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Army Ranger Wing

The Army Ranger Wing (ARW) (Sciathán Fianóglach an Airm, "SFA") is the special operations force of the Irish Defence Forces, the military of Ireland. In late 2023, it was reported that the unit was to be renamed the Ireland Special Operations Force (IRL-SOF). It is a branch of the Irish Army, it also selects personnel from the Naval Service and Air Corps. It serves at the behest of the Defence Forces and Government of Ireland, operating internally and overseas, and reports directly to the Chief of Staff. The ARW was established in 1980 with the primary role of counter terrorism and evolved to both special operations and counter-terrorism roles from 2000 after the end of conflict in Northern Ireland. The unit is based in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare. The 2015 White Paper on Defence announced that the strength of the ARW would be considerably increased due to operational requirements at home and overseas.

The unit has served abroad in a number of international peacekeeping and peace enforcement missions including in Somalia, East Timor, Liberia, Chad, and Mali. The ARW trains with special forces units around the world, particularly in Europe. The ARW in its domestic counter terrorism role trains and deploys with the Garda Síochána (national police) specialist armed intervention unit, the Emergency Response Unit (ERU).

Roles

The Army Ranger Wing roles are divided between wartime special operations ("Green Role") and anti-terrorism ("Black Role"), the latter known formally as military Aid to the Civil Power (ATCP):

Military tasks (Green Role)
Offensive operations behind enemy lines
 * securing of vital objectives
 * long-range reconnaissance patrol (LRRP)
 * razzias (raids)
 * ambushes
 * sabotage
 * capture of key personnel
 * diversionary operations
 * intelligence gathering

Defensive operations
 * VIP protection
 * counter-insurgency
 * training in and conduct of specialist operations
 * delay operations

Aid to the civil power tasks (Black Role)

 * anti-hijack operations
 * hostage rescue operations
 * airborne and seaborne interventions
 * search operations - specialist tasks on land or sea
 * pursuit operations
 * recapture of terrorist-held objectives
 * VIP security operations/close protection of VIPs
 * contingency planning to counter terrorist/subversive threats

Name and motto
The unit's official name is Sciathán Fianóglach an Airm in the Irish language which translates into English as "Army Ranger Wing". Fianóglach (representing "Ranger") is an amalgamation of two Irish words. Fiann is closest to the word "warrior", and refers to the ancient band of warriors known as Na Fianna in Irish mythology. Óglach literally means "young soldier", and is often translated as '"volunteer". Use in this context refers to the name of the Defence Forces in Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann ("Irish Volunteers"). Na Fianna were purportedly expert warriors, so the addition of the word Fiann before Óglaigh denotes an elite element to the unit. The shoulder flash insignia of the unit uses Fianóglach.

The motto of the Army Ranger Wing is taken from an old Fianna poem, in Irish it is: "Glaine ár gcroí, Neart ár ngéag, Agus beart de réir ár mbriathar", which translates as: "The purity of our hearts, the strength of our limbs and our commitment to our promise".

History
In the late 1960s, the Defence Forces established 'Special Assault Groups' (SAG) in the Army to meet security challenges on the border with Northern Ireland. A number of Army officers attended the United States Army Ranger School in Fort Benning, Georgia who returned to conduct Army Ranger courses in Ireland with the first held in 1969. Among its founding officers was later-to-be Chief of Staff Lieutenant General Dermot Earley. Special Assault Groups were formed comprising 40 Rangers trained in all arms, engineering and ordnance techniques.

By the mid-1970s, the Defence Forces had over 300 Rangers who conducted support operations on the request of the Garda Síochána. Students on these courses were selected from among all ranks and units of the Army, Naval Service and Air Corps. The courses improved standards of physical endurance, marksmanship, individual military skills and small unit tactics. In December 1977, the Garda Síochána formed a counter-terrorist unit named the Special Task Force (STF) to operate in border regions that was later to become the Emergency Response Unit.

Following an assessment of the SAG, and Rangers receiving training from the M-Squadron, an elite counter-terrorism (CT) branch of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps, in 1978 it was decided to consolidate the Rangers into a new special forces unit with a counter-terrorist capability following an increase in international and national terrorism, such as the 1972 Munich massacre in Germany (then West Germany) and a number of hostage-takings by the Provisional IRA (such as the Balcombe Street siege).

The Army Ranger Wing (ARW) was formally established, in accordance with the Defence Act, by Government order on 16 March 1980. The ARW received its colours in 1981; Black, Red and Gold, signifying Secrecy, Risk and Excellence. In 1991, the ARW was granted permission to wear the Green beret.

In April 2017, it was reported that there had been no increase in the strength of the ARW despite the 2015 White Paper's aim to considerably increase the strength of the unit.

On 16 January 2022, there were recommendations made for some ARW operators to be based in Cork to work alongside their colleagues in the Naval Service in improving its maritime anti-terrorism capabilities. In January 2022, the ex-ARW operator turned politician Cathal Berry said that he backed proposals to rename the unit as the 'Ireland Special Operations Force' (ISOF). On 30 December 2023, the unit was revamped and restructured to be officially renamed as ISOF.

Structure
The Officer Commanding the Army Ranger Wing is responsible for the administrative, disciplinary and operational control of the unit, and is in turn directly under the command of the Chief of Staff at Defence Forces Headquarters (DFHQ). Information on the numerical strength of the unit and the identity of its personnel is restricted. Estimates variously put the strength at "well over a hundred" or between 140 and 150 personnel. In 2015, the Defence White Paper announced an increase in strength with reports of the unit doubling in size. The Wing is divided into operational task units each comprising several assault teams relative to each operator's area of speciality. After serving one year in an assault team an operator can apply to join a specialist team such as combat diving team, free fall parachuting team and sniping team. An example of an operational task unit is the Special Operations Maritime Task Unit (SOMTU). Support elements provide expertise in bomb disposal, medical treatment, maritime and aviation operations. The Army Ranger Wing is headquartered at the Defence Forces Training Centre (DFTC) in the Curragh Camp, with Army Rangers required to live within a defined radius. Training is carried out nationwide at a number of Department of Defence properties, including Lynch Camp in Kilworth, County Cork.

The ARW is on immediate call 24/7, 365 days a year for operations throughout the state and abroad. The ARW is on 96 hours' notice to deploy overseas on special operations. The ARW is on a 1-hour alert for anti-terrorist operations to deploy anywhere on land in the Republic of Ireland using Air Corps aircraft and up to 200 miles out to sea via the Naval Service vessels. In the event of a major terrorist, hijacking or hostage incident, the ARW may be called to aid the Garda ERU, and in the past, they have been put on standby to assist the Irish Prison Service during major prison riots. The unit has on occasion been tasked for search and rescue (SAR) operations, as the ARW have trained Arctic survival specialists.

Besides sanctioned international military missions, the unit may be deployed overseas to protect Irish diplomatic missions and diplomats (particularly in times of war or civil unrest in host countries), to provide close protection to members of the Irish government travelling overseas, to rescue kidnapped Irish citizens,  to extract citizens in hostile or conflict zones, or to conduct intelligence operations.

The ARW is equipped with SINCGAR ITT, Harris and Racal communications equipment, which have an inbuilt encryption and frequency-hopping systems. It is also equipped with satellite communications, through the ARW C3 (Command, Control & Communications) function and in cooperation with the Communications and Information Services Corps (CIS). This means ARW teams can communicate with their GHQ from anywhere in the world. The Army Ranger Wing Intelligence Section has the ability to remotely intercept electronic and telephonic communications, working with the Directorate of Military Intelligence (J2) and Army CIS Corps.

Selection and training

Candidates must be serving members of the Permanent Defence Forces (PDF) from any of the three branches (Army, Air Corps or Naval Service). The candidate must be medically fit and have attained the rank of at least 3 Star Private (or equivalent). There is no age limit to attempt selection. Selection has been open to females since 1984, however, none have been successful. Usually 40 to 80 candidates attempt selection annually.

The ARW recently revised its selection and assessment procedures combining the previous Selection course & Basic Skills course into a new single course named the Special Operations Force Qualification Course (SOFQ). The SOFQ is conducted over 10 months (40 weeks). The Selection Course had been conducted over 3 weeks after being reduced in 2006 from 4 weeks. The Basic Skills course had been conducted over 5 months.

