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Helen Caldicott

Helen Mary Caldicott (born 7 August 1938) is an Australian physician, author, and anti-nuclear advocate. She founded several associations dedicated to opposing the use of nuclear power, depleted uranium munitions, nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons proliferation, and military action in general.

Early life and education
Helen Caldicott was born on 7 August 1938, in Melbourne, Australia, the daughter of factory manager [Theo] Philip Broinowski and Mary Mona Enyd (Coffey) Broinowski, an interior designer. She attended public school, except for four years at Fintona Girls' School at Balwyn, a private secondary school. When she was 17, she enrolled at the University of Adelaide medical school and graduated in 1961 with a MBBS degree. In 1962, she married William Caldicott, a paediatric radiologist who has since worked with her in her campaigns. They have three children, Philip, Penny, and William Jr.

Caldicott and her husband moved to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1966 and she entered a three-year fellowship in nutrition at Harvard Medical School. Returning to Adelaide in 1969, she accepted a position in the renal unit of Queen Elizabeth Hospital. In the early 1970s, she completed a year's residency and a two-year internship in paediatrics at the Adelaide Childrens Hospital to qualify as a paediatric physician so she could legitimately establish the first Australian clinic for cystic fibrosis at the Adelaide Childrens Hospital. The clinic now has the best survival rates in Australia. In 1977, she joined the staff of the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston as an instructor in pediatrics. She taught paediatrics at the Harvard Medical School from 1977 to 1980.

Early activity
Caldicott's interest in nuclear issues was sparked when she read the 1957 Nevil Shute book On the Beach, a novel about a nuclear holocaust set in Australia.

In the 1970s, she gained prominence in Australia, New Zealand and North America, speaking on the health hazards of radiation from the perspective of paediatrics. Her early achievements included convincing Australia to sue France over its atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the Pacific in 1971 and 1972, which brought the practice to an end. She also informed Australian trade unions about the medical and military dangers of uranium mining, which led to the three-year banning of the mining and export of uranium.

After visiting the Soviet Union in 1979 with an AFSC delegation and upon learning the impending US deployment of cruise missiles (which would end arms control) and Pershing II missiles that could hit Moscow from Europe in 3 minutes, Caldicott left her medical career to concentrate on calling the world's attention to what she referred to as the "insanity" of the nuclear arms race and the growing reliance on nuclear power. In 1978 she reinvigorated Physicians for Social Responsibility. Over time she and others recruited 23,000 physicians to this organisation which, through wide educational efforts, taught the US public about the dire medical implications of both nuclear power and nuclear war. In 1985 this national organisation and many others, she founded around the world were awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. She was herself nominated for the Nobel Prize by Linus Pauling, himself a Nobel winner.

In 1980, she founded the Women's Action for Nuclear Disarmament (WAND) in the United States, which was later renamed Women's Action for New Directions. It is a group dedicated to reducing or redirecting government spending away from nuclear energy and nuclear weapons towards what the group perceives as unmet social issues.

Caldicott stood as an independent candidate for the Australian House of Representatives at the 1990 federal election, contesting the Division of Richmond, against the Leader of the National Party, Charles Blunt. She polled 23.3% of the votes; not enough to win, but her preferences went mostly to the Labor candidate, Neville Newell, electing him and unseating Blunt.

In 2002 Caldicott released The New Nuclear Danger, a commentary on the George Bush Military-Industrial Complex. The book was reviewed by Ivan Eland of The Independent Institute. He wrote, "She makes many cogent criticisms about current and prior administrations’ nuclear policies and the excesses of the government-dominated military-industrial complex associated with nuclear weapons, but her often valid points are undermined by other far-fetched or alarmist arguments, sloppy research, and haphazard footnoting."

In 2008 Caldicott founded the Helen Caldicott Foundation for a Nuclear Free Future which, for over four years, produced a weekly radio commentary, "If You Love This Planet".

In April 2011, Caldicott was involved in a public argument in The Guardian with British journalist George Monbiot. Monbiot expressed great concern at what he saw as a failure by Caldicott to provide adequate justification for any of her arguments. Regarding Caldicott's book Nuclear Power is Not The Answer, he wrote: "The scarcity of references to scientific papers and the abundance of unsourced claims it contains amaze me." Caldicott claimed, "As we have seen, he and other nuclear industry apologists sow confusion about radiation risks and, in my view, in much the same way that the tobacco industry did in previous decades about the risks of smoking." Also in 2011, Caldicott made a written submission regarding the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station new build project in Canada in which she asserts that plutonium can cause cancer of the testicles after accumulation in these organs.

In 2014, Physicians for Social Responsibility hosted a lecture on "Fukushima's Ongoing Impact" by Caldicott in Seattle, Washington.

Honors and awards
Caldicott has been awarded 21 honorary doctoral degrees. In 1982, she received the Humanist of the Year award from the American Humanist Association. In 1992, Caldicott received the 1992 Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston for her leadership in the worldwide disarmament movement. She was inducted to the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001. She was awarded the Lannan Foundation Prize for Cultural Freedom in 2003, and in 2006, the Peace Organisation of Australia presented her with the inaugural Australian Peace Prize "for her longstanding commitment to raising awareness about the medical and environmental hazards of the nuclear age". The Smithsonian Institution has named Caldicott as one of the most influential women of the 20th century. She is a member of the scientific committee of the Fundacion IDEAS, a progressive think tank in Spain. She serves on the Advisory Council of the Nuclear Age Peace. In 2009, she was designated a Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project.

Documentary films
Caldicott has appeared in numerous documentary films and television programs. In the early 1980s, she was the subject of two documentaries: the Oscar-nominated 1981 feature-length film Eight Minutes to Midnight: A Portrait of Dr. Helen Caldicott and the 1982 Oscar-winning National Film Board of Canada short documentary, If You Love This Planet.

A 2004 documentary film, Helen's War: Portrait of a Dissident, provides a look into Caldicott's life through the eyes of her niece, filmmaker Anna Broinowski.

Caldicott is featured along with foreign affairs experts, space security activists and military officials in interviews in Denis Delestrac's 2010 feature documentary Pax Americana and the Weaponization of Space.

The 2013 documentary Pandora's Promise also features footage of Caldicott, interspersed with counter-points to her assertions regarding the health impacts of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.

title: Helen Caldicott


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User talk:Scott87

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia! Just a note about the image you uploaded--did you take it yourself? If so, please edit the image page accordingly, and include information as to where/when it was taken, and that it's released under the GFDL (this is required; see Copyrights). Sorry about the bother, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:30, 2004 Jul 27 (UTC)

User talk:Honeycake
On the subject of Yorkdale Shopping Centre, the article is still there and so, by a process of elemination, I have deduced that I didn't delete it. I am not an administrator, so I can't delete pages. I put a tag or something similar because I felt that it wasn't serving any useful purpose. I imagine, since it looks OK now, that it was just vandalised when I first saw it, I can't check as the database has lost the previous versions. However, if a page gets deleted when I put a tag there, an administrator has obviously approved if they deleted it. The tag means nothing more than "Administrators, please look at this page and delete it if you feel fit.". I hope that clears up your problem, and finally, though this isn't a good point I know, I see you have only been a member since July this year? So I'd reccomend that you stop telling users to leave Wikipedia for the moment. Please reply on my talk page,--Honeycake 06:50, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Ontario Highway images
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Chrysler LA engine

The LA engine is a family of overhead-valve small-block 90° V-configured gasoline engines built by Chrysler Corporation between 1964 and 2003. A replacement of the Chrysler A engine, they were factory-installed in passenger vehicles, trucks and vans, commercial vehicles, marine and industrial applications. Their combustion chambers are wedge-shaped, rather than polyspheric, as in the A engine, or hemispheric in the Chrysler Hemi. LA engines have the same 4.46 in bore spacing as the A engines.

LA engines were made at Chrysler's Mound Road Engine plant in Detroit, Michigan, as well as plants in Canada and Mexico. The "LA" stands for "Light A," as the 1956–1967 "A" engine it was closely based on and shares many parts with was nearly 50 pounds heavier. The "LA" and "A" production overlapped from 1964–1966 in the U.S. and through 1967 in export vehicles when the "A" 318 engine was phased out.

The basic design of the LA engine would go unchanged through the development of the "Magnum" upgrade (1992–1993), and continue into the 2000s with changes to enhance power and efficiency.

239 V6
The 3903 cc V6 was introduced with the Dodge Dakota for 1987, and replaced the older, longer Slant-Six in the Dodge Ram trucks and vans for 1988. It is essentially a six-cylinder version of the 318 V8. The bore and stroke are 99.3 mm (3.9 in) and 84 mm (3.3 in), respectively. Output was 125 hp and 195 lbft until it was replaced by the 3.9 L Magnum starting in 1992. In 1987, it used a two-barrel Holley carburetor and hydraulic valve lifters. In 1988, it was upgraded with throttle-body fuel injection and roller lifters. For the 1992 Magnum update, the throttle-body fuel injection was upgraded to a multi-port fuel injection system. In 1997, it was then upgraded to sequential fuel injection. The engine was produced through 2003 before it was replaced with the 3.7 L PowerTech V6.

 * 1987–2003 Dodge Dakota
 * 1988–2001 Dodge Ram
 * 1988–2003 Dodge Ram Van

273 V8
The 273 CID was the first LA engine, beginning model year 1964 and offered through 1969, rated at 180 hp. It had a bore and stroke of 3.625x3.31 in. It had hydraulic lifters generally make for a quieter valvetrain. The reciprocating assembly included a cast or forged steel crankshaft, drop forged steel connecting rods and cast aluminum pistons. The valvetrain consisted of a cast nodular iron camshaft, solid or hydraulic lifters, solid pushrods, and shaft-mounted, malleable iron rocker arms (stamped steel on later hydraulic-cam engines). These actuated the overhead steel intake and exhaust valves. The cylinder heads featured wedge-shaped combustion chambers with a single intake and a single exhaust valve for each cylinder. Spark plugs were located in the side of the cylinder head, between the exhaust ports.

A high-performance 235 hp was offered from 1965 to 1967; called the "Commando", it was standard in the Barracuda Formula S model and optional in all other compact models excluding station wagons. It featured a 4-barrel carburetor and matching intake manifold, chrome unsilenced air cleaner with callout sticker, longer-duration and higher-lift camshaft and stronger valve springs, 10.5:1 compression ratio, and special black wrinkle valve covers with extruded aluminum appliqués. It was fitted to a low-restriction exhaust system with a 2.5 in exhaust pipe, collector-type Y-junction, and exposed resonator. For 1965 (only), the muffler was of "straight through" construction.

