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Marshal Law (comics)

Marshal Law is an English-language superhero comic book series created by Pat Mills and Kevin O'Neill.

Marshal Law was first published by Epic Comics in 1987. The series is a satire on the superhero genre as well as a deconstruction of the superheroes of the Golden Age and Silver Age.

The series is characterized by its extreme graphic violence and nudity, and Mills' skewering of superhero conventions and US government policy and society.

Publication history
Epic Comics launched Marshal Law in October 1987 as a six-issue limited series. It was followed by the Crime and Punishment: Marshal Law Takes Manhattan one-shot, in which most of Marvel Comics' major characters were parodied.

In 1991, Mills and O'Neill took the character to the fledgling Apocalypse Comics for another one-shot, ''Toxic! Presents: Marshal Law: Kingdom of the Blind'' #1. This was followed by a reprint of Marshal Law: Takes Manhattan as #2, after which the series continued as Apocalypse Presents for another six issues while the Marshall Law character moved to star in the lead feature of Toxic!, a weekly comic started in 1991. Toxic! proved to be short-lived and Apocalypse Comics went bankrupt in 1992. Mills and O'Neill then took Marshal Law to Dark Horse Comics, where the story in Toxic! was completed in late 1992. That year also saw the character return to Epic Comics for a two-issue series pitting Marshal Law against Clive Barker's Pinhead character.

Over the next few years, Marshal Law appeared in two more intercompany crossovers, one with the Savage Dragon and another with the Mask. In 2000, Mills and O'Neill took the character to the Cool Beans World website. The stories here were illustrated novellas, rather than actual comic strips, titled The Day Of The Dead (which was later published in a paperback edition) and Cloak Of Evil. The website closed in 2002.

Plot
The title character, Marshal Law, is the government-sanctioned "super hero hunter" (aka law enforcement officer, or "cape killer") with superpowers in the city of San Futuro, the near-future metropolis built from the ruins of San Francisco following a massive earthquake. Law's job is to take down other superheroes who have gone rogue, which he does with maximum force and great pleasure. Aided by the wheelchair-using "Danny" and his physically imposing (but extremely polite) partner "Kiloton", the Marshal operates from a secret police precinct hidden below the city, dispensing just enough brutal justice to keep the city's many super-powered gangs in a balanced détente while safeguarding the ordinary citizenry.

Marshal Law's secret identity is Joe Gilmore, a former supersoldier consumed with self-hatred about being a superhero. In this world, superheroes are commonplace thanks to genetic engineering, much of the United States' armed forces having undergone the process. However, while their bodies may become super-powered, their minds remain exactly as they were, and in many cases the inability to feel pain causes the subjects to compensate by inflicting pain on others. Psychosis of varying degrees is also a common side-effect, and some subjects develop wildly uncontrollable superpowers.

The plot of the original six-issue series revolved around the Marshal's attempts to unmask the Sleepman, a serial killer and rapist who preys on women dressed as Celeste, the current girlfriend of the beloved superhero, Public Spirit. Marshal Law's loathing of the Public Spirit as standing for everything that is fraudulent and hypocritical about superheroes leads him to suspect the Spirit himself of being responsible for the Sleepman's crimes; without any proof, though, the guilty party goes unpunished until a surprising revelation from a former superheroine reveals that the Marshal's suspicions may not be too far from the truth.

While in the first series, the Marshal's primary nemeses are the Public Spirit and the Sleepman, he later faces off against Private Eye and The Persecutor. A recurring secondary adversary (initially treated seriously, though later becoming comic relief) is Suicida, a psychopathic ex-soldier who leads the murderous Gangreen street gang.

The plot of "Secret Tribunal" revolved around an orbiting incubation center that created and mentally programmed superheroes. It was under attack by a monster called The Incubus, which was defeated by Growing Boy.

Cast

 * Marshal Law (Joe Gilmore): A violent and uncharismatic lawman, dealing with the twisted superheroes of San Futuro while searching for an actual hero. His public unpleasantness contrasts with a strong internal moral compass. Despite his hatred of superheroes, Marshal Law begrudgingly admits that he is technically one himself, having been given super strength, a healing factor, and the ability to shut off his pain receptors by a military experiment. Like many boys of his generation, Marshal Law was inspired by the Public Spirit to join the military to fight communist insurgents in "The Zone", an unstable area of South America. The horrors of the war, combined with the atrocities that the deployed superheroes committed made Marshal Law realize that superheroes were as corruptible as anyone else, and upon coming home took a job with the San Futuro police to hunt heroes who stray from the path of justice.
 * Public Spirit (Colonel Buck Caine): The world's most powerful and popular hero who was a product of US genetic engineering and copious steroid usage. Marshal Law regards him as corrupt and untrustworthy. Following the death of his fiancée and fellow superheroine, Virago, before he was sent on a space mission, he becomes a suspect behind the murders of strippers dressed like his new love, superheroine Celeste. Eventually, it is revealed that he tried to kill Virago himself, as she was pregnant, which would keep him from being able to participate in the space mission. She survived and took the identity of Mrs Mallon. The Sleepman is actually his son, Danny, and he intends to kill Celeste as revenge for his mother being left to die. At what was supposed to be his wedding to Celeste, the truth about Virago is revealed and he is humiliated. He tries to secretly flee the country, but is discovered at an airport, killing innocent people in his attempt to escape. Public Spirit is eventually killed by McGland after being defeated in a protracted fight with Marshal Law, during which Public Spirit finally admits that he hates his life as a superhero. He felt that responsibilities were foisted onto him that he could never live up to, and that he wanted to go to space to escape the prying eyes of the American public. Against Marshal Law’s wishes, McGland decides to make it appear that Public Spirit died defending the airport from a terrorist attack, and to hush up his connection to The Sleepman. It is revealed later that most of the world's superheroes know the truth, and all but his most ardent followers do not care.
 * The Sleepman: A serial killer wearing a metallic costume, black cape, and a brown paper bag over his head under which is a second mask. He rapes and murders women who dress like Celeste. As he is a superhero who can fly, Marshal Law suspects him to be Public Spirit, as flying superheroes are rare. He has a deep-seated loathing of himself and all superheroes, and longs to be stopped by Marshal Law. He rapes and kills Lynn Evans to motivate his idol, with the ultimate goal of goading him into an epic showdown that would go down in history as one of the greatest superhuman battles of all time. It is eventually revealed that he is Marshal Law's supposedly crippled friend, Danny. Danny is actually the Public Spirit's son with his supposedly dead former fiancée, Virago, who had inherited both of his parents' powers and thus is the most powerful superhuman in existence. Virago survived Public Spirit's attempt to kill her (he did so because her pregnancy would preclude him from going on a space mission) and raised Danny in secret. While only a few years would pass to Public Spirit and the crew, more than two decades would pass on Earth, hence Danny is roughly the same age as his father. His mother encourages him to kill strippers who look like Public Spirit's current fiancée, Celeste, as practice for when he murders the real Celeste. At the end of the first six issue arc, The Sleepman is believed to have been killed by Marshall Law after being shot and falling into the sea, but was actually taken by Dr. Mendel to be studied and reeducated, as he has severe brain damage due to being submerged for twelve hours.
 * Lynn Evans: Marshal Law's girlfriend, a college journalist and female rights activist who is openly critical of superheroes. They met when the great earthquake destroyed the wall separating their apartments. She does not know he is a superhero, and openly voices her distaste for Marshal Law as a fascist thug. She is killed by The Sleepman while protesting Celeste, her death affecting Marshal Law greatly. She, along with multiple dead heroes, is eventually revived as a zombie, but the process transformed her into a twisted parody of her former self, turning her into an anarchistic supervillainess before she is put down by Marshal Law, who had decided his love for her wasn't enough to justify not ending the danger she now presented.
 * Mrs. Mallon: A shopkeeper who resents superheroes but seems to enjoy the company of Marshal Law due to his work as a hunter of heroes. Her only known relative is her son Danny. It is eventually revealed that she is Virago, the first true superheroine and former fiancée of Public Spirit whom supposedly died more than twenty years before the main events of the series. She and Buck were raised together as children in a lab, growing up as siblings before becoming lovers. She was supposed to have drowned while the two superheroes were flying in a storm. Her pregnancy would have stopped Public Spirit from going into outer space (even though he would have aged only a few years, due to nature of the space travel, more than two decades would have passed on Earth so anyone with a family was ineligible). She raised Danny with a hatred of superheroes and encouraged him to kill women dressed like Celeste, the current lover of Public Spirit, in a plot to humiliate his father. She is killed by Public Spirit after the two began arguing about Danny and her revenge plot.
 * Kiloton: The large partner of Marshal Law who watches their base below San Futuro. He is killed and mutilated by Private Eye after discovering his organ trafficking ring. Upon avenging his death, Marshal Law salutes him and calls him the only hero he had ever met, although he later considers Growing Boy to be a potential hero as well.
 * Razorhead: A mercenary with the ability to grow blades out of his body. Razorhead was initially hired by the former sidekick of the Black Scarab to kill Marshal Law, but eventually sided with Law against the zombified Black Scarab and became Marshal Law's new partner.
 * Celeste: The second fiancée of the Public Spirit and a member of a cult of heroines with sexual powers, often used as spies and assassins. She is killed (and presumably raped) by Sleepman on her wedding day.
 * Gangreen Gang: A gang of costumed psychopaths who battle other super teams for the control of the dystopian San Futuro. They dress in matching green costumes and utilize explosive weaponry. Like Marshal Law, they are mostly veterans of the war in the Zone, but the Gangreen Gang have been reduced to petty crime after being unable to cope with civilian life.
 * Growing Boy: A naive young hero who appears in Secret Tribunal, whose size-increasing power sometimes malfunctions. He is befriended by Marshal Law and grows to look up to him after seeing his hidden moral compass and sense of justice.
 * The Private Eye: He appears in Kingdom of the Blind. The Private Eye is really Scott Brennan, billionaire and best friends with Public Spirit. Brennan got his inheritance after gunning down his abusive parents in an alley with the help of his butler and now battles the unwashed masses, whom he hates. He styles himself as being a moral doctor, using his father's own twisted experimental techniques to "cure" the city of petty crime by torturing and murdering the poor and downtrodden in gruesome ways. He also finances his ventures and keeps himself fighting by stealing the organs of his young orphan sidekicks, selling the parts he doesn't need to other heroes. Initially, Law is not suspicious of him due to their similarities, but after Kiloton exposes Private Eye's child organ trafficking operation, Marshal Law goes on a warpath to kill him. The Private Eye manages to kill Kiloton before being killed by Marshal Law, who knocks him into an industrial meat grinder.
 * The Persecutor (Don Matrione) is a vigilante and an old acquaintance of Marshal Law from his time in the military. The Persecutor was a torture technician, who was employed by the CIA to prop up several South American dictatorships, which were friendly to America. His family was assassinated by vengeful revolutionaries, who had tracked him back to America. In his grief, Matrione was driven insane and after hearing a speech by the Public Spirit, came to believe all of his problems were the result of foreigners and members of the counter-culture, refusing to believe himself to be at fault for anything and thus developing a "persecution complex". He then became the Persecutor, a violent neo-nazi vigilante, who kills minorities and left-leaning Americans that he blames for all the country's ills regardless of whether or not they are committing a crime. He was hounded by Marshal Law in "Marshal Law takes Manhattan" for killing Hispanic protesters and checks himself into a maximum security superhero asylum to try and escape him. Law eventually finds him and, after a drawn-out fight in the burning asylum (during which The Persecutor discovers who Marshal Law is), he is defeated and handcuffed. The Persecutor again attempts to deny any wrongdoing and pleads to be let go, so Marshal Law shoves him out of his vehicle into a district full of homeless cannibals, where he is promptly skinned alive and roasted.
 * Black Scarab is one of Marshal Law's previous enemies from before the series began. Originally, he was a superhero that Marshal Law killed for running a protection racket with his sidekick. He was revived as a zombie by his former sidekick so that they can kill Marshal Law. However, the undead hero reveals that there is no afterlife, causing him to throw off his nominal claims of heroism and instead plan to spread the "gift" of undeath to the world, freeing humanity of their shackles of mortality and morality. Fashioning himself as the "Pope of No Hope", he creates an army of undead "heroes" who have been driven insane by the oblivion of death and begin to besiege California in order to collect more soldiers. He is ultimately rekilled by Marshal Law, who obliterates him and his zombie army with his gunship.
 * The Jesus Society of America is the first team of superheroes ever assembled during World War II, and is idolized as the pinnacle of patriotic heroism. In actuality, the JSA was completely incompetent, with their bright costumes and lack of combat training making them easy targets on the battlefield and thus prolonging the war by six months. Following the war's end, multiple scandals caused the remaining members of the group to be screened by the Committee for Unheroic Activities, leading several to commit suicide after their more unsavory personal lives were dredged up and many more to be sent to prison for crimes ranging from drug use to bestiality. The final remnants of the team then tried to take on the mafia to regain the love of the public, only to be wiped out entirely. Embarrassed, the military had the corpses embalmed and placed in a museum filled with falsified tales of their heroics for propaganda purposes, allowing time to erase the team's failures. They were eventually revived by Black Scarab as zombies, and proceeded to torture and murder the German and Asian-American tourists visiting the museum, believing themselves to be in an alternate universe where the Axis won the war. They then fight Marshal Law, who wipes them out with his superior technology and a tank on display at the museum, all while berating them for their hypocrisy and self-absorption. The few remaining members revive the normal soldiers buried on the grounds of the museum to try and get back-up, only to be ripped apart by them, as the vengeful soldiers had died because of the heroes' cowardice. The only members of the team to survive were the original Public Spirit and his sidekick/lover Private Dick, as they cryogenically froze themselves to be together forever.

