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User:Burgundaz/Germanic world

If you've ever wondered what it would be like to experience the world in ancient Germanic times, this page should help with the words side of things. Keep in mind, 2500 years is a long time; some of the Old Germanic languages are closer to us than they are Proto-Germanic, therefore meanings that are established in North and West Germanic might not be fully reconstructible to PGmc. This is especially relevant with regards to semantic narrowing, which could create new semantic gaps, triggering semantic shift, or even a chain of such shifts.

This page aspires to represent the Germanic world as accurately as possible in form and meaning. Therefore, not just comparative reconstruction is used as a tool, but internal reconstruction, and etymological clues are used as well.

Additionally, check out this page on Germanic names for plants and animals

For the various references to u/i-extensions/infixal derivation, see | this section on u/i-abnormality in Germanic. If it was variation in just one branch, it wouldn't be an issue, but there is evidence of variation in all branches. The origin and exact meaning of the formation is ultimately unclear; it was probably grammaticalized from collectives in pre-Gmc/post-PIE forms like *wód-r̥/*w(o)d-én- > *wat-ur/*wat-in- which would explain the vocalism and the accent placement/Verner's alternation (ie. *hafudą/*ha(u)biþa-). Either way, it did exist and presents some difficulty in reconstructions.

In an effort to leave this page as clean and easy to read as possible, notes and explanations will be placed in a separate Notes section below.

And as always, this is a work in progress, as reading and research improves one's understanding, so reconstructions and meanings are subject to change.

Terms
This section is much less certain, largely because of the time depth, but also the conflicting systems of subdivision. The subdivisions seem to have been legal in nature, consisting of a "regional" and a "local" level which is mostly reconstructible, although the terms aren't agreed upon exactly.
 * *gawją - n - "region, district, country(side)" < *gʰh̥́₂w-yom - cf. (possibly) AG Khā́ōn/Khāoníā (if from *ǵʰ/gʰeh₂w-o-)
 * *har(j)ōþą/*har(j)ōdą (obl. *hariþa-) - n - "district, hundred" < '*harjaz + *-ōþą'' (possibly)
 * *hundarją/*hundriją/*hundazją - n - "hundred (district)" < *hundą ("hundred (number)") + *-(a)r-/*-az- (uncertain suffixation)
 * ON hundari; OHG huntari
 * *landą - n - "land; region, country" < *londʰ-om
 * GO land ("land; country"); ON land ("land; country"); OE land ("land; country"); OF land ("land; country"); OS land ("land; country(?)"); OHG lant ("land; country")
 * *marką - n - "mark, sign" < "a bordering, edge, rim" < *morǵ-om
 * *markō - f - "bounds, limit, boundary", also "frontier, outland, (outlying) region" < *morǵ-eh₂
 * *þunginaz
 * OLF/LA thunginus; OHG dungino
 * *waldaną (pret. *wulþ-) - stv - "to rule, govern, control" < *h₂wolh₁-dʰ-(or *h₂wolh₁-t-)/*h₂wl̥h₁-t-
 * GO waldan; ON valda, pret oll-; OE wealdan; OF walda; OHG waltan

Farming

 * *akraz - m - "field, open area of land; land used for cultivation, farm" < *h₂eǵ-ros
 * GO akrs; ON akr; OE æcer; OF ekker/ēker; OS akkar; OHG ackar
 * *arduz - m - "arable land, soil" > "earth, land, dwelling"
 * OE eard
 * *arjaną - stv (7) - "to plow" < *h₂érh₃-y-eti
 * *arlą - n - "plowshare" < "plow" < *h₂erh₃-dʰlom/*h₂erh₃-tlóm
 * MHG arl (f.)
 * *arþrą (obl. *ardra-) - n - "plow" < *h₂érh₃-trom - cf. AG árotron; LA arātrum
 * GO ardrs; ON arðr; OSw arþer
 * *arþiz (obl. *ardi-) - f - "plowing, tilling, cultivation" < *h₂érh₃-tis/*h₂(e)rh₃-tí-
 * ON ǫrð; OE yrþ/irþ; OF raef-erd; OHG art
 * *falgō - f - "fallow land" < *polk-éh₂
 * OE *fealh (attested only as secondary "harrow") > ME falge/falwe; OF fallach; MD valge
 * *mēaną - stv - "to mow, cut" < *h₂méh₁-eti
 * *sēaną - stv - "to sow" < *séh₁-eti
 * *þresk(w)aną - stv - "to thresh" < *treskʷ- or *treC-sk-

Human

 * *ahslō - "armpit" < *h₂eḱs-l-eh₂
 * *ambô - m - "belly" < *h₃émbʰ-ō
 * OS ambon (pl.); OHG amban (pl.)
 * *amsaz - m - "shoulder" < *h₃ém-s-os
 * GO ams; NO ås ("hill, ridge")
 * *ankijǭ - f - "ankle" < *h₂eng-yeh₂
 * ON ekkja; OHG ancha/encha
 * *ankulaz (obl. *ankila-) - m - "ankle" < *h₂éng-ul-os/*h₂eng-é/íl-
 * ON ǫkla/ǫkkla, ǫkli; OE *æncel (?); OF ankel/inzil; MD ankel/enkel; OHG anch(a)la, enchil
 * *anþiją - n - "forehead" < *h₂ént-y-om
 * ON enni; OHG andi/endi
 * *armaz - m - "arm" < *h₂érH-mos
 * GO arms; ON armr; OE earm; OF erm; OS arm; OHG aram
 * *arsaz - m - "arse/ass, butt" < *h₁órs-os
 * ON ars/rass; OE ears; OF ers; OS ars; OHG ars
 * *augô - n - "eye" < *(h)awk-ṓ < *h₃ókʷ-n̥/*h₃(o)kʷ-én-
 * *ausô (obl. *auzin-) - n - "ear" < *h₂éws-ō < *h₂éws-n̥/*h₂(e)us-én-
 * GO auso; ON eyra; OE ēare; OF āre; OS ōra; OHG ōra
 * *bainą - n - "bone" < *bʰoyH-nom
 * *bōguz - m - "upper arm, shoulder"
 * *bragną - n - "brain"
 * *fingraz - m - "finger" < ''*penkʷ-rós
 * *hafudą (obl. *haubiþa-) - n - "head" < *kh̥́₂p-ut-om/*kh₂p-í/ét-o - cf. LA caput/capit-
 * *halsaz - m - "neck" < *kóls-os - cf. LA collus
 * GO hals; ON hals; OE heals/hals; OF hals; MD hals; OHG hals
 * *handuz - f - "hand" < *hinþaną ("to seize, catch") = *ḱont-ús
 * *hausaz - m - "skull" < *ḱ/kowH-s-os
 * *hersô (obl. *herzn- ) - m - "brain" < *ḱer(h₂)-s-o
 * *hertô - n - "heart" < *ḱerd-n̥
 * *hirzniją - n - "brain" (collective) < *herzn- + *-ją (collectivizing suffix)
 * MLG herne; OHG hirni
 * *hraifô - m - "wrist"
 * *hrefaz (obl. *hrifiz-) - n - "body, waist, abdomen" < *ḱrép-os/*ḱrép-es- - cf. LA corpus ("body") < *ḱr̥p-os/*ḱr̥p-es
 * *hreþaz (ob. *hriþiz-) - n - "breast, chest, heart" < *krét-os/*krét-es-
 * OE hreþer/hreþor
 * *hriþizją - n - "diaphragm" < *krét-es-yom
 * OE mid-hriþere; OF mid-hreth(e)/mid-hrether(e)/mid-hrither(e)
 * *hrugjaz - m - "ridge, back, spine"
 * *humpaz - m - "hip
 * *knewą - n - "knee" < ''*ǵnew
 * *krausiją - n - "bowels, guts" (collective) < *ǵ/grow-s-yom
 * MD kroos; MHG (ge-)krœse
 * *lagjaz - m - "leg" < *loǵʰ-yos
 * *librō - f - "liver" < *likʷ-r-éh₂ < *lyḗkʷ-r̥ ("liver")
 * *limuz - m - "limb, member" < *li-m-us
 * *liþuz - m - "joint, member" < *li-tus
 * *lōfô (obl. *lappan-) - m - "palm of the hand"
 * *ludjō - f - "face" < *h₁ludʰ-yeh₂
 * *lungǭ - f - "lung, lungs" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-eh₂(n)
 * *magô/*magę̄ - m - "stomach" < *mok-ṓ' possibly *mok-ḗn - cf. PC *mokīnā ("bellows"); PS *mošьna ("small bag, purse")
 * *mundō - f - "hand" < ''*mh₂-n̥t-éh₂
 * *munþaz - m - "mouth" < '*mń̥t-os - cf. LA mentum ("chin"); PC *mantom ("gums, jaw")
 * *mūs - f - "mouse; muscle" < *muHs-s - cf. AG mū́s ("mouse; muscle"); LA mūs ("mouse; muscle")
 * ON mús; OE mūs; OHG mūs
 * *naglaz - m - "nail, fingernail, toenail" < *h₃nogʷʰ-los
 * ON nagl; OE næġel/nægl; OF neil; OS nagal; OHG nagal
 * *nasō/*nusō - f - "nose" < *nh̥́₂-s-eh₂
 * ON nǫs; OE nosu; OF nose; OS nasa; OHG nasa
 * *þūmô (obl. *þumin-)- m - "thumb"
 * *wambō - f - "womb, belly"
 * *wrīhô (obl. *wrikkin-) - m - "instep" < *wréyk-ō/*wrik-né-

Terms

 * *daudaz - adj/pp - "dead, having died"
 * *dauþuz - m - "death, dying"
 * *dawjaną - stv - "to die"
 * *dewaną - stv - "
 * *murþą - n - "murder"
 * *murþrą - n - "murder"
 * **nawistrą - n - "mortuary" < *nawiz + *-strą (instrumental suffix?)
 * GO ga-nawistrōną ("to burt, inter")
 * *nawiz - m - "corpse" < *nh̥₂w-is
 * GO naus; ON nár
 * *sterbaną

Terms

 * *bugjaną - wkv - "to buy, agree to exchange" < *beuganą ("to bend, bow")
 * *dailą - n - "share, part" < **dailaną ("to divide")
 * *dailijaną - wkv - "to deal, distribute" < *dailą/*dailiz
 * *dailiz - m - "share, part" < "division" < **dailaną
 * *fehu - n - "wealth; cattle, livestock" < *péku
 * *geldą - n - "payment, tribute, compensation" < *geldaną
 * *geldaną - wkv - "to pay, yield (up)" < *gʰeldʰ-
 * *gelstrą - n - "levy, tax, contribution" < *geldaną + *-þrą (instrument suffix)
 * *hleutaną - stv - "to cast lots; to obtain by lot" < *klewH-d-
 * *hūzijaną - wkv - "to hire"
 * *laigijaną - wkv - "to rent, hire" < "to make loan" < *līhwaną
 * *laihną - n - "loan"
 * *līhwaną - stv - "to loan, lend" < "to leave (behind)"
 * *mōtō - f - "tax, toll" < "obligation" < *mōtaną
 * *nautą - n - "cattle; ox" < *neutaną ("to use, make use of")
 * *saljaną - wkv - "to sell, offer up in exchange" < **selaną ("to take")
 * *salō - f - "sale" < **selaną
 * *werþaz - adj - "worth, valued (at)" < "turned, become" < *werþaną ("to turn > to become")

Drink

 * *alu (obl. *aluþ-) - n - "ale" < *He/ol-ut
 * ON ǫl; OE ealoþ; OS alo-fat; MD ale/ael; MHG al-schaf
 * *beurą - n - "beer" < *bʰrewH-r-om ("brewing") (< earlier *bʰréwH-ōr?)
 * ON bjórr; OE bēor; MD bier; OHG bior
 * *līþu - n - "cider" < *(H)léyt-u or ''*(H)líH-t-u
 * *medu - n - "mead" < *médʰ-u(s) (cf. AG méthu; SA mádhu)
 * ON mjǫðr (m.); OE meodo(m./n.); OF mede (m.); MD mede (m.); OHG metu/meto/mito (m.)
 * *meluks (obl. *milik-) - f - "milk" < *h₂melǵ-
 * GO miluks; ON mjǫlk; OE meoloc/meolc; OF melok; OS miluk; MD melc/mellic/meelc; OHG miluh/milih
 * *watōr (obl. *watin-) - n - "water" < *wód-r̥ + *wéd-ōr
 * GO wato/watin-; ON vatn; OE wæter; OF weter; OS watar; OHG wazzar

Food

 * *ankwô - m - "butter < fat, grease" < *h₃éngʷ-ō/*h₃éngʷ-n̥(originally) - cf. LA unguen ("fat, grease") < oblique *h₃n̥gʷ-
 * OHG ancho
 * *daigaz - m - "dough"
 * *hlaibaz - m - "bread" < *ḱ/kloyp-ós or *ḱ/kloy-bʰ-os
 * *hunangą - n - "honey" < *kn̥h₂-onḱ-os
 * ON hunang, OSw hunagh; OE hunig OS honig; OHG hona(n)g
 * *kakǭ - f - "cake" < *gH̥g-
 * ON kaka
 * *kōkô - m - "cookie" < *goHg-
 * MD coeke; OHG kuohho
 * *jūstaz - m - "cheese" < *yuHs-t-os - cf. AG zū́mē; LA iūs/iūr-; SA yū́ṣ-
 * ON ostr ; → FI juusto
 * *matiz - m - "food" < *mod-is or *mH̥d-is
 * *mili (obl. *miliþ-) - n - "honey" < *mel-it
 * GO miliþ (secondary a-stem)

Terms

 * *drankijaną - wkv - "to drench, cause someone to drink" < *dʰrong-éyeti
 * *drinkaną - stv - "to drink" < *dʰréng-eti
 * *etaną - stv - "to eat" < *h₁éd-eti
 * *fōdijaną - wkv - "to feed, cause to eat (food)" < causative to a lost **faþaną ("to eat, graze")
 * *hlaupijaz - m - "rennet" < *hlaupaną
 * IC hleypir
 * *hungruz - m - "hunger" < ''*kn̥k-r-ús
 * GO hūhruz; ON hungr; OE hungor; OS hungar; OHG hungar
 * *jestuz - m - "yeast" < *jesaną ("to ferment")
 * ON jǫstr; OSw iæster; OE gist/gyst; MLG gest; MD gest/gist; MHG jest
 * *þurstuz - m - "thirst" < *tr̥s-tus
 * OE þurst/þyrst; OS thurst; OHG durst

