text:
213 (number)

213 (two hundred [and] thirteen) is the number following 212 and preceding 214.

In mathematics
213 and the other permutations of its digits are the only three-digit number whose digit sums and digit products are equal. It is a member of the quickly-growing Levine sequence, constructed from a triangle of numbers in which each row counts the copies of each value in the row below it.

As the product of the two distinct prime numbers 3 and 71, it is a semiprime, the first of a triple of three consecutive semiprimes 213, 214, and 215. Its square, 2132 = 45369, is one of only 15 known squares that can be represented as a sum of distinct factorials.

title: 213 (number)


text:
212 (number)

212 (two hundred [and] twelve) is the natural number following 211 and preceding 213.

In mathematics

 * $$212=2^{2}\times53$$
 * totient sum for the first 26 integers

In other fields

 * +212 is the code for international direct-dial phone calls to Morocco
 * Area code 212, the first telephone area code used for Manhattan
 * "212" (song), a 2011 song by Harlem rapper Azealia Banks
 * 212 Medea, a very large Main belt asteroid
 * Bell 212 helicopter
 * Type 212 submarine
 * 212, a fragrance by Carolina Herrera
 * 212 action, a mass protest led by Indonesian Islamist groups
 * Unit 212, an Israeli commando unit also known as Maglan
 * In Fahrenheit degrees, the boiling point of water at sea level

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 212 (number)


text:
United States federal judge

In the United States, a federal judge is a judge who serves on a court established under Article Three of the U.S. Constitution. Such judges include the chief justice and associate justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, circuit judges of the U.S. Courts of Appeals, district judges of the U.S. District Courts, and judges of the U.S. Court of International Trade. These judges are often called "Article Three judges".

Federal judges are not elected officials, unlike the president and vice president and U.S. senators and representatives. Instead, they are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The Constitution gives federal judges life tenure, and they hold their seats until they die, resign, or are removed from office through impeachment.

Strictly speaking, the term "federal judge" does not include U.S. magistrate judges or the judges of lesser federal tribunals such as the U.S. Bankruptcy Courts, the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, the U.S. Tax Court, and other "Article One tribunals". Nor does it apply to the administrative law judges of federal government agencies. Although these judges serve on courts of the federal government, they do not have life tenure, and their authority derives from Congress via Article One of the Constitution, not independently via Article Three. These judges are often known as "Article One judges".

Appointments
According to the Appointments Clause of Article Two of the U.S. Constitution, all federal judges, including the judges of the Supreme Court and inferior federal courts created by the Congress, shall be nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The Constitution does not provide any eligibility criteria – such as age, literacy, citizenship, legal education, legal/bar or any professional certification, and legal/judicial experience – for one to be appointed as a federal judge.

Powers and duties
The primary function of the federal judges is to resolve matters brought before the United States federal courts. Most federal courts in the United States are courts of limited jurisdiction, meaning that they hear only cases for which jurisdiction is authorized by the United States constitution or federal statutes.

Federal district courts are authorized to hear a wide range of civil and criminal cases. District court judges are recognized as having a certain degree of inherent authority to manage the matters before them, ranging from setting the dates for trials and hearings to holding parties in contempt or otherwise sanctioning them for improper behavior. In other circumstances their actions are dictated by federal law, the federal rules of procedure, or "local" rules created by the specific court system itself.

Allocation of cases
The chief judge of each district court is responsible for overseeing assignments of judges to cases, following a written policy. For reasons of impartiality, this is typically done by a random drawing or rotation. Judges may also be assigned particular types of cases based on their technical expertise or assigned to cases in a specific geographic location.

Appeals courts and the Supreme Court use similar systems, but depending on the type of filing, may assign one, three, all, or some other number of judges to deal with a particular request. (For example, emergency motions might require a response from only one judge assigned to be on duty for a particular time period, but final decisions in important cases require the whole court.) Appeals courts range in size from 6 (First Circuit) to 29 (Ninth Circuit). Some judges have specific expertise by virtue of which court they sit on. By statute, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has exclusive appellate jurisdiction for patents, trademarks, and certain employee benefits. Because it geographically covers the headquarters of federal agencies, the judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit gain special expertise in administrative and constitutional law.

Tenure
Section 1 of Article Three of the U.S. Constitution provides that federal judges "shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour". This clause has long been interpreted to give federal judges life tenure. Federal judges hold their seats until they resign, die, or are removed from office by impeachment. Although the legal orthodoxy is that judges cannot be removed from office except by Congressional impeachment, several legal scholars, including William Rehnquist, Saikrishna Prakash, and Steven D. Smith, have argued that the Good Behavior Clause may, in theory, permit removal by way of a writ of scire facias filed before a federal court, without resort to impeachment. Deaths of United States federal judges in active service may also have profound political and procedural effects, as such circumstances present substantially less opportunity for preparation for an orderly succession.

Salary
As of 2024, federal judges' annual salaries are: $246,300 for district judges, $257,900 for circuit judges, $298,500 for associate Supreme Court justices, and $312,200 for the Chief Justice of the United States. Chief Justice John Roberts has repeatedly pleaded for an increase in judicial pay, calling the situation "a constitutional crisis that threatens to undermine the strength and independence of the federal judiciary". For some partners at leading law firms, especially in major metropolitan areas, becoming a federal judge can represent a more than 90 percent pay cut. Associates at the largest U.S. law firms with judicial clerkship experience already earn as much as a federal judge in their first year as full-time associates. When those attorneys eventually become experienced partners and reach the stage in life where one would normally consider switching to public service, their interest in joining the judiciary is tempered by the prospect of a giant pay cut back to what they were making 10 to 20 years earlier (adjusted for inflation). One way for attorneys to soften the financial blow is to spend only a few years on the bench and then return to private practice or go into private arbitration, but such turnover creates a risk of a revolving door judiciary subject to regulatory capture. Roberts has warned that "judges are no longer drawn primarily from among the best lawyers in the practicing bar" and "If judicial appointment ceases to be the capstone of a distinguished career and instead becomes a stepping stone to a lucrative position in private practice, the Framers' goal of a truly independent judiciary will be placed in serious jeopardy."

Duty station
Each federal judge serves at a particular "duty station" for the duration of their federal service. This is important because of the relationship among several federal statutes. First, 28 U.S.C. § 456(a) entitles federal judges to reimbursement of transportation and "subsistence" expenses incurred while transacting official business away from their duty stations. Section 456 also prescribes that the District of Columbia is the duty station of all members of the U.S. Supreme Court, the D.C. Circuit, the Federal Circuit, and the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.

Second, there are several reasons federal judges need to transact official business outside of their regular courthouse. 28 U.S.C. §§ 291 and 292 authorize a broad variety of temporary reassignments of circuit and district judges, both horizontally (i.e., to other circuits or districts) and vertically (so that a district judge can hear appeals and a circuit judge can try cases). Many federal judges serve on administrative panels like the judicial council for their circuit or the Judicial Conference of the United States. Some of the larger circuit courts like the Ninth Circuit hold regular sessions at multiple locations, and randomly select three-judge panels to hear appeals from all sitting circuit judges regardless of duty station. (Videoconferencing is sometimes now used to reduce the burden of frequent travel on circuit judges.)

Discipline
The discipline process of federal judges is initiated by the filing of a complaint by any person alleging that a judge has engaged in conduct "prejudicial to the effective and expeditious administration of the business of the courts, or alleging that such judge is unable to discharge all the duties of the office by reason of mental or physical disability." If the chief judge of the circuit does not dismiss the complaint or conclude the proceedings, then they must promptly appoint himself or herself, along with equal numbers of circuit judges and district judges, to a special committee to investigate the facts and allegations in the complaint. The committee must conduct such investigation as it finds necessary and then expeditiously file a comprehensive written report of its investigation with the judicial council of the circuit involved. Upon receipt of such a report, the judicial council of the circuit involved may conduct any additional investigation it deems necessary, and it may dismiss the complaint.

If a judge who is the subject of a complaint holds their office during good behavior, action taken by the judicial council may include certifying disability of the judge. The judicial council may also, in its discretion, refer any complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 351, along with the record of any associated proceedings and its recommendations for appropriate action, to the Judicial Conference of the United States. The Judicial Conference may exercise its authority under the judicial discipline provisions as a conference, or through a standing committee appointed by the chief justice.

Retirement
Judges who meet their age and service requirements may retire and will then earn their final salary for the remainder of their life, plus cost-of-living increases. The "Rule of 80" is the commonly used shorthand for the age and service requirement for a judge to retire, or assume senior status, as set forth in Title 28 of the U.S. Code, section 371(c). Beginning at age 65, judges may retire at their current salary, or take senior status, after performing 15 years of active service as an Article III judge (65 + 15 = 80). A sliding scale of increasing age and decreasing service (66 + 14, 67 + 13, 68 + 12, 69 + 11) results in eligibility for retirement compensation at age 70 with a minimum of 10 years of service (70 + 10 = 80).

Under section 376 a survivor's annuity to benefit the widow, widower or minor child of the judge may be purchased via a deduction of 2.2% to 3.5% from the retirement benefit.

Number of judges
There are currently 890 authorized Article III judgeships: nine on the Supreme Court, 179 on the courts of appeals, 677 for the US District Courts (includes territorial courts), 16 on the US Court of Federal Claims* and nine on the Court of International Trade.

The total number of active federal judges is constantly in flux, for two reasons. First, judges retire or die, and a lapse of time occurs before new judges are appointed to fill those positions. Second, from time to time Congress will increase (or, less frequently, decrease) the number of federal judgeships in a particular judicial district, usually in response to shifting population numbers or a changing workload in that district. Although the number of Supreme Court justices has remained the same for well over a century, the number of court of appeals judges has more than doubled since 1950, and the number of district court judges has increased more than three-fold in that period. In addition, some district court judges serve on more than one court at a time.

