text:
Cover (intelligence gathering)

A cover in foreign, military or police human intelligence or counterintelligence is the ostensible identity and/or role or position in an infiltrated organization assumed by a covert agent during a covert operation.

Official cover
In espionage, an official cover operative is one who assumes a position in an organization with diplomatic ties to the government for which the operative works such as an embassy or consulate. This provides the agent with official diplomatic immunity, thus protecting them from the steep punishments normally meted out to captured spies. Upon discovery of an official cover agent's secret hostile role, the host nation often declares the agent persona non grata and orders them to leave the country. Official cover operatives are granted a set of governmental protections, and if caught in the act of espionage, they can request diplomatic protection from their government. In other words, official cover operatives are agents officially recognized by their country.

Non-official cover
In espionage, operatives under non-official cover (NOC) are operatives without official ties to the government for which they work who assume covert roles in organizations.

This is in contrast to an operative with official cover, where they assume a position in their government, such as the diplomatic service, which provides them with diplomatic immunity if their espionage activities are discovered. Operatives under non-official cover do not have this "safety net", and if captured and charged as spies are subject to severe criminal punishments, up to and including execution. Operatives under non-official cover are also usually trained to deny any connection with their government, thus preserving plausible deniability, but also denying them any hope of diplomatic legal assistance – or official acknowledgment of their service. Such an operative or agent may be referred to as a NOC (pronounced ) or as an illegal (see Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques). Sometimes, front companies or strawman entities are established in order to provide false identities for agents.

History
An agent sent to spy on a foreign country might, for instance, work as a businessperson, a worker for a non-profit organization (such as a humanitarian group), or an academic. For example, the CIA's Ishmael Jones spent nearly two decades as a NOC.

Many of the agents memorialized without names or dates of service on the CIA Memorial Wall are assumed to have been killed or executed in a foreign country while serving as NOC agents. In nations with established and well-developed spy agencies, the majority of captured non-native NOC agents have, however, historically been repatriated through prisoner exchanges for other captured NOCs as a form of gentlemen's agreement.

Some countries have regulations regarding the use of non-official cover: the CIA, for example, has at times been prohibited from disguising agents as members of certain aid organizations, or as members of the clergy.

The degree of sophistication put into non-official cover stories varies considerably. Sometimes, an agent will simply be appointed to a position in a well-established company which can provide the appropriate opportunities. Other times, entire front companies can be established in order to provide false identities for agents.

Examples include Air America, used by the CIA during the Vietnam War, and Brewster Jennings & Associates, used by the CIA in WMD investigations and made public as a result of the Plame affair.

Examples
Former MI6 officer "Nicholas Anderson" wrote an account of his service in a fictionalized autobiography (as per British law) entitled NOC: Non-Official Cover: British Secret Operations, and two sequels: NOC Twice: More UK Non-Official Cover Operations and NOC Three Times: Knock-On Effect (Last of the Trilogy).

Michael Ross, a former Mossad officer, operated as a Mossad NOC or "combatant" as described in his memoir, The Volunteer: The Incredible True Story of an Israeli Spy on the Trail of International Terrorists (Skyhorse Publishing, September 2007, ISBN 978-1-60239-132-1).

Fictional notable examples include Chuck Barris, who made a satirical claim to have been a NOC with 33 kills in his book and movie Confessions of a Dangerous Mind. Other examples are featured in the books Debt of Honor and The Eleventh Commandment; the films Mission: Impossible, Spy Game, The Bourne Identity, Safe House, and The Recruit; and the television shows The Americans, Burn Notice, Spooks, The Night Manager, Covert Affairs, The Spy, and Patriot.

title: Cover (intelligence gathering)


text:
Be Thou My Vision

"Be Thou My Vision" (Rop tú mo baile or Rob tú mo bhoile) is a traditional Christian hymn of Irish origin. The words are based on a Middle Irish poem that has traditionally been attributed to Dallán Forgaill.

The best-known English version, with some minor variations, was translated in 1905 by Mary Elizabeth Byrne, then made into verse by Eleanor Hull and published in 1912. Since 1919 it has been commonly sung to an Irish folk tune, noted as "Slane" in church hymnals, and is one of the most popular hymns in the United Kingdom.

Text
The original Old Irish text, "Rop tú mo Baile", is often attributed to Saint Dallán Forgaill in the 6th century. However, scholars believe it was written later than that. Some date it to the 8th century; others put it as late as the 10th or 11th century. A 14th-century manuscript attributed to Adhamh Ó Cianáin contains a handwritten copy of the poem in Middle Irish, and is held at the National Library of Ireland. A second manuscript is at the Royal Irish Academy, dating from about the 10th or 11th century.

The text of "Rop tú mo Baile"/"Be Thou My Vision" reflects aspects of life in Early Christian Ireland (c.400-800 AD). The prayer belongs to a type known as a lorica, a prayer for protection. The symbolic use of a battle-shield and a sword to invoke the power and protection of God draws on Saint Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, which refers to "the shield of faith" and "the sword of the Spirit". Such military symbolism was common in the poetry and hymnnology of Christian monasteries of the period due to the prevalence of clan warfare across Ireland. The poem makes reference to God as "King of the Seven Heavens" and the "High King of Heaven". This depiction of the Lord God of heaven and earth as a chieftain or High King (Ard Rí) is a traditional representation in Irish literature; medieval Irish poetry typically used heroic imagery to cast God as a clan protector.

In 1905, "Rop tú mo Baile" was translated from Old Irish into English by Mary Elizabeth Byrne in Ériu, the journal of the School of Irish Learning. The English text was first versified in 1912 by Eleanor Hull, president of the Irish Literary Society, and this is now the most common text used.

Musical accompaniment
The hymn is sung to the melody noted as “Slane” in hymnals, an Irish folk tune in time, first published as "With My Love on the Road" in Patrick Joyce's Old Irish Folk Music and Songs in 1909. The tune is a more elemental distillation of earlier forms, such as "The Hielan's o' Scotland' and "By the Banks of the Bann," also compiled in Joyce (1909). The words of "Be Thou My Vision" were first combined with this tune in 1919 (harmonised by Leopold L Dix, 1861-1935), and in a new version harmonised by David Evans in 1927. A further version was harmonised by Erik Routley for the English Hymnal.

In some modern renditions the rhythm of "Slane" is adapted to 4/4 time.

It was common practice to attribute hymn tune names to the place where they were collected by folk song collectors, such as Ralph Vaughan Williams who co-edited The English Hymnal, published in 1906. Slane is a village in Ireland.

Four more 20th century hymns have been set to the same tune. The first was "Lord of All Hopefulness" written by Jan Struther around 1931. The second was "Lord of Creation, to Thee be All Praise" written by J. C. Winslow and first published in 1961. The third was a popular wedding hymn, "God, In the Planning and Purpose of Life", written by John L. Bell and Graham Maule and first appearing in publication in 1989. The fourth is "Wake Now My Senses," written by Thomas Michaelson and published in "Singing the Living Tradition Hymnal" 1994, by the Unitarian Universalist Association.