Comics
Original comic appearances:
 * Marshal Law #1–6, Epic Comics, 1987–88
 * Crime and Punishment: Marshal Law Takes Manhattan, one-shot, Epic Comics, 1989 (reprinted in 1991 as Marshal Law: Takes Manhattan by Apocalypse Comics)
 * Marshal Law – Kingdom of the Blind, Apocalypse Comics, one-shot, 1990
 * Toxic! #1–8, 14/15, Apocalypse Comics, 1991 (issues 14–15 reprint prologue from Fear and Loathing TPB with new framing sequences)
 * Marshal Law – The Hateful Dead, one-Shot, Apocalypse Comics, 1991 (reprints Toxic! #1–8)
 * Marshal Law – Super Babylon, one-shot, Dark Horse, 1992
 * San Diego Comic Con Comics #1, Dark Horse, 1992 (official appearance on cover and 1-page cameo)
 * Pinhead vs. Marshal Law: Law in Hell, two issue series, Epic Comics, 1993
 * Marshal Law – Secret Tribunal, two issue series, Dark Horse, 1994
 * Savage Dragon/Marshal Law, two issue series, Image Comics, 1997
 * The Mask/Marshal Law, two issue series, Dark Horse, 1998
 * 2000 AD #1280, Rebellion Developments 2002 (1-page official cameo)

Novellas
A series of illustrated novellas were previously released on the now defunct Cool Beans World website. One of them was published in book form:
 * Marshal Law – The Day of the Dead (Titan Books, 2004 ISBN 1-84023-636-1)
 * Marshal Law – Cloak of Evil (Titan Books, 2006 ISBN 1-84023-683-3, scheduled but never published)

Print versions of both stories were published in the Marshal Law: Origins book, published in 2008 by Titan Books.

Collected editions
The comics have been collected into a number of trade paperbacks:
 * Marshal Law – Fear and Loathing (collects Marshal Law #1–6 with new prologue, Epic Comics, 1990 ISBN 0-87135-676-7; Titan Books, 2002 ISBN 1-84023-452-0)
 * Marshal Law – Blood, Sweat and Fears (collects Kingdom of the Blind, Hateful Dead, and Super Babylon, Dark Horse, 1993 ISBN 1-878574-95-7; Titan Books, 2003 ISBN 1-84023-526-8)
 * Marshal Law – Fear Asylum (collects Takes Manhattan, Secret Tribunal, and The Mask vs., Titan Books, 2003 ISBN 1-84023-699-X)
 * Marshal Law – Origins (Titan Books, 2008 ISBN 1-84576-943-0, collects the illustrated novellas The Day of the Dead and the previously unreleased Cloak of Evil)
 * Marshal Law: The Deluxe Edition (collects Marshal Law #1–6, Takes Manhattan, Kingdom of the Blind, The Hateful Dead, Super Babylon, Secret Tribunal, DC Comics, HC April 2013 ISBN 978-1401238551, TPB December 2014 ISBN 978-1401251406)

title: Marshal Law (comics)


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Category:Armies

Army (From Latin armata ("act of arming") via Old French armée) can, in some countries, refer to any armed force. More commonly, however, it is only used specifically to refer to a land force of the military.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Armies


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Butene

Butene, also known as butylene, is an alkene with the formula C4H8. The word butene may refer to any of the individual compounds. They are colourless gases that are present in crude oil as a minor constituent in quantities that are too small for viable extraction. Butene is therefore obtained by catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons left during refining of crude oil. Cracking produces a mixture of products, and the butene is extracted from this by fractional distillation.

Butene can be used as the monomer for polybutene, but this polymer is more expensive than alternatives with shorter carbon chains such as polypropylene. Polybutene is therefore used in more specialized applications. Butenes are more commonly used to make copolymer (mixed with another monomer such as ethylene).

Butenes are major constituents of raffinates, the C4 fractions in oil processing. The raffinates containing butadiene are considered carcinogenic and mutagenic. They can be used as feedstocks for further processing, or used as industrial fuel. Their mixing into LPG for nonindustrial uses sometimes occurs but is generally prohibited.

Isomers
Among the molecules which have the chemical formula C4H8 four isomers are alkenes. All four of these hydrocarbons have four carbon atoms and one double bond in their molecules, but have different chemical structures. The IUPAC and common names, respectively, of these chemical compounds are:

In the chemical structures above, the small blue numbers in the structure images are the numbering of the atoms in the main backbone chain of the molecules. Other organic compounds have the formula C4H8, namely cyclobutane and methylcyclopropane, but are not alkenes and do not fall under the name butene. There are also cyclic alkenes with four carbon atoms overall such as cyclobutene and two isomers of methylcyclopropene, but they do not have the formula C4H8 and are not discussed here.

Properties
All four of these isomers are gases at room temperature and pressure, but can be liquefied by lowering the temperature or raising the pressure on them, in a manner similar to pressurised butane. These gases are colourless, do have distinct odours, and are highly flammable. Although not naturally present in petroleum in high percentages, they can be produced from petrochemicals or by catalytic cracking of petroleum. Although they are stable compounds, the carbon-carbon double bonds make them more reactive than similar alkanes, which are more inert compounds in various ways.

Because of the double bonds, these 4-carbon alkenes can act as monomers in the formation of polymers, as well as having other uses as petrochemical intermediates. They are used in the production of synthetic rubber. But-1-ene is a linear or normal alpha-olefin and isobutylene is a branched alpha-olefin. In a rather low percentage, but-1-ene is used as one of the comonomers, along with other alpha-olefins, in the production of high-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene. Butyl rubber is made by cationic polymerisation of isobutylene with about 2 - 7% isoprene. Isobutylene is also used for the production of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and isooctane, both of which improve the combustion of gasoline.

