text:
Kaiser Matanzima

Chief Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima, often misspelled as Mathanzima (15 June 1915 – 15 June 2003), was the long-term leader of Transkei. In 1950, when South Africa was offered to establish the Bantu Authorities Act, Matanzima convinced the Bhunga to accept the Act. The Bhunga were the council of Transkei chiefs, who at first rejected the Act until 1955 when Matanzima persuaded them.matanzima was born unto the Qamata village at cofimvaba by Mhlobo and nogate Matanzima,he attend university of forthare know then as the college along his cousin Dalibhunga Mandela

Early life and education
Born in Qamata, Cape Province, a brother of George ,Ngangomhlaba Matanzima and a nephew of Nelson Mandela, Mathanzima spent part of his childhood at the homestead of Chief Falo Mgudlwa, a repository of Thembu history and lore. He received the name Daliwonga (meaning "Maker of Majesty") upon reaching manhood as an "isikhahlelo" (praise name). Mathanzima studied law at Fort Hare University and completed his articles in the Transkei capital, Mthatha, in 1948. However, he never practiced law, instead, he involved himself in Thembu and Transkei politics.

Political career
Made paramount chief of the "Emigrant Thembus", a breakaway and sub-group to the Thembus, Mathanzima's support of the South African government's Bantu Authorities Act (1951), which looked to foster traditional African leadership structures, gave the Act credibility in the eyes of many chiefs, but saw him part ways with Mandela politically (although the two initially remained friends, with Mathanzima acting as best man at Mandela's wedding).

Relationship with South African government
In his 1975 book Independence My Way, Mathanzima argued that emancipation would come through a federation of semi-autonomous black states, such as Transkei, rather than through the militant nationalism espoused by the African National Congress (ANC). Mandela condemned Mathanzima as a de facto supporter of apartheid.

Mathanzima became a member of the United Transkeian Territorial Council in 1955 and an Executive Council member of the newly created Transkeian Territorial Authority (TTA) in 1956. In 1961 he graduated to Chairman of the TTA, survived an assassination attempt in December 1962 by members of the Pan Africanist Congress, and in 1963 was an obvious candidate for Chief Minister of the newly formed Transkeian Legislative Assembly. Mathanzima was not a popular vote for everyone because of his strong support of apartheid. Mathanzima and his brother George founded the Transkei National Independence Party, led it to election victories in 1968 and 1973, and was sworn in as Prime Minister in 1976 when Transkei became the first bantustan to gain nominal independence. According to an article published in Time Magazine at the time, though Transkei declared independence theoretically as a "free state", Mathanzima ruled the territory as a de facto puppet-state dictator, banning local opposition parties and buying at subsidized prices Transkei farmlands offered by the South African government.

Mathanzima clashed with the South African government over various issues, mostly connected with territorial demands made by Mathanzima. This led to his announcement on 2 February 1978 that Transkei would break all diplomatic ties with South Africa, including the non-aggression pact between them. He ordered that all South African Defence Force members seconded to the Transkei Army leave Transkei by 31 March. But he soon backed down in the face of Transkei's dependence on South African economic aid.

Presidency
In 1979, after the death of AmaMpondo King Botha Sigcau, Mathanzima became State President, with his brother George as Prime Minister. Their approach included jailing protesters and banning such opposition parties as, in 1980, the Democratic Progressive Party. That party's leader, AbaThembu King Sabata Dalindyebo, was convicted of "violating the dignity" of President Mathanzima, but escaped to Zambia and joined the ANC.

Mandela's father-in-law was a member of the Transkei cabinet, and Mathanzima attempted to persuade Mandela to accept exile in Transkei in lieu of imprisonment. Mandela not only refused but declined to see Mathanzima during his imprisonment on Robben Island, fearing that such a meeting would legitimize the bantustans to the international community.

However, in common with other bantustan leaders, Mathanzima did not shy away from criticism of South Africa's racial policies and called for the repeal of Apartheid legislation (which were repealed in bantustans that were nominally independent), and occasionally pressed for a federal system for South Africa.

Retirement
On 20 February 1986, faced with South African evidence of corruption, Mathanzima was forced to retire as President, although he tried to claim that he wanted to spend more time dealing with family affairs. Kaiser Mathanzima was replaced as President by his brother, George Mathanzima, who resigned later on because he too had been accused of being corrupt. Kaiser Mathanzima was still described as Transkei's effective leader for a time, but the two soon fell out and Kaiser was temporarily detained in the Transkei gaols in 1987; upon release, he was restricted to Qamata.

Death
Mathanzima died in Queenstown on his 88th birthday. He received an official funeral, but not a state one as former allies and supporters had hoped. The continued mixed feelings toward him in South Africa were reflected in then President Thabo Mbeki's eulogy for him. Although Mathanzima was said to have been a harsh ruler, Mbeki looked at the positive legacies that Mathanzima left behind. Mbeki praised Mathanzima's dream of eliminating poverty in South Africa as well as seeing all South Africans citizens educated. Others who spoke at Mathazima's funeral said they admired how he fought to see the recognition of traditional leaders in South Africa. Former South African President and Kaiser Mathanzima's Uncle, Nelson Mandela, was not in attendance for Mathanzima's funeral because he was in Dublin, Ireland for the opening ceremonies of the 2003 Special Olympics.

Mathanzima's grandson, King Lwandile Zwelenkosi Matanzima, ruler of Western Thembuland of Eastern Cape, died on 22 May 2010.

title: Kaiser Matanzima


text:
Talk:Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs

Opening comment
I removed the following text from the Bulldogs history: "Eventually all this settled down and the title officially became what most of the fans called the team, the Canterbury Bulldogs." I have checked nrl.com.au, the Bulldogs official web site (where they are officially call Bulldogs Rugby League Club Limited) and even the "Big League" magazine (NRL official mag') still calls them just Bulldogs. -- Timothy Hitchcock
 * While I'm sure that it was correct, they may have changed it back. Oh well as I can't find anything to confirm what I'm saying, I guess we leave it out Steven jones 03:21, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Scandals
An anonymous user included a section that was at a minimum very POV and posibbly just plain vadalism. I have removed the section. If someone wants to add a reasonable section on the scandals the bulldogs have been involved in in the last few years it will probably help stop people adding garbage. If no-one else does, I may do it myself soon. Steven jones 03:09, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be a good idea; someone should add NPOV info about the rape scandals by the Bulldogs. -- realwingus  11:18, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Old logo
Despite my best efforts on Google I have not been able to source a good quality picture of the old Bulldogs logo, last used in 1996. I personally think it is still better than the current logo. If anyone knows where to find, please leave a message on my page. Dankru 00:33, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Never mind, I found one. Am I the only person to reckon the "new" logo looks stupid?Dankru 22:43, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Bulldogs Song
Added our current bulldogs theme song Added our famous supporters, thats all i could come up with Added major sponsors Will add more later
 * Moved the song to it's own page, thought maybe other team songs could go there too. Tiburon 10:09, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Noted former players
Created the table of past players as thought it looked better than just a plain list. I just included all former interntionals and players to have represented NSW/QLD and some rather famous ex-bulldogs.

Anyone i've missed or debate on who should be added is welcome.Tiburon 10:09, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * An excellent table - hopefully you plan to use this as a template for other clubs.--Alexio 11:43, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Follow-up: In fact I'm going to steal this table and use it on the Gold Coast Giants/Seagulls/Chargers page!--Alexio 12:15, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Go ahead, that would be great and yes I plan on doing the same for all the other clubs.Tiburon 01:27, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * All credit goes to The Man Tiburon! :-) --Alexio 22:26, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Move
Should we move the page from 'Canterbury Bulldogs' to 'Bulldogs rugby league team'? 'Canterbury' no longer applies in an official sense... what do we think?
 * Done.Timmah86 10:28, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Vote on introduction entry
Dear all - I have the following quote in the intro as at least 30% of the time the club is called 'Canterbury' by people in the press. Another editor 'Timmah86' does not agree. RAther than entering an edit war I am proposing a vote:

"Ironically, though the club is now officially known as the Bulldogs, having dropped 'Canterbury-Bankstown' from its name, it is still often called Canterbury by players, commentators and fans alike"

Support remaining in the introduction
 * 1) Cas Liber 06:15, 21 October 2006 (UTC) (introduction is summary of important points which are later expanded upon)

Remove
 * 1) Timmah86

 * Comment Personally I'd like to see a comprimise on both parts of the argument. For me, that one paragraph should be removed from the start into the main section of the body, because I can't see anywhere else in the article where it refers to the name drop. I reckon the opening line should read:
 * The Bulldogs (also known as Canterbury, Canterbury-Bankstown) are a team in the National Rugby League (NRL), the premier rugby league football competition in Australia.