Gå inte förbi ("Don't Walk Past") is a duet-single set to the tune, recorded by Swedish singer Peter Jöback and Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø and written by Ulf Schagerman. Jöback sings the lyrics in Swedish while Sissel sings in Norwegian. It was released as a single in 2003 and at an extended reissue of Jöback's Christmas album Jag kommer hem igen till jul. It was a hit in Norway and Sweden in the Christmas time of 2003 and a music video directed by Mikadelica was made in Denmark. Norwegian newspaper VG gave it 4 out of 6.

Lyrics
The original texts of the now-called "Be Thou My Vision" are in Old Irish similar still in style to Modern Irish. The hymn has been translated into Modern Irish many times. The most popular is that by Aodh Ó Dúgain of Gaoth Dobhair, County Donegal. Two verses of his translation were recorded by his granddaughter Moya Brennan – the first time any part of his text has been publicly recorded. Since then, those two verses have been recorded by many artists, including Roma Downey and Aoife and Iona. These verses are very close translations to the first two of the Old Irish text above.

With Old Irish being the ancestor language of Modern Scottish Gaelic, the song was translated by Céitidh Mhoireasdan and published by Sabhal Mòr Ostaig.

Two variants of Eleanor Hull's 1912 English translation exist; one version, commonly used in Irish and Scottish hymnals (including the Hymnbooks of the Church of Scotland), fits the metre 10.10.10.10, while a paraphrased version that is used in English books (such as the New English Hymnal) is suitable to an anacrucial metre 10.11.11.11.

Original Old Irish Text
Rop tú mo baile, a Choimdiu cride: ní ní nech aile acht Rí secht nime.

Rop tú mo scrútain i l-ló 's i n-aidche; rop tú ad-chëar im chotlud caidche.

Rop tú mo labra, rop tú mo thuicsiu; rop tussu dam-sa, rob misse duit-siu.

Rop tussu m'athair, rob mé do mac-su; rop tussu lem-sa, rob misse lat-su.

Rop tú mo chathscíath, rop tú mo chlaideb; rop tussu m'ordan, rop tussu m'airer.

Rop tú mo dítiu, rop tú mo daingen; rop tú nom-thocba i n-áentaid n-aingel.

Rop tú cech maithius dom churp, dom anmain; rop tú mo flaithius i n-nim 's i talmain.

Rop tussu t' áenur sainserc mo chride; ní rop nech aile acht Airdrí nime.

Co talla forum, ré n-dul it láma, mo chuit, mo chotlud, ar méit do gráda.

Rop tussu t' áenur m' urrann úais amra: ní chuinngim daíne ná maíne marba.

Rop amlaid dínsiur cech sel, cech sáegul, mar marb oc brénad, ar t' fégad t' áenur.

Do serc im anmain, do grád im chride, tabair dam amlaid, a Rí secht nime.

Tabair dam amlaid, a Rí secht nime, do serc im anmain, do grád im chride.

Go Ríg na n-uile rís íar m-búaid léire; ro béo i flaith nime i n-gile gréine

A Athair inmain, cluinte mo núall-sa: mithig (mo-núarán!) lasin trúagán trúag-sa.

A Chríst mo chride, cip ed dom-aire, a Flaith na n-uile, rop tú mo baile.

English translation by Mary Byrne (1905)
Be thou my vision O Lord of my heart None other is aught but the King of the seven heavens.

Be thou my meditation by day and night. May it be thou that I behold ever in my sleep.

Be thou my speech, be thou my understanding. Be thou with me, be I with thee

Be thou my father, be I thy son. Mayst thou be mine, may I be thine.

Be thou my battle-shield, be thou my sword. Be thou my dignity, be thou my delight.

Be thou my shelter, be thou my stronghold. Mayst thou raise me up to the company of the angels.

Be thou every good to my body and soul. Be thou my kingdom in heaven and on earth.

Be thou solely chief love of my heart. Let there be none other, O high King of Heaven.

Till I am able to pass into thy hands, My treasure, my beloved through the greatness of thy love

Be thou alone my noble and wondrous estate. I seek not men nor lifeless wealth.

Be thou the constant guardian of every possession and every life. For our corrupt desires are dead at the mere sight of thee.

Thy love in my soul and in my heart -- Grant this to me, O King of the seven heavens.

O King of the seven heavens grant me this -- Thy love to be in my heart and in my soul.

With the King of all, with him after victory won by piety, May I be in the kingdom of heaven, O brightness of the sun.

Beloved Father, hear, hear my lamentations. Timely is the cry of woe of this miserable wretch.

O heart of my heart, whatever befall me, O ruler of all, be thou my vision.

Modern Irish translation
Bí Thusa ’mo shúile a Rí mhór na ndúil Líon thusa mo bheatha mo chéadfaí ’s mo stuaim Bí thusa i m'aigne gach oíche ’s gach lá Im chodladh nó im dhúiseacht, líon mé le do ghrá.

Bí thusa ’mo threorú i mbriathar ’s i mbeart Fan thusa go deo liom is coinnigh mé ceart Glac cúram mar Athair, is éist le mo ghuí Is tabhair domsa áit cónaí istigh i do chroí.

English version by Eleanor Hull (1912)
Be Thou my Vision, O Lord of my heart; Naught be all else to me, save that Thou art. Thou my best Thought, by day or by night, Waking or sleeping, Thy presence my light.

Be Thou my Wisdom, and Thou my true Word; I ever with Thee and Thou with me, Lord; Thou my great Father, I Thy true son; Thou in me dwelling, and I with Thee one.

Be Thou my battle Shield, Sword for the fight; Be Thou my Dignity, Thou my Delight; Thou my soul's Shelter, Thou my high Tow’r: Raise Thou me heav’nward, O Pow’r of my pow’r.

Riches I heed not, nor man's empty praise, Thou mine Inheritance, now and always: Thou and Thou only, first in my heart, High King of Heaven, my Treasure Thou art.

High King of Heaven, my victory won, May I reach Heaven's joys, O bright Heav’n's Sun! Heart of my own heart, whatever befall, Still be my Vision, O Ruler of all.

(The English Methodist version from 1964 omits verse 3.)

Alternative English version by Eleanor Hull (1912)
Be Thou my Vision, O Lord of my heart; Be all else but naught to me, save that Thou art; Be Thou my best thought in the day and the night, Both waking and sleeping, Thy presence my light.

Be Thou my Wisdom, and Thou my true Word; Be Thou ever with me, and I with Thee, Lord; Be Thou my great Father, and I Thy true son; Be Thou in me dwelling, and I with Thee one.

Be Thou my Breastplate, my Sword for the fight; Be Thou my whole Armor, be Thou my true Might; Be Thou my soul's Shelter, be Thou my strong Tow’r, O raise Thou me heav’nward, great Pow’r of my pow’r.

Riches I heed not, nor man's empty praise; Be Thou mine inheritance, now and always; Be Thou and Thou only the first in my heart, O high King of heaven, my Treasure Thou art.

High King of heaven, Thou heaven's bright Sun, O grant me its joys, after vict'ry is won; Great Heart of my own heart, whatever befall, Still be Thou my vision, O Ruler of all.

Modern Scottish Gaelic translation
Dèan dhòmh-sa tuigse, Cuir soills’ air mo smuain; Dh’iarrainn gur Tu Bhiodh ’gam stiùreadh gach uair; Làmh rium ’s an oidhche Is romham ’s an tràth, Réidh rium ’sa mhadainn Agus glèidh mi tro’n latha.