Occurrence and Production
Butenes are naturally present in crude oil, albeit in small quantities that make direct extraction economically unfeasible. Instead, these valuable compounds are primarily obtained through a process called catalytic cracking. This industrial method involves breaking down longer hydrocarbon chains, which are less valuable byproducts of crude oil refining, into shorter, more useful molecules like butene.

The catalytic cracking process yields a mixture of various hydrocarbons. To isolate butene from this complex mixture, petrochemical engineers employ fractional distillation. This separation technique exploits the different boiling points of the compounds in the mixture, allowing for the efficient extraction of butene.

Polymer Production
Butene serves as a monomer in the production of polybutene, a type of polymer. However, due to its higher cost compared to alternatives like polypropylene (which uses propene as a monomer), polybutene finds its niche in more specialized applications where its unique properties justify the additional expense.

More commonly, butenes are utilized in the production of copolymers. In this process, butene is combined with another monomer, often ethylene, to create materials with properties that can be fine-tuned for specific applications.

Refinery Products
Butenes are major components of raffinates, which are C4 fractions produced during oil processing. These raffinate s, particularly those containing butadiene, are considered hazardous due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Despite these risks, raffinates serve as valuable feedstocks for further processing in the petrochemical industry.

In some cases, raffinates are used as industrial fuel. However, their incorporation into liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for non-industrial uses is generally prohibited due to safety concerns and regulatory restrictions.

Environmental and Safety Considerations
While butenes are valuable industrial chemicals, their production and use come with environmental and safety challenges. The raffinates containing butadiene, a common byproduct in butene production, are known carcinogens and mutagens. This necessitates stringent safety measures in industrial settings where these compounds are handled.

Moreover, the high flammability of butenes poses fire and explosion risks, requiring careful storage and handling procedures. The potential environmental impact of butene production and use, particularly in the context of fossil fuel dependence and plastic pollution, is an ongoing area of concern and research in the chemical industry.

Conclusion
Butene, with its four isomers, plays a crucial role in the petrochemical industry. From its production through catalytic cracking to its diverse applications in polymer production and fuel additives, butene exemplifies the complex interplay of chemistry, engineering, and industrial processes that characterize modern petrochemical operations. As the industry continues to evolve, driven by environmental concerns and the search for more sustainable practices, the role of butene and similar compounds will likely continue to be a subject of innovation and adaptation.

title: Butene


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User talk:ChristianJacken

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
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 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 00:14, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:ChristianJacken


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Talk:List of current monarchs by country

Since when is Tonga an African country? Ericamick 17:52, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:Haploidy

There is little more than a dicdef here; I propose moving the Haploidy, Diploidy, Haploidisation, Polyploidy, and Aneuploidy pages to Ploidy. You have to read all those articles to understand ploidy anywho. I'll be happy to do the merge after approvial. Lefty 15:59, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)
 * also Haplodiploidy. Lefty 16:08, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)

Dunc, I reverted your move to haploidy because it doesn't conform to the naming convention of the most commonly-used name (made evident by not a single page linking directly to haploidy), nor does it make the Google test 125,000 (haploid) vs ~4400 (haploidy). Also since no pages linked to it, you would need to change a lot of pages to avoid the redirect, which doesn't seem worth it. Cheers --Lexor|Talk 00:17, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haploidy


text: Category:Military of Ghana

title: Category:Military of Ghana


text: Category:French Air and Space Force

title: Category:French Air and Space Force


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Virginia Tech Tae Kwon Do

Virginia Tech Tae Kwon Do was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

We haven't started including specific clubs within universities, have we? I hope not :) Adam Bishop 00:18, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Despite the fact that they could all whoop my rear, delete. Geogre 00:31, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Although my wife attended the school - Delete! - DavidWBrooks 02:04, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Hiii-yah!! Delete! Jeeves 03:50, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Sigh. They put all their names on it—it's like a vanity page for their organization.  Delete, and at best, merge with Virginia Tech.  If User:198.82.58.211 comes back, bop 'em gently with a clue stick; maybe he/she will start adding real contributions.  --Ardonik 04:05, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * On behalf of the Lower Middle West of Ontario Polytechnic Wikipedia Deletion Club, delete. DJ Clayworth 04:11, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -SocratesJedi 04:28, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The most honorable Inland Empire and Desert Cities Wikipedia Deletion Club hereby places its honorable delete vote, unworthy though it may be. It is so decreed. - Lucky 6.9 04:57, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I think bits of this article could be used to describe the typical operation of a Tae Kwon Do club, but the article itself should go. Mr. Jones 09:46, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Virginia Tech? Yes. Tae Kwon Do? Yes. This? No. Delete. Fire Star 14:10, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The Greater Silicon Valley Association for the Relocation of Recipes to Wikibooks advocates deletion of this article. Gentgeen 16:00, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The Portland Marching Deletion Club says delete Williamb 16:54, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Aw, how sweet! KILL. DELETE. DELETE. Brequinda 16:55, 20 Jul 2004 (BST)
 * Delete organizational vanity (on behalf of nobody but myself). -- Cyrius|✎ 02:48, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Cy, you are such a maverick. :^) - Lucky 6.9 18:25, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:X11 apple macintosh

I removed the direct quote from Apple's website.

other changes
I attempted to add the following text, but was denied... I got an error stating a URL (now absent) that was a direct quote. That's odd since I've removed the direct quote and the text below is non-proprietary.

(begin paste)

Apple Macintosh has their own variety of X11 to enable Apple users to run various programs generally offered for the UNIX operating_system.

This gives a wider range of software availability for those using an Apple Computer with OS X "Panther" edtion.

X11 for Mac OS X was updated with the Mac OS X v10.3 edition.

(end paste)

Please rewrite the article here. Thank you. --Lst27 00:30, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Duplicate article
This is a duplicate article, there is already Apple X11, please add any content there. Thanks, --Lexor|Talk 01:25, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:X11 apple macintosh


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Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era

Before the advent of the Open era of tennis competitions in April 1968, only amateurs were allowed to compete in established tournaments, including the four majors. There was no prize money and players were compensated for travel expenses only. However many top tennis players turned professional to play legally for prize money in the years before the open era. They played in separate professional events, mostly on tours involving head-to-head competition, but also in professional tournaments as the biggest events on the pro tour. Professional tournaments, in particular the professional majors, usually only had a men's draw.

Professional majors
In addition to the head-to-head tours, there were also major pro events, where the world's top professional male players often played. These tournaments held with a certain tradition and longevity. According to Ellsworth Vines, "the Wembley tournament in London..., the U.S. professional championship, and to some extent the tournament in Paris were the major professional tournaments prior to 1968."

The oldest of these three tournaments was the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, played at a variety of different venues and on a variety of different surfaces, between 1927 and 1999. The Wembley Championship, played between 1934 and 1990 at the Wembley Arena in the United Kingdom, was played on a wood surface through 1967. The third professional major was the French Pro Championship, where between 1930 and 1968 it was played on both clay and wood courts. A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered in retrospect by later tennis writers to achieve a "Professional Grand Slam", or "Pro Slam".

In some years, professional tournaments other than the pro majors had stronger fields and offered more prize money. Jack Kramer designated the four major professional tournaments for the 1958/1959 seasons as follows; Forest Hills, Kooyong, L.A. Masters, Sydney.

U.S. Pro Tennis Championships
The U.S. Pro Tennis Championship, also known as the US Pro, and officially known as the Cleveland International Pro or Cleveland World Pro Tennis Championships between 1951 and 1962, was an annual tournament, later known as MFS Pro Championships. It was first organized by player Vincent Richards when promoter C. C. Pyle withdrew interest in the project. It was first played on the Notlek courts located at 119th Street and Riverside Drive, Manhattan. The tournament was held at various locations in several states until 1964, when it moved to the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. In both 1951 and 1954 there are two U.S. Pro tournaments listed here for each year.

French Pro Championship
The French Pro Championship was first held in 1930, held by the "Association Française des Professeurs de Tennis (AFPT)", entitled "Championnat International de France Professionnel" (French Pro Championships) on June 18–22, 1930. From 1930 the French Pro Championship was always played at Paris, on outdoor clay at Roland Garros except from 1963 to 1967 where it was held at Stade Pierre de Coubertin on indoor wood.

Wembley Championship
The Wembley Championship, also known as the Wembley Pro, was held at the Wembley Arena, in London. This professional event ran from 1934 to 1967 and was originally played on a wood surface placed over the top of a drained pool. It was officially known as the "London Indoor Professional Championships" from 1951 through 1967.