Features

 * *ahwō - f - "river, stream, waters" < *h₂ékʷ-eh₂ cf. LA aqua
 * GO aƕa; ON á; OE ēa; OS aha; OHG aha
 * *akraz - m - "field, open area of land; land used for cultivation, farm" < *h₂eǵ-ros - cf. AG agros and LA ager
 * GO akrs; ON akr; OE æcer; OF ekker/ēker; OS akkar; OHG ackar
 * *albī - f - "(large?) river" possibly also "torrent" < *h₂elbʰ-ih₂
 * *angiją - n - "grass-land, pasture, plain" < "hollow, mountain glen" < *h₂enk-yóm
 * ON eng (f.), eng(i) (n.)
 * *angraz - m - "valley, gorge, hollow" > later "meadow, plain" and "bay (of a fjord?)" < *h₂enk-rós - cf. LA ancrae ("gorge, ravine")
 * ON angr ("bay"); MD angr; OHG angar ("meadow, plain")
 * *awjō - f - "island" < *He/ow(H)-yeh₂ cf. *aurą ("mud, sand, sediment") < *He/ow(H)-r-om
 * ON ey; OE īeg; MD ooi/ouwe; OHG ouwa
 * *barzwaz/*barwaz - m - "pine grove"
 * *bergaz - m - "mountain, height" < *bʰerǵʰ-os
 * ON bjarg/berg; OE beorg; OF berch; OS berg; OHG berg/berag
 * *brōkaz - m - "swamp"
 * *dalaz - m - "dale, valley" < *dʰolh₂-os - cf. PS *dȍlъ
 * GO dal(s); ON dalr; OE dæl; OS dal; OHG tal''
 * *dōlijō - f - "depression, hollow" < *dʰōlh₂-yeh₂
 * ON dœl; MD doele; OHG tuolla
 * *dulō - f - "ditch" < *dʰl̥h₂-eh₂
 * OHG tula
 * *felþaz/*felþuz - m - "field, plain, area of open land < *kʷél-tos/-tus ("going round, driving (as through a meadow)") - cf. LA cultus
 * OSw fiälder/ur-fælder/ur-fialder ("(enclosed) field") (Noreen, §78, 3; p. 74); OE feld (a- and u-stem); OF feld; OS feld; OHG feld
 * *graibō - f - "grove, copse" < *gʰroybʰ-eh₂
 * *haiþī - f - "heath, heathland" < *kéh₂i-t-ih₂ ("shrubland(?)") - cf. PC *kaitos ("wood")
 * *halluz/*hallaz - m - "rock (formation), boulder, stone slab" < *kolH-n-ús/*kolH-n-ós - cf. LI kálnas ("mountain, hill")
 * *haugaz - m - "hill, height" < < *kauk-ós < *kakʷ-ós < *kH̥kʷós - cf. LA cacūmen'' ("peak, summit")
 * *hulliz - f - "hill, mountain" < *kl̥H-n-ís - cf. LA collis ("hill")
 * *hulmaz - m - "mound, hill" > "islet, small island" < *kl̥H-mos
 * *hultą - n - "wood, grove" < *kl̥d-om
 * *laguz - m - "lake, pond" < *lok-ús
 * *lakō - f - "pool, swamp, lake" < "leaking" < "gathering/collecting (of water)" < *lekaną ("to leak")/*log-éh₂ - cf. AG légō ("to gather, choose"), -logḗ; LA legō ("to choose, collect")
 * OE lacu
 * *landą - n - "land, dry land, earth" < *londʰ-om
 * *lauhaz - m - "clearing, glade, meadow" < *lówk-os ("lit/clear (area)"
 * *lēswō - f - "pasture, pasturage" < *leh₁-d- + -tweh₂- ("letting (to pasture")
 * *mari - n - "sea, ocean" < *mor-i
 * *mēdwō - f - "meadow, area intended for mowing, cutting" < "mowing" < *meh₁-twéh₂
 * *mōraz - m - "moor, bog" < *mōr- a secondary functional o-grade derivation from *mari
 * *nasjaz - m - "headland, promontory" < *nasō
 * ON nes; OE næss/næesse
 * *saiwiz - m - "lake, sea" < *soykʷ-ís
 * *walþuz - m - "uncultivated area, wilderness, wildland" > (later) "wood; meadow"< *wólt-us
 * ON vǫllr; OE weald; OF wald; OS wald; OHG wald
 * *wangaz - m - "meadow" < *wongʰ-os
 * GO waggs; ON vangr; OE wang; OS wang; OHG holz-wanga
 * *wetǭ - f - "wetland"
 * NO (dial.) vete
 * *wurþiz - f - "mound, elevation" < *h₂wŕ̥-tis
 * ON urð; OF wurth; OS wurth

Related terms

 * *skagô - m - "tip, edge, end" > "copse, thicket", "cape, promontory" < **skahaną
 * ON skagi; OE sċeaġa
 * *skōgaz - m - "tree, wood" < "projecting (thing), jutting out"
 * *stainaz - m - "stone" < *stoyh₂-nos
 * *trewą - n - "tree" < *dr-éw-om
 * *widu - n - "wood" < *(h₁)wi-dʰ(h₁)-u

Settlements

 * *burgz - f - "town, stronghold, fortified settlement" < *bʰŕ̥ǵʰ-s or *bʰŕ̥gʰ-s
 * GO baurgs; ON borg; OE burg; OF burch/burich; OS burg; OHG burg''
 * *haimaz - m - "home: one's own dwelling, village, country"
 * ON heimr; OE hām; OF hēm; OS hēm; MD heem; OHG heim
 * *þurpą - n - "area, country(side); outlying settlment(s)" < *tŕ̥b-om cf. LA trabs; LI trobà; Proto-Celtic *trebā
 * GO þaurp; ON þorp; OE þorp; OF therp/thorp; OS thorp; OHG dorf
 * *wīhsą - n - "village, settlement, country(side)" < *wéyḱ-s-om (originally an s-stem, *wéyḱ-os/**wéyḱ-es-)
 * GO weihs

Hygiene

 * *baþą - n - "bath" < *bʰh̥́₁-tom < *bʰh̥₁-tós (with stress-shift derivation)
 * *baþōną - wkv - "to bathe" < *baþą
 * *kambaz - m - "comb" < *ǵombʰ-os
 * *kambijaną - wkv - "to comb" < *kambaz
 * *lauþrą - n - "lather" < *lówh₁-trom - AG loutrón
 * *saipǭ/*saipwǭ - f - "soap" < *soyp-(n-)eh₂/*soybʰ-(n-)eh₂
 * OE sāpe; OF sēpe; OHG seiffa/seipfa; → LA sāpō (borrowed)
 * *skabaną - stv - "to shave, scrape" < *skh̥́₂bʰ-eti
 * *tangō - f - "pincers: tongs, tweezers" < *donḱ-éh₂ ("biting")
 * *waskaną - stv - "to wash" < *wód-sḱeti ("to (make) wet")

Injury and Sickness

 * *aitaz - m - "ulcer"
 * *arwaz (obl. *arwiz-) - n - "scar"
 * *darō - f - "damage, injury"
 * *gallô - m - "damage, flaw" < *ǵʰol-nṓ
 * *galraz - m - "swelling, pain" < *ǵʰol-ros
 * NO galder ("swelling in the foot of horses")
 * *gundaz - m - "infection, pus, gangrene" < "wound" < *gʷʰn̥-t-ós (probably)
 * GO gund; ON *gund > NO gund; OE gund; OHG gunt
 * *haihaz - adj - "one-eyed" < *keh₂i-kos
 * *haltaz - adj - "lame, halting, limping" < *kold-ós
 * *hamfaz - adj - "maimed" < *kómp-os
 * GO *hamfs (hamfamma); OS hāf; OHG hamf
 * *haulaz/*haulô - m - "hernia, rupture"
 * *hrīþô (obl. *hrittan-) - m - "fever, shivering" < *kréyt-ō/*krit-né-
 * OS hrido; MD ridde/rede; OHG rīdo/rit(t)o
 * *inkô - m - "pain, torment"
 * *inkwaz - m - "lump"
 * *tetruz - m - "tetter"
 * *teuną - n - "damage, injury"
 * ON tjón; OE tēon
 * *wundaz - adj - "wounded" < *wn̥-tós
 * GO wunds; OE wund; OS wund; MD wont; OHG wunt
 * *wundō - f - "wound" < *wundaz < *wundaz
 * ON und; OE wund; OF wunde; OS wunda; OHG wunta

Terms

 * *hailaz - adj - "whole, healthy, sound" < *koy-l-os
 * *hailiþō - f - "wholeness, healthiness, health" < *hailaz + *-iþō (condition suffix)
 * *sundaz - adj - "sound, whole" < *s(w)n̥t-ós

Treatment

 * *lēkijaz - "leaker, letter: leech; doctor" < **lēkijaną ("to cause to leak, let (of blood)") or (of "doctor") borrowed from PC *lēgyos
 * *lubją - n - "herb" > "drug: medicine, poison" < ''*
 * *salbō - f - "salve, ointment" < *solp-éh₂

Crime

 * *hlanþijô - m - "robber" < *klónt-y-ō
 * *hlanþō - f - "booty, loot, prey" < "something stolen/robbed" < *klónt-eh₂
 * *hlanþōną - wkv - "to rob"
 * *hlefaną - stv - "to steal, thieve" < *klép-eti - cf. AG kléptō
 * *hleftuz - m - "thief"
 * *murþ(r)ą - n - "murder" < *mŕ̥-t-om/*mŕ̥-trom
 * '*murþ(r)ijaną - wkv - "to murder, kill (unlawfully/unjustifiably)" < *murþ(r)ą ("murder")
 * *serþaną - stv - "to hit, strike; to violate sexually, perform violent or deviant sexual acts" < *sért-eti
 * *þeubaną - stv - "to thieve, steal" < "to slink, move furtively" < *teup-eti/*tup-éti(?)
 * *þeubaz - m - "thief" < "slinking" < *tewp-ós
 * GO þiubs; ON þjófr; OE þēof;
 * *þiufiją/ō - n/f - "theft"
 * GO þiubi; ON þýfi; OE þīfe-feoh; OHG diufa/diuba
 * *þupp/bōną - wkv - "to slink, loiter"
 * IC tufla; NO tuvla; NHG (dial) duppeln
 * *werganą - stv - "to strangle" or "to be strangled, suffocate"(?) < *wérǵʰ-eti
 * MHG er-wergen
 * *wurgijaną - wkv - "to strangle" < *wr̥ǵʰ-yéti

Terms

 * *aiþaz - m - "oath" < *h₁óy(-)t-os
 * *dōmaz - m - "judgement" < *dʰoh₁-mos - cf. AG thōmós
 * *dōmijaną - wkv - "to judge, deem"
 * *dōmijô - m - "judge, deemer"
 * '*faihaz - adj - "hostile, criminal, outlawed" < *póyḱ-os
 * *faihiþō - f - "feud, hostility" < *faihaz ("hostile, criminal")
 * *lagą - n - "law, custom" < as if *logʰ-om ("what is put, placed (down)")
 * *sahtiz - f - "quarrel, strife, dispute" < *sakaną ("to accuse, dispute") + *-þiz (action suffix)
 * *sakaną - stv - "to dispute, rebuke, quarrel" < "to claim, accuse, blame" < *sh̥́₂g-eti
 * *sōkijaną - wkv - "to seek, look for, investigate (claims or crimes?)" < *sakaną/*soh₂g-éyeti
 * *sōkīniz - f - "investigation, inquiry"
 * *sōkiz - adj - "disputable, contestable"
 * GO un-and-sōks
 * *swaraną (sg. pres. *swar-j-) - stv - "to swear an oath" < *swór(-y)-eti
 * *swōraz - m - "oath, swearing" < *swōr-ós as if *swor-ós
 * *wadją - n - "pledge, security, surety" < *wadjaną
 * *wargaz - m - "outlaw, criminal" < *worǵʰos
 * *wargijaną - wkv - "to outlaw, declare a criminal" < *wargaz or *werganą
 * *wira-geldaz - m - "man's price/worth, wergild" < *wiraz/*weraz (a-umlaut) + *geldaz ("price, worth, yield")
 * *witōþą (obl. *witōda-) - n - "law, custom" < "that which is observed"
 * *wītwōdz - m - "witness"
 * *wrakaz - adj - "persecuted, criminal, hostile"
 * OE -wræc; MD wrak
 * *wrakaz - m - "one who wreaks, pursuer, avenger"
 * *wrakjaną - wkv - "to make persecuted, pursue, chase" < *wrekaną/*(H)wrog-éyeti
 * GO wrakjan; ON rekja; OE wreċċan
 * *wrakjô - m - "one who is persecuted, criminal, wrong-doer"
 * OE wreċċa; OS wrekio; OHG reck(e)o
 * *wrakō/*wrēkō - f - "persecution, revenge"
 * GO wraka; ON rák; OF wrēke; OS wrāka; OHG rāhha
 * *wrekaną - stv - "to wreak, punish, avenge; to persecute, pursue (a criminal)" < *(H)wrég-eti
 * *wrēkijaną - wkv - "to make persecuted, criminal > to reject, exile" < *wrekaną (secondary functional o-grade)
 * *wrēkiz - adj - "able to be persecuted; wicked, criminal" < *wrekaną (secondary functional o-grade gerundive)

Dimension

 * *fawaz - adj - "few, little" < *ph̥́₂w-os or *peh₂w-ós
 * *feluz - adj - "much, many" < *pel-us
 * *lītilaz/*lūtilaz - adj - "little, small"
 * *mekuz - adj - "great, big"
 * ON mjǫk
 * *midilaz - adj - "middle, medium"
 * *midjaz - adj - "mid, middle" < *medh-yos - cf. AG mésos; LA medius
 * *mikilaz - adj - "great, big"

Distance

 * *rastō - f - "interval, rest; a measure of distance, a mile" < *Hros-teh₂ or *HrH̥s-teh₂

Terms

 * *mēdiz - f - "measuring, measure" < *meh₁-tís

Time

 * *stundō - f - "a while, time; a measure of time, an hour" < *stn̥-t-éh₂ or *stn̥dʰ-eh₂

Terms

 * *arutją (obl. *aritja-) - n - "ore (collective)"
 * OHG aruzi/arizi
 * *aruts (obl. *arit-) - m - "ore" < *(H)o/ar-ud-s
 * OD arut; OHG aruz/ariz
 * *ōrô - m - "ore, unwrought metal" < *(H)ōr-/*(H)or-
 * OE ōra

