text:
Sombrero Galaxy

The Sombrero Galaxy (also known as Messier Object 104, M104 or NGC 4594) is a peculiar galaxy of unclear classification in the constellation borders of Virgo and Corvus, being about 9.55 Mpc from the Milky Way galaxy. It is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster. It has an isophotal diameter of approximately 29.09 to 32.32 kpc, making it slightly bigger in size than the Milky Way.

It has a bright nucleus, an unusually large central bulge, and a prominent dust lane in its outer disk, which is viewed almost edge-on. The dark dust lane and the bulge give it the appearance of a sombrero hat (thus the name). Astronomers initially thought the halo was small and light, indicative of a spiral galaxy; but the Spitzer Space Telescope found that the halo was significantly larger and more massive than previously thought, indicative of a giant elliptical galaxy.

The galaxy has an apparent magnitude of +8.0, making it easily visible with amateur telescopes, and is considered by some authors to be the galaxy with the highest absolute magnitude within a radius of 10 megaparsecs of the Milky Way. Its large bulge, central supermassive black hole, and dust lane all attract the attention of professional astronomers.

Discovery
The Sombrero Galaxy was discovered on May 11, 1781 by Pierre Méchain, who described the object in a May 1783 letter to J. Bernoulli that was later published in the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch. Charles Messier made a handwritten note about this and five other objects (now collectively recognized as M104 – M109) to his personal list of objects now known as the Messier Catalogue, but it was not "officially" included until 1921. William Herschel independently discovered the object in 1784 and additionally noted the presence of a "dark stratum" in the galaxy's disc, what is now called a dust lane. Later astronomers were able to connect Méchain's and Herschel's observations.

Designation as a Messier object
In 1921, Camille Flammarion found Messier's personal list of the Messier objects including the hand-written notes about the Sombrero Galaxy. This was identified with object 4594 in the New General Catalogue, and Flammarion declared that it should be included in the Messier Catalogue. Since this time, the Sombrero Galaxy has been known as M104.

Dust ring

As noted above, this galaxy's most striking feature is the dust lane that crosses in front of the bulge of the galaxy. This dust lane is actually a symmetrical ring that encloses the bulge of the galaxy. Most of the cold atomic hydrogen gas and the dust lie within this ring. The ring might also contain most of the Sombrero Galaxy's cold molecular gas, although this is an inference based on observations with low resolution and weak detections. Additional observations are needed to confirm that the Sombrero galaxy's molecular gas is constrained to the ring. Based on infrared spectroscopy, the dust ring is the primary site of star formation within this galaxy.

Nucleus
The nucleus of the Sombrero Galaxy is classified as a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER). These are nuclear regions where ionized gas is present, but the ions are only weakly ionized (i.e. the atoms are missing relatively few electrons). The source of energy for ionizing the gas in LINERs has been debated extensively. Some LINER nuclei may be powered by hot, young stars found in star formation regions, whereas other LINER nuclei may be powered by active galactic nuclei (highly energetic regions that contain supermassive black holes). Infrared spectroscopy observations have demonstrated that the nucleus of the Sombrero Galaxy is probably devoid of any significant star formation activity. However, a supermassive black hole has been identified in the nucleus (as discussed in the subsection below), so this active galactic nucleus is probably the energy source that weakly ionizes the gas in the Sombrero Galaxy.

Central supermassive black hole
In the 1990s, a research group led by John Kormendy demonstrated that a supermassive black hole is present within the Sombrero Galaxy. Using spectroscopy data from both the CFHT and the Hubble Space Telescope, the group showed that the speed of revolution of the stars within the center of the galaxy could not be maintained unless a mass 1 billion times that of the Sun,, is present in the center. This is among the most massive black holes measured in any nearby galaxy, and is the nearest billion-solar-mass black hole to Earth.

Synchrotron radiation
At radio and X-ray wavelengths, the nucleus is a strong source of synchrotron radiation. Synchrotron radiation is produced when high-velocity electrons oscillate as they pass through regions with strong magnetic fields. This emission is quite common for active galactic nuclei. Although radio synchrotron radiation may vary over time for some active galactic nuclei, the luminosity of the radio emission from the Sombrero Galaxy varies only 10–20%.

Unidentified terahertz radiation
In 2006, two groups published measurements of the terahertz radiation from the nucleus of the Sombrero Galaxy at a wavelength of $0.003$. This terahertz radiation was found not to originate from the thermal emission from dust (which is commonly seen at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths), synchrotron radiation (which is commonly seen at radio wavelengths), bremsstrahlung emission from hot gas (which is uncommonly seen at millimeter wavelengths), or molecular gas (which commonly produces submillimeter spectral lines). The source of the terahertz radiation remains unidentified.

Globular clusters
The Sombrero Galaxy has a relatively large number of globular clusters, observational studies of which have produced population estimates in the range of 1,200 to 2,000. The ratio of globular clusters to the galaxy's total luminosity is high compared to the Milky Way and similar galaxies with small bulges, but comparable to other galaxies with large bulges. These results have often been used to demonstrate that the number of a galaxy's globular clusters is thought to be related to the size of its bulge. The surface density of the globular clusters generally follows the bulge's light profile, except near the galaxy's center.

Distance and brightness
At least two methods have been used to measure the distance to the Sombrero Galaxy.

The first method relies on comparing the measured fluxes from the galaxy's planetary nebulae to the known luminosity of planetary nebulae in the Milky Way. This method gave the distance to the Sombrero Galaxy as 29 ±.

The second method is the surface brightness fluctuations method, which uses the grainy appearance of the galaxy's bulge to estimate the distance to it. Nearby galaxy bulges appear very grainy, while more distant bulges appear smooth. Early measurements using this technique gave distances of 30.6 ±. Later, after some refinement of the technique, a distance of 32 ± was measured. This was even further refined in 2003 to 29.6 ±.

The average distance measured through these two techniques is 29.3 ±.

The galaxy's absolute magnitude (in the blue) is estimated as −21.9 at 30.6 Mly (−21.8 at the average distance of above)—which, as stated above, makes it the brightest galaxy in a radius of 32.6 Mly around the Milky Way.

A 2016 report used the Hubble Space Telescope to measure the distance to M104 based on the tip of the red-giant branch method, yielding 9.55 ± 0.13 ± 0.31 Mpc.

Nearby galaxies and galaxy group information
The Sombrero Galaxy lies within a complex, filament-like cloud of galaxies that extends to the south of the Virgo Cluster. However, it is unclear whether it is part of a formal galaxy group. Hierarchical methods for identifying groups, which determine group membership by considering whether individual galaxies belong to a larger aggregate of galaxies, typically produce results showing that the Sombrero Galaxy is part of a group that includes NGC 4487, NGC 4504, NGC 4802, UGCA 289, and possibly a few other galaxies. However, results that rely on the percolation method (also known as the friends-of-friends method), which links individual galaxies together to determine group membership, indicate that either the Sombrero Galaxy is not in a group or that it may be only part of a galaxy pair with UGCA 287.

Besides that, M104 is also accompanied by an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy, discovered in 2009, with an absolute magnitude of −12.3, an effective radius of just 47.9 ly, and a mass of 3.3×

Amateur astronomy

The Sombrero Galaxy is 11.5° west of Spica and 5.5° north-east of Eta Corvi. Although it is visible with 7×35 binoculars or a 4 in amateur telescope, an 8 in telescope is needed to distinguish the bulge from the disk, and a 10- or 12-inch (250 or 300 mm) telescope to see the dark dust lane.

title: Sombrero Galaxy


text:
Borisov

Borisov or Borisova may refer to:

Places

 * Barysaw, or Borisov, Belarus
 * Borisov Arena, a football stadium
 * Battle of Borisov, 1812
 * Borisov, Volgograd Oblast, Russia
 * Borišov, a mountain in Slovakia
 * Borisova, Perm Krai, Russia
 * Borisova gradina, a park in Sofia

Other uses

 * Borisov (name), and Borisova, a surname, including a list of people with the name
 * 2I/Borisov, an interstellar comet
 * C/2014 Q3 (Borisov), a periodic comet

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Borisov


text:
User talk:Silraw

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. -- Tim Starling 01:14, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Silraw


text:
Samuel M. Shortridge

Samuel Morgan Shortridge (August 3, 1861 – January 15, 1952) was a Republican Senator from California.

Early years
Shortridge was born in Mount Pleasant, Iowa and moved to California as a child with his family, who settled in San Jose in 1875. He practiced law in San Francisco, California for most of his life.

Career
Shortridge acted as Abe Ruef's attorney during the San Francisco graft trials.

Shortridge was a presidential elector in 1888, 1900, and 1908. He lost the 1914 U.S. Senate Republican primary to veteran congressman Joseph R. Knowland, who was defeated in the general election by James D. Phelan. Shortridge was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1920, riding Warren G. Harding's post World War I "Return to Normalcy" campaign. Defeating Phelan and strong candidates from the Prohibition Party and Socialist Party of America, Shortridge won the general election with 49% of the vote. He was reelected in 1926 with 63% of the vote over Democrat John B. Elliott. He served two full terms before being defeated in a primary in 1932.