Ceartas do m’ bhriathran Agus fìrinn do m’ bheul, Thusa toirt iùil dhomh ’S mi dlùth riut, a Dhè. Athair, thoir gràdh dhomh, Gabh mis’ thugad fhéin; Cum mi ri d’ thaobh Is bi daonnan ’nam chrè.

Dìon mi, a Thighearna, Ri mo chliathaich ’s gach feachd; Cùm mi fo d’ sgiath ’S thoir dhomh misneachd is neart, Fasgadh do m’ anam Is mi ri d’uchd dlùth; Treòraich mi dhachaigh, Dhè chumhachdaich Thu.

Beartas cha’n fhiach leam; No miann chlann ’nan daoin’, Thusa na m’ fhianais Fad làithean mo shaogh’il Thusa, Dhè ghràsmhoir, A-mhàin na mo chrìdh’, Le blàths is gràdh sìorraidh, Mo Thighearna ’s mo Rìgh.

Other languages

 * Bahasa Indonesia - "Kaulah, ya Tuhan, Surya Hidupku", "Dikau, Tuhan, Jadilah Impianku"
 * Chinese - "成為我異象"
 * Danish - "Herre, at se dig"
 * Dutch - "Wees Mijn Verlangen"
 * Esperanto - "Donu vizion de Vi, Di-Sinjor'"
 * Finnish - "Silmäni aukaise, Jumalani"
 * French - "Qu'en toi je vive, Seigneur bien aimé"
 * German - "Steh mir vor Augen"
 * Greek - "Γίνε όραμα μου Θεέ της καρδίας"
 * Hungarian - "Légy te menedékem"
 * Italian - "Sii la mia Visione"
 * Japanese - "きみはわれのまぼろし", "こころみの世にあれど"
 * Korean - "내 맘의 주여 소망 되소서"
 * Nepali - "होऊ मेरो दर्शन"
 * Norwegian - "Deg å få skode"
 * Polish - "On moim Panem"
 * Portuguese - "Sê minha vida, ó Deus de Poder"
 * Spanish - "Oh Dios, Sé Mi Visión", "Oh Dios de mi alma, Sé Mi Visión"
 * Swedish – "Närmare mig (Herre, du min klippa)"
 * Thai - "โอ้เจ้าแห่งดวงจิต"
 * Ukrainian - "Будь мені, Боже, метою життя"
 * Welsh - "Bydd yn Welediad fy nghalon a'm byw"
 * Romanian - "Fii a mea lumină"
 * Czech - "Buď mojí nadějí"

Modern renditions

 * Jars of Clay - on WOW Worship: Yellow
 * Rebecca St. James - on Pray
 * Selah (band) - on Greatest Hymns
 * Moya Brennan – on Whisper to the Wild Water
 * Ginny Owens - on Without Condition
 * Pedro the Lion – on The Only Reason I Feel Secure
 * Rend Collective - on Homemade Worship by Handmade People
 * Van Morrison – on Hymns to the Silence
 * Citizens (band) – on Join the Triumph

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Be Thou My Vision


text: User talk:69.138.197.185

title: User talk:69.138.197.185


text:
Sarah Whatmore

Sarah Louise Whatmore (born 21 September 1981) is an English singer-songwriter, best known for appearing in the first series of the British TV series Pop Idol. Whatmore later went on to launch her own solo career.

Early life
Whatmore was born in Salford and raised in Walkden.

Pop Idol
Sarah Whatmore rose to fame in the first series of the British television show Pop Idol. Simon Fuller signed her to RCA Records including a worldwide management deal with 19 Entertainment.

Music career
In 2002 and 2003 she released two singles "When I Lost You" and "Automatic", respectively, which both reached the Top 20 in the UK Singles Chart. Whatmore was writing for fellow Pop Idol alumni, and spent time working on her debut album, Living Proof.

A third single failed to materialise, and the release of Living Proof was cancelled. Several recordings were leaked over the years, including "Close To Me" and "Don't Let Me Go".

Turning down the opportunity to become a backing singer for Kylie Minogue to concentrate on her own solo career, Whatmore spent the next five years honing her craft. During the years she wrote more than two hundred songs with various collaborators including Greg Fitzgerald and Peter John Vettese. Whatmore continued to record and write for herself as well as other musicians.

In 2008, she came up with an album of new material. The first single was titled "Smile", and was released on 22 September 2008. It contained a sample of Hall & Oates' "Sara Smile". The single included remixes by Bimbo Jones and Vito Benito. The album, Time To Think, was released on 23 March 2009. Her next single from the album was "Undefined".

In 2016 Whatmore started to officially release music again and published 3 tracks throughout the year, Whatmore released her first EP Full Circle on 24 March 2016.

title: Sarah Whatmore


text:
Yuri Orlov

Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov (Ю́рий Фёдорович Орло́в, 13 August 1924 – 27 September 2020) was a particle accelerator physicist, human rights activist, Soviet dissident, founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group, a founding member of the Soviet Amnesty International group. He was declared a prisoner of conscience while serving nine years in prison and internal exile for monitoring the Helsinki human rights accords, he was declared a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International as a founder of the human rights movement in the Soviet Union. Following his release from exile, Orlov was allowed to emigrate to the U.S. and became a professor of physics at Cornell University.

Early career
Yuri Orlov was born into a working-class family on 13 August 1924 and grew up in a village near Moscow. His parents were Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva and Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov. In March 1933, his father died.

From 1944 to 1946, Orlov served as an officer in the Soviet army. In 1952, he graduated from the Moscow State University and began his postgraduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics where he later worked as a physicist.

In 1956, Orlov nearly lost his scientist career due to his speech at the party meeting about discussion of the report "On the Personality Cult and its Consequences" by Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU. He publicly called Stalin and Beria "killers who were in power" and put forward the requirement of "democracy on the basis of socialism." For his pro-democracy speech in 1956, he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and fired from his job.

What is the meaning of life? That your soul may outlive your remains in something sacred and should escape decay ... I have again looked at, added up, corrected, and sized up what I have been doing during these last years and have seen that this is good ... (Yuri Orlov, 1980)

Orlov obtained the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1958 and the Doctor of Sciences degree in 1963. He became an expert on particle acceleration. In 1968, he was elected a corresponding member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences after he found work at the Yerevan Physics Institute. In 1972, he came back to Moscow and worked at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism.

Dissidence
In September 1973, when Pravda published a statement by a group of prominent academics denouncing Andrei Sakharov's anti-patriotic activity, Orlov decided to support him, while recollecting the well memorized spells of the 1930s, in which some academics demanded the death penalty for others already arrested; later some of these academics themselves were arrested, with some academics who were not arrested demanding the death penalty for them.

Defending Sakharov, Orlov on 16 September 1973 wrote "Open Letter to L.I. Brezhnev about the Reasons for the Intellectual Backwardness in the USSR and Proposals to Overcome It" which appeared in underground samizdat circulation. The Western press published the letter in 1974 but publication in the Russian press was only in 1991. In the early 1970s, the article by Yuri Orlov "Is a Non-Totalitarian Type of Socialism Possible?" also appeared in underground samizdat circulation.

In 1973, he was fired after becoming a founding member of the first Amnesty International group in the Soviet Union.