Non-Article III judges
Unlike the judges of Article III courts, non-Article III judges are appointed for specified terms of office. Examples include United States magistrate judges and judges of the United States bankruptcy courts, United States Tax Court, United States Court of Federal Claims, and United States territorial courts. Although the term "non-Article III judges" is used to describe the absence of tenure and salary protection, bankruptcy courts are formally designated as divisions of U.S. District Courts, whose district judges are Article III judicial officers. Moreover, in Freytag v. Commissioner, 501 U.S. 868 (1991), the Supreme Court concluded that the judges of the U.S. Tax Court (and their special trial judges) exercise a portion of "the judicial power of the United States."

title: United States federal judge


text:
Dazzy Vance

Charles Arthur "Dazzy" Vance (March 4, 1891 – February 16, 1961) was an American professional baseball player. He played as a pitcher for five different franchises in Major League Baseball (MLB) in a career that spanned twenty years. Known for his impressive fastball, Vance was the only pitcher to lead the National League in strikeouts seven consecutive seasons. Vance was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955.

Early life
Born in Orient, Iowa, Vance spent most of his childhood in Nebraska. He played semipro baseball there, then signed on with a minor league baseball team out of Red Cloud, Nebraska, a member of the Nebraska State League, in 1912. After pitching for two other Nebraska State League teams in 1913 (Superior) and 1914 (Hastings Giants), Vance made a brief major league debut with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1915 and appeared with the New York Yankees that year as well. However, it took several years before he established himself as a major league player.

Vance was discovered to have an arm injury in 1916 and was given medical treatment. He continued to work on his pitching in the minor leagues, appearing with teams in Columbus, Ohio; Toledo, Ohio; Memphis, Tennessee; Rochester, New York; and Sacramento, California. Vance only reappeared in the major leagues once for the Yankees, pitching two games in 1918. Vance said he was suddenly able to throw hard again in 1921 while pitching for the New Orleans Pelicans of the Southern Association: he struck out 163 batters and finished the season with a 21–11 win–loss record. The Pelicans sold his contract to the Brooklyn Robins in 1922. The Robins wanted to acquire catcher Hank DeBerry, but the Pelicans refused to complete the deal unless Vance was included in the transaction.

Major league career
Vance and DeBerry formed a successful battery during their tenure with Brooklyn. In 1922, Vance produced an 18–12 record with a 3.70 earned run average (ERA) and a league-leading 134 strikeouts. His best individual season came in 1924, when he led the National League in wins (28), strikeouts (262) and ERA (2.16)—the pitching Triple Crown—en route to winning the National League Most Valuable Player Award. Vance set the then-National League record for strikeouts in a nine-inning game when he fanned 15 Chicago Cubs in a game on August 23, 1924. He later struck-out 17 batters in a 10-inning game in 1925.

On September 24, 1924, Vance became the sixth pitcher in major-league history to pitch an immaculate inning, striking out all three batters on nine total pitches in the third inning of a game against the Cubs. He finished the season with 262 strikeouts, more than any two National League pitchers combined (Burleigh Grimes with 135 and Dolf Luque with 86 were second and third respectively). That season, Vance had one out of every 13 strikeouts in the entire National League. Vance pitched a no-hitter on September 13, 1925, against the Philadelphia Phillies, winning 10–1.

Vance was involved in one of the most famous flubs in baseball history, the "three men on third" incident during the 1926 season. With Vance on second and Chick Fewster on first, Babe Herman hit a long ball and began racing around the bases. As Herman rounded second, the third base coach yelled at him to go back, since Fewster had not yet passed third. Vance, having rounded third, misunderstood and reversed course, returning to third. Fewster arrived at third. Herman ignored the instruction and also arrived at third. The third baseman tagged out Herman and Fewster; Vance was declared safe by rule.

Vance's play began to decline in the early 1930s and he bounced to the St. Louis Cardinals (becoming a member of the team known as the Gashouse Gang), Cincinnati Reds and back to the Dodgers. On September 12, 1934, Vance hit his seventh and final major league home run at 43 years and 6 months, the second oldest pitcher to do so to this day. However, just a week later commenting for a newspaper article, Vance said that he did not recommend baseball as a career to young men. Vance pointed out that very few people could make a good living out of it, especially during a time when increasing major league salaries were attracting many college-educated men who would have previously chosen other work.

Vance retired after the 1935 season. He led the league in ERA three times, wins twice, and established a National League record by leading the league in strikeouts in seven consecutive years (1922–1928). Vance retired with a 197–140 record, 2,045 strikeouts and a 3.24 ERA — remarkable numbers considering he saw only 33 innings of big league play during his twenties.

Later life
Vance enjoyed hunting and fishing when he retired to Homosassa Springs, Florida, where he had lived since the 1920s. In 1938, Vance became ill with pneumonia. The illness worsened and kept him hospitalized for several months. Vance recovered and became a frequent guest at Brooklyn old-timers games.

Vance was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955. He learned of his election when a highway patrolman got his attention on a local highway and told him that a photographer was at his house. A Dazzy Vance Day celebration was held in Brooklyn. Biographer John Skipper characterized his Hall of Fame induction as "subdued" compared to the celebration in Brooklyn.

Vance died of a heart attack in 1961 in Homosassa Springs. His obituary in The Sporting News said that he had been under a doctor's care but that he was active and thought to be in relatively good health when he died. His survivors included his wife Edyth and a daughter.

Legacy
In 1981, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time. Vance is mentioned in the 1949 poem "Line-Up for Yesterday" by Ogden Nash:

title: Dazzy Vance


text:
Buckie Thistle F.C.

Buckie Thistle Football Club are a senior football club based in the town of Buckie, Moray, who currently play in Scotland's Highland Football League. Founded in 1889, they are also known as The Jags and play their football at Victoria Park, Buckie.

History
Although there is no accurate date for Buckie Thistle's formation, it is widely accepted that the club was formed in 1889. The early years saw the club play a number of challenge matches before being accepted into the Banff and District League. It was not until the 1909–10 season that Buckie Thistle joined the Highland League, becoming the first team from Banffshire to be accepted into the league, with Morayshire having been represented for several years by Forres Mechanics and Elgin City. Buckie have since gone on to win eleven league titles as well as numerous cup competitions, although they had to wait fifty-two years between their eighth (1957–58) and ninth (2009–10) title wins.

Buckie Thistle's first-choice kit is identical to that of Celtic's green and white hoops, and local legend has it that Celtic donated the strips to the club. In 1989 Celtic came north to play a friendly to mark The Jags centenary year and earlier, at the start of the decade, had visited Victoria Park to play in a fund-raising match for the spires appeal of St. Peters RC Church, Buckie.

The 1950s was a decade when all trophies available were won with regularity. It was during this era that Buckie Thistle travelled to Hampden Park to meet Queen's Park in a Scottish Cup 4th round replay on 30 October 1954, prevailing 2–1 and thus becoming the first – and still only – senior non-league club to have won a competitive match at the national stadium. The ambitious club board has extensively developed the stadium in recent years, with a function hall being built within the perimeter of the ground, enabling sponsors and spectators to enjoy licensed and catering facilities pre- and post-match at the venue.

Horror author Stephen King mentioned Buckie Thistle in his 2020 book If It Bleeds. He then sent The Jags two copies of the book to be auctioned and a picture of himself in their football strip.

Season 2007–08
Buckie Thistle bolstered their squad for the 2007–08 season with the signings of Craig MacMillan, Tony Low, Graeme Stewart, David Macrae, Brian Neill, Bob Duncan and Andrew Courage. The Jags started the season as one of the favourites to win the league title for the first time in 50 years and managed to live up to this tag early on with an opening day victory over Fraserburgh followed by a first round win away to Cove Rangers in the Aberdeenshire Cup. Buckie went on to lift the Aberdeenshire Cup with a 1–0 victory over Keith in the final after beating rivals Deveronvale in the semi-final.

Buckie went on to complete the Aberdeenshire Double by winning the Shield with a 3–0 victory over Inverurie Loco Works in the final, having defeated Fraserburgh and Huntly on the way to the final.

In their Scottish Cup campaign, Buckie started off with a 2–1 victory away to Glasgow University in the first round. It was the first year that all Highland League sides entered the Scottish Cup proper without having to qualify and Buckie looked to make the most of the opportunity to go far. The Jags progressed to the Third Round of the competition after defeating Highland League rivals Nairn County 4–1. Thistle were then handed a tough tie against Scottish First Division side Greenock Morton. After going 2–0 down early they fought back to 2–2, only for Morton to score a last minute winner and knock Buckie out of the cup.

After a good start to the league campaign, the second half of the season went less well after going out of the Scottish Cup. Buckie failed to beat fellow title rivals such as Keith and Cove Rangers and this ultimately ended their title hopes. Craig MacMillan was Buckie's top goalscorer in 2007–08, scoring 21 goals, while Stephen Bruce scored a total of 11 goals.

On 20 April 2008, former Aberdeen, Chelsea, Blackburn Rovers and Scotland international Striker Duncan Shearer was sacked as manager of Buckie Thistle. Shearer was sacked just one day after a home defeat to Cove Rangers which all but ended Thistle's hopes of winning the league championship. During Shearer's reign as manager he managed to win the Aberdeenshire Cup twice and the Aberdeenshire Shield once.

On 13 May 2008 Kevin and Doug Will were revealed as Buckie Thistle's new management team for a second spell.

Season 2008–09
Early transfer activity in what was the Wills second spell in charge saw Graeme Stewart leaving for Inverurie Locos before striker Charlie Brown arrived from Forres Mechanics. In addition Iain Good and Donnie Monro (returning to the club) were brought in from Peterhead and Martin Charlesworth from Elgin City. A late arrival to the club saw 23-year-old defender Stuart Cumming sign from Montrose in September.

On 17 October, Buckie Thistle announced the sacking of Kevin and Doug Will after a start to the season which saw the club fall 15 points behind in the league and get knocked out of the Challenge Cup, Aberdeenshire Cup and Aberdeenshire Shield. The 3–1 defeat to Junior Side Banks O'Dee in the Aberdeenshire Shield was their final game in charge.

Buckie appointed Gregg Carrol as manager on 21 October. Carrol had in fact already been offered the job back in May but had rejected it. Carrol was unable to prevent a 3–0 defeat to Lochee United in his first game in charge in the Scottish Cup. Buckie then suffered a 3–2 defeat to Clachnacuddin in the league before embarking on a nine-game winning streak, including wins over rivals Deveronvale and a 7–1 victory over Fort William leading them to be in contention for the title.

