant that the total settler population could have been as high as 80,000. They formed local majorities of the population in the Finn and Foyle valleys (around modern County Londonderry and east Donegal), in north Armagh and in east Tyrone. Moreover, the unofficial settlements in Antrim and Down were thriving. The settler population grew rapidly, as just under half of the planters were women.

The attempted conversion of the Irish to Protestantism was generally a failure. One problem was language difference. The Protestant clerics imported were usually all monoglot English speakers, whereas the native population were usually monoglot Irish speakers. However, ministers chosen to serve in the plantation were required to take a course in the Irish language before ordination, and nearly 10% of those who took up their preferments spoke it fluently. Nevertheless, conversion was rare, despite the fact that, after 1621, Gaelic Irish natives could be officially classed as British if they converted to Protestantism. Of those Catholics who did convert to Protestantism, many made their choice for social and political reasons.

The reaction of the native Irish to the plantation was generally hostile. Chichester wrote in 1610 that the native Irish in Ulster were "generally discontented, and repine greatly at their fortunes, and the small quantity of land left to them". That same year, English army officer Toby Caulfield wrote that "there is not a more discontented people in Christendom" than the Ulster Irish. Irish Gaelic writers bewailed the plantation. In an entry for the year 1608, the Annals of the Four Masters states that the land was "taken from the Irish" and given "to foreign tribes", and that Irish chiefs were "banished into other countries where most of them died". Likewise, an early 17th-century poem by the Irish bard Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh laments the plantation, the displacement of the native Irish, and the decline of Gaelic culture. It asks "Where have the Gaels gone?", adding "We have in their stead an arrogant, impure crowd, of foreigners' blood".

Historian Thomas Bartlett suggests that Irish hostility to the plantation may have been muted in the early years, as there were much fewer settlers arriving than expected. Bartlett writes that a hatred for the planters grew with the influx of settlers from the 1620s, and the increasing marginalization of the Irish. Historian Gerard Farrell writes that the plantation stoked a "smoldering resentment" in the Irish, among whom "a widespread perception persisted that they and the generation before them had been unfairly dispossessed of their lands by force and legal chicanery". Petty violence and sabotage against the planters was rife, and many Irish came to identify with the wood-kern who attacked settlements and ambushed settlers. Ferrell suggests it took many years for an Irish uprising to happen because there was depopulation, because many native leaders had been removed, and those who remained only belatedly realised the threat of the plantation.

Wars of the Three Kingdoms
By the 1630s it is suggested that the plantation was settling down with "tacit religious tolerance", and in every county Old Irish were serving as royal officials and members of the Irish Parliament. However, in the 1640s, the Ulster Plantation was thrown into turmoil by civil wars that raged in Ireland, England and Scotland. The wars saw Irish rebellion against the planters, twelve years of bloody war, and ultimately the re-conquest of the province by the English parliamentary New Model Army that confirmed English and Protestant dominance in the province.

After 1630, Scottish migration to Ireland waned for a decade. In the 1630s, Presbyterians in Scotland staged a rebellion against Charles I for trying to impose Anglicanism. The same was attempted in Ireland, where most Scots colonists were Presbyterian. A large number of them returned to Scotland as a result. Charles I subsequently raised an army largely composed of Irish Catholics, and sent them to Ulster in preparation to invade Scotland. The English and Scottish parliaments then threatened to attack this army. In the midst of this, Gaelic Irish landowners in Ulster, led by Felim O'Neill and Rory O'More, planned a rebellion to take over the administration in Ireland.

On 23 October 1641, the Ulster Catholics staged a rebellion. The mobilised natives turned on the British colonists, massacring about 4,000 and expelling about 8,000 more. Marianne Elliott believes that "1641 destroyed the Ulster Plantation as a mixed settlement". The initial leader of the rebellion, Felim O'Neill, had actually been a beneficiary of the Plantation land grants. Most of his supporters' families had been dispossessed and were likely motivated by the desire to recover their ancestral lands. Many colonists who survived rushed to the seaports and went back to Great Britain.

The massacres made a lasting impression on psyche of the Ulster Protestant population. A. T. Q. Stewart states that "The fear which it inspired survives in the Protestant subconscious as the memory of the Penal Laws or the Famine persists in the Catholic." He also believed that "Here, if anywhere, the mentality of siege was born, as the warning bonfires blazed from hilltop to hilltop, and the beating drums summoned men to the defence of castles and walled towns crowded with refugees."