Shortridge became a prominent voice for racist anti-Japanese forces in California, declaring that a child of Japanese immigrants would regard "himself or herself as a native of Japan. His heart, his affections go out to the native land of the parent.". Shortridge's claims in 1924 were remarkably similar to some of the justifications made for Japanese internment during World War II. Even some senators who wanted to favor northern and western European immigrants found Shortridge's anti-Japanese position unnecessary.

Shortridge served as a special attorney for the Justice Department in Washington, D.C. from 1939 to 1943.

Family
His sister, Clara S. Foltz, became the first female lawyer in California in 1878, and the first female deputy district attorney in the U.S. in 1910. She helped him campaign for the Senate.

His brother Charles M. Shortridge (1858–1918) was the owner of the San Jose newspaper The Daily Mercury and purchased The San Francisco Call in 1895.

He was a member of the Bohemian Club. (Varied Types by Edward F. O'Day)

Death
He died in Atherton, California.

title: Samuel M. Shortridge


text:
Talk:Guardo

Untitled
This apparently was just cut and pasted from the Babelfish translation of the website. I have tried to do some cleanup, but more is desperately needed. A native Spanish speaker or a fluent bilingual person would be tremendously helpful. Displaced Raleighite.
 * Not sure if it's really a copyright violation, but I've posted a request for help at Pages_needing_attention. -- PFHLai 06:13, 2004 Jul 29 (UTC)

'''Hi There, I'm from Guardo, was brought up there and visit nearly every weekend, I was born in London and grew up in Guardo, I'm totally bilingual in English & Spanish and from the place itself! I'm willing to help on any info needed towards my village and it's people. Best regards, Daniel Penalver.''' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.157.187.36 (talk) 10:18, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Guardo


text:
User talk:Tv@nlntv.com

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Current polls

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 22:58, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

GFDL
Hi tv@nlntv.com. Please note that your contributions have to be licensed under GFDL. An exclusive license to Wikipedia as you seem to be implying on Haggetts Pond is not enough. -- Tim Starling 01:22, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

PSC
Could you explain why you added the link to Adrianne Davidson Runyan on the PSC page? Her biography does not strike me as implying that she was famous. In general, Wikipedia only links to particular sufferers of diseases if these people were famous in their own right, or if they attrackted a lot of (nationwide) media attention. Simply having PSC does not make a person famous... JFW | T@lk  13:59, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tv@nlntv.com


text:
Low frustration tolerance

Low frustration tolerance (LFT), or "short-term hedonism," is a concept utilized to describe the inability to tolerate unpleasant feelings or stressful situations. It stems from the feeling that reality should be as wished, and that any frustration should be resolved quickly and easily. People with low frustration tolerance experience emotional disturbance when frustrations are not quickly resolved. Behaviors are then directed towards avoiding frustrating events which, paradoxically, leads to increased frustration and even greater mental stress.

In REBT, the opposite construct is "high frustration tolerance".

History
The concept was originally developed by psychologist Albert Ellis who theorized that low frustration tolerance is an evaluative component in dysfunctional and irrational beliefs. His theory of REBT proposes that irrational beliefs and the avoidance of stressful situations is the origin of behavioral and emotional problems. As humans, we tend to seek for instant gratification to avoid pain, ignoring the fact that evading a situation now, will make it more problematic later.

Types of hedonism

 * Inferential hedonism: People's desires are regarding their own hedonic states of pleasure and pain.
 * Reinforcement Hedonism: The content of a person's desire, is reinforced because of the pleasure that imagining the specific desire brings.

Stress
According to REBT, the way we perceive stressful situations plays a role in how we experience stress. Stress exists as part of the nervous system of humans, and it affects humans' well-being when the degree of stress exceeds their capacity of managing the situation either temporarily or permanently.

Implications
LFT has been suggested as a main cause of procrastination. According to Dr. Sarah Edelman, LFT causes us to avoid difficult to endure situations and sometimes to avoid them altogether. This can be a problem because 'achieving many of the things that are important and worthwhile requires us to take actions that involve some discomfort.' Avoiding difficult situations and tasks can also prevent us from dealing constructively with problems, such as ending unpleasant relationships, improving unhealthy lifestyles, and moving on from dissatisfying jobs. Moreover, tasks perceived as boring, difficult or demanding of greater effort, are said to make a person more likely to procrastinate.

Reducing LFT
In REBT, reducing irrational beliefs and increasing rational beliefs can reduce LFT. This cognitive restructuring allows a modification of dysfunctional thinking and acting, and allows people to change thoughts of great distress like:

 * "Existing conditions must be changed to give me what I like, otherwise I can't stand it and I can't be happy at all!"
 * "I must have immediate gratification and have to have it, or else I can't stand it and my life is awful"
 * "I can't stand hassles"

Into more rational and less exaggerated thoughts like:
 * "I don't like existing conditions"
 * "I would like immediate gratification"
 * "I find hassles and frustrations inconvenient"

LFT Scale
The frustration discomfort scale (FDS), a multidimensional measure for LFT, was developed using REBT theories. These dimensions were labelled in four categories:
 * 1) Emotional intolerance, involving intolerance of emotional distress.
 * 2) Entitlement, involving intolerance of unfairness and frustrated gratification.
 * 3) Discomfort intolerance, involving intolerance of difficulties and hassles.
 * 4) Achievement, involving intolerance of frustrated achievement goals.

Increasing tolerance
Ellis said the path to tolerance consisted of many roads, including unconditional self-acceptance, unconditional other-acceptance and unconditional life-acceptance.

title: Low frustration tolerance


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Annie Turcotte

None of the articles makes any claim of notability beyond being unfortunate murder victims. Also de-link the 14 names in the list at École Polytechnique Massacre. Niteowlneils 01:29, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed, articles should be deleted -- however, the list should be kept (tho' unwikied) on École Polytechnique Massacre. Bearcat 02:39, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, by all means keep the list of names, just not linked, so they aren't begging to be re-created. Niteowlneils 03:11, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. This is old hat: murder victims are not exempt from the notablility requirement.  (I can't help but feel that the previous sentence makes me look heartless, but I'm sure you all understand what I'm trying to say.)  --Ardonik 05:16, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * my thoughts exactly. There's definitely a need for a memorial wiki. Delete. Ianb 08:59, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia has other murder victims biographies as well as Wikipedia administrators who have created a biography for themselves. I think,in fact, that an encyclopedia whose role is to inform, needs to tell who these victims were in a case such as this. However, rather than individual biographies, I took what I thought was the essential information from these victims biographies and pasted it into the École Polytechnique Massacre name list. Contributors can add anything relative at anytime. JillandJack 13:38, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Nice approach. I like the new numbering, as well (would have saved me from squinting at the screen, going "let's see, 3, 6, 9, ..."). Niteowlneils 16:32, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Nicely done, JillandJack. Thank you. Bearcat 07:58, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Arevich 18:59, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow. I'm not surprised.  Radical inclusionist Arevich votes to keep.  Why don't we just automatically add your vote to every VfD discussion, Arevich?  RickK 19:41, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all - Tεx  τ  urε  20:31, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all - tragic, but Wikipedia is not a memorial. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:28, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Arrangement of hyperplanes

In geometry and combinatorics, an arrangement of hyperplanes is an arrangement of a finite set A of hyperplanes in a linear, affine, or projective space S. Questions about a hyperplane arrangement A generally concern geometrical, topological, or other properties of the complement, M(A), which is the set that remains when the hyperplanes are removed from the whole space. One may ask how these properties are related to the arrangement and its intersection semilattice. The intersection semilattice of A, written L(A), is the set of all subspaces that are obtained by intersecting some of the hyperplanes; among these subspaces are S itself, all the individual hyperplanes, all intersections of pairs of hyperplanes, etc. (excluding, in the affine case, the empty set). These intersection subspaces of A are also called the flats of A. The intersection semilattice L(A) is partially ordered by reverse inclusion.

If the whole space S is 2-dimensional, the hyperplanes are lines; such an arrangement is often called an arrangement of lines. Historically, real arrangements of lines were the first arrangements investigated. If S is 3-dimensional one has an arrangement of planes.

The intersection semilattice and the matroid
The intersection semilattice L(A) is a meet semilattice and more specifically is a geometric semilattice. If the arrangement is linear or projective, or if the intersection of all hyperplanes is nonempty, the intersection lattice is a geometric lattice. (This is why the semilattice must be ordered by reverse inclusion—rather than by inclusion, which might seem more natural but would not yield a geometric (semi)lattice.)

When L(A) is a lattice, the matroid of A, written M(A), has A for its ground set and has rank function r(S) := codim(I), where S is any subset of A and I is the intersection of the hyperplanes in S. In general, when L(A) is a semilattice, there is an analogous matroid-like structure called a semimatroid, which is a generalization of a matroid (and has the same relationship to the intersection semilattice as does the matroid to the lattice in the lattice case), but is not a matroid if L(A) is not a lattice.