Season 2009–10
Despite losing their opening two league games, Buckie went on to win the League Championship for the first time in 52 years, clinching the title on 1 May following a 3–0 win at Wick Academy. In addition they also won the Aberdeenshire Cup beating Cove Rangers 2–0 in September 2009, with both goals being scored by Stephen Bruce.

Season 2010–11
On 7 May 2011, Buckie defeated their local rivals and nearest challengers Deveronvale 2–1 at Victoria Park to clinch the title for the second year in succession. Goals from Martin Charlesworth and Andy Low overturned an opening goal by Mark Chisholm. This was the first time that the Jags had won back to back titles since 1956–57 and 1957–58. In addition to retaining the League championship the club were runners up in the Aberdeenshire Cup, this time losing to Cove Rangers and reached the fifth round of the Scottish Cup narrowly losing 2–0 to Brechin City.

Season 2011–12
The club entered the Challenge Cup for the first time, and were drawn away to Forfar Athletic in the first round. They lost 5–4 on penalties following a very creditable 1–1 draw. The season ended on a high note when the club won the Highland League Cup, beating Cove Rangers 2–0 at Banff.

However, they could not make it three Highland League titles in a row, as they finished fifth. The title was won by Forres Mechanics.

It was officially announced on 4 June 2012 that Gregg Carroll had resigned his post as Buckie Thistle manager and retired from football. He was replaced by his former assistant Gary Hake and then by Graeme Stewart who is the current manager.

Club honours
Highland Football League:
 * Champions: 1919–20, 1926–27, 1927–28, 1933–34, 1936–37, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1957–58, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2016–17, 2023–24

Highland League Cup:
 * Winners: 1953–54, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1979–80, 1986–87, 2011–12

Aberdeenshire Cup:
 * Winners: 1936–37, 1938–39, 1945–46, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1984–85, 1986–87, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2016–17

Aberdeenshire Shield:
 * Winners: 1992–93, 2007–08

Scottish Qualifying Cup (North):
 * Winners: 1952–53, 1953–54, 1958–59, 2003–04

Aberdeenshire League:
 * Winners: 1923–24, 1924–25, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1938–39, 1945–46, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1952–53, 2002–03, 2003–04

Elgin District Cup:
 * Winners: 1901–02, 1912–13, 1913–14

title: Buckie Thistle F.C.


text:
User:Toadguy

Hi I am Toadguy I am 13 years old and grow up on Videogames my name is Bob and I enjoy TV and my life is Mario my best friends are Tom, Steven, Josh, William, John and Jake. I have a younger brother named Jacob and a older sister named Yolanda. I also have a brother Bill, but he is a loser, and I hate him. I live in Westland. and enjoy having touraments in SSBM with my friends.

title: User:Toadguy


text:
Clachnacuddin F.C.

Clachnacuddin Football Club is a part-time, senior Scottish football club based in the city of Inverness, that currently plays in the Highland Football League.

Clachnacuddin have won the most Highland Football League championships in the competition's history: a total of 18. Their home ground is Grant Street Park in the city's Merkinch area. They also have a youth system, with many teams ranging from the primary squads to the under 19s.

The club operates a reserve team in the North Caledonian Football League, which they rejoined in 2022–23 after withdrawing at the start of the 2014–15 season.

They were founded in 1885 and are nicknamed "The Lilywhites" (due to their white strip) or "Clach". Their name is an English approximation of a Scots Gaelic name meaning "the stone of the tub", referring to a city landmark in Inverness.

As a full member of the Scottish FA, they are entitled to enter the Scottish Cup each year.

Ground
Clachnacuddin have played at Grant Street Park in the Merkinch area of Inverness since the ground opened in 1886. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 3,000 spectators.

On 23 May 1988 a major fire destroyed Grant Street's wooden grandstand with vandalism blamed.

On the morning of Christmas Eve 2019, a fire broke out in the kit room due to an electrical fault in a tumble drier. As a result, Clachnacuddin's home game against Formartine United was called off. Following this incident, Clach were put into a temporary groundshare with Highland RFC at Canal Park, in the Bught area of Inverness.

Honours

 * Highland Football League
 * Champions: 1894–95, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1900–01, 1902–03, 1903–04, 1904–05, 1905–06, 1907–08, 1911–12, 1920–21, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1923–24, 1938–39, 1947–48, 1974–75, 2003–04
 * Highland League Cup
 * Winners: 1947–48, 1950–51, 1981–82, 2003–04, 2013–14
 * North of Scotland Cup
 * Winners: 1894–95, 1895–96, 1897–98, 1899–1900, 1902–03, 1903–04, 1905–06, 1906–07, 1919–20, 1920–21, 1922–23, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1953–54, 1964–65, 1979–80, 1992–93, 2001–02
 * Inverness Cup
 * Winners: 1897–98, 1900–01 1903–04, 1904–05, 1906–07, 1909–10, 1919–20, 1921–22, 1923–24, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1936–37, 1951–52, 1952–53
 * Scottish Qualifying Cup (North)
 * Winners: 1934–35, 1938–39, 1947–48, 1974–75, 1998–99
 * Bells Cup
 * Winners: 1977–78
 * Inverness Charity Cup
 * Winners: 1896–97, 1897–98, 1903–04, 1904–05, 1920–21, 1927–28, 1932–33, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1947–48, 1948–49
 * Elginshire Charity Cup
 * Winners: 1896–97, 1897–98, 1899–1900, 1905–06
 * Inverness Sports Bed Cup
 * Winners: 1937–38

Club records

 * Record attendance: 8,850 vs St Johnstone, 17 January 1948

title: Clachnacuddin F.C.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Veon Prism

Veon Prism was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

This rant-like article actually has an interesting history. It started as a tirade by User:ThunderBunny sometime last August, but he evidently repented and blanked the page in December. A wary anonymous Wikipedian reverted the "vandalism." :-) The article is the antithesis of NPOV, and I think it should go.  --Ardonik 00:03, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)

Quite humorous rant of a small video game company, notable in the industry by being operated by, organized, and worked by one person. ;-) If I weren't a wikipedian, I would say KEEP based on its novelty and humor. But we can't have that on here, can we.  --G3pro This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete and move to BJAODN: It is kind of amusing.  The history is the funniest part. Geogre 02:16, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * ROFL. Sounds like some people I've met on Wikipedia.  Speaking of which, the sooner we delete this, the better, because I really do not want the subject of this article to be attracted here.  Isomorphic 04:17, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The company's web site contains the guy's CV - he has no professional experience. Delete. Secretlondon 05:13, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Update (no vote): ThunderBunny has since thanked me for moving the page to VfD. --Ardonik 07:04, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)


text:
CRC Press

The CRC Press, LLC is an American publishing group that specializes in producing technical books. Many of their books relate to engineering, science and mathematics. Their scope also includes books on business, forensics and information technology. CRC Press is now a division of Taylor & Francis, itself a subsidiary of Informa.

History
The CRC Press was founded as the Chemical Rubber Company (CRC) in 1903 by brothers Arthur, Leo and Emanuel Friedman in Cleveland, Ohio, based on an earlier enterprise by Arthur, who had begun selling rubber laboratory aprons in 1900. The company gradually expanded to include sales of laboratory equipment to chemists. In 1913 the CRC offered a short (116-page) manual called the Rubber Handbook as an incentive for any purchase of a dozen aprons. Since then the Rubber Handbook has evolved into the CRC's flagship book, the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.

In 1964, Chemical Rubber decided to focus on its publishing ventures, and in 1973 the company changed its name to CRC Press, Inc, and exited the manufacturing business, spinning off that line as the Lab Apparatus Company.

In 1986 CRC Press was bought by the Times Mirror Company. Times Mirror began exploring the possibility of a sale of CRC Press in 1996, and in December announced the sale of CRC to Information Ventures. In 2003, CRC became part of Taylor & Francis, which in 2004 became part of the UK publisher Informa.

title: CRC Press


text:
Mechai Viravaidya

Mechai Viravaidya (born 17 January 1941, มีชัย วีระไวทยะ; ) is a former politician and activist in Thailand known for promoting condoms, family planning, and AIDS awareness. Since the 1970s, Mechai has been affectionately called "Mr. Condom", and condoms are often referred to as "mechais" in Thailand. From the time that he began his work, the average number of children in Thai families has decreased from 7 to 1.5. He has been credited with leading efforts that improved the lives of millions of people.

Early life
Viravaidya was born in Bangkok to a Scottish mother and a Thai father, both of whom were doctors and had met while studying in Edinburgh. He is one of four children. His younger brother, Sunya, is the founder of the Pattaya International Hospital. One of his sisters, Sumalee Viravaidya, was a journalist in the 1970s, writing for the Bangkok Post and The Nation. Viravaidya was educated in Australia at Geelong Grammar School and at Trinity College of the University of Melbourne, where he obtained a Bachelor of Commerce degree. In 1965, he returned to Thailand and in 1966, he started to work in family planning, emphasizing the use of condoms. In 1973, he left the civil service and founded a nonprofit service organization, the Population and Community Development Association (PDA), to continue his efforts to improve the lives of the rural poor. He used such events as condom-blowing contests for schoolchildren, encouraging taxi drivers to hand out condoms to their customers, and founding a restaurant chain called Cabbages and Condoms, where condoms were given to customers with the bill.

Next to the original restaurant, in Bangkok, there is a family planning clinic, one of several places in the Thai capital where poor women can receive pregnancy termination, a practice that is legal in the country per Section 305 of the Thai penal code but often perceived as illegal. The clinic is permitted by the authorities due to the dangers of unsafe abortion caused by economic difficulties.

Later life
Viravaidya served as deputy minister of industry from 1985 to 1986, under prime minister Prem Tinsulanonda. He later served as senator from 1987 until 1991. During this time, AIDS appeared in Thailand, and he increased his efforts to promote sexual-safety awareness.

A military coup in 1991 installed prime minister Anand Panyarachun, who then appointed Viravaidya minister for tourism, information, and AIDS. He was able to start a large, successful AIDS education campaign and served until 1992. At that time, he became the chairman of the Foundation for International Education, a nonprofit organization that serves as the governing body of the NIST International School. Viravaidya continued to serve as chair until stepping down in May 2002.