A special version, exclusive to the 1966 Dodge Dart, was available. It used a 0.5 in lift solid-lifter camshaft, fabricated-steel-tube exhaust, and a Holley 4-barrel carburetor, producing 275 hp (1 hp/cu in). The car so equipped was called the "D-Dart," a reference to its classification in NHRA D-stock for drag racing, which was the car's only intended purpose.

 * 1964–1969 Dodge Dart
 * 1964–1969 Plymouth Barracuda
 * Plymouth Belvedere
 * Dodge Coronet
 * Plymouth Satellite
 * 1964–1969 Plymouth Valiant
 * 1966–1967 Ghia 450 SS

318 V8
The 5203 cc LA 318 has a bore and stroke of 3.906x3.312 in, identical to the A 318 it was derived from. It appeared in volume production beginning with the 1968 model year, replacing the last of the export "A" 318 engines equipped with polyspherical chambered heads ("A" 318 engines were not offered in 1967 domestic vehicles). The LA engine was available until 1991, when it was superseded by the Magnum version. It used hydraulic lifters and a two-barrel carburetor for most of its production, though four-barrel Carter Thermo-Quad and Rochester Quadrajet carburetors were used in police applications starting in 1978 and 1985, respectively. The 318 two-barrel ELD received roller lifters and a fast-burn chambered cylinder head in 1985 (the four-barrel police ELE 318 continued to use modified J heads and hydraulic flat valve lifters through 1989).

Throttle-body electronic fuel injection was factory equipment on the 1981–1983 Imperial. From 1988 to 1991, another throttle-body fuel injection system was used for truck and van applications.

 * 1983–1989 Chrysler Fifth Avenue
 * 1981–1983 Imperial
 * 1968–1981 Chrysler Valiant
 * 1977–1981 Chrysler LeBaron
 * 1979–1982 Chrysler New Yorker
 * 1981–1983 Imperial
 * 1975–1983 Chrysler Cordoba
 * 1976–1980 Dodge Aspen
 * Dodge Charger
 * Dodge Challenger
 * Dodge Coronet
 * 1968–1976 Dodge Dart
 * 1977–1989 Dodge Diplomat
 * 1991–1992 Dodge Dakota
 * 1971–1972 Dodge Demon
 * 1973–1976 Dodge Dart Sport
 * 1970–1980 (Valiant) Dodge Super Bee (Mexico)
 * 1971–1979 Dodge GTX (Argentina)
 * 1978–1979 Dodge Magnum
 * 1980–1983 Dodge Mirada
 * 1967–1992 Dodge Ram
 * Dodge Ram Van
 * 1974-1992 Dodge Ramcharger
 * 1968–1974 Plymouth Barracuda
 * Plymouth Belvedere
 * 1970–1976 Plymouth Duster
 * 1967–1972 Plymouth Fury
 * 1972–1989 Plymouth Gran Fury
 * 1964–1974 Plymouth Satellite
 * 1974–1981 Plymouth Trail Duster
 * 1968–1976 Plymouth Valiant
 * 1976–1980 Plymouth Volaré
 * 1981–19?? Allard J2X2
 * 1976-1979 Monteverdi Safari
 * 1977–1980 Monteverdi Sierra
 * Volkswagen 11-160/22-160 (Ethanol-powered VW truck)
 * Dodge E-13 (Ethanol-powered truck)
 * Companhia Brasileira de Tratores (CBT) 3000 and 3500 (Ethanol-powered tractor)

340 V8

In the mid-1960s, Chrysler decided to adapt the 318 cuin small block V8 into a lightweight, high output engine equally suited for drag strip or street performance use. Its block was bored out to 4.04 in but its 3.31 in stroke left unchanged, resulting in the 340 CID engine introduced for the 1968 model year. Anticipating higher loads resulting from racing operation, the engineers fitted a forged shot peened steel crankshaft instead of the cast steel unit used in the 318. This also included shot peened hammer-forged steel connecting rods and high compression cast aluminum pistons with full floating pins. A 4-barrel carburetor was mated to a high-rise, dual plane intake manifold feeding high-flow cylinder heads Its big ports used 2.02 in intake and 1.60 in exhaust valves. An aggressive cam was fitted to take advantage of the much better breathing top end. The 1968 4-speed cars got an even hotter cam, but it was discontinued for 1969, where both automatic and manual cars shared the same cam. The engine was equipped with hydraulic lifters and two bolt main bearing caps, leading some to initially underestimate the 340's potential. The 1968–71 340's compression ratio was 10.5:1, placing it near the limit of what was possible on pump gasoline during that era. The 340 also used additional heavy-duty parts, such as a double-row roller timing chain and sump-mounted windage tray. Power output was officially stated as 275 hp gross for the 4 barrel.

In 1970, Chrysler introduced a special triple carburetor version of the 340 with triple 2-barrels at 290 hp gross Exclusively called the catchy Six-Pack on the Trans-Am targeted Dodge Challenger TA models, the same configuration was used by Plymouth for its Trans-Am AAR 'Cuda, called just the "340-6" or "six barrel". This race-oriented version of the already high-performance 340 featured an aluminum intake manifold mounting three Holley carburetors, a dual points ignition system, and a heavy duty short block with additional webbing to allow for aftermarket installed 4 bolt main bearing caps. The application-specific cylinder heads featured relocated intake pushrod passages with offset rocker arms that allowed the pushrods to be moved away from the intake ports, which could improve airflow if the pushrod-clearance "hump" was ground away from the intake port by the end user.

The combination of increasingly have emission controls, lowered octane, rising gasoline prices, and insurance company crackdown on high-performance vehicles saw the relatively expensive 340 detuned in 1972 with the introduction of low compression (8.5:1) small valve heads, and by mid-year a cast nodular iron crankshaft and a variety of other emissions related changes. For the 1974 model year, it was replaced by the 360 CID engine.

 * Chrysler Valiant Charger (Australia)
 * Dodge Challenger
 * Dodge Charger
 * Dodge Dart
 * 1971–1972 Dodge Demon
 * Dodge Super Bee
 * Plymouth Barracuda
 * Plymouth Duster
 * Plymouth Road Runner
 * Plymouth Sport Fury GT
 * Monica 560
 * Hongqi CA770 215 HP

360 V8
The LA 360 CID has a bore and stroke of 4x3.58 in. It was released in 1971 with a two-barrel carburetor. The 360 used the large intake port 340 heads with a smaller intake valve of 1.88 in. In 1974, with the introduction of the code E58 4-barrel dual-exhaust version, at 245 hp SAE net, it became the most powerful LA engine with the end of 340 production. Power started dropping from 1975 on as more emission controls were added resulting with the 1980 E58 engine only producing 185 hp SAE net. Starting with 1981, the 360 was exclusively used in Dodge trucks and vans.

The 1978–1979 Li'l Red Express truck used a special high-performance 360 4-barrel engine with factory production code EH1 that was rated at 225 SAE Net HP in production form The EH1 was a modified version of the E58 360 police engine (E58) producing 225 hp net at 3800 rpm due in part, that as it was installed in a "truck", and not a car, it did not have to use catalytic converters (1978 only) which allowed for a free-flowing exhaust system. Some prototypes for the EH1 featured Mopar Performance W2 heads, although the production units had the standard 360 heads. Some police package cars came from the factory with a steel crank and h-beam rods. There was also a "lean burn" version of the 360. The LA360 was replaced in 1993 by the 5.9 Magnum, which shared some design parameters with the LA360, but the majority of its components were different.

Due to additional modifications, the prototype Li'l Red Express truck tested by various period magazines ran appreciably stronger than actual production examples.

 * Chrysler 300
 * Chrysler Valiant & Valiant Charger (Australia)
 * Chrysler by Chrysler (Australia)
 * 1975–1979 Chrysler Cordoba
 * 1978–1979 Chrysler LeBaron
 * 1977–1980 Chrysler New Yorker
 * 1971–1980 Chrysler Newport
 * 1976–1980 Dodge Aspen
 * 1974 Dodge Challenger
 * 1974–1978 Dodge Charger
 * 1974–1976 Dodge Coronet
 * 1974–1976 Dodge Dart
 * 1978–1979 Dodge Diplomat
 * 1978–1979 Dodge Magnum
 * 1971–1978 Dodge Monaco
 * 1971–1973 Dodge Polara
 * 1971–1980 Dodge D Series
 * 1981–1992 Dodge Ram
 * 1979–1992 Dodge Ram Van/Dodge Ram Wagon
 * 1971–1992 Dodge Sportsman/Dodge Tradesman
 * 1974–1992 Dodge Ramcharger
 * 1974–1981 Plymouth Trail Duster
 * 1974–1975 Plymouth Road Runner
 * 1974 Plymouth Barracuda
 * 1974–1976 Plymouth Duster
 * 1971–1978 Plymouth Fury
 * 1975–1977, 1980 Plymouth Gran Fury
 * 1976–1980 Plymouth Volaré
 * 1974–1983 Plymouth Voyager
 * 1979–1980 Dodge St. Regis
 * 1978–1979 Dodge Li'l Red Express
 * (in Bristol-modified form)
 * Bristol 603
 * Bristol 412
 * (in Bristol-modified form with turbocharger)
 * Bristol Beaufighter
 * Bristol Brigand
 * Bristol Beaufort

Throttle-body injected LA engines
The last variation of the LA series to be introduced before the Magnum upgrade was the 1988–92 throttle-body fuel injected, roller cam engine. The first engines to receive these modifications were the 318 CID V8 and 239 CID V6 engines. A Holley/Chrysler-designed, single-point, twin-injector throttle body assembly was mounted atop a slightly redesigned cast iron intake manifold. An in-tank electric pump and reservoir replaced the earlier mechanical (camshaft-eccentric driven) pump. The valvetrain was upgraded to include hydraulic roller lifters; however, cam specifications remained essentially unchanged. The resulting engine was somewhat improved as to power and efficiency. The 5.9 L V8 engines followed suit in 1989, but also received the overall improved "308" cylinder heads (casting number 4448308) that featured significantly higher flowing exhaust ports and a return to the original 1971 (non-fast burn) combustion chamber. However, with other manufacturers already introducing the superior multi-point fuel injection system, Chrysler considered a more drastic upgrade program.