Polynomials
For a subset B of A, let us define f(B) := the intersection of the hyperplanes in B; this is S if B is empty. The characteristic polynomial of A, written pA(y), can be defined by

 * $$p_A(y) := \sum_B (-1)^{|B|}y^{\dim f(B)},$$

summed over all subsets B of A except, in the affine case, subsets whose intersection is empty. (The dimension of the empty set is defined to be −1.) This polynomial helps to solve some basic questions; see below. Another polynomial associated with A is the Whitney-number polynomial wA(x, y), defined by

 * $$w_A(x,y) := \sum_B x^{n-\dim f(B)} \sum_C (-1)^{|C-B|}y^{\dim f(C)},$$

summed over B ⊆ C ⊆ A such that f(B) is nonempty.

Being a geometric lattice or semilattice, L(A) has a characteristic polynomial, pL(A)(y), which has an extensive theory (see matroid). Thus it is good to know that pA(y) = yi pL(A)(y), where i is the smallest dimension of any flat, except that in the projective case it equals yi + 1pL(A)(y). The Whitney-number polynomial of A is similarly related to that of L(A). (The empty set is excluded from the semilattice in the affine case specifically so that these relationships will be valid.)

The Orlik–Solomon algebra
The intersection semilattice determines another combinatorial invariant of the arrangement, the Orlik–Solomon algebra. To define it, fix a commutative subring K of the base field and form the exterior algebra E of the vector space
 * $$\bigoplus_{H \in A} K e_H $$

generated by the hyperplanes. A chain complex structure is defined on E with the usual boundary operator $$\partial$$. The Orlik–Solomon algebra is then the quotient of E by the ideal generated by elements of the form $$e_{H_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge e_{H_p}$$ for which $$H_1, \dots, H_p$$ have empty intersection, and by boundaries of elements of the same form for which $$H_1 \cap \cdots \cap H_p$$ has codimension less than p.

Real arrangements
In real affine space, the complement is disconnected: it is made up of separate pieces called cells or regions or chambers, each of which is either a bounded region that is a convex polytope, or an unbounded region that is a convex polyhedral region which goes off to infinity. Each flat of A is also divided into pieces by the hyperplanes that do not contain the flat; these pieces are called the faces of A. The regions are faces because the whole space is a flat. The faces of codimension 1 may be called the facets of A. The face semilattice of an arrangement is the set of all faces, ordered by inclusion. Adding an extra top element to the face semilattice gives the face lattice.

In two dimensions (i.e., in the real affine plane) each region is a convex polygon (if it is bounded) or a convex polygonal region which goes off to infinity.
 * As an example, if the arrangement consists of three parallel lines, the intersection semilattice consists of the plane and the three lines, but not the empty set. There are four regions, none of them bounded.
 * If we add a line crossing the three parallels, then the intersection semilattice consists of the plane, the four lines, and the three points of intersection. There are eight regions, still none of them bounded.
 * If we add one more line, parallel to the last, then there are 12 regions, of which two are bounded parallelograms.

Typical problems about an arrangement in n-dimensional real space are to say how many regions there are, or how many faces of dimension 4, or how many bounded regions. These questions can be answered just from the intersection semilattice. For instance, two basic theorems, from Zaslavsky (1975), are that the number of regions of an affine arrangement equals (−1)npA(−1) and the number of bounded regions equals (−1)npA(1). Similarly, the number of k-dimensional faces or bounded faces can be read off as the coefficient of xn−k in (−1)n wA (−x, −1) or (−1)nwA(−x, 1).

designed a fast algorithm to determine the face of an arrangement of hyperplanes containing an input point.

Another question about an arrangement in real space is to decide how many regions are simplices (the n-dimensional generalization of triangles and tetrahedra). This cannot be answered based solely on the intersection semilattice. The McMullen problem asks for the smallest arrangement of a given dimension in general position in real projective space for which there does not exist a cell touched by all hyperplanes.

A real linear arrangement has, besides its face semilattice, a poset of regions, a different one for each region. This poset is formed by choosing an arbitrary base region, B0, and associating with each region R the set S(R) consisting of the hyperplanes that separate R from B. The regions are partially ordered so that R1 ≥ R2 if S(R1, R) contains S(R2, R). In the special case when the hyperplanes arise from a root system, the resulting poset is the corresponding Weyl group with the weak order. In general, the poset of regions is ranked by the number of separating hyperplanes and its Möbius function has been computed.

Vadim Schechtman and Alexander Varchenko introduced a matrix indexed by the regions. The matrix element for the region $$R_i$$ and $$R_j$$ is given by the product of indeterminate variables $$a_H$$ for every hyperplane H that separates these two regions. If these variables are specialized to be all value q, then this is called the q-matrix (over the Euclidean domain $$\mathbb{Q}[q]$$) for the arrangement and much information is contained in its Smith normal form.

Complex arrangements
In complex affine space (which is hard to visualize because even the complex affine plane has four real dimensions), the complement is connected (all one piece) with holes where the hyperplanes were removed.

A typical problem about an arrangement in complex space is to describe the holes.

The basic theorem about complex arrangements is that the cohomology of the complement M(A) is completely determined by the intersection semilattice. To be precise, the cohomology ring of M(A) (with integer coefficients) is isomorphic to the Orlik–Solomon algebra on Z.

The isomorphism can be described explicitly and gives a presentation of the cohomology in terms of generators and relations, where generators are represented (in the de Rham cohomology) as logarithmic differential forms

 * $$\frac{1}{2\pi i}\frac{d\alpha}{\alpha}.$$

with $$\alpha$$ any linear form defining the generic hyperplane of the arrangement.

Technicalities
Sometimes it is convenient to allow the degenerate hyperplane, which is the whole space S, to belong to an arrangement. If A contains the degenerate hyperplane, then it has no regions because the complement is empty. However, it still has flats, an intersection semilattice, and faces. The preceding discussion assumes the degenerate hyperplane is not in the arrangement.

Sometimes one wants to allow repeated hyperplanes in the arrangement. We did not consider this possibility in the preceding discussion, but it makes no material difference.

title: Arrangement of hyperplanes


text:
List of state highways in Minnesota

The organized system of Minnesota State Highways (typically abbreviated as MN or TH, and called Trunk Highways), the state highway system for the US state of Minnesota, was created in 1920 under the "Babcock Amendment" to the state constitution. No real pattern exists for the numbering of highways. Route commissioning beyond these routes was by legislative action, thus the term legislative route. This included additions and revisions that took place when US and Interstate Highway Systems were commissioned.

Minnesota state highway markers use Type D FHWA font for all route numbers and type C for three-digit route markers only if type D font cannot be used. All routes except interstates use 24 x or 36 x markers. Interstate markers for three-digit routes are wider shields, 24 x and 36 x respectively.

Although Minnesota state highways do not follow a distinctive pattern in numbering, they are numbered to avoid conflicting with Interstate Highways and US Highways. Any instance of a state number that matches one is often a continuation of the particular route (e.g., U.S. Route 169 and Trunk Highway 169). The Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) does not consider this a violation of the rule.

Other state highways
Special routes

There are also routes officially numbered in the 805 and 905, but they do not have signage. Examples include part of the Sibley Memorial Highway that was bypassed in Mendota in the mid 1995 (MN 913A, numbered for former designation MN 13), and Robert Street between I-494 and University Avenue in St. Paul and West St. Paul (MN 952, numbered for former designation US 52).

Other roads under Minnesota jurisdiction include the MN 371 Business Route, which follows the former route of MN 371 through Brainerd. MN 23 also has a designated business route through the city of Willmar (as MN 23 is bypassed around the city), but unlike Business MN 371, Business MN 23 is under local jurisdiction.

Legislative routes defined in the Minnesota Constitution were signed until 1934, when many were renumbered. Several routes, like US Highway 208, were planned in the 1934 renumbering but eliminated before the final plan.

title: List of state highways in Minnesota


text: Category:Eagle vehicles

title: Category:Eagle vehicles


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Haggetts Pond

 * Was not licensed under GFDL, instead the author made a statement explicitly giving rights only to Wikipedia, see -- Tim Starling 01:37, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Author has clarified the situation -- Tim Starling 01:50, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Military of Monaco

On 29 July 2004, Military of Monaco was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT. Rossami 00:38, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I added the text in the Military of Monaco page to the Monaco page, as others had suggested in the Military of Monaco's Talk page Salasks 01:40, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * I think you did the right thing—redirect to Monaco, preferably with an anchor to the correct section. That way, people searching for "military of" on random nations won't be disappointed when they try it on Monaco.  --Ardonik 05:13, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect for consistency with other national articles. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:31, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Done Salasks 15:43, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)


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Mary Margaret O'Hara

Mary Margaret O'Hara is a Canadian singer-songwriter, actress and composer. She is best known for the album Miss America, released in 1988. She released two albums and an EP under her own name, and remains active as a live performer, as a contributor to compilation albums and as a guest collaborator on other artists' albums.

