text:
Talk:Acoustics

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 March 2019 and 29 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alxesi, Fields18x, Cbettica65.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:20, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

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Recent Discussion
After reviewing this page, I feel that it is in need of a major revision. I propose restructuring the entire article based around the following outline:

1. History

2. Fundamentals 3. Research Fields
 * a. Simple Harmonic Oscillator
 * b. Waves in Simple Structures
 * c. Waves in Fluids

4. Applications and Influence

5. Links

6. Further Reading

Any general thoughts? Obviously this is open for discussion. Thanks. Spp143 (talk) 16:47, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that major revisions are needed. The current article just seems to be a random hodgepodge of facts with a complete lack of a holistic approach to the field.  The only issue I have with the outline you propose is whether "Research Fields" and "Applications and Influence" would be sufficiently distinct.  ddomme  17:00, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, I would argue that "Research Fields" would incorporate a list of fields in acoustics (architectural, biomedical, physical, etc...) and that "Applications and Influence" would encompass topics that utilize portions of acoustics (i.e. sound engineers, recording engineers, audiologists, etc...). What do you think? Spp143 (talk) 18:25, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I also agree that the revision is needed. In terms of the outline, I think that Research Fields and Applications should not contain too much detail but should give an overview of the wide range of topics within acoustics.  Each specific research field should really have its own wiki. Also, waves in fluids should include wave equation, reflection, transmission, enclosures, radiation and maybe more. This could probably be broken into several segments itself.Mic shep (talk) 01:55, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Older Discussion
Not clear just why this was flagged. The main problem I see is that the list, though good (insofar as it comes from an authoritative source) is very long and could look formidable to non-acousticians approaching the subject. It's hard to introduce such a broad and diverse subject and the present introductory section is somewhat bitty. My suggestion is that a summary of the historical development of this field of knowledge might be the best structure for giving a new reader a feeling for its scope. R. W. B. Stephens' 800-page textbook has such a 10-page historical introduction. I'm considering making a precis of it, as short as reasonably possible, and introducing it as a perspective lead=in to the list. Whaddya think ? Adrian Pollock (talk) 01:21, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * }
 * It would certainly be an improvement ;) Gabriel Kielland (talk) 01:28, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that's a great idea. On earlier versions there was a lot of material about the physical principles that might be of interest, too.  It was deleted because of redundancy with other articles, but I still think that it has some place on this page.  In the mean time, I'm going to remove some of the redundancy. Joe056 (talk) 05:05, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Noted your changes Joe and look forward to working with you on this, I'll try to draft something with the historical perspective on New Year's Day. Adrian Pollock (talk) 06:56, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm putting draft material on /temp. Comments and edits invited. This is intended to improve the article by using historical narrative to give a more structured account of how acoustics and its subfields developed. Adrian Pollock (talk) 03:13, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Re latest edit making acoustics a branch of "classical mechanics" rather than of "physics": interesting, but I'm concerned that this may seem to exclude branches of acoustics such as musical, physiological. I do agree that "physical acoustics" is well identified as a branch of "classical mechanics". So I may do a revert but more comments here invited. Adrian Pollock (talk) 20:06, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

If you are watching this article, please note that changes have been planned and prepared on /temp during the last six weeks, responsive to the cleanup request. It's intended to put this material up on or about February 15, 2008, largely replacing the current material on which it is based. Any comments please make here. Adrian Pollock (talk) 05:16, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

I just put up all then new material, and I think it's a huge improvement. I'm a bit worried that an anti-vandal bot might revert the changes, so help me watch out for that. You brought up a good point about that one inline reference being awkward. I think it would look much better if there were more inline citations to go with it. I'll work on that, and I hope that others will, too. You also mentioned the length and formatting of the see also section. Are there wp guidelines for that? I checked but couldn't find any. On the one hand, it's good to have a central point to so many different acoustics topics. On the other, the list is lengthy and probably won't be read. Maybe you should ask your adopter.Joe056 (talk) 19:48, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Great job putting it up, Joe ! I just fixed a typo (decibals/decibels).  As you say it's a huge improvement. There's so much else in Wikipedia on detailed acoustical topics, I really think this was the right choice to set up this central article basically as a switching/starting point. It could get longer but doesn't have to. Still a few ragged edges here and there that we can continue to work on, while seeing what others have to say.  Yes, it'll be good if you can improve the reference list (how ? Identify the top classics in the subdivisions ? Look for some good modern textbooks, maybe inexpensive ones, Rayleigh in paperback etc.??) I will pursue getting the "See also" list into columns. Anyway thanks, it's been a pleasure working with you ! Adrian Pollock (talk) 02:11, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Advanced development
This page has Fundamental concepts of acoustics section, but nothing more. We need to add a more rigorous development of basic concepts in acoustics (wave equation, reflection, transmission, radiation, waveguides, etc.). If you look at other physics or engineering wikis there is usually at least an introduction to the basic equations governing the process.