In May 1976, he organized the Moscow Helsinki Group and became its chairman. Andrei Sakharov praised Orlov for systematically documenting Soviet violations of the human rights provisions of the Helsinki accords. Orlov ignored orders to disband the Moscow Helsinki Group when the KGB told him the group was illegal. The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined, "The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov, fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all, on the basis of existing law."

Arrest and trial
On 10 February 1977, Orlov was arrested. In March 1977, Orlov published the article about his arrest "The road to my arrest." In a closed trial, he was denied the right to examine evidence and to call witnesses.

The courtroom was filled with some 50 individuals selected by the authorities, while supporters and friends of Orlov, including Andrei Sakharov, were barred from entering because there was no room. Orlov's summation was interrupted many times by the judge and the prosecutor and by spectators who shouted "spy" and "traitor." According to Orlov's wife Irina, hostile spectators in the courtroom applauded the sentence and shouted: "You should have given him more."

Orlov at the trial argued that he has a right to criticize the government and a right to circulate such criticism under the freedom of information provisions of the Helsinki Accords. Orlov also argued that he circulated such information for humanitarian, not subversive, reasons. On 15 May 1978, Orlov was sentenced to seven years of a labor camp and five years internal exile for his work with the Moscow Helsinki Group.

Protests over Orlov's trial
US President Jimmy Carter expressed his concern over the severity of the sentence and the secrecy of the trial. Washington senator Henry M. Jackson said, "The Orlov trial, and the Ginzburg and Shcharansky incarcerations, are dramatic cases in point" when discussing Soviet breaches of law. The US National Academy of Sciences officially protested against the trial of Orlov.

In the summer of 1978, 2,400 American scientists including physicists at the University of California's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory created Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov and Shcharansky (SOS), an international movement to promote and protect the human rights of scientists. An initiator of SOS was American physicist Andrew Sessler, its chairman was Prof. Morris Pripstein. Scientists at CERN have spoken out against Orlov's imprisonment for "disseminating anti-Soviet propaganda". 43 physicists have called off Soviet trips to protest his jailing.

Imprisonment and exile
For a year and a half, Orlov was imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison, then Perm Camp 35 and 37. In Perm Camp 37, he mounted three hunger strikes to make the prison authorities return his confiscated writings and notes. Two articles written by him in the camp were smuggled and published abroad. On 5 July 1983, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky sent the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov a letter asking for his release to Austria, but it was intentionally not answered.

The New York-based Helsinki Watch issued a statement about Orlov's health deterioration, "He has frequent headaches and dizzy spells, resulting from an old skull injury. He suffers from kidney and prostate inflammation, low blood pressure, rheumatic pains, toothaches, insomnia and vitamin deficiency. Medical care in the labor camp is extremely inadequate." Orlov suffered from tuberculosis. He lost a good deal of weight and most of his teeth. Orlov's wife said he looked emaciated and that she was "very fearful for my husband's health. The authorities are gradually killing him."

In 1984, Orlov was exiled to Kobyay in Siberia and was allowed to buy a house with a garden. On 14 November 1985, Professor George Wald raised the case of Orlov in a talk with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who answered he had not heard of Orlov.

Deportation and US citizenship
On 30 September 1986, the KGB proposed to expel Orlov from the Soviet Union after depriving him of his Soviet citizenship and met with approval from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Orlov's discharge from Siberian exile was part of the U.S.–Soviet deal to release journalist Nicholas Daniloff. Orlov's release from exile and expulsion from the USSR lifted hopes among Westerners that the Helsinki process might finally start yielding progress. Former US President Jimmy Carter said, "As for Orlov, we're very delighted with this happy occurrence. We would like to meet with him if he comes to this country, but I don't know that he will. I have no way of knowing his plans."

On 10 December 1986, Orlov was awarded the Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize of $100,000. In 1987, Orlov began work at Cornell University as a scientist and professor. Orlov was a visiting fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1988/89. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Orlov studied particle accelerator design, beam interaction analysis and quantum mechanics. He authored and co-authored numerous research papers, articles on human rights, and an autobiography, Dangerous Thoughts (1991).

In 1990, Gorbachev restored Soviet citizenship to Orlov and other 23 prominent exiles and emigres who lost the right in the period from 1966 to 1988. Orlov told Gorbachev, "I would say you have a very great power in your hands, the K.G.B., and you should therefore carry out your reforms without fearing anyone at all. Afterward, you should liquidate the K.G.B., because it is a cancer." On 18 July 1991, Orlov and Elena Bonner wrote an open letter about the fact that Soviet army and special troops have been systematically deporting thousands of Armenians from Azerbaijan to Armenia.

In 1993, Orlov received American citizenship.

In 1995, the American Physical Society awarded him the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service. In 2005, he was named the first recipient of the Andrei Sakharov Prize, awarded biennially by the American Physical Society to honor scientists for exceptional work in promoting human rights. In 2020, a few days before Orlov died, the American Physical Society awarded him the 2021 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators for his scientific work and for "embodying the spirit of scientific freedom."

In 2004, Orlov expressed his opinion about Russia and Vladimir Putin by saying, "Russia is flying backwards in time. Putin is like Stalin, and he speaks in the language of the thug, the mafia." On 24 March 2005, Orlov wrote a letter to Putin to express disquiet over the criminal prosecution of Anna Mikhalchuk, Yuri Samodurov, and Ludmila Vasilovskaya in the case concerning the Sakharov Museum exhibition on religion.

Orlov participated in two documentaries about the Soviet dissident movement, They Chose Freedom in 2005, and Parallels, Events, People in 2014. He was a member of the Human Rights Watch Asia Advisory and Academic Freedom Committees, and member of the Honorary 25th Anniversary Committee, Global Rights.

Orlov died on 27 September 2020, aged 96.

title: Yuri Orlov


text:
Arthur Leyland Harrison

Lieutenant-Commander Arthur Leyland Harrison, VC (3 February 1886 – 23 April 1918) was an English Royal Navy officer, and World War I recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life
Harrison was born in Torquay, Devon, and educated at Brockhurst Preparatory School, where he is remembered every Armistice Day and at Dover College. At school Harrison was a tremendous all-round games player and, whilst in the Navy, he played rugby union and was capped twice for the England national rugby union team. He is the only England rugby union international to have been awarded the VC. Rugby league namesake Jack Harrison was also awarded the VC posthumously in 1917.

On 15 September 1902 he was posted as a naval cadet to the pre-dreadnought battleship Mars, serving in the Channel Squadron. The following month it was reported that he would be lent to the armoured cruiser Good Hope which was in the last stages of completion before her first commission in November.

First World War
He served aboard the battlecruiser HMS Lion for most of the war, seeing action at the battle of Heligoland Bight in 1914 and battle of Dogger Bank in 1915. He also saw action at the Battle of Jutland in 1916, and was mentioned in despatches

Zeebrugge raid
The Zeebrugge Raid was an attack in April 1918 on the Belgian port of Zeebrugge to stop it being a base for German submarines. The raid was two actions: landing raiding parties on the mole from the obsolete cruiser HMS Vindictive and two ferries and the sinking of three old ships in the entrance of the harbour to block it. Vindictive was fitted with howitzers, flame-throwers and mortars so she could be used against the German defenders and as well as naval raiding parties carried two infantry companies of the 4th Battalion, Royal Marine Light Infantry.