Singles

 * 1) The status of the 1933 French Pro is unclear. In History of the Pro Tennis Wars, by Ray Bowers, there is no mention of a French Pro tournament in 1933. The only professional competition played that year at Roland Garros was a USA-France meeting, September 22–24, in the Davis Cup format. Many sources probably wrongly considered the Tilden-Cochet match as a final of a supposed French Pro.
 * 2) The Wembley Championships of 1936 and 1938 did not take place. The London Daily Mail of August 24th 1936 contained an article stating that the 1936 Wembley event would not take place due to Tilden and Vines being unavailable. Ray Bowers, in his History of professional tennis, says that 1936 and 1938 Wembley tournaments never occurred and offers substantiating evidence for his assertion.
 * 3) The 1937 US Pro was the first pro event open to amateur players and is considered as both the U.S. Pro Tennis Championship and first "true" U.S. Open event.
 * 4) The championship events from 1951–1962, were billed as the International Pro or World Pro Championship. In 1951, a U.S. Pro was held at Forest Hills authorized by the USPLTA, and an International Pro was held at Cleveland. There was no USPLTA U.S. Pro event held in 1952 or 1953, but the International Pro was held at Cleveland in those years and was regarded as the U.S. Pro.    In 1954, the USPLTA authorized Kramer to hold the U.S. Pro at L.A. Tennis Club in Los Angeles (this was the successor tournament to the 1951 U.S. Pro at Forest Hills and Segura was the defending champion). The International Pro and World Pro events at Cleveland from 1951–62 were not authorized by the USPLTA to be the U.S. Pro, and were not billed as such. The USPLTA were an organisation of teaching professionals and the touring professionals did enter U.S. Pro events in this period.        In some interviews in the 1950s, Gonzales and Segura referred to the Cleveland World Pro as "the National" or the "U.S. National Professional Championships" . There were many newspaper and magazine articles in the 1950s that also referred to Cleveland events as U.S. Pro.
 * 5) There were 4 man tournaments held in Paris in 1950, 1952 and 1953. The 1950 and 1953 tournaments were held indoors, whilst the 1952 tournament was held on clay at Roland Garros.

Doubles
Source:

Other important tournaments
The Championships at Wimbledon, the U.S. Championships, the French Championships, and the Australian Championships were typically the top events, where amateur players could compete for the title, albeit without prize money. Since the professional circuit was less organized and somewhat less popular than the amateur circuit, the professional events hierarchy changed each year. In 1934 the U.S. Pro was a high-class tournament with all top ranked pro players whereas in 1936 it was a meeting between pro teachers without any leading pro players. A tournament could even be canceled at any time due to poor attendance.

Consequently, for a given year a pro tournament was important when it attracted the best pro players and then another year this same tournament could be a second-rank tournament because few or no leading players came. Before the open era in addition to numerous small tournaments and head-to-head tours between the leading professionals, there were some major tournaments which stood out at different periods. Some survived sporadically because of financial collapses while others temporarily rose to the highest levels of competition when other tournaments weren't held. These include:

Bristol Cup: 1920–1932
Sometimes labelled "Professional Championships of France" this tournament was held on the French Riviera at Menton, at Cannes.

Professional Championship of the World: 1927–1928
This event was held in October on clay courts, at the Queen's Club in London. In 1928 Myers of the Daily Telegraph wrote that "this was the best pro tournament ever held in England."

List of Queen's Club Pro winners:

World Pro Championship: 1932–1933
The World Pro Championship were held in 1932 and 1933 in Berlin at the Rot-Weiss club, on clay. It had a very large participation (over 80 players). According to Ray Bowers, the tournament at the time was regarded as the most prestigious professional tournament in the world.

List of World Pro winners:

Bonnardel Cup: 1935–1937
This was a team tournament created by Bill Tilden and modeled on the Davis Cup format. In 1935, early rounds in France were hoped to be played at Roland Garros, but the French Tennis Association would not allow the event to be played at the stadium.

International Pro Championship of Britain: 1935–1939
The International Pro Championship of Britain (also known as the Southport Pro, as well as the Southport Dunlop Cup for sponsorship purposes) was a professional tennis tournament held at Victoria Park in Southport between 1935 and 1939. It was open to professional players only, amateurs were not allowed to compete. The tournament was held on outdoor En-tout-cas, "all-weather" artificial clay.

List of International Pro Championship of Britain winners:

U.S. Pro Hard Courts: 1945–1946
In LA; the only significant pro tournament of the last year of World War II, although missing Frank Kovacs and Welby Van Horn.

Australian Pro: 1954
The Australian Pro was a men's professional tournament held in 1954 and it was billed as the Australian Professional Championships.

Tournament of Champions: 1957–1959
The Tournament of Champions was a prominent professional tennis tournament series between 1957 and 1959. The tournament was held on the grass-courts of Forest Hills, New York, between 1957 and 1959, and an Australian version of the Tournament of Champions was held on grass at White City, Sydney in 1957 and 1959, and at Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne in 1958. The 1957 and 1958 Forest Hills tournaments had a round robin format, while the 1959 Forest Hills was an elimination tournament with 10 players. The Sydney version was an elimination event, while the 1958 Kooyong event was a round robin format.

The 1957 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions was broadcast live nationally in the U.S.A. on the CBS television network in its entirety, the only known professional tennis tournament in the U.S.A. to achieve this status before the Open Era. (The CBS Dallas pro tennis tournament in 1965 was filmed and broadcast one match at a time in a weekly series.) The 1959 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions offered the largest winners' cheques of the year. The current designation by the West Side Tennis Club of the 1957–59 Forest Hills TOC is "WCT Tournament of Champions". Kramer's contemporary brochures described the Ampol series, of which the 1959 Forest Hills TOC was a part, with the term "World Championship Tennis".

The 1958 Kooyong Tournament of Champions was the richest tournament of the series, with a prize money of 10,000 Australian pounds (US$24,000).

List of Tournament of Champions winners: Forest Hills (New York)

White City (Sydney) and Kooyong (Melbourne)

Masters Pro: 1956–1965
Round Robin in Los Angeles, held from 1956 to 1960, and again in 1964, 1965, and 1967. The Ampol Masters Pro was held at White City in Sydney in 1958.

Masters Pro winners:

Kramer Cup: 1961–1963
A team format tournament.

Madison Square Garden Pro: 1966–1967
Madison Square Garden Pro winners:

Forest Hills Pro: 1966
The Forest Hills Pro was held in June 1966 on the grass courts of the West Side Tennis Club using the VASSS Scoring System.

Forest Hills Pro winner:

Wimbledon Pro: 1967
The Wimbledon World Professional Championship, also known as the Wimbledon Pro, was held in August 1967. It was first time that professional tennis players played on Centre Court at Wimbledon. The tournament was sponsored and broadcast by the BBC to mark the invention of colour television.

Wimbledon Pro winner:


text:
Yakovlev Yak-11

The Yakovlev Yak-11 (Яковлев Як-11; NATO reporting name: "Moose") is a trainer aircraft used by the Soviet Air Force and other Soviet-influenced air forces from 1947 until 1962.

Design and development
The Yakovlev design bureau began work on an advanced trainer based on the Yak-3 fighter in mid-1944, although the trainer was of low priority owing to the ongoing Second World War. The first prototype of the new trainer, designated Yak-UTI or Yak-3UTI flew in late 1945. It was based on the radial-powered Yak-3U, but with the new Shvetsov ASh-21 seven-cylinder radial replacing the ASh-82 of the Yak-3U. It used the same all-metal wings as the Yak-3U, with a fuselage of mixed metal and wood construction. The pilot and observer sat in tandem under a long canopy with separate sliding hoods. A single synchronised UBS 12.7 mm machine gun and wing racks for two 100 kg (220 lb) bombs comprised the aircraft's armament.

An improved prototype flew in 1946, with revised cockpits and a modified engine installation with the engine mounted on shock absorbing mounts. This aircraft passed state testing in October 1946, with production beginning at factories in Saratov and Leningrad in 1947.

Production Yak-11s were heavier than the prototypes, with later batches fitted with non-retractable tailwheels and revised propellers. A 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun was sometimes fitted instead of the UBS, while some were fitted with rear-view periscopes above the windscreen. Soviet production totalled 3,859 aircraft between 1947 and 1955, with a further 707 licence-built by Let in Czechoslovakia as the C-11.

Yak-11U
In 1951, Yakovlev revised the design of the Yak-11, adding a retractable tricycle landing gear, with two variants proposed, the Yak-11U basic trainer and Yak-11T proficiency trainer, which carried equipment similar to contemporary jet fighters. The new aircraft had reduced fuel capacity and was unsuitable for operations on rough or snow-covered runways, and so was rejected for Soviet service, although a few units were built in Czechoslovakia as the C-11U.

Operational history
The Yak-11 entered service in 1947, serving as a standard advanced trainer with the Soviet Air Forces and DOSAAF. Both the Yak-11 and C-11 were used in all Warsaw Pact countries and were exported to eighteen countries, including many African, Middle Eastern and Asian countries.

Egyptians used the aircraft extensively during their intervention in the Yemeni Civil war. Egyptian aircraft were modified with Sakr 78mm unguided rockets and two .303in guns in the wings. and were used in the ground attack role.

North Korean Yak-11s were used in combat in the Korean War, with one Yak-11 being the first North Korean aircraft shot down by US forces when it was destroyed by a North American F-82 Twin Mustang over Kimpo Airfield on 27 June 1950. East Germany used the Yak-11 to intercept American reconnaissance balloons.

Surviving aircraft
Due to its Yak-3 lineage, the Yak-11 has recently seen widespread popularity among warbird enthusiasts. Highly modified versions of the Yak-11 are often seen at air races. About 120 Yak-11s remain airworthy.