Perhaps then include a footnote next to the them Canterbury name and include a note about how people still refer to them as "Canterbury." --mdmanser 09:04, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Mdmanser on the comprimise - discuss, don't vote. But each to their own... Daniel.Bryant 06:48, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * OK OK, so I'm outvoted. The note is in the 'emblem and name' section nowCas Liber 14:40, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Completely agree with Mdmanser and Daniel Bryant. It is the logical solution. GizzaChat  © 11:06, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Moving History onto a separate History page yet?
I've noticed that many articles, once the history section starts to get detailed, the History gets summarised and the full one goes on a separate page (and can really go to town with loads of detail :). Do we think this page is long enough to do this here? cheers Cas Liber 19:17, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Name
Are they known as Canterbury Bulldogs, as this page just links them as the Bulldogs. Londo06 23:07, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Bulldogs Rugby League Club Ltd, Canterbury Bulldogs is better. Londo06 23:25, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm fairly sure that what is in the article is correct and that the club's official name is just 'Bulldogs' with no geographical identifier. It's quite confusing as television and radio commentators continually refer to the team as 'Canterbury' (as do many RL fans in general). You can get to this page through 'Canterbury Bulldogs' as well so no worries there. CumberlandsAshes81 01:39, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * As far as i know, they have been officially known as the 'Bulldogs' since the start of the 2000 NRL season.

I believe the official names that Canterbury have had over the years are as follows: CEP78 05:26, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Canterbury-Bankstown {1935-1994, 1996 & 1998-1999]
 * Sydney Bulldogs {1995}
 * Canterbury or Canterbury Bulldogs {1997-Super League}
 * Bulldogs {2000-present}

 * This is an ongoing Wikiwar I've had to progress with, and many people need to understand - the club name is Bulldogs. Not to worry, Canterbury Bulldogs will still link to the page, but the name has changed and I request all Wikipedia editors respect that and update their pages accordingly. Timmah86 10:38, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I still call them the Canterbury Bulldogs, I've got no problem with the Bulldogs alone. For the last eight or nine years I have known them as Canterbury Bulldogs. Thought they were phasing in the Bulldogs title. Londo06 16:35, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Please see explanation from Bulldogs Official Website : When the NRL was formed in 1998, the club opted for a change of logos to present a new modern image moving forward. There were two issues that forced this decision; 1) The Bulldog logo was claimed to be the intellectual property of the ARL. 2) The demands of meeting the NRL Rationalisation Criteria before the year 2000 meant that the club needed to be pro-active in making sure that all marketing opportunities were realised. The change in jersey and new logo presented a modernised image which proved to be successful. In 2000, the club changed the name to the Bulldogs in an attempt to broaden the supporter base. Today, the Bulldogs enjoy the success of maintaining the traditional supporter base from within the Canterbury-Bankstown district while building an expansive supporter base by playing in Sydney's leading sporting arena, the Telstra Stadium at Homebush. Cheers bradgraham 18:00, 24 April 2007

Off-field Incidents section - removed
Can we please get rid of this section - permanently - from the article? Such a section is certainly not part of the NRL Club template and also contains allegations masquerading as facts (including a reference to an article that contains the allegation only makes the allegation verifiable not the truth of the allegation). The fact that the club's players and supporters have a negative image in the media and have been involved in contraversial incidents is adequately covered in a section under 'Culture' - any more coverage to any alleged incidents is simply going to ruin the balance of the article and turn it into a minefield of libel, innuendo and related vandalism. Anyone care to defend the material? CumberlandsAshes81 06:54, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope, I agree 100% (as per similar discussion at Talk:Brisbane Broncos).--Jeff79 07:12, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Consider it gone. There's enough negative light on the game and does NOT form a encycolpedic section under this particular entry. If someone would like to catalogue it in a new article then certainly by all means, but it won't stand in this article. Section removed. Timmah86 10:36, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * For those interested, I've wikilinked the Media Profile section to a new article titled Bulldogs off-field indiscretions. Cheers. Timmah86 10:54, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

I agree, this section is not required and is found in no other sporting pages. I hope we can all agree for it to remain ommitted. Cheers bradgraham 17:43, 24 April 2007

Collaboration
Since this article is the collaboration of the fortnight I thought I'd mention some things here that I feel need attention. --Jeff79 02:31, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The Category for Bulldogs players (currently Category:Canterbury Bulldogs players). It's a tough one. Most categories are "(Team name, i.e. location + mascot) rugby league players". This naming convention of including the team name as well as the sport is one I believe in, as it eliminates any possibility of overlapping categories (i.e. should a team of a different sport with the same location or mascot have a category for its players). This convention dictates that the Bulldogs Category would be Category:Bulldogs rugby league players. The thing is though, there's no geographical context in the Bulldogs' team name. So should another rugby league team called the Bulldogs in another place have a category for its players, it would overlap with this one. Perhaps it should be Category:Canterbury Bulldogs rugby league players just for this case, even though the convention for the rest of Wikipedia appears to be to use the official name: Bulldogs.
 * There is a separate article for the Bulldogs' 2004 rape allegation which I really feel just constitutes nothing more than a section of the history article or even the Bulldogs off-field indiscretions article. I don't see why this issue has to be spread across so many separate articles. There needs to be a merger there.

GA Nomination Failed
I have failed this article in its GA Nomination due to "Quick Fail Criteria" #5 - "The article uses copyrighted images which do not meet Wikipedia's fair use policy." In my opinion, this article contains an excessive amount of non-free content, much of which does not have adequate information regarding the source of the material and/or does not contain the proper fair use tag. Many are uploaded as a "historic event," which is incorrect. Please renominate the article once these issues have been addressed. Thank you. Hersfold (talk/work) 22:40, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Article renominated. The above issues have been addressed and further work has been done. mdmanser 10:02, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * History section lacking inline citations. Michellecrisp 11:28, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

GA nom, once again failed
Hey, not wishing to upset anyone, there are too many issues with the article right now for it to be considered as a good article as per WP:GA. I'll highlight as many as I can to make it possible for editors to improve the article for re-nomination. So, I'm failing it, but would be glad to assist in pushing it to GA, give me a shout if you need me. The Rambling Man 17:10, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * [Citation needed] all over the article.
 * PoV issues e.g. "...the great St.George..." - remember this is supposed to be encyclopaedic.
 * It's fine to have lots of books for references but you really need to use the references in-line (as Michellecrisp said above).
 * "80's", "1990s'" - be consistent on how you discuss decades.
 * "young, enthusiastic and free-running side dubbed "The Entertainers"" - POV? No citation.
 * Too much proseline (i.e. single sentence paragraphs) - makes the prose poor.
 * Use WP:DASH to help understand en-dash usage.
 * "...well-documented..." - not to me. Especially without citation.
 * Crest section has zero citation.
 * "...semi-official nickname..." what does that mean?
 * Not a single wikilink in the Crest section - not essential but would probably improve, where applicable, the section.
 * List in the "Colours" section - make it prose.
 * Culture section needs serious overhaul - don't put external links in the prose, the section headings need to be headings, not just bold text, what does the image bring to this section?
 * Place references per WP:CITE e.g. [10] needs to be other side of the colon.

Bulldogs (NRL team)
Insted of Bulldogs rugby league team, I think that we should define the article name down to the league that the Bulldogs participate in. Because the Bulldogs 'rugby league team' could simply define the local team named the Bulldogs.

I know that people will know its NRL but if we put NRL within its name, it makes things more simple. Please leave any coments on my talk page as well on here. Aflumpire 05:37, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Suggested renaming
Perhaps instead of naming the article Bulldogs (rugby league) or Buldogs (NRL team) we simply use the clubs official name, the Bulldogs Rugby League Football Club. It's the official club name, surely we should be using that as the article's title? Bongomanrae (talk) 05:20, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Seems like a good idea to me.--Jeff79 (talk) 05:41, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Name change
Does anyone know if the Bulldogs are going back to their old name, Canterbury Bankstown Buldogs next year P.o.o.r.P.h.o.t.o.r.e.m.o.v.i.l.s.t. (talk) 22:04, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
 * They changed the logo to the more retro one. Dunno about the name change.--Jeff79 (talk) 22:10, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I have just been speaking to someone who used to play for Souths and is the current trainer and he confirmed that they (the Bulldogs) are going back to the old name CBB. Regards P.o.o.r.P.h.o.t.o.r.e.m.o.v.i.l.s.t. (talk) 06:35, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The board voted to change the name back to Canterbury Bankstown Bulldogs, but the NRL still has to approve it.  florrie  09:29, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Woo hoo! :)))) Casliber (talk · contribs) 10:23, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the above link Florrie and yes it is good news Casliber, even to old Parramatta fan. P.o.o.r.P.h.o.t.o.r.e.m.o.v.i.l.s.t. (talk) 02:11, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Good to see you guys are already on top of this, I wasn't looking forward to fixing the re-directs! Bongomanrae (talk) 07:05, 26 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I assume we'll have tyo wait for an official announcement from the NRL before the article name can be changed. Don't want to do it all twice if there is a comma in the wrong spot.  florrie  09:49, 26 September 2009 (UTC)
 * There isn't likely to be an official announcement from the NRL, however it's worth noting that the 2010 draw on the NRL.com website lists the club as the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. As with all years previous, club names, logos and such are all ratified as official on November 1 for the following year. So the name should remain as Bulldogs RLFC until October 31 :) Timmah86 (talk) 03:52, 3 October 2009 (UTC)
 * November 1 today - shall we change it? 165.228.178.143 (talk) 00:13, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Name change proposal
I propose we change the title of the article to remove the words "Rugby League Club" - "Canturbury-Bankstown Bulldogs" is consistent with other NRL clubs - for example Manly is at "Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles" NOT "Manly-Warringah District Rugby League Football Club". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sydney.city.easts (talk • contribs) 04:59, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. Remove 'Rugby League Club'.  LunarLander  //  talk  // 15:14, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Naturally "Rugby League Club" must go. All that's left to decide is whether there's a dash or just a space between "Canterbury" and "Bankstown".--Jeff79 (talk) 02:53, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The club have used "Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs" here on the 16th November.  LunarLander  //  talk  // 19:07, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * That seems like a consensus to go with "Canturbury-Bankstown Bulldogs" (official name - and is consistent with "Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles") - so could an admin please do it? 124.184.96.26 (talk) 03:42, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 00:03, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Canterbury Bankstown Bulldogs Rugby League Club → Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs — As per above discussion. Here is use of the new name, "Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs" on the club's official website. --Jeff79 (talk) 09:12, 21 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed165.228.178.143 (talk) 00:11, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Club categories renaming nomination
I've made a nomination for this club's categories to be renamed. The discussion is here: Categories_for_discussion/Log/2010_August_6  LunarLander  //  talk  // 01:11, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

