text:
Talk:Jesus/Archive 8

Mary Magdalene as wife of Jesus
It would be informative if we could include some of the "strong" historical evidence that Magdalene was Jesus' wife. Slrubenstein
 * I fear most of this strong evidence comes from the thriller novel of last year, the Da Vinci Code. You're right; it would be helpful if the evidence could be cited and no value judgments passed as to the strength or nonstrength of the evidence.  It might even be better to just state that some see evidence of this and link to a separate Mary Magadalene as wife of Jesus article which presents the various reasons people do or do not accept this view.
 * This is getting to be sort of a "popularist" understanding of the Bible; with works like the Da Vinci Code, and The Last Temptation of Christ from the last century, and with the decreasing amount of familiarity with the Bible on the part of the general public, it's increasingly common for people to think of Mary Magdalene as "that woman who had the relationship with Jesus." But scholarship doesn't necessarily support that view. Jdavidb 19:59, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Call me a snob, but if it isn't in a peer-reviewed publication or a book published by an academic press, or by an established scholar, I do not think it should be described as "historical evidence." I am sure I would make exceptions, but only with good cause -- and a third-rate novel by a third-rate author doesn't count! Slrubenstein

 * Although I agree that this is not evidenced except by legend, you may want to do a bit of reading on the "secrets" the Knights Templar kept. Jesus' marriage to Mary was one. I do not consider legend as "strong evidence" by any stretch, but is interesting, regardless of what "scholars" and other historians state in their western mindset. The bottom line is we weren't there and we don't know. -Visorstuff 01:16, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, there are some interesting texts in the non-fiction category that have not passed peer review standards but which do suggest centuries of evidence that the Hebrew royal bloodline did not end with the unsuccessful execution of of the first century monarch. The two most recognized titles are "Holy Blood Holy Grail" and "Bloodline of the Holy Grail." Regardless the merits of these books thesis, the likelihood that European royalty embraced a messianic myth regarding their own bloodlines bears investigating. DontMessWithThis 14:16, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Long before the "Da Vinci Code" and other such books Gnostic texts with mentions of this idea have been floating around. Whether or not she was wife is as debatable as whether or not they even had sexual relations. The Gospel of Thomas is one such Gnostic text that is dated to the mid-1st century. It is not mainstream, and indeed is highly contentious. But I would aver it's not something Brown or some lone author came up with out of the ether. (I don't personally believe it but it's an interesting legend and ought to be noted with less disdain for what texts do support it) --LordSuryaofShropshire 04:00, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * For how long has "this idea" been floating around? And what is "this idea," specifically?  The Gospel of Mary Magdalene has Peter declare that Jesus loved Mary more than other women.  What exactly does this mean?  That they were married?  That they had sex?  Couldn't it have meant something else?  Based on the text itself I see no evidence that Jesus and Mary were married, nor that they had a child.  From what I know, these claims are not found in the Gnostic Gospels, and have been floating around for only a short period of time. Slrubenstein

 * What sort of love does the original translation talk about? Philia, eros or agape? User:ta bu shi da yu

 * As is evident from my post I didn't put high emphasis on a connubial knot, which seems unlikely, and I've never heard of a child. But there is clearly mention in the Gnostic texts that they were sexually involved, and this has been a thought 'floating' since the discovery of the Nag Hammadi texts. It doesn't, however, seem justified to impute marriage or children. --LordSuryaofShropshire 20:38, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)

Where, exactly, in the Gnostic texts? Slrubenstein

 * OH, by the way... let's say you and I are chilling with some buddies at the local temple steps. We traditionally pat each other on the back, give a hug, or even have a French kiss-on-the-cheek greeting that is common in our group. Suddenly, a woman, known to us all, comes and greets me, but instead of the usual form of salutation, we osculate. I think anyone in the group would clearly take that, not only in the context of traditional human sexuality, but the customs of the day, as implying a 'sexual relationship.' Do I love her more than you? No... but I love her differently. I think that's the point of the Gospel, that it was apparent that there was a sexual connexion 'twixt the two. Whether we choose this believe this is still ultimately faith-based. It just happens to be that most don't. But belief and propositionally 'sound' conclusions drawn from posthumous accounts don't count as 'fact' by any stretch in either case. --LordSuryaofShropshire 20:46, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)

Non sequitor. First, the texts with which I am familiar do not have Jesus and Mary Magdelene kissing passionately in the manner you describe. Second, you provide a contemporary example. Yes, if something like this ocurred today, in my culture, I would inevitably make a certain inference (although it is very possible my inference would be wrong). But what if it happened in another culture? The past is another culture. It would be a grave error to read actions (including verbal utterances) in the past the same way one reads them today. Slrubenstein

 * In the Gospel of St. Philip it is written that Jesus, unlike with any of his other friends, disciples or acquaintances, would kiss Mary Magdalene 1) more often and 2) on the mouth. It was commented with curiosity and seen as strange to his disciples (according to Gnostic texts) and this will explain my example of a modern setting. I was paralleling the two, so no, your reading is incorrect; I was not placing anachronistic societal customs in the old Hebrew context. Rather, I was putting it in clear analagous terms, based on the St. Philip Gospel. The Gospel of Mary also mentions that Jesus 'loved her more' than the other disciples. Furthermore, to show you that this is not a recent phenomenon or even something limited to the Gnostics scriptures, I'll mention a few more tidbits. The Catholic Church, about 30 years ago, admitted that there isn't valid Biblical evidence to support the view of Mary Magdalene (henceforth simply Mary) as a reformed prostitute. Martin Luther and Brigham Young (protestantism and Mormonism) both felt that Jesus and Mary were living the couple's life. Just the fact that in three of four NT gospels she is the first to see his rising implies a great kinship and special place that she held which isn't, at the very least, counter to the idea that she was not only his disciple but his lover.

 * NOW: with all this said, it seems like the historical Jesus is so shrouded that nothing definitive will ever be known (in my opinion) about details of his life. All we have are distant third-person accounts or supposedly accounts written by his disciples in completely non-vernacular languages (which would seem to go against the Jesus ethos of anti-establishmentarianism) penned years and years, often decades, after his death. So, I have no solid opinion. But to plug this as a recent thing Dan Brown and few hippie New Agers started is fallacious. --LordSuryaofShropshire 01:10, Jun 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * When I read those Nag Hammadi passages it is clear from the following verses that they are spiritual references. Can you give any sources that anyone older than these "New Agers" interpreted it differently? You claim Martin Luther and Brigham Young. Do you have sources? Rmhermen 03:49, Jun 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * It is not clear at all that his "kissing her more and on the mouth" were 'spiritual references.' He commented on her spiritual wholeness and what not and that in no way contradicts the clearly physical nature of their kissing. I think that yours is a super-conservative and anomalous (putting it lightly) reading of this passage. The rest is very mystic at points but the context of the questions by his disciples is abundantly clear as asking Christ we he was kissing Mary in that manner. His explanation may have been lofty, but the question is clearly asking about actual physical events that they witnessed regularly. As for Luther I read that in a Time article and since then it seems he was making a pedagogical statement that's taken out of context by casuists. But besides that, it is well known that the Mormon Church has for a long time espoused the idea that Christ was married, not only once, but many times, Mary Magdelene among his wives. It is true that the Catholic Church has change its stance on her supposedly being a prostitute and there have been, from time to time, over centuries, people who believed in their coupling, including the Cathars of the Middle Ages. Anyway, as I said before, I frankly couldn't care less who believes or doesn't and I see him as a brahmachari yogi (Hindu concept of celibate meditative saint). --LordSuryaofShropshire 05:52, Jun 25, 2004 (UTC)

Pharisees -- a request
I have been working extensively on the Pharisees article. Given that the Pharisees play an important role in the Gospels, I'm curious to know what regular contributors to this page think of the work I have done on that page. I am especially interested in the feedback of people who are not especially knowledgable about Judaism. I think most Jews would think that what I wrote is unexceptional and pretty much common knowledge -- but I want to make sure that I have been clear and intelligible for a more general audience. Thanks, Slrubenstein

Race of Jesus
seriously, if nothing shows the inherent bias of wikipedia it is this. you cannot seriously discuss jesus without talking about the ethnicity of jesus.

furthermore, the picture of jesus is of a caucasian man. ridiculous

 * Right - so, instead of moaning about it, why don't you work to improve the article? Commenting out the picture because you don't like it is just lazy. I am putting it back in because it's an accepted image of how he was even if it's historically wrong. You can write your excellent paragprah on ethnicity and find a good picture of how you think he looked and put it up too, with an explanation of the difference between the historical fact and the accepted image and why this happens. That would be good and interesting work. Moaning and sniping is not.

I am very concerned about any discussion of Jesus' race or ethnicity. Clearly, Jesus was "Jewish." But is this a race or an ethnicity? These words have had different meanings for different people over the past 100 years. What meaning might they have had 2000 years ago? How can we be sure we will not be using these words in anachronistic ways? Slrubenstein

 * Regarding the picture of Jesus, its source is clearly given; at least doesn't claim to portray exactly what he looked like, only what some 12th century iconographer thought he might have looked like. There are other pictures at Images of Jesus along with some discussion of his appearance. Like the others said, actual constructive contributions to help make these articles better would be more than welcome. Wesley 02:18, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Trying not to be facetious - if Jesus is either (1) an incarnation of God or (2) the Son of God, is it meaningful to talk of his "race"?