Operators

 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan
 * Afghan Air Force − Received 12 in 1955. Operated an unknown number as late as 1981
 * 🇦🇱 Albania
 * Albanian Air Force − Received 6 in 1953
 * Algerian Air Force − 12 ex-Egyptian aircraft delivered in 1964, possibly modernized in Czechoslovakia before delivery
 * National Air Force of Angola
 * Austrian Air Force − 4 donated by the Soviet Union in 1955
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
 * Bulgarian Air Force − 30 C-11 received in 1954
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force − 50 delivered in 1950
 * Czechoslovak Air Force − 120, produced under license
 * East German Air Force
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * Egyptian Air Force
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Iraqi Air Force
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * Hungarian Air Force
 * undefined
 * Malian Air Force − 4, non-operational by 2011
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolia
 * Mongolian People's Air Force
 * North Korean Air Force
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * Polish Air Force − Received 40 in 1953
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * Romanian Air Force − Received 20 between 1952 and 1953
 * Somali Air Corps − 20, non-operational by 1991
 * Soviet Air Force
 * DOSAAF
 * Syrian Air Force
 * Vietnam People's Air Force
 * North Yemen Air Force − 30 donated by the Soviet Union between 1957 and 1958
 * Romanian Air Force − Received 20 between 1952 and 1953
 * Somali Air Corps − 20, non-operational by 1991
 * Soviet Air Force
 * DOSAAF
 * Syrian Air Force
 * Vietnam People's Air Force
 * North Yemen Air Force − 30 donated by the Soviet Union between 1957 and 1958
 * Syrian Air Force
 * Vietnam People's Air Force
 * North Yemen Air Force − 30 donated by the Soviet Union between 1957 and 1958
 * North Yemen Air Force − 30 donated by the Soviet Union between 1957 and 1958
 * North Yemen Air Force − 30 donated by the Soviet Union between 1957 and 1958

title: Yakovlev Yak-11


text:
Talk:Salvinorin A

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title: Talk:Salvinorin A


text: Category:Irish Air Corps

title: Category:Irish Air Corps


text:
Gainford, County Durham

Gainford or Gainford on Tees is a village on the north bank of the River Tees in County Durham, England. It is half-way between Barnard Castle and Darlington, near Winston, at OS map reference NZ 1716.

History
In Anglo-Saxon times, Gainford was the centre of an estate, part of the Northumbrian Congregation of Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. Later, this area was occupied by Vikings. Archaeologists have found Viking sculptures at Gainford and several examples of these have been put on display in the Open Treasure exhibition at Durham Cathedral. Many sculptures found at Gainford show both Northumbrian and Viking influence. Despite the Viking settlement, Northumbrian Angles remained major landowners along the banks of the Tees in Viking times.

In the nineteenth century Gainford village had its own spa. Today its main features are an unspoilt village green, a Jacobean hall and a Georgian street called High Row. The village church of St Mary's, Gainford, stands on the site of an Anglo-Saxon monastery built by Bishop Ecgred of Lindisfarne in the early 9th century.

In 1904 the family of a deceased Joseph Edleston owned a plot of land next to the churchyard of St. Mary's in Gainford. The children asked to erect a monument in the churchyard in memory of Joseph's 41-year tenure at the church. The church refused permission, asserting that the churchyard was full, but that the family could donate their land to the church and then build a monument on part of it. Feeling slighted, the family immediately set about building themselves a house on their land with a 40-foot column erected next to the churchyard so it towered over the trees and pointed a huge V-sign in stone towards the church authorities. The Edleston Spite House is still standing and occupied and has MCMIV (1904) over the front door. While the 40-foot column is still standing, the 'V' sign is now gone.

House styles
The houses around the green are mostly Georgian with some rubble-built houses on the north and south sides of the green. When they were built, the rubble-built houses would have been rendered, but the present fashion is to reveal the stonework with the rendering removed. Roofs are mostly red pantiles, and tend to be finished with a line of split-stone along the eaves. Some of the larger buildings have blue slate roofs, the slate probably brought by the railway. The older cottages in the village have steep pitched roofs in a style that suggests earlier heather thatching.

Village cross
Torwards the western end of the village green, there is a stone cross on a square base. The base is thought to be medieval in origin, but the cross itself is Victorian. It is dated 1897 and commemorates Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The Cross was made by Isaac Charge and Son, of Gainford. The cross has a slightly battered shaft and Saxon-type head. There is an inscription on the west face of the shaft which states: ''In thankful commemoration of the sixtieth anniversary of the accession of Queen Victoria on June 20th 1897. This cross was re-erected and trees planted on the green by the inhabitants of Gainford''.

Notable residents
The geographer Charles Bungay Fawcett (1883 – 1952), regarded as "one of the founders of modern British academic geography" and an early promoter of the idea of regional planning. was educated at the school in Gainford.

title: Gainford, County Durham


text:
Category:Science fiction writers

Writers of science fiction.

Individual writers are categorized by nationality. This category should only include authors published by professional publishers. This does include magazines and some web sites. "Professional" means the publisher pays the author, i.e. it excludes vanity press operations like Publish America, IUniverse, and Xlibris.

title: Category:Science fiction writers


text:
User:Polymorp

User: Polymorp

Location: Nottingham, UK

Interests: Anime, Manga, Sci-Fi

Fav. TV: Red Dwarf, Babylon 5, Farscape, Buffy

Job: Software Analyst / Web Developer / Database Admin

title: User:Polymorp


text:
Kawasaki Ki-100

The Kawasaki Ki-100 (キ100) is a single-seat single-engine monoplane fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) during World War II. The Japanese Army designation was "Type 5 Fighter" (五式戦闘機). It was not assigned an Allied code name.

In early 1945, 275 Ki-100s were modified from Ki-61s as an emergency measure to accept a 14-cylinder Mitsubishi Ha-112-II radial engine in place of the original Kawasaki Ha-40 inverted V-12 inline engine, resulting in one of the best interceptors used by the Army during the war. It combined excellent power and maneuverability, and from the first operational missions in March 1945 until the end of the war, it performed better than most IJAAS fighters against both United States Army Air Forces B-29 Superfortress bombers and P-51 Mustang fighters, as well as U.S. Navy F6F Hellcat carrier fighters.

A newly built variant, the Ki-100-Ib, was produced with a cut down rear fuselage during the last months of the war which equipped five home defence sentai. High-altitude performance was further improved with the final variant, the Ki-100-II, however only three of these were produced before the war ended and this final variant never saw operational service.

Design and development
The Ki-100 was a stressed-skin cantilever low-wing single-seat enclosed-cockpit radial engine monoplane fighter with retractable undercarriage. Control surfaces were fabric covered.

Ki-61 engine problems
In mid-1944, the Ki-61 was one of the best fighters of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS). It was also the only production Japanese fighter to have an inline powerplant, the V-12 Kawasaki Ha-40, a Japanese adaptation of the German Daimler-Benz DB 601 engine, as well as one of the first with factory-installed armor and self-sealing fuel tanks. It also had a respectable performance, in line with contemporary American designs, with speed and rate of climb emphasized instead of manoeuvrability and range. It was an effective design, but suffered from engine shortages and reliability problems. These problems led to the development of an improved model, the Ki-61-II (later Ki-61-II-KAI), powered by the improved 1120 kW Kawasaki Ha-140 inverted V-12 engine, which was heavier than the Ha-40 it replaced. Maximum speed increased from 590 to 610 km/h and aside from the rate of climb, general performance was improved as well. However, it never performed as expected due to continued quality control problems with the engine, while far fewer engines were produced than required.

Ha-112 radial engine
At this point of the war, the IJAAS was in desperate need of effective interceptors to stop bombing raids over the Japanese mainland, so in October 1944 a decision was made to use the 1120 kW Mitsubishi Ha-112-II (Kinsei ["Venus"] 60 series), a 14-cylinder, two-row radial engine. The need for a new engine became urgent on 19 January 1945, when a bombing raid destroyed the Ha-140 production plant, leaving 275 otherwise complete Ki-61s engineless.

The Mitsubishi Ha-112-II was 54 kg lighter than the Ha-140 and developed the same power but with much greater reliability. Three Ki-61-II-KAIs were modified to carry this engine as prototypes. Chief engineer Takeo Doi with two other engineers redesigned the Ki-61 airframe to accept the new engine. Their solution was to use a second skin to form a fairing riveted to the fuselage to smooth out the airflow behind the cooling flaps and multiple exhaust stubs of the new engine cowling. As this engine was lighter, they were able to remove the lead counterweight in the tail that balanced out the heavier Ha-140 engine.

The new model was flown for the first time on 1 February 1945. Without the need for the heavy coolant radiator and other fittings required for a liquid-cooled engine, the Ki-100 was 329 kg lighter than the Ki-61-II, reducing the wing loading from 189 kg/m2 (38.8 lb/ft2) to 175 kg/m2 (35.8 lb/ft2). This had a positive effect on the flight characteristics, enhancing landing and takeoff qualities as well as improving manoeuvrability and reducing the turning radius. During March and April 1945, experienced instructors from the Akeno Army Flying School flew the Ki-100 in extensive tests against the Ki-84, which was the best IJAAS fighter then in operational service. Their conclusions were that, given pilots of equal experience, the Ki-100 would always win in combat.

The flight characteristics of the plane surpassed the Hien's in all but maximum speed, which was reduced by 29 km/h by the larger cross sectional area of the radial engine, and the model was ordered into production as the Goshikisen (Go=five; shiki=type; sentoki=fighter) or Army Fighter Type 5. The company's designation for it was Ki-100-I-Ko. All Ki-100-I-Ko were converted from existing Ki-61-II Kai and Ki-61-III airframes. The integral engine mount and cowling was cut off and a tubular steel engine mount was bolted to the firewall. Some redundant fittings from the liquid-cooled engine, such as the radiator shutter actuator, were left in place. The first 271 aircraft with the original faired rear fuselage were rolled out of the factory between March and June 1945.

In contrast to the unreliable engines used by the Kawanishi N1K-J, Kawasaki Ki-61 and Nakajima Ki-84 that were keeping many of these aircraft grounded, the new engine was much more reliable. Although its maximum speed in level flight was a bit slow for 1945, the Ki-100 could dive with North American P-51 Mustangs and maintain speed after pullout, unlike most Japanese fighters. Two remaining problems continued to hamper Japanese fighters towards the end of the war, these being unreliable electrical systems and poor radio equipment, and while the latter was never resolved, the Ki-100's electrical system was less of a problem than with other types.