As the TBI engines were being introduced, the new upgrade program was initiated in the Chrysler engineering department. In 1992, with emissions standards becoming ever more stringent in the United States, Chrysler Corporation released the first of the upgraded engines.

Magnum engines
In 1992, Chrysler introduced the first of a series of upgraded versions of the LA engines. The company named their engine the "Magnum," a marketing term that had been used by the company previously to describe both the Dodge Magnum automobile and an earlier Dodge passenger car (only) engine series; the latter was based on the big-block B/RB V8 engines of the 1960s–70s.

The Chrysler Magnum engines are a series of V6, V8, and V10 powerplants used in a number of Chrysler Corporation motor vehicles, as well as in marine and industrial applications. This family of gasoline-burning engines lasted for over a decade, were installed in vehicles sold across the globe, and were produced in the millions.

Technical information
The Magnum engine is a direct descendant of the Chrysler LA engine, which began with the 273 cuin V8 in 1964. While the Magnum 3.9, Magnum 5.2, and Magnum 5.9 (1992 and up) engines were significantly based on the 239, the 318, and the 360, respectively, many of the parts will not directly interchange and the Magnums are not technically LA engines; the only major parts that are actually unchanged are the connecting rods.

The cylinder block remained basically the same. It was still a V-shaped, 90-degree design made of cast iron. The crankshaft, located to the bottom of the block by five main bearing caps, was cast steel, and the eight connecting rods were forged steel. The pistons were cast aluminum, with a hypereutectic design. Cylinders were numbered from the front of the engine to the rear; cylinders 1, 3, 5, and 7 were found on the left (driver side) bank, or "bank 1," with the even numbers on the other bank.

Coolant passages were located between the cylinders. The gerotor-type oil pump was located at the bottom-rear of the engine, and provided oil to both the crankshaft main bearings and the cylinder heads (via the lifters and pushrods, as opposed to a drilled passage on LA engines). Chrysler's engineers also redesigned the oil seals on the crankshaft to improve anti-leak seal performance. The oil pan was also made from thicker steel, and was installed with a more leak-resistant silicone-rubber gasket.

Gasoline was supplied to the intake manifold through a pair of steel rails that fed eight Bosch-type, top-fed, electronically actuated fuel injectors; there was one injector located in each intake runner. Each cylinder had its own injector, thus making the fuel system a "multi-point" type. Fuel pressure was regulated by a vacuum-controlled pressure regulator, located on the return side of the second fuel rail. Excess fuel was thereafter delivered back to the fuel tank. (Later versions had the regulator and filter mounted at the in-tank pump.)

To support the new fuel system, the intake manifold was of a new design. Known colloquially as the "beer keg" or "kegger" manifold, the part was shaped like half of a beer barrel lying longitudinally atop the center of the V-shaped engine block. The intake runners, which supplied the fuel and air to each cylinder, fed each of the intake ports in the newly designed cylinder heads. The bolts that secured the intake manifold to the cylinder heads were installed at a different angle from those on the older LA engine; they threaded in vertically, rather than at the 45-degree angle of the 1966 and up LA.

Air was provided from the air filter intake to the intake manifold by a Holley-designed, aluminum, twin-venturi, mechanically actuated throttle body, which was bolted atop the intake manifold. Each venturi was progressively bored and had a diameter of 50mm. To this unit were mounted the Throttle Position Sensor (TPS), Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor and Idle Air Control (IAC) valve (initially referred to as the "AIS Motor"). A steel cable connected the accelerator pedal inside the vehicle to a mechanical linkage at the side of the throttle body, which acted to open the air intake butterfly valves inside the venturis. During idle these butterfly valves were closed, so a bypass port and the IAC valve were used to control the intake of air.

The cylinder heads were another fundamental change of the Magnum engine, being designed to meet stricter requirements in both power and emissions by increasing efficiency. These heads were cast iron units with new wedge-shaped combustion chambers and high-swirl valve shrouding. Combustion chamber design was most important in these new heads: LA engine cylinder heads were given a full-relief open-chamber design, but the Magnum was engineered with a double-quench closed-chamber type. The higher-flowing intake ports stepped up intake flow dramatically in comparison to the original LA heads, and the exhaust ports improved cylinder evacuation as well. The shape and porting of the chambers allowed for more complete atomization of the air/fuel mixture, as well as contributing to more complete combustion; these virtues allowed for much greater efficiency of the engine as a whole. The intake and exhaust valves were located at the top of each combustion chamber. The valves themselves had shorter, 5/16" diameter stems, to allow for the more aggressive camshaft. Intake valves had a port diameter of 1.92", while exhaust valves were 1.600", with 60cc combustion chambers. Spark plugs were located at the peak of the combustion chambers' wedge, between the exhaust ports; press-in heat shields protected them from the heat of the exhaust manifolds.

Cast iron exhaust manifolds, less restrictive than units found on previous engines, were bolted to the outboard side of each head. The new cylinder heads also featured stud-mounted rocker arms, a change from the shaft-mounted LA arms. This last change was due to the different oiling system of the new engine, as described in the next paragraph. The valve covers on the Magnum have 10 bolts rather than the previous 5, for improved oil sealing. In addition, the valve covers were made of thicker steel than earlier parts, and were installed with a silicone gasket.

The valvetrain was also updated, although it was still based on a single, center-block located camshaft pushing on hydraulic lifters and pushrods, one for each rocker arm. However, the cast nodular iron camshaft was of the "roller" type, with each lobe acting upon a hydraulic lifter with a roller bearing on the bottom; this made for a quieter, cooler-running valvetrain, but also allowed for a more aggressive valve lift. Each of the lifters acted upon a steel pushrod, which were of the "oil-through" type. This was another change for the Magnum. Because the new pushrods also served to provide oil to the top of the cylinder head, the rockers were changed to the AMC-style, screw-mounted, bridged half-shaft type. The new rockers also had a higher ratio: 1.6:1 compared to 1.5:1 in the LA engine, which increased leverage on the valves. In addition, the oil boss located at the end of the cylinder head on the LA engine was left undrilled, as it was no longer needed. However, the boss itself was left in place, perhaps to cut down on casting and machining costs, and to allow the use of earlier LA heads.

Engine timing was controlled by the all-steel, silent Morse timing chain (some early production engines had double-row roller timing sets), which was located beneath the aluminum timing cover at the front of the engine block. The timing chain sprockets, one each for the camshaft and crankshaft, were all-steel; for the last few years, the LA engine came with nylon teeth on the sprockets. At the rear of the camshaft was cut a set of helical gear teeth, these being used to spin the distributor. Mounted to the front of the timing cover was a redesigned, counterclockwise rotation water pump, with much improved flow. Externally, the accessory drive belt was changed to a serpentine system; coupled with an automatic belt tensioner this increased belt life, reduced maintenance and contributed to lower noise and vibration levels.

The ignition system was also all-new for the Magnum. Controlled by a new micro-processor-equipped Single-Board Engine Controller (SBEC, also known as the ECM, or Engine Control Module), the ignition system included a distributor mounted at the rear of the engine. A 36,000-volt ignition coil, usually located at the front right of the engine, provided electrical power to the center of the distributor cap, where a spinning rotor directed the power to each of the individual cylinders' spark plug wires. Ignition dwell, advance and retardation were electronically controlled by the SBEC.

The SBEC controlled the ignition, as well as the opening and closing of the fuel injectors. During cold startup, wide-open throttle and deceleration, it did this based on "open-loop," pre-programmed operating parameters. During normal idle and cruising, it began "closed-loop" operation, during which the module acted based upon inputs from a variety of sensors. The basic sensors that provided input to the SBEC included the Oxygen sensor (O2), Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor, Throttle Position Sensor (TPS), Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor and Coolant Temperature sensor (CTS). The basic actuators controlled by the SBEC's outputs included the fuel injectors, ignition coil and pickup, and the Idle Air Control (IAC) valve. The latter controlled idle characteristics. However, the SBEC also controlled the operation of the charging system, air conditioning system, cruise control and, in some vehicles, transmission shifting. By centralizing control of these systems, the operation of the vehicle was simplified and streamlined.

Emissions output was controlled by several systems. The EGR, or Exhaust Gas Recirculation system, brought exhaust gas from the exhaust stream up to the intake manifold, lowering peak combustion temperatures, the goal being the reduction of NOX emissions. A PCV, or Positive Crankcase Ventilation system, introduced oil vapor and unburnt fuel vapors from the crankcase to the intake, allowing the engine to re-use these as well. Furthermore, gasoline vapors that would normally be released into the atmosphere were captured by the EVAP system, to then be introduced into the engine.

In 1996, the OBD-II on-board diagnostics system was introduced on all passenger vehicles in the United States, as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulation. As such, a new engine control computer was developed for vehicles powered by Magnum engines, known as the JTEC. The new Powertrain Control Module was more complex and more intelligent, and added programming meant it could also control automatic transmission and other powertrain functions; its firmware could also be reprogrammed ("reflashed") via the same OBD-II port. With the introduction of the JTEC, the EGR system was dropped from Magnum engines.

Magnum 3.9 L V6
As the 5.2 L V8 was introduced in 1992, the often-forgotten V6 version of the Magnum engine became available in the Ram pickup and the more compact Dodge Dakota. Based on the LA-series 239 cuin V6, the 3.9 L Magnum featured the same changes and upgrades as the other Magnum engines. The 3.9 L is essentially a 5.2 L V8 with two cylinders removed.

Power increased substantially to 180 hp at 4,400 rpm and from 195 to 220 lbft at 3,200 rpm, as compared with the previous TBI engine. For 1994, horsepower was reduced to 175 hp, mostly because of the installation of smaller-volume exhaust manifolds; torque ratings remained the same. For 1997, the 3.9 L engine's torque output was increased to 225 lbft, with a compression ratio of 9.1:1. Firing order was 1-6-5-4-3-2. This engine was last produced for the 2003 Dodge Dakota pickup. Starting in the 2004 model year, it was entirely withdrawn from production and replaced with the 3.7L PowerTech V6 engine.