The SOFQ is divided into 5 modules:
 * 1) Assessment & Evaluation
 * 2) Skills & Leadership
 * 3) SOF Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures TTPs
 * 4) Counter-Terrorism Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures TTPs
 * 5) Continuation training

Module 1 assesses a candidate's level of physical fitness, motivation and suitability to progress on towards further modules (2-5) of the SOFQ course similar to the previous selection course. Candidates must pass a series of fitness assessments, map reading and individual navigation assessments, claustrophobia, water confidence, and psychometric testing. The final phase of Module 1 includes individual navigation exercises with set weights over unknown distances and completion times which can be over 250 km, culminating in an additional 65 km cross-country march carrying a 65 lb combat load in the Dublin & Wicklow mountain range. On average candidates get between four and five hours sleep per night. Officer and senior NCO candidates are subjected to separate, rigorous scrutiny of their planning and decision-making skills to determine their suitability. The length of Module 1 is 3 weeks similar to the previous selection course length. Typically 85% of candidates fail Module 1. Between 2000 and 2005, approximately 240 attempted selection, including a female, with 50 successful.

Modules 2 to 4 consist of assessment and training in weapons and marksmanship, live-fire tactical training, special operations tactics, techniques, and procedures (green role) and counter-terrorism tactics, techniques, and procedures (black role), combat water survival, Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Extraction (SERE), communications and medical training. Upon successful completion of Module 3, candidates are awarded the Fianóglach shoulder tab and are provisionally assigned to the unit. Upon successful completion of Module 4, candidates are awarded the distinctive ARW green beret.

Module 5 Continuation training is the conclusion of the SOFQ course, and candidates are posted to an operational ARW task unit as an assault team operator. 3 Star Privates (and equivalents) who are successful in completing the SOFQ course pass out at the rank of Acting Corporal, and the lowest commissioned rank in the unit is that of Captain. All candidates must successfully complete the basic parachute course of five (5) static line jumps from 3,000 feet using T10 round canopies.

As of 2012, it was reported that since the unit's inception fewer than 400 had completed training to become a Ranger.

Further specialist training courses for Rangers include advanced combat medical skills, military freefall, combat diving (taught by the specialist Naval Service Diving Section) and boat handling, close protection and handling of advanced weapons.

Prior to 2000 with The Troubles, approximately 85% of Ranger training had been dedicated to counter-terrorism. The average age of a Ranger is 31 years old with the eldest 44 years old. On average, a member of the ARW spends between 5 and 10 years serving with the unit before being returned to their home unit bringing their skills with them, but it is not uncommon for some to spend 15 years in the unit.

The ARW has its own purpose-built tactical training facilities, including shooting ranges, kill houses and various urban and rural settings. The main facility is known as "Tac Town", based in the Curragh. Other ranges are located in County Wicklow. These facilities are also made available to the ERU.

The ARW has trained with other military and law enforcement special operations forces, including;
 * 🇦🇺 – Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) & 2nd Commando Regiment (2 CDO)
 * 🇧🇪 – Special Forces Group (SFG)
 * 🇨🇦 – Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2) & Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR)
 * 🇫🇷 – GIGN & RPIMa
 * 🇩🇪 – GSG 9 & KSK
 * 🇮🇹 – GIS & COMSUBIN
 * – UIM
 * 🇳🇿 – New Zealand Special Air Service (NZSAS)
 * 🇵🇱 – JW GROM
 * 🇸🇪 – SOG & FJS
 * – Special Air Service (SAS)
 * 🇺🇸 – 75th Ranger Regiment, Delta Force, Navy SEALs & Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance

The ARW and ERU train specifically for marauding terrorist firearms/explosive attacks.

In 2015, the Irish Defence Forces signed agreements with their British counterparts to deepen joint special forces peacekeeping co-operation, extending from previous deployments with British special forces in a number of combat zones.

Notable missions
Rangers have seen active service in a number of peacekeeping missions around the world with the United Nations, European Union (EU) and Partnership for Peace (PfP) of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (the Republic of Ireland is not a member of NATO, due to its policy of military neutrality). Individual deployments include Lebanon, Bosnia, Cyprus, Iraq and Western Sahara.

Somalia
The ARW's first deployment overseas was in Somalia in 1993 as part of UNOSOM II where a number of teams joined the United States-led peacekeeping coalition tasked with imposing a ceasefire in the Baidoa region. Over 100 Irish troops took part in the mission.

On one regular return journey, from protecting a food convoy/supply run to Mogadishu, Irish and Indian UN troops were ambushed by insurgents. Following an intense firefight, there were more than 10 enemies killed with no Irish or Indian fatalities reported. Following this, the Irish contingent was supplied with armoured vehicles as they had previously been relying on soft-skinned vehicles mounted with heavy calibre machine guns.

East Timor

In October 1999, No 1 IRCON (Irish Contingent), an ARW platoon of 30 Rangers deployed to East Timor as part of the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) to restore peace and security following the independence referendum in August. The Australian-led mission had begun nearly a month earlier with an allied special forces coalition of Australian Special Air Service, New Zealand Special Air Service and British Special Boat Service (SBS) armed Response Force.

No 1 IRCON was embedded in the reconnaissance company in the 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Regiment (1 RNZIR) Battalion Group together with an infantry company from the Canadian 3rd Battalion, Royal 22 Regiment bringing the battalion to full strength. The Battalion Group based in Suai was responsible for securing the south-west of the country from pro-Indonesian militia and Indonesian military (TNI) that included a long section of the border between East and Indonesian controlled West Timor.

No 1 IRCON completed a four-month deployment followed by No 2 IRCON. In February 2000, INTERFET handed over command of military operations to the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). No 2 IRCON completed its four-month deployment in June 2000 with subsequent rotations from infantry platoons. The Battalion Group had several contacts (firefights) and a number of incidents with threat forces sustaining no casualties.

Liberia
The ARW was deployed in Liberia in the aftermath of the Second Liberian Civil War as part of a peacekeeping contingent of more than 400 troops from the Irish Army, in turn, part of the mixed Irish-Swedish Force Reserve Battalion of the United Nations mission in the country, UNMIL (2003). The ARW's area of operations (AO) was "all of Liberia", consisting of 4.7 million people and 111,369 sq km (43,000 sq mi).

One of their most successful missions during this deployment was the rescue of a large group of civilians captured by gunmen from renegade Liberian forces. Acting on intelligence, a team of twenty heavily armed Rangers were dropped via helicopters at the town of "Gbapa". To avoid casualties among the hostages, the ARW implemented a policy of less-lethal intervention and, after surrounding a 40-foot container holding 35 hostages, rescued the innocent civilians and captured the rebel forces, including their commander. The incident, which resulted in no Irish casualties, drew praise from the international community and boosted the reputation of the ARW worldwide.

Ranger Sergeant Derek Mooney (33) of Dublin, was killed when his vehicle was involved in a motor vehicle accident during a transport convoy.

Chad and Central African Republic
In February 2008, a Special Forces Task Group of 58 Rangers deployed to Abéché in Chad as part of the European Union Force Chad/CAR based at Camp Croci. The ARW was an Initial Entry Force together with other EUFOR special forces that conducted special reconnaissance within the Irish assigned south eastern Chad area of operations.

The ARW was later based at Multi-National Base-South at Goz Beïda known as Camp Ciara in the area of operations providing security during the construction of the base. The ARW conducted vehicle patrols along the Chad / Sudan border in their Ford F-350 Special Reconnaissance Vehicles. The ARW mission ended in June 2008 with the arrival of the 97th Infantry Battalion.

Mali
In June 2019, Dáil Éireann approved sending an ARW Task Unit and staff officers to the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) in intelligence and operational roles, on 4-month rotations for two years. The ARW were deployed in response to an upsurge in violence in north-eastern Mali, led by militants affiliated with al-Qaeda. The Irish contingent were primarily tasked with conducting long-range reconnaissance patrols (LRRP) and deployed as part of a German-led ISTAR Task Force, benefiting from the protections and medical support in place for the larger force. 14 ARW operators are reported to be involved per rotation.

MINUSMA is the most dangerous UN peacekeeping mission. As of October 2019, 204 peacekeepers had been killed out of a total of 15,000 deployed uniformed personnel. It is the first overseas operational deployment for the ARW as a unit, in ten years.

In February 2020, three ARW personnel were injured when an IED blast hit the armoured patrol vehicle they were travelling in, 70 km east of Gao. The personnel were airlifted to hospital but after two weeks were reported to be "back to work".

Overseas extraction operations
In October 2005, Rangers and Arabic-speaking intelligence officers from Military Intelligence (J2) were deployed to Baghdad, Iraq, following the abduction of Irish journalist Rory Carroll by al-Qaeda-affiliated militants. Following negotiations with Irish, British and American government representatives, Rory Carroll was released unharmed days later and returned safely to Ireland.

In 2009, the ARW were involved in the evacuation of GOAL aid worker Sharon Commins who was kidnapped by Janjaweed in Darfur, Sudan for more than 100 days before being released, although the government denied the involvement of the ARW at the time.