The official citation for the award:

"For most conspicuous gallantry at Zeebrugge on the night of the 22nd-23rd April, 1918. This officer was in immediate command of the Naval Storming Parties embarked in 'Vindictive'. Immediately before coming alongside the Mole Lieut.-Commander Harrison was struck on the head by a fragment of a shell which broke his jaw and knocked him senseless. Recovering consciousness he proceeded on to the Mole and took over command of his party, who were attacking the seaward end of the Mole. The silencing of the guns on the Mole head was of the first importance, and though in a position fully exposed to the enemy's machine-gun fire Lieut.-Commander Harrison gathered his men together and led them to the attack. He was killed at the head of his men, all of whom were either killed or wounded. Lieut.-Commander Harrison, though already severely wounded and undoubtedly in great pain, displayed indomitable resolution and courage of the highest order in pressing his attack, knowing as he did that any delay in silencing the guns might jeopardise the main object of the expedition, i.e., the blocking of the Zeebrugge-Bruges Canal."

His body was never recovered. He, along with three others who were missing in action on the Zeebrugge raid, are commemorated on the Zeebrugge Memorial, at the Zeebrugge Churchyard. He is also commemorated by a brass plaque, mounted in the Warrior Chapel at St Mary's Wimbledon.

George Bradford who led the raiding parties from the ferry Iris II was also awarded a posthumous VC for his actions in the raid.

The Medal
His mother Adelaide Ellen Harrison, who lived in Wimbledon, London, received the VC and in 1967 relatives donated it to the Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Devon where it is on public display.

title: Arthur Leyland Harrison


text:
User talk:Vivers

Newton's second law
Hi. I reverted this edit because neither F = ma nor F = dp/dt apply directly to variable-mass systems. This is treated briefly at Newton's laws of motion. It has also been the subject of extensive discussions on the talk page: Talk:Newton's laws of motion; Talk:Newton's laws of motion. Strad (talk) 17:29, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Yes, I understand now. I was recalling a lecture by an engineering professor where he solved an example of a rocket ejecting propellant and used the product rule on F=d(mv)/dt. Evidently, he misunderstood, or more likely, miscommunicated. Halliday/Resnick has an excellent derivation (Third Edition, Section 9-7, pp. 174-179) which gives a more thorough treatment of the variable mass problem. Getting the full derivation into Wikipedia would help. Perhaps as an article in its own right? That leaves this article as a general intro and the new article for those who need to dive deeper. Other articles would be benefit by a separate treatment of the subjects. For example, Force may reinforce the product rule approach and needs to be corrected? Vic (talk) 12:17, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vivers


text:
Talk:Honorific speech in Japanese

shikari
I was contemplating removing "hai" from the tables at Combining respect and politeness, where it was inserted as a formal variant of "yes". It is indeed a formal word, but not exclusively so. Then I saw the word shikari in the same column. It's supposed to be a formal word for yes. Now, my level of Japanese is, all humbleties aside, very high, but I've never heard of this word before. My Kojien doesn't have it. And Kojien includes all kinds of stuff, even archaic and regional words. So I'm wondering: where does this come from? Can anyone confirm the existance of this word? TomorrowTime 14:47, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * My kojien has it. Maybe you weren't expecting it to be in kanji? しかり【然り】(自ラ変）（シカアリの約）そうである. その通りである.
 * That said,　I think that entire table is confusing and not really helpful. When it says that ある is formal form, it is obviously not referring to spoken language. Should we perhaps delete it? Mackan 20:54, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Naruhodo. My bad, I missed that.
 * Well, this:  私 (wata(ku)shi), being the general first-person pronoun, is also used by females isn't an example of a concise and understandable sentence, either. I'm not sure what should be done about the table, but for starters, I'll see if I can clarify the above sentence a bit. Oh, and I'll also remove hai from the "formal" column :) TomorrowTime 11:56, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

keigo in business
I removed this part from the Usage: Business section:
 * Keigo is used when attendants speak to a customer (even in the supermarket and on trains), in formal business meetings, by women in jidaigeki (in all situations) and by educated people in general.

Ok, point by point:
 * -attendants to customers: this part I wouldn't mind seeing re-inserted somewhere. The bracketed explanation is a bit superfluos, though.
 * -formal business meetings: this is already covered in the section.
 * -women in jidaigeki: huh? I thought the section was on keigo in business enviroments...
 * -educated people in general: possibly worth reinclusion, but would have to be thorougly rephrased. I've met educated people that weren't all that hot on keigo. Keigo is not a sign of education, and a lack of keigo doesn't necesarily mean a lack of education. TomorrowTime 13:57, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. JPG-GR (talk) 06:49, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

As noted in several comments above, this page covers a very notable aspect of the Japanese language, keigo, but the current name is misleading. One would expect to find Japanese titles or Japanese pronouns used as terms of address, and they're now both on different pages. I suggest we move the page to Honorific speech in Japanese. I think "honorific speech" is indeed the phrase commonly used to refer to keigo in English, as in the title of Miyo Okada's book; "polite speech" is used as well, but it's mostly used for 丁寧語 specifically. Keigo will continue to redirect here as expected. There's a redirect for sonkeigo as well; it may be appropriate to create kenjōgo and teineigo as well for consistency.

Along those lines, this article is clearly not the right place to merge Oneesama. Bikasuishin (talk) 10:24, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * One quick comment: the merger proposal for oneesama is the result of an AFD, and as such already discussed and agreed upon. I agree that this is not the place to merge to - Japanese titles would be a better place. TomorrowTime (talk) 12:21, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Support move to Honorific speech in Japanese as it is a more clear title. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 19:24, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Weak support, but make sure you have a redirect page. Bearian (talk) 21:29, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Discussion
The current title is not the best; the Japanese titles article belongs here instead. But are there more cited examples of English terms for keigo? One that is used in liguistics is register (linguistics). Another article that straddles honorifics and honorific speech is Korean honorifics. Should it be dealt with now as well? —  AjaxSmack   01:20, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Keigo refers to a single, or rather a small range of, speech registers in Japanese. Basically, it's the formal and the more formal.
 * As for moving, or splitting, the Korean honorifics page, it sounds like a good idea from this non Korean-speaker's uninformed perspective. Bikasuishin (talk) 20:52, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

(Outdent) Concerning Bearian's comment that a redirect page is needed: where should Japanese honorifics redirect if the move is endorsed? Should it continue to redirect here, or rather to Japanese titles? Bikasuishin (talk) 23:06, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Japanese honorifics should redirect to Japanese titles, not here, and maybe that article should even be renamed Japanese honorifics itself. (cf. other articles at Category:Honorifics). —   AjaxSmack   02:50, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

teineigo
Is there a good reason the "teineigo" section of the verb table has everything in plain form? I don't agree with some of the word choices here, but presumably they were put there by someone who knows what they're doing. I simply question the "teineigo" verbs not being conjugated in です/ます form. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.243.60.186 (talk) 18:02, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

言うとおっしゃる
Could someone add 'to say' to the verb table.Tibetologist (talk) 12:48, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
 * ? It's already in the table. Oda Mari (talk) 13:55, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Needs cleanup
The article contains little to no references to external sources, and the Japanese examples are rendered sometimes in latin letters only, sometimes in Japanese script only. It really needs a serious cleanup, possibly from someone who is an expert of the Japanese language and linguistics. 80.99.14.241 (talk) 16:15, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

Honorific prefixes: oyu/ocha example
I wonder if the o-yu/o-cha example is the best that can be given. Although it is of course true that yu and cha are also used, one could argue that the 御-forms are the default whereas removing the honorific prefix results in a marked expression (cf. the fourth paragraph of the section; お金 is another example; お金 isn't necessarily polite, whereas just using 金 could sound a bit rough). This contrasts with, for example, the default 暇 and the marked お暇, 一緒に and ご一緒に. Which would mean that the current photograph of the tea machine is in fact not an illustration of how words are prefixed to mark for politeness/honorific speech.