In the summer of 1642, the Scottish Parliament sent some 10,000 soldiers to quell the Irish rebellion. In revenge for the massacres of Scottish colonists, the army committed many atrocities against the Catholic population. Based in Carrickfergus, the Scottish army fought against the rebels until 1650, although much of the army was destroyed by the Irish forces at the Battle of Benburb in 1646. In the northwest of Ulster, the colonists around Derry and east Donegal organised the Laggan Army in self-defence. The British forces fought an inconclusive war with the Ulster Irish led by Owen Roe O'Neill. All sides committed atrocities against civilians in this war, exacerbating the population displacement begun by the Plantation.

In addition to fighting the Ulster Irish, the British settlers fought each other in 1648–49 over the issues of the English Civil War. The Scottish Presbyterian army sided with the King and the Laggan Army sided with the English Parliament. In 1649–50, the New Model Army, along with some of the British colonists under Charles Coote, defeated both the Scottish forces and the Ulster Irish.

As a result, the English Parliamentarians (or Cromwellians) were generally hostile to Scottish Presbyterians after they re-conquered Ireland from the Catholic Confederates in 1649–53. The main beneficiaries of the postwar Cromwellian settlement were English Protestants like Sir Charles Coote, who had taken the Parliament's side over the King or the Scottish Presbyterians. The Wars eliminated the last major Catholic landowners in Ulster.

Continued migration from Scotland to Ulster
Most Scottish planters came from southwest Scotland, but many also came from the unstable regions along the border with England. The plan was that moving Borderers (see Border Reivers) to Ireland (particularly to County Fermanagh) would both solve the Border problem and tie down Ulster. This was of particular concern to James VI of Scotland when he became King of England, since he knew Scottish instability could jeopardise his chances of ruling both kingdoms effectively.

Another wave of Scottish immigration to Ulster took place in the 1690s, when tens of thousands of Scots fled a famine (1696–1698) in the border region of Scotland. It was at this point that Scottish Presbyterians became the majority community in the province. Whereas in the 1660s, they made up some 20% of Ulster's population (though 60% of its British population) by 1720 they were an absolute majority in Ulster, with up to 50,000 having arrived during the period 1690–1710. There was continuing English migration throughout this period, particularly the 1650s and 1680s, notably amongst these settlers were the Quakers from the North of England, who contributed greatly to the cultivation of flax and linen. In total, during the half century between 1650 and 1700, 100,000 British settlers migrated to Ulster, just over half of which were English.

Despite the fact that Scottish Presbyterians strongly supported the Williamites in the Williamite war in Ireland in the 1690s, they were excluded from power in the postwar settlement by the Anglican Protestant Ascendancy. During the 18th century, rising Scots resentment over religious, political and economic issues fueled their emigration to the American colonies, beginning in 1717 and continuing up to the 1770s. Scots-Irish from Ulster and Scotland and British from the borders region comprised the most numerous group of immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland to the colonies in the years before the American Revolution. An estimated 150,000 left northern Ireland. They settled first mostly in Pennsylvania and western Virginia, from where they moved southwest into the backcountry of the Upland South, the Ozarks and the Appalachian Mountains.

Legacy
The legacy of the Plantation remains disputed. According to one interpretation, it created a society segregated between native Catholics and settler Protestants in Ulster and created a Protestant and British concentration in north-east Ireland. This argument therefore sees the Plantation as one of the long-term causes of the Partition of Ireland in 1921, as the north-east remained as part of the United Kingdom in Northern Ireland.

The densest Protestant settlement took place in the eastern counties of Antrim and Down, which were not part of the Plantation, whereas Donegal, in the west, was planted but did not become part of Northern Ireland.

Therefore, it is also argued that the Plantation itself was less important in the distinctiveness of the north-east of Ireland than natural population flow between Ulster and Scotland. A. T. Q. Stewart, a protestant from Belfast, concluded: "The distinctive Ulster-Scottish culture, isolated from the mainstream of Catholic and Gaelic culture, would appear to have been created not by the specific and artificial plantation of the early seventeenth century, but by the continuous natural influx of Scottish settlers both before and after that episode ...."