Applications:
 * 1992–2003 Dodge Dakota
 * 1992–2003 Dodge Ram Van/Dodge Ram Wagon
 * 1992–2001 Dodge Ram

Magnum 5.2 L V8
The 5.2 L Magnum, released in 1992, was an evolutionary development of the 318 cuin LA engine with the same displacement. The 5.2 L was the first of the Magnum upgraded engines, followed in 1993 by the 5.9 L V8 and the 3.9 L V6.

At the time of its introduction, the 5.2 L Magnum created 230 hp at 4,100 rpm and 295 lbft at 3,000 rpm. Production of this engine lasted until 2003, when it was completely replaced by the newer 4.7 L PowerTech SOHC V8 engine.

General characteristics:

 * Engine Type: 90° V8 OHV; 2 valves per cylinder
 * Bore and Stroke: 3.91x3.31 in
 * Displacement: 318 cid
 * Firing order: 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2
 * Compression ratio: 9.1:1, due to 62cc combustion chambers of Magnum heads
 * Lubrication: Pressure-feed – full-flow filtration
 * Engine oil capacity: 5 USqt with filter
 * Cooling system: Liquid, forced circulation, ethylene glycol mixture

 * 1992–2000 Dodge Dakota
 * 1992–2001 Dodge Ram
 * 1998–2000 Dodge Durango
 * 1992–1993 Dodge Ramcharger
 * 1992–2003 Dodge Ram Van
 * 1993–1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee

Magnum 5.9 L V8
In 1993, Chrysler Corporation released the next member of the Magnum family: the 5.9 L V8. This was based on the LA-series 360 cuin engine, and included the same upgrades and design features as the 5.2 L. The standard 5.9 L produced 230 hp at 4,000 rpm and 325 lbft at 3,200 rpm; torque was increased to 330 lbft at 2,800 rpm in the heavy-duty version. It was upgraded in 1998 to 245 hp at 4,000 rpm and 335 lbft at 3,250 rpm. The 5.9 L came factory-installed in 1998–2001 Dodge Dakota R/T pickups and 2000–2003 Dodge Durango R/T SUVs. It was also installed in the Jeep Grand Cherokee Limited 5.9, only available in 1998. The 5.9 L Magnum was available until the 2003 model year, when it was replaced with the 5.7 L Hemi V8 engine.

Although the pre-Magnum (1971–92) and Magnum versions of the 360 cuin are both externally balanced, the two are balanced differently (the Magnum version uses lighter pistons) and each requires a uniquely balanced damper, flywheel, drive plate, or torque converter. Bore and stroke size was 4x3.58 in; compression ratio was 9.1:1.

 * 1998–2003 Dodge Dakota
 * 1992–2002 (and early 2003 models) Dodge Ram
 * 1992–2003 Dodge Ram Van/Dodge Ram Wagon
 * 1998–2003 Dodge Durango
 * 1992–2001 Dodge Ramcharger
 * 1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee 5.9 Limited

Magnum 8.0 L V10
As the design for the 5.2 L Magnum V8 was coming together in 1988, consideration was given to the design of a larger V10 iteration, mainly intended for use in Dodge Ram 2500 and 3500 trucks. This was to be Chrysler's first 10-cylinder engine (before the 1992 Viper, see below). This 488 cuin engine was based on a cast iron block, and was rated for 300 hp (1994–1998) and 310 hp (1999–2003) at 4,100 rpm and 450 lbft at 2,400 rpm. Bore and stroke were 4x3.88 in; compression ratio was 8.4:1; firing order was 1-10-9-4-3-6-5-8-7-2. Valve covers were die-cast magnesium (AZ91D alloy), rather than stamped steel; this lowered noise levels and made for better gasket sealing. The bore spacing is different than the standard A and LA 4.46" and is closer to 4.54" (needs to be 100% verified).

The 8.0 L Magnum V10 first became available in the 1994 model year Dodge Ram 2500 and 3500 (above 8,500 pounds GVWR), and was the most powerful gasoline-burning engine then available in any truck of that class. The engine lasted through the 2003 model year, after which it was discontinued.

Applications:
 * 1994–2003 Dodge Ram 2500/3500

Crate engines
Chrysler has offered a line of crate engines based on the Magnum designed to bolt into older muscle cars and street rods with little modification. Some of the changes to facilitate this were using a 1970–93 coolant pump so that older pulleys and brackets could be used, as well as an intake manifold that uses a carburetor instead of electronic fuel injection. With a high lift cam and single plane intake, the crate Magnum 360 CID was rated at 380 hp with the Magnum heads. Later models equipped with "R/T" or aluminum cylinder heads produced 390 hp. A 425 hp bolt-in fuel injection conversion kit has also been available.

title: Chrysler LA engine


text:
User talk:Fred Bauder/Archive 2

See also User talk:Fred Bauder/Archive 1 and User talk:Fred Bauder

Law?
Fred, I agree with your comments on Talk:Law. Somehow that page has lost a lot of focus. It has become a dumping ground for stuff that should go in other articles. I will try and do my best to get a look at it now and then, the problem is that there are so many articles on list of legal topics now that it is hard to keep up with all the changes, some of which are good, and some that are not. BTW, do you know if there is any market/dealers for antique French legal encyclopedias and other French legal tomes? It is one of my areas of interest. Alex756 07:00, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

states and nations
I get so easily confused and distracted...

Initially I reacted against one notion of nations for states/countries in the Bush doctrine article. Then I lost my focus when I started to re-arrange the introduction... ;-<<

Nice to see that someone else cares about the distinction! --Ruhrjung 12:55, 30 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Wikilegal
Wikilegal-l is a new mailing list dealing with legal issues. You can sign up for it here. Regards,-戴&#30505sv 06:35, 19 Oct 2003 (UTC)

EncycloZine
Hi Fred, in case you hadn't noticed, there is a vote going on at Talk:List of encyclopedias that you may be interested in concerning the placement of EncycloZine in the article. Angela 23:55, Oct 26, 2003 (UTC)

Main page
I have no problem with Donora, Pennsylvania being on the main page. However, when you added it, you extended the horizontal length of the text, and thus, on 800x600 screens, the first line extended into two. Please check that it fits the page before you hit submit.

If you're using windows xp (like I am), rt click on desktop, select display mode, etc. --Jiang 20:24, 27 Oct 2003 (UTC)

On the whole communism thing - I'm sorry, but there's nations like Laos that have implemented commumism without totalitarianism. -- Pakaran 04:56, 28 Oct 2003 (UTC)

=
====

You seem to have removed a very good article on Truth replacing it with a rather bad one by 142.177.11.23.

dbu

Main Page
Please do not put any context-sensitive item on the Main Page without making sure the context is in that article. For example, there is no link to a recent day page on Russian Revolution. --mav 19:04, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Adolph is not a misspelling. It was a very common transliteration, from the war period, which is still occasionally used today. Lirath Q. Pynnor

The sentences I added to social control were just merged from formal social control and informal social control, so you may be best to ask the original author (Nmatt) about this. The redirects do not have to stay permanently. It wasn't a decision that formal social control and informal social control can never be articles, just that at the time they were certainly not articles, and almost all the information in them (which was just a couple of lines), was already included in social control. I merged the small bit that was not already included, but as you said this may need to be removed anyway if it is not true. The content before I redirected can be found at and. It's just a temporary measure rather than deleting them. Angela. 14:09, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

liberal
Are you going to make liberal theology, now that you've changed the liberal link on Unitarian Universalist Association? UtherSRG 21:56, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Um.... making a blank page isn't any better. UtherSRG 22:00, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Ok. Then write the article first, then fix the links. No sense leaving someone hanging with a blank article. UtherSRG 22:02, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I disagree. Liberal is a nice disambig page, with a general description of liberal. Someone surfing there from a religion page will get the notion of what liberal theology is. Once you have liberal theology written, then you can change the link. Specific is better than general, but both are better than blank!

communist government
Communist government is an oxymoron, you damned moron. Communism means the absence of any government, so how can you have a communist government? What countries do you speak of that described themselves as communist? You seem to be talking about the Union of Soviet SOCIALIST Republics. Yes, socialist, socialist, socialist, not communist. Try finding nomenclature outside of the New American.

NOTOC tag
The tag removes the table of contents. I do this whenever I see a TOC located towards the bottom half of the article, making the TOC both obstructive and mostly useless. --Jiang 22:13, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Arbitration
Hi, just saw Matter of Theresa knott and Mr-Natural-Health - Thought you might want to add User:Snoyes/sandbox as a "see also" or for material. - snoyes 02:06, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Please see my request for clarification on Wikipedia talk:Matter of Theresa knott and Mr-Natural-Health - snoyes 07:22, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Fred, please don't keep reverting East Germany. If you have a problem with the article's language, please discuss it in talk. -- Infrogmation 23:14, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Arbitration: Wik, Heph, and me
Hi, I was hoping you could clarify what this arbitration is over. Am I a complaintant? I didn't know anything about this until just now. Thanks. Anthony DiPierro 18:02, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Logo license
Could you add licensing information to Image:Wikiowl.gif, please? FDL would be preferred.—Eloquence 06:42, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

organising evidence
Hi Fred, I'm not sure if there is a precedent for how to best organise the evidence I want to present in the matter of Irismeister's arbitration. I see you've started the page organised by pages he's worked on. I was planning on organising it by accusation (i.e. a few examples of rudeness, followed by a few examples of POV edits, etc). Do you mind if I shuffle your contributions around, and/or is there a particulat way to organise the page that will be most helpful to the arbitrators? Cheers, fabiform | talk 14:09, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC).