What are everybody's opinions on this?

Niels van der Salm (talk) 01:22, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

A couple of suggestions
I know nothing about Japanese, so these may not be relevant. 1. An example in the article uses "would you like some tea?" as a rough, less polite form; wouldn't "do you want some tea?" serve the purpose better? 2. Regarding the manual keigo not being strictly correct (since nothing is "becoming", in the example given): this seems very like the over-polite and dubious use in English of "yourself" instead of "you", e.g. "what can I do for yourself?" - now often heard from UK salespeople; unsure about North America. Equinox (talk) 04:44, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Honorific speech in Japanese. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050430143236/http://www.jlpt-kanji.com/keigo.php to http://www.jlpt-kanji.com/keigo.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:20, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

Why does Keigo redirect here?
Since it’s called Keigo, shouldn’t the title of the article be Keigo and not Honorific speech in Japanese? GenZenny💖 (talk) 21:02, 21 November 2022 (UTC)
 * "Keigo" is the Japanese word. This is not an English word.  The English Wikipedia has a preference for English-language article titles, where possible.  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 22:26, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Honorific speech in Japanese


text:
User talk:Marnevell

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

July 2019
Hello, I'm Magnolia677. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Guelph, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. If you need guidance on referencing, please see the referencing for beginners tutorial, or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Magnolia677 (talk) 12:05, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

Thanks for your help on the Guelph page
Thank you for adding that content again re: the online News service for Guelph. The editor that messed up that section often deletes new content that I add.

Since 2017, Village Media has published a news website called Guelph Today, which provides daily coverage of issues and occurrences in and around the city.[183] Cheers, Peter K Burian (talk) 14:58, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

 * No worries! I think I've attracted his attention, though -- he's going through and "correcting" all of articles in my contribution history now. Marnevell (talk) 16:17, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes, I know exactly what you mean. Peter K Burian (talk) 16:35, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

July 2019
Please do not add or change content, as you did at Guelph, without citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. Magnolia677 (talk) 15:47, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for rewording the section I fixed. I fixed it again so now it's actually accurate.  I see you kept the link to the source that I added.  It seems disingenuous to claim my edits are "changes without sources" when you kept the source I added.  You can stop reverting my entire edit history now. Marnevell (talk) 15:59, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

Your recent comment on a misfiled AN3 report
Hi Marnevell. You were right, about 'not sure why they're here'. I tried to fix the report but in doing so removed one of your comments, which I suspect is no longer necessary. Thanks, EdJohnston (talk) 18:56, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Spring Mill Distillery (May 14)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Sulfurboy was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Spring Mill Distillery and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you now believe the draft cannot meet Wikipedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to Draft:Spring Mill Distillery, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "Db-g7" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
 * If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
 * If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Spring_Mill_Distillery Articles for creation help desk], on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Sulfurboy&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Spring_Mill_Distillery reviewer's talk page] or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

Sulfurboy (talk) 01:27, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Spring Mill Distillery

Hello, Marnevell. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Spring Mill Distillery".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 00:19, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:25, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marnevell


text:
The Eagle's Conquest

The Eagle's Conquest  is a 2001 novel by Simon Scarrow, about the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD. It is the second book in the Eagles of the Empire series.

Plot summary
The book opens immediately after the events of Under the Eagle, with the troops relaxing and watching prisoners of war fight to the death in a makeshift arena. Optio Cato is bequeathed an ivory-hilted sword by the chief centurion, Bestia, who was mortally wounded in the British ambush and respected Cato for his tenacity. Meanwhile, the legate of the Second Legion, Vespasian, worries about his wife Flavia back in Rome, whom he has learned has connections to "The Liberators", a group of conspirators who want the feeble-minded Emperor Claudius out of power.

Soon afterwards the Legion moves off again, heading to the River Meadway (present-day Medway river, in Kent). As the Britons under Caratacus have heavily fortified the opposite bank, Macro and Cato are ordered to scout ahead for a ford upstream. Cato finds one, and the next day the attack goes in. The Ninth Legion, supported by artillery fire from triremes on the river, crosses and assault the enemy ramparts. After sustaining heavy losses, the attack falters, and only the Second Legion's intervention saves the day. Using the ford upstream, the legionaries are able to surprise the Britons and attack them from behind, overrunning their encampment; Cato is badly burned when he accidentally spills a cauldron of boiling water over himself. While recuperating, he strikes up a friendship with the North African surgeon, a Carthaginian called Nisus. They discover that the lead shot the British were using in their slings came from the Legion's stores, indicating there is a traitor placed high in the army command, supplying the British with arms in an attempt to undermine the campaign.

Over the next few days, the British are pushed back to the North Kent marshes, on the banks of the Tamesis river. The Second Legion is ordered to clear the southern bank in preparation for a crossing, but as twilight approaches, the Legion is scattered and lost in the marshes. Macro's unit, with Cato in tow, is ambushed by a war band; Macro holds the Britons at bay while Cato and a handful of men escape by boat. When the roll-call is held, Macro is declared missing, presumed dead. Cato, in a fit of anguish, volunteers to be in the first wave of the troops crossing the river. It is a suicide mission, and he does not expect to live, but he is able to survive long enough for the second wave of Romans to reach him. Macro reappears, having survived his ordeal in the marshes, and chastises Cato for being a fool. Cato renews his friendship with Nisus the surgeon, who lets slip some of his bitterness at being a Carthaginian (one of many cultures conquered by the Romans) in the Roman army.

Meanwhile, the army has received orders to halt on the far side of the Tamesis so that Emperor Claudius can arrive and take command in person for the final assault in the British capital at Camulodunum; this is intended to boost his popularity with the populares in Rome. While waiting for the Emperor to arrive, tribune Vitellius, Macro and Cato's nemesis, is plotting to assassinate him. He enlists Nisus, playing on his Carthaginian patriotism, and uses him as a liaison with the British tribes who resist Rome. Unfortunately, while crossing the lines one night, Nisus is accidentally killed by a sentry, and Cato, who is present, takes a bandage from his body; it is covered in strange markings and Cato thinks these are worth investigating. All thought of it is put out of his mind, however, when Claudius arrives, escorted by the Praetorian Guard and elephants to overawe the Britons. He insists on taking charge in the coming battle.

Despite the Emperor's buffoonery, the final battle is won and the legions march into Camulodunum. To celebrate 'his' victory, Claudius orders a lavish banquet to be held in his honour.