2010 Squad - Flags
Hi all,

the flags next to each player - do they represent the country that they have played International Rugby League for our where they were born or their Nationality?

If they are Nationality then heaps are incorrect, eg. Idris, Barba, Tandy,etc.

CheersCanberraBulldog (talk) 03:17, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Again, I notice the flags are changed to countries that the players HAVE played for - can we had a foot note to explain this, because if I was not a support I would think that the flag represent WHERE the players come from. CheersCanberraBulldog (talk) 07:48, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed.--Jeff79 (talk) 08:19, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs


text:
Talk:Oregon Vortex

POV
This page is so heavily POV that it doesn't even explain what the Oregon vortex is. The author needs to describe the alleged phenomenon before presenting reasons to debunk it. --Chris Thompson 08:21, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

wtf
All those photos show is a girl and a shorter boy with a stick slanted from the top of her head down to the top of his. The article says that when they switched places one of the photos would show the stick straight rather than slanted. It doesn't. They just switched spots.

This article is not objective
This article seems to assume that it is certian that the oregon vortex is an optical illusion. But there are some things that set this apart from other things such as Gravity hillls which are explainable as optical illusions. One is the reported phenomena where two individuals stand on a certian spot, facing each other, an equal distance from the camera, and when they switch place apparently the one on the left (previously who was on the right) shrinks by a foot and the one on the right (who was previously on the left) gains a foot of height. If both people remain an equal distance from the camera, as it appears they do, how is this explained? I have also seen versions of these photographs the background whited out, to remove any possibility that the background might be confusing the mind. One can measure the height of each individual with a ruler on the photograph to verify they do change height. Given that each individual is standing an equal distance from the camera, it shouldnt matter what side they are on, they should both appear the same height.

It would certianly be interesting to see objective research on this to see if there is paranormal activity, to verify that each individual is standing the same distance from the camera and that there are no other tricks going on. Unfortunately, so many "scientific" people are so biased that they automatically assume that there MUST be some kind of trick or optical illusion behind anything paranormal, and go into an investigation bent on determining this outcome and no other, rahter than letting the evidence take them where it leads them. Too many assume there is no possibility that there could be a local variation in the laws of physics, no matter if they saw evidence to the contrary.

I think the views that the skeptical views on this page "it is an optical illusion", should be prefixed with the words "many believe".

--user:millueradfa

 * I dabble in magic and illusions, and saw absolutely nothing that couldn't be explained by traditional illusions and good crowd-patter. In fact, most of the illusions come right out of classic texts about optical illusions.  It's a great $5 magic show, but nothing more, and I bet if you talk to the owner "off stage", he'll tell you the same. --Randal L. Schwartz 00:07, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The above statement sounds awfully POV to me. Is this an encyclopedia or a place for you to vent your own opinions? 70.186.172.75 (talk) 21:47, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

To the guy above, if you think you can explain it, then do it. But check out the site oregonvortex.com first or try to visit it in person. Other experts who tried to explain it failed and failed to reproduce it too. You skeptics are all talk and no action.

 * Please tell me you're joking; I've been there, clearly the "affects" are attributable to well known optical illusions.

Are there any books/articles to reference regarding this?
It seems to me that nothing will be resolved if the only edits made are POV (regardless if they are skeptical or supportive of the notion of real phenomena occuring) ... We need more references to real published books or articles about this, and not simply opinions. I should also mention that I would have never believed it were true had I not been to this location personally and recorded the noticeable change photographically. I still have yet to read an explanation for how this works. To clarify, what I am talking about is this phenomena:

When two people stand a certain number of feet apart (say, 5) on a flat surface (you can check it yourself with a water-based level of the same length) -- the person on one side will appear smaller, noticeably, than their actual height. If the camera is placed on a tripod aligned to the perpendicular axis of the plane (with the two subjects standing on the far right and left of the frame), and placed in alignment with the center-point of said plane, then it logically follows that the subjects would be equidistant to the camera, regardless of which side they stand on. Yet, for some reason, there is a noticeable size discrepency of the subjects when switching locations.

If someone could explain to me how that can possibly be an optical illusion, I would be grateful, but I suspect it is impossible to define as such. I have personally recorded this effect taking place as I'm sure thousands of others have, yet nobody has offered an adequate response. I have scanned many skeptical pages on the internet, and all of them are extremely POV, showing no evidence of even having visited the location in question, let alone attempting to reproduce the experiments there in a scientific setting. If someone can find such a website, please place it in the links on the main article, because it would be great for a critical/skeptical site that actually bases their critique on scientific testing (actually visiting the location and performing scientific tests, which the company welcomes).

 * You never really get to take a picture that is "equidistant". I tried to do that, and they said "why don't you stand over here: you'll get a better view".  And I think I even caught a wink from them, as if to say "OK, you're smarter than most, but if you want to fool your friends, move over here so the pictures come out like ours". --Randal L. Schwartz 00:10, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree-- I have been there and taken "equidistant" photos. The workers did not disturb me whatsoever during my photography and in fact encouraged it. So, assume for the sake of argument that the photo is in fact taken "equidistantly." In other words, assume that you set up a tripod exactly in the center and facing a completely level plane, and the effects observed are as reported. (people on one side are noticeably smaller, on the other side noticeably larger) ... How do you explain this phenomena? I have read about the Ames room and so on, but it is nothing like this. I don't know how people could even compare the Ames room. In this case, the background does not matter, the people are standing on a level plane and the perspective is head-on, ie: with the camera forming a triangle using the 2 subjects as the other points. It is certainly not explainable as the Ames room, which so many so-called skeptics find it all-too-easy to explain as... 24.18.35.120 22:11, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

add images of most prominent "illusion" ?
Would it be appropriate in this case to add images of the most prominent illusion, ie: the appearance of a relative change in height when people stand ostensibly closer or further away from the vortex? eg: 2 pictures from http://www.oregonvortex.com/photographs-northend.htm 24.18.35.120 22:40, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

James Randi thinks he's solved the mystery
Paranormal debunker James Randi claims to have solved the Oregon Vortex. Yet none of the diagrams he gives explains any of the observable effects there. Take a look. What is he smoking?

http://www.randi.org/jr/101003.html

 * So... which effect, exactly, would you say that he fails to explain? TomTheHand 12:02, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Please learn to read. He explains the effects perfectly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Raidzuo (talk • contribs)

 * Actually, it's quite different. Imagine a triangle with equidistant lengths. One subject stands on corner A, another subject stands on corner B and a tripod is set at corner C, facing the exact midpoint between points A and B. This is the configuration which is used to demonstrate the Oregon Vortex effect (for lack of a better term), whereas Randi reproduces an entirely different configuration. 24.143.70.245 08:23, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Commentary/original research
I have visited the Oregon Vortex. The staff were quite sincere that the effects were real, enhanced by the odd angles to promote the business (which they freely admitted), but nonetheless real and not covered by current scientific theories. Survey equipment, compasses and any other investigation were openly encouraged by the owner, who related the effects to a confluence of ley lines. There was no "wink", the man believed this was a genuine anomality and was well informed about it. The absence of birds and the twisting of trees are objective data.

Very biased and lacking in data
If the intention of the article is, as I am assuming it is, to present a comprehensive overview of this place and its phenomena, then I must say it's seriously lacking in information.

Firstly, I am no expert, but even I know that there was a man called Lister who first brought this place to the attention of the public; apparently he lived there for 30 years - and yet I see no mention of him at all.

Secondly, the entire article seems to be based on - unreferenced - assumptions, like the apparent difference in height being due to "optical illusions" due to the "forced perspective". Well, that doesn't explain why people regularly report FEELING the difference in height during various experiments; also, there is considerable photographic and taped evidence that seems to contradict the "conclusions" of this article.