Colorado Mineral Belt
What do you think about the Colorado Mineral Belt? The user who created it really spread it around with great prominence. Granted I'm from Larimer County, but that term barely registers with me. Is it something you have heard a lot? -- Decumanus 15:39, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Good enough for me. I guess I'd heard the term but only rarely, but it certainly has local currency if you're familiar with it. -- Decumanus 00:32, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, you've got me curious. Why is Cripple Creek not considered a part of the CMB? -- Decumanus 07:08, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

AC votes
When you have a moment, could you vote in the matter of Plautus satire? --mav

CPUSA
Could you see my question about your recent edit to this article (question is on its talk page). Assuming you agree with me that your wording is unclear, you can just clarify in the article. -- Jmabel 18:05, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

YOu seem to have a good number of sources on the CPUSA and communist parties in general, what are your sources?TDC 14:21, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thank you !
Fred, thank you for the considerate, fair and to-the-point vote in my "case". Probably yours is a privilege of experience and age. Highly appreciated. Whether or not I am a "nutcase" (maybe I am :O) is a matter of character. While calling me a lier in writing is a matter of fact, my insistance on matters of truth is also a matter of fact. I see in your vote and sensible, finely tuned ponderation that you are one of the happy few who still consider issues before characters. In time, the play and the playwrite become something far more interesting and lasting than the dramatis personnae, who change names, appearance, and sometimes even camps :O) - Thus spoke reason. Please rest assured I am not intimidating anyone! I cherish, want and NEED justice. I want the editing game to be fair. I want excuses from those who maintain in writing that I am a "lier". These should be addressed in writing by perpetrators of well qualified libel against a practicing medical doctor. However, they must be put in writing in front of the Wiki community - for they dishonored the spirit of truth. I don't want them for me - I am not important. Truth is. Yours, sincerely - irismeister 09:41, 2004 Mar 24 (UTC)

Oh, Fred - thank you for setting the record straight. Justice, from iustitia means getting things iusti - right. Menaces are only petty substitutes, are a feeble character's substitute for right, and never get a correction, even if they intend to. Justice is reparation, is not a menace. If I said to someone stop doing unjust things or face justice, this is anything but menace. I am happy you made the difference. Really appreciated! - irismeister 17:44, 2004 Mar 30 (UTC)

BJAODN
Hola. You are a lawyer so you should know what to do with this: Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense and all BJAODN pages must be deleted immediatelly because it violates the GNUFDL license: When a user creates a new article or submits an edit, he owns the copyright and agrees to publish it under GFDL, which requires attribution. That's why Wikipedia has page historyes. The history of a page is the attribution which assures us that Wikipedia is in legal compliance with GNUFDL. If someone thinks the edit is nonsense, it is deleted and its contents are being transfered to Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense by copy and paste. But this is illegal! It destroyes the page history and fails to provide attribution, so badly needed by GNUFDL. At this time Wikipedia has collected a vast amount of content which IS of interest to many people (someone could write a dissertation discussing the nonsense being written in Wikipedia) and FAILS to provide proper attribution to the original author and copyright holder. For these reasons, nonsense pages must not be copied-pasted but moved into a separate namespace, keeping the page historyes. Administrator 23:08, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

You've got mail!
I have followed all the arbitrations and I believe that you wanted to ban permanently everybody. Being that you were a lawyer, that position should be expected. I once personally appealed a case to the Court of Appeals in Virginia. It took slightly over one year to do. Why do Lawyers and Judges like to yell and scream so much in court? -- John Gohde, aka Mr-Natural-Health 14:29, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Reformatting
Thanks for fixing my inadvertant page-widening copy-paste from Jimbo! Cheers! The Trolls of Navarone 19:28, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Communist state
I moved your section to Communism article: ths place is more logically proper (comparison of ideology vs. ideology, not ideology vs. state); and there it will have more visibility. Mikkalai 00:32, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Oil for food allegations
TDC, the guy who recently asked you if you thought you would "try and suck your own dick" created a new disgusting article. I put it on vote for deletion: Get-back-world-respect 00:11, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I saw you already warned TDC for suggesting someone "try and suck your own dick." Directly afterwards he answered 172 about an edit war "believe you me that you have met in TDC the biggest most stubborn prick on the face of planet earth, and I will not stop until your stomach churns with bile at the site of [TDC]." Now he addresses my concerrns about the neutrality of an article he contributed to by writing "If your hero gets a little dirty GBWR, then there is not alot I can do to soothe your bruised and enraged ego." What to to with such an abuser? Get-back-world-respect 11:39, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

hu/user:bdk
I have told you to use email. user_talk won't do any good. He doesn't check wikipedia anymore, for obvious reasons. I looked up his email, it is <ballak(*)wap·hu>. Good luck. --grin 08:01, 2004 Apr 6 (UTC)

Soviet history
Fred,

I did not remove anything of substance when editing your addition to History of Russia and the Soviet Union (1917-1927). The article cited Cheka's liquidation of disloyal elements among the Bolsheviks, the remnants of the ancien regime, the landowners, the Cossacks, the Mensheviks, etc. during the Civil War in both your revision and in mine afterwards, which was a mere copyedit. My changes where wholly stylistic. Of course, the Bolsheviks didn't call this policy "the Red Terror." When you didn't put "Red Terror" within quotation marks it prefaced things from the vantage point of the groups who were using this term. It suggests that we're siding with the Whites, rather than objectively studying the dynamics of a multi-sided power struggle. Stylistically, your changes were fine without needed modifications for just about anything but a neutral encyclopedic entry, where we must avoid normative biases in both substance and tone.

I would've worked the term "Red Terror" into the text somehow, but I decided that it could wait since it wasn't linked to any existing article. 172 22:01, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

--- The Soviet history articles need a great deal of work overall, especially on the Russian Civil War era. I suppose that either of us will get around to the Bolsheviks' consolidation of power sooner or later. 172 22:21, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Arbitration notes
Wikipedia talk:Possible misuses of sysop rights http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Stewartadcock&diff=2371087&oldid=2368180

http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-April/012170.html

Paul Vogel's Banning and Censorship
Dear Fred,

This is Steve? and his "ilk's" doing.

"From: Fred Bauder  Subject: Re: Paul Vogel's anti-Semitism Newsgroups: gmane.science.linguistics.wikipedia.english Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2004 13:44:26 +0000

Believe it or not, it is best to request mediation on this matter with him, although I would vote to accept this matter for arbitration as it sits now (although I know certain other arbitrators would not).

Fred

From: "steven l. rubenstein"  public.gmane.org> Reply-To: English Wikipedia  public.gmane.org> Date: Tue, 13 Apr 2004 15:04:58 -0400 To: wikien-l-g2DCOkC13y2GglJvpFV4uA  public.gmane.org Subject: [WikiEN-l] Paul Vogel's anti-Semitism

Paul Vogel has been adding an anti-Semitic link to the Judaism page. I explained in detail on the talk page why I think this is inappropriate, and I deleted the link. Although some other users believe that such a link is acceptable as long as it is clearly identified, I think if Wikipedia is going to have any links to anti-Semitic material it should be on the anti-Semitism page.

In any event, after I explained why I deleted the link, Vogel responded, "Any hue and cry of "anti-semitism" or "nazism" etc. ad nauseum for such a link is not relevant, if one is being hypocritical in actually allowing similar pov and slanderous links on cosmotheism, or any other religion, within Wiki articles.-PV " -- a response that ignored my explanation entirely.

I replied, "I am not "allowing" slanderous links on the cosmotheism page. Two rights do not make a wrong. If you have a problem on another site, seek mediation -- don't take out your frustrations here."

And then Vogel made clear the anti-Semitic logic by which problems on the cosmotheism page are really "Jewish" problems: "Aren't you? Each one of those 4 slanderous POV articles and each one linked as "criticisms" on the cosmotheism page have been written by "Jews", and you have not ever protested and ever insisted upon their actual "removal" have you? The problem is on THIS SITE, WIKIPEDIA. The lying hypocrisy of your own "ilk" is responsible for this nonsense, and so it actually is YOUR OWN PROBLEM. Unfortunately, there is no effective medication for psychological projection on your and your own ilk's part, but, hope springs eternal!.-"

Do I need to explain my outrage? Vogel doesn't identify the people working on the cosmotheism as wikipedians but as "Jews." He doesn't identify me as a wikipedian but solely as a "Jew." And because I am a Jew, he holds me responsible for what other "Jews" have done on another site.

This use of "Jew" as a slur; the identification of my "ilk" as hypocrites, reeks of anti-Semitism. If this itself does not merit banning, I certainly think some strong action should be taken.

Thanks,

Steve

Steven L. Rubenstein Associate Professor Department of Sociology and Anthropology Bentley Annex Ohio University Athens, Ohio 45701"

You know that he has falsely tried to have me banned before, and there are ALWAYS at least TWO SIDES to every story.

It is clear that a cabal of censorous pov bigots have falsely accused me of being a "troll", "vandal", or of making "abusive comments" on some TalkPages, or of "breaking the 3-revert rule". This is psychological projection by a pov mob or ilk of lying hypocrites. I do request Sam Spade, to be my "advocate", and I also can provide evidence to demonstrate the fact that those here attempting to have me banned and to have me censored, are themselves "trolls", "vandals", and have themselves broken the 3-revert rule and have hurled "personal insults and have abused and used slanderous and false personal insults and "abusive comments" as their own stock in trade and in their own pov bigoted and biased campaign of "character assassination".-PV

Wik
Hello, you and I have something in common. We are both on Wik's list.

You might be interested in Images_for_deletion

Dmn 00:16, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Message
What do you want me to list under my heading-what does "request for relief" mean? GrazingshipIV 01:34, Apr 24, 2004 (UTC)

-Thanks for your prompt reply will do. GrazingshipIV 01:40, Apr 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Where would outside parties present evidence in support of their requests? -Tεx τ urε 03:49, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Ummm why is Sam Spade adding comments to the part for "Paul Vogel" - Is not Paul supposed to enter his statement there. I do not see how we can have a true process unless the person in question makes a defense. GrazingshipIV 01:28, Apr 25, 2004 (UTC)

User names

 * User talk:Troll Silent, Troll Deep Fred Bauder 16:46, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks - I don't see any reason to block this account simply for having the word 'Troll' in it - see comments by Jimbo on this topic: Well, clearly a person might innocently and with no harmful intentions have a username which happens to contain the word 'troll', which is after all a perfectly normal word which has been hijacked by contemporary Internet slang. So clearly, a policy which says that people should be quickbanned just for that would be misguided at best. - Jimbo Wales. Troll Silent, Troll Deep 18:38, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

I read the policy, and cannot see which category my username fits into - why could this possibly be offensive?