The Plantation of Ulster is also widely seen as the origin of mutually antagonistic Catholic/Irish and Protestant/British identities in Ulster. Richard English, an expert on the Irish Republican Army, has written that: "not all of those of British background in Ireland owe their Irish residence to the Plantations ... yet the Plantation did produce a large British/English interest in Ireland, a significant body of Irish Protestants who were tied through religion and politics to English power."

However, going on surnames, others have concluded that Protestant and Catholic are poor guides to whether people's ancestors were settlers or natives of Ulster in the 17th century. By contrast, genetic evidence has found that, "The distribution [of southwestern Scottish ancestry] in Northern Ireland mirrors the distributions of the Plantations of Ireland throughout the 17th century. Thus the cluster will have experienced some genetic isolation by religion from adjacent Irish populations in the intervening centuries."

The settlers also left a legacy in terms of language. The strong Ulster Scots dialect originated through the speech of Lowland Scots settlers evolving and being influenced by both Hiberno-English dialect and the Irish language. Seventeenth-century English settlers also contributed colloquial words that are still in current use in Ulster.

title: Plantation of Ulster


text: Category:Military of Iran

title: Category:Military of Iran


text:
North Kent Marshes

The North Kent Marshes are in the far north of the county of Kent spanning dry and wet south banks and inlets of the Thames Estuary in south-east England. The marshes are one of 22 Environmentally Sensitive Areas recognised by the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). They are in the Thames Gateway regional planning area. They include the 5289 ha South Thames Estuary and Marshes biological SSSI.

Governance
The marshes are nearly contiguous and span the districts of Dartford, Gravesham, Medway, Swale and Canterbury.

They are protected in the Kent and Medway Structure Plan. In successive Local Plans, required by UK Planning Law they have been included, regard being had to their environmental benefit. The marshes serve as emergency natural flood protection for London.

Ecology
Most of the northern edge of Kent, west of the relatively modest Thanet peninsula, has been marshland for millennia. Steeper gravel beaches with hills behind and segments of low cliff in the east at Whitstable and Herne Bay form the most notable exceptions, along a stretch of about 4 mi. The almost 35 mi of marshes, in many places reaching 1 - 2 mi inland, stretch from the large town of Dartford in the west, to the west of Whitstable in the east. In the centre of the marshes are the semi-suburban grouping of the Medway Towns: Chatham, Gillingham and Rochester. Sittingbourne and Faversham are also located on the marshes. The Saxon Shore Way runs along the coast of the marshes, and onwards to Hastings on the south coast.

The marshes have been recognised as one of the most important natural wetlands in northern Europe, and they are monitored by local landowners and wildlife custodians. According to the RSPB, up to 300,000 migrant birds use the mudflats of the Thames marshes as a haven each year in their migratory journeys between the Arctic and Africa.

The RSPB have acquired considerable stretches of Cliffe marshes on the Hoo peninsula. They maintain reserves at Cliffe pools, Northward hill, High Halstow and Elmley Marshes, Sheppey. The Medway Council's riverside park at Gillingham is also managed, public-access marshland.

The North Kent Marshes' stable water level provides an important habitat for water vole. Shorne and Higham marshes, with parts of Cliffe and Cooling marsh, Allhallows and Grain marshes and Sheppey here are three of their thirteen main habitats in Britain.

Cultural references

 * Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations is partly set in the marshes.
 * Books by Nicola Barker are set in the marshes.
 * The Channel Four series Southcliffe (2013) was set in a market town amid the marshes. Most of the series was filmed in and around Faversham.

title: North Kent Marshes


text:
Talk:Lists of Turkish field marshals

Article listed on WP:VFD Jul 18 to Jul 24 2004, consensus was to keep. Discussion:

A list of some people we don't have articles on any. Roozbeh 02:54, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Look at your Turkish history.  These dudes are important. Gerry Lynch 13:25, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Actually we do have an article on Erich von Falkenhayn...and this needs to be cleaned up a lot, but not deleted. Adam Bishop 03:56, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The subject is interesting and encyclopedic, but we should really be creating articles for individual generals and then adding each of them to , which in turn would get added to  .  You'd think that was too complicated, but we've already done it: see Category:U.S. Army generals and Category:British army generals.  (Just as an aside, this List of Turkish Field Marshals article is so awful that it ought to be preserved as an example of how not to write an article.)  --Ardonik 04:13, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Things like this are often a good reminder of a large number of individuals who deserve articles. -- Jmabel 05:48, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Cleanup. What Jmabel said. Ambivalenthysteria 08:02, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I did some clean up - by the way, we also have an article on Otto Liman von Sanders. Keep, although it's still a pretty minimal article. john k 09:54, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Secretlondon 12:13, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Much better now that the formatting doesn't need  any more. Good sample of lists to add BTW, though with 5 entries, it barely merits the title "List of". -- User:Docu
 * Keep. Don't delete lists just because we have Categories.  Lists give us red links to aspire to.  RickK 20:25, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Concurrence- these are useful for us compulsive researchers who come looking for a question to answer when bored! Keep for expansion. Hmm... is there a WikiProject: Organizing Lists and Categories of Military Leaders Nobody Quite Remembers So That They All Look a Little Bit Uniform and Orgnized And, Well, Military? FZ 19:31, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -SocratesJedi 20:27, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion

The list
Shouldn't this list be broken appart into Turkey and Ottoman Empire? I am being bold and doing so. -- Cat out 12:06, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of Turkish field marshals


text: Category:Military of India

title: Category:Military of India


text:
Levitation (Hawkwind album)

Levitation is the tenth studio album by English rock group Hawkwind, released in 1980. It peaked at No. 21 on the UK Albums Chart.

At the time of its release, band leader Dave Brock stated: "with Levitation we’ve come full circle back to the style of our debut album. And that was the record which totally expressed our ideals and what we stood for." It is their first studio album after the departure of lead vocalist and lyricist Robert Calvert, and lyrics here tend to be cursory and the number of instrumentals is increased. It is also the only studio Hawkwind album to feature ex-Cream drummer Ginger Baker and first for ex-Gong keyboardist Tim Blake, who would later return to the band and play on 2010's Blood of the Earth.

Recording
The band, who consisted of the same personnel that had recorded the previous album Live Seventy Nine, entered Roundhouse Recording Studios in July and August 1980 to record this album. The studio had been newly equipped with a 3M Digital Mastering System by Bronze Records, making this one of the earliest rock albums to be recorded with the burgeoning digital recording technology.

During the recording, Dave Brock became dissatisfied with drummer Simon King's inability to keep consistent tempo, claiming that "he couldn't play his drums properly 'cos he was taking bad drugs", although King stated "I simply wanted to get away. I was very heavily into drinking... and [after leaving I was] fixed on getting my family life together". They considered using a drum machine that was in the studio, but no one knew how to use it. Guitarist Huw Lloyd-Langton's wife Marion, who was press officer for Ginger Baker's manager Roy Ward's company, suggested approaching the drummer to contribute as a session player. He accepted the offer and completed his tracks in two days, surpassing expectations. Lloyd-Langton observed that "he breezed through ["Space Chase"] straight away. I don't think Simon could have played that... Ginger fitted the band like a glove. His style was just right for it." The band asked the drummer to remain with them, and despite having previously declared to the press his intentions of joining the newly reformed Atomic Rooster, he "found the atmosphere during the sessions so fantastic that I immediately decided to stay with Hawkwind. For me it's not just my umpteenth group, I'm determined to give it everything I’ve got. Hawkwind always have made timeless music, but you can definitely still hear the eighties in it."

Promotion and tour
A Fireman's Ball benefit weekend for 30 and 31 August in a marquee in Cambridge had been arranged with Motörhead, Girlschool and Inner City Unit, but was canceled by the City Corporation concerned about fire regulations and sanitary facilities.

The band undertook a 33-date tour of Britain and Ireland from 10 October through to 15 November to promote the album, with support from Vardis. Eight dates into the tour, Blake left after clashing with Brock over an incident leaving the hotel the morning after the Stoke concert. Blake's technician, Paul "Twink" Noble (who had previously played with Here and Now and would later join Gong), took Blake's place using Blake's equipment, until a road accident forced him to leave the tour after another five dates. Keith Hale, who had been in Blood Donor and was writing and producing for Toyah, then joined the band for the remainder of the tour. The dates included an unlikely appearance on 6 November at Worthy Farm, being "muddy... freezing [and] five miles from anywhere".

The band also undertook an additional eleven date tour of Britain between 12 and 22 December, with support from Leamington Spa NWOBHM group Chevy, the Lewisham Odeon concert on the 18 being professionally recorded. Brock pressed Bronze Records to release another live album from these tapes, but having just issued Live Seventy Nine, label head Gerry Bron declined stating of Hawkwind that "they were a bit lazy, they constantly wanted to do live albums, so they wouldn't have to write songs". The recordings were later issued on the albums Zones (1983), This Is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic (1984) and Hawkwind Anthology. The 2009 deluxe re-issue of Levitation by Atomhenge Records includes a newly remixed version of the entire concert.