With the fall of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011 and the Libyan Civil War, the ARW, Air Corps and other Defence Forces assets were deployed in order to evacuate upwards of 115 Irish citizens from the country, mainly via the capital Tripoli. The ARW operated out of the British diplomatic mission in Malta. It was reported at the time that Irish officials printed fake boarding passes in order to bypass "tight" security at Tripoli airport, where authorities refused to allow a large number of aircraft to land or take off. Three Irish aircraft were involved in the operation.

In October 2019 it was reported that the ARW were deployed to the Syrian border to extract Lisa Smith - a former Irish Army soldier who converted to Islam before fleeing Ireland to join ISIS - and her two-year-old child in a Non-Combatant Evacuation Operation (NEO) after the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria resulted in Kurdish-held ISIS prisoners escaping, including Smith, although the Defence Forces or Irish government did not confirm this. ARW personnel were in plainclothes and "discreetly armed" for protection purposes. Smith was repatriated to Dublin Airport where she was arrested by Gardai and charged with terrorism offences.

On 23 August 2021 in the aftermath of the Fall of Kabul to the Taliban, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Defence Simon Coveney approved the deployment of an Emergency Consular Assistance Team (ECAT) comprising ARW personnel and a small team of DFA diplomats to Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul in order to evacuate Irish citizens. The options available to the Irish government to extract its citizens were hampered by Ireland's lack of an organic strategic airlift capability. The mission ended on 26 August, just 48 hours after the team touched down in Kabul and resulted in the evacuation of 26 Irish citizens. It was reported the last members of the ECAT team left minutes after a deadly suicide bombing at Kabul airport.

In April 2023, a team of up to 12 ARW were deployed to Sudan as part of the evacuation of foreign nationals during the 2023 Sudan conflict. ARW and DFA personnel travelled to Sudan via Djibouti to link up with and extract Irish citizens. The ARW provided medical & security support, secure communications and an intervention element.

Other overseas missions
During the War in Afghanistan, ARW personnel served in small numbers with ISAF and RSM from October 2006 to March 2007 and from September 2014 to March 2015, mainly as trainers, medical staff and IED experts.

From 2006 to 2014, it has been reported that operatives from the ARW, including from the Intelligence Section and Military Intelligence Directorate, had been on the ground in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of various international missions.

In 2012, it was reported that the ARW could deploy 30 Rangers in the Gulf of Aden, subject to Government, Dáil and UN approval ("triple-lock"), to protect international shipping lanes against Somali pirates as part of the EU's Operation Atalanta.

As of 2014, Rangers were serving missions on three continents, including training foreign forces in Africa and the Balkans, protection duties in Lebanon for the United Nations mission and security and intelligence operations on the Israeli-Syrian border (Golan Heights).

In late 2015, Private John O'Mahony (Ret.) gave evidence as a witness in a military trial in Beirut, Lebanon against Mahmoud Bazzi, a former Lebanese militia fighter accused of murdering Private Thomas Barrett and Private Derek Smallhorne of the Irish Army in April 1980 in Southern Lebanon (see At Tiri Incident). O'Mahony was accompanied during his entire time in Lebanon by a Close Protection Team from the Army Ranger Wing.

The ARW was chosen to spearhead the special operations task group (SOTG) for the EU Battlegroup rapid reaction force based in Germany, deploying in late 2019. It was the fourth time the Irish Defence Forces served in the Battlegroup, but the first time the ARW have as a unit. The wider force comprises 1,500 troops from EU member states. The ARW trained with the battlegroup for six months after which they remained on standby with it for 18 months. This overlapped with the unit's rotations to MINUSMA in Mali.

Reported domestic missions
In December 1983 the ARW was involved in an operation against a Provisional IRA "unit" on the loose in woodland in the South of County Leitrim that had been holding hostage for ransom a kidnapped businessman, the ARW having been sent in by the Government after the P-IRA had murdered a Garda officer and an Irish Army soldier that had found their hideout.

In the early 1990s the ARW took part in operations in support of the Garda Emergency Response Unit against the Provisional IRA.

In January 1997, two teams of 12 from the ARW were sent to Mountjoy Prison in central Dublin where three prisoners armed with knives had taken two prison officers hostage and barricaded themselves inside the Medical Unit where they were threatening to kill the prison officers. The ARW took up positions ready to blow down the steel door to the unit and eliminate the threat posed by the hostage-takers. The siege ended within a few hours of the ARW being called in after the hostage-takers were made aware of their presence during negotiations and surrendered.

In May 2011, the unit had a major role in protecting Queen Elizabeth II on her state visit to Ireland, where "viable" assassination attempts by dissident republican terrorists were prevented. The ARW had airborne sniper teams in three AgustaWestland AW139 helicopters, counter assault teams in the motorcade and a number of ground teams, including 20 close protection officers.

Also in May 2011, President of the United States Barack Obama received protection from the ARW on his visit to Ireland just days after the visit of the Queen. The two visits were the largest civil security operations ever undertaken in the Republic of Ireland, both ultimately successful.

From January to July 2013, the wing formed part of the security apparatus for the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, held by Ireland for six months, which included supplying sniper and spotter teams. Also in June 2013, they helped secure the Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border on land and at sea as part of the security operation for the 39th G8 summit in Northern Ireland.

In the early morning of 26 September 2023, an ARW Maritime Task Unit was involved in the storming of MV Matthew, a Panamanian-registered bulk cargo vessel, off the coast of Cork in what was described as an "opposed boarding operation". The ship had crossed the Atlantic from Venezuela; approximately 2,200 kilograms of cocaine with an estimated street value of €157 million were found hidden on board the next day, in the largest seizure of illegal narcotics in Irish history. The ship, which had been monitored after entering Irish territorial waters, reportedly refused orders to halt for inspection and headed for international waters when warning shots were fired by the LÉ William Butler Yeats. This was followed by ARW maritime operators fast roping onto the vessel from an Irish Air Corps helicopter. After the ship was secured, it was escorted into Cork Harbour for further investigation. The 25 crew members detained for interview, with nine people arrested (of whom one was released).

Casualties
Three Rangers are known to have died while serving in the unit since its foundation in 1980, one of them overseas. Sergeant Derek Mooney, aged 33, of Blackrock, Dublin, died after the Land Rover Defender he was driving in a convoy overturned due to poor road conditions, 40 km south of Monrovia, Liberia on 27 November 2003. Sgt Kevin Mayne (1987) and RQMS Patsy Quirke (1998) also lost their lives while serving in the unit, however no details regarding the cause of their deaths are publicly available. No other losses have been publicly disclosed.

In Paul O'Brien and Wayne Fitzgerald's book Shadow Warriors, it states "four operatives losing their lives while on active service" with the ARW, however, their names and details are omitted at the request of the Irish Defence Forces. They are remembered on a memorial located within the ARW compound at the Curragh Camp.

Weapons
In addition to standard weapons of the Irish Defence Forces, weapons used by the ARW include:-

Support weapons

 * M203 grenade launcher
 * Denel Vektor M1 60mm Mortar Commando mortar
 * Carl Gustav 84mm recoilless rifle – including M2 and M3 variants
 * AT4 Short Range Anti-Armour Weapon
 * Raytheon Javelin Anti-tank guided missile

Vehicle-mounted weapons

 * FN 7.62mm GPMG
 * Browning M2 heavy machinegun .50cal
 * Heckler & Koch GMG 40mm automatic grenade launcher

Specialised equipment
Terrain vehicles
 * 13 x Ford F-350 Special Reconnaissance Vehicle (SRV) - WMIK (Weapons Mount Installation Kit) by Ricardo Engineering
 * 3 x ACMAT VLRA tactical support vehicle (to re-supply SRV)
 * Nissan Navara (tactical assault vehicle)
 * Nissan Patrol (armoured)
 * Ford Ranger (T6)
 * Mitsubishi Pajero
 * Range Rover (modified for counter-terrorism duties)
 * Yamaha 660 All-terrain vehicles
 * KTM motorcycles
 * Suzuki DR350 and DR-Z400 motorcycles

Watercraft
 * Dräger LAR VII Rebreather
 * STIDD Diver Propulsion Device (DPD)
 * Klepper MK13 kayak
 * Nautiraid Mark VI kayak
 * Zodiac M9 inflatable boat
 * Combat Rubber Raiding Craft
 * Rigid-Hulled Inflatable Boats (RHIBs) (Delta 7 metre, Lencraft 5.1 metre dive, and Lencraft 7.5 & 6.5 metre intruder RIBs)

Parachuting
 * High-altitude military parachuting (HALO) & (HAHO) equipment
 * AFF rig Xerox Initial training rig
 * SOV/MMS-360 advanced MFF training rig
 * SOV/MMS Silhouette operational 1 man/ Tandem sigma 2 man HALO/HAHO rig

title: Army Ranger Wing


text:
Translators Association

The Translators Association (TA) represents literary translators in the United Kingdom. It is part of the Society of Authors (SoA) and is affiliated with the International Federation of Translators (FIT).