81.152.194.26

Perhaps Christians would take this view, but for most non-Christians who believe he existed, he belonged to some group and had a group identity. As I stated before, I think the reason it is meaningless to talk of his race is that "race" today means something so different from what it meant then that it would be misleading. Slrubenstein

 * It's a fair question. I think most Christians would agree that Jesus did belong to a group and had a group identity, namely to the Jews living in the Roman province of Palestine around the first century. Traditional Christianity holds that He was both fully God and fully human, and "in his humanity" he was certainly Jewish (in the first-century sense of the word of course); I use that phrase in the sense of the Chalcedonian Creed and the Tome of Leo I on which it's based. Wesley 02:39, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I added a massive amount to the section on this historical Jesus. This is meant to provide a summary of the views of secular historians. I realize it is a view virtually all Christians will reject, but I believe it is a view that must be represented in this article. I did strive to make it clear that it is a point of view and not one that all accept. I have also tried to present it clearly and reasonably. I hope that even people who reject this view will find my presentation of it clear and informative. Slrubenstein

The new discussion on the difficulties determining the date of Passover is good, but I changed 15th of Nisan to 14th of Nisan. Today Jews celebrate Passover as one holiday, but it is really two: the Pascal offering (14th of Nisan) and the Feast of Unleavened Bread (A week, starting on the 15th of Nisan). Slrubenstein

 * Nice to converse with you again SL.

 * I removed a description of Jesus from early Christian art as "a fresh faced youth with a magic wand" because if this were true Christianity would be very different, and because I suspect its a quote from some guy who sees a picture of Jesus holding a stick and knows he will make money if he publishes a book 'Jesus was a Magician'. Counter-information welcome. DJ Clayworth 15:41, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Argumentive Edits
I rolled back a series of edits that, regardless of whether they are correct or true, seemed designed to be argumentative. Mkmcconn — 19:29, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The problem with these edits was not so much what they said, as the way they were said. They were said as assertions, and articles can only assert facts, not opinions. If the editor(s) would cite sources and attribute these opinions to the sources, then they would be acceptable, no? ChessPlayer 21:04, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, it makes for excruciatingly dull reading to adopt the form, X says A; Y critiques A; X rebuts Y with B; Y critiques B. This style makes the material read like a debate, rather than information; and, it has the effect of swinging bias back and forth between the opposing sides.  The reader should receive what the paragraph or section promises to give, without interruption or rebuttal in that immediate context (eg. the Jewish view of Jesus).  The section titled "Jewish view of Jesus" should not have the content, "Christian rebuttal to the Jewish view of Jesus". Mkmcconn — 23:24, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That seems reasonable to me, and my comment was not meant to advocate that style. The posters of the material perhaps simply don't know how they are supposed to write material, and how to insert it appropriately into the right place on the page. I'm trying to help them out, so that they don't get treated like vandals. ChessPlayer 00:02, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

No one is treating the contributer as a vandal. Mkmcconn is right, the additions were argumentative (poor style) and added nothing ot the article -- regardless of the intentions. For example, if an article says "Some people ..." the very phrasing is sufficient to communicate that opinion in this regard is not unanimous; thus, it is only clumsy and unnecessary to add: "but others disagree." In the case of these specific additions, the contributor was providing reasons, but spurious ones -- it seemed to me that all these points boiled down to this claim:
 * Whenever the article had something like "People who do not accept the Bible literally as a complete account suggest x," the contributer added something to the effect of (i.e. this was not explicit but implicit in the argument), "but people who do read the Bible literally as a complee account disagree."

Well, of course they do. Mkmcconn deleted it, noting that it was argumentative. If the contributor doesn't understand why or objects, s/she should feel free to ask for further explanation/justification. Slrubenstein

I think Sl's edits removing alternate views of Jesus' parentage are POV. Please revert. We can't be using the Wikipedia to suppress important alternate viewpoints. Tom (hawstom) 18:14, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * It is not a matter of POV, it is a matter of organization. I deleted non-Christian views in a section explicitly on Christian views.  NPOV in this article is provided by numerous sections, including a section on how historians view Jesus.  I think it makes sense to keep them separate.  If in the section on Christian views we kept putting in what non-Christians think, then in the other sections we sould have to (for NPOV purposes) keep putting in Christian rebuttals.  Not only would this be tedious, it would not serve readers well. Slrubenstein
 * I deleted non-Christian views in a section explicitly on Christian views. What nonsense. The section as a whole is not about Christian views at all, I pointed this out weeks ago when Slr changed the name to "Christian views," but didn't push it as I was tired of fighting over this silly page. What this section is, is mostly scholar's views from the books Slr has read, with a few other views thrown in, and now Slr is deleting those. The article is already 75% the historical view of Slr's chosen scholars, and I suppose he wants it to be 80% now. ChessPlayer 19:41, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * What is nonsense is the fact that now, as then, you fail to back up anything you say with facts or any reasonably informed view. It makes perfect sense for there to be a section on Christian views of Jesus, and the section in question -- except for the one or two sentences I deleted, hew fairly closely to the NT.  It makes perfect sense for there to be a section on the views of critical scholars.  My contribution was based on my doing research -- I researched the most well-regarded and influential critical scholars.  Chessplayer has done no research, and has yet to discuss any current influential scholar.  Aside from Sanders, Vermes, Fredricksen, and do a lesser degree Meier and Crossan, please tell me waht current scholars someone researching contemporary critical and historical scholarship on Jesus should read?  Slrubenstein
 * sigh...I have to go thru the long process of going though the material line by line, and showing that it's not the Christian view that is being argued in the section? Fine...I will do that. Let's start with the first sentence, Jesus was possibly born in Bethlehem, although he may have been assigned this birthplace by early Christians based on that city's status as the presumed birthplace of King David, from whom the Messiah was to descend.  So this is a Christian view? That Jesus was possibly born in Bethlehem? No, that's not the Christian view; the Christian view is that he WAS born in Bethlehem. So what view is that he was possibly born there? The SLr's historical scholar's view, as they treat the NT as maybe historical. The rest of the first sentence is clearly not a Christian view, but directly opposed to it, analysing why the NT makes up the myth of Jesus being born in Bethlehem. Ok, now next sentence: Gospel accounts state he was brought up in Nazareth; however, it is possible that early Christian transcribers mistook the title "Nazarene" for a location, because the town of Nazareth is not mentioned in contemporary historical sources. This is a Christian view? Perhaps...if the Christian is not of the literalist mind, but is bent on treating the NT as history....but I think its clear that one cannot call this statement a "Christian" view at all. So, in the first paragraph, we have exactly zero statements of Christian's views of Jesus, and several of Slr's historical view. If Slr doesn't yield on this point, are we going to have to go through the next paragraph, and the next, looking for the "Christian" POV that Slr claims the section is about now? ChessPlayer 20:27, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Sigh* I am one contributor among many.  I did not write the article, no one is an "author" of an article.  Moreover, I did not write anything in this section, I only deleted two sentences.  The first paragraph does not represent my historical views, and I did not write it.  All I did was delete two sentences that I thought pretty clearly were not Christian views.  I am not an expert on Christian views.  If Chessplayer thinks he can more ably represent Christian views, by all means!  If anyone else thinks they can more effectively present Christian views, by all means! Slrubenstein

 * The point is, the section does not represent Christian views, did not represent them, and was not intended to represent them. The section was not named "Christian views" until you renamed it! And I objected to it at the time, pointing out that renaming it "Christian views" was bogus, as the section was not Christian at all, but predominently from your authors, and mostly of the "historical" view of the NT, the sort that treats this work of religion as if it was history, picking and chosing what is "historical" and what is not. So, first of all, the section should be renamed back to what it was before you changed it, namely just "Jesus' life and teaching"; and secondly, there is no reason for your removal of alternate views. If you want to remove something, remove some of the The historicity of Jesus material.... to the page that already exists for it. ChessPlayer 21:52, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I see a lot of work to be done, but Chess player makes a lot of sense with his concerns. Unless you have the energy to rework the article, maybe you should go back to the old section heading, Sl. Tom (hawstom) 04:57, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Look, I appreciate both of your concerns, ChessPlayer and Hawstom. The problem is, the previous heading made no sense in terms of the content of the section or the structure of the article.  There are sections on Jewish views of Jesus, historical views of Jesus, and so on -- there ought to be a section on Christian views of Jesus.  Second, this section is not comprehensive.  I understand it may not clearly express Christian views, but it definitely does not express the views of critical historians or Jews or Muslims.  In fact, the account hews fairly closely to the Gospels.  To present it as a general account of Jesus' life is misleading and POV.  I think NPOV is best achieved, at least in this case, by sections that distinguish specific points of view. Slrubenstein