The armament remained the same as was used on the Ki-61, which was two cowl-mounted 20 mm calibre Ho-5 cannons, with 200 rounds per gun complemented by two wing-mounted 12.7 mm Ho-103 machine guns with 250 rounds per gun.

Fuselage improvements
The Ki-100-I-Otsu were newly built as such, rather than being conversions, with a cut-down rear fuselage and improved canopy and 118 were produced from May through to the end of July 1945. This version also featured a modified oil cooler under the engine in a more streamlined fairing.

High altitude improvements
The Ki-100-II was fitted with a turbocharged water-methanol injected engine for improved high-altitude performance, mainly to improve interception capabilities against the Boeing B-29 Superfortresses, but only three prototypes were built, and none was used operationally. Due to a lack of space no intercooler was installed; however, performance was still enhanced above 8000 m.

Operational history
The Ki-100 made its combat debut on the night of 9 March 1945 and suffered its first loss a month later on the night of 7 April 1945, when a single Ki-100 of the 18th Sentai was downed by a B-29 Superfortress after "attacking the formation again and again". Allied aircrews soon realised that they were facing a formidable new fighter. Although far fewer Ki-100s were available than Nakajima Ki-84s, it was an important fighter in the Army's inventory. A well-handled Ki-100 was able to outmanoeuvre any American fighter, including the P-51D Mustangs and Republic P-47N Thunderbolts which escorted the B-29s over Japan, and was comparable in speed, especially at medium altitudes. The Ki-100 was a tough opponent in the hands of an experienced pilot. The Ki-100 along with the Army's Nakajima Ki-84 and the Navy's Kawanishi N1K-J were equal to the latest Allied types in the final year of the Pacific War.

Army fighter units equipped with this model included the 5th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 59th, 111th, 112th, 200th and 244th Sentai, and the 81st Independent Fighter Company. Pilots were trained at the Akeno and Hitachi (Mito) Army Flying Schools. Many Akeno and Hitachi instructors were from operational units and between training sorties they also flew combat missions, making the most of the few fighters that were operational, but these wings were only partially re-equipped.

During interception of high-flying B-29 Superfortresses (before the B-29s switched to low-level missions) the new fighters struggled as the engine's performance still dropped off at high altitudes. The most effective strategy against the B-29 Superfortress remained the exceedingly dangerous head-on attack, which left the fighter relatively stationary in the sights of the bomber's defensive guns, making it an easy target. In this type of combat, the Navy's Mitsubishi J2M Raiden remained superior.

111th Sentai Ki-100s intercepted B-29 Superfortresses attacking Kobe on 5 June 1945, claiming six bombers shot down and five 'probables'. The Americans recorded a loss of nine B-29s, including those downed by Ki-100s over the target area. Ki-100s of the same unit joined by 244th Sentai Ki-84s in a large-scale engagement against 21st Fighter Group and 506th Fighter Group P-51 Mustangs over Nagoya Bay on 16 July 1945. The Ki-100 pilots claimed six P-51s and in return, five Ki-100s were lost, with three pilots killed, although American records only show one loss.

On 25 July 1945, 18 244th Sentai Ki-100 fighters clashed with 10 VF-31 Grumman F6F Hellcats from the light aircraft carrier USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24) in an air battle where the Ki-100 pilots claimed 12 victories with two losses. Claims and counter-claims for this action remain contentious. The Americans claimed two Ki-100s and admitted to losing two VF-31 F6F-5 Hellcats. These include a Ki-100 and a Hellcat which collided, killing both pilots.

After the bombing of the Kagamigahara plant and the slow deliveries of components by satellite plants, the production rate of the Ki-100 declined, and between May and July, only 12 were delivered. Bombing ended production with only 118 of the Army Type 5 Fighter Model 1b having been delivered.

The final flights made by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service were made by two Ki-100s ferried from Komachi to Yokosuka, where they were handed over to the United States, who then shipped them back to the US for evaluation.

Variants

 * Ki-100 (prototypes): Kawasaki Ki-61 II KAI modified with a radial engine. 3 converted from Ki-61s.
 * Ki-100-I-Ko: initial production variant, modified from Ki-61 II KAI. 271 converted from Ki-61s.
 * Ki-100-I-Otsu: improved canopy and cut down rear fuselage. 118 built.
 * Ki-100-II (prototypes): powered with a 1120 kW Mitsubishi Ha-112-II Ru fitted with a turbocharger. 3 built.
 * Army Fighter Type 5 Mark Ia: IJA designation for Ki-100-I-Ko
 * Army Fighter Type 5 Mark Ib: IJA designation for Ki-100-I-Otsu

Production
Note:
 * Production on the Kagamigahara and Ichinomiya aircraft plant were severely hampered by Allied bombing raids. It was planned to produce 200 airframes per month, but the Ichinomiya plant had to be abandoned after its nearly complete destruction.

Not included:
 * Three Ki-100-I prototypes were completed in February 1945.
 * Three Ki-100-II prototypes were completed during May to June 1945.
 * Twelve additional Ki-100-I-Otsu were built at the Ichinomiya aircraft plant.

Operators

 * Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
 * Imperial Japanese Army Air Service

Surviving aircraft

 * Kawasaki Ki-100-1b s/n 8476M was captured at Tân Sơn Nhứt Airfield, Saigon, in August 1945 in airworthy condition, having only recently been delivered. However it was damaged there on 26 Nov 1945 during a wheels-up landing, after the undercarriage failed to lower for an attempted landing at Biên Hòa airfield, 15 miles away; it was being ferried there by a Japanese pilot for flight tests. The oil cooler, propeller, and tailwheel were repaired but not returned to complete airworthy condition; it was later shipped to the United Kingdom along with three other Japanese aircraft including a Mitsubishi A6M Zero (Zeke) fuselage, a Mitsubishi Ki-46 (Dinah) and a Nippon Kokusai Ki-86 (Cyprus). After years of being in storage in various locations, and being misidentified as a Nakajima Ki-43 (Oscar), it was restored and placed on display at the RAF Museum in Hendon, United Kingdom. Moved to RAF Museum Cosford on 30 January 2012, though now relocated again to the Hendon museum as of December 2022.

title: Kawasaki Ki-100


text:
Lorne

Lorne is a given name and place name especially popular in Canada, due to the Marquess of Lorne, who was Governor General of Canada (1878–1883). Lorne may refer to:

Given name

 * Lorne Anderson (1931–1984), Canadian hockey player
 * Lorne Atkinson (1921–2010) Canadian cyclist
 * Lorne Babiuk (born 1946), Canadian scientist
 * Lorne Balfe (born 1976), composer
 * Lorne Bonnell (1923–2006), Canadian politician
 * Lorne Calvert (born 1952), Canadian politician
 * Lorne Campbell (disambiguation)
 * Lorne Cardinal (born 1964), Canadian actor
 * Lorne Carr (1910–2007), Canadian hockey player
 * Lorne Chabot (1900–1946), Canadian hockey player
 * Lorne Clarke (judge) (1928–2016), Canadian judge
 * Lorne Clarke (singer), Canadian singer-songwriter & concert promoter
 * Lorne Currie (1871–1926), British sailor
 * Lorne Davis (1930–2007), Canadian hockey player and scout
 * Lorne Duguid (1910–1981), Canadian hockey player
 * Lorne Elias, Canadian chemist and inventor
 * Lorne Elliott (born 1974), Canadian comedian
 * Lorne Entress, American musician
 * Lorne Ferguson (1930–2008), Canadian hockey player
 * Lorne Frohman, Canadian comedy writer and producer; see Pink Lady (TV series)
 * Lorne Greenaway (1933–2010), Canadian politician
 * Lorne Greene (1915–1987), Canadian-born television actor
 * Lorne Henderson (1920–2002), Canadian politician
 * Lorne Henning (born 1952), Canadian hockey executive
 * Lorne Kusugak, Canadian politician
 * Lorne Lanning (born 1964), American game designer
 * Lorne Lofsky (born 1954), Canadian jazz musician
 * Lorne Loomer (1937–2017), Canadian rower
 * Lorne Mayencourt (born 1957), Canadian politician
 * Lorne Michaels (born 1944), Canadian-born television producer
 * Lorne Molleken (born 1956), Canadian hockey player
 * Lorne Nystrom (born 1946), Canadian politician
 * Lorne Peterson, Canadian special effect artist
 * Lorne Reznowski (1929–2011), Canadian politician
 * Robert Lorne Richardson (1860–1921), Canadian journalist
 * Lorne Rombough (1948–2019), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Lorne Rubenstein (born 1948), Canadian sports journalist
 * Lorne Sam (born 1984), American football player
 * Lorne Saxberg (1958–2006), Canadian television anchorman
 * Lorne Spicer (born 1965), British television presenter
 * Lorne Stamler (born 1951), Canadian hockey player
 * Lorne Taylor (born 1944), Canadian politician
 * Lorne Trottier (born 1948), Canadian businessman
 * Lorne Welch (1916–1998), British engineer and pilot
 * Lorne Gump Worsley (1929–2007), Canadian hockey player

Surname

 * Dúghall of Lorne (died 1403), Scottish prelate
 * Marion Lorne (1883–1968), American actress
 * Tommy Lorne (1890–1935), Scottish comedian
 * Marquess of Lorne, courtesy title for the heir to the Dukedom of Argyll

Fiction

 * Lorne (Angel), fictional character in the television series Angel
 * Evan Lorne, fictional character in the television series Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis
 * Lorne Malvo, fictional character in the television series Fargo

Australia

 * Lake Lorne, Victoria
 * Lorne, Victoria
 * Lorne, New South Wales, near Camden Haven River

Canada

 * Rural Municipality of Lorne, Manitoba
 * Lorne, New Brunswick, a local service district in Restigouche County
 * Lorne Parish, New Brunswick, in Victoria County
 * Lorne (electoral district), Northwest Territories
 * Lorne Park, Ontario
 * Mount Lorne, Yukon
 * Mount Lorne (electoral district), Yukon Territory

Scotland

 * Firth of Lorn
 * Lorne, Scotland

United States

 * Lorne, Minnesota
 * Lorne, Virginia

Other uses

 * Lorne plateau lavas
 * Lorne sausage, a traditional Scottish large square sausage served in slices
 * Marquess of Lorne, courtesy title for the Duke of Argyll's eldest son and heir, currently Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Lorne

title: Lorne


text:
List of colleges and universities in New York (state)

The following is a list of public and private institutions of higher education in the state of New York.