Split up?
The sound pressure level section is mostly covered in Sound pressure level, and I think the rest should be moved to that article. Similarly, should the resonance sections be moved to Acoustic resonance, along with the acoustic bits from resonance? - Omegatron 15:35, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

Link suggestions
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Acoustics article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 01:03, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * And what about astro-acoustics...neverming 22 google hits...then planetary acoustics. Well, there is a study of observing sounds on other planets as well as earthquakes...I mean marsquakes and it should be related to acoustics. –Gnomz007(?) 02:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm with you, Gnomz, and congratulations if you are the person who coined the word "astro-acoustics" - awesome subject, I have had some original thoughts but zero communications about it until now. Regarding marsquakes - glad to see your mention, there were interesting moonquake antecedents in the 1970's. Strong links of course, between seismology and acoustics. Adrian Pollock (talk) 20:57, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

What is Wolffian Accousitics?
I'm an acoustician and have not heard this definition before, shouldn't it be placed under the "biomedical acoustics" heading? It seems a bit out of place,

Mikael Ogren, Sweden

Psychological Acoustics
Shouldn't this term read "Physiological Acoustics", if we're talking about "the study of the mechanical, electrical and biochemical function of hearing in living organisms"?

("Psychological Acoustics" could appear as another name for "Psychoacoustics"?)

Kapadia58.167.192.143 06:31, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

List clean up
User:Skoban has suggested that the list of disciplines needs to be cleaned up. I agree and would do it, but am at a lost about how to make it better. Any suggestions? pheon 13:39, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

The American Institute of Physics has established the Physics and Astronomy Classification (PACS) system. Within that, Section 43 deals with Acoustics, and it is very complete. It includes Psychological, physiological, biological, and medical acoustics as well as those subjects we would normally associate with physics and mechanics. You can find the PACS for Acoustics at http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs08/acoustics_appendix.html. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.43.65.245 (talk) 20:58, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Archaeoacoustics
I think there should be a mention of archaeoacoustics somewhere on this page. --Max 03:41, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Improving the See Also section
In order to shorten the "see also" section, I'm going to try to link to some of those articles in the text of the article. Let me know if you don't like the idea, we can just revert it. Joe056 (talk) 04:06, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Schools
Are there any schools that offer acoustics as a feild of study.? I know of Penn State. that is it.

--- Please refer to the Acoustical Society of America Web site: http://asa.aip.org/asagrad/gpdir.cm.html

That website is not very complete or up to date. The acoustics task force is working to add an up-to-date list to this wiki. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mic shep (talk • contribs) 02:11, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

 * go to Academic Programs in Acoustics and you'll find information about lots of education opportunities in acoustics. Mic shep (talk) 13:43, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

Career
Any larger companies that do acoustical research/testing?

There are several schools which give a degree in acoustics. Penn State, University of Southampton, and, I believe, another European school (Germany?). In addition, there are multiple schools with programs with concentrations in acoustics, University of Texas at Austin, George Washington University, UCLA, etc. The Acoustical Society of America has, in the past, compiled books on the schools offering graduate programs. HerbK (talk) 23:35, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

--- For a "High School Counselor" level overview, see the Acoustical Society of America web page, http://asa.aip.org/acou_and_you.html. Each of the sub-genres of acoustics listed in the Main article (and many combinations of them) can potentially provide a career in acoustics. A quick search at Monster.com with keywords "acoustics", "vibrations", "noise and vibration", or "NVH" will give a decent idea of professional opportunities in at least a few dimensions of the field. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.43.65.245 (talk) 20:45, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Featured sound candidate
Hi, I wonder whether people have time to look in at Featured_sound_candidates/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home. It's a matter of balancing what I see as a poor musical performance with any historical value the recording has (yet to be justified by the nominators). The criteria are here. TONY  (talk)  03:26, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Acoustics has applications
There is a disconnect in this article from some of its core applications. If we just look at marine applications, the only reference to sonar mentions "a submarine using sonar to locate its foe", yet there is no mention about the more widespread use of sonar by other naval vessels to locate submarines. Nor is there any mention of hydrographic vessels mapping underwater topography, let alone the extensive use of sonar among commercial and recreational fishermen to detect fish. --Geronimo20 (talk) 13:06, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Piano note equivalencies in chart
I took out two graphic images that were each 1000 pixels wide, mainly because the topic is not necessarily about musical notes in the Western scheme. Acoustics can be about noise, about non-Western musical heritages, and about general ranges of frequencies.
 * Image:Frequencies of the audible range on a twelve and eight equal tempered scale.jpg
 * Image:MusicalNoteFrequencies.png

Unneeded. Binksternet (talk) 01:32, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:37, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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== Proposed Changes Hi all,

My name is Xavia Fields and I am a student at The George Washington University. I am in a writing class and a project we are currently working on involves us editing a Wikipedia page. I have decided to add a subsection instead of modifying an existing one. The section I am adding can be viewed below and it covers the psychological affects of acoustics.

Thank you

Psychological Effects of Acoustics Many studies have been conducted to identify the relationship between acoustics and cognition, or more commonly known as psychoacoustics, in which what one hears is a combination of perception and biological aspects[1]. The information intercepted by the passage of sound waves through the ear is understood and interpreted through the brain, emphasizing the connection between the mind and acoustics. Psychological changes have been seen as brain waves slow down or speed up as a result of varying auditory stimulus which can in turn affect the way one thinks, feels, or even behaves[2]. This correlation can be viewed in normal, everyday situations in which listening to an upbeat or uptempo song can cause one's foot to start tapping or a slower song can leave one feeling calm and serene. A deeper biological look at the phenomenon of psychoacoustics was made discovering that the central nervous system is activated by basic acoustical characteristics of music[3]. By observing how the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spine, is influenced by acoustics, the pathway in which acoustic affects the mind, and essentially the body, is evident.