Really... this phenomenon deserves much better treatment. And Mother Nature definitely deserves a tip of the hat. ;) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.250.201.212 (talk) 21:22, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your suggestion. When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold in updating pages. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes — they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. You don't even need to log in (although there are many reasons why you might want to). Katr67 (talk) 22:59, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

You want an explanation for why people "feel" a difference in height? The power of suggestion! I was there just today, and where two pairs of people went before me, switched places, and were asked by the guide: "Does he seem taller", both women exclaimed: Yes, he does! I then did the same experiment with a stranger, at the request of the guide, and she seemed exactly as tall to me regardless of which side she stood. When I expressed this, the woman agreed she also did not see a difference. So you see, whatever is suggested first is what people will likely agree with; a willing suspension of disbelief. Similar, skeptical of another optical illusion, we were all asked which of two bars seemed level. While I called out: the bottom one obviously, everyone behind me, at the same time, called out the top one. Needless to say, the bottom one was the actual level bar. If you stand straight and do not allow yourself to be distracted by surroundings, all of this will be completely obvious, which is why the house has been successfully replicated in other locations that have no known "vortex".76.115.176.109 (talk) 05:14, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Posting removed bad link in case someone has a correction to offer on it.
Removed this link because it only links to one of those domain sales placeholder pages. If somebody has a correct link to substitute, by all means go for it.

 * Oregonians for Science and Reason - Investigation (with pictures illustrating illusions and an animated Ponzo demonstration)

--Here.it.comes.again (talk) 08:04, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

An Illusion? No Way
The height change is NOT a Ponzo illusion because the phenomenon still occurs when the background is blocked/covered (or removed in pictures).

The height change is NOT an Ames illusion because the participants stand fairly close to each other and the phenomenon still occurs even if there is equal distance between them and an observer.

The height change is NOT caused by a plank illusion (or an upgrade in the ground) because there is no significant upgrade between each participant, and the height change can be observed in person (not just on film).

John Litster (or Lister) owned the property at one time, he was a geophysicist. His theory was that the height difference was an optical illusion that acted like a giant refracting lens bending light in a circular or vertical motion. Einstein supposedly theorized that this phenomenon was caused by mass change.

I give James Randi credit for exposing a few frauds but I don't think the height change phenomenon at the Oregon vortex is caused by a man-made illusion (as skeptics suggest) and there are scientists that would support my opinion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.18.146.57 (talk) 01:17, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

'Expired' Link
This link no longer works, 'expired': Oregonians for Science and Reason - Investigation (with pictures illustrating illusions and an animated Ponzo demonstration)50.53.20.80 (talk) 13:18, 26 June 2017 (UTC)William Bjornson

"The attraction is the inspiration for the Mystery Shack, a tourist trap and the main setting for the Disney Channel (later Disney XD) original series Gravity Falls."
Uh...no, it's not. It's clearly inspired by Confusion Hill in California. There are plenty of sources available online, but you can clearly see that Confusion Hill has bill cypher statues and a shop that looks exactly like the Mystery Shack. There is also a poster in their window signed by the show's creator, Alex Hirsch. The show was objectively inspired by Confusion Hill.

Where does this come from? The linked source to the House of Mystery page contains no information about this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maestrogeicho (talk • contribs) 23:23, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

Illusion debunk
While there seems to be disagreement over what kind of illusion causes the height change phenomenon, fact is it can be easily debunked by the simplest test of all: holding a tape measure next to each of the participants. If the spot is really “expanding or contracting the distance between our molecules“, as the owners claim, then their measured height should change depending on position. (It does not). Why none of these experts have ever thought to do this simple test, is beyond me. 47.38.105.53 (talk) 18:47, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Real distortion
I've been here during a full moon. No optical illusion because I couldn't see very well anyway lol.

This has an effect on gravity. I had not walked into the building and was very dizzy and could not see clearly. The guide knew what he was looking for and used me as a demonstration. When I started to get a little queezy, I couldn't be in the center. I believe this is a simple anomaly in the magnetic field around the planet that's no different than a knot in a tree. There are a few other spots around the planet with a similar effect. If you want to experience this at its strongest, I suggest a full or new moon. 2601:1C2:97F:A9E0:4CC6:5D78:6251:D7E1 (talk) 04:35, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oregon Vortex


text:
List of extreme points of the Netherlands

This is a list of the extreme points of the Netherlands, the points that are farther up, down, north, south, east or west than any other location.

European part of the Netherlands

 * Northernmost Point — Rottumerplaat (53.555°N, 6.47806°W)
 * Northernmost Point (mainland) — Noordkaap (53.46528°N, 6.74556°W)
 * Southernmost Point — boundary marker 12 along Rue de Beusdael, near Kuttingen in the municipality of Gulpen-Wittem, Limburg (50.75042°N, 5.915°W)
 * Westernmost Point — Sint Anna ter Muiden (51.31583°N, 3.35833°W)
 * Easternmost Point — Bad Nieuweschans (53.18028°N, 7.22778°W)
 * Highest Point — Vaalserberg (327.5 m above sea level) (50.75472°N, 6.02083°W)
 * Lowest point — Zuidplaspolder near Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel (6.76 m below sea level) (51.98583°N, 4.63167°W)

Netherlands
When in the list above the special municipalities in the Caribbean are included, the western- and southernmost points change to locations on the island Bonaire, whereas the highest point is on the island Saba. The approximate locations are:
 * Westernmost Point — west of Lake Goto (12.28389°N, -68.41444°W)
 * Southernmost Point — Willemstoren Lighthouse Bonaire (12.02389°N, -68.24778°W)
 * Highest Point — Mount Scenery (887 m above sea level) (17.635°N, -63.23917°W)

Kingdom of the Netherlands
When all countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands are taken into account, the southernmost point moves to Curaçao and the westernmost point moves to Aruba.
 * Southernmost Point — Klein Curaçao, Curaçao (11.97833°N, -68.64361°W)
 * Westernmost Point — Divi village, Aruba (12.54°N, -70.06333°W)


text:
Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions

The Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (HKCTU) was a pro-democracy labour and political group in the Hong Kong. It was established on 29 July 1990. It had 160,000 members in 61 affiliates (mainly trade unions in various sectors) and representation in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) to challenge government policies and push for legal protection of worker and trade union rights. It was one of the two most influential labour groups in Hong Kong, with the other one being the pro-Beijing Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions.

Beliefs
The principles put forward by the HKCTU were "Solidarity, Rice Bowl, Justice and Democracy". The group focused on the rights and interests of workers, and the development of a democratic political system in Hong Kong. It called for the right to collective bargaining and protection against dismissals for involvement in trade union activities.

Besides calling for universal suffrage of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong and LegCo, the group also supported the pro-democracy movement in mainland China, including the struggle for independent trade unions. It participated in a number of human rights and labour rights networks to oppose the suppression of labour movements in mainland China.

History
The HKCTU emerged from the Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee (HKCIC), a church-sponsored labour organisation largely involved in the grassroots movements in the 1970s and 1980s. The Confederation was established in 1990 under the leadership of independent labour leader Lau Chin-shek. It was largely as a coalition of the independent and politically unaffiliated union organisations, most of which were new white-collar unions organising the civil service and professional or service employees in the public and subvented sectors, including the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union and the Hong Kong Social Workers General Union.

The HKCTU inherited the vanguard image and the more liberal sector in the territory's pluralistic union movement. It became a partner and an ally of the pro-democracy camp and the Democratic Party, in which Lau was the founding member. Lau Chin-shek won a seat in the 1991 LegCo direct election and Lee Cheuk-yan, the general secretary of the HKCTU, also won a seat in the 1995 LegCo election.

In 1993, HKCTU supported a strike by its affiliate Cathay Pacific Airways Flight Attendants Union (FAU). The strike, demanding a reduction of working hours from up to sixty-five hours per week and the reinstatement of three workers fired for refusing to work overtime, lasted for seventeen days and ended in victory.

Days before transfer of sovereignty in 1997, with the support of the pro-democracy camp, the HKCTU successfully established statutory rights of collective bargaining of labour unions, which mandate employers to negotiate with labour unions on issues such as salaries, welfare and working hours, by introducing the Employee's Rights to Representation, Consultation and Collective Bargaining Bill as Lee Cheuk-yan's private member's bill. But the laws were soon abolished by the pro-Beijing appointed Provisional Legislative Council shortly after the transfer of sovereignty.

Members of HKCTU were involved in organising a number of local protests, including the pivotal 2003 July 1 march to oppose the enactment of anti-sedition laws under Article 23 of the Basic Law (organised by the Civil Human Rights Front of which HKCTU is a member), and other protests to struggle for labour rights and democracy in Hong Kong and in mainland China.

In the 1998 LegCo election, the group was represented by Lau Chin-shek (also a member of Democratic Party and The Frontier) and Lee Cheuk-yan (also a member of The Frontier) in the legislative council (LegCo). In 2012, the HKCTU co-founded the Labour Party.

In 2013, HKCTU supported a strike by its affiliate Union of Hong Kong Dockers. After a forty-day strike, the workers achieved a 9.8 percent pay rise, meal breaks and promises that there would be no retaliation against the strikers.