Vespasian finally gets to spend some time with his wife, and Cato renews his relationship with the slave girl Lavinia. Unfortunately, she is allied with Vitellius, having consorted with him previously whilst in the ownership of Tribune Plinius. She agrees to smuggle an ornate dagger into the banquet hall, believing it to be a gift for the Emperor. Before she does this, she decides to break up with Cato, who is aware that she is cheating on him with Vitellius. While she does this, Cato is fiddling with the late Nisus's bandage, which he has in his pocket. When it is rolled up in a certain way, the markings become a coded message; Cato is only able to discover that it concerns a plot to kill the emperor before he is knocked out by Lavinia, who read on ahead and saw Vitellius' name. When he is woken by Macro, Lavinia has disappeared. The only hope of saving the Emperor is to warn Vespasian, who is at the feast, and hope he believes them. They get there in time to see Vitellius and Lavinia being presented to the emperor; while Claudius is distracted by Lavinia's charms, a supposedly loyal Briton leaps at the emperor with a dagger.

Thanks to Cato's intervention, the Emperor's bodyguards are able to catch the assassin and mortally wound him. Vitellius finishes him off before he can talk, and discreetly murders Lavinia as he leaves. A distraught Cato is taken away by Macro before he is recognised as the Emperor's saviour, and Vitellius, as in the last book, gets all the credit. He is given a position on the Emperor's staff, and leaves with Claudius for Rome, leaving the legions to pacify the last remnants of resistance. Vespasian is tasked with an independent command for the coming months; clearing the south bank of the Thames of resistance. As for Cato, he is distracted by Macro, who promises to introduce him to his latest conquest - a young Briton called Boudicca...

Literary significance & reception
The Oxford Times stated, "Has all the hallmarks of Bernard Cornwell at his best."

title: The Eagle's Conquest


text:
User:Jvraba

Jaime Vincent Raba, (1976-), Attorney, student of religions, philosophy, and history--dabbler in music, computers and science.

Internet Scrapbook
Things I did a long time ago:

 * UC Riverside's Religious Studies Web Page 1997
 * UC Riverside's Physical Plant Web Page 1996

Family
Well, I recently discovered that my family was somewhat more distinguished than I previously had thought. Below are some links to things I wrote while taking a break from studying for the bar exam-- each one is amusing or interesting for some reason:

My Maternal Grandmother's Relatives
John Moody, who founded Moody's Inc., which was the first company to rate bonds and other securities debt-offerings. His service is still considered to dominate the industry which he founded. He was also a noted for his deep Catholic convictions, stemming from a conversion from Anglicanism somewhat late in life. He was also a freelance journalist, writing throughout his life for magazines and newspapers.
 * Great-great grandfather: Grandma Anne's grandfather

Ernest Addison Moody was a noted philosopher, medievalist, and logician as well as a musician and scientist. He was a long-time professor of philosophy at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and also served as department chair. He has an endowed series of lectures bearing his name on the subject of Medieval Philosophy.
 * Great grandfather: Grandma Anne's father

Other people of note we are related to through the Moodys:
 * Ralph Waldo Emerson
 * Dr. Samuel Fuller and Edward Fuller (both passengers on the Mayflower)
 * Jim Bowie (hero of the Alamo and inventor of the Bowie knife), . ..
 * Moody family tree primarily from data authored by my cousin (once-removed), Jill: http://raba.8k.com/FamilyTree/
 * If anyone has any additional information, please pass it along.
 * Dr. Albert Abraham Michelson. Perfector of lightspeed u. first "American" (really Polish) Nobelprize Laureate in Science ever.

My Maternal Grandfather's Relatives
Sir Robert Septimus Gardiner (1856-1936?) was a British businessman and securities expert who purchased his own knighthood.(!) Apparently this was common, however. Shakespeare did the same.
 * Great-great grandfather: Grandpa Pete's pateral grandfather

Nevile Gardiner, (1902-1954) was a noted diplomat who died at 52 from an insect bite in the Philippines-- this must have been very hard for grandpa pete because he must have been a young man at the time.
 * Great grandfather: Grandpa Pete's dad

Gerald Austin Gardiner, Baron Gardiner (1900-1990) was Lord High Chancellor of Britain from 1964-1970. His second wife, Muriel Box, won an Oscar.
 * Great-great uncle: Grandpa Pete's uncle

My Paternal Grandparents' Relatives
I'd still like to learn more about my family through my Dad's side however, but it's difficult to figure them out.

My paternal grandfather is descendant of Hungarian immigrants who were themselves farmers. Raba is the name of a river in Hungary, which is a tributary to the "blue" Danube.

My paternal grandmother knew very little of her own paternity, and knew relatively little about her mother's lineage. It is believed that her family is Austrian, and so perhaps somewhat Hungarian, too.

--Jvraba 08:22, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Jvraba 08:22, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

test!

--Jvraba 08:22, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Jvraba


text:
Talk:Violence in sports

In the Hockey section, nearly all the citations are meaningless orphans or broken links, referring to original citations that are now missing. Anyone with the ability to actually edit this page may want to correct the locked mess of unverified assertions. 66.86.112.53 (talk) 17:10, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

The page as it stood was fairly North-America centred, so I've added some European events. Average Earthman 22:59, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I agree with the above so have added I have done this because I feel nearly all incidents of fan violence from the US and Canada are listed whereas very few European instances are noted. Even though I would guess that fan violence at European football matches far outstrips that of American sports combined.

The list of events needs cleaning up - we are ending up with a list of fan violence events, and a list of 'notable events'. I'm not sure some of the notable events are that notable - not to be rude, but is a fight in Puerto Rican basketball or baseball that significant? Average Earthman 09:41, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC) "Antonio Puerto Rico matters Martin" What I will say is that, if people insist on adding the Rodman bit (why is this that significant anyway?), can they at least format it right? Average Earthman 13:08, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, no-one has commented, so I deleted the Puerto Rican references, as I honestly couldn't see from the descriptions why they were notable outside of Puerto Rico. In contrast, the events at, say, the Tour de France, English Premier League and Major League Baseball made news worldwide. Average Earthman 14:07, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * They were notable to four million souls!! Even Phil Jackson commented about it, saying something like "The NBA isn't Puerto Rico's national basketball league, we don't expect fans to act like animals" or something like that.
 * Sorry, but Puerto Rico isn't irrelevant, but neither is it more relevant than Greece, Norway, Ireland, Argentina, Australia, etc. etc. If we allow any local bit of violence in, the eventual article will be several pages long. If you want this violence listed, I'd suggest you create a separate article, list of acts of violence in sports perhaps. But the main article should only have a highlight of the most notable. At the moment, it is very US sports heavy, and we shouldn't be trying to balance things by packing them to the seams. I'm not interested in starting an edit war, but I would like some other opinions on the matter.

Notable
The list of notable events is lacking at the moment - to be blunt, I've seen no evidence that the brawls in Puerto Rico are of international note, and the two brawls noted in the US in basketball and baseball are merely noted as 'brawls' - unless someone can flesh out the details (did these brawls inspire a change in the laws? Long term suspensions of notable players?) then I'd propose cutting them out as well. If no one comments in the next fortnight, I'll trim these four events. Average Earthman 13:39, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This article is sickening in its moralistic overtones
I really don't understand why it must be presumed that violence and aggression is abnormal or wrong. Only in this modern world where we have banished the gods of war could anyone think that the desire to fight is an abnormal masculine trait.