History
The Translators Association (TA) was established in 1958 as a specialist group within the Society of Authors, the UK trade union for professional writers, with a membership of more than 12,000. The TA provides professional advice, representing individual translators and acting as an advocate for the profession as a whole.

The TA administers prizes for published translations of full-length works of literary merit and general interest from the following languages into English: Arabic, Dutch or Flemish, French, German, modern Greek, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish.

Committee
The TA is run by a committee of ten elected members. The current committee members are Vineet Lal and Ian Giles (co-chairs), Rosie Hedger, Anju Okhandiar, Clare Richards, Isabel del Rio, Nicola Smalley, Fiona Sze-Lorrain, as well as Shaun Whiteside and Roland Glasser (both ex-officio).

Previous committee members include Anthea Bell, Peter Bush, Robert Chandler, Charlotte Collins, Howard Curtis, Rebecca DeWald, Kari Dickson, Marta Dziurosz, William Gregory, Daniel Hahn, Rosalind Harvey, Nicky Harman, Sawad Hussain, Natasha Lehrer, Antonia Lloyd-Jones, Ruth Ahmedzai Kemp, Christina MacSweeney, Ruth Martin, Samantha Schnee, Ros Schwartz, Jamie Lee Searle, Trista Selous, Deborah Smith, Ruth Urborn, Helen Wang.

Activities
Translators Association - A special series curated by Charlotte Collins to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the TA.

Recent campaigns
Translators on the Cover - An open letter issued by the Society of Authors in September 2021, and signed by authors and translators, to campaign for translators' names to be included on the cover of the works they translate (#TranslatorsOnTheCover in social media).

Administered prizes

 * The Vondel Prize (for translation from Dutch)
 * The Schlegel-Tieck Prize (for translation from German)
 * The Scott Moncrieff Prize (for translation from French)
 * The Saif Ghobash Banipal Prize (for translation from Arabic)
 * The Goethe-Institut Award for New Translation (for translation from German)
 * The Hellenic Foundation for Culture Translation Prize (for translation from Greek)
 * The Calouste Gulbenkian Prize (for translation from Portuguese)
 * The Premio Valle Inclán (for translation from Spanish)
 * The Bernard Shaw Prize (for translation from Swedish)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Translators Association


text:
Automobile accessory power

Automobile accessory power can be transferred by several different means. However, it is always ultimately derived from the automobile's internal combustion engine, battery, or other "prime mover" source of energy. The advent of high-powered batteries in hybrid and all-electrical vehicles is shifting the balance of technologies even further in the direction of electrically powered accessories.

An engine has one or more devices for converting energy it produces into a usable form, electricity connection through the alternator, hydraulic connections from a pump or engine system, compressed air, and engine vacuum; or the engine may be directly tapped through a mechanical connection. Modern vehicles run most accessories on electrical power. Typically, only 2% of a vehicle's total power output has gone towards powering accessories. Electrical and hybrid vehicles may use a larger proportion of energy for accessories, due to reduced inefficiencies in the drive train, especially the elimination of engine idling.

Mechanical
Some automobile accessories are connected directly to the engine through gears or belts. These usually require large amounts of power. The air conditioning compressor has been a familiar example, though new all-electric refrigerant compressors are starting to be used in production vehicles.

Electrical
Early automobiles used a magneto for ignition, which provided no accessory power.

The first electrical accessory connection was supplied by a DC generator. Voltage varied with engine speed and because of technological limitations, complicated mechanical devices were used to regulate it. Even so, voltage at idle was too low to be useful. A lead-acid battery was used to provide proper voltage when the generator could not, and was recharged at higher engine speed or lower electrical load. The automobile self starter was an early engine system to use this.

Lighting, which had previously been provided by kerosene lamps or gas lamps, was one of the first common electrical accessories.

Early systems used 6 volts, but 12 volts became the standard because it provided greater power with less current. The original DC generator was replaced by an alternator controlled by a voltage regulator. Due to mechanical and electrical properties, it is more efficient to first produce alternating current and then immediately convert it to direct current. By regulating the current sent to the alternator's rotor and thus the strength of the magnetic field, a stable voltage can be produced over a wider range of engine speeds.

Starting, lighting and ignition systems of most gasoline-powered vehicles remain as 12 volt systems. Diesel-powered vehicles, including mobile construction equipment and heavy trucks use 24 volt electrical systems, as do many military vehicles. Research is ongoing into adopting a 42-volt electrical system standard for automotive electricity, but the entire electrical system will have to be redesigned and new components manufactured to work with the higher voltage. The main advantage of higher voltage is that electrical components can be made with less metal, saving weight and cost, and improving energy efficiency. As such an 48-volt electrical system has been introduced.

Most modern systems, such as power windows, power seats, and power door locks, are electrically powered. Electrically driven power steering systems have been developed and are used in numerous models. High-efficiency all-electric refrigerant compressors for air conditioning are starting to be used, especially in hybrid or all-electric vehicles.

The cigarette lighter receptacle serves as a de facto standard for use of portable 12 volt equipment in or near an automobile.

Hydraulic
The engine generally has a hydraulic pump mechanically driven by the engine, but there may also be electrically driven pumps.

In passenger cars, the most common use of hydraulic power has been the steering system. Convertible tops may be raised and lowered using hydraulics. Windshield wipers were sometimes hydraulically driven, although this use mostly ceased after the late 1960s. On vehicles with little or no engine vacuum, hydraulic systems are generally adopted in place of vacuum systems.

The French company Citroën devised a high-pressure hydraulics system for cars which was used for all manner of systems, even power-adjustable seats.

The 1999–2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee had a hydraulically driven radiator fan, powered by the SUV's power steering pump.

In vehicles such as heavy trucks and tractors, hydraulic systems are much more common. Hydraulic rams are used for accessories such as dump truck beds, cranes, loaders, and three-point hitches.

Vacuum
A commonly available source of power from an internal combustion engine is the partial vacuum available at the intake manifold. The piston engine is fundamentally an air pump, and it produces suction and partial manifold vacuum.

Manifold vacuum varies depending on engine load and throttle position, and automobiles use vacuum reservoirs or "vacuum canisters" to provide a usable source under varying conditions. Turbo charged and super charged engines do not always produce vacuum; the intake manifold is actually pressurized when the turbo is spinning above a certain speed.

Reservoirs and devices connected to the engine through check valves allow pressure to reduce when the engine is generating a lot of vacuum, but do not allow air back in. Vacuum canisters only allow vacuum accessories to be operated for a very short time, and air will leak in after the engine turns off.

The most ubiquitous vacuum-powered accessory is the booster for the power brake system. The vacuum is only an assist and the brakes can still function, requiring greater force, if the booster vacuum is used up.

Many older vehicles used vacuum-powered windshield wipers. Loss of manifold vacuum when the engine was working hard, or at wide open throttle, necessitated using a vacuum booster pump which was usually part of the fuel pump.

Automotive vacuum systems reached their height of use between the 1960s and 1980s. During this time a huge variety of vacuum switches, delay valves and accessory devices were created.

As an example, a 1967 Ford Thunderbird used vacuum for:
 * Power brakes
 * Transmission shift control
 * Doors for the hidden headlamps
 * Remote trunk latch release
 * Rear cabin vent control
 * Power door locks
 * Ventilation air routing
 * Control of the heater core valve
 * Tilt-away steering wheel release

Such systems tend to be unreliable with age as the vacuum tubing becomes brittle and susceptible to leaks.

Pneumatic
Pneumatic (compressed air) systems are rarely found in passenger cars. Larger vehicles often use air brakes and the pressure may be used to drive other systems. Windshield wipers, automatic gear boxes, and other common hydraulic or vacuum powered accessories are often adapted. On buses where the engine is often at the rear of the vehicle, compressed air may be used for the throttle and clutch.