HKCTU members voted to disband the union on October 3, 2021, following the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. At that time, co-founder and general secretary Lee Cheuk-yan was in jail for his involvement in the protests and chief executive Mung Siu Tat had announced on Facebook that he had left Hong Kong. At least 29 Hong Kong trade unions had already been dissolved throughout 2021.

Notable affiliates

 * Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions
 * Hong Kong Social Workers' General Union
 * Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union
 * Hong Kong Federation of Domestic Workers Unions
 * Union of Hong Kong Dockers

title: Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions


text:
Whaley Bridge

Whaley Bridge is a town and civil parish in the High Peak district of Derbyshire, England. It is situated on the River Goyt, 16 mi south-east of Manchester, 7 mi north of Buxton, 9 mi north-east of Macclesfield and 28 mi west of Sheffield. It had a population of 6,455 at the 2011 census, including Furness Vale, Horwich End, Bridgemont, Fernilee, Stoneheads and Taxal.

History
There is evidence of prehistoric activity in the area, including early Bronze Age standing stones, burial sites and the remains of a stone circle. A bronze-age axe head was discovered in 2005. There has long been speculation that the 'Roosdyche', a complex of banks and ditches on the eastern side of the town, is of prehistoric human origin, but investigations in 1962 concluded that it was formed by glacial meltwater.

The name of Weyley or Weylegh appears in many 13th-century documents and is derived from the Anglo Saxon weg lēah, meaning 'a clearing by the road'. In 1351, the lands of Weyley and Yeardsley were granted to William Joddrell for his faithful service to Edward, the Black Prince. In the 14th century, it housed the residence of William Jauderell and his descendants; their name also spelt 'Jodrell', who gave their name to the modern Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire. The Jodrells continued to call their lands Yeardsley Whaley for centuries and, when the first local government board was formed in 1863 and the area became an urban district, the town adopted its popular name of Whaley Bridge; the town has been called so ever since. Parish records from the 1820s refer to Horridge rather than Horwich.

The River Goyt formed the historical boundary between Derbyshire and Cheshire. The present town of Whaley Bridge was divided into smaller towns in both counties. Historical records show that, in 1316, on the Cheshire side there were Taxal, Yeardsley and Whaley; the last two were combined into one district of Yeardsley-cum-Whaley. The Derbyshire side consisted only of Fernilee, which included the villages of Shallcross and Horwich. This side was in the parish of Hope and was part of the Forest of High Peak, while the Cheshire side was part of the Forest of Macclesfield. From 1796, Taxal and Yeardsley were effectively joined in that the Jodrell family was the main landowner in both towns, although the administration of these remained separate until 1936.

Until the late 19th century, the population of the area grew slowly. For example, in the diocesan census in 1563, Taxal is recorded as having 26 households and, by the mid-18th century, Taxal and Yeardsley together only reached 55 households. In 1791, land at Whaley Bridge was advertised for sale; the owner believed that its waterpower would be useful in the textile industry, but the two townships remained very small and only had a population of 853 between them by 1841. Up to this time, agriculture and coalmining had been the main occupations.

The town expanded greatly in the Industrial Revolution and the population almost trebled to 2,322. Although there had been coal mines from earlier times, cotton mills had become the dominant industry by 1871. Coal mining took place in the area from its very early days because of a large geographical fault which traverses the Whaley Bridge basin from east to west; this results in the coal outcropping in various places. Documentary evidence of 1587 indicates a well-established coal industry in the Towneshepp of Weley, known today as Whaley Bridge. Today, there is less intensive agriculture labour and no coal mining in the area.

Today
Whaley Bridge continues to expand as new housing is built, but retains the character of a small town. As the self-styled Gateway to the Goyt, it attracts tourists, mainly walkers, but has not become dominated by the tourist industry, unlike some other local towns and villages. The Peak District Boundary Walk runs through the village.

The town has been twinned with Tymbark, Poland, since June 1994.

Cromford and High Peak Railway
The Cromford and High Peak Railway was granted Parliamentary consent in 1825. It was fully opened for passenger and goods traffic on 6 July 1831. The railway linked the wharf at the head of the Whaley Bridge Branch of the Peak Forest Canal to the Cromford Canal at Cromford Wharf. It had seven inclined planes, the first being situated within the town of Whaley Bridge itself. Unlike the other six inclined planes, which were operated by stationary steam engines, this one was operated by a horse-driven gin, which remained operational until 9 April 1952. This plane was much shorter than the others, being only 180 yards (165 m) long and rising at 1:13.5. Approach to the top of the plane was under a very low bridge and, because of this, waggons had to be hauled to and from the top of the plane by horses. Horses also worked the bottom section of the line and the tracks ran onto a wharf and into two mills. Another notable feature on the bottom section is an iron bridge that carries the line across the River Goyt.

Peak Forest Canal

The Peak Forest Canal and basin were built in the 1790s and opened on 1 May 1800. An important Grade 2 listed building at the head of the Peak Forest Canal was the Transhipment Warehouse, built in 1801 and extended after the arrival of the railway in 1832. In this building, goods and minerals were transferred to and from the many working canal boats servicing local industry. The building straddles the head of the canal which is fed by the Combs and Toddbrook reservoirs to the south. The canal splits just outside Whaley Bridge, turning east to end at Buxworth basin and turning west to Marple, the Cheshire Ring and Manchester. The Goyt Way runs for 10 mi from Etherow Country Park to Whaley Bridge, partly along the canal towpath, and is part of the 230 mi Midshires Way which runs from Stockport through the English Midlands to Buckinghamshire.

1872 Whaley Bridge Flood
On 19 June 1872, a massive flood became one of the worst in English history. The town received as much as 2 inches of rain in 24 hours.

2019 evacuation
On 1 August 2019, part of the town was evacuated on the orders of Derbyshire Police after flooding caused damage to the dam at Toddbrook Reservoir. Parts of nearby Furness Vale and New Mills were also evacuated. The Royal Air Force and all high-volume pumping units from various fire services were drafted in, along with Chinook helicopters bringing in aggregate and providing support. The Environment Agency and Derbyshire Fire Brigade reported that the dam was at "real risk of collapse", with 1,500 residents being evacuated from the town. After the first day, the water level of the dam had been reduced by half a metre, but authorities said this would need to fall several metres before it could be considered safe. The targeted reduction in the reservoir water level of 8 m was achieved on 6 August 2019.

Local government
Whaley Bridge is a civil parish with the status of a town. At the lowest level of local government is Whaley Bridge Town Council, consisting of 12 councillors. Three councillors are elected for each of the four wards of Fernilee, Furness Vale, Taxal and Yeardsley.

The next tier of local government is High Peak Borough Council. Whaley Bridge constitutes one of the borough's 28 wards. It returns 3 of the 43 borough councillors. At the last council elections in May 2015, one Conservative Party, one Liberal Democrat and one independent councillor were elected.

The top tier of local administration is the 64-member Derbyshire County Council. The town is included in the electoral division of Whaley Bridge and Blackbrook, electing one county councillor. In the 2021 local elections, the town's former Labour MP Ruth George was re-elected to Derbyshire County Council, defeating former Conservative MP Edwina Currie Jones.

Civic history
The township of Yeardsley-cum-Whaley, Cheshire, was part of the ancient parish of Taxal. In 1863 the township adopted the Local Government Act 1858 and formed a local board to govern the town. Under the Local Government Act 1894 this became Yeardsley-cum-Whaley Urban District. On the Derbyshire side of the Goyt, the parish of Fernilee was included in Chapel en le Frith Rural District. In 1936 a county review order merged the urban district with the built-up part of Fernilee to form Whaley Bridge Urban District, with the new district placed in Derbyshire.

In 1974 the Local Government Act 1972 came into force, abolishing all urban and rural districts in England and Wales, and replacing them with non-metropolitan districts. Whaley Bridge became part of the district of High Peak, with a successor parish formed for the area of the urban district. The parish council resolved that Whaley Bridge should have the status of a town.

Whaley Bridge is surrounded by, but not part of, the Peak District National Park.

Education
The town has two primary schools: Whaley Bridge Primary School and Taxal & Fernilee Church of England Primary School. For secondary education, children must travel further afield, typically to Chapel-en-le-Frith, New Mills, Hope Valley, Buxton, Macclesfield or Stockport. Schools in these areas include Chapel-en-le-Frith High School, New Mills School, Hope Valley College, King's School and Stockport Grammar School.

Transport

Whaley Bridge railway station is on the Buxton line between Manchester Piccadilly, Stockport and Buxton. There is a generally hourly service in each direction, operated by Northern Trains.

The town is served by bus services operated primarily by High Peak. This includes the 199 skyline service, which runs every 30 minutes between Buxton, Stockport and Manchester Airport. Other services in the town run to Glossop, Hayfield, Macclesfield and New Mills.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada. Television signals are received from the one of the 4 local relay transmitters (Whaley Bridge, Ladder Hill, Chinley and Birch Vale ).

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Manchester on 95.1 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Midlands on 103.3 FM, and Whaley Radio, a community based station that broadcast on 107.4 FM.

The town is served by the local newspaper, Buxton Advertiser.