Federal

 * United States Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point
 * United States Military Academy, West Point

State University of New York (SUNY)

 * SUNY University Centers
 * Binghamton University
 * Stony Brook University
 * University at Albany
 * University at Buffalo

 * SUNY Specialized Doctoral Granting Units
 * State University of New York Upstate Medical University
 * State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University
 * State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
 * State University of New York State College of Optometry
 * State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Marcy

 * SUNY Technology Colleges
 * Alfred State College
 * State University of New York at Canton
 * State University of New York at Cobleskill
 * State University of New York at Delhi
 * State University of New York at Farmingdale
 * State University of New York at Morrisville
 * State University of New York Maritime College

 * SUNY Comprehensive Colleges
 * Buffalo State University
 * Empire State University, Saratoga Springs
 * State University of New York at Brockport
 * State University of New York at Cortland
 * State University of New York at Fredonia
 * State University of New York at Geneseo
 * State University of New York at New Paltz
 * State University of New York at Old Westbury
 * State University of New York at Oneonta
 * State University of New York at Oswego
 * State University of New York at Plattsburgh
 * State University of New York at Potsdam
 * State University of New York at Purchase

 * SUNY Statutory Colleges
 * New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University
 * New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University
 * New York State College of Human Ecology at Cornell University
 * New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University
 * New York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University
 * New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University

 * SUNY Community Colleges
 * Adirondack Community College
 * Broome Community College
 * Cayuga County Community College
 * Clinton Community College
 * Columbia-Greene Community College
 * Corning Community College
 * Dutchess Community College
 * Erie Community College
 * Fashion Institute of Technology, Chelsea, Manhattan
 * Finger Lakes Community College
 * Fulton-Montgomery Community College
 * Genesee Community College
 * Herkimer County Community College
 * Hudson Valley Community College
 * Jamestown Community College
 * Jefferson Community College
 * Mohawk Valley Community College
 * Monroe Community College
 * Nassau Community College
 * Niagara County Community College
 * North Country Community College
 * Onondaga Community College
 * Orange County Community College
 * Rockland Community College
 * Schenectady County Community College
 * Suffolk County Community College
 * Sullivan County Community College
 * Tompkins Cortland Community College
 * Ulster County Community College
 * Westchester Community College

 * SUNY State-wide Colleges
 * Empire State University
 * SUNY Online

City University of New York (CUNY)

 * CUNY Senior Colleges and Graduate Schools
 * Baruch College, Gramercy Park
 * Brooklyn College
 * City College, Harlem
 * College of Staten Island
 * CUNY Graduate Center, Fifth Avenue at 34th Street
 * CUNY Graduate School of Journalism, Midtown Manhattan
 * CUNY Law School, Long Island City
 * CUNY School of Medicine
 * CUNY School of Professional Studies
 * CUNY School of Public Health
 * CUNY William E. Macaulay Honors College
 * Hunter College, Upper East Side
 * John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Midtown Manhattan
 * Lehman College, The Bronx
 * Medgar Evers College, Crown Heights, Brooklyn
 * New York City College of Technology at MetroTech, Downtown Brooklyn
 * Queens College, Flushing
 * York College, Jamaica, Queens

 * CUNY Community Colleges
 * Borough of Manhattan Community College, Tribeca
 * Bronx Community College, University Heights, Bronx
 * Guttman Community College, Midtown Manhattan
 * Hostos Community College, South Bronx
 * Kingsborough Community College, Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn
 * LaGuardia Community College, Hunters Point, Long Island City
 * Queensborough Community College, Bayside, Queens

Private, not-for-profit, non-sectarian

 * Adelphi University, Garden City
 * The Ailey School, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
 * Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
 * Albany campus
 * Albany Law School
 * Albany Medical College
 * Alfred University, Alfred
 * American Academy McAllister Institute - mortuary science
 * American Academy of Dramatic Arts
 * American Museum of Natural History
 * Richard Gilder Graduate School, Upper West Side
 * American Musical and Dramatic Academy
 * Bank Street College of Education, Morningside Heights, Manhattan
 * Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson
 * Bard Graduate Center, New York City
 * Barnard College, Morningside Heights, Manhattan, across the street from Columbia University
 * Boricua College
 * Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn Heights
 * Bryant & Stratton College, AlbanySyracuse/Rochester
 * Clarkson University, Potsdam
 * Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory School of Biological Sciences, North Shore, Long Island
 * Colgate University, Hamilton
 * Columbia University, Morningside Heights
 * Columbia College
 * Columbia Business School
 * Columbia Law School
 * Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation
 * Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science
 * Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
 * School of the Arts
 * Columbia Climate School
 * Graduate School of Journalism
 * School of General Studies
 * School of Social Work
 * Teachers College
 * School of International and Public Affairs
 * School of Professional Studies
 * College of Physicians and Surgeons
 * School of Nursing
 * College of Dental Medicine
 * Mailman School of Public Health
 * Cooper Union, East Village, Manhattan
 * Cornell University, Ithaca
 * Cornell Tech, Manhattan
 * Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Manhattan
 * Weill Cornell Medicine, Upper East Side
 * Culinary Institute of America
 * Hyde Park campus, Hyde Park
 * Daemen University, Amherst
 * Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine
 * Elmira College, Elmira
 * Excelsior University, Albany
 * Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Science
 * Hamilton College, Clinton
 * Hartwick College, Oneonta
 * Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva
 * Hofstra University, Hempstead
 * Frank G. Zarb School of Business
 * Ithaca College
 * School of Music
 * Roy H. Park School of Communications
 * Juilliard School, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Manhattan
 * Keuka College, Keuka Park
 * Long Island University
 * LIU Post (formerly C.W. Post), Brookville
 * LIU Brooklyn
 * Manhattan School of Music, Morningside Heights
 * Manhattanville University, Purchase
 * Marist College, Poughkeepsie
 * Marymount Manhattan College, Upper East Side, Manhattan
 * Mercy University
 * Dobbs Ferry (main campus)
 * Manhattan at 47 West 34th Street (extension campus)
 * The Bronx (extension campus)
 * Metropolitan College of New York
 * Lower Manhattan at 60 West Street (main campus)
 * The Bronx (extension campus)
 * Mount Sinai Health System
 * Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Upper East Side, Manhattan
 * Mount Sinai Phillips School of Nursing (PSON)
 * Nazareth University, Pittsford, near Rochester
 * The New School, Lower Manhattan
 * School for Social Research
 * Eugene Lang College, School for Liberal Arts
 * College of Performing Arts
 * Mannes School of Music
 * School of Jazz
 * School of Drama
 * The Schools of Public Engagement
 * Parsons School of Design
 * New York Academy of Art
 * New York Conservatory for Dramatic Arts
 * New York Graduate School of Psychoanalysis
 * New York Institute of Technology
 * Old Westbury campus
 * Columbus Circle, Manhattan campus
 * New York Law School
 * New York School of Interior Design
 * New York University, West Village, Manhattan
 * College of Arts & Science
 * Graduate School of Arts and Science
 * Liberal Studies
 * College of Dentistry
 * Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
 * Gallatin School of Individualized Study
 * Grossman School of Medicine
 * Institute of Fine Arts
 * Stern School of Business
 * Wagner Graduate School of Public Service
 * Rory Meyers College of Nursing
 * School of Professional Studies
 * School of Law
 * Silver School of School of Social Work
 * Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development
 * Tandon School of Engineering
 * Tisch School of the Arts
 * Northeast College of Health Sciences, Seneca Falls
 * Pace University
 * Manhattan campus
 * Pleasantville campus
 * White Plains campus
 * Paul Smith's College, Paul Smiths
 * Pratt Institute, Clinton Hill, Brooklyn
 * Relay Graduate School of Education, Manhattan
 * Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy
 * Rochester Institute of Technology, Henrietta
 * Rockefeller University
 * Russell Sage College, Albany and Troy
 * St. Elizabeth College of Nursing, Utica
 * St. John Fisher University, Pittsford
 * St. Lawrence University, Canton
 * Sarah Lawrence College, Yonkers
 * Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs
 * Syracuse University
 * College of Arts & Sciences
 * College of Engineering and Computer Science
 * College of Law
 * College of Professional Studies
 * College of Visual and Performing Arts
 * Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics
 * Graduate School
 * Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs
 * Newhouse School of Public Communications
 * School of Architecture
 * School of Education
 * School of Information Studies (iSchool)
 * Whitman School of Management
 * University of Rochester
 * Eastman School of Music
 * College of Arts Sciences and Engineering
 * Margaret Warner Graduate School of Education and Human Development
 * Simon Business School
 * Union College, Schenectady
 * Utica University
 * Vassar College, Poughkeepsie
 * Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology, East Elmhurst, Queens
 * Webb Institute, Glen Cove