Iakovides, Stefanos A.; Iliadou, Vassiliki TH; Bizeli, Vassiliki TH; Kaprinis, Stergios G.; Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.; Kaprinis, George S. (2004-03-29). "Psychophysiology and psychoacoustics of music: Perception of complex sound in normal subjects and psychiatric patients". Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry. 3 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1475-2832-3-6. ISSN 1475-2832. PMC 400748. PMID 15050030. "Psychoacoustics: The Power of Sound". Memtech Acoustical. 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2019-04-14. Green, David M. (1960-10). "Psychoacoustics and Detection Theory". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 32 (10): 1189–1203. doi:10.1121/1.1907882. ISSN 0001-4966. Check date values in: |date= (help) Fields18x (talk) 09:54, 17 April 2019 (UTC)

==proposed changes

My name is Caitlin Bettica and I am a freshman at George Washington University working on a wikipedia project with my group where we edit wikipedia articles. I decided to write about archaeoacoustics, which I internally linked. Thanks!

Archaeoacoustics, also known as the archaeology of sound, is one of the only ways to experience the past with senses other than our eyes. Archaeoacoustics is studied by testing the acoustic properties of prehistoric sites, including caves. Iegor Rezkinoff, a sound archaeologist, studies the acoustic properties of caves through natural sounds like humming and whistling. Archaeological theories of acoustics are focused around ritualistic purposes as well as a way of echolocation in the caves. In archaeology, acoustic sounds and rituals directly correlate as specific sounds were meant to bring ritual participants closer to a spiritual awakening. Parallels can also be drawn between cave wall paintings and the acoustic properties of the cave; they are both dynamic. Because archaeoacoustics is a fairly new archaeological subject, acoustic sound is still being tested in these prehistoric sites today.

Cbettica65 (talk) 12:38, 17 April 2019 (UTC)

improvement of this page
Hello, I am a member of https://sound2020.org/news/wiki4yearofsound2020/ and invite everyone to join this effort to improve the articles related to sound and acoustics, mostly those which are rated as C  (c-rated articles). ````LEO FUKS

See Also https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health/Wiki4YearofSound2020/home TMorata (talk) 15:09, 5 February 2020 (UTC)

driver
In the middle of the page there is a picture of a little loudspeaker.

The footer says : "An inexpensive low fidelity 3.5 inch driver, typically found in small radios".

Why "driver", should it not be simply "loudspeaker"? Seppesol (talk) 19:07, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acoustics


text:
Mercury Montego

The Mercury Montego is a nameplate that was applied to three separate generations of vehicles marketed by the Mercury division of Ford Motor Company. Taking its name from Montego Bay, Jamaica, the nameplate made its first appearance for 1967 in the Canadian market as part of the Mercury-derived Meteor model line. For 1968, the Mercury Montego made its debut across North America, becoming the Mercury counterpart of the Ford Torino intermediate-size model line for two generations.

For the 1977 model year, Ford revised the intermediate-size product ranges of both its Ford and Mercury divisions; as part of a mid-cycle update, Mercury discontinued the Montego nameplate and expanded the Mercury Cougar line to include a full range of sedans and wagons (with the Ford Gran Torino becoming the Ford LTD II).

After a 28-year absence, the Montego nameplate was revived for the 2005 model year, this time applied to a full-size sedan. Slotted in size between the Mercury Milan and Grand Marquis, the 2005 Montego was the Mercury counterpart of the Ford Five Hundred. For the 2008 model year, the Montego adopted the nameplate of the car it had replaced, becoming the final generation of the Mercury Sable.

First generation (1968–1971)
For 1968, Mercury introduced the Montego as part of its intermediate Mercury Comet product line, consolidating the Comet Capri and Comet Caliente into a single nameplate; the high-performance Mercury Cyclone became a distinct model line. As the Comet was the Mercury counterpart of the Ford Fairlane, the Montego was introduced alongside the Ford Torino. For 1970, Mercury intermediates adopted the Montego name entirely (with the Comet name being resurrected (and downsized) in the following year for the Mercury counterpart of the compact Ford Maverick).

The first-generation Montego was offered as a four-door sedan, two-door hardtop, four-door station wagon, and two-door convertible. The model line was offered in base and MX trims (replacing the Comet Capri and Comet Caliente, respectively).

For 1970, the Montego underwent a mid-cycle exterior redesign to add a forward-thrusting hood and grille design. The convertible was withdrawn, replaced by a four-door hardtop. For all sedans, a MX Brougham trim was added (with a woodgrained MX Villager station wagon), distinguished by concealed headlamps.

Second generation (1972–1976)
For 1972, the second-generation Montego was introduced alongside the redesigned Ford Torino. In a major design shift, the intermediate Ford/Mercury model lines shifted from unibody to body-on-frame construction; similarly to the General Motors A-platform, the Montego adopted a split-wheelbase chassis (114-inch for two-doors, 118-inch for four-doors and station wagons). True four-door hardtops were replaced by "pillared hardtops" (frameless door glass remained, supported by a thin B-pillar), while two-door Montegos retained hardtop roofs, though with much wider C-pillars.

The Cyclone had reverted from a stand-alone model line to an option package for 1972 for the Montego; only 30 1972 Cyclones would be produced, making it among the rarest Mercury vehicles. As a replacement for the Cyclone, Mercury introduced the Montego GT, a counterpart of the Ford Gran Torino SportsRoof for the first time; the Montego GT was offered from 1972 to 1973.