Bus doors are typically air powered, as well as the steps and the suspension, allowing the bus to lower itself or "kneel" at stops to allow passengers on or off.

title: Automobile accessory power


text:
Talk:Phase equilibria

Previously said:
 * Phase equilibria is the equilibrium state achieved in a material system in which there are no chemical reactions taking place between various species. Because of the absence of chemical reactions amount of each species is conserved.

which I think is wrong - it should be --Henrygb 22:25, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) singular
 * 2) physics rather than chemistry (i.e. solid, liquid, gas)
 * 3) note that chemical equilibrium does involve reactions, but that the reactions going one way are balanced by those going the other way

title: Talk:Phase equilibria


text:
File:BurgertimeInPlay.png

Description
A screenshot of the arcade game Burgertime in play.

Fair use in Burgertime
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) Data East has released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information.
 * 2) The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article.
 * 3) The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality.
 * 4) The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way.

title: File:BurgertimeInPlay.png


text:
Krk

Krk (Veglia; Krk; Vikla; archaic German: Vegl, Curicta; Κύρικον) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea, located near Rijeka in the Bay of Kvarner and part of Primorje-Gorski Kotar county. Krk is tied with Cres as the largest Adriatic island, depending on the methodology used to measure the coastline. Krk is the most populous island in the Adriatic, with multiple towns and villages that contain a total of 19,916 (2021) inhabitants.

Prehistory
Archeological findings indicate that the island was inhabited continuously since Neolithic, although very few information about the earliest people is known. In later periods, Greek and Latin sources refer to Κύριστα (Ancient Greek) or Curicta (Latin) as one of the Apsyrtidian or Electridian islands held by the people known as Liburnians. The Liburnians called the island "Curicum", which name is assumed to be given the island by its original inhabitants.

There are the remains of prehistoric settlements near Draga Bašćanska, as well as Bronze and Iron Age earthworks near Malinska, Dobrinj, Vrbnik and Baška.

Roman era
Krk came under Roman rule once they defeated the Liburnians. The Town of Krk (Curicum) became a town with Italic law whose status evolved to give it the rights of a municipality. Nothing is known about the internal organizations of the town of Krk during this time. Near the present day Franciscan monastery, the remains of thermal baths have been found. The defensive walls of Roman Curicum were among the most secure of all the towns on the Eastern Adriatic fortified by the Romans. Work began on their construction during the Civil War in Rome (50 BCE) and they were further strengthened in the 60s of the 2nd century CE, to enable them to withstand attacks by the Quadi and Marcomanni who were at that time threatening the Adriatic. Not far from Krk in 49 BCE there was a decisive sea battle between Caesar and Pompey, which was described impressively by the Roman writer Lucan (39–65 CE) in his work Pharsalia. When the Empire was divided, Krk came under the Eastern Roman Empire.

Migration Period
The walls of the town of Krk could not withstand attacks by the Avars (7th century), but in contrast to Salona, Scardona and Aeona, life in Krk quickly returned to normal, and Krk functioned as one of the Dalmatian city-states. The Croats penetrated into the town on several occasions. They retained many of the Roman names they found there and so it is said that Krk has a "mosaic dialect". Following the Treaty of Aachen (812) the entire island was ceded to the Byzantine Empire and was governed according to the norms of that Empire. During the reign of Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (10th century), Krk was known as Vekla, of which the Romanized variant, also used by the Venetians, was Veglia.

Reign of Croatian Counts and Kings
There are no extant documents showing when Krk became part of the Croatian state. It is known that from around 875 the Byzantine town paid the Croatian rulers 110 gold pieces a year to be able peacefully to keep their hold there. While the Croatian state was being established, Krk found itself on the Venetians' route to the Mediterranean. The Venetians conquered the town for the first time in 1001, and from then Krk's history was closely linked with the history of the Republic of Venice for seven centuries. During the reign of Peter Krešimir IV the Croatian rulers regained their power, but the Venetians took Krk for the second time in 1118.

Reign of the Krk Counts (from 1430 on – the Frankopan family)
When the Venetians conquered Krk for the second time in 1118, the local noble family, the unknown Dujams, received Krk as part of a pact with Venice, and they became Counts. When Dujam died in 1163, Venice allowed his sons to make their position hereditary, after a payment of 350 Byzantine gold pieces as tax. In a short time the Krk Counts became so powerful, that at one time from 1244 to 1260, Venice rescinded their authority. This failed to impede their rise, however. They increased economic exploitation, but they also endeavoured to strengthen old traditions and rights with various statutes (the Vinodol Code 1288 and the Vrbnik Statute, 1388). Dujam's youngest son, who died in 1209, succeeded in extending his authority to the mainland, began to serve the Croatian-Hungarian King and received the district of Modruš. Due to his economic strength and social standing, his opponents fought each other for his favour. The Counts became so strong that no power could threaten them (until the Turks). Members of his family were leaders in Split, Trogir and Senj, and from 1392 one of them (Ivan V), became a Croatian-Dalmatian Ban. In 1430 they took the surname Frankopan (Frangipane), claiming to have Roman origins. That year they adopted a coat of arms showing two lions breaking a piece of bread (Latin: frangere panem, break bread). From 1449, the descendants of Nikola IV founded eight branches of his family, and together with the Zrinski Counts were the ruling feudal family in the whole of Croatia right up to 1671. The Frankopans produced seven Croatian Bans, and many of them were patrons of Croatian artists.

Ivan VII Frankopan in particular was the only prince of the semi-independent Principality of Krk. He also promoted the settlement of Morlachs and Vlachs (originally Romanians who later split into Istro-Romanians) in the island (specifically in the areas of Dubašnica and Poljica and between the castles of Dobrinj and Omišalj) to have a bigger manpower. Thus, these Istro-Romanians would form a community in Krk that would influence the local Croatian dialect and leave several toponyms on the island. The Istro-Romanians of Krk disappeared in 1875 after the death of the last speaker of the local Istro-Romanian dialect, which some Croatian scholars named "Krko-Romanian". Nowadays, this ethnic group only inhabits Istria.

Venetian Rule (1480–1797)
The island of Krk was a final Adriatic island to become part of the Venetian Empire. Due to its location, proximity to the Uskoks of Senj, it served as a lookout point, as well as first line of defence against the Uskoks. From that time on, the ruler was a Venetian noble, but the Small and the Large Councils both held a certain autonomy. The doge controlled the clergy but public documents were written in a Glagolitic script, which was widespread here more than anywhere else. At the beginning of 16th century the inhabitants of inland Croatia began to settle in on Krk, as a result of their flight from the Ottoman Turk invasions. Nonetheless, Krk still saw a decline, just like all the other Venetian lands. In year 1527 the town was recorded to have 10,461 inhabitants, while in 1527 it had 8,000.

Austrian Rule
Austrian rule over the island came after the fall of Venice in 1797 and was briefly (1806–1813) interrupted by the existence of Napoleon's Illyrian Provinces. In 1822 the Austrians separated the island from Dalmatia and linked it to Istria, therefore bringing the islands of Krk, Cres and Lošinj under direct rule from Vienna. This switch contributed to the appearance of Croatian National Revival, so along with nearby coastal town Kastav, the town of Krk played a major role in spreading of Croatian education and culture in the area.

20th century
The Italian Occupation (1918–1920) was brief, and Krk was handed over to Croatia, then in Yugoslavia, by the Treaty of Rapallo, Italy took Krk again in the Second World War (1941–1943), and German occupation followed from 1943 to 1945. The post-war development of Krk was led by tourism. The building of an airport and then a bridge over to the mainland ensures the future of the development of tourism on this island. In Omišalj there has also been industrial development.

The bridge is at the north end of Krk island and uses the small island of Otoćić Sveti Marko (St. Mark's Islet) as a mid-support.

Economics and infrastructure
Krk is located rather near the mainland and has been connected to it via a 1430 m two-arch concrete bridge since 1980, one of the longest concrete bridges in the world. Due to the proximity to the city of Rijeka, Omišalj also hosts the Rijeka International Airport as well as an oil terminal representing a part of the Port of Rijeka and a petrochemical plant.

Since January 2021,there is an active Krk LNG terminal storage and regasification ship moored in Omišalj, north of Krk, able to receive large LNG carrier ships and then to pump the gas into trans-European pipelines.

Krk is a popular tourist destination, due to its proximity to Slovenia, southern Germany, Austria, and northern Italy. Since the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, many tourists have appeared from Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and other former Eastern Bloc countries.

Fiber access network
In 2009 the municipality started the project of building a fiber-optic network on the whole area of the city (the town of Krk and 14 neighboring villages) as part of the town infrastructure. Thereby the focus is on building the passive part of the network, which is the most expensive one and the prerequisite for service providers being able to provide ultra-fast Internet connections and new e-Services. The project is covering 6,243 inhabitants and 6,000 households. The first issue was the elaboration of a cost-benefit analysis in 2009/2010 followed by a preliminary network planning. At the beginning of 2013 the building authority issued the relevant approval. The next step is the elaboration of the main project which is the condition for getting the building permission and by which the project can apply for EU structural funds.