 * If I may contribute to this discussion: I think NPOV as well as inclusion of the "mainstream" Christian perspective can be achieved with some reorganization. Here's my suggestion: Start off with a "Biblical portrayals of Jesus" section.  This would describe Jesus as described in the Bible, taking at face value statements about his nativity, miracles, etc.  Certainly, apparent inconsistencies between different accounts in the Gospels and elsewhere in the Bible can be mentioned, but critical analysis of the text in light of extra-biblical sources (such as the historical milieu) should be reserved for a later section.  Perhaps the "Biblical Jesus" section should have a sub-section for Apocryphal writings regarding Jesus, so we don't get debates about what form of the Bible is being used as a source for this portrayal.  Then, other sections could include "Other Christian traditions and beliefs about Jesus," "Non-Christian views of Jesus," "Modern scholars' perspectives on Jesus," etc.  What do you think? Alanyst 15:55, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * " That could work, although it may just increase the risk of someone coming along a month from now and being shocked at how POV that section is, particularly if they don't take the time to read the full article. There's no perfect solution, and it shouldn't be that unreasonable to expect folks to read the whole article, even if a number of them won't. BTW, what did the heading used to be again? Wesley 16:17, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I do not support the article giving any account of Jesus's life that is not attributed to whichever group holds that view. There is no view of Jesus which is not the POV of some group, and therefore the article would be taking that POV if it asserts it without attribution. The solution to the problem is the NPOV way: present material by whoever's view it is, with the article taking no side as to who is correct. I assert that the NPOV way is the only way open, as Jimbo has said its non-negotiable.
 * As for Alanyst's suggestion, I wish to point out that there is already a complete article Christian views of Jesus that is dedicated to what he suggests. I suggest instead of adding material to the Jesus page, we take material off, putting it on its own pages where it belongs, until the Jesus page is nothing more than an introduction to the articles on Jesus on Wikipedia. ChessPlayer 21:34, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Great idea! This has produced good results in the Mormonism articles. Tom (hawstom) 23:19, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * What is the name of the article that the Jesus page might be modelled after? ChessPlayer 00:27, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, there are a lot on articles on Mormonism (List of articles about Mormonism). The closest thing to a "hub" article would probably be Mormonism.  It is short and has links to other key hub articles, like List of articles about Mormonism.  Hope that helps.  Tom (hawstom) 17:28, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Graphics Formatting
With my browser and video card, the formatting of Jesus starts to turn to crap with windows a little narrower than half the screen. Starting when the first line of the 2nd 'graph of that section wraps after "The Gospels are problematic, because they offer two accounts", instances of "c." in the "Brief timeline of Jesus" start to be superimposed over the text of the section's first 'graph (which are one word per line at that point). As i know nothing about WWW graphics, i won't speculate about fixes, but if someone needs more info to reproduce my problem, i'll answer questions. --Jerzy(t) 17:53, 2004 May 19 (UTC)

life and teaching
We cannot have a section heading that is simply "Jesus' life and teaching." Many people disagree as to what Jesus' life and teaching were. The account here draws largely on the New Testament Gospels, for example. Gnostic Gospels provide different teachings and sometimes different accounts of his life (I am not saying these accounts are "better" than the NT accounts -- just that there are different accounts out there). Historians disagree over elements of his life. Some people do not even believe Jesus existed! So to present a section on Jesus' life and teaching, as if this is what he really taught and how he lived, lacks NPOV. It would be unwieldy to try to present every point of view in this one section. It is an NPOV convention to acknowledge different POVs -- in other words, this is an account of "Jesus' life and teaching" according to whom? Since the account is derived mostly from the NT, I put in "NT." If it is according to someone else, whoever wrote this could change it. But we have to acknowledge the point of view, since people with other points of view do not agree about Jesus' life and teaching. Slrubenstein

I deleted this from the section:
 * Others have postulated that Jesus might have been the biological son of Joseph or an unidentified man with whom Mary had relations before her marriage to Joseph. One second-century allegation was that Jesus was the biological son of a Roman soldier named Pantheras.

The first sentence is silly -- OF COURSE anyone who does not think Jesus was the literal son of God must think he had some human man as a father. The second sentence at least names a name -- but without attribution lacks credibility. Most people cite the Talmud as a source. Not only is the Talmust not a great historical source, it is by no means clear what the Talmud means when refering to ben Panderas, or why. This is a real stretch. Is there any scholar today who promotes it, seriously? Slrubenstein

Graphics Formatting
With my browser and video card, the formatting of Jesus starts to turn to crap with windows a little narrower than half the screen. Starting when the first line of the 2nd 'graph of that section wraps after "The Gospels are problematic, because they offer two accounts", instances of "c." in the "Brief timeline of Jesus" start to be superimposed over the text of the section's first 'graph (which are one word per line at that point). As i know nothing about WWW graphics, i won't speculate about fixes, but if someone needs more info to reproduce my problem, i'll answer questions. --Jerzy(t) 17:53, 2004 May 19 (UTC)

Archived this Talk page
I have archived much of the content of this Talk page to Talk:Jesus archive 7 because it was way too long. If anyone feels that I archived something that was still an open topic, please feel free to retrieve it from the archive page and re-insert it. I tried to leave discussions that had recent activity or seemed to be unresolved, based on my admittedly hasty judgment. Alanyst 05:56, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jesus/Archive 8


text:
The Cornells

 * If you are looking for the band that composed the hit song  '74-'75 see The Connells

The Cornells were a 1960s Los Angeles band that played mostly surf music. Four of the five members had a parent who was a well-known celebrity.

The band appeared on the television show I've Got A Secret in 1963 with the secret "We're all the sons of Hollywood Celebrities". They played "Caravan" live on the show.

According to Richie Unterberger,"Whatever interest this L. A. surf combo generates stems from the fact that future Moby Grape guitarist Peter Lewis was a member. (...) Lewis was the only member destined to make a mark on rock history."

Members

 * Peter Lewis, lead guitar; is the son of Loretta Young and screenwriter Tom Lewis. He was later a member of Moby Grape, and subsequently developed a career as a solo artist, which continues to this day.
 * Bob Linkletter, rhythm guitar; son of Art Linkletter
 * Jim O'Keefe, saxophone; son of Dennis O'Keefe, a famous All-American footballer and 1940s and '50s movie leading man
 * Charlie Correll, drums; son of Charlie Correll, who portrayed Andy on the Amos and Andy radio program
 * Tom Crumplar, bass; the only member without a famous parent

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Cornells


text: Category:Lakes of Italy

title: Category:Lakes of Italy


text:
Ronald Susilo

Ronald Susilo (born 6 June 1979) is a Singaporean former badminton player. Susilo was ranked sixth, his highest ranking, in 2004.

Susilo started his badminton career at age 19 and had represented Singapore since 2002. He had represented Singapore in two Olympics, the 2004 and the 2008 Summer Olympics and was the flag-bearer for Singapore at the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.

He retired in 2010 before coming out of retirement in 2014 to participate in the 2015 Southeast Asian Games.

Early life
Susilo studied at the Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) located in Dover, Singapore for his secondary education under a scholarship. He joined the Singapore Badminton Association (SBA) at the age of 19. He is of Chinese Indonesian descent.

Career
At the 2002 Commonwealth Games, Susilo won the silver medal at the mixed team event.

He won the bronze medals in both the men’s team and singles at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games.

Susilo reached the final four at the All-England Open in 2004 before clinching the Japan Open title.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Susilo defeated number 1 seed Lin Dan of China and Björn Joppien of Germany in the first two rounds. In the quarterfinals, Susilo was defeated by Boonsak Ponsana of Thailand 15–10, 15–1. This is the best achievement by a badminton singles player from Singapore in the Olympic Games.

He was ranked sixth, his highest ranking, in 2004.

In 2004 and 2007, he won the Singaporean National Badminton Championships.

Susilo represented Singapore at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where he lost to number 2 seed Lee Chong Wei of Malaysia 13–21, 14–21 in the men's singles round of 32.

Susilo also won the silver medal for the men's team event in the 2007 Southeast Asian Games and the bronze medal for the men's team event in the 2009 Southeast Asian Games.

A series of injuries and operations to his shoulder, Achilles heel and elbow from 2004 to 2007 saw Susilo retiring from the sport in 2010, ending a 12-year career.

Despite the retirement, he had participated in the men’s doubles at the 2010 & 2012 Li-Ning Singapore Open with brother-in-law Candra Wijaya, the Li-Ning Singapore International Series 2013 with other brother-in-law Hendra Wijaya and winning the Pilot Pen National Age Group Singles in March 2014.

In May 2014, Susilo announced his comeback on the badminton courts, aiming to rejoin the Singapore Team for the 2015 Southeast Asian Games which was held in Singapore. In April 2015, he suffered a muscle tear in his hip and pulled out of the squad for the SEA games.

Susilo had also participated in the Singapore International Series 2014, Vietnam GP Open 2014, Indonesian Masters 2014, Malaysia Kuching International Challenge 2014, Macau Open 2014 & Singapore International Series 2015 since his comeback, with a best result reaching the semi-finals in Malaysia till now.

Personal life
Susilo first met Li Jiawei in 2002 at a sports meet. They began dating after participating together in the Athens Olympics, and the "golden sports couple", as they were dubbed by the media, announced their engagement in September 2004. They divorced in 2008.