As a standard engine, the Montego was equipped with a 250 cubic-inch inline-six, with five different V8 engines available as options. Starting in 1974, the Mercury Montego was available with a 460 V8, shared with the Mercury Marquis/Colony Park.

The redesign was initially met with success, as 1972 Montego sales increased 136% over 1971; the MX Brougham saw the largest increases in sales, as the two-door increased its sales by 897% while the four-door increased by 1,021%.

Following the 1973 gas crisis, sales were depressed by industry-wide fuel economy concerns. The redesigned 1974 Mercury Cougar shifted from the Ford Mustang chassis and upsized to Montego two door bodies which were also shared with the mid-year addition of the Ford Elite. The new Cougar which was more competitive in the growing intermediate personal luxury car segment produced model overlap causing slower sales of the Montego along with the success of the Mercury Monarch, as buyers shifted from intermediates and full-size cars towards fuel-efficient compact sedans.

For 1975, the six-cylinder and 302 V8 engines were dropped from the lineup, leaving the 351 V8 as the standard engine.

For 1977, in a mid-cycle redesign of the Ford intermediate lines, several nameplates were shifted. Mercury rebranded the Montego as the Cougar, in favor of offering a full range of body styles for the Cougar line alongside the flagship XR7 personal luxury coupe; Ford rebranded the Torino/Gran Torino as a facelifted LTD II, with the Elite rebranded as a downsized 1977 Thunderbird.

Third generation (2005–2007)
For the 2005 model year, Mercury revived the Montego nameplate after a 28-year hiatus. The Mercury counterpart of the Ford Five Hundred, the third-generation Montego entered production on July 12, 2004. Slotted below the Grand Marquis, the third-generation Montego was introduced as a replacement for the Sable alongside the 2006 Milan.

In place of the three trims of the Five Hundred, the Montego was offered in two: Luxury and Premier.

The third-generation Montego was manufactured at the Chicago Assembly facility in Chicago, Illinois alongside the Ford Five Hundred and the Ford Freestyle; the latter was a CUV wagon serving as a replacement for the Taurus/Sable station wagon.

Chassis
The third-generation Montego was built on the Ford D3 platform. Developed in collaboration with Volvo, the D3 chassis is the first full-size Ford platform to utilize front-wheel drive (or its optional all-wheel drive). Shifting away from the body-on-frame Panther platform, the D3 chassis utilizes unibody construction. Only two inches shorter than the Grand Marquis in wheelbase, the Montego was nearly 500 pounds lighter in curb weight.

The Montego was equipped with a single engine, shared with the previous Taurus/Sable, a 203 hp version of the 3.0L DOHC Duratec V6. Front-wheel drive versions were equipped with a 6-speed Aisin AW F21++ automatic while AWD versions were equipped with a ZF CVT.

Total Vehicle Geometry (TVG)
The Montego, Five Hundred and Ford Freestyle were manufactured using a Volvo-derived system called Total Vehicle Geometry (TVG) to ensure fit, finish and craftsmanship — by requiring comprehensive participation by all engineers as well as suppliers and vendors. Heavily using computer-aided design, TVG tracks all design modifications, translating them into the central CAD database which in turn allows each engineer access to current project data. The system improves part tolerance at the body-in-white stage as well as early cabin integrity testing, via air leakage testing. TVG improved fit and finish at the first prototype stage and decreases pilot manufacturing times.

For side impact protection the bodywork is braced at the B-pillar via an energy-channeling structural cross-car roof tube and a corresponding undercar energy channelling cross-tube — with the front seats mounted above the lower tube, locating them above a side impact energy path. The system derives from a side-impact safety design marketed by Volvo as its Side Impact Protection System (SIPS).

Exterior
The first completely new full-size Mercury since the 1992 model year, the third-generation Montego was offered solely as a four-door sedan. With a height over five feet tall (matching the far-longer Maybach 57), the Montego was the tallest Mercury sedan in over 50 years.

While visibly sharing much of its exterior with its Ford Five Hundred counterpart, the third-generation Montego was distinguished by exterior several design features. In line with other Mercury vehicles, the Montego was styled with a vertical waterfall-style grille with satin aluminum exterior trim (limiting chrome to the roofline). Exclusive to the Montego, HID headlamps and LED taillamps were standard equipment (the latter, the largest array of LED lights on any Ford vehicle worldwide).

Ford chief designer, George Bucher, said "it was a challenge to sculpt a Ford-styled body around a Volvo chassis, and added that designers used what he calls plainer surfaces with taut lines to give the car a modern look without losing its passenger-car proportions."

Interior
In contrast to both the Grand Marquis and the Sable, the third-generation Montego was available solely in a five-passenger configuration. In line with the 2001-2003/2005 Grand Marquis LSE and 2003-2004 Marauder, the Montego was configured with bucket seats and a console-mounted shifter.

Slotted in between the Five Hundred SE and SEL, the Montego Luxury featured cloth seats as standard, with leather seats as optional. The Mercury equivalent of a Five Hundred Limited, the Montego Premier featured leather seats as standard; all-wheel drive and a sunroof were among the few available options.

In contrast to the Grand Marquis, the Montego offered a 60/40 fold-down rear seat, expanding the 21 cubic-foot trunk space. With the decklid closed, objects up to 10 feet in length could be transported within the car (when using the optional fold-down front passenger seat).