Early stages
O'Hara was born in the late 1950s in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to a family of Irish Catholic descent. She is the sister of comedic actress Catherine O'Hara. Her early musical tastes included Van Morrison, Dinah Washington, and her father's jazz records. She was a student at the Ontario College of Art and Design in the 1970s and was involved in the music scene as a member of Toronto bands Dollars, Songship and Go Deo Chorus.

On March 17, 1978, she and her brother, Marcus O'Hara, started the Martian Awareness Ball, an event that continues to this day every Saint Patrick's Day at the Horseshoe Tavern.

In 1983, O'Hara left Go Deo and was signed by Virgin Records. Her contract with Virgin continued and eventually led to the 1988 release of Miss America. O'Hara later reflected on the production experience, noting "I loved the Celtic crosses and the sheep rolling around the hills by the studio in Wales. But for Virgin to go from, 'You can do whatever you want', to 'What have you done?'—that was tough."

In addition, she did some work as a graphic artist, including lettering for the cover of Dalbello's album whomanfoursays.

Debut album
In 1987, Michael Brook saw O'Hara in performance and soon took on the job of producing O'Hara's attempts at an album. He ultimately added new vocals to and remixed material that was originally recorded by Joe Boyd in 1984. At least one of the songs, "To Cry About", had been written as early as 1980. According to the liner notes of a later reissue, six of the tracks were recorded in 1984, four in 1988, and one in 1983 and mixed later.

1990s–2000s
On their 1990 album The Caution Horses, the Cowboy Junkies recorded a sparse, haunting version of O'Hara's song "You Will Be Loved Again". In 1991, O'Hara followed up with a four-song EP of Christmas material. Following the Christmas EP, O'Hara took on several acting roles and appeared as a vocalist on recordings by a variety of other artists, including Morrissey ("November Spawned a Monster"), John & Mary, Bruce Cockburn, Holly Cole, Bob Wiseman, Meryn Cadell, The Henrys and Neko Case. She performed Dark, Dear Heart at John Candy's funeral in March 1994. She also contributed songs to a number of compilation albums, including tributes to Vic Chesnutt and Kurt Weill, and participated in a 1994 Christmas concert with Holly Cole, Rebecca Jenkins, Jane Siberry and Victoria Williams, which was released as the album Count Your Blessings. As well, she has occasionally performed in musical theatre, most notably productions of Tom Waits' experimental rock opera The Black Rider, stealing the show according to Pitchfork.com.

During an R.E.M. concert in Toronto in 1999, Michael Stipe brought O'Hara on stage and declared her a "national treasure". Other artists who are said to be fans include Kristin Hersh, Radiohead, Dave Matthews and Rickie Lee Jones. However, she did not release a new recording under her own name until 2001, when she and longtime guitarist Rusty McCarthy contributed to the soundtrack for the Canadian film Apartment Hunting (in which she also acted).

On October 4 and 5, 2006, O'Hara performed Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah" (with Gavin Friday) and "The Window" at Came So Far For Beauty, the Leonard Cohen Tribute organised by Hal Willner at The Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. She performed at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival in Minehead, England, over the weekend of April 27 to 29, 2007, and with Howe Gelb and friends at the Barbican Centre in London on May 2, 2007.

O'Hara also performed at Toronto's Canwest Cabaret Festival in both 2008 and 2009. In 2008, she performed at tribute shows to Cohen, Weill and Duke Ellington, and in 2009, she participated in a musical improvisation show with Michael Snow and Aidan Closs. She also gave a rare radio interview to promote the 2009 show, appearing on CBC Radio One's Q on October 28 — and performing an impromptu duet of "Baby, It's Cold Outside" with host Jian Ghomeshi.

O'Hara sings the theme song for Someone Knows Something, a true-crime podcast from the CBC. The song was written by Bob Wiseman.

On November 12, 2017, O'Hara performed a rare live show at Le Guess Who? Festival in Utrecht, The Netherlands. O'Hara was invited by artist Perfume Genius who curated a program for the festival.

Work with other artists and acting
She appeared in the 1985 film The Last Polka as Gerta Lemon, one half of the Lemon Sisters singing duo alongside Catherine as Sylvie Lemon.

In December 1989 she was featured in The Razorbacks' CBC Television Christmas special It's a Razorbacks Christmas Barbeque, for which she received a Gemini Award nomination for Best Performance in a Variety or Performing Arts Program or Series at the 5th Gemini Awards in 1990.

O'Hara sang backup vocals for Morrissey on his song "November Spawned a Monster". She contributed to four albums by Bob Wiseman: In Her Dream, Accidentally Acquired Beliefs, Theme and Variations, and Giulietta Masina At The Oscars Crying. She also contributed to Justin Rutledge's album No Never Alone. She recorded a duet with Tindersticks called "Peanuts", which appeared on their 2010 album Falling Down A Mountain. On May 15, 2009, in Toronto, Will Oldham brought her on stage to perform a cover of John Prine's "In Spite of Ourselves".

O'Hara has made several film appearances. She acts alongside Tom Waits in Candy Mountain (1986), directed by Robert Frank and Rudy Wurlitzer. O'Hara has a leading role in Museum Hours (2012), set in and around the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, directed by Jem Cohen.

Tributes
Musician Steve Adey recorded a song titled "Mary Margaret O'Hara" on his 2006 LP All Things Real.

Adey also covered "To Cry About" on his 2017 LP Do Me a Kindness.

“Something To Cry About” in the short story collection Radium Girl by Sofi Papamarko was inspired by the song “To Cry About” and built around three prompts given to the author by the singer on request.

Bria Salmena recorded a cover of "When You Know Why You're Happy" on her 2023 EP Cuntry Covers, Vol. 2.

Albums

 * Miss America (1988)
 * Apartment Hunting (2001)

EPs

 * Christmas EP (1991)

Singles

 * This Is What I Want (2014)

Contributions

 * Kip Hanrahan, Paul Haines – Darn It! (1993) - two songs with Gary Lucas to lyrics by Paul Haines
 * John & Mary, The Weedkiller's Daughter (1993) - background vocals
 * Count Your Blessings (1994) - collaborative concert with Jane Siberry, Holly Cole, Rebecca Jenkins and Victoria Williams
 * Songs for My Mother and Father (1996) - guest vocal on Hugh Marsh album
 * The Henrys, Puerto Angel (1996) - vocals on three songs, including "Dark Dear Heart"
 * Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation (1996) - "Florida"
 * September Songs – The Music of Kurt Weill (1997) - "Fürchte dich nicht"
 * O'Hara participated in some concerts of Hal Wilner's Harry Smith Project Revisited tour during 1999–2001. On the concert album, released in 2006, she performs the folk song "He Got Better Things for You" and on the accompanying DVD she can also be seen singing backing vocals to Gavin Friday's version of "When That Great Ship Went Down".
 * Stormy Weather: The Music of Harold Arlen (2003) - "Blues in the Night"
 * Dark Was the Night: A Tribute to the Music of Blind Willie Johnson (2004) – "God Moves on the Water"
 * Rogue's Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs, and Chanteys (2006) - "The Cry of Man"
 * Tindersticks, Falling Down a Mountain (2010) - Guest vocal on "Peanuts"
 * Garth Hudson Presents: A Canadian Celebration of The Band (2010) - "Out of the Blue"
 * Blackie and the Rodeo Kings, Kings and Queens (2011) - "Heart a Mine"
 * Son of Rogues Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs & Chanteys (2013) - "Then Said the Captain to Me (Two Poems of the Sea)"
 * The Hidden Cameras, Age (2014) - Guest vocals on "Gay Goth Scene"

title: Mary Margaret O'Hara


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Jenny Offill

Jenny Offill (born November 14, 1968) is an American novelist and editor. Her novel Dept. of Speculation was named one of "The 10 Best Books of 2014" by The New York Times Book Review.

Early life
Jenny Offill is the only child of two private-school English teachers. She spent her childhood years in various American states, including Massachusetts, California, Indiana, and North Carolina, where she attended high school and received a BA degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and later, at Stanford University, was a Stegner Fellow in Fiction. After graduating, she worked a number of odd jobs: waitress, bartender, caterer, cashier, medical transcriber, fact-checker, and ghost-writer.

"'I went to UNC-Chapel Hill as an undergraduate and I studied with Doris Betts, Jill McCorkle and Robert Kirkpatrick among others. All three were great mentors to me as a young writer. Later, I got a Stegner Fellowship at Stanford. My big influence there was Gilbert Sorrentino...' —Jenny Offill, to Ellen Birkett Morris"

Writing
Offill's first novel, Last Things, was published in 1999 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux and in the UK by Bloomsbury. It was a New York Times Notable book and a finalist for the L.A Times First Book Award. Offill's second novel, Dept. of Speculation, was published in January 2014  and was named one of the 10 Best Books of 2014 by the New York Times Book Review. Dept. of Speculation has been shortlisted for the Folio Prize in the UK, the Pen/Faulkner Award and the L.A. Times Fiction Award. In 2016 Offill was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.

Her work has appeared in the Paris Review. She is also the co-editor with Elissa Schappell of two anthologies of essays and the author of several children's books. Offill's short fiction has appeared in Electric Literature and Significant Objects.