 * So let me understand your point. Anyone with a word in their username which a 'significant number of wikipedia users' claim is offensive, can be asked to change their name by anyone else? Aren't you kind of opening a Pandora's Box there? BTW, how many is significant? Thanks! Troll Silent, Troll Deep 20:15, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

I disagree - there seems to be no concensus about this. 'Troll' is clearly not an offensive word, and there is dispute about this within the admin Cabal. You can't unilaterily decide that a normal word is offensive just to facilitate your witchhunt. Distastefull, or not, from your point of view a good username, is not the same thing as offensive. Stop trolling and let people get on with writing. I am sure that you would not appreciate being asked to change your username because 'quite a few' people decided it was distasteful. Yours, Troll Silent, Troll Deep 21:07, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Jimbo thought differently, and it certainly is an ordinary word, having over 12 different meanings. The fact that you have chosen to conduct a witchhunt is entirely divisive and a waste of everyones time. Please find something more productive to do - you have no mandate to decide these things, unless the Cabal has officially taken over. Troll Silent, Troll Deep 23:18, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Responses to User:Troll Silent, Troll Deep are on his talk page. I will consider myself bound in this matter by the decision at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/JRR_Trollkien#Blocking_of_JRR_Trollkien Fred Bauder 13:34, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * There has never been a policy. A group of Admins have always behaved as if they could bully other users without consequence. When this issue (re usernames, which came to a head when Heph started banning people with names he didn't like) was raised with Jimbo, Jimbo stated that he did not believe that people should be banned for having the word 'troll' in them. You and a few of your goons started a kangaroo court to give yourselves this power despite Jimbo and many other's objections. Saying that you will be 'bound by this decision' is a little disigenous, since you are making it. Troll Silent, Troll Deep 15:28, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Arb com stuff
Hi Fred, I write about the arbitration committee happenings for Goings-on and I was trying to find out why you accepted "ChrisO and Levzur" on behalf of the arbitration committee when it had only got three votes in favour. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think you did this without consulting the other members about what to do in the circumstances (the three recusals), and that you in fact went against policy (which requires four or more votes in favour). It's my understanding that there are 10 arbitrators, one of whom is having internet access problems. That means that a further three arbitrators could have still voted to hear or not hear the case. fabiform | talk 02:41, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * some fact finding is required. The only ban I know of is 172's

Requests_for_arbitration/Paul_Vogel/Evidence. Martin 17:50, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Vogel
I believe 6 out of 10 have voted in favor of the ruling for Vogel, this would surpass the 50% necessary to implement the decision no? GrazingshipIV 04:28, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

"Right-wing"
Fred, could you please have a look at the recent edits to Right-wing politics and my comments in the talk page and maybe suggest to me how I should proceed? I really would like to dispute the recent edits, which I think are very POV, but I don't want to just start an edit war. The edits were so major -- and, in my view, so wrong -- that I don't know quite how to approach this appropriately. Should I raise a POV dispute, or what? (If you don't want to wade into this, just say so & I'll find someone else.) -- Jmabel 07:17, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with most of your suggestions about improving the article, and will hope to incorporate them, but my question is whether you have any ideas about how to proceed right now, especially about the deleted material, without simply having an edit war. -- Jmabel 17:17, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * So long as we are rid of the claim that fascism is part of the left, I'm basically OK with going from here. -- Jmabel 18:40, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Soviet Espionage
Fred, I wanted to get the ball rolling on something like this for quite soem time. I am talking about a series of articles divided by timeframe, and/or geography. I was wondering if you would like to help with this? TDC 14:40, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course, but subject to numerous other competing calls on my time. Fred Bauder 15:21, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * I will try and have something in a week or two. I would like to structure it much the same was as the History of the Soviet Union series is structured, with different time frames for different focuses (like Lenin, WW2, Early cold war etc...).

 * I will let you know when I have something

 * Cherio! TDC 17:24, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

Vogel
Not sure but 66.81.66.243 may be Vogel. AndyL 16:06, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

The reason i think it might be vogel is the "POV Censorship" comment which strikes me as a Vogelism. I was hoping may administrators had access to more info other than just the IP addressAndyL 02:58, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Arbitration on JRR Trollkien
Hi. Please take a look, if you haven't recently, at Requests for arbitration/JRR Trollkien/Evidence. Also, please take a look at the discussion going on between Hephaestos, Mark Richards, and I on Requests for review of admin actions, concerning the ban of Controlling Us. Heph and I are concerned that the Committee is currently taking the wrong approach and is missing an important opportunity to clarify current policy.

By focusing entirely on Trollkien's user name (which was never more than a peripheral issue) the Committee is missing the point, and ignoring the true nature of the complaint against him. He is not an "obvious troll" because of his name. That's merely a warning sign. He's an "obvious troll" because of edits like, in which he nominates a vandal account with only around 20 edits (Sayyed al afghani) for adminship. He even defended this action on the evidence page. Angela and I have put together an extensive documentation of such misbehavior there, but Heph and I worry that it is being ignored in favor of making a decision on a side issue.

I am not so much concerned about what happens to Trollkien (although I think he has earned a ban.) More importantly, we need clearer guidance on what is acceptable for admins. Controlling Us is an excellent example, having been blocked by Morwen for what I would call obvious trolling. I had thought the Quickpoll system was intended to solve these problem, but it was hijacked as an enforcement tool for the three revert rule, and has apparently been disconinued.

If the arbitration committee continues its glacial pace, and avoids the truly important questions before it, we risk a return of the vigilante justice that was occuring before the committee started.

Could you please share the concerns of Hephaestos and I with the Committee, and consider ruling 1) On whether JRR Trollkien is, in fact, a troll, and should be banned as such. and 2) on whether any of his actions constitute "obvious trolling" for which he could be blocked.

Thank you, Isomorphic 01:49, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Emergency, Mayday, Wiki Wiki
Mayday! Dear Fred, the WikiRepublic is in danger! Wikipolice make their coup d'êtat! Please add your voice and come help John  here  wiki wiki. Thank you ! - Yours, - irismeister 17:25, 2004 May 19 (UTC)

Talk:Anti-French sentiment in the United States
There is no concensus to remove that section. I understand you are an arbitrator, and I don't want a conflict w you. On the other hand I feel you are failing to accept that their is not concensus to remove this portion, and that it is against policy to do so without such. For all I know you wrote the policy. I didn't know you were an arbitrator before coming here to your user page BTW, and will now severely limit my involvement in this in deference to your status. Sam [Spade] 19:23, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Have you reviewed Anti-American sentiment, Anti-gay slogan, List of ethnic slurs etc...? This page on france was setting no new precedents until this disagreement began. Sam [Spade] 20:23, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Continuing debate
Please see both my comments and those of David Monniaux (sp.?) at Talk:Anti-French sentiment in the United States. I'd like to come to some agreement on how to include that information. Meelar 19:38, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fred Bauder/Archive 2


text:
Laptev

Laptev (Лаптев) may refer to:

 * Laptev Sea, one of the seas in the Arctic Ocean
 * Laptev Strait, strait in Russian Far East

People with the surname

 * Ari Laptev (born 1950), Ukrainian mathematician
 * Dmitry Laptev (1701–1771), Russian explorer
 * Khariton Laptev (1700–1763), Russian explorer
 * Vladimir Laptev (born 1945), Russian politician
 * Yury Laptev (born 1960), Russian opera singer, opera director, theatre lecturer, and presidential adviser
 * Yuri Grigorievich Laptev (1903–1984), Russian and Soviet writer, journalist and actor

title: Laptev


text:
Old World ROM

Old World ROM computers are the Macintosh (Mac) models that use a Macintosh Toolbox read-only memory (ROM) chip, usually in a socket (but soldered to the motherboard in some models). All Macs prior to the iMac, the iBook, the Blue and White Power Mac G3 and the Bronze Keyboard (Lombard) PowerBook G3 use Old World ROM, while said models, as well as all subsequent models until the introduction of the Intel-based EFI Models, are New World ROM machines. In particular, the Beige Power Mac G3 and all other beige and platinum-colored Power Macs are Old World ROM machines. In common use, the "Old World" designation usually applies to the early generations of PCI-based "beige" Power Macs (and sometimes the first NuBus-equipped models), but not the older Motorola 68000-based Macs; however, the Toolbox runs the same way on all three types of machines.

Details
PCI Power Macs with an Old World ROM contain an Open Firmware implementation, and a copy of the Macintosh Toolbox as an Open Firmware device. These machines are set to boot from this device by default, thus starting the normal Macintosh startup procedure. This can be changed, just as on New World ROM Macs, but with limitations placed on what devices and formats can be used; on these machines, particularly the early machines like the Power Macintosh 9500, the Open Firmware implementation was just enough to enumerate PCI devices and load the Toolbox ROM, and these Open Firmware revisions have several bugs which must be worked around by boot loaders or nvramrc patches. The Open Firmware environment can be entered by holding the key combination while booting.

All Power Macs emulate a 68LC040 CPU inside a nanokernel; this emulator is then used to boot the predominantly 68k-based Toolbox, and is also used to support applications written for the 68k processor. Once Toolbox is running, PPC machines can boot into Mac OS directly.

On all Old World ROM machines, once Toolbox is loaded, the boot procedure is the same. Toolbox executes a memory test, enumerates Mac OS devices it knows about (this varies from model to model), and either starts the on-board video (if present) or the option ROM on a NuBus or PCI video card. Toolbox then checks for a disk in the floppy drive, and scans all SCSI buses for a disk with a valid System Folder, giving preference to whatever disk is set as the startup disk in the parameter RAM.

If a bootable disk is found, the Happy Mac logo is displayed, and control is handed over to the Mac OS. If no disk to boot from is present, an icon depicting a floppy disk with a blinking question mark in the middle will be displayed. If a hardware problem occurs during the early part of the boot process, the machine will display the Sad Mac icon with a hexadecimal error code and freeze; on Macs made after 1987, this will be accompanied by the Chimes of Death sound.

Since the Old World ROM usually boots to Toolbox, most OSs have to be installed using a boot loader from inside Mac OS (BootX is commonly used for Linux installations). 68K-based Macs and NuBus Power Macs must have Mac OS installed to load another OS (even A/UX, which was an Apple product), usually with virtual memory turned off. PCI Power Macs can be configured to boot into Open Firmware, allowing the firmware to load a boot loader directly, or they can use a specially-prepared floppy disk to trick the Toolbox into loading a kernel (this is used for Linux installation floppy images).