Geography
Krk is like many Croatian islands, it is rocky and hilly. The rock is mostly karst. The southeast portion of the island is mostly bare as a result of the bora winds.

Some prominent features include:
 * Obzova, the highest point at 568 msl
 * Vela Luka a harbor on the southeastern end of the island

Culture and religion
Krk has historically been a center of Croatian culture. Various literature in the Glagolitic alphabet was created and in part preserved on Krk (notably the Baška tablet, one of the oldest preserved texts in Croatian). A monastery lies on the small island of Košljun in a bay off the coast of Krk.

Krk belonged to the Republic of Venice during much of the Middle Ages until its dissolution, when its destinies followed those of Dalmatia. It became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later called Yugoslavia) after World War I, in 1920. After that date, the village of Veglia/Krk remained the only predominantly Italian-speaking municipality in Yugoslavia. After World War II, most of the Italians left.

The island of Krk is a participant in the 2020 European Capital of Culture project. Through the program "27 neighborhoods", the city of Krk, Malinska and Vrbnik will be involved in different events during the entire year. Along with them, the Municipality of Baška participated in the program "Lungomare Art", based on which a permanent art installation "Drops" was set up, which puts emphasis on traditional drywall architecture.

Monuments and sights

 * The Baška tablet in Jurandvor that was made in 1100
 * Church of St. Lucy in Jurandvor, where the famous Baška tablet was found
 * Art installation "Drops" on the hill above Baška
 * Krk Cathedral that is dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
 * Krk Bridge which connects the island of Krk with the mainland since July 19, 1980

Language
Krk is well known for its historical language diversity. The Middle Chakavian dialect of Croatian is the primary dialect used on the island. Five languages used to be spoken on the island: Venetian, Italian, Croatian, Dalmatian and Istro-Romanian, although the latter two have gone extinct in the island (and everywhere else in the case of Dalmatian). The Croatian dialect of Krk has Istro-Romanian influence.

Municipalities
The municipalities and larger settlements on Krk include:
 * The eponymous city of Krk (Veglia), with 6,243 inhabitants (2011), located at 45.21667°N, 14.53333°W.
 * Omišalj (Castelmuschio; Moschau): 2,987 people
 * Malinska-Dubašnica – Malinska, the capital of municipality (Italian: Malinsca; German: Durischal): 3,142 people
 * Punat (Italian: Ponte; German: Sankt Maria): 1,953 people
 * Dobrinj (Italian: Dobrigno; German: Dobrauen): 2,023 people
 * Baška (Italian: Besca; German: Weschke): 1,668 people
 * Vrbnik (Italian: Verbenico; German: Vörbnick): 1,270 people
 * Gabonjin
 * Krašica
 * Anton
 * Pinezići
 * Glavotok
 * Valbiska
 * Njivice
 * Poljice
 * Nenadići
 * Sveti Vid Miholjice

Roman Catholic bishopric

 * Church of St. Dunat

Other
The 45th parallel north passes through the island of Krk, making it positioned halfway between the Equator and the North Pole. The crossing of the 45th parallel is marked with a signpost.

 * Genetics

The frequency of Haplogroup I, rare elsewhere in Croatia and most of Europe, is high among the population.

The fictional island Everon from the video game Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis is based on Krk.
 * Popular culture

Third season of American TV-series The Witcher was filmed on Krk in April 2022.

title: Krk


text:
Super Cat

William Anthony Maragh (born 25 June 1963), also known as Super Cat, is a Jamaican deejay who achieved widespread popularity during the late 1980s and early 1990s dancehall movement. His nickname, "Wild Apache", was given to him by his mentor Early B. Super Cat is considered one of the greatest deejays in the history of the Jamaican dancehall scene.

Biography
Born to an Afro-Jamaican mother and Indo-Jamaican father, Super Cat was raised in Kingston's tough Seivright Gardens neighbourhood, then known as Cockburn Pen, home to ground-breaking deejays like Prince Jazzbo and U-Roy. At the age of seven the Soul Imperial sound system allowed him to assist them at a local club called Bamboo Lawn. He auditioned for Joe Gibbs as a singer but was unsuccessful.

He began appearing as a deejay under the name Cat-A-Rock, but soon switched to the name Super Cat. He also appeared as 'Wild Apache'. His first single "Mr. Walker", produced by Winston Riley, was released in 1981 and established his recording career. He went on to record for Jah Thomas ("Walkathon", on which he was billed as 'Super Cat the Indian'), but his career was interrupted by a period of incarceration. After his release he began working with Early B on the Killamanjaro sound system in 1984, and his debut album, Si Boops Deh!, was released in 1985, and included the hit singles "Boops" (which was based on Steely & Clevie's updated "Feel Like Jumping" rhythm and sparked a craze for songs about sugar daddies), and "Cry Fi De Youth", establishing his style of dancehall with conscious lyrics.

He started his own Wild Apache Productions label and began producing his recordings, including the 1988 album Sweets for My Sweet. He featured on the album Cabin Stabbin in 1991 along with Nicodemus and Junior Demus. He had been scheduled to perform at the One Love concert in the UK in 1991, but his appearance was cancelled after the shooting death of Nitty Gritty, for which Super Cat was initially suspected but cleared in 1992. Continuing success saw him move to the United States and sign a contract with Columbia Records, releasing one of the first dancehall albums on a major label, Don Dada (1992). The following year, Sony Music issued The Good, the Bad, the Ugly, and the Crazy, teaming Super Cat with Nicodemus, Junior Demus and Junior Cat.

Super Cat had a number of hit singles in the early 1990s, including "Don Dada", "Ghetto Red Hot" and "Dem No Worry We" with Heavy D. In 1992, he was featured on the remix of "Jump" with Kris Kross, and he also collaborated with them in 1993 for their song "Alright". These hits made him The Source magazine dance hall artist of the year in 1993. He was also an early collaborator with The Notorious B.I.G., featuring the then unknown artist (along with Mary J. Blige, 3rd Eye and Puff Daddy) on the B-side remix of "Dolly My Baby" in 1993. The title song, "Don Dada" was a reply to many jabs made by Ninjaman.

His version of Fats Domino's "My Girl Josephine", performed with Jack Radics, was included in the soundtrack to the film Prêt-à-Porter in 1994. In 1997, he was featured on the hit single "Fly" by Sugar Ray from their album Floored. He collaborated with India.Arie on her hit song "Video" in 2001, and with Jadakiss and The Neptunes on "The Don of Dons" in 2003. Also in 2003, he collaborated with 112 for their song "Na Na Na Na". Following the death of his longtime road manager Fred 'The Thunder' Donner in 2004, Super Cat released a multi-cd tribute album entitled Reggaematic Diamond All-Stars that featured contributions from Yami Bolo, Michael Prophet, Linval Thompson, Nadine Sutherland and Sizzla among others.

Super Cat reappeared on the national reggae scene in 2009 for a show at Madison Square Garden with Buju Banton and Barrington Levy. He also headlined the 'Best of the Best' concert in Miami in 2008, with Assassin, Etana, Barrington Levy, Buju Banton, Junior Reid, Tony Matterhorn, Sizzla and Beenie Man.

In 2012, his song "Dance Inna New York" was sampled for Nas' single "The Don", from the rapper's album Life Is Good, with Cat adding vocals to the hook.

Super Cat made a surprise appearance at Massive B's on Da Reggae Tip concert in September 2013 during the set of Shaggy. That same week, a mix of his work previously recorded during his time with The Neptunes label was released to the internet. In May 2014 he headlined the Reggae on the Bay festival in Trinidad.

Super Cat is the elder brother of reggae artist Junior Cat and first cousin of reggae singer Marcia Griffiths.