In 1995, he was appointed an honorary officer of the Order of Australia, for "service to Australian-Thai relations and contributions to the world AIDS debate".

In 2004, Viravaidya again became a senator. In 2006, he won praise from the toilet industry (but criticism from the retail industry) for proposing that retailers be obliged to build a public toilet for every ten square metres of retail space.

As of 2007, Viravaidya continued to oversee rural development and health initiatives as the chairman of PDA, now the largest NGO in Thailand, with 600 employees and 12,000 volunteers. On 29 May 2007, PDA was awarded the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Gates Award in recognition of its pioneering work in family planning and HIV/AIDS prevention. This award came with a grant of $1,000,000.

title: Mechai Viravaidya


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Tboli people

The Tboli people are an Austronesian ethnic group native to South Cotabato in southern Mindanao in the Philippines.

Tbolis currently reside on the mountain slopes on either side of the upper Alah Valley and the coastal area of Maitum, Maasim and Kiamba in the province of Sarangani. In former times, the Tbolis also resided in the upper floor of the Alah Valley. After World War II and the arrival of settlers from other parts of the Philippines, they have been gradually pushed to the mountain slopes. As of now, they have almost been expelled from the fertile valley floor.

Like their immediate neighbouring ethnic groups, the Úbûs, Blàan, Blit, Tàú-Segél, and the Tasaday, they have historically been described as pagans, animists, etc., as opposed to Muslim peoples or Christian settlers. In political contexts, however, the Cebuano term "Lumad" ("native") has become an umbrella term for the various polytheistic peoples of Mindanao.

In ethnographic and linguistic literature on Mindanao, their name is variously spelt Tboli, T'boli, Tböli, Tagabili, Tagabilil, Tagabulul and Tau Bilil. Their endonym is Tboli. Their whereabouts and identity are somewhat imprecise in the literature; some publications present the Tboli and the Tagabili as distinct peoples; some locate the Tbolis in the vicinity of Lake Buluan in the Cotabato Basin or in Agusan del Norte.

Tbolis speak their native language of the same name. However, over the decades, Tbolis can speak and understand Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Tagalog and to the some extent, Ilocano, alongside their own native language. These languages were brought and introduced by these settlers from Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Negros, Panay, Tagalog-speaking regions, Central Luzon and Ilocandia, upon their arrival into Tboli homelands during the early 20th century.

They are considered to be an indigenous people in Philippine law.

Music
The Tboli have a musical heritage consisting of various types of agung ensembles – ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs that act as drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.

Other instruments include the hegelung.

Tboli religion
The Tboli have a tradition of a highly complex polytheistic religion. However, more recent variants of their religion have been influenced by Islam and Christianity. Nevertheless, some continue to preserve religious practices from thousands of years old traditions.

Immortals

 * Bulon La Mogoaw: one of two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe
 * Kadaw La Sambad: the second supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe
 * Cumucul: son of the supreme deities; has a cohort of fire, a sword, and shield; married to Boi’Kafil
 * Boi’Kafil: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Cumucul
 * Bong Libun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to S’fedat; could not bear children
 * S’fedat: son of the supreme deities; married to Bong Libun; could not bear children; asked Bong Libun to instead kill him, where his body became the land from which plants spout from
 * D’wata: son of the supreme deities; married to both Sedek We and Hyu We; placed the land-body of S’fedat on the sea
 * Sedek We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata
 * Hyu We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata
 * Blotik: son of the supreme deities; married to S’lel
 * S’lel: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Blotik
 * B’lomi: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Mule
 * Mule: son of the supreme deities; married to B’lomi
 * Loos K’lagan: son of the supreme deities; married to both La Fun and Datu B’noling
 * La Fun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan
 * Datu B’noling: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan
 * Children of D’wata and Hyu We
 * L’tik
 * B’langa
 * Temo Lus
 * T’dolok
 * Ginton
 * L’mugot M’ngay
 * Fun Bulol: the owner of wild animals
 * Children of D’wata and Sedek We
 * Kayung
 * Slew
 * S’mbleng
 * Nagwawang
 * Nga Hule
 * S’ntan
 * Fu: spirits that inhabit and own the natural environment
 * Fu El: the spirit of water
 * Fu El Melel: the spirit of the river
 * D’wata (general): the generic term for the gods; guard lives and determine fate and destiny
 * Muhen: a god of fate in the form of a bird whose song when heard is thought to presage misfortune; any undertaking is immediately abandoned or postponed when one hears the Muhen sing
 * Glinton: the god of metallurgy

title: Tboli people


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User talk:NickVeys

Capybara
Chevrotain? Try some Capybara instead!

 * [[Image:Capybara Hattiesburg Zoo (70909b-42) 2560x1600.jpg|300px]]

Cburnett (talk) 23:35, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

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title: User talk:NickVeys


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Decriminalization

Decriminalization or decriminalisation is the legislative process which removes prosecutions against an action so that the action remains illegal but has no criminal penalties or at most some civil fine. This reform is sometimes applied retroactively but otherwise comes into force from either the enactment of the law or from a specified date. In some cases regulated permits or fines may still apply (for contrast, see: legalization), and associated aspects of the original criminalized act may remain or become specifically classified as crimes. The term was coined by anthropologist Jennifer James to express sex workers' movements' "goals of removing laws used to target prostitutes", although it is now commonly applied to drug policies. The reverse process is criminalization.

Decriminalization reflects changing social and moral views. A society may come to the view that an act is not harmful, should no longer be criminalised, or is otherwise not a matter to be addressed by the criminal justice system. Examples of subject matter which have been the subject of changing views on criminality over time in various societies and countries include:

 * Abortion (see: abortion law and abortion-rights movements)
 * Breastfeeding in public
 * Drug possession, and recreational drug use (see: drug liberalization)
 * Euthanasia (see: legality of euthanasia)
 * Gambling (see: gambling age)
 * Homosexuality (see: decriminalization of homosexuality and LGBT rights by country or territory)
 * Polygamy (see: legality of polygamy)
 * Prostitution (see: decriminalization of sex work)
 * Public nudity
 * steroid use in sport
 * Suicide (see: suicide legislation)

In a federal country, acts may be decriminalized by one level of government while still subject to penalties levied by another; for example, possession of a decriminalized drug may still be subject to criminal charges by one level of government, but another may yet impose a monetary fine. This should be contrasted with legalization, which removes all or most legal detriments from a previously illegal act.

Drug-use decriminalization topics

 * Colorado Amendment 64
 * Law Enforcement Against Prohibition
 * Legal history of cannabis in the United States
 * Legality of cannabis
 * Marijuana Policy Project
 * Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States
 * Responsible drug use
 * Timeline of cannabis law
 * War on Drugs

title: Decriminalization


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Magical Drop

Magical Drop (マジカルドロップ), sometimes referred to in Japanese as MagiDro (マジドロ), is a series of puzzle games first released in the arcade, and later primarily for several platforms such as the Neo Geo Arcade, Super Famicom, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, Bandai WonderSwan, GBC and the Neo Geo Pocket Color; most of which were published by Data East.

Gameplay
A stack of random colored bubbles descend from the top, and a player is defeated when a bubble hits the bottom. Bubbles can be picked up and dropped by the player's clown at the bottom, and are destroyed when three or more of the same color are put together on a single column. Chains are formed either when a single drop caused a chain reaction, or when more than one group of bubbles is destroyed in quick succession. The game is normally played with two players (one may be a computer opponent), and chains cause the opponent's stack to descend faster.

There are 24 characters, all but the Black Pierrot being named after a tarot card (although the Strength card has been represented by two characters throughout the series). Different characters have different attack patterns. The columns of the opponent's stack will descend at different rates relative to each other depending on the character chosen. This causes a disjunction of colors that may make it more difficult for the other player to clear their stack. For example, with the character Devil, all the columns will descend at the same rate, whereas with Sun, the middle columns will descend faster than the others.

History
Magical Drop is based on a game called Drop-Drop created by Russ Ltd, a Russian company.

In 1995, Data East released the first game in the series as a coin-operated version of this game titled Magical Drop (known in North America as Chain Reaction). Despite the arcade game being released worldwide while using the English title in North America and Europe, Data East gave the official English names of its successors the same names as their Japanese counterparts, while the home versions of the first game were never released outside Japan. The series became better known for its Neo Geo sequels, Magical Drop II and Magical Drop III, due to the popularity of the Neo Geo platform. The last games in the series released in the United States were Magical Drop Pocket for the Neo Geo Pocket Color in 1999 and Magical Drop for the Game Boy Color in 2000.

G-mode bought and currently now owns the intellectual rights to the Magical Drop franchise along with several other of Data East's franchises and titles. While Data East declared bankruptcy in 2003, other publishers have re-released the PlayStation titles Magical Drop 3 + Wonderful and Magical Drop F. Magical Drop II and Magical Drop III are also available on the subscription service GameTap. In 2007, the Super Famicom version of the first Magical Drop title was released in Japan on the Virtual Console for the Wii by G-mode. In 2009, versions of Magical Drop for Android phones and iPhone were released in May and September, respectively.

Magical Drop II was released on the Virtual Console by G-mode in May 25, 2010. The same year, Magical Drop III was included as part of Data East Arcade Classics and released on the Virtual Console in Japan on July 6. UTV Ignition Entertainment published a new sequel, Magical Drop V. Handled by the French developer Golgoth Studio, the game was released for PC on November 15, 2012. Another sequel by Forever Entertainment is scheduled to be released on Nintendo Switch in winter 2022.

Introduced in Magical Drop

 * Fool: A little man wearing a purple robe. He is always seen carrying a cat with him, which happens to share the same mannerisms as him. In the sequel, it is revealed in his ending that there are, in fact, two Fools, and they are brothers.
 * Magician: A young man with a narcissistic streak. While seeming mature, he has an absurd sense of humor.
 * High Priestess: A scholarly young lady who spends most of her time reading books.
 * Chariot: A hot-blooded knight who has no fear and never backs down from danger.
 * Devil: A mischievous young boy with demonic traits such as horns and dragon wings.
 * Star: A girl who carries two jugs of water. While cheerful, she can also turn into a crybaby.
 * World: A goddess-like woman with three eyes and a ribbon covering parts of her body. She debuted in the original game as the final opponent and was not playable until the sequel.