Clothing

 * *brakkǭ/*brakkaz - f/m - "pant(s); (lower) leg(s)" < *bʰrog-né-
 * ON *brakka' > Elfd. brakka, EDa. brakker
 * *brōks - f - "leg of a pair of breeches; breeches, pants (pl.)" < **brakaną/*bʰrṓg-s/*bʰróg-s
 * ON brók; OE brōc; OF brēk; OHG bruoh
 * *gurdilaz - m - "girdle, belt" < *gʰr̥dʰ-el-os
 * ON gyrðill; OE gyrdel; OF gerdel; OS gurdel; MD gordel; OHG gurtil/gurtila)
 * *hadinaz - m - "coat, jacket"
 * ON heðinn; OE heden
 * *hakulaz (obl. *hakila-) - m - "mantle, cloak"
 * GO hakuls; ON hǫkull, and hekla (< *hakilo-n); OE hæcla, hacele (f.); OF hezil; OHG hahhul
 * *halsiją - n - "collar" < *kols-(e)y-om
 * ON helsi; MHG helse
 * *hamiþją - n - "undergarment: shirt (with short sleeves), tunic" < *hamaz + *-iþją (collective suffix)
 * *hattijǭ - f - "cowl" < *hattuz
 * *hattuz - m - "hat" < ''*kh̥₁t-n-ús
 * *hōdaz - m - "hood, hat" < *koh₁t-ós (sort of)
 * *hrukkaz - m - "upper garment, robe, frock" < *kruK-nós
 * OS hrok; OHG rock; → OFr froc
 * *kurtilaz - m - "kirtle, knee-length tunic" < uncertain, but possibly a borrowing from Iranian
 * *luþō - f - "(fur) cloak; coarse cloth"
 * *paidō - f - "coat, cloak"
 * *sarkiz - m - "coat, covering, skin" < uncertain
 * ON serkr; OE serc/syrc
 * *skōhaz - m - "shoe" < **skahaną
 * *wēdō - f - "garment, clothing" < (as if) *wod-eh₂ (secondary functional o-grade)

Jewelry

 * *arma-baugaz - m - "arm-ring, bracelet"
 * ON arm-baugr; OE earm-bēah; OHG arm-boug
 * *baugaz - m - "ring"
 * *halsa-baugaz - m - "neck-ring, torque"
 * OE heals-bēag; OHG hals-pouc/hals-boug
 * *manją - n - "necklace"

Terms

 * *wazjaną - wkv - "to dress, wear"

Tools

 * *adasô - m - "adze" < *Hodʰ-ós-ō
 * OE adesa/eadesa, adese
 * *agiþō/ǭ - f - "rake, harrow"
 * *akuzī (obl. *akwisjō-) - f - "axe" < *h₂égʷ-(u)s-ih₂/*h₂egʷ-é/ís-yeh₂- -
 * GO aqizi; ON øx; OE æx; OF axe; OS akus; OHG ackus
 * *alasnō/*alasnijō - f - "awl" < *alaz/*alô + *-asnō (instrumental suffix)
 * *anduraz - m - "ski, skid" < *h₁ondʰ-ur-os
 * ON ǫndurr
 * *angulaz - m - "hook, tip; fishhook" < *h₂enk-ul-ós
 * ON ǫngull; OE ongel; MLG angel; OHG angul
 * *anhulō - f - "strap, belt" < *h₂énk-ul-eh₂
 * ON ǫ́l/ál; OE ōl-þwang
 * *arþrą
 * *hakô (obl. *hakkan-) - m - "hook" < *kH̥k-n-
 * *hamaraz - m - "hammer" < *k/ḱom-or-
 * ON hamarr; OE hamor; OF homer/hamer; OS hamar/hamur; OHG hamar
 * *hlaidrijō - f - "ladder" < *ḱloy-tr-yeh₂ (< *ḱloy-tríh₂?)
 * *lewô - m - "scythe" < *lewh₁-ō ("(thing) that cuts")
 * *mattukaz (obl. *mattika-) - m - "mattock, kind of pick-axe" < *mot-né- + *-ǵ/gos
 * OE mattuc/mettoc/meottoc/meottic
 * *maþilō/ǭ - f - "plow, mattock?" (uncertain, but probably related to *mattukaz) < *mót-el-eh₂
 * OHG medela/medila
 * *naglaz - m - "fingernail; nail" < *h₃nogʷʰ-los
 * ON nagl; OE næġel/nægl; OF neil; OS nagal; OHG nagal
 * *segasnō/*segasnijō - f - "scythe"
 * OS *segisna; OHG segesna, segensa/segansa
 * *sigiþō/*sigiþjaz - f/m - "scythe; sword" < "cutting (instrument)" < *seg-í/ét-eh₂
 * ON sigð, sigðr/sigðir; OE sigþe/sīþe; MLG segede/sichte
 * *tangō - f - "pincers: tongs; tweezers" < *donḱ-éh₂ ("biting")

Fabrics

 * *garną - n - "yarn, string" < *ǵʰór-n-om
 * ON garn; OE ġearn; OHG garn
 * *klaiþą - n - "cloth, fabric" < uncertain: *ǵ/gloy(-)t-om or *ǵ/gloh₁i(-)t-om
 * *klīþą - n - "piece of woven fabric" < uncertain: *ǵ/gley(-)t-om or *ǵ/gleh₁i(-)t-om

Terms

 * *flahaną - stv - "to flay, skin"
 * *flehtaną - stv - "to braid, plait"
 * *nēaną - stv - "to sew"
 * *siwjaną - wkv - "to sew"
 * *skeraną - stv - "to cut, shear (of sheep)"
 * *tawjaną - wkv - "to make, prepare"
 * *webaną - stv - "to weave"

Terms

 * *galaną - stv - "to sing, chant, enchant"
 * *hlahaną (sg. pres. *hlahj-) - stv - "to laugh"
 * *hlahtrą - n - "laughter"
 * *hlaupaną - stv - "to spring up, leap, jump; to run" < ''*klow-bʰ-n-
 * *hlōgijaną - wkv - "to make laugh"
 * *laikaną - stv - "to play, jump, frolic"
 * *singwaną - stv - "to sing"

Beings

 * *albiz - m - "elf"
 * *amsuz - m - "god(s) < lord(s), ruler(s)"
 * ON áss/óss; OE ōs; OS ās/ōs
 * *dwergaz - m - "dwarf" < *dʰwergʰ-os
 * *dwirgī - f - "female dwarf" < *dʰwergʰ-ih₂
 * ON dyrgr
 * *gudą - n - "god" < *ǵʰ/gʰú-t-om
 * *skradô (obl. '*skrattan-) - m - "wicked supernatural being (whom steals things)" < *skrot(/d/dʰ)-n- or *skrH̥t(/d/dʰ)-n-
 * ON skratta-karl, skrati/skratti ("troll; vile wizard") ; OHG skrato, skraz, skrez, skrezzo ("goblin, kobold, faun(?)" < "supernatural being")
 * *skradǭ (obl. *skrattōn-) - f - "wicked supernatural female being (whom steals things (or husbands?))"
 * OE sċrætte ("adulteress, harlot")
 * *tīwaz - m - "god, heavenly being(s)" < *déyw-os
 * *wala-kuzjǭ - f - "valkyrie" < "slain-chooser" < *walaz ("(the) slain") + *kuzjǭ'' ("chooser")
 * ON valkyria; OE wæl-cyriġe

Terms

 * *saiwalō - f - "soul" < uncertain
 * GO saiwala; OE sāwol/sāwl; OF sēle; OS seola/siola; OHG sēula/sēla
 * *wurdiz - m/f - "turning, becoming" (m.) > "fate" (f.) < *wr̥t-ís

Locations

 * *alhs - m - "temple, shrine, sanctuary" < *h₂élk-s ("shelter") or possibly borrowed (Kroonen, p. 22)
 * GO alhs; OE ealh
 * *harguz - m - "shrine" < *kork-ús/*kark-ús (if borrowed)
 * *nimidaz - m - "(sacred) grove, pasture"(?) < *ném-et-os
 * OS nimid

Assembly

 * *fulką - n - "crowd, throng, population" < *pl̥h₁- or *(s)pl̥k-nóm
 * ON fólk; OE folc; OF folk/fulk; OS folk; OHG folk/folc
 * *maþlą - n - "court, (general/public) assembly, forum" < *mh̥́₂-tlom, *mh̥́₁-tlom or *mót-l̥
 * GO maþl; ON mál ; OE mæþel; OS mahal; OHG mahal
 * *maþlijaną - wkv - "to speak, speak (publicly/officially), orate; to talk, make an agreement" < "to speak to/address the court"
 * GO maþljan; ON mæla; OE mæþlan; OS mahlian; OHG mahalen
 * '''*maþlōną - wkv - "to address, claim, accuse" < "to bring to court"
 * ON málendr (pl. "parties in a legal dispute"); OHG mahalōn
 * *mōtą - n - "meeting" probably originally "local meeting" < *moh₁d-om cf. AG mḗdomai
 * *mōtijaną - wkv - "to meet" < "to try, approach"
 * *mōtō - f - "tax" < "obligation" or "estimation"
 * *raginą - n - "decree, decision" < ''
 * *þingą - n - "matter, affair; case, thing" > (later) "meeting, assembly" < *tenk-óm ("suitable/favorable time")
 * ON þing; OE þing; OF thing; OS thing; OHG ding
 * *þingōną - wkv - "to discuss matters, affairs; to negotiate, deal with" < *þingą
 * *þunginaz
 * OLF/LA/Salic thunginus; OHG dungino

Companions

 * *fehu-lagô - m - "fellow, partner" either "wealth-sharer" or "wealth-placer" (= "of equal wealth" > "same status")
 * ON fé-lagi; OE fēo-laga
 * *frijōndz - m - "friend, some who cares for another" < *frijōną
 * *ga-hlaubijô - m - "with whom one shares bread, (eating) companion" < *ga- ("co(m)-") + *hlaubaz ("bread") + *-jô ("associated with")
 * *ga-matjô - m - "with who one shares meals/meat" < *ga- ("co(m)-") + *matiz ("meal; meat") > *-jô ("associated with")

Organization

 * *hīwą - n - "family, household" < ''*ḱey-w-om
 * *kunją - f - "clan, tribe, lineage" < ''*ǵn̥h₁-yom
 * *þeudō - f - "nation, people" < *tewt-éh₂

Persons

 * *gumô - m - "man (male human being), man(kind) < "man, human being" < *(dʰ)ǵʰm̥-(H)ō - cf. LA hemō/homō ("man, human being")
 * *knabô (obl. *knapp-) - m - "knob, peg, pin" > "boy, lad" < *ǵnobʰ-ō/*ǵnobʰ-né-
 * *knehtaz - m - "boy, young man, servant" < "*knag, gnarl" < *ǵnegʰ-t-os or *ǵ/gneḱ/k-
 * *kwēniz - f - "wife" < *gʷēn-is - cf. SA jāni ("(having a) wife")
 * *kwenǭ (obl. *kunōn-) - f - "woman (female human being)" < *gʷen-eh₂(n)/*gʷn̥/gun-eh₂
 * ON kona
 * *magaþiz/*magaþī - f - "maiden, girl" < *mo/h̥₁gʰ-ót-is/h₂
 * *magulô - m - "little boy"
 * *maguz - m - "boy" < uncertain
 * *maną - n - "person, (unspecified) human being; man, woman" < *(dʰǵʰ)mh̥₂n-om or *(dʰǵʰ)m-ón-om
 * GO ga-man; ON man
 * *manô/*manę̄ (non-sg.nom. *mann- ) - m - "human being, person; male human, man" < *(dʰǵʰ)mh̥₂n-ṓ/ḗn/*(dʰǵʰ)mh̥₂n-né-, *(dʰǵʰ)m-ṓ/*(dʰǵʰ)m-ón- or *món-us/*mon-wé- - cf. Old Lithuanian žmuõ (< *(dʰ)ǵʰmṓ), LI žmónės (< *(dʰ)ǵʰm-eh₂-n-)
 * *mawī - f - "girl" < *mo/h̥₁gʰ-w-ih₂
 * *mawilǭ - f - "little girl" < *mawī + *-ilǭ (diminutive suffix)
 * *swainaz - m - "boy, servant" < "*(young) kinsman" < *swoy-nos - cf. LI sváinis, LV svainis ("brother-in-law")
 * *wiraz - m - "(adult) man, husband" < *wiH-rós