Before they set out on tour, Bronze recorded in-studio promotional videos of the group miming performances of "Levitation", "Who's Gonna Win the war" and "World of Tiers". On 14 February 1981, the band appeared on the German television programme Musikladen performing "Motorway City" and "Who's Gonna Win the War".

Critical reception
Malcolm Dome reviewed the album for Record Mirror giving it full marks claiming it to be "a vast improvement on the four albums recorded with Charisma... herald[ing] a return to the Hawkwlnd style of the early '70s... [and] a pleasure to have once more an album that uses blistering sci-fi imagery as an angry searchlight focusing on alternative thought". Dome felt "Ginger Baker slot[s] in almost as it were second nature", highlights "Dust Of Time" as "mystically inspired Eastern melodies and atmospherically desolate synthesisers which engulf the JG Ballardesque" and the album "intersperse[s] the serious stuff with more lighthearted, whimsical instrumentals."

Songs
"Levitation" had been played during the band's previous UK Winter 1979 tour and, although not included on the live album Live Seventy Nine, a bootleg version was later released on the Complete '79 album. A live version from the Levitation tour was released on the album This is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic. Terry Bickers named his band Levitation after this album. The song was also covered on My Kantele by Amorphis.

The band had wanted "Motorway City" to be released as the album's single, but the record company preferred "Who's Gonna Win the War?" instead. The track features lead guitarist Lloyd-Langton using an E-bow. It had been performed on the band's previous UK Winter 1979 tour and included on the Live Seventy Nine album. A live version of this song from the Levitation tour was later issued in 1983 as a single from the Zones album.

"Psychosis" is an instrumental synthesiser piece by Harvey Bainbridge. It was included on the Levitation tour, a version being included, but not listed, on the album This Is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic.

The title of "World of Tiers" is a reference to the World of Tiers series of science fiction novels by Philip José Farmer. An instrumental, it is reminiscent of Fleetwood Mac's "Oh Well". It is another song that had been performed on the band's previous UK Winter 1979 tour, a bootleg version was later released on the Complete '79 album. A live version of this song from the Levitation tour was issued on the Hawkwind Anthology collection.

"Prelude" is an instrumental synthesiser piece by Tim Blake.

"Who's Gonna Win The War?" was released as a single from this album backed by the non-album track "Nuclear Toy". It too had been performed on the band's previous UK Winter 1979 tour, a bootleg version was later released on the Complete '79 album.

"Space Chase" is a fast-paced instrumental. A live version from the Levitation tour was released on the album This is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic.

The title "The 5th Second of Forever" references Robert Calvert's 1972 Space Ritual poem "The Ten Seconds of Forever", and it was subtitled "from the film" on the album as a joke by the band, the song not having been used by any film. It features a nylon stringed acoustic guitar intro and outro by Lloyd-Langton. A live version of this song from the Levitation tour was issued on the This is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic album under the title "Circles". Its lyrics have also been used under the title "Circles", although with no musical similarity, overdubbed on Hawkwind at Watchfield Festival 1975 (Weird Tape 3) and on Dave Brock demos 1982 (Weird Tape 7).

"Dust of Time" was performed during the Levitation tour, and an edited instrumental version with an intro taken from the outro of "The 5th Second of Forever" was issued on the album Zones under the title "The Island".

Side 1

 * 1) "Levitation" (Dave Brock) – 5:48
 * 2) "Motorway City" (Brock) – 6:48
 * 3) "Psychosis" (Harvey Bainbridge) – 2:22
 * 4) "World of Tiers" (Bainbridge, Huw Lloyd-Langton) – 3:30

Side 2

 * 1) "Prelude" (Tim Blake) – 1:28
 * 2) "Who's Gonna Win the War?" (Brock) – 4:45
 * 3) "Space Chase" (Lloyd-Langton) – 3:11
 * 4) "The 5th Second of Forever" (Brock, Lloyd-Langton) – 3:27
 * 5) "Dust of Time" (Brock, Bainbridge, Lloyd-Langton) – 6:22