"I have always liked compressed and fragmentary forms. I trace it back to my mind being blown by John Berryman when I was nineteen." —Jenny Offill, about Dept. of Speculation Her third novel, Weather, was shortlisted for the 2020 Women's Prize for Fiction, and in December 2020, Emily Temple of Literary Hub reported that the novel had made 13 lists of the best books of 2020.

Teaching
Offill has taught in the MFA programs at Brooklyn College, Syracuse University, Columbia University and Queens University of Charlotte. She served as Visiting Writer at Syracuse University and Sarah Lawrence College, and as Writer-in-Residence at Vassar College and Pratt University. She is currently the Writer-in-Residence at Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, NY.

Personal life
In 2008, Offill, 39, a writer and creative writing teacher at Brooklyn College and Columbia University, and her partner, David Hirme, 37, a Web director for Channel 13, a public television station, lived in Brooklyn with their child, Theo, 3.

Offill lives in the Hudson Valley.

Novels

 * Last Things. Bloomsbury, 2000. ISBN 9780747551478

Children's books

 * While You Were Napping, Random House Children's Books, 2014. ISBN 9780375865725
 * While You Were Napping, Random House Children's Books, 2014. ISBN 9780375865725
 * While You Were Napping, Random House Children's Books, 2014. ISBN 9780375865725
 * While You Were Napping, Random House Children's Books, 2014. ISBN 9780375865725

title: Jenny Offill


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Talk:History of Germany during World War II

Redirect
Ummm...all of this information was available elsewhere and there is a European Theatre of World War II page. Therefore I am redirecting there.--naryathegreat 01:44, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Where was the info specific to the German army available? AlainV 02:50, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia can't help, ...as can't any encyclopedia, that some information get repeated in different articles. That is absolutely no reason for erasing this article. As a comparison, I would guess that a merge of Military history of Britain during World War II with European Theatre of World War II wouldn't be too popular.

It's of course no hurry, but I expect this article to be restored and ultimately improved. /Tuomas 11:37, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Restored. This is one in a series of country specific articles about the military history of World War II. GeneralPatton 20:28, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I'm glad this article has been restored. Not only because it is right and proper to do so, but also because the core of it was originally written by me before it was moved here from the Nazi Germany page :-). Mintguy (T) 21:59, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * One of the main reasons for the creation of this article was to lower the amount of military info from the main Nazi German page so it could focus more on the 1930’s politics and economy. Same with the Military history of Britain during World War II. Moving this to European Theatre of World War II was not that good of an idea as there are many Germany specific things, such as unit organization, chain of command, operations, personnel... But they're still needing to be worked out in this page. Now that it is restored, people can finally start working on improving it.GeneralPatton 22:35, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. When I wrote this potted history of WWII for that page, it was to replace the nonsense that had added before me which said: Hitler "reannexxed" Austria in ?1938? in a military action he called "Liberstruam"(Living Room in german).Although it was essentially without any fatalities, it was in clear violation of the Versialle Treaty and Austrian right to self determination. England and the U.S.A. decided to negotiate with and finally appease Hitler through a English diplomat named Neville Chamberland. (sic) I tried to write as consise a history of WWII as possible, but it ended up being bigger than hoped. It unbalanced the article but I hoped that that would be redressed. Hey I'm glad I came here a good book ref hads just popped into my head for the economics of the Third Reich for the Nazi Germany page Mintguy (T) 23:43, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Honestly, name a single scrap of information on this page not available elsewhere in Wikipedia. This is merely a quick overview of the German side of World War II. It's not as if there is anything really military like about it, no troop figures, no economic/production figures, no military leader information,...there's nothing, not anything that isn't a quick summary. This article serves no purpose. The actual World War II page is more detailed than this, not to mention, the thorough, albeit convoluted, European Theater of World War II--naryathegreat 02:01, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

There is more to History than data or biographical info. Analysis is essential, to summarize and to place in perspective. Just look at the foreword I rewrote. --AlainV 23:32, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ummmm....look at your article. It isn't an analysis. It's a quick summary. Your "analysis" isn't even as detailed as that elsewhere. I haven't read your foreward yet, but if this page was on the scale (of quantity or quality) of the British military world war ii page (sorry, I forget the actual title), I would be all for it. As it is, there is no information here that makes this page worth anything--nor has it changed radically since my first comment/redirect on July 29. That was how many months ago? So, I am obviously right that little has changed. (And my point about the figures was that the page title implies it talks about military, which means troop figures, individual corps, leader info, the works. This is merely a quick review.--naryathegreat 02:08, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

One of the best military history essay books by one of the best military historians (The face of battle by Keegan) spends very little time on troop figures or leader info: It gives you a feel for what war was like. On a more modest scale go look at the Tank article here in Wikipedia: It is an essay on what tanks are like in the most generic terms possible. There is room both for quantitative articles (in the tradition of the last print editions of the Britannica) and encyclopedic "essay" ones (in the tradition of the 11th edition of the Britannica, in 1911) and/or combinations of both. It is not my article or my analysis by the way. In sense it belongs to all who edit and read it. I just rewrote the foreword because in its original form it was too light to be

Innaccuracy
There is a definite inaccuracy in the removed sentence "Prior to this, the Germans had settled on an agreement with the Polish people on giving up Sudentenland, a Polish territory inhabiting Germans", and it's not just the little language slip-up at the end. The Sudetenland was a part of the area that is now the Czech Republic. The only reason I didn't just change this is because I'm not sure what agreement is mentioned here, what it's called, or if it exists at all.

A brief look through the souces didn't reveal what this agreement could be. KevinPuj 21:44, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Protect this page?
I suggest that the article be placed under semi-protection due to the vandalism that seems to be prevalent. Anyone agree?Repdetect117 (talk) 23:42, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, there is a considerable amount of vandalism. If you think it should be protected, report it at WP:RPP.--Fiftytwo thirty (talk) 02:00, 10 March 2010 (UTC)


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General Zod

General Zod is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Superman. The character, who first appeared in Adventure Comics #283 (April 1961), was created by Robert Bernstein and initially designed by George Papp. As a Kryptonian, he exhibits the same powers and abilities as Superman and is consequently viewed as one of his greatest enemies alongside Lex Luthor, Darkseid, and Brainiac. He is also well known for his catchphrase, "Kneel before Zod!".

Originally bald and clean-shaven, Zod's look in popular culture was defined by the character's depiction by Terence Stamp in the films Superman (1978) and Superman II (1981). Eventually, the character was reintroduced to the DC Multiverse with black hair and a goatee similar to Stamp's portrayal. A different version of Zod was portrayed by Michael Shannon in the DC Extended Universe films Man of Steel (2013) and The Flash (2023).

Silver Age
Dru-Zod is a megalomaniacal Kryptonian and the leader of Krypton's military forces. When Krypton's space program was abolished after Jax-Ur's destruction of the inhabited moon Wegthor, Zod tried to take over Krypton using an army of robotic duplicates of himself, all bearing a resemblance to Bizarro. He is sentenced to exile in the Phantom Zone for 40 years for his crimes. In the present, Superman releases Zod after learning that he has already served his sentence, but is forced to return him to the Zone after he attempts to conquer Earth.

During the remaining years before the Crisis on Infinite Earths, Zod and other Zone inmates such as Jax-Ur, Faora, and others, escape from the Phantom Zone and battle Superman and Supergirl numerous times, always being defeated in the end and returned to the Zone.

Interim Zods: 1985–2005
The first Zod to be introduced following Crisis on Infinite Earths is the Zod of a so-called "pocket universe" resembling the universe in which the comics take place; this allowed for a "Kryptonian" Zod to be introduced while maintaining Superman's status as the last of his race in the universe proper. This Zod's universe is created by the Time Trapper. Zod (along with companions Quex-Ul and Zaora) devastate the Earth of that universe following the death of its Superboy, despite the best efforts of a Supergirl created by that world's heroic Lex Luthor. Eventually, the survivors of this world manage to contact the Superman of the main universe to help them, and he is able to take away the powers of the three super-criminals with Gold Kryptonite; since he is not from that universe, the Kryptonite of that reality has no effect on him.

However, the three vow to some day regain their powers and return to Superman's world to kill him. Acknowledging that he can neither afford to leave them on the now-dead pocket Earth to let them die alone nor imprison them on his world, Superman is forced to kill them with Green Kryptonite.

A second incarnation of General Zod is introduced in the 2001 storyline "Return to Krypton"; this Zod is portrayed as that of an alternate reality created by Brainiac 13. He is the head of the Kryptonian military in the alternate reality. Like the Pre-Crisis version, Zod holds the Kryptonian equivalent of fascist beliefs. He sends aliens to the bottle city of Kandor and plans a military coup. Zod is defeated by Superman and the Jor-El of Zod's alternate reality Krypton.