Relatives

 * *aiþī - f - "mother" < *h₂éyt-ih₂
 * GO aiþei; ON eiða; OHG fuotar-eidī
 * *aiþmaz/*aiþumaz - m - "son-in-law" < *h₂éyt(-u)-mos)
 * OE āþum; OF āthum/āthom/āthem; OHG eidum/eidam
 * *ammǭ - f - "mommy > grandmother, nanny" < *h₂em-meh₂ earlier *amma(?)
 * ON amma ("grandmother"); MD amme ("nanny")
 * *anô - m - "grandfather" < probably secondarily formed from *anǭ ("grandmother")
 * OHG ano ("grandfather")
 * *anǭ - f - "grandmother" < *h₂enH-eh₂(n) - cf. AG annís; HI anna- ("mother"), ḫanna- ("grandmother"); LA anna'' ("foster-mother")
 * OHG ana ("grandmother")
 * *attô - m - "dad" < *h₂et-tō earlier *atta - cf. AG átta; LA atta
 * GO atta; ON atti; OF aththa (< *aþþô ?); OHG atto
 * *awô - m - "grandfather" < *h₂ewh₂-ō
 * ON ái ("great-grandfather"), possibly afi in the sense of "grandfather", then secondary for *avi
 * *awǭ - f - "grandmother" < *h₂ewh₂-eh₂(n)
 * GO awo ("grandmother")
 * *baswô - m - "paternal uncle" < *bʰo- + *swe/o ("like, related to")
 * *bōô - m - "(young) male relative" < *bʰō-/*bʰo- + *-ô (personalizing suffix)
 * OE *bōia > ME boy(e)
 * *brōþēr - m - "brother" < *bʰréh₂-tēr
 * GO brōþar; ON bróðir; OE brōþor; OF brōther; OS brōthar; OHG bruodar
 * *deuhtrą - n - "grandchild; daughter's child?" < *dʰewgh₂-trom
 * MHG diehter/tiehter
 * *duhtēr - f - "daughter" < *dʰugh₂-tēr
 * GO dauhtar; ON dóttir; OE dohtor/dohter; OF dochter; OS dohtar; OHG tohter
 * *fadēr - m - "father" < *ph₂-tḗr
 * GO fadar; ON faðir; OE fæder; OF feder; OS fadar; OHG fatar
 * *fadurwijô - f - "father's brother, uncle" < *ph₂tr̥wyon - cf. SA pitṛvya
 * OE fædera; OF fed(e)ria/feria/fadria; OHG fatureo/fatiro
 * *fōstrą - n - "fostering; (in compounds) foster-" < *pe/oh₂t- + *-trom < *peh₂-t-
 * ON fóstr; OE fōster; MLG fōster
 * *mēgaz - m - "son-in-law" < *mēgʰ-os or *meh₁-gʰos
 * GO mēgs; ON mágr; OE mǣg; OF mēch; OS māg; OHG māg
 * *mōdēr - f - "mother" < *meh₂-tḗr earlier *méh₂-tēr
 * ON móðir; OE mōdor; OF mōder; OS mōdar; OHG muoter
 * *mōdurwijǭ /*mōd(ē)rijǭ - f - "maternal aunt"
 * OE mōd(d)ri(ġ)e; OF mōdrie; MD moeddere/moddere/modder; OHG muotera
 * *mōnǭ - f - "mammy, mother" < *méh₂-neh₂
 * ON móna; ME móne; MLG mōne''
 * *nefô ("nephew; cousin") < *nép-ōt
 * ON nefi; OE nefa; OF neva/newa/nia(a)wa; MD neve; OHG nefo
 * *niftī - f - "niece; cousin" < *nep-t-ih₂
 * ON nift; OE nift; OF nift(e)/neft; MD nichte; OHG nift
 * *snuzō - f - "daughter-in-law, son's daughter" < *snus-éh₂ - cf. PS *snъxà; SA snuṣā́
 * *suhtēr - m - "son" < *suḱ-tēr (unattested by itself)
 * *suhter-ga-fadrijaniz - m - "uncle and (his) son(s)" < *suḱ-ter-ḱom-ph₂-tr-yones
 * OE suhtor-ġe-fæderan (pl.)
 * *suhtrijô/*suhturwijô - m - "brother's son, nephew; cousin" < *suḱ-tr-yō
 * OE suhtri(g)a
 * *sunuz - m - "son" < *suH-nús
 * GO sunus; ON sunr/sonr; OE sunu; OF suno; OS sunu; OHG sun(u)
 * *steupaz - adj - "step-(relative)"
 * ON stjúp-; OE stēop-; OF stiāp-; MD stiep-; OHG stiof-
 * *swegruz - f - "mother-in-law" < *sweḱ-rús - cf. LA socrus; SA śvaśrū́
 * OE sweǵer; OHG swigur
 * *swēguraz - m - "brother-in-law" < *swēḱ-ur-ós - cf. SA śvāśurá
 * MD swager; MHG swāger
 * *swehraz/*swehrô - m - "father-in-law (husband's?)" < *sweḱ-wr-os - cf. SA śváśura
 * GO swaihra; OSw svǣr; OE swehor/swēor; MD swere/sweer/swaer; OHG swehur/sweher
 * *swehrǭ - f - "mother-in-law" < *swéḱ-wr-eh₂
 * GO swaihro; ON sværa (< *swihrijǭ)
 * *swēsinaþī - f - "sister-in-law" - as if from ''*swḗs-en-ot-ih₂
 * MD swasenede
 * **swēsô - m - "brother-in-law, sister's husband" < *swḗs-ō
 * implied by *swēsinaþī
 * *swestēr - f - "sister" < *swés-ōr ("own's own")
 * GO swistar; ON systir; OE sweostor/suster; OF swester; OS swestar/sustar; OHG swestar/soster
 * *swijô - m - "brother-in-law" < *swey-ō/*swiH-yō
 * OHG gi-swīo
 * *swijǭ - f - "sister-in-law, mother-in-law, niece (?)" < *swey-eh₂/*swiH-yeh₂
 * OHG gi-swīa
 * *swil(j)ô - m - "wife's sister's husband"(?) < *swel-jō
 * ON svilar ("husbands of sisters"))
 * *swizjaz - m - "sister's son, nephew; cousin" - < *swes-yós
 * OSw swiri; OF swire; OE ġe-swiria
 * *taikweraz/*taikuraz - m - "brother-in-law" < *deh₂i-(h₃)wer-os?
 * OE tācor/tācur; OF tāker; OHG zeihhur/zeichur/zeihhor
 * *waswǭ - f - "father's sister, paternal aunt" < *(s)wo(s) + *swe/*swo

Class
Germanic society seems to have had a tripartite division of classes (technically four including the "unfree"), that distinguished the landed nobles/property-owners (*Aþu/ilingōz) and priestly class, the military or fighters (*Erlōz) and the workers (*Karlōz). This is not uncommon in IE societies, and probably reconstructible to PIE times itself. This wasn't a strict class system, as *karlaz could become *erlaz (by joining a warband) and *erlaz could become *aþu/ilingaz (given an accumulation of wealth/land). This is supported by the fact that in later Germanic languages, *erlōz were effectively nobles in their own right.

 * *aþ-l- ("nature, distinction; nobility")
 * *aþalą - n - "nature, distinction, lineage" < *aþ- (uncertain, possibly related to *attô ("father"))
 * ON aðal; OS athal; OHG adal
 * *aþalaz - adj - "of a certain nature, distinction > noble, distinguished, leading" < *aþ- (uncertain, possibly related to *attô'' ("father"))
 * ON aðal-; OHG adal
 * **aþulaz (obl. **adila- /**aþila-) - m - "rank or class of nobility, high-birth(?)" < *aþal- + collective u/i-infixal derivation
 * indirectly attested, see below
 * *aþulingaz (obl. *aþilingaz) - m - "one of noble rank" < *aþil-/*aþul- + *-ingaz (associative/personalizing suffix
 * ON öðlingr/eðlingr; OE æþeling; OS etheling; OHG edeling
 * *aþuljaz (obl. *aþilja-) - adj - "noble, superior, illustrious < being of noble rank" < *aþil- + *-jaz (relational suffix)
 * OE æþele; OF ethele; OS athali/etheli; OHG edili
 * *aþulōną - wkv - "to become noble, attain the rank of nobility; to win/gain property"
 * ON öðlast/øðlast ("to win/gain property"); OE ge-æðelian ("to become/make noble, illustrious")
 * *ōþalą - n - "ancestral property, patrimony" < *aþal- (secondary functional o-grade)
 * *ōþilaz - m/n - "home, property" < *ōþalą + *-ilaz (agentive/diminutive suffix) (or *-ulaz/*-ila-)
 * OE ēþel; OF ēthel(e); OS ōthil; OHG uodil
 * *ōþ(i)lją - n - "(inherited) property, patrimony" (collective)
 * GO haim-ōþli; OF ēþel(e) (< *ōþ(i)ljaz?); OHG heim-uodil (< *ōdilaz, see above)
 * *erlaz - m - "earl, jarl; (possibly) prīnceps (Tacitus)" < from either: *h₁er(H)- ("great, holy, expensive") or *h₁er(H)- ("to strive, contend")
 * ON jarl; OE eorl; OS erl
 * *erulaz (obl. *irila-) - m - "class of earls/jarls(?)" (collective) < *erlaz + collective u/i-infixal derivation
 * LA Herules/Heruli, Erules/Eruli; AG Erouloi; Runic erila-/irila-, possibly eruls on "The spearhead of Rozwadów"
 * *karlaz - m - "freeman, man < old man" < ''*ǵórh₂-l-os
 * ON karl; OE ċeorl ; OF tzerl/tzirl/kerl; MD kerle/kerel/kaerl; OHG karl/karal
 * *kunungaz /*kuningaz - m - "chieftain" or "prince" later > "king" < *kun- ("of (high) birth") + *-ingaz (assocative/personalizing suffix)
 * *lētaz - m - "freedman, someone released from slavery" < *lētaną ("to let, release")
 * GO fra-lēts; OE *lǣt, frēo-lǣta; OF lēt; OHG lāz

Position

 * *ambahtaz - m - "attendant, public/private servant, minister" < borrowed from Celtic = PC *ambaxtos/*ambi-axtos ("about-going")
 * GO and-bahts (folk etymology); OE ambeht (< *ambahtijaz/*ambahtuz/*ambahtiz: shows consistent signs of umlaut); OHG ambaht
 * *ambahtō - f - "female attendant, servant"
 * ON ambátt
 * *fraw(j)ô - m - "lord/first (of a household)" < *frawaz ("first") < *proH-wós(with pre-tonic shortening) or *prH̥́-wos ("first") + -(j)ô (personalizing suffix)
 * GO frawja; OE frēa; OS frāho/frōho, frā/frō, also frōio ; OHG frō
 * further cf. OS frāno/frōno and OHG frōno < *fraw(a)nōą (gen. pl.)
 * *kabisjaz - m - "unfree man, slave" < *ǵobʰ-é/ís-yos < *ǵobʰ- ("branch, stick, cane")
 * *kabisjō - f - "unfree woman, slave" also (later/or especially) "slave with whom one is in a relationship/lives together" < *ǵobʰ-é/ís-yeh₂
 * *skalkaz - m - "slave, bondsman, servant" < **skalkaną ("to do wrong, injure, mock")
 * GO skalks; ON skálkr; OE sċealc; OF skalk; OS skalk; OHG skalk/scalc
 * *þegnaz - m - "thane, retainer, servant, one in service to a higher rank" < *þigjaną ("to receive, accept")
 * *þeudanaz - m - "king, leader of the people(s)" < *tewt- + *-h₂enos or *-onHos (leader suffix) cf. AG koíranos for the suffix
 * *þewaz - m - "servant, (made) bondman, slave" < *téwh₂-os ("who is watched, guarded > herded, constrained")
 * *þewernǭ - f - "maid, girl < servant girl, slave girl" < *þewaz ("slave, servant") + *-ern- (diminutive suffix)
 * ON þerna; OHG diorna
 * *þiwī - f - "female servant, bondwoman, slave" < *tewh₂-ih₂
 * GO þiwi; ON þý/þír; OE þeowu; OS þiwi; OHG diu
 * *þrawilaz - m - "thrall, slave, servant" < *þrawjaną ("to be worn out, exhausted; to endure") or *þrawō ("longing, suffering") < *trowH- cf. AG trúō ("to rub, wear down")
 * ON þræll; OE þrēal/þrǣl (or from ON); OS thregil; OHG dregil/drigil

Terms

 * *ambahtiją - n - "service, ministry" < *ambahtaz
 * GO and-bahti; ON embætti; OE ambiht; OS ambaht (< *ambahtą); OHG ambaht (< *ambahtą), ambahti)
 * *ambahtijaną - wkv - "to serve, minister" < *ambahtaz
 * GO and-bahtjan; ON embætta; OE ambehtan; OHG ambahten
 * *argaz - adj - "unmanly, cowardly, lewd" < *h₃e/orǵʰ-os
 * ON argr; OE earg; OF erch; MLG arch; MD arch/erch; OHG ar(a)g
 * *druhtinaz - m - "lord, leader, drighten" < *druhtiz + *-(a)naz (leader suffix)
 * *frija-halsaz - adj - "free, free-neck(ed)" < *frijaz + *halsaz
 * *frijaz - adj - "free, one's own (person) < dear to someone, (one's) own (friend/family)" < *priH-os (cf. PC *ɸriyos; SA priyá ("beloved, dear to"))
 * GO freis; OE frēow/frī; OF frī; OS frī; OHG frī
 * *þewāną - wkv - "to subdue, constrain, enslave" < *þewaz + *-āną (weak class 3 suffix)
 * GO ga-þiwan; ON þjá
 * *þewaz - adj - "unfree, subservient, servile" < *tewh₂-os
 * GO þius; ON -þér; OE þēow(a); OS theo-; MHG deo
 * *widuwernô - m - "orphan" < *h₁wi-dʰh₁-uh₂-(h₁)ern-ō
 * GO widuwairna
 * *widuwô - m - "widower" < *h₁wi-dʰ(h₁)-uh₂-ṓ
 * OE widuwa; OHG wituwo
 * *widuwǭ - f - "widow" < *h₁wi-dʰ(h₁)-uh₂-éh₂
 * GO widuwo; OE widewe/wudewe; OF widwe; OS widowa; OHG wituwa

Buildings/Living spaces

 * *bōiz - m - "settlement, homestead, farmstead" < "settling, building" < *bōaną
 * ON bœr
 * *bōþō - f - "hut, booth, (temporary) dwelling" < *bōaną
 * OSw bōþ; MLG bōde; MHG buode
 * *būą - n - "dwelling, estate, habitation"
 * ON bú ("house, estate"); OE bū ("dwelling, habitation"); OS bū ("building, dwelling")
 * *būiz - m - "dwelling, habitation, residence" < *būaną
 * ON býr
 * *būrą - n - "(private) inner chamber, dwelling area, room" < *būaną
 * ON búr; OE būr; OS būr(m.); OHG būr (m.)
 * *buþlą - n - "property, estate" < *bʰh₂ú-tlom - cf. AG phútlon ("plant")
 * ON ból ("farm, abode"); OE bold/botl/boþl ("building, dwelling"); OF bodel ("moveable property, assets, inheritance"); OS bodal ("landed property, dwelling, estate")
 * *fehu-hūsą - "place/space for cows/animals" > "storage space" < *fehu ("cattle, livestock, wealth") + *hūsą ("house, space (for something)")
 * ON fjós ("cow-house, byre"); OE feoh-hūs ("treasury room"); OS *fehu-hūs > MLG vē-hūs ("cowshed, barn"); OHG *fihu-hūs > MHG vihe-hūs ("cowshed")
 * *gardaz - m - "yard, courtyard, enclosure" < *gerdaną ("to enclose")
 * *hallō - f - "room, chamber" > "meeting-room, hall, large room (for feasting/entertaining)" < *helaną/*ḱol-néh₂ ("to cover, conceal") cf. LA cella ("small room, storeroom")
 * ON hǫll; OE heall; OS halla; OHG halla
 * *hudjǭ - f - "hut, small or temporary dwelling" < *(s)kewdʰ- ("to hide, conceal, cover") - cf. AG keúthō ("to conceal")
 * OHG huttea > MHG hütte
 * *hufą - n - "hall, meeting room, entry hall" < *kúp-om
 * ON hof; OE hof; OF hof; OS hof; OHG hof
 * *hūsą - n - "building, house, structure that houses/holds (people/things/animals)" < *ḱ/kúH-s-om
 * *kubô - m - "vault, hollow" < *gubʰ-ṓ/*gup-ō
 * ON kofi; OE cofa; MD cove; MHG kobe
 * *kutą/*kutǭ - n/f - "small house, shed, cottage" < *gud-om/*gud-eh₂(n)
 * ON kot; OE cot, cote; MLG kōte; MD cot,cōte; MHG kōte
 * *salaz (obl. *saliz-) - n - "room, dwelling space" < *sól(H)-os/*sól(H)-es- cf. Proto-Slavic *selò ("village, settlement")
 * *saliþwō - f - "dwelling area, room, living space" < "abiding, residing" < *saljaną ("to stay, reside (in a *salaz)") + *-þwō (deverbal suffix)
 * GO saliþwa/saliþwōs; OE sælþ; OS selitha; OHG selida
 * *teldą - n - "tent" < *del-dʰ-om

Construction

 * *ansaz - m - "(wooden) beam" < *Hé/ón-s-os
 * GO ans; ON áss; MHG ans-boum
 * *timrą - n - "timber, lumber, building material" < *dém-r-om
 * ON timbr; OE timber; OS timbar; OHG zimbar
 * *timrijaną - wkv - "to build, construct" < *timrą + *-janą
 * GO timrjan; OE timbran; OS timbrian; OHG zimbaren
 * *timrōną - wkv - "to build, construct" < *timrą + ''*-ōną
 * ON timra; OE timbrian; OF timbr(i)a/timmeria; OS timbrōn; OHG zimbarōn