The simplest way to identify an Old World ROM Mac is that it will not have a factory built-in USB port. Only New World ROM Macs featured a USB port as factory equipment.

title: Old World ROM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/How blackholes give information back

Original research. Also, misspelled title. Gdr 18:36, 2004 Jul 27 (UTC) July 29, 2004. Expose it to a serious review among all of you. My title is well choosen: It means to explain the derivations of how information can be given back from backholes as "dark energy". This is a hot issue in astronomy and physics, right now. Therefore read the press release on my website and study the derivation given in " thought experiment". And also "bijlage 1" (in dutch), referring to the formula I bring foreward in this dicussion, dated from 1999. You can reach me at the email-addres: [dan.visser@planet.nl]. Be aware: Hawking can't tell anything about "dark energy". And I bring up a relation between "giving information back from blackholes and "dark energy". Moreover, Hawking hasn't published his claim yet and I already did in my website and to this board of critici. Keep it in discussion and give it a chance in reviewing. Sincerely Dan Visser, the author of the article.
 * Agree. Ilyanep (Talk) 19:18, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Now if this guy had come up with driver software enabling me to use a black hole as a storage device, I would be otherwisely minded. As is: "I published a new analytic thought-experiment on blackholes, (...) 2004 in my actual website". Delete from actual Wikipedia as OR. Ianb 20:00, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, but before you do, can somebody contact the guy and talk to him about how to contribute more effectively? Don't bite the newcomers and all.  His website linked in the article has his email address.  Sorry I can't do it, no access to email atm. - Taxman 20:32, Jul 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Josh Cherry 23:26, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Dmr2 11:06, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Original research Delete. Average Earthman 13:22, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - original research - Tεx  τ  urε  20:25, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - original research and signed first-person essay. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:41, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Dan, it may well be that your proposal is sound and that your theoretical reasoning is on track. However, Wikipedia is not a place to posit. It is a place for =what is known to be true= to be published. Stephen Hawking himself could not post an article here on new thinking regarding black holes. Original research is precisely that, and it is not Wikipedia's job or desire to act as peer editor or referee. Please do not see this as a rejection of your work. It is not. It is simply that what you propose to place in Wikipedia is non-encyclopedic in nature. But it would be wonderful if you could submit an article on what is currently known and generally accepted to be true about our ability to derive information from a black hole. Denni ☯ 02:04, 2004 Jul 30 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Joseph Petzval

Pjacobi asked about some details on him in Hungarian. Here you are. I try to translate some info back to the article but not right now.

Untitled

 * Hungarian name: Petzval József or sometimes Petzvál József.
 * Hist first 20 years is described in hungarian at http://www.kfki.hu/fszemle/archivum/fsz9501/konk9501.html (basically until he left for Pest).
 * Rough bio: http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/lexikon/eletrajz/html/

--grin ✎ 18:38, 2004 Jul 27 (UTC)

de:User:Juro has done a fine job of extending the bio in german (de:Josef Maximilian Petzval), using sources above and sources in Slovak. I plan to do the translation to en, but it will take some time. If anybody is interested in starting the translation, don't hesitate. Pjacobi 09:09, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I pulled this from the article. It was attempted to be commented out, so I put it here. Amalas 16:20, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Jozef Maximilián Petzval (also Josef Maximilian Petzval and Petzvál József Miksa) (6 January 1807 — 17 September 1891)

Petzval was born in Spišská Belá (German: Zipser Bela, Hungarian: Szepesbéla), Kingdom of Hungary (now in Slovakia), he died in Vienna, Austria. He was an ethnic Slovak, but due to his strong ties to Budapest, he is often counted as Hungarian. In what way was he slovak? No serious source says so. Father was probably Moravian, but that is not slovak. Finnish are related to hungarians but are not hungarians. Sibelius is NOT a hungarian composer!Sibelius is a Finno-ugrian composer, but not a hungarian. What is your logical problem? What definitely matters is that Petzval considered himself hungarian. Sibelius considered himself finnish. Am I wrong? Petzval studied and later lectured at the University of Pest (part of the later Budapest). In 1837 he accepted a chair of mathematics at the University of Vienna.

Petzval is most well known for the construction of the Petzval portrait lens, an optical design still in use 150 years after its invention. He did extensive work on aberration in optical systems, some key topics were later named after him:
 * Petzval surface is the curved parabolic image surface of an uncorrected lens system.
 * Petzval condition is the design constraint for lens systems which make the image surface a plane.

In mathematics he worked on applications of the Laplace transform.

In 1957, the Joseph Petzval Award was founded for his memory in Hungary, to award achievements in optics, acoustics, film and video technology, precision mechanics, photochemistry, and theatre technology. There exists a Joseph Petzval Medal as well.

Hi! I'm writing the hungarian version of the Joseph Petzval site, its here. The details what I found are from here, and some other sources, mainly what I learned in school abt him. Of course, as almost everybody who born within the borders of the former Kingdom of Hungary, the ethnic origin is the first question.
 * In this site, he is mentioned as of german origin, but he (not hungarians, or others) considered himself as hungarian despite his origin or mother language.
 * He became a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1873, and (date not mentioned) member of the Vienna (or Austrian?) Academy of Science also.
 * The Joseph Petzval Award was founded in 1962 not 1957, by the Scientific Society for Optics, Acoustics, Motion Pictures and Theatre Technology in Hungary. The winners are here.
 * He was honoured with a state medal on his 70th birthday, wich was founded by and named after Franz Joseph I of Austria.
 * He was buried in Vienna also, the city honored him with a tomb and named a road after him. A road is named after him also in Budapest and Braunsweig.
 * He was the one of the founders of the Vienna Photo Club, wich honored him with a memorial monument (hope this is the good expression) wich can be seen in its original place, in the University of Vienna.
 * In his later life, after he retired at the age of 69, he became more and more misanthrope, and let only to his old friends to visit him.
 * He created a type of photocamera, named orthoscope /orthoskop/, in english it often called 'monorail'. It looked like this, but not this is not that camera. Petzval's invention was that 'rail' wich is used in the moving of the objective and (its 'staff') of the camera. Before this, only Box cameras (see pic) were existed. It is the ancestor of the modern studio cameras also.
 * I suggest you to use http://www.stars21.com for mass translations from slavic languages or from hungarian to english. The 'to english' part of it is quite usable, but it is better to translate in smaller parts, so less misstranslations can happen. --VinceB 19:31, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know how is it going in the enwiki, but when Petzval born, the city was called Szepesbéla, only 30years after his death became 'Spišská Belá'. Maybe writing it: born...Szepesbéla(now Spisska Bela)... --VinceB 20:03, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Slovak extremist definition?
Why is this Slovak and Slovak and again Slovak? He wasn't born in Slovakia, he wasn't Slovakian citizen and he wasn't even German. He clearly defined himself as ethnically Hugarian. Though his family had German origins(and not Slovakian..). Or if the current slovakian pals don't agree that there was Hungarian Kingdom in that time look at Petzval as a part of the Hungarian minority:) in Slovakia, the end is the same: he was Hungarian. There are clear evidences near his ethnic origin, and there are mentions, critical comments before mine but i've seen no response for those. So when there will be responses, we can continue the discussion. Basically you are rigth. According to origin he was probably of moravian origin (Pecival) on his fathers side and zipser-german (partially magyarized) on his mothers side. He considered himself hungarian and that was his own choice and must matter, at least somehow. Probably he had mixed magyar-german-slav origins. That is the rule with hungarians. Hungarians are mixed people. Petöfi was also of mixed origins: slovak-serb-german-magyar. Even Liszt seems to have been mixed magyar-german-slav. Zrinyi was mixed croat-magyar (and some german, italian etc). Most hungarians are not clear about this themselves. . What about non-hungarians then! Not to mention individuals who are anti-hungarian in sentiment and tries to de-hungarize everything hungarian. It is a kind of strange schizofrenoid ethno-racism. László of Stockholm (a mixed but not totally mixed-up hungarian person) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.177.141.80 (talk) 22:09, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Comment by Nton
This article is within the scope of WikiProject Hungary, a collaborative effort to improve Wikipedia's coverage of Hungary. Which virtually means that Hungarians deliberately work on stealing other nation's history and famous people in order to satisfy their natural instinct of dominance no matter how this affects anybody unhappy enough to stay in their way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nton (talk • contribs) 12:10, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Petzval is not Hungarian? Why?
I asked for references about his ethnicity. Even Petzwal himself thought he was Hungarian but let's see if there is anything which underpins that he wasn't Hungarian. According to Kalló Péter his colleague, Petzval said about himself that he was the "devoted son of the Hungarian homeland". Why is he consideed czech?? Father from Moravia NOT Bohemia. Mother zipser-german, ergo, hungarian-german! All Zipser-germans were to some degree magyarized. László of Stockholm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.177.142.59 (talk) 18:35, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

German
LOL. You ppl are funny :-) Slovakians slovakize, Romanians romanianize everthing wich they can about old Hungary's history/culture/ppl, no matter how big lie is it.

Hungarians are tend to look at everthing and everybody as a Hungarian, who or who's parents/relatives spoke the language. :-) LOL

PETZVAL WAS CZECH-GERMAN, but more likely of German heritage. Petzval is not a slavic name. (Petzval is a germanized slavic name! Pecival! and his father had slavic names and was from Moravia, ergo not Bohemia and therefore not Czech! and without doubt not slovakian) Either his mother's: Kreutzmann. Szepes was that time absolute predominantly german inhabited. LOL, you creepy nationalists. :))) --91.120.92.221 10:23, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

RE: Just for your information: He was originally Pecival, what means "the lazy". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.87.130.3 (talk) 08:58, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Zips was not mostly German durring the life of Petzval: 93.214 (57.1%) szlovák 44.958 (27.5%) német 17.518 (10.7%) ruszin 4.999 (3.1%) magyar 2.602 egyéb

His father was not Czech or German. He was Slovakian of Moravian origin. See my lower comment about assimilation in western slavic countries. Its nationalistic Hungarian propaganda that Zips was mostly German. In towns were lot of germans but not majority, and later were towns Magyarized. Comitatuses with majority or relative majority of Slovaks in 19th century were:

Trenčianska Oravská Turčianska Liptovská Zvolenská Prešporská Nitrianska Tekovská Hontianska Novohradská Gemerská Spišská Šarišská Abovská Zemplínka

Look census from 1880 and it was after few decades of Magyarization. In census 1891 changed ethnical composition only in Zemplen: 141 188 (47,2%) magyar 107 477 (35,9%) szlovák 31 036 (10,4%) ruszin 15 511 (5,2%) német

Because of magyarization, espetialy in southern part. It was magyarized ethnic Slovak South Zemplin island:

Slovak villages and towns: Sátoraljaújhely (Nová mesto pod Šiatrom), Nižný Rednec (Alsóregmec), Füzér, Forró, Malá Huta (Kisshuta), Veľká Huta (Nagyhuta), Stará Huta (Óhuta), Vágáshuta. In Sátoraljaújhely were Slovaks and Jews Magyarized after 1867 so ethnical compostion was changed (Siracky, 1980). 1891 only 7 % of Slovaks (Pallas nagy lexikona 1897).