The third attempt to bring Zod to Modern Age comics is the "Russian" Zod, a Zod of human origin whose origin story is connected to Superman's. This General Zod (born Avruiskin) is a Russian who was affected before his birth by his parents' exposure to Kryptonite radiation. As such, he is empowered by red sunlight and weakened by yellow, the opposite of Superman. After his parents die from radiation, he grows up in a KGB laboratory under the name Zed. Apparently spoken to by the spirit of the Pocket Universe Zod, Russian Zod creates armor which filters the sunlight, and declares himself ruler of Pokolistan. After several inconclusive encounters with Superman, he reveals his long-range plan to turn the sun red and take Superman's place. This is temporarily successful until Lex Luthor rescues Superman, gives him a blast of yellow solar radiation to regain his powers, and works to restore the sun. Superman returns to battle Zod, but refuses to kill him. When the sun turns yellow again, the now-vulnerable Zod strikes Superman with all his power at super-speed and is killed due to Superman's invulnerability.

The final Zod before the character was finally reintroduced, the Zod of an alternate Phantom Zone appears in the twelve-issue For Tomorrow storyline, written by Brian Azzarello and penciled by Jim Lee. This Zod lives alone in an alternate Phantom Zone and resents Superman for tampering with it. By his own account he comes from the same Krypton as Superman and was exiled to the Phantom Zone by Superman's father, Jor-El. This Zod wears large, spiked black armor and when unmasked, is a bald, white-bearded old man. This incarnation also uses a variation of "Kneel before Zod". He appears in Metropia, a version of the Phantom Zone created by Superman to resemble a living world (including apparently-living beings). This version was superseded by the present storyline (which features a new Zod, freed from the Phantom Zone).

General Zod returns: 2006–2011
General Zod returns to post-Infinite Crisis comics in Last Son, penned by Geoff Johns, Richard Donner, and Adam Kubert. Dru-Zod II, Ursa, and Non escape from the Phantom Zone and come to Earth to try to turn it into a "New Krypton". This incarnation is the first Post-Crisis Zod who comes from Superman's Krypton, and not from an alternate reality.

The backstory for the three Kryptonians was recounted in Action Comics Annual #10 (April 2007), and Zod's origin was revealed in Countdown #30 (October 2007). Prior to the destruction of Krypton, Zod, his wife Ursa, and accomplice Non rebel against their planet's oppressive government, but soon become lawless would-be tyrants who lust for power. After an ill-fated insurrection led by Zod, the government sentences the trio to death. However, Superman's father Jor-El pleads for the government to mitigate their sentence to imprisonment in the Phantom Zone, accepted on the condition that he would assume responsibility as their jailer. While in the Phantom Zone, Zod and Ursa are able to have a child who is born immune to the Phantom Zone's effects, ultimately facilitating their escape, and name him Lor-Zod. On Earth, the boy is discovered by Superman and his wife Lois Lane, who adopt him as their own son and name him Christopher Kent. For the duration of 2007's Last Son storyline in Action Comics, Chris Kent is depicted as an adopted son of Superman and his wife Lois across DC titles.

Alongside Zod, Ursa and Non, 25 other Kryptonian criminals also escape the Zone and defeat a number of Earth's heroes, beginning their quest to conquer the planet. Zod ambushes Superman in revenge for Jor-El's actions and traps him in the Phantom Zone, which he later escapes with the help of the heroic Phantom Zone prisoner Mon-El. With assistance from his traditional enemies Lex Luthor, Metallo, Parasite and Bizarro, Superman takes on Zod's army. Out of nearly thirty Kryptonians, Superman's temporary allies successfully kill several, driving the rest back into the Phantom Zone alongside Zod and Ursa, who take Chris Kent with them.

In the later New Krypton arc storyline however, Zod is freed from the Phantom Zone once again by Supergirl's mother Alura. The "bottled city of Kandor" is transformed into a populated Kryptonian planet ("New Krypton"), and Zod is appointed the leader of its army. In the "World of New Krypton" Action Comics storyline, when Superman decides to see what life is like on New Krypton, he is drafted into the Military Guild under General Zod. Zod and Superman maintain a mistrustful professional relationship. Despite their past, neither seems prepared to behave with marked aggression toward the other. Later, during a Kryptonian ceremony, Zod is shot by the Kryptonian Ral-Dar (who is working with Lois's father Sam Lane), leading Zod to appoint Superman as temporary General until his recovery. The two are involved in a Kryptonian political plot, but ultimately apprehend the planet's traitor and see a reform of New Krypton's Council.

Peace is short-lived, however, due to an attack by the alien Brainiac, who had been responsible for the bottling of Kandor in the first place. In Last Stand of New Krypton, New Krypton comes under attack by Brainiac, and Zod engineers a plan to defeat him; Zod is driven by an urge to avenge his prior defeat at the hands of the Coluan Brainiac, when Kandor was bottled from Old Krypton. The storyline ends with the planet's destruction, leading Zod to declare war on Earth, sparking the War of the Supermen storyline. After a fierce conflict between Superman and Zod in defense of Earth, Zod is pushed back into the Phantom Zone by his son, Chris Kent, who had freed himself from the Phantom Zone and became active as an adult superhero on planet Earth.

The New 52: 2011–2016
In 2011, DC chose to revamp its continuity, rebooting many characters while retaining the histories for some others, as part of its The New 52 publishing event. Following this, Zod is hinted at several times. A character resembling Zod makes a cameo in Action Comics #5 (March 2012), as a prisoner in the Phantom Zone; and in Action Comics #13 (December 2012) a ghost in the Phantom Zone says "Kneel before..." multiple times while attacking Superman, a reference to Zod's iconic saying. Zod makes his first full appearance in Action Comics #23.2: General Zod (September 2013), written by Greg Pak, with art by Ken Lashley.

A new origin for Zod is introduced. In it, Zod is born to scientist parents. When he is a young boy, Zod and his parents travel to Krypton's wilderness to discover new creatures. Their ship is attacked by the creatures, leaving the family stranded in the jungle. While his parents are killed, Zod manages to survive for one year until Jor-El and his older brother Zor-El save him. After reaching adulthood, Zod becomes one of Krypton's best soldiers, attaining the rank of general. Zod developes a hatred towards an alien species called the Char and secretly orders the creation of a Char-looking creature, unleashing it on Krypton's population, so he can justify a war against the Char. Jor-El discovers the deception and turns Zod over to the authorities. The council finds Zod guilty of treason and banishes him and his closest followers, Faora and Non, to the Phantom Zone.

Many years later, a mysterious event causes the Phantom Zone to weaken, allowing some of its prisoners to escape. Zod travels to Earth, landing in the Sahara Desert. There, his Kryptonian powers begin to manifest for the first time, brutally slaughtering a group of travelers. Zod is soon attacked by the Justice League of America until Superman and Wonder Woman arrive, the latter restraining him with her magic lasso. Zod recognizes Superman as Kal-El, the son of Jor-El. Superman decides to keep Zod in the Fortress of Solitude's alien zoo. While there, he reveals that Faora also traveled to Earth with him, and vows to track her down.

DC Universe
In June 2016, the DC Rebirth event relaunched DC Comics' entire line of comic book titles, in which General Zod continues to appear within DC titles. In December 2017, DC Comics ended the Rebirth branding, opting to include everything under a larger DC Universe banner and naming. As part of the DC Rebirth relaunch, General Zod is once again imprisoned within the Phantom Zone. He is trapped within the boundaries of the Black Vault, a secret facility hidden in the Laptev Sea. Amanda Waller sends the Suicide Squad to steal the contents of the Black Vault and bring them back to her, but they unwittingly allow Zod to escape. She attempts to 'recruit' Zod by implanting a kryptonite explosive in his head, but he finally proves too dangerous when he uses a mirror and his heat vision to literally cut the bomb out of his own skull, forcing Rick Flag to sacrifice himself to seal the Zone before Zod can release his army. Zod manages to retrieve his family from the Zone while fighting alongside the Superman Revenge Squad- Cyborg Superman, Eradicator, Mongul and Metallo- and escapes Earth to establish himself as a dictator on another planet with his family. He nearly kills Hal Jordan when the Green Lantern Corps discover his presence on the planet before both sides are forced to withdraw and recuperate.

Powers and abilities
Like all Kryptonians under a yellow sun, General Zod possesses high-level superhuman strength, speed and endurance sufficient to stand against Superman and other Kryptonians; super hearing; x-ray vision; telescopic, microscopic and heat vision; super-breath and freeze-breath; virtual invulnerability; accelerated healing and flight. Due to his background as a Kryptonian general, Zod possesses a detailed knowledge of military tactics, battle strategy, and is a competent military leader. Because he was trained in fighting arts long before receiving his abilities, he typically has an edge over Superman's brawling skills, over-reliance on superhuman strength, and basic knowledge of advanced human and Kryptonian hand-to-hand combat. However, Zod's powers are often inferior to those of Superman, due to the latter being exposed to the yellow sun over the course of his entire life, while Zod typically only gets exposed for a short period of time before being defeated and returned to the Phantom Zone. This greater power combined with his superior control and experience with it gives Superman an edge over Zod's superior fighting skills. Additionally, similar to Superman, his strength is inferior to the likes of Doomsday and his speed is inferior to Speedsters such as the Flash. Like all Kryptonians, he is vulnerable to Kryptonite and red solar radiation; his durability does not provide protection from mind control and magic, and his strength and durability both have limits in that he cannot survive an atomic explosion without nearly fatal injuries and there are weights he cannot lift due to natural bodily limitation even under the empowering environment of a yellow sun as well as normal limits of adult Kryptonian superhuman strength.