Private, for-profit

 * Berkeley College, Midtown Manhattan/Brooklyn
 * College of Westchester, White Plains
 * DeVry University
 * Keller Graduate School of Management
 * Five Towns College, Dix Hills
 * Island Drafting and Technical Institute
 * LIM College, Midtown Manhattan
 * Mandl College of Allied Health
 * Monroe College, Bronx/New Rochelle
 * New York Film Academy, Manhattan
 * New York School for Medical & Dental Assistants
 * Pacific College of Oriental Medicine
 * Plaza College
 * School of Visual Arts
 * Sotheby's Institute of Art
 * Swedish Institute College of Health Sciences

Nursing colleges and schools

 * The Belanger School of Nursing

 * Ellis School of Nursing, Schenectady
 * Finger Lakes Health College of Nursing
 * Helene Fuld College of Nursing, Harlem
 * Pomeroy College of Nursing at Crouse Hospital, Syracuse
 * St. Joseph's College of Nursing, Syracuse
 * St. Peter’s Hospital College of Nursing, Albany
 * Samaritan Hospital School of Nursing, Albany

Orthodox Church in America

 * St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, Yonkers

Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia

 * Holy Trinity Orthodox Seminary, Jordanville

Falun Gong

 * Fei Tan College

Jewish

 * Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Morris Park, Bronx

Conservative

 * Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Morningside Heights

Haredi

 * Mirrer Yeshiva Central Institute, Brooklyn
 * Yeshiva of Rochester, Rochester
 * Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, Brooklyn
 * Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim, Flushing

Hasidic

 * Talmudical Seminary Oholei Torah, Brooklyn
 * United Talmudical Seminary, Brooklyn

Orthodox

 * Beis Medrash Heichal Dovid, Far Rockaway
 * Beth Hamedrash Shaarei Yosher Institute, Brooklyn
 * Beth Hatalmud Rabbinical College, Brooklyn
 * Central Yeshiva Tomchei Tmimim-Lubavitch, Brooklyn
 * Darkei Noam Rabbinical College, Brooklyn
 * Kehilath Yakov Rabbinical Seminary, Brooklyn
 * Machzikei Hadath Rabbinical College, Brooklyn
 * Mesivta Torah Vodaath Seminary, Brooklyn
 * Ohr Somayach Tanenbaum Education Center, Monsey
 * Rabbinical College Beth Shraga, Monsey
 * Rabbinical College Bobover Yeshiva B'nei Zion, Brooklyn
 * Rabbinical College Ch'san Sofer of New York, Brooklyn
 * Rabbinical College of Long Island, Long Beach
 * Rabbinical Seminary Adas Yereim, Brooklyn
 * Shor Yoshuv Rabbinical College, Lawrence
 * Torah Teminah Talmudical Seminary, Brooklyn
 * Touro University, Manhattan
 * New York College of Podiatric Medicine
 * New York Medical College, Valhalla
 * Law Center, Central Islip
 * College of Osteopathic Medicine, Harlem
 * Lander College for Men, Kew Gardens Hills, Queens
 * Lander College for Women – The Anna Ruth and Mark Hasten School, Upper East Side
 * U.T.A. Mesivta-Kiryas Joel, Monroe
 * Yeshiva and Kolel Bais Medrash Elyon, Monsey
 * Yeshiva and Kollel Harbotzas Torah, Brooklyn
 * Yeshiva Gedolah Zichron Moshe, South Fallsburg
 * Yeshiva Karlin Stolin, Brooklyn
 * Yeshiva of Nitra, Brooklyn
 * Yeshiva of the Telshe, Riverdale
 * Yeshiva Shaar Hatorah, Kew Gardens
 * Yeshiva University
 * Stern College for Women, Murray Hill, Manhattan
 * Yeshiva College, Washington Heights, Manhattan
 * Sy Syms School of Business, Washington Heights, Manhattan
 * Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary
 * Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
 * Yeshivas Novominsk, Brooklyn
 * Yeshivath Viznitz, Monsey

Reform

 * Academy for Jewish Religion, Yonkers
 * Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Greenwich Village
 * The Debbie Friedman School of Sacred Music

Armenian Apostolic Church

 * St. Nersess Armenian Seminary

Baptist

 * Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School - American Baptist Churches USA
 * Davis College, Pottersville - Southern Baptist Convention

Episcopal

 * General Theological Seminary, Chelsea, Manhattan

Evangelical

 * Elim Bible Institute and College, Lima

Lutheran

 * Wagner College, Staten Island

Methodist

 * Roberts Wesleyan University, Chili, near Rochester

Non-denominational progressive Christian

 * Union Theological Seminary, Morningside Heights

Pentecostal

 * Northeast Institute of Biblical and Theological Studies, Corinth

Wesleyan

 * Houghton University, Houghton

Christian Brothers

 * Iona University, New Rochelle

Congregation of the Mission

 * Niagara University, Lewiston
 * St. John's University

De La Salle Brothers

 * Manhattan College, The Bronx

Diocesan

 * St. Joseph's Seminary and College, Dunwoodie, Yonkers
 * St. Bernard's School of Theology and Ministry, Rochester

Dominican Sisters of Blauvelt

 * Dominican University New York, Orangeburg
 * Molloy University, Rockville Centre
 * Mount Saint Mary College, Newburgh

Dominican Sisters of Sparkill

 * St. Thomas Aquinas College, Sparkill

Felician Sisters

 * Villa Maria College, Buffalo

Franciscan

 * Hilbert College, Hamburg
 * Siena College, Loudonville
 * St. Bonaventure University, Allegany
 * St. Francis College, Brooklyn Heights

Grey Nuns

 * D'Youville University, Buffalo

Jesuit

 * Canisius University, Buffalo
 * Le Moyne College, Syracuse
 * Fordham University
 * Rose Hill campus, The Bronx
 * Lincoln Center campus, Manhattan

Sisters of Charity of New York

 * University of Mount Saint Vincent, Riverdale

Sisters of Mercy

 * Maria College, Albany
 * Mercy University, Dobbs Ferry
 * Trocaire College, Buffalo

Sisters of St. Joseph

 * St. Joseph's University

Announced closures

 * Jamestown Business College, Jamestown - closing in February 2025

Nondenominational Christianity

 * The King's College, Financial District, Manhattan - no students since July 2023

Private, non-profit, non-sectarian

 * Art Institute of Buffalo, Buffalo, 1931-1956
 * Barleywood Female University, Rochester, 1852-1853
 * Bennett College, Millbrook, 1890-1977
 * Briarcliff College, Briarcliff Manor, 1904-1977
 * Bramson ORT College, Forest Hills, 1979–2017
 * Cazenovia College, Cazenovia, 1824–2023
 * College of Insurance, New York City, 1901-2001; Merged into St. John's University.
 * Dowling College, Oakdale, 1968–2016
 * Eisenhower College, Seneca Falls, 1968-1982
 * Glasgow Caledonian New York College, 2013-2023
 * Harlem Hospital School of Nursing, New York City, 1923-1977
 * Ingham University, Le Roy, 1835-1892
 * Lincoln School for Nurses, New York City, 1898-1961
 * Institute of Design and Construction, Brooklyn, 1947–2015
 * Kirkland College, Clinton, New York, 1965–1978; absorbed by Hamilton College
 * Long Island College Hospital School of Nursing, 1899-2011
 * Medaille University, Buffalo, 1937–2023
 * Oneida Institute, Whitesboro, 1827-1843
 * Rutgers Female College, New York City, 1839-1894
 * State and National Law School, Ballston Spa, 1849-1852; later Poughkeepsie, 1853-1865
 * Union Graduate College, Schenectady, 2004–2016; merged with Clarkson University
 * Wells College, Aurora, 1868-2024

Private, for-profit

 * ASA College, White Plains/Midtown Manhattan/Downtown Brooklyn, 1985–2023
 * Briarcliffe College, Long Island City/Bethpage/Patchogue, 1966–2018
 * Christie's Education, 1993-2020
 * Eastman Business College, Poughkeepsie, 1859-1931
 * Gibbs College, New York City/Melville, 1911–2009
 * Globe Institute of Technology, Manhattan, 1985–2016
 * Long Island Business Institute, Commack/Flushing, 1968–2024
 * New York Career Institute, 1941-2017
 * Technical Career Institute College of Technology, 1909-2017
 * Utica School of Commerce, 1896–2016

 * Wood Tobe-Coburn School, 1937-2017

Baptist

 * New York Central College, McGraw, 1849-1860

Christian and Missionary Alliance

 * Alliance Theological Seminary, 1974-2023
 * Alliance University (formerly Nyack College), New York City, 1882–2023

Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod

 * Concordia College, Bronxville, 1881–2021

Methodist Episcopal Church

 * Troy University, Troy, 1858-1861

Non-denominational progressive Christian

 * New York Theological Seminary, New York City, 1900-2024

Pentecostal

 * Pentecostal Collegiate Institute, Saratoga Springs, 1900-1903

Presbyterian

 * Falley Seminary, Fulton, Oswego County, 1836-1883
 * Auburn Theological Seminary, Auburn, 1818-1939; Stopped granting degrees at this point and relocated to the campus of Union Theological Seminary in New York City. Still exists as a 501c3 charity.

Roman Catholic

 * Cathedral College of the Immaculate Conception, Brooklyn, 1914-1967, later Douglaston, 1967-1987
 * College of New Rochelle, New Rochelle, 1904–2019
 * College of Saint Rose, Albany, 1920-2024
 * Ladycliffe College, Highland Falls, 1933-1980
 * Maria Regina College, Syracuse, 1934–1990
 * Seminary of the Immaculate Conception, Lloyd Harbor, 1926-2012
 * St. Anthony-on-Hudson Seminary, Rensselaer, 1912–1988
 * St. Pius X Preparatory Seminary, initially Hempstead, then Uniondale, 1961–1968

Universalist

 * Theological School of St. Lawrence University (1856-1965)