--Samofi (talk) 10:54, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Why focus on where he came from?
I'm a New Zealander and far removed from all of this "Hungarian, German, Slovac" rubbish. The main historical point, that seems to be lost in this argument, is that Petzval was not only brilliant, but RIPPED-OFF by history, which credits the German Seidel with the first invention of third order aberrations, and the Hungarian Buchdahl with the development of high-order aberration coefficients used for optical design. As can be seen in my upcoming paper (www.spie.org, search on papers by "Rakich" after August 2007) there exists sufficient proof in already publiushed work by Petzval and others that Petzval deserves credit for being the first to define third order aberration coefficients in terms of system constructional parameters, as well as high-orders of aberration. To my mind the Hungarians, Slovaks, Austrians and Germans can join the rest of the World in appreciating the brilliance of this individual, and their contributions to the environment that shaped him. Or you could have a war over it...

Regards, Andrew Rakich

(Karpaten1 (talk) 13:19, 19 November 2008 (UTC)) Andrew, One's family is an important part of one's identity. Virtually all biographical articles try to be precise about the citizenship and nationality (ethnicity) of a person. Petzval is seen as a ethnic German who became a Magyar (as so many intellectuals then), e.g. Karpatendeutsches Biographisches Lexikon, p. 248. Zipser Bela, where my mother's ancestors lived from the middle ages to World War II, was in 1800 still inhabited overwhelmingly by ethnic Germans. There is no census data for the early 1800s, but as late as 1880, after the influx of Slovaks and the emigration of many Germans, Germans were still 72.8% of the city. It is difficult to believe (though not 100% impossible) that his father might have been an immigrant Czech, but if he was a teacher, he must have assimilated quickly to the local German culture. His wife is, at least from her name, probably not Slovak. Juro should present definite proof here. Many ethnic Magyars, Germans and Ruthenes from today's Slovakia are rebaptized as Slovaks nowadays, it is as bothersome as any ethnic misappropriation.

(Karpaten1 (talk) 15:39, 19 November 2008 (UTC)) I checked on Googlebooks. Prof. Josef Maria Eder from the University of Vienna knew Petzval personally and discussed his life briefly in his Geschichte der Photographie, 3rd edition, Halle (Germany), Verlag von Wilhelm Knapp, 1905, p. 220-221, where he notes "Petzval selbst, unter Betonung der Tatsache, dass er von deutschen Eltern geboren sei..." confirmed his birth date of January 6, which is the same as his 2 brothers', a coincidence that was doubted for a while. For our case here, Petzval himself stressed that he was born of (ethnic) German parents. Eder also referred to the detailed study of Petzval's youth in Ermenyi's Petzval's Leben und Verdienste,(2 ed), Halle, 1903.

User:Wizzard's edits
Wizzard, do you have any sources not written in slovak by slovak scholars which say he was slovak? According to reliable, english, third-party sources he was Hungarian of German origin:  And please stop faking informations!B@xter9 10:47, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi Baxter, I added neutral German sources about Slovak ethnicity. According to this his ancestors from father side were Moravians with name Peczival and no Germans: http://www.neue-zeitung.hu/dokumentumok/nzg_032008.pdf Moravian, who was Slovakized, now we are not able to say if he was speaking with czech or slovak as muther language because it was in usage "kraličtina", slovakized czech language in Slovak areas. His muther was of German origin. So you should to be neutral too. Some persons from Kingdom are ethnicaly mixed and they belongs to history of few nations and countries in present time. My reaction are nationalistic sometimes but I have reasons, coz people such Hobartimus and other Hungarians make sabotages. I dont agree with Slovak nationalism too. But look from Slovak side in example of Matej Bel: son of Mr "White" and Mrs "Garlic". Hungarian patriot, but not in ethnical sence - patriot to Hungarian Kingdom. He wrote in Latin, Hungarian, German and kraličtina. He was Slavic by language, of course he was Slovak, his family was in Slovak ethnic area, or was he russian or serb? I hope you understand why I do what I do. In the case of Petzval, its normal phenomene in western slavic nations (Slovak, Poles, Czechs, Moravians) that second (sometimes 3th) generation in ethnic area of different western slavic nation is assimilated (look censuses of Moravians in Czechia (1991, 2001), Slovaks in Czechia (1991, 2001), Slovaks in Poland, Poles in Slovakia, in Czechia and Czechs in Slovakia). --Samofi (talk) 01:48, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * This sentence is "Hungarian[4][1][2][3] mathematician, inventor, and physicist  of Slovak ethnicity [5][6][7]  and German origin" is mindless. His German ethnicity is weel referenced by reliable third-paryt English sources written by specialists of the issue. (Lance Day, Ian McNeil (1996). Biographical dictionary of the history of technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 554. ISBN 0415060427, 9780415060424. Retrieved 2009.05.16., Eder, Josef Maria; Epstean, Edward; Cramer, Hinricus Lüppo (1945). History of photography. Columbia University Press. p. 761) Your sources are not reliable. (This one is a homemade "scientific work" as the other one too, while your last one is an interpretation abouth Ludwig Boltzmann.-- B@xter9  12:32, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, Baxter, but you first accuse other editors of faking sources and dispute the sources by Slovak authors, the, when neutral sources are found, you censor the information further. The last source is an academic one and explicitly states that he was a Slovak, this merits inclusion of the information more than enough. Moreover, that he was Hungarian is not in conflict with his Slovak ethnicity - Hungarian by citizenship, German/Slovak by origin. Wladthemlat (talk) 14:41, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, Wladthemlat, but you first accuse other editors of faking sources and dispute the sources by Hungarian authors, the, when neutral sources are found, you censor the information further. Pleas read reliable sources policy. Although "the last source is an academic one and explicitly states that he was a Slovak," it did not fit into wikipedia's reliable source policy, since the author is not regarded as authoritative in relation to the subject in question (or if i find a source, in which a person with academic degree in nuclear phisics states that Mozart was a Russin musican I can add it?) Furthermore, the issue of that work, Ludwig Boltzmann had nothing to do with optics, nor with Petzval. His name and ethnicity is just mentioned. Morevore, with your revert you re-added several unreliable homemade "sources", which was enough stupid step, dont you think?-- B@xter9  15:04, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

here source what claims his slovak origin: http://books.google.com/books?id=jPlTAAAAMAAJ&q=petzval+slovak&dq=petzval+slovak&hl=sk&cd=2 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.128.181.9 (talk) 14:32, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * i have next english source: http://books.google.com/books?id=0yDrAAAAMAAJ&q=petzval+slovak&dq=petzval+slovak&lr=&hl=sk&cd=61 and I have found few dozens of slovaks sources, dozen of czech sources and lot of german sources whose say, that he was slovak. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.128.181.9 (talk) 14:44, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Samofi, I should not respond to your comments, since you proved that you are a disruptive user and/or you are blocked from editing but let me tell you that it was Petzval who asserted that his parents were Germans. This is the only thing which counts. ("Petzval himself who, emphasizing the fact that he was the son of German parents")-- B@xter9 17:20, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Where's that quote from? Wladthemlat (talk) 17:47, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It is from the second source which supports his German ethnicity . Furthermore I also have "dozens of German and Hungarian" sources (like: which support his German origin, but since this is the English wikipedia I added only the neutral English ones.-- B@xter9  17:53, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Petzval was born in Spisska Bela Szepesbéla, Hungary. It is now in Slovakia
Information courtesy of The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive University of St Andrews, Scotland Department of Mathematics and Statistics : John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson

October 2012 (UTC)

Their entry:

Józeph Miksa Petzval

Born: 6 Jan 1807 in Spisska Bela, Hungary (now in Slovakia) Died: 17 Sept 1891 in Vienna, Austria

There are different versions of Józeph Petzval's name, and, in addition to the one given here, he is often known as Jozef Maximilian Petzval. While giving different versions, let us also remark that the town of his birth is Spisska Bela which is sometimes written as Szepesbéla. It was in Hungary when Petzval was born there but it is now in Slovakia." RPSM (talk) 11:22, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

More dual nationalities here: [] "Petzval was born to German parents, but always considered himself Hungarian" RPSM (talk) 11:46, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

How about keeping the ethnicity issue out of the introduction?
I find the current sentence including: " Hungarian[1][2][3][4] / Slovak[5][6][page needed] " quite detrimental to the readability of the introduction. Since it seems to be such a complicated issuse it should not be discussed in the introduction. Better leave it out completely. Instead we could have an extra paragraph named for example "Ethnicity", which would go like something along the lines of: "While Petzval's ethnic origin is a matter of dispute between Hungarian [sources], Slovak [sources], ... add whatever others you like to name ... and German [sources], he considered himself to be a Hungarian of German descent. [Source as cited above: Josef Maria Eder: "Geschichte der Photographie"]" What dou you think? --BjKa (talk) 15:31, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi Björn, I fully agree with you, the introduction is indeed confusing, and your proposed solution is fine with me. If you have time, please, go ahead with the modifications. Cheers, <font color="DarkSlateGray">K<font color="Teal">œrte F <font color="Teal">a <font color="DarkSlateGray">{<font color="Teal">ταλκ'' }  16:43, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

Rm (editor argument?) and general cleanup
Did a quick cleanup. What seems to be a minor point (Ethnicity and name) should not be the first section, it should be a footnote. Also an argument amongst editors is not necessarily a verifiable argument. "Pecival ... means: lazy"???? Source? Rm remainder of section (including apparent tit for tat ethnicity warring) here to talk. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 15:20, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

The article still reads like a translation from another language, and needs further cleanup. EEye (talk) 13:59, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Joseph Petzval


text:
Talk:The Nation

Langston Hughes
I'm no expert, but shouldn't there at least be some mention of "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," an article written by Langston Hughes and published in the June 23, 1926 issue of The Nation? I would definitely classify this as an important piece, and I'm surprised it's not here already. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.197.22.108 (talk • contribs) 17:08, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Nation