Other versions

 * The General Zod of Earth-15 is his world's Superman, who is later killed by Superman Prime.
 * An alternate universe version of Zod appears in JSA: The Liberty Files. This version is a sociopathic child who was banished to the Phantom Zone for creating a deadly synthetic virus before being freed by American scientists, taken in by the government, and named Clark Kent.
 * An alternate universe version of Zod appears in Superman: Earth One. This version is Zod-El, Jor-El's brother and Superman's uncle who worked with the Dheronians to destroy Krypton.

Animation

 * A character based on Terence Stamp's portrayal of General Zod named Zi-Kree appears in the Super Friends episode "The Evil from Krypton". Similar to Zod, Zi-Kree is a Kryptonian criminal who was banished to the Phantom Zone.
 * General Zod appears in the Superman (1988) episode "The Hunter", voiced by René Auberjonois. This version was imprisoned in the Phantom Zone alongside Ursa and Faora, whom he collaborates with to create the titular "Hunter", a creature that can transmute itself into any substance that it touches, and send it to Earth to fight Superman.
 * General Zod makes a cameo appearance in the Legion of Super Heroes episode "Phantoms" as an inmate of the Phantom Zone.
 * General Zod appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Jason J. Lewis.
 * General Zod appears in The Looney Tunes Show episode "SuperRabbit", voiced by Jeff Bergman. This version is modeled after Daffy Duck and serves as Faora's inattentive, immature, and neglectful boyfriend.
 * General Zod, based on Terence Stamp's portrayal, appears in the DC Super Hero Girls two-part episode "#DCSuperHeroBoys", voiced by Liam O'Brien. This version was imprisoned in the Phantom Zone by Alura Zor-El. Additionally, an alternate timeline version of Zod appears in the episode "#BackInAFlash".
 * Dru-Zod appears in Young Justice: Phantoms, voiced by Phil Morris. This version is the husband of Ursa Zod and father of Lor-Zod who was paroled in the 31st century, but was re-imprisoned in the Phantom Zone by the Legion of Super-Heroes following a failed attempt to conquer the galaxy. In the 21st century, Dru manipulates the amnesiac Superboy into joining him before Lor travels back in time to free his family from the Phantom Zone. Dru leads his forces in an attempt to conquer Earth, only to be re-imprisoned by the Team.

Live-action

 * A character based on General Zod named Lord Nor appears in the Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman episode "Lord of the Flys", portrayed by Simon Templeman. He attempts to conquer Earth until he is betrayed by his cohorts and killed by Colonel Cash via a Kryptonite warhead while fighting Superman.
 * Major Zod appears in Smallville, portrayed primarily by Callum Blue while Sam Witwer (albeit uncredited) provides his initial appearance. This version is a Kandorian and husband of Faora who was imprisoned in the Phantom Zone as a disembodied wraith. In the ninth season, Tess Mercer uses a Kryptonian device called the "Orb" to create clones of several Kryptonians, including Zod. After restoring his fellow clones' powers to gain their loyalty and killing Faora's traitorous clone, he begins plotting to fulfill the original Zod's destiny by conquering Earth. However, Clark Kent exposes the truth of Faora's death, turning the clones against him before sending them to an uninhabited planet where they can establish a colony. As of the tenth season episode "Dominion", the clones banished Zod's clone and his loyalists to the Phantom Zone, where he fused with the original Zod while maintaining both versions' memories. He lures Kent and Oliver Queen to the Phantom Zone, but the two escape and destroy the exit.
 * A Silver Kryptonite-induced hallucination of General Zod appears in the Supergirl episode "Nevertheless, She Persisted", portrayed by Mark Gibbon.
 * A time-traveling General Dru-Zod appears in Krypton, portrayed by Colin Salmon. Similarly to the Superman: Earth One incarnation, this version is the son of Lyta-Zod and Seg-El, half-brother of Jor-El, and uncle of Kal-El.
 * General Zod's consciousness appears in the Superman & Lois episode "Through the Valley of Death". Having been saved onto the Eradicator, Tal-Rho uses the device to infect Superman with Zod's consciousness before John Henry Irons motivates him to expel it.

Original series (1978–2006)

 * General Zod appears briefly in Superman (1978) and is a major antagonist in Superman II, portrayed by Terence Stamp. Alongside Ursa and Non, he is convicted of crimes against Kryptonian society and sentenced by Jor-El of the Science Council to life imprisonment in the Phantom Zone, shortly before the destruction of Kryption. In the second film, the trio escape and reach Earth, where they gain powers, and form an alliance with Lex Luthor to defeat Superman and rule Earth, but they are eventually depowered and defeated by the hero.
 * During early development for Superman Returns, Bryan Singer had in mind to include Zod in the film, and wanted Jude Law in the role. When Law declined, the character was omitted from the script. Zod was considered again, with Law wanted for the role once more, during early development for the sequel to Superman Returns, but the planned sequel never materialized past the development stage.

DC Extended Universe
General Zod appears in films set in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), portrayed by Michael Shannon.
 * Introduced in Man of Steel, this version is the Kandorian head of Krypton's Military Guild who initiated a rebellion and formed a battalion called the "Sword of Rao" after becoming dissatisfied with the Law Council's decisions, only to be apprehended and imprisoned in the Phantom Zone. In the present, following Krypton's destruction, the Sword of Rao escape and travel to Earth to find Superman and the Codex, a device containing the genetic code for all future Kryptonians, so Zod can terraform Earth and repopulate the planet with genetically engineered Kryptonians. Ultimately, Superman and the United States military thwart Zod by sending his forces back to the Phantom Zone while Superman reluctantly kills Zod to save a family that he threatened to kill.
 * Zod's corpse appears in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. LexCorp takes possession of it, ostensibly to study Kryptonian anatomy and its origins, while Lex Luthor secretly combines the body with his blood and knowledge he stole from an ancient Kryptonian scout ship to create Doomsday.
 * An alternate timeline incarnation of Zod appears in The Flash. Due to the Flash creating the "Flashpoint" timeline, Zod and the Sword of Rao killed an infant Superman and seek out his cousin Kara Zor-El for the Codex.

Animation

 * An alternate reality incarnation of General Zod appears in flashbacks depicted in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Bruce Thomas. This version caused Krypton's destruction while siphoning energy from its core to power his war machine and implanted his DNA into Lara Lor-Van's egg to ensure his legacy's survival, leading to the birth of his universe's Superman, Hernan Guerra.
 * General Zod makes a cameo appearance in The Lego Batman Movie.
 * General Zod appears in Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!.

Video games

 * General Zod, alongside Ursa and Non, appears as the collective final boss of Superman (1987).
 * Zod appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Alexander Brandon.
 * General Zod, based on his post-Infinite Crisis design, appears in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Townsend Coleman.
 * General Zod appears as a downloadable playable character in Injustice: Gods Among Us, voiced by Nolan North. This version can create small portals to the Phantom Zone. Additionally, the DCEU incarnation of Zod appears as an alternate skin.
 * General Zod appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * The DCEU incarnation of General Zod appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham via DLC.
 * General Zod appears as a boss in Lego Dimensions, voiced again by Nolan North. This version serves Lord Vortech.
 * General Zod makes a cameo appearance in Sub-Zero's ending in Injustice 2.
 * General Zod appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains.

Miscellaneous

 * General Zod, also known as Commissioner Dru-Zod, appears in the novel The Last Days of Krypton, by Kevin J. Anderson. This version is the son of Cor-Zod, former head of the Kryptonian Council, and initially a mid-level bureaucrat before he takes advantage of a major planetary cataclysm and the apparent decapitation of the government to seize absolute power as a militaristic despot and use the Phantom Zone to imprison his political enemies until he is overthrown by a resistance movement led by Jor-El and Zor-El, and banished to the Phantom Zone along with his followers. Afterward, Dru's former prisoners, the planetary council, drop the Phantom Zone singularity into an active volcano to ensure he cannot escape, only to cause Krypton's core to implode and bring about the planet's destruction.
 * While General Zod did not appear in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU) due to copyright issues at the time, he appears in the tie-in comics Superman Adventures #21 and Justice League Unlimited #34 as an Argo City criminal and ally of Jax-Ur and Mala. In the tie-in comic Justice League Beyond 2.0, Zod is revealed to be the adopted son of Jax-Ur and biological son of Justice Lord Superman and Wonder Woman.
 * The Injustice incarnation of General Zod appears in issue #39 of the Injustice 2 prequel comic. Amidst Batman's Insurgency's efforts to rescue the Teen Titans from the Phantom Zone, Zod takes advantage and escapes, killing Tim Drake in the process. An enraged Batman combats Zod with a heavily armored suit and Kryptonite-infused fear gas before Ra's al Ghul sends in Amazo to kill Zod. Charles McNider later uses Zod's heart in a procedure to save Superboy from the Phantom Zone.