Albums

 * Si Boops Deh! (1985), Techniques
 * Boops! (1986), Nick Crompton
 * Sweets for My Sweet (1988), Wild Apache
 * Cabin Stabbin (1991), Wild Apache—with Nicodemus & Junior Demus
 * Don Dada (1992), Columbia/SME
 * Good, the Bad, the Ugly & the Crazy (1994), Columbia/SME—with Nicodemus, Junior Demus and Junior Cat
 * The Struggle Continues (1995), Columbia/SME
 * Take 2 (2003), Columbia/SME—with Mad Cobra
 * Reggaematic Diamond All-Stars (2004), Wild Apache

DVD

 * Pick of the Past Keeling Reggae – with Nicodemus, Junior Demus, Louie Rankin, and Nick Crompton

title: Super Cat


text:
Talk:Quantum mechanical Bell test prediction

There seems to be no satisfactory way of doing bras and kets in wikipedia. Latex can do them but comes out large. They can also be achieved using, e.g., ⟩ for '>', but this does not print correctly when copied to microsoft Word. Ordinary symbols seem the best bet. Caroline Thompson 22:34, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Pointless article
This article is pointless. It consists only of elementary calculations that would be appropriate in a textbook; the conclusion of these calculations is already presented more elegantly here: Bell%27s_theorem, and that's why I had replaced this page with a redirect, which some anon reverted. As I don't want to engage in a edit war, I hope somebody else will see this and take care of deleting this garbage. Mateus Araújo (talk) 14:36, 3 January 2016 (UTC)


text:
Dro

Dro or DRO may refer to:

Places

 * Dro, Trentino, a commune in Trentino, Italy
 * Drouin railway station, Australia
 * Durango-La Plata County Airport (IATA airport code "DRO")
 * San Leandro, a city just south of Oakland, California

People

 * Drastamat Kanayan, an Armenian general known as Dro
 * Edwige-Renée Dro, Ivorian writer, translator and literary activist
 * Young Dro, an American rapper

Organizations

 * Dro Records, Discos Radioactivos Organizados
 * Dro (Georgian newspaper), a Georgian newspaper
 * U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Office of Detention and Removal

Technology

 * Dielectric resonator oscillator
 * Digital read-out, a precision measuring instrument used in machinery and metalworking
 * Distant retrograde orbit, a highly stable lunar orbit
 * Dro, slang for hydroponically-grown marijuana
 * Dynamic range optimizer, a setting on some digital cameras

Other uses

 * Darwin Reconnaissance Orbiter, a fictional spacecraft from Alien Planet
 * Debt relief order, a form of bankruptcy in England and Wales
 * Disaster relief operation

title: Dro


text:
Talk:Hello Sailor (band)

Approval
Note: Dave McArtney of Hello Sailor has viewed and approved the content in this page.

Ross-c 22:42, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Merging songwriters
The primary songwriters of Hello Sailor have all had lengthy careers outside the band. I support maintaining separate pages for the main songwriters Graham Brazier, Dave McArtney, and Harry Lyon so that the pages can be fleshed out. All three of these artists have had important roles in the New Zealand music scene and deserve their own pages allowing the description of their full careers.

Lisle Kinney and Ricky Ball have had less prominant careers and possibly they could be covered by the Hello Sailor page alone. Though I personally would welcome comments from others who may know more of their ex-Hello Sailor careers.

Ross-c 23:37, 23 Sep 2006 (UTC)
 * Keep seperated - I'm in agreeance with Ross-c to keep them seperated. RIANZ 21:49, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree - McArtney and Brazier in particular have had long careers outside the band as well as within it. Their pages should be fleshed out rather than merged. Grutness...wha?  04:53, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I also agree with keeping the pages separate. I'm adding to them as time permits. Kylenano 12:17, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
Just a simple list of albums and dates released would suffice. —  Ed Gl  00:26, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Huh? So... let's get this straight, you're suggesting that it should be done as a simple list rather than allowing room for expansion and treating it in the same way as other articles? Seems a bit odd to me... I've expanded it a bit, BTW. Grutness...wha?  04:55, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm suggesting it should be cleaned up — made "better-looking" — by making it a simple list. I've only seen charts when they deal with artists with like twenty hit singles or something. Most band articles have a discography or albums section with a list containing the title, year released, and record company. What other information is needed? Country? Catalog number? Why? The article would look much better if this section were a simple list. —  Ed Gl  05:39, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Looks better, and although I still don't get the certification column, I'm removing the cleanup tag. —  Ed Gl  22:12, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Certification is gold/platinum sales. See Chart Facts. Hello Sailor may have had more than one gold record, but the RIANZ chart online only goes back to 1999. I got most of the catalogue numbers from the National Library of New Zealand online catalogue, but I don't where to look for NZ gold records. Kylenano 22:54, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hellosailor.pacificaamour.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Hellosailor-whenthelightsareout.jpg
Image:Hellosailor-whenthelightsareout.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:01, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hellosailor.pacificaamour.jpg
Image:Hellosailor.pacificaamour.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:01, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hellosailor-whenthelightsareout.jpg
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title: Talk:Hello Sailor (band)


text:
Getting Better

"Getting Better" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was written mainly by Paul McCartney, with some of the lyrics written by John Lennon, and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership.

Composition
The song has been said to be musically reminiscent of the Beatles' hit single "Penny Lane". It moves forward by way of regular chords, produced by Lennon and George Harrison's electric guitar. George Martin plays Pianet and piano, on the latter bypassing the keyboard and directly striking the strings. These heavily accented and repetitive lines cause the song to sound as if it is based on a drone. Harrison added an Indian tambura part to the final verse, which further accentuates this impact. The sound of the percussion introduced in this section combines with the tambura to create an Indian mood.

McCartney's bassline, in counterpoint to this droning, was described by music critic Ian MacDonald as "dreamy" and "well thought out as a part of the production by McCartney". It was recorded after the main track was completed, as were many of the bass lines on Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Starting out in the verse with a pedal on the root note (G) that leaps two octaves, McCartney moves to a marching quarter-note (walking) bass line for the first (and only the first) chorus. In stark contrast, all subsequent choruses are played using a fluid, swing feel, full of anticipated notes that propel the song forward despite the quarter-note droning of the guitar and keyboard.

According to Beatles biographer Hunter Davies and MacDonald, the initial idea for the song's title came from a phrase often spoken by Jimmie Nicol, the group's stand-in drummer for the Australian leg of their 1964 world tour. The title and music suggest optimism, but some of the song's lyrics have a more negative tone. In this sense, it reflects the contrasting personas of the two songwriters. In response to McCartney's line, "It's getting better all the time", Lennon replies, "Can't get no worse!" In a December 1983 interview, McCartney praised this contribution as an example of things he "couldn't ever have done [him]self". In a 1969 interview, Lennon cited "Getting Better" as an example of "pure Beatles" music, whereby, with the four band members developing a song, "we've all written it and we've all turned it into sort of pure Beatle."

In a 1980 interview in Playboy with John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Lennon, when asked about the song, said that the song's lyrics came personally from his own experience abusing women in relationships in the past. He states: "It is a diary form of writing. All that  'I used to be cruel to my woman / I beat her and kept her apart from the things that she loved'  was me. I used to be cruel to my woman, and physically – any woman. I was a hitter. I couldn't express myself and I hit. I fought men and I hit women. That is why I am always on about peace, you see. It is the most violent people who go for love and peace. Everything's the opposite. But I sincerely believe in love and peace. I am a violent man who has learned not to be violent and regrets his violence. I will have to be a lot older before I can face in public how I treated women as a youngster."

Lennon's LSD incident
One of the recording sessions for "Getting Better" is infamous for an incident involving Lennon. During the 21 March 1967 session in which producer George Martin added a piano solo to "Lovely Rita", Lennon complained that he did not feel well and could not focus. He had accidentally taken LSD when he meant to take an upper. Unaware of the mistake, Martin took him up to the roof of EMI Studios for some fresh air, and returned to Studio Two where McCartney and Harrison were waiting. They knew why Lennon was not well, and upon hearing where Lennon was, rushed to the roof to retrieve him and prevent a possible accident.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:
 * Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocals, bass guitar, handclapping
 * John Lennon – backing vocals, rhythm guitar, handclapping
 * George Harrison – backing vocals, lead guitar, tambura, handclapping
 * Ringo Starr – drums, congas, handclapping
 * George Martin – piano, pianet

Live performances
Paul McCartney performed the song live for the first time by any Beatle on his 2002 Driving World Tour. He later reprised the song on his 2003 Back in the World Tour.

title: Getting Better


text:
Talk:Conversion of scales of temperature

Delisle to Fahrenheit conversions (and vice versa)
Please note that the current conversion from the Delisle scale to the Fahrenheit scale is currently: [°F] = 121 − [°De] × 6⁄5 and the Fahrenheit to Delisle conversation is: [°De] = (121 − [°F]) × 5⁄6

These equations do not give the correct temperatures, the "121" should be "212". I did not check the Delisle conversation to other temperature scales, but it might be worth checking. I am pretty positive this is an error, if someone could please edit the page to reflect the correct equation (I would do it but I have no idea how to edit these tables). Also note that this equation must be changed on the Delisle wikipedia page.--Corilof (talk) 16:19, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Leyden scale
Details are sketchy.

Introduced circa 1894? Leiden, Leide, Leyde or Leyden? Symbol °L?