Features

 * *anþō (obl. or pl. *andō-) - f - "antechamber < threshold, entryway (?) < *h₂ént-eh₂/**h₂ent-éh₂-
 * ON ǫnn/ǫnd
 * *auga(n)-durō - n(pl) - "window(s)"
 * GO auga-dauro; OE ēag-duru; OF an-dern; OHG ougatora
 * *durī - n(du) - "gate; doorway" < *dʰur-iH
 * ON dyrr (n. pl. and f. pl.); OHG duri
 * *durō - f - "door" < *dʰur-eh₂ - cf. AG thúra
 * OE duru; OF dore; OHG tura
 * *faþō - f - "fence" < *ph̥́₂-t-eh₂
 * GO faþa; MHG vade
 * *furai-durją - n - "forecourt, porch, entry hall"
 * GO fura-dauri; ON for-dyri; OE fore-dyre
 * *gardaz - m - "courtyard, yard, enclosure, space enclosed around a home" < *gerdaną/*gʰórdʰ-os
 * GO gards (i); ON garðr; OE ġeard; OS gard; OHG gart
 * *herþaz - m - "hearth, fireplace" < *kérh₃-tos
 * OE heorþ; OF herþ; OS herth; OHG herd
 * *hramô - m - "frame"
 * MD rame/raem; OHG rama; → FR frame
 * *hrōfą - n - "roof"
 * ON hróf; OE hrōf; OF hrōf; MLG rōf; MD roef
 * *hrōstaz - m - "rafters, wooden framework of a roof" < *kroH-st-os
 * OE hrōst; OS hrōst
 * *hrōtą - n - "roof, ceiling, roof space" < *kroH-d-om
 * GO hrōt; ON hrót
 * *þaką - n - "roof, cover, thatch" < *(s)tog-om
 * ON þak; OE þæc; OHG dach
 * *waigaz - m - "wall (of a building)" < *woh₁i-kós or *woyḱ-ós (cf. AG (w)oĩkos ("house"); SA veśá ("house, dwelling"))
 * OE wāg; OF wāch; MD weeg
 * *wajjuz - m - "wall (fortification)" < *wh̥₁y-ús ("twisting") cf. AG teĩkhos with toĩkhos, LA mūrus/vallum with paries
 * GO waddjus; ON veggr

Riding

 * *minþlą - n - "bit of a bridle" < *mént-l-om (possibly earlier *mént-ōl?; can't be *ment-tlom)
 * *hanhistaz (obl. *hangista-) - "horse" < *ḱónk-(e)s-t-os/*ḱn̥k-és-t-o- - cf. PC *kanxstikā
 * *hrussą - n - "horse" < *krud-tom or *krut-tom
 * *marhaz - m - "horse, steed" < non-IE *mark- - cf. PC *markos ("horse")
 * ON marr; OE mearh; OF mar; OHG mar(a)h
 * *marhī - f - "mare" < non-IE *mark-
 * *sadulaz (obl. *sadila-) - m - "saddle" < *sot-l-os or *sodʰ-l-os

Sailing

 * *baitą - n - "boat; dugout, canoe" < *bʰoyd-om
 * ON beit; OE bāt
 * *burzdą - n - "board, plank(s); deck (of a ship)" < *bʰr̥s-dʰ-om
 * GO fōtu-baurd; ON borð; OE bord; OF bord
 * *farjaną - wkv - "to ferry, cross in a boat; to sail, ride in a boat"
 * *farjǭ - f - "ferry" < "that which causes to cross"
 * *flaustą/*flaustrą - n - "ship" < *plows-t(r)om or *plout-s-trom
 * ON flaust/flaustr
 * *flawją - n - "ship, type of ship" < *plow-yom cf. AG ploĩon ("ship")
 * ON fley
 * *keulaz - m - "keel" < *gewl(H)-os
 * *nakwô - m - "small boat, dugout boat" < *nogʷ-ō
 * ON nǫkkvi; OE naca; MD ake/aec; OHG nahho
 * *naustą/*naustrą - n - "boat-house, boat shed" < *nōz + *-st(r)om (instrumental suffix?)
 * *nōþ/tô - m - "rear (of a ship)" < *ne/oh₃t- - cf. AG nō̃ton ("back"); LA natis ("behind, rump, buttocks")
 * GO *nota (nōtin)
 * *nōz - f - "ship" < *neh₂-u-s
 * ON nór
 * *siglijaną - wkv - "to sail, ride in a boat"
 * *skipą - n - "ship"
 * GO skip; ON skip; OE sċip

Terms

 * *akaną - stv - "to drive (a vehicle, or animal drawing a vehicle)" < *h₂éǵ-eti
 * *fanþijaną - m - "to travel by foot" < **fanþaz ("way, path")/*pónt-yeti
 * *faraną - stv - "to go, travel" < *pór-eti
 * *laidijaną - wkv - "to lead (away), cause to depart, go" < *līþaną/*lóyt-eyeti
 * *līþaną - stv - "to depart, go away (usually by sea)" < *léyt-eti
 * *rīdaną - stv - "to ride, travel upon a horse" < ''*Hréydʰ-eti
 * *wagjaną - wkv - "to cause to move" < *weganą
 * *weganą - stv - "to move, carry, transport" < *wéǵʰ-eti
 * *wegaz - m - "road, way" < *weǵʰ-os

Vehicles

 * *ahsō - f - "axle" < *h₂eḱs-eh₂
 * *ahsulaz - m - "(small?) axle" < *ahsō + *-ulaz (diminutive suffix)
 * *lunaz (obl. *luniz-) - n - "linchpin"
 * *nabō - f - "nave, hub of a wheel" < *h₃nobʰ-eh₂
 * ON nǫf; OE nafu; MD nave; OHG naba
 * *wagnaz - m - "wagon, wain" < *wóǵʰ-nos

Equipment

 * *arhwaznō - f - "arrow" < *arhwō + *-asnō (instrumental suffix)
 * GO arhwazna
 * *arhwō - f - "arrow" < *h₂érk-w-eh₂ - cf. LA arcus ("bow, arch")
 * ON ǫr; OE earh
 * *bugô - m - "bow" < *beuganą + *-ô (agentive suffix)
 * *brunjō - f - "breastplate, body armor" < PC *brusnyā
 * GO brunja; ON brynja; OE byrne; OS brunnia; OHG brunja/brunna
 * *gaizaz - m - "spear" < *ǵʰ/gʰeh₂i-s-ós ("stick, staff") - cf. AG khaĩos; PC *gaysos
 * *helmaz - m - "helmet" < *helaną/*ḱel-mos
 * *heruz - m - "knife/(short)sword, with a single-edged blade" < *ḱ/ker(H)-us
 * *mēkijaz - m - "(short)sword" < *meh₁ǵ/g-yos or *mēǵ/g-yos
 * *sahsą - n - "knife, dagger, shortsword" < *sok-s-om
 * *skelduz - m - "shield" < *skel(H)-tús
 * *speru - n - "spear, hunting spear" < *sperHu - cf. LA sparus
 * *swerdą - m - "sword" < *swer(H)-dʰrom (dissimilation?)
 * *terwaz - m - "spear" < *der-w-os)

Organization

 * *(ga-)draugaz - m - "band, troop, retinue" < "companion(s), retainer(s)" < *dʰrowgʰ-ós - cf. PBS *droug-ós ("companion, friend")
 * *druhtinaz/*druhtīnaz - m - "lord, leader" < *druhtiz + *-(a)naz (leader suffix)
 * *druhtiz - f - "retainers, followers, retinue" < "performing (military service)" < *dreuganą ("to lead, perform") + *-þiz (action suffix)
 * *fulkiją - n - "array, host, division" < *fulką + *-ją (collective suffix)
 * ON fylki; OE fylce
 * *fulkijaną - wkv - "to arrange into groups, heap together" (> "to arrange troops, array for battle")
 * ON fylkja; OHG fulken
 * *hamsō /*hansō - f - "host, crowd, company, band" < "ordered/arranged group" < *ḱóms-eh₂/*ḱóns-eh₂ ("what is arranged, ordered") - AG kósmos ("order"); LA cēnseō ("to estimate; to recommend")
 * GO hansa; OE hōs; MLG hanse/hense; OHG hansa
 * *harjanaz - m - "army-leader, head of an army" < *kor-y-h₂enos - cf. AG koíranos
 * ON Herjan
 * *harjaz - m - "army" < *kor-y-os - cf. Lithuanian kãras/kãrias; PC *koryos
 * GO harjis; ON herr; OE here ; OF here; OS heri; OHG hari/heri
 * *wirudą/*wirida- - n - "host, troop, band (of men)" < *wiraz + *-ud/-id- - cf. Gaulish/Gallic Virido-vix (name of a chieftain)
 * ON virðar (pl.); OE weorod/werod/werud/wered

Terms

 * *badwō - f - "war, battle" < *bʰodʰ-weh₂
 * *gunþī (obl. *gundijō- ) - f - "war, battle, fight" < *gʷʰn̥-t-ih₂
 * *haþarō - f - "fight, struggle" < *kót-or-eh₂
 * *haþuz - f - "war, battle" < ''*/kh̥́₃-t(-)us
 * *hildī/*hildiz - f - "battle, fighting" < ''*kelh₂-t-ih₂
 * *wīgą - n - "fight, battle" < *weyk-óm
 * *wiganą (sg. pres. *wīh-) - stv - "to fight, contend (with)" < *wéyk-eti/*wik-ónti

title: User:Burgundaz/Germanic world


text: mossigt

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: mossigt


text: mossiga

title: mossiga


text: bläckplumpen

title: bläckplumpen


text: bläckplumpar

title: bläckplumpar


text: bläckplumparna

title: bläckplumparna


text: bläckplumps

title: bläckplumps


text: bläckplumpens

title: bläckplumpens


text: bläckplumpars

title: bläckplumpars


text: bläckplumparnas

title: bläckplumparnas


text: fyllekäket

title: fyllekäket


text: fyllekäkets

title: fyllekäkets


text: fyllekäks

title: fyllekäks


text:
κάλεσμα

Noun

 * 1) call

title: κάλεσμα


text: Ԯаԥҫоу

title: Ԯаԥҫоу


text: Мазҳаԥ

title: Мазҳаԥ


text:
невігластво

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ignorance, know-nothingness

title: невігластво


text:
ковінька

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a stick with a crooked end
 * 2)  a kind of children's game, resembling hockey

title: ковінька


text:
Хьырԥыҫ

Etymology
From +.

title: Хьырԥыҫ


text:
fandom bicycle

Etymology
From, the jocular idea being that, like a hypothetical bicycle shared by an entire fandom, "everyone gets a ride" with the character.

Noun

 * 1)  A character who is shipped with many other characters.

title: fandom bicycle


text: Citations:Pingyao

title: Citations:Pingyao


text:
nippelihullu

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) technofreak

title: nippelihullu


text:
nitrodisko

Noun

 * 1) dance event directed for the elderly

title: nitrodisko


text:
εκμάθηση

Noun

 * 1) learning, study

title: εκμάθηση


text: Citations:P'ing-t'an

title: Citations:P'ing-t'an


text:
ѡвца

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) sheep, ewe

Noun

 * 1)  sheep a religious adherent

title: ѡвца


text: Citations:ship launcher

title: Citations:ship launcher


text:
ѡвечка

Etymology
, from. .

Noun

 * 1) sheep, ewe

Noun

 * 1)  sheep a religious adherent

title: ѡвечка


text:
nimikoimislanka

Noun

 * 1) embroidery thread yarn specifically for embroidery and other forms of needlework

title: nimikoimislanka


text:
шеех

Verb

 * 1) to pee, to urinate

title: шеех


text:
nimikoiminen

Noun

 * 1) naming action of marking something with a name, such as e.g. appliqueing initials to towels
 * 1) naming action of marking something with a name, such as e.g. appliqueing initials to towels

title: nimikoiminen


text: Citations:Pingshun

title: Citations:Pingshun


text:
Dzieje Apostolskie

Etymology
lit. 'Acts of the Apostles'. , itself a calque of.

Proper noun

 * 1) Acts of the Apostles

title: Dzieje Apostolskie


text: there is something rotten in the state of Denmark


text: Беданыӄәа

title: Беданыӄәа


text: Чызамыӷәа

title: Чызамыӷәа


text:
nekodifikovaný

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) uncodified
 * 2) * Sojka 2022
 * 3) * Bednařík, Jirák and Köpplová 2011
 * 4) * Davidová 1994
 * 1) * Davidová 1994

title: nekodifikovaný


text: Category:ang:Musical instruments

title: Category:ang:Musical instruments


text: Лаӷ'әа

title: Лаӷ'әа


text:
kodifikovaný

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) codified

title: kodifikovaný


text:
Балаклія

Etymology
From, from , referring to the tribe's tamga. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

title: Балаклія


text:
User:Piperium/SIPP

Simplified Icelandic personal pronouns
I took the list from this page and removed all redundancies. I only made this page for personal reference, so if you're here... hi!

Icelandic personal pronouns (simplified)

title: User:Piperium/SIPP


text:
kodifikátor

Noun

 * 1) codifier

Related terms

 * See

title: kodifikátor


text: Citations:multiship

title: Citations:multiship


text:
niinikotelo

Noun

 * 1) A case or box made of bast, especially a quiver.

title: niinikotelo


text:
User talk:Chihunglu83

Examples
Please add exampoles using the formatting here. The templates categorize the pages and also makes it easier if there are bot changes. Vininn126 (talk) 18:09, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

New Czech entries
Hi, it's great that you are adding new Czech words from the WT:RE:cs list, but some of your entries are sometimes slightly misleading due to their brevity or "lack of feel" (no offense intended). If you could add this template to your entries and potentially do a cross-check, I think it would help a lot. Also, I suggest cross-checking your translations on slovnik.cz and slovnik.seznam.cz. Thank you for your interest in the Czech language, as a native, I really appreciate it. CaptainPermaban (talk) 14:40, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

Old Czech
Hello, thank you for your contributions. Please use {zlw-ocs-noun} instead of {head|zlw-ocs|noun}. Thank you. Zhnka (talk) 20:22, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi @Zhnka, thanks in advance for all your corrections & contributions. Are you systematically building Old Czech lemmas? As for etymology, I mostly turned to Machek. Do we have lit. for first attestations? Also, feel free to contact me by mail. Chihunglu83 (talk) 20:45, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

Module errors
Please stop leaving entries with module errors. If you can't get the declension template to work, leave the declension section out, or use rfinfl instead of the declension template. You should always preview your new entries and fix any serious problems before you publish/save them, or at least view them immediately afterwards and fix them right away. Going on to create 25 more new entries while there's still a module error calls into question whether you even care about getting things right. Chuck Entz (talk) 22:31, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

Surnames in Estonian
Please don't create tons of entries with wrong pronunciations in a language you don't know Auringonlasku (talk) 11:12, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Animacy in Slovak
Don't forget to add the animacy of masculine nouns F. V. Lorenz (talk) 18:55, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chihunglu83


text:
soluğunu almaq

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to take a breath

title: soluğunu almaq


text:
soluq

Etymology 1
Derivation of. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  breath

Etymology 2
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) withered, faded, sere
 * 2) pale

Etymology 1
Cognate with 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1) breath

Etymology 2
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) sluggish
 * 2) faded
 * 3) frowning

title: soluq


text: Citations:multishipping

title: Citations:multishipping


text:
niillä main

Adverb

 * 1) thereabout, thereabouts

title: niillä main


text:
anovar

Etymology
Attested since the 15th century. From, "to make new".