Introduced in Magical Drop II

 * Justice: A teenage girl with a strong sense of justice, true to her namesake.
 * Strength: A muscular man who wears iron knuckles. He is sometimes referred to as Father Strength.
 * Empress: A villainous woman who wears a dominatrix outfit, though she was originally a kind and gentle woman. She debuted in the game as the final opponent.
 * Black Pierrot: An evil jester-like demon who acts as the game's secret boss. He was responsible for the corruption of Empress.

Introduced in Magical Drop III

 * Emperor
 * Hierophant
 * Lovers
 * Young Strength
 * Death
 * Temperance
 * Sun
 * Judgement
 * Hermit
 * Moon
 * Hanged Man
 * Tower
 * Wheel of Fortune

Magical Drop Touch
The fifth game was developed by Data East staff and published by G-mode and released on October 20, 2009 for the iOS and Android platform. The game was specifically designed to make use of touch screen and respond to screen tilting and incorporates only six characters from the first two games. The game was discontinued in March 2012.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Magical Drop on their September 1, 1995 issue as being the tenth most-successful arcade game of the month. A review of the arcade version of the original game in Next Generation stated: "Chain Reaction is proving quite popular in Japan, despite the fact that this kind of game has been around now for at least five years". The reviewer scored the game two out of five stars, concluding that "it's not brilliant nor innovative, certainly not new, but it's fun and as addictive as sex after lunch... in a jester suit". Mean Machines gave the Saturn version an 84 out of 100, with the reviewers remarking that the game is addictive and offers numerous options, but is frustratingly difficult in single-player mode. They disagreed as to whether it is better or worse than its competitor Baku Baku Animal.

In Japan, Game Machine listed Magical Drop II on their May 1, 1996 issue as being the fifth most-successful arcade game of the month. Next Generation gave the Neo Geo AES version of Magical Drop II three out of five stars, saying that it becomes monotonous after a while, but is overall solid and reasonably addictive. He found the game's most distinctive quality was its accelerated pace, remarking that "you don't have to be as precise as [in] some puzzle games, but there is no time to think, just time to do". Reviewing the Nintendo Switch release, Nintendo Life called it "a true classic, and a must-play for puzzle game fans". Similarly to Next Generation, the reviewer said that the game is defined by how it rewards fast reflexes rather than strategy, particularly noting that there is no need to plan out combos as in most games of its type, a variation which he found "nothing short of exhilarating". Additionally praising the colorful atmosphere and presentation, catchy music, engaging multiplayer, and ideal use of the Joy-Con controller, he gave it 8 out of 10 stars.

In Japan, Game Machine listed Magical Drop III on their April 1, 1997 issue as being the third most-successful arcade game of the month.

Engadget and Destructoid gave Magical Drop V mixed-to-negative reviews, citing numerous glitches, lack of series-staple features and mechanics, and an incredibly poor translation.

title: Magical Drop


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Francesco Fontana

Francesco Fontana (c. 1585, Naples – July 1656, Naples) was an Italian lawyer and an astronomer.

Biography
Francesco Fontana studied law at the University of Naples and then he became a lawyer in the court at the Castel Capuano. But failing to always find truth in the Court, he began to study mathematics and astronomy. He created woodcuts showing the Moon and the planets as he saw them through a self-constructed telescope. Fontana was close to the botanist Fabio Colonna, who commissioned him to make microscopic observations in 1625, and the Neapolitan Jesuits, and in particular Fathers Gerolamo Sersale, Giovanni Battista Zupi and Giovanni Giacomo Staserio. Fontana traced, in 1636, the first drawing of Mars and discovered its rotation. In February 1646 he published the book Novae coelestium terrestriumq[ue] rerum observationes, et fortasse hactenus non-vulgatae, where he presented all the observations of the Moon made from 1629 until 1645, the drawings of the bands seen on Jupiter's disc, the strange appearances of Saturn, as well as of the stars of the Milky Way. With a Fontana's telescope, the Jesuit Giovanni Battista Zupi observed for the first time in 1639 the phases of Mercury, an evidence, together with the phases of Venus observed by Galileo in 1610, that the Copernicus's heliocentric theory was correct.

In the autumn of 1639, testing a 22-palm telescope of his own making, Fontana discovered the characteristic bands of Jupiter's atmosphere.

In 1645, he claimed to have observed a satellite of Venus (Paul Stroobant demonstrated in 1887 that all similar observations were not related to a putative satellite of Venus).

He died of plague in Naples with the whole family in July 1656.

The lunar crater Fontana and the crater Fontana on Mars are named in his honor.

Telescope
Fontana began his career as optician around 1620, acquiring a certain reputation with the members of the Accademia dei Lincei, for whom he made numerous microscopes and with whom he worked as microscopist. Near the end of the decade this collaboration terminated, perhaps due to Fontana’s close ties with the Neapolitan Jesuits, hostile to the ideas of Galileo. Fontana had also built small telescopes at least as early as 1626, and was already producing instruments eight palms long by 1629. It was some years, however, before his fame spread beyond Naples and the narrow circle of the Linceans, whose chief interest was naturalist research. In early 1637, some of Fontana’s lenses arrived in Rome.

By early 1637, Fontana was already making telescopes much larger than those commonly used at the time. Since he had first entered the field of astronomy, in fact, the structure of the telescope had remained unchanged, as well as its size, and hence its magnifying power. Fontana’s instrument thus marked a major turning point, showing that the telescope, far from having fully expressed all its potential, could still be greatly improved; and not in size alone. Since his first model known to us Fontana had, in fact, adopted the converging eyepiece. This optical combination had already been theorised by Kepler in his Dioptrice, published in Augsburg in 1611 but Fontana was very likely the first to apply it in practice and certainly the first to make it widely known. Unlike the so-called Galilean telescope, fitted with a diverging eyepiece, the Keplerian telescope produces upside-down images (not a serious drawback for astronomical purposes) but offers the advantage of a much larger and brighter field of view.

Starting in 1637 then, Fontana sent numerous lenses for inspection to Benedetto Castelli – the renowned pupil and collaborator of Galileo – who was staying in Rome at the time. Among them, in June of the following year, was the objective for a telescope 14 palms long (~ 3.1 m). This instrument was enthusiastically accepted by Castelli, who used it for planetary observations and urged the Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinando II de' Medici in vain to buy it (it was finally purchased by the Prince of Ecchembergh for the original price of 200 scudi).

Despite Castelli’s wholehearted support, Fontana’s optical products received a very cold welcome, being considered inferior or only slightly superior to those produced by the grand-ducal craftsmen. Dating from March 1638, for instance, is a letter in which Vincentio Reinieri informs Galileo of the arrival in Genoa of ‘a portrait of the Moon, sent […] by F.D. Benedetto Castelli, with the report of a new telescope invented by a certain Fontana in Naples,’ asking Galileo if he had heard anything of this. In the reply, which has been lost, Galileo must have belittled the quality of Fontana’s telescopes, as can be deduced from a letter written the following April in which Renieri states that he has ‘been glad to find out that the spyglasses from Naples are not so miraculous as others have written, because, at the great price that was asked for them’, he had despaired of ever having one. In fact Fontana had to struggle against the stubborn reluctance of Galileo, now old and blind, to recognise the superiority of the new Neapolitan telescopes (although admitting that their magnification power was greater than those produced in Florence, he believed they could reveal nothing that he himself had not already discovered) and the Medicean court’s fear of losing its unchallenged primacy in optical production. For this reason the strategy pursued by Ferdinando II was not so much that of purchasing a few models as of discovering the secret of their construction. In Florence, Fontana’s optical devices were carefully examined by the grand-ducal artisans and Galileo himself, as well as Castelli, reflected on the possible techniques adopted by the Neapolitan telescope maker. Near the end of 1638 negotiations were even held, during which Fontana offered to give the Grand Duke exclusive rights to his method of processing lenses for the price of 2,000 scudi. The amount was deemed too high, and no agreement was reached.

In the meantime however, thanks not only to Castelli but also to Giovanni Camillo Glorioso, who from 1613 to 1621 had occupied the prestigious chair at the University of Padua that had once been Galileo’s, the fame of Fontana’s telescopes had spread through much of the peninsula. In March 1638, from Naples, Glorioso had informed Antonio Santini in Milan, of an ‘admirable’ 8-palm telescope, and in the following July, of a 14-palm model with which ‘Jupiter looks like the Moon when full, and has the same cavities and prominences as are found on the Moon; Mars appears a little smaller than Jupiter, and at its centre is a prominence shaped like a very dark cone.’ In September he sent him an interesting drawing of Saturn, done by Fontana himself, which Santini then sent to Peter Linder, in Venice. Still from Milan, Giovanni Giacomo Cozzolani informed Carlo Antonio Manzini, in Bologna (where the news also reached Bonaventura Cavalieri) of the wondrous new phenomena observed with Fontana’s ‘spyglass’. Information, albeit confused and fragmentary, on the new 14-palm telescopes, evidently able to show the surface details of planets for the first time, reached Holland, England and France as well (where René Descartes believed that Fontana had managed to fabricate hyperbolic lenses).

In October of 1639, tired of trusting to the mediation of Castelli, Fontana wrote directly to the Grand Duke offering him a 22-palm telescope. As proof of the instrument’s outstanding quality the letter, which has only recently come to light, 12 contains enclosed a drawing of Jupiter made by Fontana himself, which constitutes as of now the earliest representation of the planet’s bands, whose discovery was later to be claimed by (or attributed to) many other authors.

Microscope
Fontana also claimed to have invented the compound microscope (two or more lenses in a tube) in 1618, an invention that has many claimants including Cornelis Drebbel, Zacharias Jansen or his father Hans Martens, and Galileo Galilei.

title: Francesco Fontana


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Ernie Hudson

Earnest Lee Hudson (born December 17, 1945) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Winston Zeddemore in the Ghostbusters franchise. Hudson has also acted in the films Leviathan (1989), The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992), The Crow (1994), Airheads (1994), The Basketball Diaries (1995), Congo (1995), Miss Congeniality (2000), and The Ron Clark Story (2006).