The scale is supposed to be the Kelvin scale shifted so the boiling points of hydrogen and oxygen are zero and 70 respectively. For oxygen, the 1 atm boiling point is in the 90.15 to 90.18 K range. For hydrogen, it depends on the variety; it is 20.390 K for "normal" hydrogen [75% orthohydrogen, 25% parahydrogen] and 20.268 K for pure parahydrogen. Assuming that absolute zero is -20.15 °L is close enough and has the virtue of giving a round shift to the Kelvin and Celsius scales.

Urhixidur 22:47, 2004 Aug 16 (UTC)

Brackets
The new by Crissov invented brackets arround [°F] look crazy. What does that mean?

Smoky 10:50, 2005 May 11 (UTC)

 * I didn't invent them. It's not uncommon to enclose a unit symbol in square brackets for any value given in this unit, not the unit itself. Elsewhere the convention is to use a letter for the kind of the value (e.g. F for force, W for energy or T for temperature) and make the unit/scale an index of that, often by subscripts or round brackets. In HTML there is also an element type for variables, 'var', but in most circumstances it's just italic. So what shall we use in your opinion?

! Celsius ! Celsius ! Celsius ! Celsius ! Celsius ! Celsius
 * + Kelvin
 * T°C = TK − 273.15
 * TK = T°C + 273.15
 * TC = TK − 273.15
 * TK = TC + 273.15
 * TCelsius = TKelvin − 273.15
 * TKelvin = TCelsius + 273.15
 * T(°C) = T(K) − 273.15
 * T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15
 * [°C] = [K] − 273.15
 * [K] = [°C] + 273.15
 * °C = K − 273.15
 * K = °C + 273.15
 * }
 * Maybe this is also a matter for the MoS.
 * I always forget when to use lowercase Greek theta (ϑ) or uppercase Latin tee (T) for temperature values. Christoph Päper 16:48, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The first in your table is the best way I think. However, I prefer to use italics because it is a variable.

 * T°C = TK – 273.15
 * TK = T°C + 273.15

 * What do you think? Yves Revi 21:06, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Plank
Let's add the Planck unit of temperature. Jimp 17Oct05

 * There are several Planck units and the only one related to temperature seems to be a constant. Which unit do you mean? --ZeroOne 09:40, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think Jimp means to add each scale's equivalent to the Planck constant. Hans404 03:38, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * $$T_P = \frac{m_P c^2}{k} = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar c^5}{G k^2}}$$ as a unit. Jɪmp 08:46, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

 * However, I'm not so for it now ... in fact, I wonder whether there's much point to this page at all since Conversion of units covers the main four and on the article pages for each of these there's an info box with formulae and a nav. box with links to the articles on the other scales some of which have such infoboxes and others could easily have them added (I think I'll be doing this). Jɪmp 01:44, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Brackets again
the use of the brackets is against the standard defined in ISO 31 - it's not wrong, but in Wikipedia we should not use them this way. The right way to use the brackets is:

 * [T] = °C

to say this: the unit of the T (Temperature) is °C (degrees Celsius) (well it should better say Kelvin, but °C shows it better here). It would be great, if someone could add a good explanation to ISO 31-0 (I just added a short sentence there). Greetings -- 217.84.150.117 01:14, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Wiki conversion templates
There's a handy template to display the same temperate in two units, e.g. 18 °C yields 18 °C. Should be mentioned somehow in the articles to teach editors about their existence. Also, there are tables which have been subject to subtle changes, which could be avoided by using the template. -- Matthead discuß!    O       01:03, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It'll do three, even four, (e.g. 18 C yields 18 C) but the article space is not the place to talk about templates. Jɪmp 14:34, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect conversion formulas
The conversion formulas on this page are incorrect, as are ALL the temperature conversions throughout various pages, for Réaumur and Rømer. The "273.13" in each of these forumlas should actually be "273.15" since this is the correct Kelvin value for 0˚C. As it stands, a conversion from Celsius -> Kelvin -> Réaumur gives an incorrect conversion from 0˚C to 0.016˚Re. Similar inaccuracies occur with Rømer conversions. I would change them all myself, but I'm not sure where to. Sbrocket (talk) 04:36, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I noticed that. For example, this is wrong

 * Celsius 	[℃] = [K] − 273.15 	[K] = [℃] + 273.15

 * Because Celsius clearly is not Kelvin minus 273.15 degrees. That would mean the Celsius scale is below absolute zero? (86.2.105.34 (talk) 16:19, 15 March 2008 (UTC)):
 * No, 0˚C = 273.15K. That is the correct conversion for Kelvin to and from Celsius. Absolute zero on an absolute temperature scale such as Kelvin or Rankine is defined as 0 degrees on that scale. Absolute zero in Celsius is -273.15˚C, since this is 0K. My comment above still stands, however - the conversion formulas are incorrect since "273.13" is used rather than "273.15". Sbrocket (talk) 17:08, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

The conversion from Kelvin to Fahrenheit is incorrect. The correct conversion is:

[°F] = ([K] * 9/5) - 241.15

and therefore from Fahrenheit to Kelvin:

[K] = ([°F] + 241.15) * 5/9 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Avens19 (talk • contribs) 16:15, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Your assumption that "[°F] = ([K] * 9/5) - 241.15" is wrong. Consider the freezing point of water: 0 °C = 273.15 K = 32 °F. But using your formula to derive [°F] from [K], (273.15 × 9/5) − 241.15 = 491.67 − 241.15 = 250.52 which does not equal the expected value of 32. It follows that your formula to derive [K] from [°F] is also wrong. On the other hand, using the formula in the article, [°F] = [K] × 9/5 − 459.67 = 273.15 × 9/5 - 459.67 = 491.67 - 459.67 = 32.00, as expected. — Richardguk (talk) 00:22, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Image to table
We should remake the table image as a proper table. I'll lay the basis here. Please continue to fill it out. (Checking for errors is also good.) —Bromskloss (talk) 09:52, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Silly me. A table like this should of course be computer generated. I've done that now with this piece of C code:

 * —Bromskloss (talk) 12:31, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Merge
Merged Comparison of temperature scales into this article, since no-one seemed to care either way.

Removing the graph
I'm removing the graph as it is either incorrect or at least easily misinterpreted. For example, the Celsius line would seem to indicate that ice melts at about -100C, and the Fahrenheit line seems to indicate that average human body temperature is about 40F, both of which are clearly incorrect. BW95 (talk) 20:26, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Never mind. I see the diagonal linking lines now and have undone the deletion. Still, their lightness in color makes them hard to see and, again, contributes to easy misinterpretation of the chart (as I've just done). BW95 (talk) 20:41, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Possible additional external link
I'd like to propose an addition to the external link section. Right now there is a single link to a converter handling Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin and Rankine. The following converter handles (as of this writing) those four scales plus 38 additional ones and furnishes the conversion formula and intersection points (if any) for whichever pair you choose:

http://www.curiousnotions.com/temperature-conversion

Many of those scales are pretty ancient and informally defined, but the page acknowledges this. Kukisvoomchor (talk) 00:26, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Comparison of temperature scales graph png -> svg
The new chart doesn't seem to be working for me. The text at the bottom overlaps. My regular browser is Chrome, but the problem occurs in IE9 and Firefox as well. My Wikipedia appearance preference is default, and thus Vector theme. Hope this helps. Zyxwv99 (talk) 13:33, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

Dead link
References link 1 (for the lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth) is dead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.80.202.159 (talk) 18:29, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Celsius
The conversion from celsius to Rankine is wrong. It currently says: [°R] = ([°C] + 273.15) × 9⁄5 It should be: [°R] = ([°C] + 491.67) × 9⁄5 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.88.184.43 (talk) 14:49, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Intersections chart/table
It would be nice to have a chart/table showing intersections, such as where Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (°F) meet at -40.00°. -- Brangifer (talk) 19:12, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

Add indications of Current vs Archaic -- if possible
I come to Wikipedia for clear, concise and accurate information. Today's search for "standard temperatures" has wasted my entire afternoon (I am an engineer). While this topic should include "conversions" between most (or all) units or scales of temperature -- there should be some indication (somewhere) of Current or Common vs. Archaic, Abandoned or Obscure scales. Please improve. Thanks for your work HalFonts (talk) 22:29, 4 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Your complaint and its remedy isn't clearly expressed. I have though added more obvious links to the sections on each scale. Andy Dingley (talk) 23:01, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

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Boiling point in the table comparing scales
The boiling point does appear in the graphic but not in the table above 87.218.84.22 (talk) 12:30, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

 * It's the third line from the bottom in Conversion of scales of temperature. NebY (talk) 13:23, 17 December 2023 (UTC)