At its launch, two airbags were standard, with four more available as an option (front-seat airbags and side-curtain)

A design feature of the Montego includes its overall height to add interior space to the vehicle. To appeal to buyers of both sedans and sport-utility vehicles, Ford raised the viewpoint of the driver. Marketed as Command Seating, the Montego features high H-point seating (the location of the occupants hip-point relative to the road or the vehicle floor); its H-point is closer to the ground than that of a sport utility vehicle, but higher than a typical sedan, easing entry and exit. Also, the distance from the H-point to the floor of the vehicle is reflective of more upright seating. At its press launch, Ford said the Five Hundred's H-point is up to four and a half inches higher than its competitors. The Montego also features theater seating, where second row seats are higher: in the front row, the distance between the H-point and the heel point, where the occupant's foot touches the floor, is 12.7 inches — in the second row the distance between the H-point and the heel point is 15.7 inches.

Discontinuation
Following a poor critical reception, the Mercury Montego and Ford Five Hundred fell under sales projections from the 2005 to 2007 model years. For the 2008 model year, the Montego and Five Hundred underwent a mid-cycle update, with pre-production prototypes unveiled at 2007 auto shows. After his installation as Ford CEO, Alan Mulally ordered the model lines renamed before entering production, claiming higher brand value and recognition; the 2008 Mercury Montego adopted the Mercury Sable nameplate.

For 2008, Mercury received an exterior styling update that better differentiated the two model lines; a powertrain upgrade replaced the 3.0L engine with a 3.5L engine (increasing output to 263 hp).

Use in competition

In the 1968 NASCAR Grand National stock car season, the fastback Fairlane body style proved much slicker than other makes, but the nose of the Mercury Cyclone Fastback was the main reason pointed to it being even slightly faster than its Ford counterpart. Cale Yarborough drove a Wood Brothers Cyclone to victory in the Daytona 500, and the Mercury bodies would remain a major force in NASCAR through 2 generations of bodies.

The battle over aerodynamics would prompt Chrysler to respond with specialized "winged wonder" Daytona and Superbird bodies after its own fastback bodies proved disappointing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mercury Montego


text: User talk:220.224.2.102

title: User talk:220.224.2.102


text:
Michael Olowokandi

Michael Olowokandi (born 3 April 1975) is a Nigerian former professional basketball player. Born in Lagos, Nigeria, and raised in London, he played collegiately for the Pacific Tigers in Stockton, California. Nicknamed "The Kandi Man," Olowokandi was selected as the first overall pick of the 1998 NBA draft by the Los Angeles Clippers. He played professionally until 2007, when he was forced to retire due to severe hernia and knee injuries.

Early life
Olowokandi was born in Lagos, Nigeria, as the oldest of five children. His father, Ezekiel, was a Nigerian diplomat. When Olowokandi was aged 3, his family moved to London where he was raised. Olowokandi has Nigerian citizenship and did not hold a British passport as of 2004.

Olowokandi attended the Newlands Manor School in Seaford, East Sussex, where he set British age group records in long jump and triple jump and also played center midfield in football. Olowokandi had a height of 6ft 8in at age 16, growing six inches in two years. He first touched a basketball at the age of 17, and began playing basketball when he was 18.

Olowokandi then entered Brunel University as a mechanical engineering major, where he was an athlete in track and field, cricket, and rugby union. He had a tryout with the Thames Valley Tigers of the Budweiser Basketball League but did not receive a contract.

College career
On 3 April 1995, on Olowokandi's 20th birthday, he opened the Peterson's Guide to American Colleges and Universities to a random page and landed on the University of the Pacific (UOP). Olowokandi called the UOP basketball office in hopes that he would be accepted to play basketball for the Pacific Tigers. UOP assistant coach Tony Marcopulos answered the phone call and was stunned when informed of Olowokandi's height of 7ft 1in. After being informed that there were no more available basketball scholarships at UOP, Olowokandi offered to pay for his schooling (about $23,000 annually) for two years. He also called Georgetown University and Duke University but was informed they would not offer scholarships without sending a scout to see him.

Olowokandi and Marcupulos spent hundreds of phone calls arranging credit transferral and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) eligibility, which was determined that Olowokandi had three seasons of college remaining. When Olowokandi arrived in the United States in August 1995, he had not played a game of organized basketball or met the UOP coaches; Pacific head coach Bob Thomason joked, "I had told him on the phone that if he wasn't 7 foot I was going to put him right back on the plane." Arriving as a sophomore in eligibility, Olowokandi had no understanding of basketball terminology and was in poor physical condition. He frequently committed backcourt and traveling violations in his early games but persisted with his progression and committed to extended practice sessions. Olowokandi became a star for the team during his junior season, averaging a team high 12.6 points, 7.4 rebounds and 1.9 blocks.

Olowokandi led his team to the 1997 NCAA Tournament and as a senior he led the Tigers to the 1998 National Invitation Tournament. He averaged 22 points, 11 rebounds, and 3 blocks per game his senior year and was the 1997–98 Big West Conference Player of the Year. Olowokandi was named as a 1998 Honorable Mention All-American by the Associated Press. He graduated from Pacific with a degree in Economics and had his No. 55 jersey retired by the university in 1998.