On television, his most prominent role was Warden Leo Glynn on HBO's Oz (1997–2003). Hudson has also appeared in the television shows St. Elsewhere (1984), The Last Precinct (1986), 10-8: Officers on Duty (2003–2004), Desperate Housewives (2006–2007), The Secret Life of the American Teenager (2008–2013), Law & Order (2009–2010), the voice of Agent Bill Fowler in Transformers: Prime (2010–2013), Franklin & Bash (2012–2014), Grace and Frankie (2015–2020), and L.A.'s Finest (2019–2020). From 2022 to 2024, Hudson appeared as Herbert "Magic" Williams on the NBC drama ''Quantum Leap.

Early life
Hudson was born in Benton Harbor, Michigan. He never knew his father. His mother, Maggie Donald, died of tuberculosis when he was two months old. He was subsequently raised by his maternal grandmother, Arrana Donald.

Hudson joined the U.S. Marine Corps immediately after high school but was discharged after only three months on medical grounds due to asthma. Having moved to Detroit, he became the resident playwright at Concept East, the oldest black theater company in the United States. He enrolled at Wayne State University to further develop his writing and acting skills, graduating in 1973. He established the Actors' Ensemble Theatre where he and other talented young black writers directed and appeared in their own works. He began a doctoral program at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities before leaving to appear in a stage production of The Great White Hope. Later, he studied toward a Master of Fine Arts in acting at Yale School of Drama, but left after a year to appear in Leadbelly.

In an interview with Belief.net, Hudson stated that he is a practicing Christian, but does not believe that "one church is the right one".

Career
One of Hudson's early film roles is in Penitentiary II (1982) starring Leon Isaac Kennedy. He had various guest roles on television series such as The Dukes of Hazzard and The A-Team. He was on the television series Fantasy Island in a first-season episode as a voodoo man named Jamu. Hudson gained fame playing Winston Zeddemore in the 1984 feature film Ghostbusters and its 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II. He auditioned to reprise the role for the animated series, The Real Ghostbusters, but it was given to Arsenio Hall. He had a major supporting role as the mentally challenged handyman Solomon in The Hand that Rocks the Cradle (1992).

Hudson was cast as Warden Leo Glynn on HBO's series Oz, and his son Ernie Hudson Jr. co-starred with him as Muslim inmate Hamid Khan. Hudson also appears as the character Munro in Congo (1995) and as Police Sergeant Albrecht in The Crow (1994). He switched gears when he played a preacher opening the eyes of a small town's prejudice in the 1950s in A Stranger in the Kingdom. He played Harry McDonald, the FBI superior of Sandra Bullock's character in the feature film Miss Congeniality (2000). He is in the Stargate SG-1 episode "Ethon" as Pernaux. He appeared as Reggie in the 1995 film The Basketball Diaries. In 2006, he appeared in the television film The Ron Clark Story as Principal Turner. In 2008, he began a recurring role as Dr. Fields on The Secret Life of the American Teenager. He had a recurring role on the final season of Law & Order as Lt. Anita Van Buren's boyfriend and then fiancé.

In 2011, he played Stuart Owens in Torchwood: Miracle Day.

Beginning in 2015, Hudson was cast in a recurring role as Jacob, an organic farmer who is the romantic interest for Frankie Bergstein (Lily Tomlin) in the series Grace and Frankie.

Hudson appeared in the 2016 Ghostbusters reboot, playing Bill Jenkins, the uncle of Leslie Jones's lead character Pattie Tolan.

In 2019, Hudson began starring in L.A.'s Finest, playing the estranged father of Gabrielle Union's character. Hudson called it "a very different show", citing the duality of having to protect people as a member of law enforcement while having unresolved relationships that need to be reconciled. Spectrum canceled the series after two seasons the following year.

In August 2019, he confirmed his involvement in Ghostbusters: Afterlife directed by Jason Reitman, joining original cast members Sigourney Weaver, Dan Aykroyd, Bill Murray and Annie Potts. Hudson described himself as being welled by emotions after he put on his jumpsuit and proton pack, as he had previously "accepted that [a film] was never going to happen".

Hudson appeared in the 2022 drama film Prisoner's Daughter, alongside Kate Beckinsale and Brian Cox.

On March 8, 2022, Hudson was announced as the co-lead in NBC's Quantum Leap reboot.

In January 2023, Hudson guest voiced a character, Grini Millegi, a Dowutin gangster who was an associate of Cid and oversees Riot Racing on the planet Safa Toma, on Star Wars: The Bad Batch.

Personal life
Hudson married his first wife, Jeannie Moore, in 1963, when she was sixteen and he was eighteen. They had two sons, Ernie Hudson Jr. and Rahaman Hudson. When Hudson and Jeannie divorced in 1976, their sons moved to live with Hudson in California. In 1985, Hudson married former flight attendant Linda Kingsberg, and they had two sons, Andrew and Ross.

On June 8, 2024, a portion of South Fair Avenue (M-139) near Hudson's childhood home in Benton Harbor was given the honorary name "Ernie Hudson Way".

title: Ernie Hudson


text: User talk:80.139.51.176

title: User talk:80.139.51.176


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Charles Henry Hardin

Charles Henry Hardin (July 15, 1820 – July 29, 1892) was an American attorney and politician who was Governor of Missouri served in the Missouri Senate and the Missouri House of Representatives. He founded Hardin College and was one of the eight founders of Beta Theta Pi fraternity.

Early life
In 1820, Charles Henry Hardin was born to Charles and Hannah Jewell Hardin in Trimble County, Kentucky. Also in 1820, his family moved to Missouri and eventually settled in Columbia, Missouri. Following his father's death in 1830, Hardin worked in the family's tannery business.

Hardin began his secondary education in 1837 at the Indiana University Bloomington. He transferred to Miami University in 1839 and graduated in 1841. During his time at Miami University, he helped to found Beta Theta Pi fraternity.

After college, he studied law with James M. Gordon in Columbia and passed the Bar.

Career
Hardin opened a law practice in Fulton, Missouri in 1843. From 1848 to 1852, he was a circuit attorney for the Second Judicial Circuit of Missouri. He served in the Missouri House of Representatives, with terms starting in 1852, 1854, and 1858. He was a Democrat. He was a member of the commission that revised and codified the state's statute laws.

In 1860, he was elected to the Missouri Senate 9th District, with a term lasting until 1862. As a state senator, he attended Claiborne Fox Jackson's secessionist meeting in Neosho, Missouri and was the only senator present to vote against secession.

During the Civil War, he returned to the family farm in Audrain County, Missouri in 1862. After the war, Hardin and his family moved to Mexico, Missouri, where he established a new law practice and co-founded Mexico Southern Bank following the close of the war.

In 1872, Hardin was again elected to the state senate for a term lasting until 1874. In 1876, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention from Missouri.

He ran for governor of Missouri and was elected on November 5, 1874. He served as 22nd Governor of Missouri between January 1, 1875, and February 8, 1877. During his term, a new constitution was approved. Hardin also reduced Missouri's debt from the Civil War and state funding for railroad expansion by ending wasteful practices and refinancing bonds.

Hardin established Hardin College and Conservatory of Music in Mexico, Missouri. In 1873, Hardin gave land worth $60,000 to the college and afterward served as the president of its board.

Personal life
Hardin married Mary Barr Jenkins in 1844.

Late in life, Hardin was in poor health. In 1892, he died from conditions relating to old age in Ringo House in Mexico, Missouri. He was initially buried in a private graveyard in Audrain County, Missouri, but was later re-buried at the Jewell family cemetery in Columbia, Missouri.

Honors
Charles H. Hardin is the namesake of the small city of Hardin, Missouri.

title: Charles Henry Hardin


text:
Myron Cope

Myron Sidney Kopelman (January 23, 1929 – February 27, 2008), known professionally as Myron Cope, was an American sports journalist, radio personality, and sportscaster. He is best known for being "the voice of the Pittsburgh Steelers".

Cope was a color commentator for the Steelers' radio broadcasts for 35 years. He was known for his distinctive, higher-pitched nasally voice with an identifiable Pittsburgh accent, idiosyncratic speech pattern, and a level of excitement rarely exhibited in the broadcast booth. Cope's most notable catch phrase was "yoi". Cope was the first football announcer inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame. Cope's autobiography, Double Yoi!, was published in 2002.

Education and career
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Jewish parents of Lithuanian ancestry, Cope graduated from Taylor Allderdice High School in 1947 and was inducted into their alumni hall of fame in 2009. He also graduated from the University of Pittsburgh. He was originally a journalist before becoming a broadcaster. His first job as a journalist was in Erie, Pennsylvania, with the Daily Times, and by the summer of 1951, he was working for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Cope then became a freelance journalist, most notably for Sports Illustrated, the Saturday Evening Post, and the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. In 1963, Cope received the E.P. Dutton Prize for "Best Magazine Sportswriting in the Nation", for a portrayal of Cassius Clay. Cope spent the 1983 college football season as a color analyst for the Pittsburgh Panthers. In 1987, he was named by the Hearst Corporation as a noted literary achiever, along with Mark Twain, Jack London, Frederic Remington, Walter Winchell, and Sidney Sheldon. At its 50th anniversary, Sports Illustrated selected Cope's profile of Howard Cosell as one of the 50 best written works ever published in the magazine.

Family life
Cope married Mildred Lindberg of Charleston in 1965, and the couple moved to Mt. Lebanon. In 1972, the Copes moved to nearby Upper St. Clair. Mildred died on September 20, 1994. In 1999, Cope moved back to Mt. Lebanon, to a condo in the Woodridge neighborhood. He remained there until his final days, when he entered a Mt. Lebanon nursing home.

Cope had three children, Elizabeth, Martha Ann, and Daniel. Martha Ann died shortly after her birth. His son, Daniel, was born with severe autism; he has lived most of his life at the Allegheny Valley School, an institution specializing in intellectual developmental disabilities. Cope devoted much of his time and energy to Pittsburgh causes addressing autism, and spoke candidly about his experiences as the parent of a child with autism and his efforts to better educate the public at large about autism.