Blood lust is no different than sexual lust. Passion is neither good nor evil. We have evolved to be warriors and hunters. Because these instincts are undesirable in our docilie, feminized civilization does not mean they do not exist. Try as you might, human nature will be with us forever.

 * 1) don't know who wrote above... seem to be suffering from people not posting their names... Testosterone is noted as a reason for violence, which is not proven-. what is "Intermittent explosive disorder"? I got here through Sportsmanship and find that the link while existent is not necessarily strong. Dwarf Kirlston 20:15, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Intermittent explosive disorder is a personality disorder where a person has frequent and, in many cases, unpredictable outbursts of extreme anger or physical violence, but no signs in between episodes. The citation was included when I created this article, but that was some time ago and people have moved things around, perhaps orphaning this reference. --Westendgirl 06:21, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hi there

Thinking back to my own career as a Rugby player I've come to realize that there might be another side to violence in sports: The only matches with lots of unfair violence were those in which one of the teams was hopelessly inferior to the other. I'm not so bold to announce a causal link between "getting humiliated" and "commiting unfair violence" but I've got the strong feeling that there is at least a correlation. This idea would chime well with the Frustration-Aggression_Hypothesis. A quick look at tables of the german soccer league adds some support to the idea. If you compare the number of fouls commited by a team with their respective ranking at the end of the 2009/2010 season, you can clearly see an inverse proportionality. The three most succesfull teams are among the four teams with the smallest number of commited fouls. And very violent teams tend to be less succesfull. Only 3 out of 18 teams do not fit this pattern. Could these findings perhaps be reproduced in other sports? Raimo Müller 84.161.99.27 (talk) 22:50, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

What About Baseball?
As usual, there is an anti-hockey bias. What about all the brawls we've seen in baseball over the years? Not a single mention, even though they far outnumber hockey brawling 3:1.24.64.223.203 05:04, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not against hockey, but I don't think that's what you meant by "anti-hockey". I have nothing against baseball. However, when I started this article, I was writing the piece on violence in ice hockey. Actually, I was originally writing about Billy Coutu's violent streak. Wiki being what is is, I assumed others (you?) would round out the article. Please feel free to add baseball info!--Westendgirl 16:14, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

i cant say that i agree about that —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.72.120.60 (talk) 13:22, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Dictionary Entries
All of these Entries, except for Basebrawl, are Unofficial/made up and seldomly/rarely used.

--Arima (talk) 05:48, 18 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Basebrawl (Baseball)
 * Basketbrawl (Basketball)
 * Footbrawl (Football)
 * Soccerbrawl (Soccer)
 * Volleybrawl (Volleyball)
 * Tennisbrawl (Tennis)

BLP
Hi, some of these incidents relate to people who are living, so wp:BLP applies. Please can we make sure that only reliably sourced well referenced incidents get included here. I've taken a few out and will do some more - please don't reinstate them without sourcing them.  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  19:45, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

A historical reminder
Talking about fan violence, one may mention the Richard riot, which happened in Montreal in 1955. It was more about the anti-French bias of some people than about hockey. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Riot — Preceding unsigned comment added by D13artagnan (talk • contribs) 15:39, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Violence in sports. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090619085937/http://www.kcchiefs.com:80/history/70s to http://www.kcchiefs.com/history/70s/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080511204656/http://www.theage.com.au/realfooty/news/AFL/Footballers-quizzed-over-nightclub-clash/2005/05/04/1115092541677.html to http://www.theage.com.au/realfooty/news/AFL/Footballers-quizzed-over-nightclub-clash/2005/05/04/1115092541677.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:16, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Violence in sports. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080705232344/http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,18107302%255E2862,00.html to http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,18107302%255E2862,00.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:05, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Another historical example
Should the water polo match during the 1956 Melbourne Olympics be included - there's something of an irony about such a violent match occurring under the auspices of the Olympics. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_in_the_Water_match Basically itwas a water polo match between Hungary and the USSR at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. The match took place on 6 December 1956 against the background of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Andrew Robbins (talk) 12:28, 20 October 2019 (UTC)

Violence categories in sports
The article focuses primarily on one category of violence in sports; I would suggest including and briefly explaining the four categories of violence that are recognized in sports – 1)brutal body contact. 2)borderline violence. 3)quasi-criminal violence 4)criminal violence. The first two categories of violence mentioned have gradually become accepted as the norm and as a result are more commonly practiced in contact sports; whereas the second two categories aren’t recognized as norms in sport culture and instead result in suspensions, fines, or other legal repercussions.

The article would be more informative and representative if it included additional examples of brutal body contact and borderline violence - these contribute to a lot of serious injuries (e.g. brain damage/injuries in NFL). |%20National%20Institutes%20of%20Health%20(NIH) (NIH) Agra659 (talk) 01:43, 26 September 2023 (UTC)A.g659

 * I agree, there is a lack of criminal violence in this article. I was looking to add a section focused on criminality ￼in youth sports. More niche on the subject of criminal violence in youth sports, focusing on the sexual violence found in youth sports. KillerTiger0317 (talk) 19:42, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Violence by coaches
Since there are sections dedicated to Fan Violence and Violence by Athletes, I would also suggest creating a section for Violence by Coaches/Trainers. This section could help develop relevant discussions – especially regarding gender-based violence. Sexual violence in sports is an example of gender-based violence because it primarily affects female athletes. This type of violence most commonly occurs between athletes and their coaches/trainers. The Larry Nassar case is widely-known and could be included as an example. While the majority of violence in sport can be attributed to male athletes/fans and contact sports, this section can address other problematic areas needing attention. Agra659 (talk) 01:43, 26 September 2023 (UTC)A.g659

 * I have some research under this umbrella with sexual violence in sports I would like to add to this article as well. Larry Nassar would be a good case to look into and there are a few scholar articles diving into this topic. KillerTiger0317 (talk) 19:45, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Crime and Media
— Assignment last updated by Dmaccartney (talk) 04:07, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 October 2023
In ...in the recent Euro 2004 tournament, England were publicly warned that..., change "were" to "was" (or if unwilling to do that, change it to "the teams in England were publicly warned..." instead). Also, change chariot-racing to chariot-racing and then remove the banner at the top of this talk page. 2603:8001:4542:28FB:CD:561E:7A00:B3F5 (talk) 01:56, 20 October 2023 (UTC) (Please send talk messages here instead)
 * ✅ Brendan  ❯❯❯  Talk  05:37, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

Motorsports
Intentional wrecking is somewhat common in motorsports, sometimes resulting in drivers or teams coming to blows. NASCAR had a notable incident in 2012 between Clint Bowyer and Jeff Gordon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_AdvoCare_500_(Phoenix) More recently, Luca Corberi got in an altercation in an FIA KZ Karting event, throwing a piece of bodywork at a fellow racer, then both Corberi and his father, the owner of the circuit, escalated the fight after the race. In the NASCAR Truck Series, John Wes Townley and Spencer Gallagher got in a drown-out grapple match in 2016. Finally, in Formula One, after a crash that took him out of the lead of the 1982 German Grand Prix, Nelson Piquet attempted to fight Eliseo Salazar before he was taken away.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_German_Grand_Prix Smaller fights are fairly common, at least in NASCAR, notably with Kyle Busch too. 131.247.226.115 (talk) 18:12, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Violence in sports