Verb

 * 1)  to till an uncultivated field
 * 2)  to till and add uncultivated lands to a cultivated field
 * 3) to renew

title: anovar


text:
multishipping

Noun

 * 1)  The practice of shipping multiple pairings in the same fandom, especially ones featuring the same character.

title: multishipping


text:
гнобитель

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) oppressor

title: гнобитель


text:
гнобителька

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

title: гнобителька


text: Category:xng:Musical instruments

title: Category:xng:Musical instruments


text: Category:xng:List of set categories

title: Category:xng:List of set categories


text: Category:xng:Music

title: Category:xng:Music


text: Category:xng:Tools

title: Category:xng:Tools


text: Category:xng:Technology

title: Category:xng:Technology


text: Category:xng:Sound

title: Category:xng:Sound


text: Category:xng:Art

title: Category:xng:Art


text: Category:xng:Culture

title: Category:xng:Culture


text: Category:xng:Society

title: Category:xng:Society


text: Category:xng:Energy

title: Category:xng:Energy


text: Category:xng:Nature

title: Category:xng:Nature


text:
ریکھا

Noun

 * 1) line
 * 2) mark; sign
 * 3) fate; destiny

title: ریکھا


text: Category:xal:Musical instruments

title: Category:xal:Musical instruments


text: Category:xal:Tools

title: Category:xal:Tools


text: Category:xal:Technology

title: Category:xal:Technology


text: Citations:rivalship

title: Citations:rivalship


text: Citations:Pingchiao

title: Citations:Pingchiao


text:
nielunkattorisa

Etymology
🇰🇲

title: nielunkattorisa


text:
nimennäisosake

Etymology
🇰🇲

title: nimennäisosake


text: Píngqiáo

title: Píngqiáo


text: 平橋

title: 平橋


text: 平桥

title: 平桥


text: Citations:Pingqiao

title: Citations:Pingqiao


text: Category:kim:Music

title: Category:kim:Music


text:
Talk:lyti

Lithuanian: third person future tense
Shouldn't the future tense 3rd person be "lis" instead of "lys"? Massy (talk) 11:41, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:lyti


text: Category:kim:Musical instruments

title: Category:kim:Musical instruments


text: Category:kim:Art

title: Category:kim:Art


text: Category:kim:Culture

title: Category:kim:Culture


text: Category:kim:Society

title: Category:kim:Society


text: Category:kim:All topics

title: Category:kim:All topics


text: Category:kim:List of related-to categories


text: Category:kim:Sound

title: Category:kim:Sound


text: Category:kim:Energy

title: Category:kim:Energy


text: Category:kim:Nature

title: Category:kim:Nature


text: Category:kim:List of set categories

title: Category:kim:List of set categories


text: Category:kim:Tools

title: Category:kim:Tools


text: Category:kim:Technology

title: Category:kim:Technology


text:
पीड्

Etymology
From from  + the zero-grade of. Cognate with 🇨🇬 whence 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to press, squeeze
 * 2) to hurt, harm, injure, oppress, vex, torment, harass
 * 3) to break (a vow)
 * 4) to neglect (one's family)
 * 5)  to cover (esp. with something inauspicious), to eclipse, obscure

title: पीड्


text: Category:tyv:Musical instruments

title: Category:tyv:Musical instruments


title: Template:R:el:Georgacas:1938


text: Citations:hateship

title: Citations:hateship


text:
hateship

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A  involving characters with an adversarial relationship.

title: hateship


text:
hyä

Etymology
Akin to eastern Finnish, but with the Tavastian sound change yö > yä.

Pronoun

 * 1)  they only of people.

Synonyms

 * (standard Finnish)
 * (eastern dialects)

title: hyä


text:
iöronfallande

Etymology
From, present participle of. Formed as a parallel to for impressions that have been heard rather than seen.

Adjective

 * 1)  immediately noticeable (to the ears); conspicuous, striking

title: iöronfallande


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/šьvъ

Etymology
Ultimately equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) stitch, seam

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * Russian Church Slavonic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/šьvъ


text:
nimennäissitoumus

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1)  registered bond debt instrument whose bondholder's information is kept on record with the issuing party

title: nimennäissitoumus


text: iöronenfallande

title: iöronenfallande


text: iögonenfallande

title: iögonenfallande


text:
мерзотник

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) scoundrel, blackguard, rotter

title: мерзотник


text:
autokunta

Noun

 * 1)  car, entry a car entered into a race, often an endurance race, including the drivers who drive it

title: autokunta


text:
Citations:Foe Yay

Noun: "(fandom slang) romantic or sexual tension involving adversaries"

 * 2013, Jordan Boyd-Graber, Kimberly Glasgow, Jackie Sauter Zajac, "Spoiler Alert: Machine Learning Approaches to Detect Social Media Posts with Revelatory Information", Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Volume 50, Issue 1 (link):
 * Hell, pretty much the only villain there’s no Foe Yay with is Annie’s murderer Owen, which is ironic, as he was her fiancee.
 * 2018, Emma Maguire, A Series of Unfortunate Events review, Salient (Victoria University of Wellington), Volume 81, Issue 9, page 40:
 * There's hypnotism, a well-known Kiwi actor with a particularly heavy accent, lots of foe-yay, and far too many situations that children shouldn't be put into.
 * 2019, Alexis Hall, How to Belong with a Billionaire, unnumbered page:
 * “I'm finding this foe yay you've got going on really hot and everything but could one of you maybe tell me who bought the photos?”

title: Citations:Foe Yay


text: nybyggaren

title: nybyggaren


text: nybyggarens

title: nybyggarens


text: nybyggarnas

title: nybyggarnas


text: nybyggares

title: nybyggares


text: stötfångaren

title: stötfångaren


text: stötfångarens

title: stötfångarens


text: stötfångarna

title: stötfångarna


text: stötfångarnas

title: stötfångarnas


text: stötfångares

title: stötfångares


text: vaktmästaren

title: vaktmästaren


text: vaktmästarens

title: vaktmästarens


text: vaktmästarna

title: vaktmästarna


text: vaktmästarnas

title: vaktmästarnas


text: vaktmästares

title: vaktmästares


text:
Antarctic petrel

Noun

 * 1) A species of petrel,, which breeds in Antarctica.
 * 2) * 1773,, The Journals, Second Voyage, 15 December:
 * Saw a great number of penguins on an ice island and some Antartick petrels flying about.

title: Antarctic petrel


text: Antarctic petrels

title: Antarctic petrels


text: småborgaren

title: småborgaren


text: småborgarens

title: småborgarens


text: småborgarna

title: småborgarna


text: småborgarnas

title: småborgarnas


text: småborgares

title: småborgares


text:
ṭênum

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to grind

title: ṭênum


text:
комбатант

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) combatant

title: комбатант


text:
myä

Etymology
Akin to eastern Finnish, but with the Tavastian sound change yö > yä.

Pronoun

 * 1)  we

Synonyms

 * (standard Finnish)
 * (eastern dialects)

title: myä


text:
шовіністичний

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) chauvinistic, chauvinist

title: шовіністичний


text: ṭênim

title: ṭênim


text:
шовініст

Etymology
, with suffix. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) chauvinist

title: шовініст


text:
шовіністка

Etymology
From suffix. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

title: шовіністка


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/eineh

Etymology
Probably borrowed from (whence 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) food
 * 2) meal
 * 3) snack
 * 1) snack
 * 1) snack

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/eineh


text: Wrockwardine

title: Wrockwardine


text: Wiktionary:Picture dictionary/ur:map/Delhi


text:
каїрський

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1)  Cairo, Cairene

title: каїрський


text: Haycoxes

title: Haycoxes


text:
自掘墳墓

Idiom

 * 1) to court self-destruction; to dig one's own grave

title: 自掘墳墓


text: 自掘坟墓

title: 自掘坟墓


text:
Citations:Draco in Leather Pants

Noun: "(fandom slang) any fanon interpretation of the character Draco Malfoy that portrays him as a romantic 'bad boy' or otherwise downplays his unfavorable qualities"

 * 2013, Antero Garcia, Critical Foundations in Young Adult Literature: Challenging Genres, page 127:
 * To describe the Draco Trilogy is to locate this particular fan fiction as “het” with “harry/ draco” undertones and is the origin of the “Draco in Leather Pants” trope.
 * 2014, Lucie Cupalová, "Slash Factor: Characteristics and Varieties of Slash Fan Fiction", thesis submitted to Charles University, page 28:
 * One of the most common ones is the notion of Draco as an elegant young man with long silky hair, the ideal aristocrat, with only a streak of mischief, which is often represented as “Draco in leather pants”.
 * 2015, Kali DeDominicis, "Imagining Virtual Community: Online Media Fandom and the Construction of Virtual Collectivity", thesis submitted to the University of Edinburgh, page 202:
 * For example, the Draco in Leather Pants trope (see below) refers to a particular fannish reinterpretation of that character and to the general set of practices by which fans downplay the flaws and emphasise the desirability and/or victimhood of certain characters.
 * 2016, Alexander Garner, "The Erotics of Fanfiction: Queering Fans, Works, and Communities in Modern Internet Fandom", thesis submitted to Bowling Green State University, page 80:
 * Nonetheless, fanon from such fandoms as Harry Potter becomes well known, such as Ginny’s full name being Virginia, Draco embodying the “Draco in leather pants” trope, Dumbledore and Grindelwald being romantically involved, etc.
 * 2017, Shayla Olsen, "Playgrounds for Publishing: Writers in Established Story Universes", thesis submitted to the University of Southern Queensland, page 16:
 * ‘Within the Harry Potter fanfic community, there’s a bit of a stigma against stories that redeem Draco. We have Cassandra Clair (sic) to blame for that: The trilogy takes Draco’s flaws and either glosses over them or tries to pass them off as charming, and… gave us the term “Draco in Leather Pants,” meaning any story that takes an unlikable villain character and glosses over their flaws, portraying their arrogance and dismissiveness as charming traits.’
 * 2018, Elise Payne, "Inferior Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Shrinking of Hufflepuffs and Ravenclaws to Fit Gendered Space", in Harry Potter and Convergence Culture: Essays on Fandom and the Expanding Potterverse (eds. Amanda Firestone, Leisa A. Clark), page 90:
 * TV Tropes, a wiki that codifies media and audience practices, considers Malfoy the iconic example of a general fanon phenomenon dubbed “Draco in Leather Pants.”

title: Citations:Draco in Leather Pants


text:
Каїр

Etymology
Ultimately from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

title: Каїр


text: Category:uk:Cities in Egypt

title: Category:uk:Cities in Egypt


text: Category:uk:Places in Egypt

title: Category:uk:Places in Egypt


text:
Matronymikum

Noun

 * 1) * 1877, Christian Mehlis, Die Grundidee des Hermes vom Standpunkte der vergleichenden Mythologie. II. Abtheilung, p. 130 :
 * [...], sondern ein Ersatz für das Matronymikum zu Hermes geboten werden, da Helene uns als solches etymologisch ungenügend erscheint.
 * 1) * 2018, Erika Meyer-Dietrich Auditive Räume des alten Ägypten: Die Umgestaltung einer Hörkultur in der Amarnazeit, p. 59:
 * In den Darstellungen der Berufsausübung kann dem Namen das Matronymikum hinzugefügt sein, bspw. im Grab des Ineni: „geboren von der Hausherrin Satdjehut, gerechtfertigt“, [...]
 * In den Darstellungen der Berufsausübung kann dem Namen das Matronymikum hinzugefügt sein, bspw. im Grab des Ineni: „geboren von der Hausherrin Satdjehut, gerechtfertigt“, [...]

title: Matronymikum


title: ar3


text:
Abdellatif

Etymology
Variant of the personal name.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Abdellatif is the 41038th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 531 individuals. Abdellatif is most common among White (79.85%) individuals.

title: Abdellatif


text:
Matronymikon

Noun

 * 1) matronymic

title: Matronymikon


text: Abdellatifs

title: Abdellatifs


text: Antus

title: Antus


text:
честолюбний

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) ambitious

title: честолюбний


text:
metronymikon

Noun

 * 1) matronymic
 * 2) * České Museum Filologické 1900
 * 3) * Jan Burian, Bohumila Mouchová 1974
 * 4) * Josef Zubatý 1954
 * 1) * Josef Zubatý 1954

title: metronymikon


text:
mekedag

Alternative forms

Etymology
From, likely a. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) Wednesday

title: mekedag


text:
Zajkowski

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Zajkowski is the 41038th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 531 individuals. Zajkowski is most common among White (96.99%) individuals.

title: Zajkowski


text:
Metronymikum

Noun

 * 1) * Christian Carl Josias Bunsen 1857
 * 2) * Joseph Dahlmann 1895
 * 3) * Leopold von Schroeder 1914
 * 1) * Leopold von Schroeder 1914

title: Metronymikum


text:
جیومیٹری

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  geometry

title: جیومیٹری


text: Yisraels

title: Yisraels


text: Zajkowskis

title: Zajkowskis


text: Adees

title: Adees


text:
preadherence

Etymology
en

Adjective

 * 1) Prior to adherence.

Noun

 * 1) Adherence to something in advance.

title: preadherence


text:
Draco in Leather Pants

Etymology
Coined in reference to a scene in which Draco wears tight leather pants in the Draco Trilogy (2000-2006) fan fiction series by.