Awards
Susilo received the 2003 Meritorious Award from the Singapore National Olympic Committee.

Susilo was awarded the Singapore's Sportsman of the Year award in 2005.

title: Ronald Susilo


text:
Talk:Axiom of countability

I'd like to add that in many cases, the interesting mathematical objects are those that satisfy certain countability axioms. I don't really know how to make that statement precise, though.

Prumpf 19:56, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Yeah, it's kinda hard to state except maybe through a good set of examples and counterexamples. — Fropuff 20:14, 2004 Aug 16 (UTC)

Why are they "not axioms in today's sense of the word"? Most certainly they are not axioms in the sense in which that word has long (2500 years?) been used in philosophy, but in modern mathematics and axiom is really just a statement of a property that some objects possess and others don't. Michael Hardy 22:17, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm. I'm not sure of that last statement.  I believe that for most (non-meta)mathematicians, the ZFC axioms are still axioms in the classical sense, even though there's a vocal minority that likes to exclude AC.  However, I think the other use of axioms is that several axioms (not just one, since that would be just a property) are used to define certain classes for consideration.  The real numbers are defined by their axiomatisation, up to isomorphism, and so are the topological spaces.  However, "axioms" of countability define no such structure, and they're not statements so obvious they could be accepted as self-evident either.

 * In essence, I think this is a linguistic issue, but I think if someone came up with a new "axiom of countability" today they'd call it a countability property rather than an axiom. In fact, I can think of very few recent papers I've read that introduce new axioms at all.  I would go as far as claiming that "axiom" is used mostly for historical axiomatisations these days, much as the principle of complete induction now is more properly called a theorem about the natural numbers.  Universal properties really are axiomatisations of certain isomorphism classes, but they're not called that.

 * (There's a notable exception in certain uniqueness proofs, such as the proof that homology theories can be uniquely axiomatised (Igusa's axiomatisation of higher Franz-Reidemeister torsion is a very recent example of introducing axioms in this sense, I guess) Sorry this got a bit long.  It would feel wrong now, to me, to call a countability/separability property axiom, and thus I don't think they're axioms in today's sense of the word.  I'll try to reword it though.

 * Prumpf 23:19, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you're right about ZFC, but people routinely speak of the "axioms" of group theory and the like. They don't mean they're "self-evident" statments about groups, but only that they are the criteria according to which one sees what is a "group" and what is not.  Michael Hardy 02:40, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Mood
I totally agree with Prumpf's “However, "axioms" of countability define no such structure, and they're not statements so obvious they could be accepted as self-evident either.” argument. And I believe we should re-write this article in the following mood:
 * Axiom of countability is an axiom to define second-countable space:
 * (Axiom of union of any)The union of any collection of sets in $$\tau$$ is also in $$\tau$$.
 * (Axiom of intersection of finite)The intersection of any 2 sets in $$\tau$$ is also in $$\tau$$.
 * (Axiom of countability-2nd)There exist a countable collection of $$\tau$$, such that every members of $$\tau$$ can be written as a union of elements of this collection.

By such kinds of definition the "axiom of countability" does define 2 structure - first and second-countable space, and naturally, become axioms. --–– 虞海  ( Yú Hǎi ) 11:08, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Open Sets needs definition
Since the term "open" is used for describing sets and subsets, there needs to be some reference to its definition. What's in this page is insufficient. There is a Wiki page on "Open Sets" that should probably be referenced. Michael McGinnis (talk) 19:55, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Axiom of countability


text:
Rick Say

Richard Say (born May 18, 1979) is a three-time Olympic and National record-holding swimmer from Canada. Say swam as a child for the Salmon Arm Sockeye Swim Club with his two brothers and two sisters. At the age of 18, he began attending the University of Victoria and started to swim seriously.

Say became a mainstay of the National Swim Team, starting in 1998. His career to date includes 20 national titles and Canadian records in five individual events – 100 free, 200 free, 400 free (scm), 200 free and 400 free (lcm) – not to mention the vast number of national relay records he has been involved in. He has competed for Canada at three Olympic Games (2000, 2004 and 2008), reaching the finals of the 200 freestyle in 2000 and 2004. He has been to four World Championships (2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007) where he was an integral part of Canada's relays which swam in the finals.

At the 2004 World Short Course Championships, Say won three medals – a silver in the 200 free, and bronze in both the 100-metre freestyle and 4x100-metre freestyle relay, both in Canadian record time. At the Commonwealth Games (1998, 2002) he earned one silver medal and two bronze medals. He has been to two Pan Pacific Championships (1999, 2002), winning 3 bronze medals, all in relays and placing a career high 4th for the 200-metre freestyle. At the 1999 Pan American Games, he was a dual bronze medalist in the 400-metre freestyle and 4x200-metre free relay.

At the 2004 Olympics, Say created a minor controversy after the 4×200-metre freestyle relay immediately in the post-race interview which was aired live on national television, when he said that he was "pissed off at not being able to make up for my teammates' mistakes". The other three team members - Brent Hayden, Brian Johns, and Andrew Hurd - expressed disappointment not in the effort, which broke the Canadian record by over 3.5 seconds, but only in the 5th-place finish which was out of the medals.

Say's 4x200-metre freestyle relay, however, bounced back to win two silver medals at the 2005 World Championships in Montreal in 2005.

Since 2004, Say has been less successful, losing his national 200-metre freestyle title to Brent Hayden, from Vancouver, British Columbia. At the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia, Say swam a world-class time of 1:48, but finished out of the medals in fourth place.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, he was a member of the Canadian teams that finished sixth in the 4x100-metre freestyle relay and fifth in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay.

title: Rick Say


text: User talk:65.118.44.66

title: User talk:65.118.44.66


text:
Paul Konerko

Paul Henry Konerko (born March 5, 1976) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a first baseman from 1997 to 2014, most prominently as a member of the Chicago White Sox, where he was a six-time American League All-Star and team captain for the 2005 World Series winning team. Konerko began his career with the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds. In 2014, Konerko was named the recipient of the prestigious Roberto Clemente Award.

High school career
Born in Providence, Rhode Island, to Henry ("Hank") and Elena Konerko, Konerko is of Polish and Italian descent. At Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona, Konerko was named the Arizona Republic/Phoenix Gazette Player of the Year as a senior, after leading his team to a Class 4-A state championship. Konerko hit .558 in 1994, the school season record until Ike Davis, who later became a Major League first baseman, hit .559 in 2003. Konerko also held the school season record in doubles, with 18, until Davis hit 23 doubles in 2003. He also held the school career record in doubles (44), until Davis passed him with 48 doubles. As of 2014, he was the school's all-time leader in home runs and RBI. Konerko was ranked the #1 catcher in the nation during his senior year in high school.

He signed a letter of intent to play college baseball at Arizona State.

Los Angeles Dodgers and Cincinnati Reds
Konerko was drafted in the first round (13th overall) of the 1994 MLB draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers. Konerko had been on the radar of Eddie Bane, the special assistant to Dodgers general manager Fred Claire, since he was 13 years old.

On May 13, 1995, with the Single-A San Bernardino Spirit, he drove in the only run of a 21-inning game. It was the longest shutout in California League history.

Konerko played for the Triple-A Albuquerque Dukes for the majority of the 1997 season, batting .323 with 37 home runs and 127 RBI in 130 games. He is one of four Dodgers position players to have been twice selected for the Dodgers organization's "Minor League Player of the Year" award, along with Billy Ashley, Joc Pederson, and Gavin Lux.

On September 8, 1997, Konerko made his major league debut with the Dodgers against the Florida Marlins as a pinch hitter, hitting a single off Marlins pitcher Dennis Cook for his first career hit. He would finish with one hits in six at-bats with a walk in six major league games with the Dodgers to close out the season. In 1998, Konerko played in 49 games with the Dodgers, batting .215 with four home runs and 16 RBI.

On July 4, 1998, Konerko was traded along with left-handed pitcher Dennys Reyes to the Cincinnati Reds for All-Star closer Jeff Shaw. Konerko played 26 games with the Reds, batting .219 with three home runs and 13 RBI.

1999–2005: early years, World Series champion
On November 11, 1998, Konerko was traded by the Reds to the White Sox for Mike Cameron. Konerko became a consistent hitter and power threat upon his arrival to the White Sox, hitting for a .294 average with 24 home runs and 81 RBI in 142 games during his first season with Chicago in 1999.

In 2000, Konerko finished the season batting .298 with 21 home runs and 97 RBI in 143 games. The White Sox finished with a 95–67 record, and made the playoffs for the first time since 1993. Konerko made his first postseason appearance that year, when the White Sox lost to the Seattle Mariners in the 2000 American League Division Series (ALDS). The Mariners swept the series in three games, and in nine at-bats, Konerko did not record a hit. He got on base once via a walk.