Steelers broadcasting

In 1968, Cope began doing daily sports commentaries on what was then WTAE-AM radio in Pittsburgh. His unique nasal voice, with a distinctive Pittsburgh area accent, was noticed by the Steelers' brass, and he made his debut as a member of the Steelers' radio team in 1970.

During Cope's 35-year broadcasting career with the Steelers—the second longest term with a single team in NFL history, he was accompanied by only two play-by-play announcers: Jack Fleming, with whom he broadcast until 1994, and Bill Hillgrove.

In keeping with his comic personality, a series of television commentaries on WTAE-TV saw Cope calling himself "Doctor Cope" and wearing a white lab coat while pretending to examine the opposing team's strengths and weaknesses. His predictor was known as the "Cope-ra-scope."

In his last seven years, Cope would work alongside former Steelers offensive tackle Tunch Ilkin in the booth and help groom him for his own broadcasting career. Ilkin, upon his own retirement in 2021 due to complications from ALS (which he would later die from on September 4, 2021), later joked that while he learned a lot from riding in the car with Cope for away games, Cope primarily rode with him because he allowed Cope to smoke cigarettes in the car. Ilkin would eventually serve as a de facto replacement for Cope following Cope's retirement.

Catchphrases and nicknames
Like other sports announcers in Pittsburgh, particularly Penguins commentator Mike Lange and the late Pirates announcer Bob Prince, Cope had a repertoire of unique catchphrases employed in his broadcasts, such as "Mmm-Hah!" (when he loses his train of thought, or forgets a player's name) and "Okel Dokel" (his version of "okey dokey"). Cope often used Yiddish expressions, especially "Feh!" and "Yoi!" (sometimes multiplied as "Double Yoi" or rarely "Triple Yoi").

Cope also created nicknames for many players and opposing teams. It was Cope who popularized "The Bus" as a nickname for former Steelers running back Jerome Bettis, "Jack Splat" for Jack Lambert, and he gave Kordell Stewart the nickname "Slash."

Cope also used the term "Cincinnati Bungles" to describe their division rivals, known during the 1990s for a string of bad seasons and numerous draft busts. Myron also used terms such as "Brownies," "Birdies," "Yonkos," "Cryboys," and "Redfaces" for the football teams from Cleveland, Baltimore, Denver, Dallas, Washington, D.C., in respective order.

Cope was noted for accusing future Hall of Famer Roberto Clemente of being "baseball's champion hypochondriac".

Terrible Towel
Cope played a large role in the invention of the Terrible Towel. Needing a way to excite the fans during a 1975 playoff game against the Baltimore Colts, Cope urged fans to take yellow dish towels to the game and wave them throughout. Originally, Cope wanted to sell rubber Jack Lambert masks, but realizing the high costs for the masks, opted for the inexpensive option for the Terrible Towel. The Terrible Towel has gained much popularity since its invention and "is arguably the best-known fan symbol of any major pro sports team". The catchphrase is: "The Terrible Towel is poised to strike, and so are The Steelers."

In 1996, Cope gave the rights to The Terrible Towel to the Allegheny Valley School in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania. The school provides care for more than 900 people with intellectual disabilities and physical disabilities, including Cope's son who has severe autism. Proceeds from the Terrible Towel have helped raise $3 million for the school.

Retirement and death

Cope announced his retirement from broadcasting on June 20, 2005, citing health concerns. Eight days later, it was announced that Cope was the recipient of the Pete Rozelle Award for "long-time exceptional contributions to radio and television in professional football." Upon his retirement, the Steelers did not replace Cope, opting instead to downsize to a two-man broadcast team.

On October 31, 2005, Cope was honored for his lifetime accomplishments at halftime of the contest between the Steelers and the Ravens. In addition, the Steelers produced a special commemorative edition Terrible Towel with his familiar expressions printed on it. As seen on the towel, production was limited to 35,000 towels, representing 35 years of service to the Steelers. Later that season when the team advanced to Super Bowl XL, many Steelers fans wanted Cope to come out of retirement just to call "The one for the thumb." Cope declined partially for health reasons and partially to enjoy retirement.

A longtime heavy smoker, Cope died of respiratory failure at a Mt. Lebanon nursing home on the morning of February 27, 2008. In the days following his death, many ceremonies were held in his honor, including the local sporting events of the Pittsburgh Panthers college basketball team. Two days after his death, hundreds of people gathered in heavy snow in front of the Pittsburgh City Hall to honor Cope; included in the ceremony was one minute of silent Terrible Towel waving. His funeral, which was held on February 29, 2008, was private. Due to Cope's large impact on the Pittsburgh area, Bob Smizik, a local sportswriter wrote,

"Had the secret of the service and its site not been kept, ... tens of thousands would have descended on the Slater funeral home in Green Tree. Such was the affection for Cope, ... that the parkway in both directions would have been clogged. Greentree and Cochran roads, the two main arteries leading to the funeral home, would have been parking lots."

List of awards and honors
Cope received many awards and honors, including:

 * 1963 – E.P. Dutton Prize for "Best Magazine Sportswriting in the Nation" for his portrayal of Cassius Clay
 * 1987 – Named as a noted literary achiever by Hearst Corporation
 * 2004 – His profile of Howard Cosell was selected as one of 50 all-time classic articles by Sports Illustrated
 * 2005 – Became the first pro football announcer elected to the Radio Hall of Fame, he is the only sportscaster inducted who is not best known as a baseball announcer.
 * 2005 – Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award for long-time exceptional contributions to pro football in television and radio
 * 2015 – Pittsburgh Pro Football Hall of Fame
 * Held the title of "special contributor" at Sports Illustrated
 * Served as a board member of the Pittsburgh chapter of the Autism Society of America and the Pittsburgh Vintage Grand Prix
 * Co-founded the Myron Cope/Foge Fazio Golf Tournament for Autistic Children
 * The only broadcaster appointed to the Pro Football Hall of Fame's Board of Selectors, serving for 10 years
 * The asteroid 7835 Myroncope was named in his honor in 2008.

title: Myron Cope


text:
User talk:Guppyfinsoup

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title: User talk:Guppyfinsoup


text:
User:Eric Shalov

Eric Shalov is one of millions of Wikipedia editors. Eric's first Wikipedia contribution was an addition to the Winnetka article made on 3 July 2004, and he has since made over 4,000 distinct edits, both minor and significant. Eric welcomes comments on his Wikipedia contributions on his talk page, and, encourages editing of this page as well, if the reader feels that it can be legitimately improved.

Wikipedia Contributions
In considering Eric's contributions, one must remember to consider Wikipedia's policies on maintenance of neutrality in editing, including writing for the enemy. It might be best to avoid making any assumptions relating Eric's contributions to his personal opinions, interests or political positions.

 * Eric's Wikipedia To Do List.
 * Articles Eric has initiated.
 * Some of the articles that Eric has initiated / contributed to.
 * Original images Eric has created for use on Wikipedia.
 * Eric's Wikipedia Javascript settings
 * Some of the more unusual articles on Wikipedia
 * He helped to coordinate the Wikipedia Meetup in the Los Angeles area.

title: User:Eric Shalov


text:
LVM

LVM can stand for:
 * Las Vegas Monorail, a rail transport system in Las Vegas
 * Latent variable model, a statistical model
 * Left ventricular mass, a cardiac measurment
 * Legio V Macedonica, a Roman legion
 * Levenshulme railway station, Manchester, England (National Rail station code)

 * Logical volume management, a method of transparently storing computer data spread over several partitions
 * Logical Volume Manager, an implementation of logical volume management in the Linux kernel
 * Ludwig von Mises Institute, a libertarian academic organisation
 * Ministry of Transport and Communications' acronym in Finnish, Liikenne- ja viestintäministeriö.

title: LVM


text:
Jean Focas

Jean-Henri Focas (Ιωάννης Ε. Φωκάς; 20 July 1909 – 3 January 1969) was a Greek-French astronomer, painter, designer, illustrator, astrophysicists, photographer, and celestial cartographer who spoke five languages. He performed visual studies of planetary surfaces from the National Observatory of Athens, Pic du Midi, and Meudon Great Refractor. Jean is responsible for creating the most highly visual map of Mars ever created by a visual observer of the planet. He developed special photographic equipment to photograph celestial phenomena. In 1961, he published Étude Photométrique et Polarimétrique des Phénomènes Saisonniers de la Planéte Mar (Photometric and Polarimetric Study of the Seasonal Phenomena of the Planet Mars) which became a classic on the subject of polarimetric investigation of Mars. A crater on the Moon and a crater on Mars were named after him because of his contribution to the field.

Jean was born on the Greek island of Corfu. When he was in high school he would frequently visit a small astronomical station on Kogevina hill in Corfu built by lunar photographer Félix Chemla Lamèch. Félix was impressed by Jean's artistic abilities and Jean became his apprentice and began to learn about the field of astronomy firsthand. Félix taught him how to make complex astronomical observations. Jean's impressive abilities garnered the attention of Greek astronomer Stavros Plakidis who recommended the young astronomer to the head of the National Observatory of Athens Demetrios Eginitis. Fokas became an assistant at the observatory around 1931. He began writing papers that were published internationally. World War II took a harsh toll on Greek astronomical research during the early 1940s. By the 1950s, Jean traveled back and forth to France. By the age of 45, he had become known within the international astronomical community.

While he was at the Pic du Midi he performed a photometric study from 663 negatives that he contributed to collecting himself which he used to determine 7200 different regions of the surfaces of different astronomical phenomena namely planets and moons. He was a member of the Société astronomique de France, French Academy of Sciences, and the International Astronomical Union and an advocate of the international collaboration of astronomy. He died prematurely of a heart attack while he was visiting Athens, Greece at 59 years old.

History
Fokas was born in Corfu. His father's name was Errikos. Jean's son also bears the same name. From a young age, Jean showed a fascination for astronomy. Luckily lunar photographer Félix Chemla Lamèch built a small astronomical station on Kogevina Hill in Corfu. Jean met Felix while he was still in high school and showed the astronomer his amazing artistic skills. He painted and drew incredibly detailed depictions of the major planets. Jean also began to make complex astronomical observations. He became Felix's apprentice and learned about astronomy hands-on. Jean Focas became the general secretary of the Astronomical Society of Greece at 18 years of age. The society was started by Felix and based in Corfu. Eventually, the young astronomer was introduced to Stavros Plakidis around 1931.