Religious sites
The Church of England parish of Whaley Bridge has two churches. St James, Taxal, stands on a site a mile from the town centre and was established in the 12th century. Parts of the fabric of the bell tower date back to that time, although the tower was rebuilt in the late 16th or early 17th century. The rest of the church building was fully rebuilt in 1825 and restored in 1889 when the chancel was also enlarged. However, many internal elements of the earlier church were retained, including the 17th-century communion rail and panelling, 18th-century monuments and a royal coat of arms from the reign of Queen Anne. It is a Grade II* listed building. Holy Trinity Church, Fernilee, was established near the town centre in 1905. Parts of the town are included in the Cheshire parish of St John, Disley, and are served by the Church of St John the Divine, Furness Vale.

The Roman Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart, Whaley Lane, serves the parish of Whaley Bridge and Disley.

The United Reformed Church and Methodists formed a local ecumenical partnership, the "Whaley Bridge Uniting Partnership" in 1983, subsequently joined by the Baptists. The partnership has three places of worship: Whaley Bridge Uniting Church, Fernilee Methodist Church and Kettleshulme Chapel.

The Good News Church is an evangelical church based in the Gospel Hall, Old Road.

Whaley Hall is a large detached Victorian house near Toddbrook Reservoir. Since 1979 it has been a retreat house and conference centre run by the Community of the King of Love, an ecumenical community of men and women. The painting Magistrate of Brussels, by Anthony van Dyck, hung there, unrecognised, during the first decade of the 21st century.

Festivals and traditions
Whaley Bridge has an annual carnival month in June. This launches on the second weekend of the month with 'Whaley Water Weekend', commonly known as W3. Launched in 2000, W3 started out as a small community event on the canal basin. It was relaunched in 2010 as a music and arts festival, building on its waterways core. The last event saw several thousand visitors, with record numbers taking advantage of free short canal boat rides and a longer heritage trip to Bugsworth Basin. In the evening crowds watched free live music on the outdoor stage. 2012 saw W3 enter into a partnership with the Canal & River Trust where they adopted the canal basin and the Peak Forest canal to the Bugsworth Arm.

The weekend of W3 is followed by the Well Dressing Weekend, a traditional Derbyshire event in which the local well is decorated with large collages of cones, flower petals, etc. Carnival month ends with the Rose Queen Carnival, started over a hundred years ago, where groups of local young people from the town, Rose Queen royalty from other villages and invited bands process through the main streets in their finery and on decorated floats culminating in events, stalls and entertainment held at Whaley Bridge Bowling Club. In 2009 a fell race, known as the Whaley Waltz, was added to the Rose Queen programme, and it annually attracts over 180 runners. Organised by Goyt Valley Striders, the race starts in the centre of the village and climbs 900 ft to Windgather Rocks and finishes after crossing the River Goyt on Forge Road. Following the carnival is the Rose Queen Pet Show, where locals bring their pets to compete in different classes.

November 2012 saw the relaunch of Whaley Bridge's firework event, with a new team of volunteers after the Round Table felt they were unable to continue. This also incorporated the town's first lantern parade.

The final event of the year is the switching on of the Christmas tree lights outside the Jodrell Arms Hotel, close to Whaley Bridge railway station. This is usually done by the chair of the Town Council and is accompanied by seasonable music from members of Whaley Bridge Brass Band. Father Christmas traditionally arrives at the Transshipment Warehouse on the Whaley Wharf of the Peak Forest Canal on a canal boat and processes to the Mechanics' Institute accompanied by his helpers. Businesses make their contribution to the town's Christmas decorations by way of small trees above their shops. The Town Council erects two large trees each year, the second being by the Soldier Dick public house at Furness Vale.

Notable residents

 * Abraham Bennet, scientist, was baptised in Taxal.
 * Jack Bond, Lancashire and Nottinghamshire cricketer, was landlord of the Jodrell Arms.
 * Edwina Currie, politician and television personality, currently resides in Whaley Bridge.
 * Jon Dasilva, British DJ and record producer.
 * Betty Driver MBE, actress and author, most famous for her role as Betty Williams on the British soap Coronation Street, was once the landlady of Whaley Bridge's Cock Inn.
 * Ruth George, politician.
 * Michael Heathcote, Groom of the Pantry and Yeoman of the Mouth (food taster) to King George III.
 * Brian Jackson, cricketer who played for Derbyshire CCC, still lives in the town and is Chairman of the local volunteer centre.
 * Bill Jones, Liverpool and England footballer and Military Medal winner, was born in Whaley Bridge in 1921.
 * Jennifer Pinches, British artistic gymnast, lives in Whaley Bridge.

Literary references
Whaley Bridge features in the novel The Manchester Man (1876) by Isabella Banks. The fictional Coronation Street character Minnie Caldwell retired to become a housekeeper in Whaley Bridge in 1976. In the travel section of The Sunday Telegraph, Tony Robinson writes of the Manchester to Derby journey "It is not a trip to do all in one go; stop off at the dramatic little town of Whaley Bridge and have a stroll around the historic Peak Forest Canal Basin".

title: Whaley Bridge


text:
Power Glove

The Power Glove is a controller accessory for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The Power Glove gained public attention due to its early virtual reality mechanics and significant marketing. However, its two games did not sell well, as it was not packaged with a game, and it was criticized for its imprecise and difficult-to-use controls.

Development
The Power Glove was originally released in 1989. Though it was an officially licensed product, Nintendo was not involved in the design or release of the accessory. Rather, it was designed by Samuel Cooper Davis for Abrams/Gentile Entertainment (AGE), made by Mattel in the United States and PAX in Japan. Additional development was accomplished through the efforts of Thomas G. Zimmerman and Jaron Lanier, a virtual reality pioneer responsible for codeveloping and commercializing the DataGlove, who had made a failed attempt at a similar design for Nintendo earlier. Mattel brought in Image Design and Marketing's Hal Berger and Gary Yamron to develop the raw technology into a functional product. They designed Power Glove over the course of eight weeks. The Power Glove and DataGlove were based on Zimmerman's instrumented glove. Zimmerman built the first prototype that demonstrated finger flex measurement and hand position tracking using a pair of ultrasonic transmitters. His original prototype used optical flex sensors to measure finger bending which were replaced with less expensive carbon-based flex sensors by the AGE team.

Design and functionality
The glove has traditional NES controller buttons on the forearm as well as a program button and buttons labeled 0–9. The user presses the program button and a numbered button to input commands, such as changing the firing rate of the A and B buttons. Along with the controller, the player can perform various hand motions to control a character on-screen.

The Power Glove is based on the patented technology of the VPL Dataglove, but with many modifications that allow it to be used with modestly performing consumer hardware and sold at an affordable price. Whereas the Dataglove can detect yaw, pitch and roll, uses fiberoptic sensors to detect finger flexure, and has a resolution of 256 positions (8 bits) per finger for four fingers (the little finger is not measured to save money, and it usually follows the movement of the ring finger), the Power Glove can only detect roll, and uses sensors coated with conductive ink yielding a resolution of four positions (2 bits) per finger for four fingers. The design of the Glove was based on RoboCop from the 1987 film of the same name. This allows the Power Glove to store all the finger flexure information in a single byte. The microprocessor converts the analog signal into two bits per finger.

There are two ultrasonic speakers (transmitters) in the glove and three ultrasonic microphones (receivers) around the TV monitor. The ultrasonic speakers take turns transmitting a short burst (a few pulses) of 40 kHz sound and the system measures the time it takes for the sound to reach the microphones. A triangulation calculation is performed to determine the X, Y, Z location of each of the two speakers, which specifies the yaw and roll of the hand. The only dimension it cannot calculate is the pitch of the hand, since the hand can pitch without moving the location of the two ultrasonic speakers.

Games
Two games were released with specific features for use with the Power Glove: Super Glove Ball, a faux-3D puzzle maze game; and Bad Street Brawler, a beat 'em up. Both games are playable with the standard NES controller, but include moves that can only be used with the glove. These two games are branded as part of the "Power Glove Gaming Series". Since no Power Glove-specific games ever retailed in Japan, the Power Glove was sold only as an alternative controller.

Two more games, Glove Pilot and Manipulator Glove Adventure, were announced but never released. Another unreleased game, Tech Town or Tektown, is a virtual puzzle solving game in which the player moved a robotic hand around a deserted space station type of setting, using the glove to open doors and to pick up and use tools. It can be seen in a sneak peek in the Official Power Glove Game Players Gametape.

Games without specific support can also be played with the glove by inputting codes on the glove's keypad that set a control scheme for the glove.

The Power Glove was adopted by the emerging virtual reality community in the 1990's to interact with 3D worlds in a cheaper way to the popular high end DataGlove produced by VPL Research. REND386 was the bridging shareware software to support it.

Reception
The Power Glove sold nearly one million units and was a commercial success. However, it generally received extremely poor reception, because the controls for the glove were incredibly obtuse, making it completely impractical for almost every game on the console. Only two games were specially constructed for the power glove, and many users had no practical use for it for other noteworthy games of its time. Consumer complaints also noted the poor connection signal between the glove and the console, build quality of the materials, and high price point for 1989 (retail price was $100, approximately $250 in 2024).