Konerko continued to hit consistently in 2001, hitting .282 with 32 home runs and 99 RBI in 156 games, reaching the 30-homer plateau for the first time in his career. The next season, he reached 100 RBI for the first time, finishing with a .304 average, 27 home runs and 104 RBI in 151 games. This culminated in his first All-Star appearance at Miller Park, where he also participated in the Home Run Derby, hitting 12 home runs in the two rounds he appeared in. In the 2002 All-Star Game, Konerko hit a two-run double for the American League in the top of the seventh inning to grab the lead. Broadcasters Tim McCarver and Joe Buck stated that if the American League had won the game, Konerko would have been the MVP; however, the game ended in a tie and the MVP was not awarded.

Konerko suffered a thumb injury in 2003 that reduced his playing time to 137 games and resulted in a drop in offensive production. He finished the season batting just .234 with 18 home runs and 65 RBI.

In 2004, Konerko bounced back in a big way, eclipsing the 40 home run mark for the first time in his career. In 155 games, he hit .277 while setting career highs with 41 home runs and 117 RBI. Konerko finished 16th in the MVP voting that year as the White Sox finished second in the division to the Minnesota Twins.

In 2005, Konerko and the White Sox got off to a hot start with a 17–7 record at the end of April and never looked back. They became only the fifth team in Major League history to go wire-to-wire, staying in first place every day of the season, and the first team since the 1990 Cincinnati Reds to do so. Konerko finished the season batting .283 with 40 home runs, his second time hitting the mark, and 100 RBI in 158 games as the White Sox won the division for the first time since 2000.

Konerko continued hitting hot into the playoffs with a home run in Games 1 and 3 of the ALDS against the Boston Red Sox. With Konerko's help, the White Sox swept the defending champions in three games to move on to their first ALCS since 1993. The White Sox defeated the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the American League Championship Series (ALCS). After going 0-for-4 in Game 1 and 1-for-4 in Game 2, Konerko went 3-for-4 with three RBI in the Game 3 against the Angels. Two of the RBIs came from a home run in the first inning. In Game 4, Konerko was 1-for-4 with 3 RBI on another first inning home run, the second in as many nights. His Game 4 home run set a franchise record for most home runs in a postseason and all-time with his fourth career postseason home run, passing Ted Kluszewski's three home runs in the 1959 World Series. In Game 5, Konerko went 1-for-5 with another RBI. He was named the ALCS MVP on the strength of a .268 batting average, two home runs and seven RBI, becoming the first, and as of the 2023 season, only White Sox player to receive the award He said, "I think you could split this four ways", referring to his feeling that the MVP should be awarded to the White Sox starting pitchers who pitched four consecutive complete games in the ALCS.

In Game 2 of the 2005 World Series, Konerko hit the first grand slam in White Sox World Series history to put the White Sox ahead 6–4. It was also the first grand slam in postseason history to give a team the lead when trailing in the seventh inning or later. He became the 18th player in Major League history to hit a grand slam in the World Series and the first since Tino Martinez in 1998. Those were Konerko's only RBIs of the World Series, but they were critical in giving the White Sox the momentum to complete a four-game sweep of the Houston Astros. His RBI total was also the highest on the White Sox during the series. Konerko caught the final out for every one of the series-clinching games throughout the playoffs. Konerko hit .265 with five home runs and 15 RBI during the White Sox' championship run, all White Sox postseason records.

2006–2014: team captain
Following the 2005 World Series victory, Konerko signed a five-year $60 million deal with the White Sox on November 30, 2005 after reportedly turning down more lucrative offers from the Los Angeles Angels and the Baltimore Orioles.

With the departure of Frank Thomas, Konerko became the new official face of the White Sox franchise. Konerko concluded the 2006 season batting .313 with 35 home runs and 113 RBI in 152 games, helping him rank in the top 10 for total home runs over the past three seasons, after hitting over 40 home runs in 2004 and 2005.

In 2008, Konerko again injured his thumb in the first half of the season, resulting in him being limited to 122 games. He hit .240 with 22 home runs and 62 RBI. On September 18, 2008, Konerko became the last opposing player to hit a home run at Yankee Stadium in the ninth inning of a 9–2 White Sox loss. Konerko and the White Sox defeated the Minnesota Twins in a dramatic 1–0 victory in the tie-breaker game to decide the AL Central winner and move on to the playoffs. In the 2008 American League Division Series, Konerko hit two home runs and drove in two runs in a quick exit for the White Sox, who lost the series to the eventual American League Champion Tampa Bay Rays in four games.

On April 13, 2009, Konerko connected back to back with Jermaine Dye for the 300th home run of both players' respective careers off of Detroit Tigers pitcher Zach Miner. This was the first time that this had ever happened in Major League history; where two players had hit a century milestone home run in one game, let alone back to back.

On July 7, 2009, Konerko was 3-for-4 with three home runs and 7 RBIs in a 10–6 win against the Cleveland Indians. It was the first time in his big league career that he hit three home runs in a game. He is also the only White Sox player to accomplish that at U.S. Cellular Field.

On July 10, 2010, Konerko was announced to replace Twins first baseman Justin Morneau at the 2010 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. This was the fourth All-Star selection of his career. Near the end of the 2010 season, Konerko was hit in the face by Minnesota Twins pitcher Carl Pavano. This resulted in major controversy. White Sox pitcher Mark Buehrle returned the favor in the next inning hitting Twins first baseman Michael Cuddyer. Both teams then received a warning from the head umpire and no further incidents occurred. Refusing to leave the game, Konerko hit a solo home run on the first pitch he saw in his next at bat against Pavano.

Konerko finished the 2010 season with 39 home runs, his most since 2005 and the third-highest total of his career, as well as a .312 average and 111 RBI in 149 games. Additionally, he was in fifth place in the year's MVP voting, the highest finish of his career to date.

On December 8, 2010, Konerko re-signed with the White Sox on a three-year, $37.5 million contract. On June 1, 2011, Konerko hit his 377th career home run in a game against the Boston Red Sox, passing former White Sox player Carlton Fisk on the all-time home run list.

On June 10, 2011, Konerko hit a home run in a game against the Oakland Athletics, setting the franchise record for consecutive games with an extra base hit at nine games. On June 20, 2011, Konerko hit his 385th career home run in a game against the Chicago Cubs, passing former White Sox player Harold Baines on the all-time home run list. On June 21, 2011, Konerko continued his hot June when he homered in a game against the Cubs, marking his fifth straight game with a home run, becoming the fifth player in White Sox history to hit a home run in five consecutive games. The other five are Greg Luzinski, Ron Kittle, Frank Thomas (twice), Carlos Lee, and most recently A. J. Pierzynski in 2012. Konerko made it onto his fifth All-Star team after winning the Final Vote contest for the American League.

On August 23, 2011, Konerko recorded his 2,000th hit in the top of the eighth inning against the Angels.

Konerko finished the season with 31 home runs, 105 RBIs, and a .300 batting average in 149 games, the fifth time in his career that he finished with 30 home runs and 100+ RBIs.

In October 2011, White Sox general manager Kenny Williams admitted that he briefly considered naming Konerko player-manager for Chicago after the departure of manager Ozzie Guillén. However, Williams never discussed the possibility with Konerko. Former White Sox player Robin Ventura was named manager for the upcoming 2012 season. There has not been a player-manager in Major League Baseball since Pete Rose served in the capacity for the Cincinnati Reds in 1986.

In November 2011, Konerko was inducted into the Arizona Fall League Hall of Fame along with Phillies first baseman Ryan Howard.

On April 25, 2012, Konerko hit his 400th career home run, passing Al Kaline and Andrés Galarraga and becoming the 48th player in Major League history to hit 400 home runs. Konerko was named the American League Player of the Week for the week of April 23–29. He hit .435 with three home runs and 4 RBI. He led the AL in slugging and total bases that week.

Konerko continued his hot hitting into the month of May as he racked up his second American League Player of the Week award of the season for the week of May 23–29. He hit .583 with three home runs, 10 RBI, and a 14-game hitting streak, including his 400th career home run as a member of the White Sox, becoming only the second player in franchise history to hit 400 home runs, Frank Thomas being the first.

On July 1, 2012, Konerko was elected by his peers, along with teammates Adam Dunn, Jake Peavy and Chris Sale to the 83rd All-Star Game in Kansas City. It was his sixth All-star appearance and his third in three years.

Konerko's production declined in 2013, as he finished the season hitting .244 with 12 home runs and 54 RBI in 126 games, his lowest number of both home runs and RBI since joining the White Sox. On December 4, 2013, Konerko re-signed with the White Sox to a one-year, $2.5 million contract.

Throughout the 2014 season, Konerko was honored and given a variety of farewell gifts during road games from various teams throughout baseball, including the Twins, Yankees, Indians, Royals, and crosstown rival Cubs.

On April 23, 2014, Konerko doubled off of Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Miller to break Frank Thomas' franchise total bases record with his 3,950th total base.

On May 7, 2014, Konerko played in his final game against the crosstown rival Cubs. Konerko went 2-for-3, including a bases-clearing three-run double in the bottom of the fifth inning to put the Sox in the lead for good as they went on to win 8–3. Konerko would finish his career with 20 home runs against the Cubs. Konerko would hit his 439th and final home run on the July 4 in a home game against the Seattle Mariners, the same team that he hit his first Major League home run against in 1998, in a 7–1 win for the White Sox.