Los Angeles Clippers (1998–2003)
Olowokandi was considered to be a top two pick in the 1998 NBA draft due to his 7ft 6in wingspan and "unlimited upside". He performed well at the NBA annual pre-draft events with his quickness, speed and strength. Olowokandi set records during his workouts in the Denver and Vancouver pre-draft camps, including a record for medicine ball dunks in Denver and running the 40-yard dash in 4.55 seconds. Fellow NBA player Andrew Lang said Olowokandi had some of the quickest feet he had ever seen while the two performed together at the camps.

Olowokandi was drafted with the first overall pick by the Los Angeles Clippers. Later in the lottery future Hall of Famers Paul Pierce, Dirk Nowitzki, and Vince Carter were selected, as well as future All-Star Antawn Jamison. The Clippers had initially planned to draft eventual second pick Mike Bibby but Elgin Baylor cited Olowokandi's work habits and off-season improvements as the swaying factors. The start of the 1998–99 NBA season was hampered due to a lockout and the Clippers were not allowed to contact Olowokandi. His agent, Bill Duffy, put Olowokandi in contact with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who trained together extensively during the 1998 offseason. Olokowandi signed with Italian team Kinder Bologna on 5 January 1999 — only two days before the lockout was resolved. In 3 regular season Italian League games played with Bologna, he averaged 4.7 points, 5.7 rebounds and 0.3 assists in 17.3 minutes per game. He also played for 3 games in the FIBA EuroLeague, where he averaged 10.7 points, 6.0 rebounds and 0.3 assists in 21.3 minutes per game. Bologna granted Olowokandi an early release to sign with the Clippers as he did not have a considerable impact and was poorly conditioned. Olowokandi claimed that he felt misused by the team and did not have his offensive abilities utilised. Olowokandi signed with the Clippers on 29 January 1999. During his rookie season, he averaged 8.9 points and 7.9 rebounds in 45 games played for the Clippers. Olowokandi underwent surgery on his left knee on 11 May 1999, in what would be the first of multiple knee surgeries.

In the 2001–02 season, Olowokandi saw the most playing time of his career and averaged 11.1 points and 8.8 rebounds. After Abdul-Jabbar's stint, Olowokandi received tutelage from Clippers assistant coach Igor Kokoskov who worked with him on footwork and shot selection. Olowokandi received additional playing time after center Elton Brand was sidelined by a bruised left hip, and Olowokandi became "the Clippers’ go-to guy". He averaged 17 points a game and 11 rebounds during the last 20 games of the season and was considered one of the biggest free agents in the 2002–03 free agency class. On 5 April 2002, Olowokandi was fined $50,000 by the Clippers for "behavior detrimental to the team" after he criticized teammates for a loss against the Utah Jazz.

Olowokandi was coveted by the San Antonio Spurs to replace the retiring David Robinson. He was also a top choice for the Denver Nuggets, with Kiki VanDeWeghe of the Denver Nuggets considering Olowokandi to be a "legitimate center." However, Olowokandi resigned with the Clippers to their qualifying offer on 24 September 2002, following weeks of uncertainty in contract negotiations. Olowokandi injured his left knee during his extensive training during the offseason and missed most of the preseason. The team's apprehension in offering him a longterm contract extension caused conflict between the Clippers and Olowokandi, who by December 2002 had decided he would not again resign with the team. He also considered himself as having a limited role in coach Alvin Gentry's offense despite having a breakthrough season that saw improvements in his aggressiveness and consistency. Olowokandi's left knee injury flared up in January 2003 and he was placed on the injured list. He underwent knee surgery on 3 February 2003, and was ruled out for three to four weeks. Olowokandi was ultimately ruled out for the rest of the season by the Clippers in April.

Olowokandi averaged 9.9 points, 8.0 rebounds and 1.6 blocks in his 323 games played with the Clippers over five seasons. Abdul-Jabbar, who became an assistant coach for the Clippers during Olowokandi's tenure, considered Olowokandi "talented but uncoachable" and cited his lack of willingness to accept criticism in practice as being detrimental to his career.

Minnesota Timberwolves (2003–2006)
Due to financial issues with the L.A. Clippers, Olowokandi signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on a three-year, $16.2 million contract. Olowokandi had been considered the fourth most valuable free agent that offseason but received little interest from NBA teams and accepted the only solid deal he was offered. Olowokandi was enticed by Timberwolves general manager and former player Kevin McHale, who trained one-on-one together before the season started. Olowokandi again experienced pain and swelling in his left knee so had a second procedure before the start of the regular season that resulted in him missing all of training camp and attending only three team practices. He appeared sporadically in games for the Timberwolves during November and December due to tendinitis in his right knee. Olowokandi underwent surgery on 12 December 2003, and was ruled out indefinitely.

On 26 November 2004, Olowokandi was suspended by the Timberwolves for two games after he was arrested for refusing to leave an Indianapolis night club. On 16 January 2005, Olowokandi was suspended by the NBA for four games for a fight with Nenê of the Denver Nuggets during a game the previous night.

Boston Celtics (2006–2007)
On January 26, 2006, Olowokandi, Dwayne Jones, and Wally Szczerbiak were traded by the Timberwolves to the Boston Celtics, alongside a future first-round draft pick, for Justin Reed, Mark Blount, Ricky Davis, Marcus Banks and two future second-round draft picks.