Noun

 * 1)  Any fanon interpretation of the character  that portrays him as a romantic "bad boy" or otherwise downplays his unfavorable qualities.
 * 2) * 2014, Lucie Cupalová, "Slash Factor: Characteristics and Varieties of Slash Fan Fiction", thesis submitted to Charles University, page 28:
 * One of the most common ones is the notion of Draco as an elegant young man with long silky hair, the ideal aristocrat, with only a streak of mischief, which is often represented as “Draco in leather pants”.
 * 1) * 2016, Alexander Garner, "The Erotics of Fanfiction: Queering Fans, Works, and Communities in Modern Internet Fandom", thesis submitted to Bowling Green State University, page 80:
 * Nonetheless, fanon from such fandoms as Harry Potter becomes well known, such as Ginny’s full name being Virginia, Draco embodying the “Draco in leather pants” trope, Dumbledore and Grindelwald being romantically involved, etc.
 * 1)  Any fictional character written or reinterpreted by fans as appealingly roguish or evil.
 * 1)  Any fictional character written or reinterpreted by fans as appealingly roguish or evil.
 * 1)  Any fictional character written or reinterpreted by fans as appealingly roguish or evil.

title: Draco in Leather Pants


text:
落樓

Verb

 * 1)  to go downstairs

title: 落樓


text: 落楼

title: 落楼


text:
predisordered

Etymology
en

Adjective

 * 1) Before the onset of a disordered state.

title: predisordered


text:
Zenor

Etymology
Americanized spelling of.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Zenor is the 41038th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 531 individuals. Zenor is most common among White (96.05%) individuals.

title: Zenor


text:
черговий

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) next
 * 2) duty, on duty
 * 3) regular
 * 4)  another, yet another, just another, another routine, one more,  more, yet more, yet further
 * 1)  another, yet another, just another, another routine, one more,  more, yet more, yet further

Noun

 * 1) person on duty

title: черговий


text:
Zidek

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Zidek is the 41038th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 531 individuals. Zidek is most common among White (96.61%) individuals.

title: Zidek


text: Zideks

title: Zideks


text: Zenors

title: Zenors


text:
ijaxuru

Noun

 * 1) mud, mire

title: ijaxuru


text:
ijaxuru vaikue va'e

Noun

 * 1) deep mud
 * 2)  primordial abyss

title: ijaxuru vaikue va'e


text:
preinterpretation

Noun

 * 1) The act or result of preinterpreting; an interpreting in advance.

title: preinterpretation


text: preinterpretations

title: preinterpretations


text:
preinventory

Adjective

 * 1) Prior to an inventory being taken.

title: preinventory


text:
mazadoiro

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) block of stone used as anvil to break (hammer) the flax

title: mazadoiro


text: Prenanthes

title: Prenanthes


text:
Apt

Etymology
Two possible origins:
 * A variant of, a surname of German origin.
 * Borrowed from, a habitational surname from the town of , in Poland.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Apt is the 41100th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 530 individuals. Apt is most common among White (92.64%) individuals.

title: Apt


text:
preoccupier

Noun

 * 1) A previous occupant.

title: preoccupier


text: preoccupiers

title: preoccupiers


text:
Barson

Etymology
Patronymic surname from a short form of.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Barson is the 41100th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 530 individuals. Barson is most common among White (96.23%) individuals.

title: Barson


text:
йовдл

Etymology
Inherited from, from. .

Noun

 * 1) deed, act

title: йовдл


text:
preofficial

Etymology
en

Adjective

 * 1) Prior to officialdom.

title: preofficial


text: Barsons

title: Barsons


text: Apts

title: Apts


text:
पूज्

Etymology
Of unclear origin. Possibly from an early Prakritic form of the root, via a series of sound changes (illustrated for its derivatives) >  > , as well as  >. This derivation has the advantage of not having to derive from the later-attested. Other less likely theories derive the root from (unlikely given the root's Vedic presence and high usage frequency), or from an unattested, from the root.

Root

 * 1) to worship, revere, honor, respect, regard
 * 2) to honor or present with
 * 3) to initiate, consecrate

title: पूज्


text: svu

title: svu


text:
Phaegopterina

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily;  - tribe

Hyponyms

 * See

title: Phaegopterina


text:
мендвт

Etymology
From.

Interjection

 * 1)  hello

title: мендвт


text: švů

title: švů


text:
preserval

Noun

 * 1) preservation; retention

title: preserval


text: švům

title: švům


text: švech

title: švech


text:
presental

Noun

 * 1) presentation

title: presental


text:
pack a sad

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  To, to stop working.
 * 2)  To be negative or depressed.

title: pack a sad


text: اڠکاو

title: اڠکاو


text:
Batrez

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Batrez is the 41100th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 530 individuals. Batrez is most common among Hispanic/Latino (92.83%) individuals.

title: Batrez


text: کيت

title: کيت


text:
šaw

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) seam, suture

title: šaw


text:
pretimely

Etymology
en

Adjective

 * 1)  Before the due time.

title: pretimely


text:
Bottari

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Bottari is the 41100th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 530 individuals. Bottari is most common among White (89.81%) individuals.

Etymology
Patronymic or plural form of.

title: Bottari


text: مريک

title: مريک


text: Bottaris

title: Bottaris


text: Batrezes

title: Batrezes


text:
Presleyterian

Noun

 * 1) One who follows the cult of, especially in the southern United States.

title: Presleyterian


text: Presleyterians

title: Presleyterians


text:
Gracillarioidea

Hypernyms

 * ; - suborder;  - infraorder

Hyponyms

 * ,, , - families

title: Gracillarioidea


text:
no'õ

Verb

 * 1) to gather, to come together

title: no'õ


text:
पूय्

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 whence 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to become foul or putrid
 * 2) to stink

title: पूय्


text:
pretensional

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to pretense or pretension; pretended.

Etymology 2
en

Adjective

 * 1) * 1972, India. Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Abstracts (issues 344-349, page 67)
 * The transmission length of prestressing tendons used in pretensional prestressed concrete members has been related to their diameter, similar to bond, anchorage and lap lengths of reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete.
 * The transmission length of prestressing tendons used in pretensional prestressed concrete members has been related to their diameter, similar to bond, anchorage and lap lengths of reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete.

title: pretensional


text:
monometallistic

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to, or supporting, monometallism.

title: monometallistic


text:
Blunck

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Blunck is the 41100th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 530 individuals. Blunck is most common among White (96.23%) individuals.

title: Blunck


text:
pretransmit

Verb

 * 1)  To transmit in advance.

title: pretransmit


text: pretransmits

title: pretransmits


text: pretransmitted

title: pretransmitted


text: pretransmitting

title: pretransmitting


text:
a'yĩ

Noun

 * 1) seed

title: a'yĩ


text:
Berdecia

Etymology
Altered form of.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Berdecia is the 41100th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 530 individuals. Berdecia is most common among Hispanic/Latino (93.58%) individuals.

title: Berdecia


text: Berdecias

title: Berdecias


text: Bluncks

title: Bluncks


text:
Squaloraja

Hypernyms

 * ; † - suborder; - family

title: Squaloraja


text:
prewhip

Verb

 * 1)  To whip in advance.

title: prewhip


text: prewhipped

title: prewhipped


text: prewhips

title: prewhips


text: prewhipping

title: prewhipping


text: prevocally

title: prevocally


text: Citations:Pidu

title: Citations:Pidu


text:
interspecial

Adjective

 * 1)  Between species.

title: interspecial


text:
Pteropliini

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily

title: Pteropliini


text:
intertransmission

Adjective

 * 1) Between transmissions.

title: intertransmission


text:
McArdel

Etymology
Variant of.

Statistics

 * According to data collected by Forebears in 2014, McArdel is the 420657th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 35 individuals.

title: McArdel


text:
interlinearily

Adverb

 * 1)  interlinearly

title: interlinearily


text:
भूमिती

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  geometry

title: भूमिती


text: йотувать

title: йотувать


text: йотую

title: йотую


text: йотуєш

title: йотуєш


text: йотує

title: йотує


text: йотуєм

title: йотуєм


text: йотуємо

title: йотуємо


text: йотуєте

title: йотуєте


text: йотують

title: йотують


text:
Caffyn

Etymology
Variant of.

Statistics

 * According to data collected by Forebears in 2014, Caffyn is the 19651st most common surname in England, belonging to 233 individuals.

title: Caffyn


text: йотуй

title: йотуй


text: йотуймо

title: йотуймо


text: йотуйте

title: йотуйте


text:
interlinguist

Noun

 * 1) One who studies interlinguistics.

title: interlinguist


text: interlinguists

title: interlinguists


text: йотував

title: йотував


text: йотувала

title: йотувала


text: йотувало

title: йотувало


text: йотували

title: йотували


text:
interlocutive

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to interlocution.

title: interlocutive


text:
interirrigation

Adjective

 * 1) Between irrigations.

title: interirrigation


text: interlaceries

title: interlaceries


text: йотуватиму

title: йотуватиму


text: йотуватимеш

title: йотуватимеш


text:
corpanzil

Noun

 * 1) a large, bulky body, or a person with such a body

title: corpanzil


text: йотуватиме

title: йотуватиме


text: йотуватимемо

title: йотуватимемо


text: йотуватимем

title: йотуватимем


text: йотуватимете

title: йотуватимете


text: йотуватимуть

title: йотуватимуть


text:
Fouracre

Etymology
From 🇰🇲, a topographic or status surname for someone occupying or owning a holding of four acres.

Statistics

 * According to data collected by Forebears in 2014, Fouracre is the 10652nd most common surname in England, belonging to 551 individuals.

title: Fouracre


text:
interjealousy

Noun

 * 1) Jealousy between multiple parties.

title: interjealousy


text: interjealousies

title: interjealousies


text:
L-xylulokinase

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1)  An enzyme that catalyzes  (adenosine triphosphate) and, producing ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and L-xylulose 5-phosphate. It's a phosphotransferase used in metabolism.

title: L-xylulokinase


text: Fouracres

title: Fouracres


text: Caffyns

title: Caffyns


text: McArdels

title: McArdels


text: йотуючи

title: йотуючи


text: йотувавши

title: йотувавши


text:
interminglement

Noun

 * 1) intermingling

title: interminglement


text: interminglements

title: interminglements


text:
interfault

Adjective

 * 1) Between successive faults in various senses.

title: interfault


text: singlers

title: singlers


text:
intercircle

Adjective

 * 1) Between circles.

title: intercircle


text:
intercessionary

Adjective

 * 1) Serving as, or relating to, intercession.
 * an intercessionary prayer

title: intercessionary


text:
interquarter

Adjective

 * 1) Between quarters.

title: interquarter


text:
interstriation

Adjective

 * 1) Between striations.

title: interstriation


text:
interstreak

Adjective

 * 1) Between streaks.

Verb

 * 1) To color or pattern with alternating streaks.

title: interstreak


text: interstreaked

title: interstreaked


text: interstreaks

title: interstreaks


text: interstreaking

title: interstreaking


text: йотований

title: йотований


text:
interrepellent

Adjective

 * 1) Repelling each other.

title: interrepellent


text:
intracollegiate

Adjective

 * 1) Within a single college.

title: intracollegiate


text:
interfactory

Adjective

 * 1) Between factories.

title: interfactory


text:
intrafactory

Adjective

 * 1) Within a single factory.

title: intrafactory


text:
Merrington

Etymology
Recorded as Muridon in the XIII century, the village in Shropshire is named with +. The surname could also derive from, in County Durham.

Statistics

 * According to data collected by Forebears in 2014, Merrington is the 8835th most common surname in England, belonging to 705 individuals.

title: Merrington


text: Wiktionary:Word of the day/2022/September 15


text:
tidsintervall

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) time interval

title: tidsintervall


text: tidsintervallet

title: tidsintervallet


text: tidsintervallets

title: tidsintervallets


text:
ultrabreathable

Adjective

 * 1) Extremely breathable.
 * an ultrabreathable fabric

title: ultrabreathable


text: tidsintervalls

title: tidsintervalls


text: tidsintervaller

title: tidsintervaller


text: tidsintervallerna

title: tidsintervallerna


text: tidsintervallers

title: tidsintervallers


text: tidsintervallernas

title: tidsintervallernas


text:
Riddleston

Etymology
Variant of or.

Statistics

 * According to data collected by Forebears in 2014, Riddleston is the 25007th most common surname in England, belonging to 162 individuals.

title: Riddleston


text: tidsintervallen

title: tidsintervallen


text: tidsintervallens

title: tidsintervallens


text:
introductively

Adverb

 * 1) In an introductive manner; as an introduction.

title: introductively


text: Riddlestons

title: Riddlestons


text: Merringtons

title: Merringtons


text:
мерзота

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  abomination, loathsomeness, vileness
 * 2)  abomination, scumbag
 * 1)  abomination, scumbag

Declension

title: мерзота


text:
invalidcy

Noun

 * 1)  invalidism; infirmity

title: invalidcy


text:
paoy

Adjective

 * 1) tired

title: paoy


text: Citations:sie*er

title: Citations:sie*er


text:
makapagal

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) exhausting; fatiguing
 * 2) tiring

title: makapagal


text: Category:Hindi descendants to be fixed in desctree


text:
invitress

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A woman who invites.

title: invitress


text: invitresses

title: invitresses


text: Category:bcl:Dentistry

title: Category:bcl:Dentistry


text: Category:bcl:Teeth

title: Category:bcl:Teeth


text: Category:bcl:Mouth

title: Category:bcl:Mouth


text: Category:bcl:Face

title: Category:bcl:Face


text:
intendingly

Adverb

 * 1) With intent; intentionally.

title: intendingly


text:
maggadat

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to squat

title: maggadat


text: Citations:Pengshui

title: Citations:Pengshui


text:
Citations:P'eng-lai

 * Li Shao-chün not only promised the Emperor immortality after seeing P'eng-lai, but he said that he himself had been to P'eng-lai.
 * The second strand features such personages as the Hsi Wang Mu, Queen Mother of the West, and places such as the Isles of P'eng-lai in the east.
 * The second strand features such personages as the Hsi Wang Mu, Queen Mother of the West, and places such as the Isles of P'eng-lai in the east.
 * The second strand features such personages as the Hsi Wang Mu, Queen Mother of the West, and places such as the Isles of P'eng-lai in the east.
 * The second strand features such personages as the Hsi Wang Mu, Queen Mother of the West, and places such as the Isles of P'eng-lai in the east.

title: Citations:P'eng-lai


text:
llicència poètica

Noun

 * 1) poetic licence

title: llicència poètica


text: ṭābu

title: ṭābu


text:
perlawanan

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) resistance
 * 2) disobedience

Noun

 * 1) match sporting event

title: perlawanan


text: ڤرلاونن

title: ڤرلاونن


text:
єсть

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  ; : am, is, are

title: єсть


text: Category:Scots terms derived from Middle High German


text: Category:Scots terms derived from Old High German


text: Category:Scots terms derived from Alemannic German


text: takes a look

title: takes a look


text: taking a look

title: taking a look


text: took a look

title: took a look


text: taken a look

title: taken a look


text:
Republic of El Salvador

Etymology
🇰🇲

Proper noun

 * 1) The official full name of El Salvador

Translations

 * Azerbaijani: El Salvador Respublikası
 * Dutch: Republiek El Salvador
 * German:
 * Spanish: República de El Salvador

title: Republic of El Salvador


text: onnade

title: onnade


text: かわいらしい

title: かわいらしい


text: kawairashii

title: kawairashii


text:
magdaog

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to defeat; to beat
 * 2) to compensate; to make up for one's loss
 * 1) to compensate; to make up for one's loss

title: magdaog


text: じょちゅう

title: じょちゅう


text:
makadaog

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to be defeated; to lose

title: makadaog


text: jochū

title: jochū


text:
Template:slr-decl-noun

===Usage=== ====Declension====

declension of

title: Template:slr-decl-noun


text:
Citations:Payziwat

 * Chinese government started what they called the "Tebligh" movement. This movement started in Eli, north of Kashgar, Payziwat, Karikas in the south. As a result Chinese government arrested 1600 religious scholars in 19 regions as a product of this movement.
 * Chinese government started what they called the "Tebligh" movement. This movement started in Eli, north of Kashgar, Payziwat, Karikas in the south. As a result Chinese government arrested 1600 religious scholars in 19 regions as a product of this movement.

title: Citations:Payziwat


text:
جیواطه

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) bolt in a ship, treenail

title: جیواطه


text: La Condamine

title: La Condamine


text:
šow

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) seam, suture

title: šow


text:
Template talk:tl-baybayin script

Just finished template
Hello fellow Wiktionarians such as and. Feel free to use my newly created module that converts regular text to Baybayin in adding Baybayin to Tagalog headwords. Thanks! Ysrael214 (talk) 15:36, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Template talk:tl-baybayin script


text:
natural parts

Noun

 * 1)  The genitals.
 * 2) * 1774,, The Journals, Second Voyage, 22 June:
 * These islanders were naked except their natural parts, some were painted black.
 * 1)  Someone's innate, untaught talents or skill.

title: natural parts


text: multipliciren

title: multipliciren


text: Citations:Paracel Islands

title: Citations:Paracel Islands


text: Category:sla-pro:Sewing

title: Category:sla-pro:Sewing


text:
blow ass

Verb

 * 1)  To fart.
 * 2)  To suck.

title: blow ass


text: hanagame

title: hanagame


text: multimodes

title: multimodes


text:
Coahuila y Tejas

Etymology
Borrowed from

Proper noun

 * 1)  A former constituent state of the United Mexican States, part of which revolted and became the Republic of Texas, the rest stayed and remained as Coahuila. Official name: Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila y Tejas.