During the final homestand of the season, Konerko was honored during a pregame ceremony on September 27, 2014, before a game against the Kansas City Royals. A statue of Konerko out in the left field concourse, adjacent to the Frank Thomas statue, was revealed during the ceremony and the fan that caught his 2005 World Series grand slam delivered the ball to Konerko as a parting gift. Konerko played in his final game on September 28, 2014 in the last game of the season at home. Konerko went 0-for-3 before being replaced in the top of the sixth inning by Andy Wilkins and leaving the field to a standing ovation from the crowd of 32,266. Upon his retirement, Konerko finished in the top three in most offensive categories with the White Sox with 432 home runs (second), 2,292 hits (third), 1,383 RBIs (second), 406 doubles (third), and 4,010 total bases (first). Konerko is also the White Sox postseason leader in both home runs and RBI with 7 and 17 respectively.

Aaron Rowand, one of Konerko's teammates, praised the slugger's leadership abilities. "He’s definitely very even-keeled, but stay out of his way if he has a rough game. He’ll blow up a little bit. He knows this organization, and most of us have played together for quite some time now. Everybody looks up to Paul as a leader and team captain. He does a good job with it and brings guys along for the ride.”

Retirement
Konerko retired on September 28, 2014 after spending 18 years in the Major League Baseball, the last 16 of which were with the White Sox. All but 81 of Konerko's 2,349 career MLB games were played with the White Sox. Konerko was the last member of the 2005 champion White Sox left on the team at the time of his retirement. It was announced on Paul Konerko Day that his number (#14) would be retired and the statue of Konerko was revealed in the left field concourse, becoming the ninth player to be honored with a statue by the White Sox. On October 24, 2014, Konerko was named the co-winner of the Roberto Clemente Award, sharing the honor with Jimmy Rollins of the Philadelphia Phillies. By winning the award, Konerko became the first member of the White Sox to do so. On May 23, 2015, prior to a game against the Minnesota Twins at U.S. Cellular Field, Konerko became the tenth White Sox player to have his number retired. His #14 is the eleventh overall number retired by the team as Jackie Robinson's #42 was retired by the whole MLB in 1997.

In May 2016, the White Sox celebrated U.S. Cellular Field's 25th anniversary by introducing the 25 most memorable moments in the park's history. In a bracket style competition, Konerko's grand slam in Game 2 of the 2005 World Series was voted the best moment in the park's 25-year history, as it was deemed as an iconic moment in the breaking of the franchise's 88 year championship drought.

Career statistics
In 2,349 games over 18 seasons, Konerko posted a .279 batting average (2,340-for-8,393) with 1,162 runs, 410 doubles, 439 home runs, 1412 RBI, 921 bases on balls, .354 on-base percentage and .486 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .995 fielding percentage as a first baseman.

Hall of Fame eligibility
In 2020, his first year of Hall of Fame eligibility, Konerko received 2.5% of votes, below the 5% threshold, and has been subsequently removed from future ballots.

Personal life
Konerko married Jennifer Wells in 2004. They have two sons and a daughter: Nicholas, Owen, and Amelia.

A fan of the band Metallica, Konerko's walk-up music throughout most of his tenure with the White Sox was the song "Harvester of Sorrow" from Metallica's 1988 album ...And Justice For All. The song became synonymous with Konerko in Chicago and his looming presence at the plate.

title: Paul Konerko


text: User talk:216.146.90.3

title: User talk:216.146.90.3


text:
James Conlon

James Conlon (born March 18, 1950) is an American conductor. He is currently the music director of Los Angeles Opera and principal conductor of the RAI National Symphony Orchestra.

Early years
Conlon grew up in a family of five children on Cherry Street in Douglaston, Queens, New York City. His mother, Angeline L. Conlon, was a freelance writer. His father was an assistant to the New York City Commissioner of Labor in the Robert F. Wagner administration. His siblings were not musically inclined, nor were his parents. When he was eleven, he went to a production of La traviata by the North Shore Opera. He asked for music lessons and became a treble (boy soprano) in a children's chorus in an opera company in Queens. He dreamed about being a tenor, then a baritone, and even wanted to sing the role of Carmen at one point. Finally it dawned on him that the only way to do everything in opera was to become an operatic conductor.

Education
Conlon entered the High School of Music & Art at the age of fifteen and at eighteen he was accepted into the Aspen Music Festival and School conducting program, and in September, 1968 he entered the Juilliard School of music. In 1970, the Juilliard Orchestra took an educational tour to Europe and he was invited to Spoleto the next year as an assistant doing work as a répétiteur, coach and chorus conductor. During that time, he conducted one performance of Boris Godunov. He recalled that he had fallen in love with this opera at a young age, and had dreamed that it would be the first opera he would conduct.

In 1972, at a scheduled Juilliard production of La bohème directed by Michael Cacoyannis, conductor Thomas Schippers suddenly withdrew. At the time, Maria Callas was doing a series of master classes at Juilliard and heard Conlon in rehearsal. She suggested to Juilliard's president, Peter Mennin, that Conlon should step in to conduct.

Career
Conlon received the conducting award of the American National Orchestral Association, and in 1974 became the youngest conductor engaged for the New York Philharmonic Orchestra's subscription series. In 1976 he made his Metropolitan Opera debut and his British debut with the Scottish Opera, and in 1979 he debuted at Covent Garden. He was named director of the Cincinnati May Festival in 1979, a position he retained until 2016. After engagements with the Paris Opéra, Maggio Musicale in Florence, Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra and the Chicago Lyric Opera, Conlon became chief conductor of the Cologne Opera in 1989. In 1996, he was appointed music director of the Opéra National de Paris.

Since his New York Philharmonic debut in 1974 at the invitation of Pierre Boulez, Conlon has appeared with virtually every major North American and European orchestra. He has also appeared with many of the world's major opera companies, including Teatro alla Scala (Milan), the Royal Opera at Covent Garden (London), the Lyric Opera of Chicago, and the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (Florence). Associated for almost 30 years with the Metropolitan Opera, where he made his debut in 1976, he has conducted more than 250 performances there, leading a wide range of works from the Italian, German, French, Russian and Czech repertoires.

Conlon has held several major European posts, including principal conductor of the Rotterdam Philharmonic (1983–1991), Generalmusikdirector (GMD) of the City of Cologne, Germany (1989–2002), where he was simultaneously GMD of the Gürzenich Orchestra and the Cologne Opera, and principal conductor of the Paris National Opera (1995–2004), where his Paris tenure was the longest of any conductor there since 1939. In 2015, he was named principal conductor of the RAI National Symphony Orchestra.

Career in the US
Conlon has been music director of the Los Angeles Opera since the 2006–2007 season. His work there has included a series called "Recovered Voices", a multi-year project during which Conlon presented operas by composers affected by the Third Reich. The series included a double-bill of Alexander von Zemlinsky's Der Zwerg and Viktor Ullmann's Der zerbrochene Krug, and operas by composers such as Schreker and Braunfels. Conlon has conducted seven of Wagner's operas with Los Angeles Opera, including the first-ever Los Angeles performances Der Ring des Nibelungen in 2008–2009. In September 2021, the company announced the newest extension of Conlon's contract as music director, through the 2024–2025 season. In March 2024, Los Angeles Opera announced that Conlon is to conclude his tenure as its music director at the close of the 2025-2026 season, and subsequently to take the title of conductor laureate.

Conlon's tenure as music director of the Cincinnati May Festival, from 1979 to 2016, was the longest such tenure in the festival's history. He served as music director of the Ravinia Festival from 2005 to 2015. In November 2020, the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra announced the appointment of Conlon as its artistic advisor, effective with the 2021–2022 season, for a period of three seasons, an unusual appointment in that Conlon had not conducted the orchestra prior to the announcement. Conlon conducted his first concert with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra in October 2021.

Composers from the Holocaust era
In an effort to raise public consciousness to the significance of works of composers whose lives and compositions were affected by the Holocaust, Conlon has devoted himself to extensive programming of this music in North America and Europe. This includes the works of such composers as Alexander von Zemlinsky, Viktor Ullmann, Pavel Haas, Kurt Weill, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Karl Amadeus Hartmann, Erwin Schulhoff, and Ernst Krenek. In addition to "Recovered Voices" at Los Angeles Opera, each summer when he was music director of the Ravinia Festival, Conlon presented a different composer from this group with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He has highlighted works of Viktor Ullmann, Erwin Schulhoff, and Alexander von Zemlinsky thus far. A production of Ullman's Der Kaiser von Atlantis, conceived by Conlon, has traveled extensively since its first showing in New York. Produced in cooperation with the Juilliard School, it has since been reprised at the Spoleto Festival in Italy, the Ravinia Festival, in cooperation with the New World Symphony Orchestra, the Houston Grand Opera, with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at Temple Sholom in Chicago and the Los Angeles Philharmonic, where it was performed in 2004 at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple.

In 2021, Conlon delivered a TED (conference) Talk: "Resurrecting Forbidden Music."