In 500 regular season NBA games (399 games started), Olowokandi averaged 8.3 points, 6.8 rebounds, and 1.39 blocked shots per game. In 15 playoff games (2 starts), he averaged 2.1 points, 3.5 rebounds, and .7 blocks per game. Olowokandi is often considered to be a draft bust, failing to live up to the potential offered by his frame and athleticism.

Charity
In 2001, Olowokandi and his Clippers teammates participated in the BasketBowl Challenge at Keystone Lanes in Norwalk, California, to raise funds for the Los Angeles Clippers Foundation and Children's Hospital Los Angeles.

During Thanksgiving of 2006, Olowokandi volunteered his time at the Boston Children's Hospital and served meals for over 200 homeless people at the Pine Street Inn in Boston. He has also donated to various charities and hospitals, including over $100,000 to the Children's Hospital Los Angeles for a new incubator for premature newborn infants. Many of Olowokandi's charitable projects were undisclosed and done privately without his teams' affiliations.

title: Michael Olowokandi


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Ford Global B-car Platform

The Ford global B-car platform (for "B-class") is a subcompact automobile platform that is jointly developed by Ford Motor Company and Mazda Motor Company at centers in Europe as well as North America and Australia. Previously, Ford has used the Mazda-engineered D platform for its B-segment Ford Festiva (hatchback). This new global B-platform project was initiated by Ford in Dearborn, MI and is equipped with front MacPherson strut and twist-beam rear suspension. The front suspension arms (wishbone) are attached to a pressed-steel welded subframe, which is directly bolted onto the bodyshell. The design is made to accommodate diverse engine options.

B3
The first iteration of this platform was known as the B3. Vehicles utilising this platform include:
 * Ford Fiesta Mk5 (2002–2008)
 * Ford Figo (2010–2015)
 * Ford Fusion (2002–2012)
 * Ford Ikon (2007–2015)

Mazda D Platform

 * Mazda Demio/Mazda2 (2002–2007)
 * Mazda Verisa (2004–2015)

B2E
The new B2E platform was designed and developed as Ford’s global B-segment platform. It is the first B-platform developed by Ford's global product development process.

This global platform has been used since 2008 on the following vehicles:
 * Ford B-Max (2012–2017)
 * Ford EcoSport (2012–2023)
 * Ford Fiesta Mk6 (2008–2019)
 * Ford Fiesta Mk7 (2017–2023)
 * Ford Ka+/Figo (2014–2021)
 * Ford Puma (2019–present)
 * Ford Transit Courier (2014–present)

title: Ford Global B-car Platform


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Etimologio

 * Delete all - I initially tagged these for translation but a day later it became clear that these are just translations of sets of esperanzo words. Unless this is a new project I am unaware of it should be deleted. -  Tεx  τ  urε  15:44, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete 'em. Quickly. [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 16:56, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete ...speedily....--leandros 16:58, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a dictionary, much less an Esperanto to English dictionary. But Leandros gave me a chance to get on my high horse again - they do not meet any of the specific cases on candidates for speedy deletion. Rossami 18:36, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Apparently some sort of linguistic source material in Esperanto. I can't read it but there seems no hope of saving any of them. Andrewa 21:33, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * No, you're misunderstanding the article. The point is not to be an Esperanto-English glossary.  The main article named Etymology says "Vi trovos sube la vortojn kiuj devenas de la sama fonto (indo-eŭropa aŭ alia)", i.e. "Below you'll find words deriving from the same root (Indo-European or other)".  There are then some interesting lists of English words (and, less usefully, the corresponding Esperanto words) which exhibit the same root.  Since this info could be useful, I have dumped it all onto Talk:Etymology where it can be translated and incorporated into the proper article for it.  I've also turned them all into redirects to Etymology.  The redirects (except perhaps Etimologio) should then be deleted.    — Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 14:43, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Kaga

Kaga may refer to:

Places

 * Kaga, Ishikawa, a city in Japan.
 * Kaga Province, an old province of Japan, now part of Ishikawa prefecture.
 * Kaga Domain, an old feudal domain (han) in Kaga Province
 * Kaga, Nigeria, a Local Government Area in Borno State, Nigeria
 * Kaga, Afghanistan, in Nangarhar province
 * Kaga, a parish with a 12th-century church, just north-west of Linköping, Sweden
 * Kaga (village), a village in the district of Beloretsk, in Bashkortostan, Russia
 * Kaga River, a river in Bashkortostan, Russia

People

 * Kaga Takeshi, better known as Chairman Kaga of Iron Chef.
 * Shouzou Kaga, a Japanese video game designer.

Other

 * Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga, an aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy, named after the province.
 * JS Kaga (DDH-184), a helicopter carrier of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, named after the province.
 * KAGA-LP, a low-power radio station (106.9 FM) licensed to serve San Angelo, Texas, United States

title: Kaga


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Frieda Lawrence

Frieda Lawrence (August 11, 1879 – August 11, 1956) was a German author and wife of the British novelist D.H. Lawrence.

Life
Emma Maria Frieda Johanna Freiin (Baroness) von Richthofen (also known under her married names as Frieda Weekley, Frieda Lawrence, and Frieda Lawrence Ravagli) was born into the German nobility at Metz. Her father was Baron Friedrich Ernst Emil Ludwig von Richthofen (1844–1916), an engineer in the Imperial German Army, and her mother was Anna Elise Lydia Marquier (1852–1930).