Griffin CD bonus track

 * 1) "Nuclear Toy" (Brock, Lloyd-Langton) – 3:30

Atomhenge CD bonus tracks

 * 1) "Valium 10" [full version] (Bainbridge, Brock, Mick Smith, Steve Swindells) – 7:53
 * 2) "Time of..." (Bainbridge, Brock, Simon King, Swindells) – 4:11
 * 3) "Who's Gonna Win the War?" [Hawklords version] (Brock) – 4:52
 * 4) "Douglas in the Jungle" (Bainbridge, Brock, King, Swindells) – 6:53
 * 5) "British Tribal Music" (Bainbridge, Brock, King, Swindells) – 3:56
 * 6) "Nuclear Toy" [single B-side] (Brock, Lloyd-Langton) – 3:00
 * 7) "Who's Gonna Win the War?" [single A-side] (Brock) – 3:39
 * 8) "Brainstorm" [live 1980] (Nik Turner) – 5:47

Atomhenge bonus CD2
"Levitation" (Brock) – 7:28 [A] "The 5th Second of Forever" (Brock, Lloyd-Langton) – 4:13 [A] "Dust of Time" (Bainbridge, Brock, Lloyd-Langton) – 6:32 [B]
 * 1) "Technicians of Spaceship Earth"
 * 1) "Motorway City" (Brock) – 7:36 [B]
 * 2) "Death Trap" (Robert Calvert, Brock) – 4:44 [A]
 * 3) "Angels of Death" (Brock) – 6:06 [A]
 * 4) "Psychosis" [unlisted] (Bainbridge) – 1:17 [A]

Atomhenge bonus CD3

 * 1) "Running Through the Back Brain (Messages)" (Michael Moorcock, Hawkwind) – 6:23 [B]
 * 2) "Dangerous Vision" (Keith Hale) – 5:06 [B]
 * 3) "Who's Gonna Win the War?" (Brock) – 7:26
 * 4) "PSI Power" (Calvert, Brock) – 4:50 [A]
 * 5) "Shot Down in the Night" (Swindells) – 7:15 [A]
 * 6) "World of Tiers" (Bainbridge, Lloyd-Langton) – 5:18 [C]
 * 7) "Space Chase" (Lloyd-Langton) – 4:11 [A]

Personnel

 * Hawkwind
 * Dave Brock – vocals, electric guitar, keyboards
 * Huw Lloyd-Langton – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
 * Harvey Bainbridge – bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
 * Tim Blake – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Ginger Baker – drums
 * Musicians on bonus tracks
 * Steve Swindells – keyboards (on Hawklords at Rockfield Studios 1979 tracks)
 * Mick Smith – drums (on Hawklords at Rockfield Studios 1979 "Valium 10")
 * Simon King – drums (on Hawklords at Rockfield Studios 1979 tracks, except "Valium 10")
 * Keith Hale – keyboards (on Hawkwind live at Lewisham Odeon 1980 tracks), vocals ("Dangerous Vision")
 * Michael Moorcock – vocals (on Hawkwind live at Lewisham Odeon 1980 "Running Through the Back Brain")

Credits

 * Recorded on 3M Digital Mastering System at Roundhouse Studios in London, July and August 1980. Produced with Ashley Howe, engineered by Jools Cooper and Nick Rodgers.
 * Sleeve by Linda Curry (front cover) and Phil Tonkyn (back cover).
 * CD1 tracks 10–14: Recorded by Hawklords at Rockfield Studios 1979.
 * CD1 track 17, CD2 and CD3: recorded by Hawkwind live at Lewisham Odeon 18 December 1980. Previously issued on [A] This Is Hawkwind, Do Not Panic; [B] Zones; [C] Hawkwind Anthology.

Release history

 * November 1980: Bronze Records, BRON530, UK vinyl initial copies pressed on blue vinyl
 * June 1987: Castle Communications, CLA129, UK CD and vinyl
 * December 1988: Castle Communications, TFO17, UK 2CD and vinyl with Live Seventy Nine
 * February 1992: Castle Communications, CLABX911, 3CD with Live Seventy Nine and Space Bandits
 * September 1994: Griffin Music, GCD 230-2, USA CD
 * July 1999: Essential Records, ESMCD736, UK CD digipak
 * September 2009: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, UK CD
 * September 2009: Atomhenge (Cherry Red) Records, UK 3CD limited to 3000 copies

title: Levitation (Hawkwind album)