In popular culture
The Power Glove is featured in the 1989 film The Wizard, wielded by antagonist Lucas Barton (Jackey Vinson) who utters the infamous line "I love the Power Glove - it's so bad."

The Power Glove is parodied in the 1991 horror film Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare, complete with Robert Englund (As Freddy Krueger) saying "Now I'm playing with power!"

In 2013, a documentary titled The Power of Glove, was put into development. The film was released in 2019.

The glove has lent its name to multiple bands, including power metal cover band Powerglove and Australian synthwave duo Power Glove.

The Power Glove appears in the hacking scene in the 2015 movie Kung Fury.

The Power Glove was featured in the 2021 movie 8-Bit Christmas, and The New York Times writer Calum Marsh describes the Power Glove's "awfulness" as what "sets the [film's] plot in motion".

The 2023 superhero film Blue Beetle features the Power Glove in its climax.

James Rolfe references the Power Glove quite a bit as the Angry Video Game Nerd.

Animator Dillon Markey uses a modified Power Glove as an animation controller for his work on the TV show Robot Chicken.

Modern influences
Essential Reality's P5 controller, released in 2002, was a PC input device that borrows elements from Power Glove and U-Force.

title: Power Glove


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Iconic

The adjective iconic may describe:
 * someone or something that is seen as a cultural icon
 * a sign characterised by iconicity
 * an image or technique typical of religious icons

Iconic may also refer to:
 * Iconic (EP), a 2012 extended play by Icona Pop
 * Iconic, a 2015 album by Jed Madela
 * Iconic, the working title for Rebel Heart, a 2015 studio album by Madonna
 * "Iconic" (song), a 2015 song by Madonna featuring Chance the Rapper and Mike Tyson
 * "Iconic", a 2018 song by Logic featuring Jaden Smith from YSIV
 * "Iconic", a 2018 song by Poppy from Am I a Girl?
 * "Iconic", a 2019 song by Trisha Paytas
 * "Iconic", a 2021 song by Aespa from Savage
 * "Iconic", a 2021 song by Bad Gyal from Warm Up
 * "Iconic", a 2022 song by Simple Plan from Harder Than It Looks
 * Iconic (concert), a 2019 concert tour by Filipino singers Sharon Cuneta and Regine Velasquez
 * Iconic Tower, the highest skyscraper of Africa, located in the New Administrative Capital of Egypt
 * The Iconic, a company in Australia

title: Iconic


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Two dollar bill

Two dollar bill may refer to:

 * Australian two-dollar note
 * Canadian two-dollar bill
 * United States two-dollar bill

title: Two dollar bill


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Andrey Illarionov

Andrey Nikolayevich Illarionov (Андре́й Никола́евич Илларио́нов, born 16 September 1961) is a Russian economist and former senior policy advisor to Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, from April 2000 to December 2005. Since April 2021, he is a senior fellow at the non-governmental organization Center for Security Policy, which is based out of Washington, D.C. in the United States.

Since leaving his role in the government of the Russian Federation, he has become a critic of Putin's administration and particularly its stance on foreign relations (as well as doctrines on energy). For example, in April 2022, Illarionov declared in a news interview that change in the Kremlin would happen "sooner or later" given that "it is absolutely impossible to have any positive future for Russia with the current political regime."

Early life
Andrey Illarionov was born on 16 September 1961, in Sestroretsk, a municipal town of Saint Petersburg. At fifteen he started working at a communications office (telephone and postal services) in the town of Sestroretsk. He then went on to study economics at the Leningrad State University, graduating in 1983, and receiving a Ph.D. in economics in 1987.

From 1983 to 1984, and again from 1988 to 1990 Illarionov taught for the International Economic Relations Department of Leningrad State University. From 1990 to 1992 he was senior researcher at the Regional Economic Research Department of the Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance.

Career
From 1992 he became economic adviser to the Russian Deputy Prime Minister and Acting Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar and (until 1993) the first deputy head of the Economic Reform Centre of the Russian Government. From 1993 to 1994 Illarionov was the head of the Analysis and Planning Group of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Government of Russia, Viktor Chernomyrdin, after which he went on to become the vice-president of the Leontyev International Social and Economic Research Centre, and director of the Moscow division. He created the Institute for Economic Analysis and was its director from 1994 to 2000.

Illarionov had predicted 1998 financial crisis and called for a devaluation of the Russian ruble in order to avoid the August 1998 financial meltdown.

On 12 April 2000, Illarionov was invited by Vladimir Putin to be his senior economic adviser and in May 2000 he became the personal representative of the Russian president (sherpa) in the G8. He played an important role in introducing the 13% flat income tax in Russia, in earlier repayment the Russian foreign debt, in creation the petroleum revenues-based Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation and in bringing Russia's full-fledged membership into the political G8.

While he was a Kremlin economic adviser, he served on the supervisory board of the Central Bank of Russia and accessed the accounts of the Russian foreign state banks. He found that in 1992 Russia's money from the $1 billion IMF loan was used to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union and later Russia associated KGB's Eurobank in Paris by transferring the $1 billion to the Jersey-based FIMACO which bought Eurobank's bad debts, that Yegor Gaidar was behind the scam, and that Boris Fyodorov, who was the finance minister of Russia and a close associate of Illarionov, was not told of the scam. Eurobank is one of the most important finance centers of the Soviet Union and Russia for foreign intelligence operations of the KGB and GRU. Allegedly, in 1990, the Soviet Union had a $1.75 billion loan from Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait as payment for the Soviet Union's veto of Desert Storm which removed Saddam Hussein. Allegedly, after the failure of Vnesheconombank (VEB) resulting in its accounts frozen on 1 January 1992, this was the first debt that the Russian government had to pay through "Eurobank" in Paris ("Banque Commerciale pour l'Europe du Nord") and the Russian network of Roszagranbanks to the Soviet and Russian foreign intelligence associated finance centers including Evrofinance (Moscow), RTD France (Paris), Eurogrefi (Paris), and others.

On 3 January 2005 Illarionov resigned from his position as presidential representative to the G8 because of the government troops' storm of the Beslan school on 3 September 2004 leading to death of 333 children, their parents and teachers. On 21 December 2005, Illarionov declared "This year Russia has become a different country. It is no longer a democratic country. It is no longer a free country". The Washington Post reported that he had cited a recent report by the human rights observer Freedom House. On 27 December 2005, Illarionov offered his resignation as economic adviser in protest against the stealing of billions of dollars by Putin's inner circle from the Russian state via the IPO of state-owned company Rosneft. He claimed that Russia was no longer politically free and was run by an authoritarian and corrupt elite. "It is one thing to work in a country that is partly free. It is another thing when the political system has changed, and the country has stopped being free and democratic," he said. He also claimed that he had no more ability to influence the government's course and that Kremlin put limits on him expressing his point of view. Illarionov was openly critical to such elements of the Russian economic policy as the Yukos affair, increasing influence of government officials on private sector and civil rights, as well as the Kremlin pressure on Ukraine in the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute. Illarionov has also been a proponent of recognition of Chechnya's independence.

Dissident life
In October 2006, Illarionov was invited to be senior fellow at the Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity of the US libertarian think tank Cato Institute in Washington, D.C. In this position, he has stated that "[Russia's] new corporate state in which state-owned enterprises are governed by personal interests and private corporations have become subject to arbitrary intervention to serve state interests" as well as "new ways in which political, economic and civil liberties are being eliminated."

In October 2006, the same week as Putin declared the Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya "abominable in its brutality", Illarionov took up a position with the Cato Institute.

On 14 April 2007, and 9 June 2007, Illarionov took part in opposition Dissenters' Marches in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, respectively. He then observed that the repression was "brutal" and that in "a comparison with the 15 former Soviet republics, Russia is now third to last when it comes to economic growth."

On 31 October 2009 Illarionov took up a position with the Cato Institute's Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity. While the Cato Institute is based in Washington, DC he did not then plan to immigrate but rather to commute.

Illarionov is one of the 34 first signatories of the online anti-Putin manifesto "Putin must go", published on 10 March 2010.

In 2012 Illarionov wrote a book chapter entitled "A Few Theses on the Theory of Freedom and on Creating an Index of Freedom" for the Fraser Institute. His work was developed into the Index of Freedom in the World, and later the annual Human Freedom Index.

As a well known opponent to Vladimir Putin and his policies, in December 2014 he criticized former Czech president Václav Klaus' view that the European Union and the United States did more to escalate conflict in Ukraine than Vladimir Putin did.

In January 2015 Illarionov clashed with Mikhail Khodorkovsky over the 2014 Annexation of Crimea. Even then there was discussion of the Kremlin's "hybrid war". He was then living full-time in Washington.

In March 2016 Illarionov was frustrated at the label of Russia by dissidents as a "hybrid régime". Masha Gessen wrote that he felt that it was a pure dictatorship, and that “This is not a hybrid regime! Thinking about it that way is a mistake, and analytical mistakes like that can have long-term tragic consequences.”