In 1899, she married a British philologist and professor of modern languages, Ernest Weekley, with whom she had three children, Charles Montague (born 1900), Elsa Agnès (born 1902) and Barbara Joy (born 1904). They settled in Nottingham, where Ernest was an academic at the university. During her marriage to Weekley she began to translate German literature, mainly fairy tales, into English.

She met D.H. Lawrence, a former student of her husband, in 1912; soon she fell in love with him, and they eloped to Germany. During their stay Lawrence was arrested for spying; after the intervention of Frieda's father, the couple walked south over the Alps to Italy. Following her divorce, Frieda and Lawrence married in 1914. She had to leave her children with Weekley: as the adulterous respondent to a divorce instigated by her husband she was not legally able to gain custody unless he consented.

They had intended to return to the continent but the outbreak of war kept them in England, where they endured official harassment and censorship. They also struggled with limited resources and Lawrence's already frail health.

Leaving postwar England at the earliest opportunity, they traveled widely, eventually settling at the Kiowa Ranch near Taos, New Mexico, and in Lawrence's last years at the Villa Mirenda, near Scandicci in Tuscany. After her husband's death in Vence, France, in 1930, she returned to Taos to live with her third husband, Angelo Ravagli. The ranch is now owned by the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque.

Georgia O'Keeffe, who knew her in Taos, said in 1974: "Frieda was very special. I can remember very clearly the first time I ever saw her, standing in a doorway, with her hair all frizzed out, wearing a cheap red calico dress that looked as though she'd just wiped out the frying pan with it. She was not thin, and not young, but there was something radiant and wonderful about her."

Joseph Glasco became close friends with Frieda when he and William Goyen lived together in Taos in the 1950s. At one point, Frieda asked Glasco to arrange an exhibition of D.H. Lawrence’s paintings. They remained friends until her death in 1956.

Mainly through her elder sister Else von Richthofen, Frieda became acquainted with many intellectuals and authors, including the socioeconomist Alfred Weber and sociologist Max Weber, the radical psychoanalyst Otto Gross (who became her lover), and the writer Fanny zu Reventlow.

Lady Chatterley's Lover
Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover is thought to be based partly on her relationship as an aristocrat with the working-class Lawrence. John Harte's dramatisation led to it being Lawrence's only novel to be staged. She loved the play when she read it and supported its staging but the copyright to Lawrence's story had already been acquired by Baron Philippe de Rothschild, a close friend. He did not relinquish it until 1960, after the film version had been released. John Harte's play was first produced at The Arts Theatre, London in 1961, five years after her death.

Death
Frieda Lawrence died on her seventy-seventh birthday in Taos.

In popular culture
Frieda Lawrence's life inspired the biographical novel Frieda: The Original Lady Chatterley (Two Roads, 2018), by Annabel Abbs. The novel was a Times Book of the Month, then a Times Book of the Year 2018. Abbs also wrote about Lawrence's love for walking and the great outdoors in Windswept: Walking in the Footsteps of Remarkable Women (Two Roads, 2021).

She is an important character in On the Rocks, a play by Amy Rosenthal that deals with her sometimes difficult relationship with D. H. Lawrence.

Lawrence was the inspiration for the character Harriet Somers, played by Judy Davis in the Australian film Kangaroo (1987). The film is based on D. H. Lawrence's semi-autobiographical novel of the same name.

Autobiography

 * Lawrence, Frieda von Richthofen. Not I, but the Wind... With an afterword by Harry T. Moore. New York: Viking, 1934.
 * Reprint. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1974. ISBN 0809306905.

Biographies

 * Byrne, Janet. A Genius for Living: The Life of Frieda Lawrence. New York: HarperCollins, 1995. ISBN 0060190019.
 * Crotch, Martha Gordon. Memories of Frieda Lawrence. Edinburgh: Tragara Press, 1975. ISBN 0902616196.
 * Green, Martin. The von Richthofen Sisters: The Triumphant and the Tragic Modes of Love: Else and Frieda Von Richthofen, Otto Gross, Max Weber, and D.H. Lawrence, in the Years 1870–1970. New York: Basic Books, 1974. ISBN 0465090508.
 * Jackson, Rosie. Frieda Lawrence (Including Not I, But the Wind and other autobiographical writings). London and San Francisco: Pandora, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers, 1994.
 * Lawrence, Frieda von Richthofen, Harry T. Moore, and Dale B. Montague, eds. Frieda Lawrence and Her Circle: Letters from, to, and About Frieda Lawrence. London: Macmillan, 1981. ISBN 0333276000.
 * Lucas, Robert. Frieda Lawrence: The Story of Frieda Von Richthofen and D. H. Lawrence. New York: Viking Press, 1973.
 * Squires, Michael, and Talbot, Lynn K. Living at the Edge: A Biography of D.H. Lawrence and Frieda Von Richthofen. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002.
 * Squires, Michael. D. H. Lawrence and Frieda: A Portrait of Love and Loyalty. London: Welbeck Publishing Group Limited, 2008.
 * Squires, Michael. The Limits of Love: The Lives of D. H. Lawrence and Frieda Von Richthofen. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2023 ("originated, in part, from D. H. Lawrence and Frieda: A Portrait of Love and Loyalty").
 * Tedlock, Jr., E. W., ed. Frieda Lawrence: The Memoirs and Correspondence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964.

title: Frieda Lawrence


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User:Zebra7

Hello!

Having discovered Wikipedia recently, I will start to contribute to this excellent project.

~

title: User:Zebra7