Plakidis recommended Fokas to Demetrios Eginitis the then-head of the National Observatory of Athens. Fokas impressed both astronomers and was hired as an assistant at the observatory. The astronomer spent a large portion of his life at the observatory learning from Plakidis, Eginitis, and the other astronomers associated with the observatory. He wrote papers and continued his complex artistic rendering of different elements in the solar system such as sunspots, variable stars, comets, and mainly the terrain of various planets. He wrote an article in 1937 entitled Observations of Saturn's Rings. While he was at the Athens observatory he designed complex instrumentation. One such instrument was a camera made of plywood and black velvet used to photograph images seen through the telescope. During the late 1930s, Plakidis lobbied to move the astronomical station to Penteli which began functioning in 1937. Regrettably, when the Nazis invaded Greece most of the instrumentation of the observatories were dismantled and hidden from the Third Reich. After the war Focas wrote La Planète Saturne (The Planet Saturn) in 1948. By the early fifties, he continued his research in astrophysics and wrote a paper on the polarized light of the Moon during the total lunar eclipse of January 29–30, 1953, in Athens which was presented by André Danjon to the French Academy of Sciences. One year later in 1954, he traveled to South France at the Pyrenees Mountains to view astronomical subject matter at the newly built 60 cm telescope of the Pic du Midi Observatory. About ten years later, the same facility was used by NASA to prep for the Apollo Moon landing. When he returned to Athens he introduced new photographic, polarimetric, and micrometric observation methods developed in the French observatories.

By this point, Focas traveled to France once a year using the Observatory of Meudon working in collaboration with the National Observatory of Athens. He also continued visiting various observatories all over France. By 1961, he was awarded a Ph.D. from the University of Paris for his thesis entitled Étude Photométrique et Polarimétrique des Phénomènes Saisonniers de la Planéte Mars (Photometric and Polarimetric Study of the Seasonal Phenomena of the Planet Mars).

In early 1964, he traveled to Arizona to visit the Lowell Observatory. He assessed all the plates collected by American astronomer Earl C. Slipher and closely participated in the coordinated operations carried out by the International Astronomical Union collaborating with both the American and French observatories to build two planetary photographic centers at the Lowell and Meudon observatories. That same year Stavros Plakidis retired and according to Fokas' son Errikos his father had a disagreement with the leadership at the National Observatory of Athens and Fokas permanently moved to France. By this period Fokas carried out more than a thousand photometric measurements on Jupiter, which formed the basis of his work on the long-term evolution of cloud formations in the upper atmosphere of the planet.

Throughout his life, Focas focused on mastering the use of the equatorial and the meridian telescopes, micrometer, celestial photometry and astro photographic equipment. He built on the work of his predecessors Evgenios Antoniadis and Bernard Lyot. He has been honored by countless institutions around the world. Regrettably, he died prematurely at age 59 on 3 January 1969 from a heart attack while in Greece, where he was visiting for the holidays. His biography was written by one of his mentors' French astronomer Audouin Dollfus. Craters on the Moon and Mars were named after Jean, namely the Focas lunar crater in the southern hemisphere of the Moon, with a diameter of 22 km, as well as the Focas Martian crater in the northern hemisphere of Mars with a diameter of 76.5 km.

title: Jean Focas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/I (disambiguation)

I (disambiguation) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Split off from the main I article for no discernable reason --Rlandmann 00:34, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Agree, looks very sloppy this way, delete. —siroχo 04:23, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Good article, but needs some work. Luckly, it's already been done elsewhere. --ssd 08:15, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - redundant. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:21, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Josef Ganz

Josef Ganz (1 July 1898 – 26 July 1967) was a Jewish-German car designer born in Budapest, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Hungary).

Early years
Josef Ganz was born on 1 July 1898 into a Jewish family living in Budapest, then the second-largest city within Austria-Hungary. His mother was Maria Török (1872–1926) from Hungary. His father was Hugo Markus Ganz (1862–1922) from Mainz in Germany who worked as a political and literary writer and journalist for the Frankfurter Zeitung. At an early age, Josef Ganz was fascinated by technology. After moving from Budapest to Vienna, the family moved to Frankfurt am Main in Germany in 1916 and took on German nationality. In July 1916, Ganz voluntarily enlisted in the German army and fought in the German navy during the First World War. After the war, in 1918, Josef Ganz resumed his mechanical engineering studies at the Technische Hochschule Wien. After three semesters, he switched to the Technische Universität Darmstadt. He completed his studies in 1927. During this period, he became inspired with the idea of building a small car for the price of a motorcycle.

Prototypes and the Standard Superior
In 1923, as a young mechanical engineering student, Ganz made his first auto sketches for a car for the masses. This was a small lightweight car along the lines of the Rumpler Tropfenwagen with a mid-mounted engine, independent wheel suspension, swing-axles and an aerodynamic body. Lacking the money to build a prototype, he began publishing articles on progressive car design in various magazines and, shortly after his graduation in 1927, he was assigned as the new editor-in-chief of Klein-Motor-Sport. Josef Ganz used this magazine as a platform to criticize heavy, unsafe and old-fashioned cars and promote innovative design and his concept of a car for Germany's general population. The magazine gained in reputation and influence and, in January 1929, was renamed Motor-Kritik. Contributors to the magazine included Béla Barényi, a young engineering student who designed cars with similar design.

Post-war Volkswagen director Heinrich Nordhoff later said "Josef Ganz in Motor-Kritik attacked the old and well-established auto companies with biting irony and with the ardent conviction of a missionary." Companies in turn fought against Motor-Kritik with lawsuits, slander campaigns and an advertising boycott. Publicity for the magazine and Josef Ganz increased.

In 1929, Josef Ganz started contacting German motorcycle manufacturers Zündapp, Ardie and DKW for collaboration to build a prototype, small people's car. This resulted in a first prototype, the Ardie-Ganz, built at Ardie in 1930 and a second one completed at Adler in May 1931, which was nicknamed the Maikäfer (‘May-Beetle’, common European cockchafer Melolontha melolontha). News about the prototypes spread through the industry. At Adler, Josef Ganz was assigned as a consultant engineer at Daimler-Benz and BMW where he was involved in the development of the first models with independent wheel suspension: the Mercedes-Benz 170 and BMW AM1 (Automobilkonstruktion München 1).

The first company to build a car according to the many patents of Josef Ganz was the Standard Fahrzeugfabrik, which introduced its Standard Superior model at the IAMA (Internationale Auto- und Motorradausstellung) in Berlin in February 1933. It featured a tubular chassis, a mid-mounted engine, and independent wheel suspension with swing-axles at the rear. Here the new Chancellor Adolf Hitler expressed interest in its design and low selling price of. Under the new anti-Semitic government, however, Josef Ganz was a target for his enemies from the automotive industry that opposed his writings in Motor-Kritik.

Influence on Porsche
After news about the results achieved with the Ardie-Ganz and Adler Maikäfer prototypes reached Zündapp, the company turned to Ferdinand Porsche in September 1931 to develop an "Auto für Jedermann"—a "car for everyman". Porsche already preferred the flat-4 cylinder engine, as was also tried out by Daimler-Benz under supervision of Josef Ganz almost a year previous, but Zündapp preferred a watercooled 5-cylinder radial engine. In 1932, three prototypes were running. All of those cars were lost during the war, the last in a bombing raid over Stuttgart in 1945.

The influence of Ganz on the design of the Volkswagen Beetle is a matter of dispute.

Arrest
Josef Ganz himself was arrested by the Gestapo in May 1933 based on falsified charges of blackmail of the automotive industry. He was eventually released. He fled Germany in June 1934 – the month Adolf Hitler assigned Ferdinand Porsche to design a mass-producible auto for a consumer price of 1,000 Reichsmark.

After a short period in Liechtenstein, Josef Ganz settled in Switzerland where with government support he started a Swiss auto project. In Germany production of the Standard Superior and the Bungartz Butz ended. The first prototypes of the Swiss auto were constructed in 1937 and 1938 and plans were formed for mass-production inside a new factory. After the start of World War II, however, Ganz was again under threat from the Gestapo and Swiss government officials who claimed the Swiss auto project as their own. After the war, a small number of Swiss autos were built by the Rapid car company. Ganz took the Swiss to court.

After five years of court battles, Ganz left Switzerland in 1949 and settled in France. Here he worked on a new small car, but could no longer compete with the Volkswagen.

In 1951 Josef Ganz emigrated to Australia. For some years he worked there for General Motors – Holden, but suffered ill health after a series of heart attacks in the early 1960s.

In 1965 the Federal Republic of Germany sought Australian Government permission to bestow on Josef Ganz the Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. However under regulations existing at that time in relation to foreign awards to Australian citizens, the request was denied.

Josef Ganz died in obscurity in Australia, residing at Edgewater Towers, St Kilda, Melbourne.

Literature

 * Paul Schilperoord, The Extraordinary Life of Josef Ganz: The Jewish Engineer Behind Hitler's Volkswagen, RVP Publishers, New York 2011, ISBN 978-1-61412-201-2

title: Josef Ganz


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/V (disambiguation)

V (disambiguation) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Split off from the main V article for no discernable reason --Rlandmann 00:34, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Agree, looks very sloppy this way, delete. Was started by a seven year old, probably thought it was for the better!  —siroχo 04:23, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * He's a fabulous 7 year old! But merge back into article all the same. Secretlondon 05:15, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - redundant. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:24, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Grinner's Food Systems

Can any of you good people who were originally involved point me in the right direction where I can find the debate in the Vfd archives about this article? It doesn't seem to appear in the archives. It seems to me that it should be explained in the discussion page of this, the "Frank and Gino's" article, what made it so special rather than merely an advertising page for a restaurant, a chain and the Initial Development Incentive Plan so-called. Is this their own incentive plan? Dieter Simon 00:34, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Grinner's Food Systems