Reception
Total Film ranked Zod #32 on their "Top 50 Greatest Villains of All Time" list in 2007. Pop-culture website IGN.com ranked General Zod as #30 on their list of the "Top 100 Comic Book Villains".

title: General Zod


text: User talk:64.76.74.130

title: User talk:64.76.74.130


text: Category:Belarusian scientists

title: Category:Belarusian scientists


text:
Talk:Whirlpool Galaxy

Discrepancies in distance
In the initial blurb about the galaxy it states that it is approximately 31 million LY away, then later says it's distance was derived via supernova to be approximately 23 million LY away. I'm not sure which is the actual correct distance, so I'm just leaving a note here about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.234.90.100 (talk) 20:50, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * It looks like the 23 M Ly is a more recent estimate, which probably should be noted in the article's lead. --George100 (talk) 08:21, 3 June 2011 (UTC)
 * That's correct. I've tried to reconcile this discrepancy in the lede.  Careful With That Axe, Eugene  Hello...  09:12, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

The discrepancy is still there. NASA states 31 million lyr.Paulhummerman (talk) 11:11, 9 September 2021 (UTC)

Look at the Picture
Aside from the extremely fun stuff being discussed here, I think that one point needs to be made extremely clear, and that is; we've found Jesus. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.0.187.255 (talk) 04:12, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

Image:M51 Whirpool Galaxy.JPG
An edit by anonymous user 219.76.96.9 lead me to http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020710.html, the original source of the image. The image is copyrighted, and as I assume that explicit permission has not been obtained to use it, I'm removing it from the page and flagging it as a copyvio. --Ardonik 02:00, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've now obtained permission and re-instated the image. Arcturus 17:56, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Outstanding. Thank you!  --Ardonik.talk 23:21, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Andromeda Galaxy also had an apparent copyvio image from http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040718.html. -- Curps 02:39, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Incomplete/useless references
Some of the references on this web page are incomplete. "STSCI (2001)" simply cannot be used to check the validity of the information (a distance measurement). The Salo & Laurikainen reference is missing the volume number, which is needed for journal references. Someone should clean up these references. George J. Bendo 15:19, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Fixed. WilliamKF 18:59, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you WilliamKF. George J. Bendo 19:37, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Comments on 15 October edts
On 15 October I removed a few rambling statements from the Whirlpool Galaxy article. Whoever had written this article would frequently discuss topics indirectly related or unrelated to M51. This includes a discussion on the large scale structure of the universe which was not appropriate here. I also removed a very poor, very misleading explanation of the interaction-induced spiral arm structure in M51. I may attempt to write a better description once I find a reference. (I may try either the Binney and Tremaine or Binney and Merrifield books for basic descriptions of the process. Papers by Toomre and Toomre may also contain good information.)

I have also revised the description of M51's group membership. Note that four references all indicate that NGC 5194 is not part of the M101 Group. The only places where such an assertion is made is the Ferrarese paper (which seems hesitant in drawing such a conclusion) and the Altas of the Universe website (which has not been reviewed for scientific accuracy like the journal articles cited in the M51 entry). If anyone disagrees with my conclusions, please indicate so here. George J. Bendo 00:43, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Telescope size
You may want to use millimeters (mm) in describing telescope apeture. When converting from apeture in millimeters to apeture in inches, and vice versa, all you would need to do is multiply (in. to mm) or divide (mm to in.) by 25. The use of centimeters can throw one off, especially in the astronomy world, when telescopes under 4 inches are marketed in millimeters and etc. Rwboa22 20:48, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'll change these numbers since it is obvious that no one has raised an objection in the 2 years since Rwboa22 posted their comment.Trilobitealive (talk) 02:05, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Apperance of Whirlpool in a Telescope
I had the privledge to see the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) on Tuesday night/Wednesday morning at a dark sky observing site north of Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, using a 12-inch Dobsonian telescope. Although the comment in the article states that a 150 mm (6-inch.) telescope will show the spiral structure, that is only true with a refractor telescope, which does not have a central obstructuction (i.e. the secondary mirror). For best results, at least a 250 mm (10 in.) or higher telescope with a good wide-field eyepiece would be better. This dark sky sight, roughly 1,100 feet above sea level, allowed me to see a "hint" of spiral arm in the system, and works better at higher magnifications (100X and higher). Rwboa22 20:54, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * While what you saw may be more accurate than the text, you cannot use your own personal observations to write Wikipedia articles. That would be original research, which is avoided in Wikipedia.  Can you supply a reference to support your claim?  (Alternatively, if the Wikipedia article is unreferenced, remove the information from the article.)  Dr. Submillimeter 22:22, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Dates of Sketch and telescope used: 1845 and/or 1847?
Just wondering: In this article the date below the whirlpool galaxy sketch (showing it to be a spiral) by Lord Rosse says 1845, and it is mentioned that he made the sketch with his 72-inch reflecting telescope, but the article on Lord Rosse says that the 72-inch telescope was not put into use until 1847. So, date-wise that seems rather strange: a sketch "attributed to" the 72-inch telescope seems to predate that telescope by two years.

Telescope date of use can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parsons%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse

Mnentro 13:31, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Section /Visual appearance - tagged
Please describe and show examples of what you find "inappropriate for WP" in this section. Without this description no other editor can know exactly why you have tagged this section. SmithBlue (talk) 14:15, 14 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know why they tagged it. I rewrote it in the tone I've seen in other articles and deleted the cleanup notice.Trilobitealive (talk) 02:33, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Factual Error corrected
This article stated that Lord Rosse in 1845 discovered M51, which is impossible since it is a Messier object. Obviously, it was discovered by Messier. I corrected this mistake and included an incomplete reference.

Nick Beeson (talk) 15:03, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Factual Contradicted Distance correction
The distance to M51 is given as 31 million ly in the introduction and 23 +/-4 Mly in the sidebar. The 23 Mly is referenced to 2006. There is no reference for the 31 Mly number; however, Burnham gives 35 Mly. Given this I'm revising the introduction to use 23 Mly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DGamey (talk • contribs) 14:51, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

 * How about +- 10 Megaparsecs? Would that be wrong? Then we could get the Whirlpool Galaxy and the Milky Way galaxy within the confines of a 10 by 10 by 10 Megaparsec Cube. Which would be about a billionth of one estimate of the size of the universe. So it's right around the corner on the universe scale.WFPM (talk) 20:19, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Note when you get into distances related to the size of the universe, it's better to think in terms of Megaparsecs, with 1 Megaparsec being 3.26 million light years or 10E^24.5 light years. In that context, the approximately 10 Megaparsec distance to the Whirlpool is only a short distance relative to the estimated size of the universe. Of course the process whereby any estimate was arrived at would,of course, be interesting.WFPM (talk) 05:03, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

Galaxy: Exploring the milky way
Galaxy: Exploring the milky way says the distance from earth is 37 millionLY away and the size is 100K LY. should i put this in? Mocha2007 (talk) 18:00, 3 December 2010 (UTC) Bold text

Whirlpool name
When or who changed name from M51 to Whirlpool galaxy? John a s (talk) 20:48, 24 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The name was never changed from one to the other, but rather the two names are synonyms for the same object. M51 is the catalog designation from the frequently-used Messier catalogue compiled by Charles Messier, while the name "Whirlpool Galaxy" is the common name by which the galaxy is referred to. They are both valid commonly-used names for the object. StringTheory11 (t • c) 03:39, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I was just wondering when the name Whirlpool galaxy was first used. John a s (talk) 07:32, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

New distance determination
A new precision determination of M51's distance gives it as 8.58 +- 0.1 Mpc. http://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.04120.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.74.105.124 (talk) 00:01, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

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Clockwise ?
"The Whirlpool Galaxy has two, very prominent spiral arms that wind clockwise."

Under the assumption that the tip of a spiral arm is at the trailing end of an arm, these arms are winding counterclockwise.

Spope3 (talk) 23:46, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whirlpool Galaxy


text:
Rick Froberg

Eric Gerald Farr (né Froberg; January 19, 1968 – June 30, 2023) was an American musician and visual artist. In his musical career he was the singer and guitarist for the San Diego-area bands Pitchfork, Drive Like Jehu, and Hot Snakes, performing alongside fellow San Diego musician John Reis. Froberg also played with the Last of the Juanitas, Thingy, Obits, and Crash Worship.

Life and career
Eric Gerald Froberg was born on January 19, 1968, in Santa Monica, California. His family moved to Carlsbad in 1976. Froberg's father changed his family's name to "Farr" in 1979, but Froberg opted to use the original form as his stage name.

In his career as a visual artist and illustrator he created album art, promotional artwork, and merchandise designs for all of his bands as well as for Rocket from the Crypt and Reis' Swami Records label.

Froberg died in San Diego on June 30, 2023, at the age of 55, from an undiagnosed heart condition.

title: Rick Froberg