Translations

 * Catalan: Coahuila i Texas
 * Greek: Κοαουίλα και Τέξας
 * Russian: Коауила-и-Техас
 * Spanish: Coahuila y Tejas

title: Coahuila y Tejas


text:
Category:Basque zaio verbs

Basque intransitive verbs that require an indirect object. Intransitive verbs with an optional indirect object are listed at Category:Basque da verbs.

title: Category:Basque zaio verbs


text:
deformasi

Etymology
,, from.

Noun

 * 1) deformation

title: deformasi


text:
Stalwart

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A member of the former Stalwarts Republican party of the United States during the Gilded Age.

Coordinate terms

 * Half-Breed

title: Stalwart


text:
deflasi

Etymology
,, from.

Noun

 * 1) deflation:
 * 2)  A decrease in the general price level, that is, in the nominal cost of goods and services as well as wages.
 * 3)  A mode of wind erosion.
 * 1)  A mode of wind erosion.

Etymology
,, from.

Noun

 * 1)  deflation

title: deflasi


text:
kukkosoittu

Etymology
From. Compare.

Noun

 * 1) rooster whistle

title: kukkosoittu


text:
Half-Breed

Etymology
From, en.

Noun

 * 1) A member of the Half-Breeds, a former Republican political party during the Gilded Age.

Coordinate terms

 * Stalwart

title: Half-Breed


text: Beaulieu-sur-Mer

title: Beaulieu-sur-Mer


text:
degenerasi

Etymology
,, from.

Noun

 * 1) degeneration

title: degenerasi


text: seeks one's virtuous couch

title: seeks one's virtuous couch


text: seeking one's virtuous couch

title: seeking one's virtuous couch


text: sought one's virtuous couch

title: sought one's virtuous couch


text:
saban ayı

Etymology
Literally "month of the plough".

Noun

 * 1) March

title: saban ayı


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/strьnadъ

Noun

 * 1) yellowhammer

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/strьnadъ


text: zeppelinarens

title: zeppelinarens


text: zeppelinarnas

title: zeppelinarnas


text: zeppelinares

title: zeppelinares


text: solbadarens

title: solbadarens


text: solbadarnas

title: solbadarnas


text: solbadares

title: solbadares


text: rackaren

title: rackaren


text: rackarens

title: rackarens


text: rackarna

title: rackarna


text: rackarnas

title: rackarnas


text: rackares

title: rackares


text:
словозміна

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  inflection

title: словозміна


text: словозміни

title: словозміни


text: словозміні

title: словозміні


text: словозміну

title: словозміну


text: словозміною

title: словозміною


text: словозміно

title: словозміно


text:
पृच्

Etymology
Of origin. Probably an extension of.

Root

 * 1) to mix, mingle, put together with, unite, join
 * 2) to fill, sate, satiate
 * 3) to give lavishly, grant bountifully, bestow anything, bestow richly upon
 * 4) to increase, augment

Noun

 * 1) food, nourishment, refreshment

title: पृच्


text:
Hawaiian Kingdom

Etymology
🇰🇲

Proper noun

 * 1) A former sovereign state on the islands of Hawaii (1795–1893) which later became the state of Hawaii.

Translations

 * Hawaiian: Ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina

title: Hawaiian Kingdom


text: Samoa Nord-americana

title: Samoa Nord-americana


text: Category:ca:Dependent territories of the United States


text:
šnarl

Etymology
.

title: šnarl


text:
tšnarl

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) yellowhammer

title: tšnarl


text: tiáokǎn

title: tiáokǎn


text:
euskareg

Proper noun

 * 1) Basque languange

title: euskareg


text: tóngqíngxīn

title: tóngqíngxīn


text: Category:izh:Wind instruments

title: Category:izh:Wind instruments


text: Category:Italian terms suffixed with -ia (stressed)


text: Category:izh:String instruments

title: Category:izh:String instruments


text:
degeneratif

Etymology
,.

Adjective

 * 1) degenerative

title: degeneratif


text: Category:Italian terms suffixed with -ia (unstressed)


text:
கொலுசு

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) ankle chains, anklets

Declension
Plural form is very rarely used, treated as a plural noun even without the affixed.

title: கொலுசு


text: Category:uk:Cities in Denmark

title: Category:uk:Cities in Denmark


text: Category:uk:Places in Denmark

title: Category:uk:Places in Denmark


text: Category:uk:Denmark

title: Category:uk:Denmark


text:
प्रछ्

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 whence, via French, 🇨🇬.

Root

 * 1) to ask, question, interrogate
 * 2) to ask after, inquire

title: प्रछ्


text:
delaktighet

Noun

 * 1) participation, involvement

title: delaktighet


text: delaktigheten

title: delaktigheten


text: delaktighetens

title: delaktighetens


text: delaktighets

title: delaktighets


text:
വഴക്കം

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) flexibility
 * 2) humility
 * 3) compactness

title: വഴക്കം


text:
singapurès

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Singaporean

Noun

 * 1) Singaporean person from Singapore

title: singapurès


text:
данець

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 /, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) Dane

title: данець


text:
വ്യവഹാരം

Noun

 * 1) law-suit, litigation, a cause, contest at law.
 * 2) dealings, procedure, transaction
 * 3) argument, reasoning.
 * 4) civil administration of public affairs.
 * 5) practice of the courts of civil and criminal law, judicial procedure, administrative justice as the examination of evidence, etc.
 * 6) usage, custom, profession, business.
 * 7) steadiness, propriety, adherence to law and custom.
 * 8) title of jurisprudence, act cognizable in courts of justice.

title: വ്യവഹാരം


text: shòuhàizhě

title: shòuhàizhě


text: ṭīdu

title: ṭīdu


text:
ṭīdum

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) mud, clay

title: ṭīdum


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/ciika

Etymology
From earlier *tiika, borrowed from (whence dialectal 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1)  awn

Descendants
From :

From (+ ):

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/ciika


text:
Citations:usance

 * 1485 — Thomas Malory. Le Morte Darthur, Book X, Chapter xvii, leaf 220v.
 * Soo god me helpe said Palomydes this is a shameful customme and a vylaynous vsaunce for a Quene to vse.
 * "So God me help, said Palomides, this is a shameful custom, and a villainous usance for a queen to use."

title: Citations:usance


text: Category:Catalan terms borrowed from Mongolian


text: Category:Catalan terms derived from Mongolian


text: wúduān

title: wúduān


text: Template:R:ml:Bailey

title: Template:R:ml:Bailey


text:
tantsia

Etymology 1
From. Akin to 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to dance

title: tantsia


text: Wiktionary:Word of the day/2022/September 11


text:
degradasi

Etymology
,, from.

Noun

 * 1) degradation:
 * 2) The act of reducing in rank, character, or reputation, or of abasing; a lowering from one's standing or rank in office or society.
 * 3)  A gradual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks and banks, by the action of water, frost etc.
 * 1)  A gradual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks and banks, by the action of water, frost etc.

title: degradasi


text:
suchomimus

Etymology
Borrowed from, from +.

Noun

 * 1)  Any spinosaurid dinosaur in the genus  from the Early Cretaceous Period.

title: suchomimus


text:
tantsi

Etymology 1
Borrowed from, perhaps influenced by.

Noun

 * 1) dance

title: tantsi


text: suchomimuses

title: suchomimuses


text: Gjemre

title: Gjemre


text:
данка

Etymology
From.

title: данка


text: frostigast

title: frostigast


text: frostigaste

title: frostigaste


text: frostigt

title: frostigt


text:
iòdel

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  yodel
 * 2)  yodeling

title: iòdel


text: frostiga

title: frostiga


text: cone biopsy

title: cone biopsy


text: cone biopsies

title: cone biopsies


text:
cervical conization

Noun

 * 1)  An excision of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from the mucous membrane of the cervix.

title: cervical conization


text: cervical conizations

title: cervical conizations


text: акгрисъ

title: акгрисъ


text:
Zuider Zee

Proper noun

 * 1) A common English spelling of 🇨🇬, before it became the IJsselmeer.

title: Zuider Zee


text:
contralt

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) contralto vocal range

Noun

 * 1) contralto singer

title: contralt


text:
sugar cone

Noun

 * 1)  An ice cream cone with a flat brim, and infused with brown sugar.

title: sugar cone


text: cigoñales

title: cigoñales


text:
waffle cone

Noun

 * 1)  A slightly thin, conical confection baked from a sweet, crisp waffle.

Translations

 * Japanese: ワッフルコーン
 * Swedish:
 * Yiddish: קאָנוסל, וואַפֿליע־קאָנוסל, וואַפֿליע־שקאָרמיץ

title: waffle cone


text: waffle cones

title: waffle cones


text:
Sofa King

Adverb

 * 1) * 2012, New Jersey Newsroom.com, February 10, 2012)
 * N.Y. Knicks' Jeremy Lin: Dunks are Sofa King unexpected
 * 1) * 2012, New Jersey Newsroom.com, February 10, 2012)
 * N.Y. Knicks' Jeremy Lin: Dunks are Sofa King unexpected
 * N.Y. Knicks' Jeremy Lin: Dunks are Sofa King unexpected

title: Sofa King


text: sugar cones

title: sugar cones


text:
данський

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Danish

title: данський


text: nauruissa

title: nauruissa


text: nauruista

title: nauruista


text: nauruilla

title: nauruilla


text: nauruilta

title: nauruilta


text: nauruille

title: nauruille


text: nauruina

title: nauruina


text: nauruiksi

title: nauruiksi


text: nauruin

title: nauruin


text: nauruitta

title: nauruitta


text: nauruineen

title: nauruineen


text: Європи

title: Європи


text: informal group

title: informal group


text:
Fortniter

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A player of the online video game .

Translations

 * Japanese: フォトナキッズ
 * Spanish: fortnitero, fortnitera

title: Fortniter


text: Fortniters

title: Fortniters


text: Європу

title: Європу


text: Європі

title: Європі


text:
Appendix:Quenya/ëa-

Verb

 * 1) to be, to exist

title: Appendix:Quenya/ëa-


text: Європою

title: Європою


text: Європо

title: Європо


text:
kai nyt

Etymology
From +.

Adverb

 * 1)  duh, you don't say
 * 1)  duh, you don't say

Usage notes

 * Often preceded by.

title: kai nyt


text:
braj

Noun

 * 1)  cannabis (drug)

title: braj


text:
kai nytte

Etymology
From +.

Usage notes

 * Often preceded by.

title: kai nytte


text:
Category:Entries using missing taxonomic name (subterclass)

Here are taxonomic groups of the rank subterclass (below infraclass).


text:
subterclass

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1)  A taxonomic rank below infraclass.

title: subterclass


text:
houkastaa

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to be playful
 * 2)  to speak nonsense

title: houkastaa


text:
Elten

Proper noun

 * , which was part of the Netherlands (as war reparations) between 1949 and 1963.

title: Elten


text:
houkassella

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to fool around; to act silly

title: houkassella


text:
Appendix:Quenya/mat-

Verb

 * 1) to eat

title: Appendix:Quenya/mat-


text:
flexón

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) flexion, bending
 * 2)  inflection, modification of a word's form

title: flexón


text:
Appendix:Quenya/suc-

Verb

 * 1) to drink

title: Appendix:Quenya/suc-


text:
yumul

Etymology
Ultimately from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) light (weight)

title: yumul


text: Appendix:Quenya/-ya

title: Appendix:Quenya/-ya


text:
Appendix:Quenya/ninya

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Pronoun

 * 1) my, mine

title: Appendix:Quenya/ninya


text:
Appendix:Quenya/menya

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Pronoun

 * 1) our, ours

title: Appendix:Quenya/menya


text:
Appendix:Quenya/venya

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Pronoun

 * 1) our, ours

title: Appendix:Quenya/venya


text: Viersen

title: Viersen


text:
plakat na špatném hrobě

Etymology
lit. 'weep on the wrong grave'.

Phrase

 * 1)  to bark up the wrong tree
 * 2) * 2001, Ekonom:
 * Redaktoři i politici tak pláčou dobře, ale na špatném hrobě.
 * 1) * 2007, Mirek Vodrážka, DeCivilizace:
 * Jednak populární antiamerikanismus, který pláče na špatném hrobě, protože to, co se prezentuje jako demokraticky americké, je spíše nadnárodně korporativní, stejně jako to, co se prezentuje jako politicky veřejné, [...]

title: plakat na špatném hrobě


text:
Appendix:Quenya/tyenya

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Pronoun

 * 1) your, yours

title: Appendix:Quenya/tyenya


text:
Appendix:Quenya/lyenya

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Pronoun

 * 1) your, yours

title: Appendix:Quenya/lyenya


text: Pingtingshan

title: Pingtingshan


text: Citations:Pingtingshan

title: Citations:Pingtingshan