In January 2018 Illarionov was listed with others as an advisor to the US Treasury on the régime of sanctions over Crimea. This followed on from a 17 November 2017 article that he had co-authored along with Anders Åslund, Daniel Fried and Andrei Piontkovsky for the Atlantic Council entitled "How to Identify the Kremlin Ruling Elite and its Agents".

In April 2023 Illarionov signed the Declaration of Russia’s Democratic Forces.

Putin's rise to power
Illarionov, who was an advisor to Boris Yeltsin as well as to Putin, says that "Putin is an outstanding politician, and he carried out a very successful operation to win the trust of the" tightly-knit group of men that then surrounded power in Russia in that era.

Climate change
In 2004 Illarionov likened the Kyoto Protocol to a "concentration camp for the world economy", the Soviet-era GULag forced penal labour camps, and called the Protocol "an international Auschwitz for economic growth".

2008 Russo-Georgian war
Illarionov has questioned the official Russian version of the Russian-Georgian war that led to the Russian occupation of Georgia's provinces South Ossetia and Abkhazia. He has provided evidence that the war was launched by the Russian leadership that started aggression against Georgia on 6 August 2008 by bringing its military into South Ossetia and escalating the situation before the Georgian side was forced to respond in the night of 8 August.

2008 Russian financial crisis
Illarionov has also stated that Moscow's intervention into Georgia scared away investors and was in part responsible for the 2008 Russian financial crisis. He has criticized the Russian government attacks on private sector in summer of 2008 that contributed to financial crisis.

2010 Smolensk air disaster
In 2010 Illarionov criticised the official Russian investigation about the Smolensk air disaster and called the official version "naive". He was invited into an investigative commission created by Polish parliament.

Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014
On 4 February 2014, before the Russian intervention in Crimea, Illarionov predicted that Vladimir Putin was going to implement a military operation to effectively establish political control over Ukraine. In a 10 October 2013 interview with Serhiy Leshchenko, Illarionov revealed many of Putin's viewpoints during the early 2000s and that Putin desired to have Kuchma use force to put down the Orange Revolution but Kuchma refused, that Putin has an imperialist vision with respect to Ukraine, and that, similar to other tyrants such as Adolf Hitler, Putin is a tyrant and will leave as Russia's leader only in death.

In late March 2014, following the Revolution of Dignity and the annexation of Crimea by Russia, speaking to Svenska Dagbladet, Illarionov suggested that Vladimir Putin would seek to incorporate Ukraine, Belarus, parts of Georgia and the Baltic states" into Russia.

On 9 June, he said that the beginning of the ceasefire and negotiations between the newly elected Ukrainian president Poroshenko and separatists of break-away republics at the East of Ukraine would ultimately result in a Russian attempt of establishing political control over the entirety of Ukraine.

Inevitable dissolution of the Russian Federation
In November 2018, Andrey Illarionov said in the chat of the Ukrainian portal GlavRed that the dissolution of Russian Federation is inevitable which is a natural process for multinational empires. Later in the same interview, when he was asked to name the thing that terrifies him the most in modern Russia, Illarionov listed political dictatorship, suppression of civil and political rights of citizens, and Kremlin's neo-imperial policies towards other countries, neighbors or not.

2021 US Capitol attack
After the events of the 2021 United States Capitol attack in Washington D.C., Illarionov wrote on his blog that the Capitol police did not provide any resistance to demonstrators and quickly fell back into the building. The blog post is named "Reichstag fire" stating it as a trigger for the party in power to limit civil liberties. Following his post, the libertarian Cato Institute fired Illarionov for expressing his views about the 6 January 2021 events.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
In April 2022, Illarionov remarked during an interview with the BBC News agency that if Western countries "would try to implement a real embargo on oil and gas exports from Russia", then, in response, "probably within a month or two, Russian military operations in Ukraine, probably will be ceased, will be stopped". He stated that decisions involving Russian energy markets involved "very effective instruments" in terms of influencing senior leaders' behavior. Illarionov additionally declared that change in the Kremlin would happen "sooner or later" given that "it is absolutely impossible to have any positive future for Russia with the current political regime".

In June 2024 Illarionov was interviewed by the Kyiv Post. He proposed that the beginning of Putin's Ukrainian campaign occurred on 17 September 2003. In front of his high-level ministers on this day Putin laid claim to the territory of Ukraine. This was when Putin began his expansion, with the 2003 Tuzla Island conflict. Illarionov repeated this claim, which was made by him as early as summer 2014.

title: Andrey Illarionov


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NES Satellite

The NES Satellite is a Nintendo Entertainment System multiplayer adaptor accessory (multitap), created by Nintendo and released in 1989 as a part of the NES Sports Set.

With select supporting games, the Satellite allows up to four players to play the NES, potentially simultaneously. Additionally, it acts as a wireless range extender adaptor for all wired controllers, with the use of portable, battery-powered, infrared technology. While a normal controller has a range of 7.6 feet, the NES Satellite expands the usable range to 15 feet. A small infrared receiver plugs into the two controller ports on the front of the NES. The main Satellite unit is powered by six C-cell batteries and must have a line of sight to the receiver. The unit has four controller ports which accommodate any type of wired NES controllers. The unit provides "Turbo" selectors for both the A and B buttons.

A similar four-player adaptor called the NES Four Score was released a year later, although it does not allow wireless play.

Games
These licensed games are compatible with the NES Satellite's four-player abilities.

 * Anticipation
 * Bomberman II
 * Championship Bowling
 * Danny Sullivan's Indy Heat
 * Gauntlet II
 * Greg Norman's Golf Power
 * Harlem Globetrotters
 * Kings of the Beach
 * Magic Johnson's Fast Break
 * Monster Truck Rally
 * M.U.L.E.
 * NES Play Action Football
 * A Nightmare on Elm Street
 * Nintendo World Cup
 * R.C. Pro-Am II
 * Rackets & Rivals
 * Rock 'n Ball
 * Roundball: 2 on 2 Challenge
 * Spot
 * Smash TV
 * Super Off Road
 * Super Jeopardy!
 * Super Spike V'Ball
 * Swords and Serpents
 * Top Players' Tennis

These homebrew games are also compatible.

 * Justice Duel
 * Micro Mages

title: NES Satellite


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Hounsfield scale

The Hounsfield scale, named after Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, is a quantitative scale for describing radiodensity. It is frequently used in CT scans, where its value is also termed CT number.

Definition
The Hounsfield unit (HU) scale is a linear transformation of the original linear attenuation coefficient measurement into one in which the radiodensity of distilled water at standard pressure and temperature (STP) is defined as 0 Hounsfield units (HU), while the radiodensity of air at STP is defined as −1000 HU. In a voxel with average linear attenuation coefficient $$\mu$$, the corresponding HU value is therefore given by:

$$HU = 1000\times\frac{\mu - \mu_{\textrm{water}}}{\mu_{\textrm{water}} - \mu_{\textrm{air}}}$$

where $$\mu_{\textrm{water}}$$ and $$\mu_{\textrm{air}}$$ are respectively the linear attenuation coefficients of water and air.

Thus, a change of one Hounsfield unit (HU) represents a change of 0.1% of the attenuation coefficient of water since the attenuation coefficient of air is nearly zero.

Calibration tests of HU with reference to water and other materials may be done to ensure standardised response. This is particularly important for CT scans used in radiotherapy treatment planning, where HU is converted to electron density. Variation in the measured values of reference materials with known composition, and variation between and within slices may be used as part of test procedures.

Rationale
The above standards were chosen as they are universally available references and suited to the key application for which computed axial tomography was developed: imaging the internal anatomy of living creatures based on organized water structures and mostly living in air, e.g. humans.

Values for different body tissues and material
HU-based differentiation of material applies to medical-grade dual-energy CT scans but not to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, as CBCT scans provide unreliable HU readings.

Values reported here are approximations. Different dynamics are reported from one study to another.

Exact HU dynamics can vary from one CT acquisition to another due to CT acquisition and reconstruction parameters (kV, filters, reconstruction algorithms, etc.). The use of contrast agents modifies HU as well in some body parts (mainly blood).

A practical application of this is in evaluation of tumors, where, for example, an adrenal tumor with a radiodensity of less than 10 HU is rather fatty in composition and almost certainly a benign adrenal adenoma.

title: Hounsfield scale


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Turbotronic

Turbotronic is a joystick marketed by Camerica in the late 1980s. The joystick has two connectors: One with seven pins for the Nintendo Entertainment System, and one with nine pins for several Atari and Commodore home computers and game consoles, as well as the Master System.

The Turbotronic closely resembles the NES Advantage, a joystick released by Nintendo of America in 1987. In 1988, Camerica released Freedom Stick, a wireless, consumer IR version of Turbotronic exclusively for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Nintendo brought legal action against Camerica because of the products' similarity to the NES Advantage.

Camerica later redesigned Freedom Stick with an unorthodox triangular base intended for both right- and left-handed players, and called the product Supersonic the Joystick. The bottom of the joystick's base is fitted with suction cups to stabilize it on a tabletop.

Freedom Stick and Supersonic the Joystick were among the first game controllers to communicate via infrared beam. They were contemporaneous with Brøderbund's U-Force, a game controller that made innovative use of consumer IR technology.

title: Turbotronic