Recordings
Conlon has recorded extensively for the EMI, Erato, Capriccio and Sony Classical labels. He made his first recording for Telarc of the world premiere of Franz Liszt's St. Stanislaus oratorio, released in January 2004. A champion of the works of Alexander Zemlinsky, he has made nine recordings of the composer's operas and orchestral works with the Gürzenich Orchestra-Cologne Philharmonic for EMI. Several of these recordings individually have earned prestigious international awards, and in October 2002, the series was awarded the 2002 ECHO Classic Award for "Editorial Achievement of the Year." Conlon has also inaugurated a new series of 20th century works with Capriccio, including a CD of works by Erwin Schulhoff with the Bayerischer Rundfunk, and a CD/DVD of the works of Viktor Ullmann with the Gürzenich Orchestra, which won the Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik (German Record Critics Award for Excellence). His other Capriccio recordings include the works of Karl Amadeus Hartmann and Dmitri Shostakovich with violinist Vladimir Spivakov and the Cologne Philharmonic. His most recent recording is a CD of works by Bohuslav Martinů with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra on Capriccio.

Television
PBS aired a series of six shows hosted by Conlon entitled Encore during the spring of 2006, part of an ongoing series of documentaries on his work with the finalists of the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition, which have also included "Playing on the Edge" and "Hearing Ear to Ear with James Conlon". Among his other recent television appearances on PBS are, Concerto, six half-hour shows hosted by Conlon, and Cincinnati May Festival 2000.

Film
Conlon has conducted the orchestra for Kenneth Branagh's The Magic Flute (2006), a film version in English of Mozart's opera, reset during World War I, but otherwise very faithful to the original plot. The film has been released in Europe, but, as of April 2010, not in the United States, nor has it been shown on American television.

Conlon adapted, arranged, and conducted the score for the 1995 film production of Madame Butterfly.

Selected awards

 * Grand Prix du Disque (France), for EMI recording of Zemlinsky: The Dwarf, 1997
 * In 1999, Conlon received the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music Zemlinsky Prize, awarded only once before, for his efforts in bringing the composer's music to international attention.
 * He was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Music degree by the Juilliard School in 2004, an honorary Doctor of Arts honoris causa by Chapman University in 2009 and an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Brandeis University in 2009.
 * In 2005, Conlon received one of five annual Opera News Awards given for the first time in recognition of distinguished contributions from leading figures in the world of opera.
 * He has been honored by The New York Public Library as a "Library Lion", an annual award given to individuals in recognition of their contributions through their work.
 * Conlon was named an Officier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Government in 1996, and in September 2004 he was promoted to Commander—the highest honor awarded by the Ministry of Culture in France. In September 2002, Conlon received France's highest distinction from the President of the French Republic, Jacques Chirac—the Légion d'Honneur.
 * Conlon was honored by the Anti-Defamation League for his work championing composers silenced by the Third Reich. Conlon received the League's Crystal Globe Award at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park near Chicago on August 12, 2007.
 * Conlon received the Medal of the American Liszt Society in recognition of his distinctive performances of the composer's works.
 * He received Italy's Premio Galileo 2000 Award for his significant contribution to music, art and peace in Florence in 2008.
 * Conlon received the Music Institute of Chicago's Dushkin Award in recognition of his artistry and passion as a performer, educator, and mentor in 2009.
 * Conlon's rendition of Kurt Weill's Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny won a 2009 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording. The recording was made with Los Angeles Opera.
 * Conlon was inducted in 2009 into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame.
 * Lifetime Achievement Award from the Istituto Italiano di Cultura in Los Angeles for his lifelong activity and dedication to music and excellence in conducting in Italy, as well as all over the world in 2011.
 * Commendatore dell'Ordine Al merito della Repubblica Italiana (Order of Merit of the Italian Republic) conferred by Sergio Mattarella, Il  Presidente della Repubblica 30 Dicembre 2016.
 * Conlon's world premiere recording of John Corigliano's The Ghosts of Versailles with Los Angeles Opera won the 2017 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording and Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical.
 * Conlon has been awarded Austria's Cross of Honor for Science and Art (Österreichische Ehrenkreuz für Wissenschaft und Kunst) in 2023.

Personal life
Conlon married Jennifer Ringo, a soprano and vocal coach, on January 9, 1987, at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York. She is a graduate of the Juilliard School of Music and the University of Iowa. They have two daughters, Luisa, who was named for the Verdi opera Luisa Miller, and Emma. Luisa acted in the 1998 Merchant Ivory film, A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries.

Selected discography

 * Berlioz: Béatrice et Bénédict, Erato Disques.
 * John Corigliano - The Ghosts of Versailles. James Conlon, Patricia Racette, Christopher Maltman, Kristinn Sigmundsson, Joshua Guerrero, Los Angeles Opera. PENTATONE PTC 5186538 (2016)
 * Liszt: Faust Symphony, Erato Disques.
 * Mendelssohn: Elijah, EMI Classics.
 * Puccini: La Bohème, Erato/Red Seal, 1998.
 * Puccini: Tosca, Virgin Classics DVD, 1978.
 * Puccini's Heroines: The Power of Love, Warner, 2002.
 * Shostakovich: Violin Concerto no. 1; Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk Suite, Capriccio, 2002.
 * Bo Skovhus: Arias, Sony Classical, 1998.
 * Stravinsky: Le Rossignol, EMI, 1999.
 * Zemlinsky: Eine florentinische Tragödie, EMI Classics, 1997.
 * Zemlinsky: The Dwarf, EMI, 1997.
 * Zemlinsky: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 2, Angel, 1998.
 * Zemlinsky: Cymbeline Suite/Ein Tanzpoem/Frühlingsbegräbnis, EMI, 2001.
 * Zemlinsky: Choral and Orchestral Works, EMI, 2002.
 * Amore II: Great Italian Love Arias, Sony Classical, 2000.
 * A Salute to American Music (Richard Tucker Music Foundation Gala XVI), RCA Victor Red Seal, 1992.

title: James Conlon


text:
Talk:Juicy Juice

This is advertising...

Most likely, yes. But that doesn't keep anyone from making more informative entries. As far as I can tell, none of the statements on the page are false, just overzealous. - Quinine 00:03, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Possible tampering and vandelization
I'm just another anonymous user, but I spotted this on the article "Juicy Juice Cherry tastes like motor oil." 12:00pm, Sunday, 14th of May, 2006

 * You are free to edit that, but I'll do it right now. Rlevse 11:56, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Direct Copy from Site?
This page appears to be a direct copy from sections of Juicy Juice's home page []. Isn't this a copyright issue? Seems too much to be fair use? Am I wrong? --Benabik 05:09, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You are absolutely correct, and I've removed the offending material. Now, how on Earth did this page end up on my watchlist? ~CS 05:43, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Bias
This article seems biased. I just made some changes, but I think it may still need to be cleaned up

75.182.106.197 21:49, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Something what needs to be mentioned
They may be 100 percent juice, but not the juice you're expecting to get. It's all apple, grape, and pear, because those are cheap. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.122.63.142 (talk) 16:06, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Right. I added that to the article. Also, I just tasted the cherry, and it tastes like apple - because it is apple. Grundle2600 (talk) 19:10, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
 * This information was removed at some point. I'll try to find some sources. Just tasting like apple is not really a source, clearly original research. Fred Talk 21:46, 28 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The ingredients label should count as a reliable source. Lngt1124 (talk) 23:35, 25 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The label is a reliable source for what is in the bottle, the copyright date of their logo, the location of the bottling plant, the volume of juice in the bottle, etc. The question is why we would include any of this trivial material. To mention which juices there are more of than which others, we need a reliable secondary source. Otherwise, this is trivial information. If it "should be mentioned", clearly a reliable source will have mentioned this. - SummerPhD (talk) 02:43, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Juicy Juice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100824210118/http://www.foodbev.com/article/nestle-uses-live-tweets-in-ad-campaign to http://www.foodbev.com/article/nestle-uses-live-tweets-in-ad-campaign

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:15, 29 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Juicy Juice


text:
L-DOPA

-DOPA, also known as levodopa and -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants and animals, including humans. Humans, as well as a portion of the other animals that utilize -DOPA, make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid -tyrosine. -DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines. Furthermore, -DOPA itself mediates neurotrophic factor release by the brain and CNS. In some plant families (of the order Caryophyllales), -DOPA is the central precursor of a biosynthetic pathway that produces a class of pigments called betalains. -DOPA can be manufactured and in its pure form is sold as a psychoactive drug with the INN levodopa; trade names include Sinemet, Pharmacopa, Atamet, and Stalevo. As a drug, it is used in the clinical treatment of Parkinson's disease and dopamine-responsive dystonia.

-DOPA has a counterpart with opposite chirality, -DOPA. As is true for many molecules, the human body produces only one of these isomers (the -DOPA form). The enantiomeric purity of -DOPA may be analyzed by determination of the optical rotation or by chiral thin-layer chromatography.

Medical use
-DOPA crosses the protective blood–brain barrier, whereas dopamine itself cannot. Thus, -DOPA is used to increase dopamine concentrations in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonism, dopamine-responsive dystonia and Parkinson-plus syndrome. The therapeutic efficacy is different for different kinds of symptoms. Bradykinesia and rigidity are the most responsive symptoms while tremors are less responsive to levodopa therapy. Speech, swallowing disorders, postural instability and freezing gait are the least responsive symptoms.

Once -DOPA has entered the central nervous system, it is converted into dopamine by the enzyme aromatic -amino acid decarboxylase, also known as DOPA decarboxylase. Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) is a required cofactor in this reaction, and may occasionally be administered along with -DOPA, usually in the form of pyridoxine. Because levodopa bypasses the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting step in dopamine synthesis, it is much more readily converted to dopamine than tyrosine, which is normally the natural precursor for dopamine production.

In humans, conversion of -DOPA to dopamine does not only occur within the central nervous system. Cells in the peripheral nervous system perform the same task. Thus administering -DOPA alone will lead to increased dopamine signaling in the periphery as well. Excessive peripheral dopamine signaling is undesirable as it causes many of the adverse side effects seen with sole L -DOPA administration. To bypass these effects, it is standard clinical practice to coadminister (with -DOPA) a peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI) such as carbidopa (medicines containing carbidopa, either alone or in combination with -DOPA, are branded as Lodosyn (Aton Pharma) Sinemet (Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited), Pharmacopa (Jazz Pharmaceuticals), Atamet (UCB), Syndopa and Stalevo (Orion Corporation) or with a benserazide (combination medicines are branded Madopar or Prolopa), to prevent the peripheral synthesis of dopamine from -DOPA). However, when consumed as a botanical extract, for example from M pruriens supplements, a peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor is not present.

Inbrija (previously known as CVT-301) is an inhaled powder formulation of levodopa indicated for the intermittent treatment of "off episodes" in patients with Parkinson's disease currently taking carbidopa/levodopa. It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on December 21, 2018, and is marketed by Acorda Therapeutics.

Coadministration of pyridoxine without a DDCI accelerates the peripheral decarboxylation of -DOPA to such an extent that it negates the effects of -DOPA administration, a phenomenon that historically caused great confusion.

In addition, -DOPA, co-administered with a peripheral DDCI, is efficacious for the short-term treatment of restless leg syndrome.

The two types of response seen with administration of -DOPA are:
 * The short-duration response is related to the half-life of the drug.
 * The longer-duration response depends on the accumulation of effects over at least two weeks, during which ΔFosB accumulates in nigrostriatal neurons. In the treatment of Parkinson's disease, this response is evident only in early therapy, as the inability of the brain to store dopamine is not yet a concern.

Biological role
-DOPA is produced from the amino acid -tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. -DOPA can act as an -tyrosine mimetic and be incorporated into proteins by mammalian cells in place of L-tyrosine, generating protease-resistant and aggregate-prone proteins in vitro and may contribute to neurotoxicity with chronic -DOPA administration. It is also the precursor for the monoamine or catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). Dopamine is formed by the decarboxylation of -DOPA by aromatic -amino acid decarboxylase (AADC).

-DOPA can be directly metabolized by catechol-O-methyl transferase to 3-O-methyldopa, and then further to vanillactic acid. This metabolic pathway is nonexistent in the healthy body, but becomes important after peripheral -DOPA administration in patients with Parkinson's disease or in the rare cases of patients with AADC enzyme deficiency.

-Phenylalanine, -tyrosine, and -DOPA are all precursors to the biological pigment melanin. The enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of -DOPA to the reactive intermediate dopaquinone, which reacts further, eventually leading to melanin oligomers. In addition, tyrosinase can convert tyrosine directly to -DOPA in the presence of a reducing agent such as ascorbic acid.

Marine adhesion
-DOPA is a key compound in the formation of marine adhesive proteins, such as those found in mussels. It is believed to be responsible for the water-resistance and rapid curing abilities of these proteins. -DOPA may also be used to prevent surfaces from fouling by bonding antifouling polymers to a susceptible substrate. The versatile chemistry of L-DOPA can be exploited in nanotechnology. For example, DOPA-containing self-assembling peptides were found to form functional nanostructures, adhesives and gels.

Side effects and adverse reactions
The side effects of -DOPA may include:
 * Hypertension, especially if the dosage is too high
 * Arrhythmias, although these are uncommon
 * Nausea, which is often reduced by taking the drug with food, although protein reduces drug absorption. -DOPA is an amino acid, so protein competitively inhibits -DOPA absorption.
 * Gastrointestinal bleeding
 * Disturbed respiration, which is not always harmful, and can actually benefit patients with upper airway obstruction
 * Hair loss
 * Disorientation and confusion
 * Extreme emotional states, particularly anxiety, but also excessive libido
 * Vivid dreams or insomnia
 * Auditory or visual hallucinations
 * Effects on learning; some evidence indicates it improves working memory, while impairing other complex functions
 * Somnolence and narcolepsy
 * A condition similar to stimulant psychosis

Although many adverse effects are associated with -DOPA, in particular psychiatric ones, it has fewer than other antiparkinsonian agents, such as anticholinergics and dopamine receptor agonists.

More serious are the effects of chronic -DOPA administration in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, which include:
 * End-of-dose deterioration of function
 * "On/off" oscillations
 * Freezing during movement
 * Dose failure (drug resistance)
 * Dyskinesia at peak dose (levodopa-induced dyskinesia)
 * Possible dopamine dysregulation: The long-term use of -DOPA in Parkinson's disease has been linked to the so-called dopamine dysregulation syndrome.

Clinicians try to avoid these side effects and adverse reactions by limiting -DOPA doses as much as possible until absolutely necessary.

The long term use of L-Dopa increases oxidative stress through monoamine oxidase led enzymatic degradation of synthesized dopamine causing neuronal damage and cytotoxicity. The oxidative stress is caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species (H2O2) during the monoamine oxidase led metabolism of dopamine. It is further perpetuated by the richness of Fe2+ ions in striatum via the Fenton reaction and intracellular autooxidation. The increased oxidation can potentially cause mutations in DNA due to the formation of 8-oxoguanine, which is capable of pairing with adenosine during mitosis.

History
In work that earned him a Nobel Prize in 2000, Swedish scientist Arvid Carlsson first showed in the 1950s that administering -DOPA to animals with drug-induced (reserpine) Parkinsonian symptoms caused a reduction in the intensity of the animals' symptoms. In 1960/61 Oleh Hornykiewicz, after discovering greatly reduced levels of dopamine in autopsied brains of patients with Parkinson's disease, published together with the neurologist Walther Birkmayer dramatic therapeutic antiparkinson effects of intravenously administered -DOPA in patients. This treatment was later extended to manganese poisoning and later Parkinsonism by George Cotzias and his coworkers, who used greatly increased oral doses, for which they won the 1969 Lasker Prize. The neurologist Oliver Sacks describes this treatment in human patients with encephalitis lethargica in his 1973 book Awakenings, upon which the 1990 movie of the same name is based. The first study reporting improvements in patients with Parkinson's disease resulting from treatment with L-dopa was published in 1968.

The 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was also related to -DOPA: the Nobel Committee awarded one-quarter of the prize to William S. Knowles for his work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions, the most noted example of which was used for the synthesis of -DOPA.

 * L-dopaSyn.svg

Age-related macular degeneration
In 2015, a retrospective analysis comparing the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) between patients taking versus not taking -DOPA found that the drug delayed onset of AMD by around 8 years. The authors state that significant effects were obtained for both dry and wet AMD.

Role in plants and in the environment
In plants, L-DOPA functions as an allelochemical which inhibits the growth of certain species, and is produced and secreted by a few legume species such as the broad bean Vicia faba and the velvet bean Mucuna pruriens. Its effect is strongly dependent on the pH and the reactivity of iron in the soil.

title: L-DOPA


text:
Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album

The Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album was an award presented to recording artists for quality albums in the Mexican music genre at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".

Since its inception, the award category has had several name changes. From 1984 to 1991 the award was known as Best Mexican-American Performance. From 1992 to 1994 it was awarded as Best Mexican-American Album. In 1995 it returned to the title Best Mexican-American Performance. From 1996 to 1998 it was awarded as Best Mexican-American/Tejano Music Performance. In 1999, the category name was changed to Best Mexican-American Music Performance, and in 2000 it returned to the title Best Mexican-American Performance once again. From 2001 to 2008 the award was presented as Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album. In 2009, the category was split into two new fields: Best Norteño Album and Best Regional Mexican Album.

Mexican-American artist Flaco Jiménez is the most-awarded performer in the category with four wins, twice as a solo performer and twice as member of Texas Tornados and Los Super Seven. He is followed by fellow Mexican-American performer Pepe Aguilar with three winning albums and by American singers Vikki Carr and Linda Ronstadt, Mexican singers Luis Miguel and Joan Sebastian, and bands La Mafia and Los Lobos, with two wins each. Mexican ranchera performer Vicente Fernández was the most nominated artist without a win with ten unsuccessful nominations.


text: Category:Finnish philosophers

title: Category:Finnish philosophers


text: User talk:68.171.157.159

title: User talk:68.171.157.159